title
stringlengths 1
214
| text
stringlengths 400
437k
| url
stringlengths 31
244
|
|---|---|---|
Anarchism
|
{{Short description|Political philosophy and movement}}
{{Other uses|Anarchy|Anarchism (disambiguation)|Anarchist (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Anarchism sidebar}}
'''Anarchism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and [[Political movement|movement]] that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate [[authority]], coercion, or [[Social hierarchy|hierarchy]], primarily targeting the [[state (polity)|state]] and [[capitalism]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Fiala |first=Andrew |title=Anarchism |date=2021 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref> Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with [[Stateless society|stateless societies]] and voluntary [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free associations]]. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is usually described as the [[libertarian]] wing of the [[socialist movement]] ([[libertarian socialism]]).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism
|
Albedo
|
{{Short description|Ratio of how much light is reflected back from a body}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Greenland_Albedo_Change.png|thumb|Albedo change in [[Greenland]]: the map shows the difference between the amount of sunlight [[Greenland]] reflected in the summer of 2011 versus the average percent it reflected between 2000 and 2006. Some areas reflect close to 20 percent less light than a decade ago.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Greenland's Ice Is Growing Darker |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/76916/greenlands-ice-is-growing-darker |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=NASA}}</ref>]]
'''Albedo''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|b|iː|d|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-albedo.wav}} {{respell|al|BEE|doh}}; {{etymology|la|albedo|whiteness}}) is the fraction of [[sunlight]] that is [[Diffuse reflection|diffusely reflected]] by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a [[black body]] that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). ''Surface albedo'' is defined as the ratio of [[Radiosity (radiometry)|radiosity]] ''J''<sub>e</sub> to the [[irradiance]] ''E''<sub>e</sub> (flux per unit area) received by a surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~parent.1/classes/782/Lectures/03_Radiometry.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~parent.1/classes/782/Lectures/03_Radiometry.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Fundamentals of Rendering - Radiometry / Photometry|author1=Pharr|author2=Humphreys|website=Web.cse.ohio-state.edu|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/Courses/6140/ency/Chapter9/Ency_Atmos/Reflectance_Albedo_Surface.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/Courses/6140/ency/Chapter9/Ency_Atmos/Reflectance_Albedo_Surface.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Reflectance and albedo, surface |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Atmosphere |editor=J. R. Holton |editor2=J. A. Curry |last=Coakley |first=J. A. |publisher=Academic Press |year=2003|pages=1914–1923}}</ref> These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see [[position of the Sun]]).
While directional-hemispherical [[reflectance]] factor is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo
|
A
|
{{Short description|First letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{About|the Latin letter|the similar Greek letter|Alpha|the similar Cyrillic letter|A (Cyrillic)|other uses}}
{{Technical reasons|A#|A-sharp|A-sharp (disambiguation){{!}}A-sharp}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}{{CS1 config|mode=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox grapheme
| letter = A a
| script = [[Latin script]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic
| language = [[Latin language]]
| phonemes = {{flex list|width=2em|[{{IPAlink|a}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɑ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɒ}}]|[{{IPAlink|æ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ə}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɛ}}]|[{{IPAlink|oː}}]|[{{IPAlink|ɔ}}]|[{{IPAlink|e}}]|[{{IPAlink|ʕ}}]|[{{IPAlink|ʌ}}] [{{IPAlink|ɐ}}] |{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}}}
| unicode = U+0041, U+0061
| alphanumber = 1
| fam1 = <hiero>F1</hiero>
| fam2 = [[File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic 'alp]]
| fam3 = [[File:Protoalef.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Caananite aleph]]
| fam4 = [[File:Phoenician_aleph.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Phoenician aleph]]
| fam5 = [[Alpha|Α α]]
| fam6 = [[𐌀]][[File:Greek-uncial-1.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Greek classical uncial]]
| fam7 = [[File:Semitic-2.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Early Latin A]][[File:Latin-uncial-1.jpg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Latin 300 AD uncial, version 1]]
| usageperiod = {{circa|700 BCE}}{{snd}}present
| children = {{flex list|
* [[Æ]]
* [[Ä]]
* [[Â]]
* [[Ɑ]]
* [[Ʌ]]
* [[Ɐ]]
* [[ª]]
* [[Å]]
* [[₳]]
* [[@]]
* [[Ⓐ]]
* [[ⓐ]]
* [[⒜]]
* {{not a typo|[[🅰]]}}}}
| sisters = {{flex list|width=3em|
* [[𐌰]]
* [[А]]
* [[Ә]]
* [[Ӑ]]
* [[Aleph|<span>א</span> <span>ا</span> <span>ܐ</span>]]
* [[ࠀ]]
* [[𐎀]]
* [[ℵ]]
* [[አ]]
* [[ء]]
* [[Ա|Ա ա]]
* [[અ]]
* [[अ]]
* [[অ]]}}
| associates = [[List of Latin-script digraphs#A|a(x)]], [[Ae (digraph)|ae]], [[Eau (trigraph)|eau]], [[Au (digraph)|au]]
| direction = Left-to-right
| image = Latin_letter_A.svg
| imageclass = skin-invert-image
}}
{{Latin letter info|a}}
'''A''', or '''a''', is the first [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] and the first [[vowel letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet |title=Latin alphabet |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>{{sfn|Simpson|Weiner|1989|p=1}} used in the modern [[English alphabet]], and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''[[English alphabet#Letter names|a]]'' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|eɪ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-A.wav}} {{respell|AY}}), plural ''aes''.{{refn|group=nb|''Aes'' is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered ''A''s, A's, ''a''s, or a's.}}{{sfn|Simpson|Weiner|1989|p=1}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
|
Alabama
|
{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{hatnote group|{{for|the river of the same name|Alabama River}}{{other uses}}}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Duplicated citations|reason=[[User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences|DuplicateReferences]] detected:<br>
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160618035649/http://www.archives.alabama.gov/timeline/al1801.html (refs: 33, 53)
* https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html (refs: 130, 134, 141)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131012074403/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/01/rcms2010_01_state_name_2010.asp (refs: 149, 150)
|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Alabama
| image_flag = Flag of Alabama.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Alabama
| image_seal = Seal of Alabama.svg<!--also has coat of arms: Coat of arms of Alabama.svg-->
| seal_link = Seal of Alabama
| nicknames = the [[Northern flicker|Yellowhammer]] State, the Heart of [[Dixie]], the Cotton State
| motto = {{langx|la|[[Audemus jura nostra defendere]]}}{{break}}(We dare defend our rights)
| anthem = "[[Alabama (state song)|Alabama]]"
| image_map = Alabama in United States.svg
| seat = [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]]
| LargestCity = [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]]
| LargestMetro = [[Birmingham metropolitan area, Alabama|Greater Birmingham]]
| LargestCounty = [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]]
| area_total_km2 = 135,765
| area_total_sq_mi = 52,419
| area_land_km2 = 131,426
| area_land_sq_mi = 50,744
| area_water_km2 = 4,338
| area_water_sq_mi = 1,675
| area_water_percent = 3.2
| area_rank = 30th
| length_km = 531
| length_mi = 330
| width_km = 305
| width_mi = 190
| Latitude = 30°11' N to 35° N
| Longitude = 84°53' W to 88°28' W
| elevation_m = 150
| elevation_ft = 500
| elevation_max_m = 735.5
| elevation_max_ft = 2,413
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Cheaha]]<ref>{{cite ngs |id=DG3595 |designation= Cheehahaw |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=United States Geological Survey |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Gulf of Mexico]]<ref name=USGS/>
| OfficialLang = English
| Languages = {{as of|2010}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stephens |first1=Challen |title=A look at the languages spoken in Alabama and the drop in the Spanish speaking population |url=http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/10/a_look_at_the_drop_in_foreign.html |access-date=September 21, 2016 |work=AL.com |date=October 19, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009145848/http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2015/10/a_look_at_the_drop_in_foreign.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* English 95.1%
* Spanish 3.1%
| population_demonym = [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Alabamian]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Confederate/AL.php |title=State of Alabama |website=The Battle of Gettysburg |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713111010/http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Confederate/AL.php |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Alabaman]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/248153?redirectedFrom=alabaman#eid |website=www-oed-com |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=September 30, 2020}}</ref>
| population_rank = 24th
| population_as_of = 2024
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 5,157,699<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AL/PST045224 |access-date=January 9, 2025 |title= United States Census Quick Facts Alabama|website=Census.gov}}</ref>
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|62212|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf |title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023 |website=2.census.gov |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| 2020DensityUS = 99.2
| 2020Density = 38.3
| population_density_rank = 27th
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|44th]]
| Former = Alabama Territory
| AdmittanceDate = December 14, 1819
| AdmittanceOrder = 22nd
| Governor = [[Kay Ivey]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Lieutenant Governor = [[Will Ainsworth]] (R)
| Legislature = [[Alabama Legislature]]
| Upperhouse = [[Alabama Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Alabama House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Alabama]]
| Senators = [[Tommy Tuberville]] (R){{break}}[[Katie Britt]] (R)
| Representative = 5 Republicans{{break}}2 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|Central]]
| utc_offset1 = – 06:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = – 05:00
| timezone1_location = Entire state (legally)
| timezone2 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset2 = – 05:00
| timezone2_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset2_DST = – 04:00
| timezone2_location = [[Phenix City, Alabama|Phenix City]] area (unofficially)
| iso_code = US-AL
| postal_code = AL
| TradAbbreviation = Ala.
| website = https://alabama.gov
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}
'''Alabama''' ({{IPAc-en|,|æ|l|ə|'|b|æ|m|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Alabama.wav}} {{respell|AL|ə|BAM|ə}})<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Alabama|access-date=March 8, 2024}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeastern]] and [[Deep South]]ern regions of the United States. It borders [[Tennessee]] to the north, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] to the east, [[Florida]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the south, and [[Mississippi]] to the west. Alabama is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|30th largest by area]], and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|24th-most populous]] of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 U.S. states]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beef2live.com/story-ranking-states-area-89-118259 |title=Ranking of U.S. States by Area |access-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217192443/https://beef2live.com/story-ranking-states-area-89-118259 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama
|
Achilles
|
{{Short description|Greek mythological hero}}
{{Redirect|Achilleus|the Roman usurper with this name|Aurelius Achilleus|other uses|Achilles (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Achilles
| image = Achilles fighting against Memnon Leiden Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden.jpg
| caption = Ancient Greek polychromatic [[Ancient Greek vase painting|pottery painting]] (dating {{circa|300 BCE}}) of Achilles during the Trojan War
| god_of =
| abode = [[Phthia]]
| symbol =
| consort = [[Deidamia (daughter of Lycomedes)|Deidamia]], [[Briseis]]
| parents = [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]]
| siblings = [[Polymele]]
| children = [[Neoptolemus]], Oneiros
| Roman_equivalent =
}}
{{Greek mythology sidebar}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Achilles''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|k|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Achilles.wav}} {{respell|ə|KIL|eez}}) or '''Achilleus''' ({{langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἀχιλλεύς|Ἀχιλλεύς]]|Achilleús}}) was a hero of the [[Trojan War]] who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', he was the son of the [[Nereids|Nereid]] [[Thetis]] and [[Peleus]], king of [[Phthia]] and famous [[Argonauts|Argonaut]]. Achilles was raised in Phthia along with his childhood companion [[Patroclus]] and received his education by the [[centaur]] [[Chiron]]. In the ''Iliad'', he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the [[Myrmidons]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
{{Short description|President of the United States from 1861 to 1865}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|President Lincoln|the troopship|USS President Lincoln{{!}}USS ''President Lincoln''}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Abraham Lincoln 1863 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg
| caption = Lincoln in 1863
| alt = Portrait of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders
| order = 16th
| office = President of the United States
| vicepresident = {{plainlist|
* {{longitem|[[Hannibal Hamlin]]<br />(1861–1865)}}
* {{longitem|Andrew Johnson<br />(Mar–Apr. 1865)}}
}}
| term_start = March 4, 1861
| term_end = April 15, 1865
| children = {{hlist|[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert]]|[[Edward Baker Lincoln|Edward]]|[[William Wallace Lincoln|Willie]]|[[Tad Lincoln|Tad]]}}
| parents = {{ubl|[[Thomas Lincoln]]|[[Nancy Lincoln|Nancy Hanks]]}}
| predecessor = [[James Buchanan]]
| successor = [[Andrew Johnson]]
| state1 = [[Illinois]]
| district1 = {{ushr|IL|7|7th}}
| term_start1 = March 4, 1847
| term_end1 = March 3, 1849
| predecessor1 = [[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]]
| successor1 = [[Thomas L. Harris]]
| state_house2 = Illinois
| constituency2 = {{nowrap|from [[Sangamon County, Illinois|Sangamon County]]}}
| term_start2 = December 1, 1834
| term_end2 = December 4, 1842
| predecessor2 = [[Achilles Morris]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12}}
| birth_place = near [[Hodgenville, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}}
| death_place = Washington, D.C.<!--Links not needed per MOS:OVERLINK-->, U.S.
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Assassination by gunshot]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| resting_place = [[Lincoln Tomb]]
| party = {{plainlist|
* [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (before 1856)
* [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (after 1856)
}}
| otherparty = [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] (1864–1865)
| height = 6 ft 4 in<ref name=anb>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=American National Biography|title=Lincoln, Abraham|last=McPherson|first=James|date=September 26, 2024|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]]|November 4, 1842}}
| signature = Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance = <!-- United States, Illinois -->
| branch = [[Illinois Militia]]
| serviceyears = April–July 1832
| rank = {{plainlist|
* [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]]{{Efn|name="Ranks"|Discharged from command-rank of captain and re-enlisted at rank of private.<ref>{{harvnb|Burlingame|2008|loc=vol. 1 pp. 67–68}}.</ref>}}
* [[Private (United States)|Private]]{{Efn|name="Ranks"}}
}}
| battles = [[Black Hawk War]] (see [[Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War]])
}}
'''Abraham Lincoln'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|ŋ|k|ən|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Lincoln.wav}} {{Respell|LINK|ən}}}} (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th [[president of the United States]], serving from 1861 until [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] in 1865. He led the United States through the [[American Civil War]], defeating the [[Confederate States of America]] and playing a major role in the [[End of slavery in the United States|abolition of slavery]].
Lincoln was born into [[poverty]] in [[Kentucky]] and raised on the [[American frontier|frontier]]. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, [[Illinois]] state [[Illinois House of Representatives|legislator]], and [[U.S. representative]]. Angered by the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] of 1854, which opened the territories to slavery, he became a leader of the new [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. He reached a national audience in the [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|1858 Senate campaign debates]] against [[Stephen A. Douglas]]. Lincoln won the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 presidential election]], prompting the slave states to begin to [[Secession in the United States|secede]] and form the Confederate States of America. A month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces [[Battle of Fort Sumter|attacked Fort Sumter]], starting the Civil War.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln
|
Aristotle
|
{{Short description|Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2020}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name=Aristotle
| image=Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg
| caption=Roman copy (in marble) of a [[Ancient Greek sculpture|Greek bronze]] bust of Aristotle by [[Lysippos]] ({{circa|330 BC}}), with modern alabaster mantle
| birth_date=384 BC
| birth_place=[[Stagira (ancient city)|Stagira]], [[Chalcidian League]]
| death_date={{nowrap|322 BC (aged 61–62)}}
| death_place=[[Chalcis]], [[Euboea]], [[Macedonian Empire]]
| education=[[Platonic Academy]]
| era=[[Ancient Greek philosophy]]
| region=[[Western philosophy]]
| school_tradition= [[Peripatetic school]]
| notable_students = [[Alexander the Great]], [[Theophrastus]], [[Aristoxenus]]
| main_interests={{Flatlist}}
* [[Logic]]
* [[Physis|Natural philosophy]]
* [[Metaphysics]]
* [[Ethics]]
* [[Politics]]
* [[Rhetoric]]
* [[Aesthetics|Poetics]]
{{Endflatlist}}
| notable_ideas=[[Aristotelianism]]
{{collapsible list
| title = Theoretical philosophy
| [[Aristotelian logic]], [[syllogism]]
| [[Four causes]]
| [[Genus and differentia]]
| [[Hylomorphism]], [[substance theory|substance]], [[essence]], [[accident (philosophy)|accident]]
| [[Hypokeimenon]]
| [[Potentiality and actuality]]
| [[Aristotle's theory of universals|Theory of universals]]
| [[Unmoved mover]]
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Natural philosophy
| [[Aristotelian biology]]
| [[Aristotelian physics]]
| [[Common sense]]
| [[Eternity of the world]]
| [[Five wits]]
| ''[[Horror vacui (physics)|Horror vacui]]''
| [[Classical elements#Aristotle|Theory of elements]], [[Aether (classical element)|aether]]
| [[Rational animal]]
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Practical philosophy
| [[Aristotelian ethics]]
| [[Catharsis]]
| [[Deliberative rhetoric|Deliberative]], [[epideictic]] and [[Forensic rhetoric|forensic]] [[rhetoric]]
| [[Enthymeme]] and [[Paradeigma]]
| [[Family as a model for the state]]
| [[Golden mean (philosophy)|Golden mean]]
| [[Kyklos#Aristotle|Kyklos]]
| [[Magnanimity]]
| [[Mimesis]]
| [[Natural slavery]]
| [[Intellectual virtue]]s: [[sophia (wisdom)|sophia]], [[episteme]], [[nous]], [[phronesis]], [[techne]]
| [[Three appeals]]: [[ethos]], [[logos]], [[pathos]]
| [[Aristotle's views on women|Views on women]]
}}
|notable_works=
{{Flatlist}}
* ''[[Organon]]''
* [[Physics (Aristotle)|''Physics'']]
* [[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|''Metaphysics'']]
* ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]''
* [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']]
* [[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|''Rhetoric'']]
* [[Poetics (Aristotle)|''Poetics'']]
{{Endflatlist}}
|native_name={{nobold|Ἀριστοτέλης}}|native_name_lang=el}}
'''Aristotle'''{{Efn-ua|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ᵻ|s|t|ɒ|t|əl|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Aristotle.wav}} {{respell|ARR|ih|stot|əl}}{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary}}}} ({{langx|grc-x-attic|Ἀριστοτέλης|Aristotélēs}};{{Efn-ua|{{IPA|grc|aristotélɛːs|pron}}}} 384–322 BC) was an [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Ancient Greek philosopher]] and [[polymath]]. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the [[natural science]]s, [[philosophy]], [[linguistics]], [[economics]], [[politics]], [[psychology]], and [[the arts]]. As the founder of the [[Peripatetic school]] of philosophy in the [[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]] in [[Athens]], he began the wider [[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern [[science]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
|
An American in Paris
|
{{short description|1928 composition by George Gershwin}}
{{About|the 1928 George Gershwin composition}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = ''An American in Paris''
| image = American in Paris.tif
| alt =
| caption = First recording
| composer = [[George Gershwin]]
| key =
| genre = [[Orchestral jazz]]
| form = [[Rhapsody (music)|Rhapsody]]
| composed = Spring 1928
| premiere_date = December 13, 1928
| premiere_location = [[Carnegie Hall]], New York City
| premiere_conductor = [[Walter Damrosch]]
| premiere_performers = [[New York Philharmonic]]
}}
'''''An American in Paris''''' is a [[Jazz|jazz-influenced]] [[symphonic poem]] (or tone poem)<ref name="TH-20170401">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=An American in Paris |url=https://theatricalia.com/play/e69/an-american-in-paris |date=April 1, 2017 |work=Theatricalia.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230831150800/https://theatricalia.com/play/e69/an-american-in-paris |archivedate=August 31, 2023 |accessdate=August 31, 2023 }}</ref> for orchestra by American composer [[George Gershwin]] first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the ''{{Lang|fr|[[Années folles]]}}''.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_in_Paris
|
Academy Award for Best Production Design
|
{{Short description|Academy Award which recognizes achievement for art direction in film}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Academy Award for Best Production Design
| presenter = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS)
| country = United States
| year = {{start date and age|1929|5|16}} (for films released during the [[1927 in film|1927]]/[[1928 in film|1928]] film season)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Nathan Crowley]], [[Lee Sandales]]<br>''[[Wicked (2024 film)|Wicked]]'' ([[97th Academy Awards|2024]])
}}
The '''Academy Award for Best Production Design''' recognizes achievement for [[art direction]] in [[film]]. The category's original name was '''Best Art Direction''', but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the [[85th Academy Awards]].<ref name="Music Rules">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2012/20120830.html |title=Music Rules Approved for 85th Academy Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004163009/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2012/20120830.html |archive-date=2014-10-04 |access-date=2012-08-31 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) being renamed the Designers' branch. Since [[19th Academy Awards|1947]], the award is shared with the set decorators. It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-art-direction-10.html |title=Academy Award for Best Art Direction |website=Awardsandshows.com |access-date=June 4, 2016}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design
|
Academy Awards
|
{{Short description|Annual awards for cinematic achievements}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Oscars|The Oscar|other uses|Oscar (disambiguation){{!}}Oscar}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Academy Awards
| previous_awards = 97th Academy Awards
| previous_date = {{start date|2025|3|2}}
| pending_awards =
| pending_date =
| next_awards = 98th Academy Awards
| next_date = {{start date|2026|3|15}}
| image = Oscars logo.svg
| image_size = 270
| image2 =
| alt =
| caption = The Oscars logo
| caption2 =
| awarded_for = Excellence in the [[film industry]]
| presenter = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| firstawarded = {{Start date and age|1929|5|16}}
| network =
| website = {{URL|https://oscars.org}}
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Most recent Academy Award winners
| election_date = [[97th Academy Awards|Best in films in 2024]]
| type = primary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 96th Academy Awards
| previous_year = 2023
| next_election = 98th Academy Awards
| next_year = 2025
| 1blank = Award
| 2blank = Winner
| image1 = Adrien Brody-61584.jpg
| image1_size = 160x160px
| 1data1 = [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| 2data1 = [[Adrien Brody]]<br>(''[[The Brutalist]]'')
| image2 = Mikey Madison at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 3 (cropped).jpg
| image2_size = 160x160px
| 1data2 = [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| 2data2 = [[Mikey Madison]]<br>(''[[Anora]]'')
| image4 = Kieran Culkin at the 2024 New York Film Festival 2 (cropped II).jpg
| image4_size = 160x160px
| 1data4 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| 2data4 = [[Kieran Culkin]]<br>(''[[A Real Pain]]'')
| image5 = Zoe Saldaña at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg
| image5_size = 160x160px
| 1data5 = [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| 2data5 = [[Zoe Saldaña]]<br>(''[[Emilia Pérez]]'')
| image7 = Sean Baker at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival 2 (cropped).jpg
| image7_size = 160x160px
| 1data7 = [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Director]], [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Original Screenplay]], [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Film Editing]]
| 2data7 = [[Sean Baker]]<br>(''[[Anora]]'')
| image8 = Alex Coco and Samantha Quan at the 2024 New York Film Festival (cropped).jpg
| image8_size = 160x160px
| 1data8 = [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
| 2data8 = [[Alex Coco]] and [[Samantha Quan]]<br>(''[[Anora]]'')
| title = Best Picture
| before_election = ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''
| after_election = ''[[Anora]]''
}}
The '''Academy Awards''', commonly known as the '''Oscars''', are awards for [[art]]istic and technical merit in [[film]].<ref name="history"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Balaga |first=Marta |date=March 6, 2024 |title=How a More International Oscars Could Change Future Awards Seasons |url=https://variety.com/2024/awards/awards/oscars-global-filmmakers-1235929184/ |access-date=March 6, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> They are presented annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.<ref>{{cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Scott |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Oscars: What the '1917' PGA Win and 'Parasite' SAG Win Mean for Best Picture |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-2020-what-1917-pga-win-parasite-sag-win-means-best-picture-1271371/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111050650/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oscars-2020-what-1917-pga-win-parasite-sag-win-means-best-picture-1271371/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The Oscars are widely considered to be the most prestigious awards in the [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]].<ref>Attributed to multiple references: {{blist|{{cite news |last=Mifflin |first=Lawrie |date=May 22, 1995 |title=More Awards Programs, More Winners, More Money |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/22/business/more-awards-programs-more-winners-more-money.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531221804/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/22/business/more-awards-programs-more-winners-more-money.html |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |quote=People love the Academy Awards — the celebrities, the music, the jokes and the suspense of the most prestigious awards program in show business.}}|{{cite web |date=February 26, 2017 |title=What are the Oscars and BAFTAs and what's the difference? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/25761294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120005827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/25761294 |archive-date=January 20, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |quote=The Oscars are thought to be the most prestigious film awards in the world.}}|{{cite news |last=Whipp |first=Glenn |date=January 9, 2023 |title=Awards show power rankings, from worst to first |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2023-01-09/ranking-awards-shows-oscars-golden-globes |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109142354/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards/story/2023-01-09/ranking-awards-shows-oscars-golden-globes |archive-date=January 9, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |issn=0458-3035 |quote=1. The Oscars}}|{{cite web |last=Vega |first=Nicolas |date=March 26, 2022 |title=The Oscar statuette is the most prestigious prize in Hollywood—here's why it's only worth $1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/26/why-oscar-statuettes-are-only-worth-1-dollar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326131849/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/26/why-oscar-statuettes-are-only-worth-1-dollar.html |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |quote=Winning an Academy Award is often considered the most prestigious honor you can receive in Hollywood.}}|{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sonia |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Why do the Oscars matter? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/16/oscars-academy-award-significance/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416115445/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/16/oscars-academy-award-significance/ |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=May 12, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286 |quote=They are, after all, the most extravagant of award shows, considered important enough for an adjacent industry of publicists and marketing experts to devote months to campaigning, and entertaining enough for a broadcast television network to allocate hours of Sunday night airtime to the ceremony.}}|{{cite web |last=Torres |first=Libby |date=January 21, 2020 |title=The 18 best Oscar hosts of all time, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-oscars-hosts-all-time-2018-1 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201000806/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-oscars-hosts-all-time-2018-1 |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]] |quote=The Academy Awards are Hollywood's biggest night, and celebrate achievements in cinema by A-list stars and directors.}}|{{cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Alissa |date=March 2, 2022 |title=The Oscars can't quite decide if they're about America or the whole world |url=https://www.vox.com/22949629/oscars-international-hollywood-global-drive-car-worst-person-parasite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140959/https://www.vox.com/22949629/oscars-international-hollywood-global-drive-car-worst-person-parasite |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |quote=And are the Oscars, given out by Hollywood's most prestigious professional association, the biggest prize in the world — or just in America?}}|{{cite web |last=Kenyon |first=Sandy |date=February 6, 2020 |title=Oscars campaigning: How do studios lobby for Academy Awards? |url=https://abc7news.com/entertainment-sandy-kenyon-oscars-academy-awards/5905688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407184349/https://abc7news.com/entertainment-sandy-kenyon-oscars-academy-awards/5905688/ |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[KGO-TV|ABC 7]] |quote=The Oscar has always been the most prestigious award in all of show business, but now it's also the most valuable.}}|{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Hannah J. |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Stage frights: five of the most shocking moments in Oscars history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/stage-frights-five-of-the-most-shocking-moments-in-oscars-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328160417/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/stage-frights-five-of-the-most-shocking-moments-in-oscars-history |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077 |quote=Will Smith isn't the only actor to cause consternation at the world's most coveted film awards.}}|{{cite web |last=Starkey |first=Adam |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Who has won the most Oscars? |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/who-won-most-oscars-3382332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124013232/https://www.nme.com/news/film/who-won-most-oscars-3382332 |archive-date=January 24, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=[[NME]] |quote=The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, is seen as the most prestigious award show in the film industry.}}|{{cite web |last=Shrader |first=Natalie |date=March 14, 2023 |title=14 UNCSA connections to 2023 Oscar-winning films |url=https://www.uncsa.edu/news/20230314-oscars-connections.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314203242/https://www.uncsa.edu/news/20230314-oscars-connections.aspx |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina School of the Arts]] |quote=The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars, are regarded as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment industry.}}}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards
|
Actrius
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Actresses
| image = Actrius film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Catalan language film poster
| native_name = ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: '''''Actrius''''')
| director = [[Ventura Pons]]
| producer = Ventura Pons
| writer = [[Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]
| screenplay = Ventura Pons
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|(stage play) ''E.R.''|Josep Maria Benet i Jornet}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Núria Espert]]|[[Rosa Maria Sardà]]|[[Anna Lizaran]]|[[Mercè Pons]]}}
| narrator = <!-- or: |narrators = -->
| music = Carles Cases
| cinematography = Tomàs Pladevall
| editing = Pere Abadal
| production_companies = {{ubl|[[Canal+ (Spanish TV channel)|Canal+ España]]|Els Films de la Rambla S.A.|[[Generalitat de Catalunya|Generalitat de Catalunya - Departament de Cultura]]|[[Televisión Española]]}}
| distributor = [[Buena Vista International]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1997|1|17|[[Spain]]}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = Spain
| language = Catalan
| budget =
| gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")-->
}}
'''''Actresses''''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: '''''Actrius''''') is a 1997 [[Catalan language]] Spanish drama film produced and directed by [[Ventura Pons]] and based on the award-winning stage play ''E.R.'' by [[Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females.<ref name="El Pais">{{cite news|last1=Torres|first1=Rosanna|title='E. R', de Benet i Jornet, es llevada al cine y al teatro|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/15/cultura/845330405_850215.html|access-date=2015-12-21|lang=es|work=[[El País]]|date=1996-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165502/http://elpais.com/diario/1996/10/15/cultura/845330405_850215.html|archive-date=2012-10-14}}</ref> The film was produced in 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=Actrius |url=https://www.bcncatfilmcommission.com/en/films/actrius|lang=en|website=Barcelona Film Commission |access-date=2021-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513150105/https://www.bcncatfilmcommission.com/en/films/actrius|archive-date=2021-05-13|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actrius
|
Animalia (book)
|
{{Short description|1986 picture book by Graeme Base}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox book|<!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name = '''Animalia'''
| image = Animalia (book cover).jpg
| caption =
| alt = Book cover: a larger picture framed by smaller pictures, all of which contain different animals, and title with author at the top
| author = [[Graeme Base]]
| illustrator = Graeme Base
| country = Australia
| language = English
| genre = [[Picture books]]
| publisher = [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]
| release_date = 1986
| pages = 32
| isbn = 0-810-91868-4
| oclc =
}}
<!--{{Infobox publication|image=Animalia.jpg|caption=Book cover}}-->
'''''Animalia''''' is an illustrated [[Children's literature|children's book]] by [[Graeme Base]]. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|last=Puffin Books|title=Animalia 25th Anniversary Edition|url=http://www.puffin.com.au/products/9780670076673/animalia-25th-anniversary-edition|access-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528013213/http://www.puffin.com.au/products/9780670076673/animalia-25th-anniversary-edition|archive-date=28 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.<ref>{{cite web|last=ABE Books|title=Animalia (Numbered and Signed anniversary edition)|url=http://www.abebooks.com/Animalia-Numbered-Signed-Anniversary-Edition-Base/3201558151/bd|access-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>
==Synopsis==
''Animalia'' is an [[alliteration|alliterative]] [[alphabet]] book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for [[alligator]] and [[armadillo]], B is for [[butterfly]], C is for [[cat]], etc.) along with a tongue-twister utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify (e.g. the "D" entry features, besides a pair of dragons, the dinosaur ''Diplodocus'' and the pelycosaur ''Dimetrodon''; however, there are not necessarily "a thousand things, or maybe more", contrary to what the author states; for instance, the "A" entry features an alarm clock, as does the "C" entry; also, a tennis racket appears in the "T" entry as well as in the "R" entry). As an additional challenge, the author has hidden a picture of himself as a child in every picture.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia_(book)
|
International Atomic Time
|
{{Short description|Time standard based on atomic clocks}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
'''International Atomic Time''' (abbreviated '''TAI''', from its French name '''{{lang|fr|temps atomique international}}'''<ref>Temps atomique 1975{{elucidate|date=April 2020}}</ref>) is a high-precision [[Atomic clock|atomic]] [[coordinate time|coordinate]] [[time standard]] based on the notional passage of [[proper time]] on Earth's [[geoid]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is the International Atomic Time TAI a coordinate time or a proper time?|journal=Celestial Mechanics|volume=38|issue=2|pages=155–161 |bibcode=1986CeMec..38..155G|last1=Guinot|first1=B.|year=1986|doi=10.1007/BF01230427|s2cid=120564915}}</ref> TAI is a [[weighted average]] of the time kept by over 450 [[atomic clock]]s in over 80 national laboratories worldwide.<ref name="Time n.d." /> It is a continuous scale of time, without [[leap seconds]], and it is the principal realisation of [[Terrestrial Time]] (with a fixed offset of [[epoch (astronomy)|epoch]]). It is the basis for [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface and which has leap seconds.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Time
|
Altruism
|
{{Short description|Concern for the well-being of others}}
{{Redirect|Otherism|the philosophical concept|Other (philosophy)}}
{{About||the concept in behavioral ecology|Altruism (biology)|the ethical doctrine|Altruism (ethics)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Belisaire demandant l'aumone Jacques-Louis David.jpg|thumb|Giving [[alms]] to the poor is often considered an altruistic action.]]
'''Altruism''' is the concern for the [[well-being]] of others, independently of personal benefit or reciprocity.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism
|
Ayn Rand
|
{{Short description|Russian-American writer and philosopher (1905–1982)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ayn Rand
| native_name = Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум
| image = Ayn Rand (1943 Talbot portrait).jpg
| alt = Photo of Ayn Rand
| caption = Rand in 1943
| birth_name = Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|3|6|1905|2|2}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.<!-- DO NOT REMOVE the country per [[Template:Infobox writer]] -->
| pseudonym = Ayn Rand
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|philosopher}}
| language = {{cslist|English|Russian}}
| citizenship = {{ublist|
| Russia (until 1931){{efn|Rand's initial citizenship was in the [[Russian Empire]] and continued through the [[Russian Republic]] and the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]], which became part of the [[Soviet Union]].}}
| United States (from 1931)}}
| alma_mater = [[Leningrad State University]]
| period = 1934–1982
| notableworks = [[Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism#Works by Rand|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Frank O'Connor (actor, born 1897)|Frank O'Connor]]|1929|1979|end=d}}{{efn|name="frank"|Rand's husband, Charles Francis O'Connor (1897–1979),{{sfn|Heller|2009|p=65}} is not to be confused with the actor and director [[Frank O'Connor (director)|Frank O'Connor]] (1881–1959) or the writer whose pen name was [[Frank O'Connor]].}}
| signature = Ayn Rand signature 1949.svg
| signature_alt = Ayn Rand
}}
'''Alice O'Connor''' (born '''Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum''';{{efn|{{langx|ru|link=no|Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐˈlʲisə zʲɪˈnovʲjɪvnə rəzʲɪnˈbaʊm|}}. Most sources [[transliterate]] her given name as either ''Alisa'' or ''Alissa''.{{sfn|Gladstein|1999|p=121}}}} {{OldStyleDateNY|February 2|January 20}}, 1905{{dash}}March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name '''Ayn Rand''' ({{IPAc-en|aɪ|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Ayn.wav}}), was a Russian-born American writer and philosopher.<!-- DO NOT REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS. -->{{sfn|Badhwar|Long|2020}} She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system which she named ''[[Objectivism]]''. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] plays, Rand achieved fame with her 1943 novel ''[[The Fountainhead]]''. In 1957, she published her best-selling work, the novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]''. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own [[Objectivist periodicals|periodicals]] and releasing several collections of essays.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand
|
Alain Connes
|
{{short description|French mathematician (born 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Alain Connes
| image = Alain_Connes.jpg
| alt = Photo of the upper body of Alain Connes with vegetation, blue sky, and clouds in the background
| caption = Alain Connes in 2004
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|04|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Draguignan]], France
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = Mathematics <br/> [[Particle physics]]
| workplaces = [[Collège de France]] <br/> [[IHÉS]] <br/> [[Ohio State University]] <br/> [[Vanderbilt University]]
| alma_mater = [[École Normale Supérieure]] <br> [[Pierre and Marie Curie University]]
| thesis_title = A Classification of Factors of Type III
| thesis_year = 1973
| doctoral_advisor = [[Jacques Dixmier]]
| doctoral_students = [[Jean-Benoît Bost]]<br>[[Georges Skandalis]]
| known_for = [[Baum–Connes conjecture]]<br>[[Noncommutative geometry]]<br>[[Noncommutative standard model]]<br>[[Operator algebra]]s<br>[[Thermal time hypothesis]]
| awards = [[Peccot Lectures|Peccot-Vimont Prize]] (1976)<br/>[[CNRS Silver Medal]] (1977)<br/> [[Ampère Prize]] (1980)<br/> [[Fields Medal]] (1982)<br/> [[Clay Research Award]] (2000)<br/> [[Crafoord Prize]] (2001)<br/> [[CNRS Gold medal]] (2004)
| website = {{URL|https://alainconnes.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Connes
|
Allan Dwan
|
{{Short description|American film director & screenwriter (1885–1981)}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Allan Dwan
| image = Allan Dwan - Sep 1920 EH.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dwan in 1920
| birth_name = Joseph Aloysius Dwan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|4|3}}
| birth_place = Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|12|28|1885|4|3}}
| death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Pauline Bush (actress)|Pauline Bush]]|1915|1919|end=divorce}}<br/>{{marriage|Marie Shelton|1927|1949|end=divorce}}
| occupation = Film director<br />Film producer<br />Screenwriter
| years_active = 1911–1961; 1980
}}
'''Allan Dwan''' (born '''Joseph Aloysius Dwan'''; April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian and American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.
==Early life==
Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada, Dwan was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan (née Hunt). The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892, by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his [[naturalization]] petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Dwan
|
Algeria
|
{{short description|Country in North Africa}}
{{About|the country}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
| native_name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyyatu al-Jazāʾiriyyatu ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyatu ash‑Shaʿbiyyah}}}}
| name =
| common_name = Algeria
| image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg
| flag_border = yes
| image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Algeria|Emblem]]
| national_motto = {{lang|ar|بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ}}<br />"Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb"<br />"By the people and for the people"<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm|title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11|id=language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web|url=http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm|title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11|publisher=Apn-dz.org|date=28 November 1996|access-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm|archive-date=25 July 2013 }}</ref>
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|قَسَمًا}}<br />''[[Kassaman|Qasaman]]''<br />"We Pledge"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}}</div>
| image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = {{Legend|#2d5508|Location of Algeria}}
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Algiers]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city_region:DZ}}
| largest_city = capital
| religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islam in Algeria|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |<1% others}}
| official_languages = {{Plainlist|
* [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
* [[Standard Algerian Berber|Berber]]{{efn|The [[Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016]] officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the [[Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language]], which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kestler-D'Amours|first=Jillian|title=Algeria's Berbers protest for language rights|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/15/algerias-berbers-protest-for-tamazight-language-rights|access-date=2024-09-17|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref>}}}}
| languages_type = National vernacular
| languages = [[Algerian Arabic]]{{efn|The official languages are [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and, since 2016, [[Standard Algerian Berber]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-13|title=What Languages Are Spoken In Algeria?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-algeria.html |access-date=2024-07-07|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> Algerian Arabic is the [[spoken language]] used by the vast majority of the population. Other [[Languages of Algeria|Arabic dialects and minority languages]] are spoken regionally.}}
| languages2_type = Foreign languages
| languages2 = [[French language|French]]{{efn|see [[French language in Algeria]]}}<br />[[English language|English]]{{efn|see [[English language in Algeria]]}}
| ethnic_groups = See [[#Ethnic groups|Ethnic groups]]
| religion_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Algerians|Algerian]]
| government_type = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Algeria|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nadir Larbaoui]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)|Council President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Azouz Nasri]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly President]]
| leader_name4 = [[Ibrahim Boughali]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]]
| lower_house = [[People's National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Algeria|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Numidia]]
| established_date1 = 202 BC
| established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]]
| established_date2 = 1235
| established_event3 = [[Regency of Algiers]]
| established_date3 = 1516
| established_event4 = [[French Algeria]]
| established_date4 = 5 July 1830
| established_event5 = [[Algerian War|Independence]]
| established_date5 = 5 July 1962
| area_km2 = 2381741
| area_rank = 10th
| area_sq_mi = 919595
| percent_water =
| population_estimate = 47,400,000<ref name=population>{{cite web|url=https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025|title=Démographie : Plus de 47 millions d'Algériens d'ici 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Aït Saâda|first1=Farid|title=L'espérance de vie moyenne des Algériens est de 79,6 ans : Une qualité de vie nettement meilleure|url=https://www.elmoudjahid.dz/fr/economie/l-esperance-de-vie-moyenne-des-algeriens-est-de-79-6-ans-une-qualite-de-vie-nettement-meilleure-220929|website=[[El Moudjahid]]|access-date=5 September 2024|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 33rd
| population_census_year =
| population_density_km2 = 19
| population_density_sq_mi = 49
| population_density_rank = 206th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $875.334 billion<ref name="IMFWEODZ"/>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 39th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $18,525<ref name="IMFWEODZ"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 100th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $268.885 billion<ref name="IMFWEODZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/DZA|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 49th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,691<ref name="IMFWEODZ"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 111th
| Gini = 27.6
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=1 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|archive-date=13 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=World Bank|access-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143415/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.763
| HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web|date=6 May 2025|title=Human Development Report 2025|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2025|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 96th
| currency = [[Algerian dinar]]
| currency_code = DZD
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]]
| cctld = {{ublist |[[.dz]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.الجزائر]]}}|today=}}
| religion_year = 2012
}}
'''Algeria''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}} {{respell|al|JEER|ee|ə}}; {{Langx|ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{IPA|ar|al.d͡ʒazaːʔir|lang|LL-Q13955 (ara)-Reda Kerbouche-الجزائر.wav}}; {{Langx|fr|link=no|Algérie}} {{IPA|fr|alʒeʁi|}}}} officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria''',{{efn|{{Langx|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية|al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash‑Shaʿbiyyah}}; {{Langx|fr|link=no|République algérienne démocratique et populaire}}. Formerly also rendered as the '''Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria''' in English, as seen on the [[Algiers Accords (1981)|1981 Algiers Accords]]{{check|date=July 2025}}.}} is a country in the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]]. It is bordered to [[Algeria–Tunisia border|the northeast]] by [[Tunisia]]; to [[Algeria–Libya border|the east]] by [[Libya]]; to [[Algeria–Niger border|the southeast]] by [[Niger]]; to [[Algeria–Western Sahara border|the southwest]] by [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], and [[Western Sahara]]; to [[Algeria–Morocco border|the west]] by [[Morocco]]; and to the north by the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The capital and [[List of cities in Algeria|largest city]] is [[Algiers]], located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria
|
List of Atlas Shrugged characters
|
{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Atlas Shrugged'' characters}}
This is a list of characters in [[Ayn Rand]]'s 1957 novel ''[[Atlas Shrugged]].''
==Major characters==
The following are major characters from the novel.{{efn|Characters in this article are listed as "major" if they are described as major or primary characters in surveys of Rand's work (such as Gladstein's ''The New Ayn Rand Companion''), in a book or essay collection about the novel (such as ''Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged''), or in a widely available study guide about the novel (such as [[CliffsNotes]] or [[SparkNotes]]).}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Atlas_Shrugged_characters
|
Anthropology
|
{{Short description|Scientific study of humans, human behavior, and societies}}
{{Hatgrp|
{{About|the study of humans}}
{{Distinguish|Human evolution{{!}}Anthropogeny}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Anthropology}}
'''Anthropology''' is the scientific study of [[human]]ity that crosses [[biology]] and [[sociology]], concerned with [[human behavior]], [[human biology]], [[cultures]], [[society|societies]], and [[linguistics]], in both the present and past, including [[archaic humans]].<ref name="aaa">{{cite web | title=What is Anthropology? | work=The American Anthropological Association | url=https://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 | publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] | access-date=10 August 2013 | archive-date=16 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216033701/http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Social anthropology]] studies patterns of behaviour, while [[cultural anthropology]] studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.<ref name="aaa" /> The term [[sociocultural anthropology]] is commonly used today. [[Linguistic anthropology]] studies how language influences social life. [[Biological anthropology|Biological (or physical) anthropology]] studies the [[biology]] and [[evolution]] of [[Human evolution|humans]] and their close [[primate]] relatives.<ref name="aaa" />
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology
|
Agricultural science
|
{{short description|Academic field within biology}}
{{Redirect|Crop Science|the journal|Crop Science (journal)|the company|Bayer CropScience}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Agriculture|related}}
'''Agricultural science''' (or '''agriscience''' for short<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Agriscience {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English |encyclopedia=[[Oxford Dictionary of English]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] via [[Lexico]] |language=en |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience |access-date=2022-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220064428/https://www.lexico.com/definition/agriscience |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>) is a broad multidisciplinary field of [[biology]] that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and [[social science]]s that are used in the practice and understanding of [[agriculture]]. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or [[agriculturists]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_science
|
Alchemy
|
{{Short description|Branch of natural philosophy}}
{{Redirect|Alchemist|other uses|Alchemist (disambiguation)|and|Alchemy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
[[File:E-codices zbz-Ms-Rh-0172 044 max copy.jpg|thumb|15th century depiction of an [[Ouroboros]] from the alchemical treatise ''{{lang|la|[[Aurora consurgens]]}}'' (Zurich, ''Rheinau 172'').]]
{{Esotericism}}
'''Alchemy''' (from the [[Arabic]] word {{transliteration|ar|al-kīmīā}}, {{lang|ar|الكیمیاء}}) is an ancient branch of [[natural philosophy]], a [[philosophical]] and [[protoscientific]] tradition that was historically practised in [[Chinese alchemy|China]], [[Rasayana|India]], the [[Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam|Muslim world]], and [[Europe]].<ref name="Routledge">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pereira |first=Michela |editor-last=Craig |editor-first=Edward |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alchemy |year=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-25069-6 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-Q001-1 |quote=Alchemy is the quest for an agent of material perfection, produced through a creative activity (''opus''), in which humans and nature collaborate. It exists in many cultures (China, India, Islam; in the Western world since Hellenistic times) under different specifications: aiming at the production of gold and/or other perfect substances from baser ones, or of the elixir that prolongs life, or even of life itself. Because of its purpose, the alchemists' quest is always strictly linked to the religious doctrine of redemption current in each civilization where alchemy is practised.<br /> In the Western world alchemy presented itself at its advent as a sacred art. But when, after a long detour via Byzantium and Islamic culture, it came back again to Europe in the twelfth century, adepts designated themselves philosophers. Since then alchemy has confronted natural philosophy for several centuries.}}</ref> In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of [[pseudepigraphical]] texts written in [[Egypt (Roman province)|Greco-Roman Egypt]] during the first few centuries AD.<ref name=":1">{{harvnb|Principe|2013|pp=9–14}}.</ref> [[Alchemy#Hellenistic Egypt|Greek-speaking alchemists]] often referred to their craft as "the Art" ({{lang|grc|τέχνη}}) or "Knowledge" ({{lang|grc|ἐπιστήμη}}), and it was often characterised as mystic ({{lang|grc|μυστική}}), sacred ({{lang|grc|ἱɛρά}}), or divine ({{lang|grc|θɛíα}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keyser |first=Paul T. |date=1990 |title=Alchemy in the Ancient World: From Science to Magic |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2142/12197 |journal=Illinois Classical Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=353–378 |hdl=2142/12197 |issn=0363-1923 }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy
|
Astronomer
|
{{short description|Scientist in the field of astronomy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Other uses|The Astronomer (disambiguation)}}
[[File:IAU 2006 General Assembly- Result of the IAU Resolution Votes (iau0603g).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A voting session is conducted in 2006 [[International Astronomical Union]]'s general assembly for determining a [[IAU definition of planet|new definition of a planet]]]]
An '''astronomer''' is a [[scientist]] in the field of [[astronomy]] who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of [[Earth]]. Astronomers observe [[astronomical object]]s, such as [[star]]s, [[planet]]s, [[natural satellite|moons]], [[comet]]s and [[galaxy|galaxies]] – in either [[observational astronomy|observational]] (by analyzing the data) or [[theoretical astronomy]]. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include [[planetary science]], [[Sun|solar astronomy]], the [[Star formation|origin]] or [[stellar evolution|evolution of stars]], or the [[galaxy formation and evolution|formation of galaxies]]. A related but distinct subject is [[physical cosmology]], which studies the [[universe]] as a whole.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer
|
ASCII
|
{{Short description|Character encoding standard}}
{{hatnote group|
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|text=MS [[Windows-1252]] or other types of [[extended ASCII]]}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox character encoding|
| name = ASCII
| alias = ISO-IR-006,<ref>{{cite iso-ir |number=6 |title=ASCII Graphic character set |id-in-title=yes |sponsor=ANSI |sponsor-link=American National Standards Institute |date=1975-12-01}}</ref> ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, cp367<ref name="IANA_2007"/>
| mime = us-ascii
| image = USASCII code chart.svg
| caption = ASCII chart from [[MIL-STD-188#MIL-STD-188-100 series|MIL-STD-188-100]] (1972)
| lang = primarily [[English language|English]]; also supports [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Rotokas alphabet|Rotokas]], [[Interlingua]], [[Ido]], and [[X-SAMPA]] <!-- not Latin, see [[Apex (diacritic)]] and [[Interpunct]] -->
| extensions = * [[Unicode]]
* [[ISO/IEC 8859]] (series)
* [[KOI-8]]
* [[OEM code page|OEM]] (series)
* [[Windows-125x]] (series)
* [[Extended ASCII|Others]]
| prev = [[International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2|ITA 2]], [[FIELDATA]]
| next = [[ISO/IEC 8859]], [[ISO/IEC 10646]] ([[Unicode]])
| classification = [[ISO/IEC 646|ISO/IEC 646 series]]
}}
'''ASCII''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-ASCII.ogg|ˈ|æ|s|k|iː}} {{respell|ASS|kee}}),<ref name="Mackenzie_1980">{{cite book |url=https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |title=Coded Character Sets, History and Development |series=The Systems Programming Series |author-last=Mackenzie |author-first=Charles E. |date=1980 |edition=1 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.]] |isbn=978-0-201-14460-4 |lccn=77-90165 |pages=6, 66, 211, 215, 217, 220, 223, 228, 236–238, 243–245, 247–253, 423, 425–428, 435–439 |access-date=2019-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |archive-date=May 26, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{rp|6}} an acronym for '''American Standard Code for Information Interchange''', is a [[character encoding]] standard for representing a particular set of 95 ([[English language]] focused) [[printable character|printable]] and 33 [[control character|control]] characters {{endash}} a total of 128 [[code point]]s. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on the syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers; for example, the first 128 code points of [[Unicode]] are the same as ASCII.
ASCII encodes each code-point as a value from 0 to 127 {{endash}} storable as a seven-[[bit]] [[integer]].<ref name="RFC-4949">{{cite IETF |title=Internet Security Glossary, Version 2 |date=August 2007 |author-first=R. |author-last=Shirley |rfc=4949 |access-date=2016-06-13}}</ref> Ninety-five code-points are printable, including digits ''0'' to ''9'', lowercase letters ''a'' to ''z'', uppercase letters ''A'' to ''Z'', and commonly used [[punctuation symbol]]s. For example, the letter {{code|i}} is represented as 105 ([[decimal]]). Also, ASCII specifies 33 non-printing [[control code]]s which originated with {{notatypo|[[Teletype Corporation#Teletype Corporation|Teletype devices]]}}; most of which are now obsolete.<ref name="Maini_2007">{{cite book |author-last=Maini |author-first=Anil Kumar |title=Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQSpNAEACAAJ&pg=PA28 |date=2007 |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-03214-5 |page=28 |quote=In addition, it defines codes for 33 nonprinting, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed.}}</ref> The control characters that are still commonly used include [[carriage return]], [[line feed]], and [[Tab key#Tab characters|tab]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
|
Austin
|
{{wiktionary|Austin}}
'''Austin''' refers to:
{{TOC right}}
==Common meanings==
* [[Austin, Texas]], United States, a city
* [[Austin (given name)]], a list of people and fictional characters
* [[Austin (surname)]], a list of people and fictional characters
* [[Austin Motor Company]], a British car manufacturer
==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Austin (album)|''Austin'' (album)]], by Post Malone, 2023
* [[Austin (Blake Shelton song)|"Austin" (Blake Shelton song)]], 2001
* [[Austin (Dasha song)|"Austin" (Dasha song)]], 2023
* [[Austin (TV series)|''Austin'' (TV series)]], a 2024 Australian-British comedy series
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin
|
Animation
|
{{Short description|Method of creating moving pictures}}
{{Redirect|Animate|other uses|Animate (disambiguation)|and|Animation (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2024}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 150
| image2 = Animexample3edit.png
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = The animation above consists of these six frames repeated indefinitely (This makes it a [[stop motion]] animation.)
| image1 = Animexample.gif
| width1 = 85h
| caption1 = 2D computer animation moving at 10 [[frames per second]] (FPS)
| footer_align = center
| height1 = 16
| height2 = 80
| total_width =
| alt1 = Weare
}}
'''Animation''' is a [[filmmaking]] technique whereby [[image|still images]] are manipulated to create [[Motion picture|moving images]]. In [[traditional animation]], images are drawn or painted by hand on [[cel|transparent celluloid sheet]]s to be [[photograph]]ed and exhibited on [[film]]. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the [[Entertainment#Industry|entertainment industry]]. Many animations are either traditional animations or [[computer animation]]s made with [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI). [[Stop motion animation]], in particular [[claymation]], has continued to exist alongside these other forms.
Animation is contrasted with [[live action]], although the two do not exist in isolation. Many moviemakers have produced [[Live-action animation|films that are a hybrid of the two]]. As CGI increasingly [[Photorealism|approximates photographic imagery]], filmmakers can easily [[Compositing|composite]] 3D animations into their film rather than using [[practical effect]]s for showy [[visual effects]] (VFX).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation
|
Apollo
|
{{Short description|Greek god of music, prophecy and healing}}
{{About|the Greek and Roman god|the spaceflight program|Apollo program|other uses|Apollo (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Thyraeus|other uses|Thyraeus (mythology)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-for|Phoebus|Phobos (mythology)|other uses|Phoebus (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<!-- this article uses the BCE/CE convention -->
{{Very long|date=May 2025|words=14827}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Apollo
| image = Italy-3104 - Apollo (5378415112).jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''[[Apollo Belvedere]]'', {{circa|120}}–140 CE
| god_of = God of oracles, healing, archery, music and arts, light, knowledge, herds and flocks, and protection of the young
| member_of = the [[Twelve Olympians]] and the ''[[Dii Consentes]]''
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| symbol = [[Lyre]], [[laurel wreath]], [[Python (mythology)|python]], bow and arrows
| tree = [[Laurus nobilis|laurel]], [[cypress]]
| animals = Raven, [[swan]], [[wolf]]
| consort =
| birth_place = [[Delos]]
| parents = [[Zeus]] and [[Leto]]
| siblings = [[Artemis]] (twin), and [[Zeus#Offspring|many paternal half-siblings]]
| children = [[Asclepius]], [[Aristaeus]], [[Corybantes]], [[Hymen (god)|Hymen]], [[Apollonis]], [[Amphiaraus]], [[Anius]], [[Apis (Greek mythology)|Apis]], [[Cycnus of Aetolia|Cycnus]], [[Eurydice]], [[Hector]], [[Linus of Thrace]], [[Lycomedes]], [[Melaneus]], [[Melite (heroine)|Melite]], [[Miletus (mythology)|Miletus]], [[Mopsus (son of Manto)|Mopsus]], [[Oaxes]], [[Oncius]], [[Orpheus]], [[Troilus]], [[Phemonoe]], [[Philammon]], [[Tenerus (son of Apollo)|Tenerus]], [[Trophonius]], and [[#Children|various others]]
| mount = A chariot drawn by swans
| planet = [[Sun]]<br />[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]<ref name=":merc">{{cite book | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=GnrAVhVZ3wMC&pg=PA75 75] | title = The Planet Observer's Handbook | first1 = Fred W. | last1 = Price | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1994 | isbn = 0-521-78981-8 | location = New York City, New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GnrAVhVZ3wMC}}</ref> (antiquity)
| equivalent4_type = Celtic
| equivalent4 = [[Grannus]]
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
{{Contains special characters}}
'''Apollo'''{{efn|[[Attic Greek|Attic]], [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]], [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] and {{langx|grc-x-koine|Ἀπόλλων|Apóllōn}}, {{langx|grc|Ἀπόλλωνος|Apóllōnos|label=genitive}} {{IPA|grc|a.pól.lɔːn|label=[[Attic Greek|Attic]]–[[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] pronunciation:}}, {{IPA|grc|a.pól.lɔː.nos|}}; {{IPA|grc-x-koine|aˈpol.lon|lang|link=yes}}, {{IPA|la|aˈpol.lo.nos|}}<br />{{langx|grc-x-doric|Ἀπέλλων|Apéllōn}}, {{IPA|grc-x-doric|a.pel.lɔ̂ːn|link=yes}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀπείλων|Apeílōn|label=[[Arcadocypriot Greek]]:}}, {{IPA|grc|a.pěː.lɔːn|label=Arcadocypriot Greek:}}; {{langx|grc-x-aeolic|Ἄπλουν|Áploun}}, {{IPA|grc-x-aeolic|á.ploːn|lang|link=yes}}<br />{{langx|la|Apollō}}, {{langx|la|Apollinis|label=genitive}}, {{IPA|la-x-classic|äˈpɔlːʲoː|lang|link=yes}}, {{IPA|la|äˈpɔl.lʲɪ.nɪs̠|}}; {{IPA|la|ɑˈpɔl.lɔ|label=[[Late Latin]]:}}, {{IPA|la|ɑˈpɔl.li.nis|}}}} is one of the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian deities]] in [[Ancient Greek religion|ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Roman religion|Roman religion]] and [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]]. Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the [[Sun]] and light, poetry, and more. One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of [[Zeus]] and [[Leto]], and the twin brother of [[Artemis]], goddess of the hunt. He is considered to be the most beautiful god and is represented as the ideal of the ''[[kouros]]'' (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth). Apollo is known in Greek-influenced [[Etruscan mythology]] as ''[[Apulu]]''.<ref>Krauskopf, I. 2006. "The Grave and Beyond." ''The Religion of the Etruscans.'' edited by N. de Grummond and E. Simon. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. vii, p. 73-75.</ref>
As the patron deity of [[Delphi]] (''Apollo Pythios''), Apollo is an [[oracular]] god—the prophetic [[deity]] of the [[Pythia|Delphic Oracle]] and also the deity of ritual purification. His oracles were often consulted for guidance in various matters. He was in general seen as the god who affords help and wards off evil, and is referred to as {{transliteration|grc|[[Alexicacus]]}}, the "averter of evil". Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son [[Asclepius]]. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill health and deadly [[Plague (disease)|plague]] with his arrows. The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis. Apollo is usually described as carrying a silver or golden bow and a quiver of arrows.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo
|
Andre Agassi
|
{{Short description|American tennis player (born 1970)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Andre Agassi
| image = [[file:Andre Agassi (2011).jpg|frameless|upright=.8]]
| caption = Agassi at the 2011 Champions Shootout
| fullname = Andre Kirk Agassi
| country = {{Flagu|United States}}
| residence = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, US<!-- either "[[Las Vegas]], Nevada" or "[[Las Vegas, Nevada]]", NOT "[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]" per MOS:GEOLINK -->
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|04|29}}
| birth_place = Las Vegas, Nevada, US
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=11}}
| turnedpro = 1986
| retired = 2006
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| coach = {{Ubl
| [[Emmanuel Agassi]] (1970–1983)
| [[Nick Bollettieri]] (1983–1993)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/10/sports/tennis-agassi-has-streisand-but-loses-bollettieri.html |title=TENNIS; Agassi Has Streisand But Loses Bollettieri |date=July 10, 1993 |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Robin |last=Finn |access-date=July 5, 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215724/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/10/sports/tennis-agassi-has-streisand-but-loses-bollettieri.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[Pancho Segura]] (1993)
| [[Brad Gilbert]] (1994–2002)
| [[Darren Cahill]] (2002–2006)
}}
| careerprizemoney = $31,152,975<ref>{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders |url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230071910/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-30 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Open Era tennis records – Men's singles#Prize money|14th all-time in earnings]]
| tennishofyear = 2011
| tennishofid = andre-agassi
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=870|lost=274}} (76.0%)
| singlestitles = 60
| highestsinglesranking = [[List of ATP number 1 ranked singles players|No. '''1''']] (April 10, 1995)
| AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1995 Australian Open – Men's singles|1995]], [[2000 Australian Open – Men's singles|2000]], [[2001 Australian Open – Men's singles|2001]], [[2003 Australian Open – Men's singles|2003]])
| FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Men's singles|1999]])
| Wimbledonresult = '''W''' ([[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1992]])
| USOpenresult = '''W''' ([[1994 US Open – Men's singles|1994]], [[1999 US Open – Men's singles|1999]])
|Othertournaments = Yes
|MastersCupresult = '''W''' ([[1990 ATP Tour World Championships – Singles|1990]])
|Olympicsresult = '''W''' ([[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1996]])
|GrandSlamCupresult= F ([[1998 Compaq Grand Slam Cup – Men's singles|1998]])
| doublesrecord = 40–42 (48.8%)
| doublestitles = 1
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = QF (1992)
| USOpenDoublesresult = 1R (1987)
| highestdoublesranking = No. 123 (August 17, 1992)
| Team = yes
| DavisCupresult = '''W''' (1990, 1992, 1995)
|CoachYears = 2017–2020
|CoachPlayers = {{unbulleted list
|[[Novak Djokovic]] (2017–2018)
|[[Grigor Dimitrov]] (2018–2020)
}}
| medaltemplates-expand = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry | {{Flagu|United States}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|Olympic Games – [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Tennis]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] | [[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Singles]] }}
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| signature = AndreAgassiSignature.png
}}<!-- Infobox person -->
}}<!-- Infobox tennis biography -->
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi
|
Austroasiatic languages
|
{{Short description|Language family concentrated in Southeast Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Austronesian languages|Afroasiatic languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Austroasiatic
| altname = Austro-Asiatic
| region = [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]]
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| speakers = {{est.}} 117 million
| family = One of the world's primary [[Language family|language families]]
| protoname = [[Proto-Austroasiatic language|Proto-Austroasiatic]]
| child1 = [[Munda languages|Munda]]
| child2 = [[Khasi-Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]]
| child3 = [[Khmuic languages|Khmuic]]
| child4 = ''[[Mang language|Mang]]''
| child5 = [[Pakanic languages|Pakanic]]
| child6 = [[Vietic languages|Vietic]]
| child7 = [[Katuic languages|Katuic]]
| child8 = [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]
| child9 = ''[[Khmer language|Khmer]]''
| child10 = [[Pearic languages|Pearic]]
| child11 = [[Monic languages|Monic]]
| child12 = [[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
| child13 = [[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]
| iso5 = aav
| glotto = aust1305
| glottoname = Austroasiatic
| map = Austroasiatic-en.svg
| mapcaption = Austroasiatic languages by branch
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|style=width: 350px; font-style: italic;|
{{Legend|#FFEC19|[[Munda languages|Munda]]}}
{{Legend|#FFBF00|[[Khasic languages|Khasic]]}}
{{Legend|#FF8400|[[Palaungic languages|Palaungic]]}}
{{Legend|#FF3C00|[[Khmuic languages|Khmuic]]}}
{{Legend|#FF82BF|[[Vietic languages|Vietic]]}}
{{Legend|#B67BFF|[[Katuic languages|Katuic]]}}
{{Legend|#5D98FF|[[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]]}}
{{Legend|#61FFCF|[[Khmer language|Khmer]]}}
{{Legend|#9CE100|[[Monic languages|Monic]]}}
{{Legend|#55CE00|[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]}}
{{Legend|#01A604|[[Pearic languages|Pearic]]}}
{{Legend|#808040|[[Pakanic languages|Pakanic]]}}
{{Legend|#946432|[[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]}} }}
| ancestor =
| notes =
| map2 = AA_languages_map_%28with_natl%27_border%29.svg
| mapcaption2 = Austroasiatic languages
}}
The '''Austroasiatic languages'''{{refn|group=note|Sometimes also ''Austro-Asiatic'' or ''Austroasian''}} ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɒ|s|t|r|oʊ|.|eɪ|ʒ|i|ˈ|æ|t|ɪ|k|,_|ˌ|ɔː|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Austroasiatic.wav}} {{respelling|OSS|troh|ay|zhee|AT|ik|,_|AWSS-}}) are a large [[language family]] spoken throughout [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]] and [[East Asia]]. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]], and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], and [[southern China]]. Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html|title=Austroasiatic|website=www.languagesgulper.com|language=en|access-date=15 October 2017|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329085717/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Austroasiatic.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Of the Austroasiatic languages, only [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], and [[Mon language|Mon]] have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the [[national language]]s of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the [[Wa language]] is a "recognized national language" in the de facto autonomous [[Wa State]] within Myanmar. [[Santali language|Santali]] is one of [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|the 22 scheduled languages of India]]. The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages
|
Afroasiatic languages
|
{{short description|Large language family of Africa and West Asia}}
{{Redirect2|Afro-Asiatic|Afrasian|the ethnic classification|Afro-Asians|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Afroasiatic
| region = [[North Africa]], [[West Asia]], [[Horn of Africa]], [[Sahel]], and [[Malta]]<!-- Primary speech area - see map below. Per [[Template:Infobox language]], this parameter is reserved for "geographic region in which it is mainly spoken". -->
| speakers = {{sigfig|632.596603|2}} million<ref name=Eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/| title=Statistical Summaries; Ethnologue}}</ref><ref name=eth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/31/| title=Afro-Asiatic; Ethnologue}}</ref>
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| family = One of the world's primary [[Language family|language families]]
| protoname = [[Proto-Afroasiatic language|Proto-Afroasiatic]]
| child1 = [[Berber languages|Berber]]
| child2 = [[Chadic languages|Chadic]]
| child3 = [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
| child4 = [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] {{Extinct}}{{NoteTag|Egyptian's descendant, Coptic might still have a small number of active speakers although it's inconclusive.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2005/12/10/coptic-languages-last-survivors | title=Coptic language's last survivors | date=20 August 2015 }}</ref>}}
| child5 = [[Omotic languages|Omotic]]{{sfn|Sands|2009|pp=559–580}}
| child6 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| iso2 = afa
| iso5 = afa
| glotto = afro1255
| glottorefname = Afro-Asiatic
| map = Detailed Afroasiatic map.svg
| mapcaption = Modern distribution of the Afroasiatic languages
| ancestor =
| glottoname =
| notes =
| altname = Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, Afrasian
| map2 = Afro-Asiatic language.png
| mapcaption2 = Hypothesized approximate historical distribution of Afroasiatic branches (Chadic and Omotic branches, and the [[Ethio-Semitic]] sub-branch not shown)
}}
The '''Afroasiatic languages''' (also known as '''Afro-Asiatic''', '''Afrasian''', '''Hamito-Semitic''', or '''Semito-Hamitic''') are a [[language family]] (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in [[West Asia]], [[North Africa]], the [[Horn of Africa]], and parts of the [[Sahara]] and [[Sahel]].{{sfn|Almansa-Villatoro|Štubňová Nigrelli|2023|p=3}} Over 500 million people are native speakers of an Afroasiatic language, constituting the fourth-largest language family after [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], and [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]].{{sfn|Eberhard|Simons|Fennig|2021|loc=Summary by language family}} Most linguists divide the family into six branches: [[Berber languages|Berber (Amazigh)]], [[Chadic languages|Chadic]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], [[Omotic languages|Omotic]], and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]].{{sfn|Sands|2009|p=565}} The vast majority of Afroasiatic languages are considered indigenous to the [[Africa|African continent]], including all those not belonging to the Semitic branch (which originated in West Asia).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages
|
Andorra
|
{{Short description|Microstate in Southern Europe}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{About-distinguish-text|the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked nation in the eastern Pyrenees,|the Italian town of [[Andora]]}}
{{Other uses}}
}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Principality of Andorra
| common_name = Andorra
| native_name = {{native name|ca|Principat d'Andorra}}
| image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| national_motto = {{langx|la|Virtus Unita Fortior|label=none}} ([[Latin]])<br />"United virtue is stronger"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/andorra/adsymbols.htm|title=Andorran Symbols|date=29 March 2021|publisher=WorldAtlas}}</ref>
| national_anthem = "[[El Gran Carlemany]]" {{In lang|ca}}<br />"The Great [[Charlemagne]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:El Gran Carlemany.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = Location Andorra Europe.png
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=centre of green circle |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey}}
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Andorra la Vella]]
| coordinates = {{coord|42|30|23|N|1|31|17|E|type:city_region:AD|display=inline}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Catalan language|Catalan]] 44.1%<ref name="constitution"/><ref name="cia"/>
| languages_type = Significant language
| languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] 40.3%<ref name="cia"/>
| languages2_type = Other languages
| languages2 = {{plainlist|
*13.5% [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
*10% [[French language|French]]
*3% [[English language|English]]
*6.8% other<ref name="cia"/>
}}
| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|
* 34.3% [[Spaniards]]
* 32.1% [[Demographics of Andorra|Andorrans]]
* 10% [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
* 5.6% [[French people|French]]
* 18% others
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="cia"/>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2024
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* 90.8% Christianity
** 85.5% [[Catholic Church in Andorra|Catholicism]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite book|first1=Jeroen|last1= Temperman|title=State–Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|publisher=BRILL|year=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18149-6|quote=... guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its activities and the preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the state in accordance with the Andorran tradition. The Constitution recognizes the full legal capacity of the bodies of the Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.}}</ref>
** 5.3% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| 6.9% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
| 2.3% others
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=6c|title=National Profiles | World Religion|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>
| demonym = [[List of Andorrans|Andorran]]
| government_type = [[Unitary government|Unitary]] parliamentary [[diarchic]] constitutional [[Coregency#Andorra|co-principality]]
| leader_title1 = [[Co-Princes of Andorra|Co-Princes]]
| leader_name1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat]]
* [[Emmanuel Macron]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[List of Representatives of the Co-Princes of Andorra|Representatives]]
| leader_name2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Eduard Ibáñez]]
* [[Patrice Faure]]}}
| leader_title3 = [[Head of Government of Andorra|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Xavier Espot Zamora]]
| leader_title4 = [[List of General Syndics of the General Council|General Syndic]]
| leader_name4 = [[Carles Ensenyat Reig]]
| legislature = [[General Council (Andorra)|General Council]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| established_event1 = From the [[Crown of Aragon]]
| established_date1 = [[Paréage of Andorra (1278)|8 September 1278]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cultura.ad/historia-d-andorra |title = Història d'Andorra|language=ca|website=Cultura.ad|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0003858.xml |title = Andorra|language=ca|website=Enciclopèdia.cat|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
| established_event2 = From the [[Kingdom of France]]
| established_date2 = 12 October 1652
| established_event3 = From the [[Sègre (department)|French Empire]]
| established_date3 = 1814
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of Andorra|Constitution]]
| established_date4 = 2 February 1993
| area_km2 = 467.63
| area_rank = 178th
| area_sq_mi = 180.55
| percent_water = 0.26 (121.4 [[hectares|ha]]<!-- Not including areas of rivers -->){{efn|{{in lang|fr|cap=yes}} Girard P & Gomez P (2009), Lacs des Pyrénées: Andorre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/publicacions/CD/Anuari/cat/pdf/xifres.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113203301/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/publicacions/CD/Anuari/cat/pdf/xifres.PDF |archive-date=13 November 2009 |title=Andorra en xifres 2007: Situació geogràfica, Departament d'Estadística, Govern d'Andorra |access-date=26 August 2012 }}</ref>}}
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 87,486<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=A001. Population estimates; A003. Statistics on the censuses of parishes. February 2025 |url=https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-en/pages/publicacio?Idioma=en&Id=33438&IdCat=1,4 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Department of Statistics}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 185th
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 187.1
| population_density_sq_mi = 484.6
| population_density_rank = 71st
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.001 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AD">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 168th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,146<ref name="IMFWEO.AD" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 18th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.897 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AD" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 159th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $44,900<ref name="IMFWEO.AD" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 24th
| Gini = 40.0
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=COEFICIENT DE GINI (INGRESSOS) POBLACIÓ |url=https://www.estadistica.ad/portal/apps/sites/#/estadistica-en/pages/estadistiques-i-dades-detall?Idioma=en&N2=131&N3=132&DV=1496 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Departament d'Estadística}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.913
| HDI_rank = 32nd
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. -->
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]]){{efn|Before 1999, the [[French franc]] and [[Spanish peseta]]; the coins and notes of both currencies, however, remained legal tender until 2002. Small amounts of [[Andorran diner]]s (divided into 100 centim) were minted after 1982.}}
| currency_code = EUR
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +01:00
| utc_offset_DST = +02:00
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = right<ref name="DRIVESIDE">{{cite web |url=http://whatsideofroad.com/ad/ |title=What side of the road do they drive on in Andorra |access-date=19 March 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Andorra|+376]]
| cctld = [[.ad]]{{efn|Also [[.cat]], shared with [[Països Catalans|Catalan-speaking territories]]}}
| today =
}}
'''Andorra''',{{efn|Pronunciation:
* English: {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Andorra.ogg|æ|n|ˈ|d|ɔːr|ə}} {{respell|an|DOR|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|n|ˈ|d|ɒr|ə}} {{respell|an|DORR|ə}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref>
* Catalan: {{IPA|ca|anˈdɔra||LL-Q7026 (cat)-Millars-Andorra.wav}}.}} officially the '''Principality of Andorra''',<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Principality of Andorra |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ad/ad001en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516152108/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ad/ad001en.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>{{efn|In {{langx|ca|Principat d'Andorra|links=no}}, {{IPA|ca|pɾinsiˈpad danˈdɔra|pron}}; in {{langx|es|Principado de Andorra|links=no}}; in {{langx|fr|Principauté d'Andorre|links=no}}.<ref name="constitution"/>}} is a sovereign [[landlocked nation]] on the [[Iberian Peninsula]], in the eastern [[Pyrenees]] in [[Southwestern Europe]], [[Andorra–France border|bordered]] by [[France]] to the north and [[Spain]] to [[Andorra–Spain border|the south]]. Believed to have been created by [[Charlemagne]], Andorra was ruled by the [[Counts of Urgell|count of Urgell]] until 988, when it was transferred to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell]]. The present principality was formed by [[Paréage of Andorra 1278|a charter in 1278]]. It is currently headed by two co-princes: the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|Bishop of Urgell]] in [[Catalonia]], Spain, and the [[president of France]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Andorra la Vella]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra
|
Arithmetic mean
|
{{Short description|Type of average of a collection of numbers}}
{{redirect|X̄|the character|Macron (diacritic)}}
{{broader|Mean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
In [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]], the '''arithmetic mean''' ({{IPAc-en|pron|ˌ|æ|r|ɪ|θ|ˈ|m|ɛ|t|ɪ|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-arithmetic.wav}} {{respell|arr|ith|MET|ik}}), '''arithmetic average''', or just the ''[[mean]]'' or ''[[average]]'' is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Harold R.|title=Mathematics: A Human Endeavor|edition=Third|year=1994|publisher=[[W. H. Freeman]]|page=547|isbn=0-7167-2426-X}}</ref> The collection is often a set of results from an [[experiment]], an [[observational study]], or a [[Survey (statistics)|survey]]. The term "arithmetic mean" is preferred in some contexts in mathematics and statistics because it helps to distinguish it from other types of means, such as [[geometric mean|geometric]] and [[harmonic mean|harmonic]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean
|
American Football Conference
|
{{short description|One of two conferences in the National Football League}}
{{for-multi|the 1940s American football league|All-America Football Conference|the league that operated from 1959 to 1961|American Football Conference (1959–1961)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = American Football Conference
| league = [[National Football League]]
| logo = American Football Conference logo.svg
| caption = American Football Conference logo<br>(2010–present)
| pixels = 150 px
| formerly = [[American Football League]] (AFL)
| sport = [[American football]]
| founded = 1970
| teams = 16
| most_champs = [[New England Patriots]] (11 titles)
| champion = [[Kansas City Chiefs]] (5th title)
}}
The '''American Football Conference''' ('''AFC''') is one of the two [[Athletic conference|conferences]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL), the highest level of professional [[American football]] in the United States. The AFC and its counterpart, the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC), each have 16 teams organized into four [[Division (sport)|divisions]]. Both conferences were created as part of the [[AFL–NFL merger|1970 merger]] between the National Football League, and the [[American Football League]] (AFL). All ten of the AFL teams, and three NFL teams, became members of the new AFC, with the remaining thirteen NFL teams forming the NFC. A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total of 16 teams in each conference. The current AFC champions are the [[Kansas City Chiefs]], who defeated the [[Buffalo Bills]] in the [[2024 NFL season|2024 season]]'s [[AFC Championship Game]] for their fifth conference championship and went on to lose [[Super Bowl LIX]] against the [[Philadelphia Eagles]].
==Teams==
Like the NFC, the conference has 16 teams organized into four [[Division (sport)|divisions]] each with four teams: [[AFC East|East]], [[AFC North|North]], [[AFC South|South]] and [[AFC West|West]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/25549819/2019-nfl-pro-bowl-selections-all-32-teams-full-nfc-afc-rosters|title=2019 Pro Bowl selections for every team: Full NFC, AFC rosters|date=December 19, 2018|website=ESPN.com|language=en|access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/17/sports/football/parity-afc-becomes-a-conference-of-haves-and-have-nots.html|title=Parity? A.F.C. Is Made Up of Haves and Have-Nots|last=Stuart|first=Chase|date=December 16, 2014|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 23, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/01/02/nfl-playoffs-fatal-flaw-that-could-stop-your-favorite-team-winning-super-bowl/|title=2018 NFL playoffs: The fatal flaw that could stop your favorite team from winning the Super Bowl|website=The Wall Street Journal|author-first1=Neil|author-last1=Greenberg|date=January 2, 2019}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference
|
Animal Farm
|
{{Short description|1945 novella by George Orwell}}
{{About|the novel by George Orwell}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Animal Farm
| title_orig = Animal Farm: A Fairy Story
| image = Animal Farm - 1st edition.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[George Orwell]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| genre = [[Political satire]]
| published = 17 August 1945 ([[Secker and Warburg]], London, England)
| media_type = Print (hard & paperback)
| isbn = <!-- First released before ISBN system implemented -->
| dewey = 823/.912 20
| congress = PZ3.O793 An
| oclc = 3655473
| followed_by = [[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]
| preceded_by = [[Inside the Whale and Other Essays]]
| awards = Modern Library's 100 Best Novels
NPR: 100 Best Science Fiction and Fantasy Books
Hugo Award for Best Short Novel (1946)
Prometheus Award – Hall of Fame (2011)
| pages = 92
}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm
|
Amphibian
|
{{Short description|Class of ectothermic tetrapods}}
{{Redirect|Amphibia||Amphibia (disambiguation)|and|Amphibian (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Amphibians
| fossil_range = [[Early Carboniferous]] ([[Visean]])-Present {{fossil range|330|0}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marjanović|first1=D.|year=2021|title=The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|at=521693|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.521693|doi-access=free |pmid=34054911 |pmc=8149952 }}</ref><ref>Werneburg, R. Witzmann, F. & Schneider, J.W. (2019) [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x.pdf The oldest known tetrapod (Temnospondyli) from Germany (Early Carboniferous, Viséan)]. ''PalZ'' (2019) 93:679–690 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-018-00442-x</ref>
| image = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| caption_align = center
| total_width = 280
| image1 = Litoria phyllochroa.JPG
| caption1 = [[Leaf green tree frog]]
| image2 = Buettneria AMNH.jpg
| caption2 = ''[[Anaschisma]]''
| image3 = Notophthalmus viridescensPCCA20040816-3983A.jpg
| caption3 = [[Eastern newt]]
| image4 = Dermophis mexicanus.jpg
| caption4 = [[Mexican burrowing caecilian]]
| border = infobox
}}
| taxon = Amphibia
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]] 1825<ref name=BlackburnWake/>
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses
| subdivision = (partial list)
* {{extinct}}[[Lepospondyli]]
* {{extinct}}[[Temnospondyli]]
* [[Lissamphibia]] (modern amphibians)
** [[frog|Anura]] (frogs)
** [[Caudata]] ([[salamander]]s)
** [[Gymnophiona]] (caecilians)
** {{extinct}}[[Albanerpetontidae]]
}}
[[File:Biofluorescence in Ceratophrys cranwelli - 41598 2020 59528 Fig2-bottom (cropped).png|thumb|250px|Many amphibians—like this ''[[Ceratophrys cranwelli]]''—exhibit [[biofluorescence]].<ref name=LambDavis2020>{{Cite Q|Q89930490|author1-first=Jennifer Y.|author1-last=Lamb|author2-first=Matthew P.|author2-last=Davis}}</ref>]]
'''Amphibians''' are [[ectotherm]]ic, [[anamniote|anamniotic]], [[tetrapod|four-limbed]] [[vertebrate]] [[animal]]s that constitute the [[class (biology)|class]] '''Amphibia'''. In its broadest sense, it is a [[paraphyletic]] group encompassing all [[Tetrapod|tetrapods]], but excluding the [[amniote]]s (tetrapods with an [[amniotic membrane]], such as modern [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s). All [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) amphibians belong to the [[monophyletic]] [[subclass (biology)|subclass]] [[Lissamphibia]], with three living [[order (biology)|order]]s: Anura ([[frog]]s and [[toad]]s), Urodela ([[salamander]]s), and Gymnophiona ([[caecilian]]s). Evolved to be mostly [[semiaquatic]], amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of [[habitat]]s, with most species living in [[freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]], [[wetland]] or [[terrestrial ecosystem]]s (such as [[riparian woodland]], [[fossorial]] and even [[arboreal]] habitats). Their [[biological life cycle|life cycle]] typically starts out as [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[larva]]e with [[gill]]s known as [[tadpole]]s, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian
|
Alaska
|
{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{about|the U.S. state}}
{{redirect|Alaskan}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| native_name = <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{native name|ik|Alaaskaq}}{{br}}{{native name|esu|Alaskaq}}{{br}}{{native name|tli|Anáaski}}{{br}}{{native name|ems|Alas'kaaq}}</div>
| image_flag = Flag of Alaska.svg
| name = Alaska
| image_seal = Seal of the State of Alaska.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Alaska
| nickname = The Last Frontier
| motto = North to the Future
| anthem = [[Alaska's Flag]]{{br}}
| image_map = Alaska in United States.svg
| OfficialLangs = [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Dena'ina language|Dena'ina]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Cup'ig]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], English, [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Gwich'in language|Gwich'in]], [[Haida language|Haida]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Inupiat language|Inupiaq]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Lower Tanana language|Lower Tanana]], [[Lower Tanana language|Middle Tanana]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|St. Lawrence Island Yupik]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]], [[Aleut language|Unangax̂]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Yup'ik]], [[Tsetsaut language|Wetał]]
| Languages = {{ubl
|English 86.3%
|[[Alaska Native languages]] 5.2%
|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] 3.4%
|Spanish 2.9%
|Others 2.2%
}}
| population_demonym = Alaskan
| LargestCity = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]]
| seat = [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]]
| area_rank = 1st
| area_total_sq_mi = 665,384<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|website=Census.gov|access-date=September 1, 2023|archive-date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407014954/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 1,723,337
| width_mi = 2,261
| width_km = 3,639
| length_mi = 1,420
| length_km = 2,285
| area_water_percent = 13.77
| Latitude = 51°20'N to 71°50'N
| Longitude = 130°W to 172°E
| population_rank = 48th
| population_as_of = 2024
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 740,133<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AK/PST045224|accessdate=January 9, 2025|title=United States Census Quick Facts Alaska|archive-date=January 19, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119203320/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AK/PST045224|url-status=live}}</ref>
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|86631|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|accessdate=January 12, 2025|archive-date=January 12, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112072850/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2020DensityUS = 1.10
| 2020Density = 0.42
| population_density_rank = 50th
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|12th]]
| elevation_max_point = [[Denali]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>
| elevation_max_ft = 20,310
| elevation_max_m = 6190.5
| elevation_ft = 1900
| elevation_m = 580
| elevation_min_point =
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| Former = Territory of Alaska
| AdmittanceDate = {{start date and age|1959|01|03}}
| AdmittanceOrder = 49th
| Governor = [[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Lieutenant Governor = [[Nancy Dahlstrom]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| Legislature = [[Alaska State Legislature]]
| Judiciary = [[Alaska Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{ubl
|[[Lisa Murkowski]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|Dan Sullivan]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
}}
| timezone1 = [[Alaska Time Zone|AKST]]
| utc_offset1 = – 09:00
| timezone1_DST = AKDT
| utc_offset1_DST = – 08:00
| timezone1_location = east of 169°30'
| timezone2 = [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|HST]]
| utc_offset2 = – 10:00
| timezone2_DST = HDT
| utc_offset2_DST = – 09:00
| timezone2_location = west of 169°30'
| iso_code = US-AK
| postal_code = AK
| website = alaska.gov
| Upperhouse = [[Alaska State Senate|State Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Alaska House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Representative = [[Nick Begich III]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| area_land_km2 = 1,518,800
| area_land_sq_mi = 586,412 square miles<ref>{{cite web | url=https://alaska.gov/Kids/learn/aboutgeography.htm | title=Geography of Alaska, Alaska Kids' Corner, State of Alaska | access-date=January 17, 2024 | archive-date=December 3, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203064629/http://www.alaska.gov/kids/learn/aboutgeography.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_water_km2 = 236,507
| area_water_sq_mi = 91,316
| Capital = Juneau, Alaska
| LargestMetro = [[Anchorage metropolitan area|Anchorage]]
| Representatives =
}}
'''Alaska''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Alaska.ogg|ə|ˈ|l|æ|s|k|ə}} {{Respell|ə|LASS|kə}}) is a [[Non-contiguous United States|non-contiguous]] [[U.S. state]] on the northwest extremity of [[North America]]. Part of the [[Western United States]] region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside [[Hawaii]]. Alaska is considered to be the northernmost, westernmost, and easternmost (the [[Aleutian Islands]] cross the [[180th meridian]] into the eastern hemisphere) state in the United States. It borders the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian territory]] of [[Yukon]] and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province]] of [[British Columbia]] to the east. It shares a western maritime border, in the [[Bering Strait]], with [[Russia]]'s [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]. The [[Chukchi Sea|Chukchi]] and [[Beaufort Sea|Beaufort]] Seas of the [[Arctic Ocean]] lie to the north, and the [[Pacific Ocean]] lies to the south. Technically, it is a [[enclave and exclave|semi-exclave]] of the U.S., and is the largest exclave in the world.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska
|
Agriculture
|
{{Short description|Cultivation of plants and animals}}
{{redirect|Farming}}
{{About|agriculture for humans|agriculture for ants|Agriculture in ants}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
[[File:PivotWithDrops.JPG|thumb|Modern agriculture: a [[center pivot irrigation]] system on a field]]
{{Agriculture}}
'''Agriculture''' is the practice of cultivating the soil, planting, raising, and harvesting both food and non-food crops, as well as [[livestock]] production. Broader definitions also include [[forestry]] and [[aquaculture|aquaculture.]] Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of [[sedentism|sedentary]] human [[civilization]], whereby farming of [[domestication|domesticated]] plants and animals created food [[economic surplus|surpluses]] that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, [[industrial agriculture]] based on large-scale [[monoculture]]s came to dominate agricultural output.
{{as of|2021}}, [[smallholding|small farms]] produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lowder |first1=Sarah K. |last2=Sánchez |first2=Marco V. |last3=Bertini |first3=Raffaele |date=1 June 2021 |title=Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated? |journal=[[World Development (journal)|World Development]] |language=en |volume=142 |article-number=105455 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105455 |s2cid=233553897 |issn=0305-750X |doi-access=free}}</ref> The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than {{cvt|50|hectare}} and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland.<ref name=":2" /> Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than {{cvt|1,000|hectare}}.<ref name=":2" /> However, five of every six farms in the world consist of fewer than {{cvt|2|hectare}}, and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land.<ref name=":2" /> Farms and farming greatly influence [[rural economics]] and greatly shape [[rural society]], affecting both the direct [[agricultural workforce]] and broader [[agribusiness|businesses]] that support the farms and farming populations.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture
|
Aldous Huxley
|
{{short description|English writer and philosopher (1894–1963)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Aldous Huxley
| image = Aldous Huxley psychical researcher.png
| alt = Monochrome portrait of Aldous Huxley sitting on a table, facing slightly downwards.
| caption = Huxley in 1954
| birth_name = Aldous Leonard Huxley
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Godalming]], [[Surrey]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|11|22|1894|07|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles County]], [[California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Compton, Guildford|Compton]], Surrey
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|philosopher}}
| education = [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
| notable_works = {{hlist|class=nowraplinks |''[[Brave New World]]'' |''[[Island (Huxley novel)|Island]]'' |''[[Point Counter Point]]'' |''[[The Doors of Perception]]'' |''[[The Perennial Philosophy]]''|''[[The Devils of Loudun]]''}}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|class=nowrap|{{marriage|Maria Nys|1919|12 February 1955|end=d}}|{{marriage|[[Laura Huxley|Laura Archera]]|1956}}}}
| children = [[Matthew Huxley|Matthew]]
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[Thomas Henry Huxley]] (grandfather)|[[Leonard Huxley (writer)|Leonard Huxley]] (father)|[[Julia Huxley|Julia Arnold]] (mother)| [[Andrew Huxley]] (half-brother)| [[Julian Huxley]] (brother)| [[Peter Eckersley (engineer)|Peter Eckersley]] (cousin)}}
| signature = Aldous Huxley signature.svg
}}
'''Aldous Leonard Huxley''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɔː|l|d|ə|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Aldous.wav}} {{respell|AWL|dəs}}; 26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher.<ref>{{cite book |title=Aldous Huxley |editor-last=Watt |editor-first=Donald |publisher=Routledge |date=1975 |isbn=978-0-415-15915-9 |page=366 |quote=Inge's agreement with Huxley on several essential points indicates the respect Huxley's position commanded from some important philosophers ... And now we have a book by Aldous Huxley, duly labelled ''The Perennial Philosophy''. ... He is now quite definitely a mystical philosopher. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PHKq723vpUC&pg=PA366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Aldous Huxley and the Search for Meaning: A Study of the Eleven Novels |last=Sion |first=Ronald T. |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |isbn=978-0-7864-4746-6 |page=2 |quote=Aldous Huxley, as a writer of fiction in the 20th century, willingly assumes the role of a modern philosopher-king or literary prophet by examining the essence of what it means to be human in the modern age. ... Huxley was a prolific genius who was always searching throughout his life for an understanding of self and one's place within the universe. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77ithOrxlgMC&pg=PA2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Reiff|2009|p=7}}: "He was also a philosopher, mystic, social prophet, political thinker, and world traveler who had a detailed knowledge of music, medicine, science, technology, history, literature and Eastern religions."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sawyer|2002|p=187}}: "Huxley was a philosopher but his viewpoint was not determined by the intellect alone. He believed the rational mind could only speculate about truth and never find it directly."</ref> His bibliography spans nearly 50 books,{{sfn|Reiff|2009|p=101}}<ref>[[Dana Sawyer]] in M. Keith Booker (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics: H–R'', Greenwood Publishing Group (2005), p. 359</ref> including [[non-fiction novel|non-fiction works]], as well as essays, [[narrative]]s and poems.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley
|
Ada
|
{{Wiktionary|Ada|ada|ADA}}
'''Ada''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}
==Arts and entertainment==
* ''[[Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle]]'', a novel by Vladimir Nabokov
===Film and television===
* Ada, a character in 1991 movie ''[[Armour of God II: Operation Condor#Cast|Armour of God II: Operation Condor]]''
* ''[[Ada... A Way of Life]]'', a 2008 Bollywood musical by Tanvir Ahmed
* [[Ada (dog actor)]], a dog that played Colin on the sitcom ''Spaced''
* [[Ada (1961 film)|''Ada'' (1961 film)]], a 1961 film by Daniel Mann
* Ada TV, a [[television in Northern Cyprus|television channel in Northern Cyprus]]
* [[Ada (2019 film)|''Ada'' (2019 film)]], a short biopic about Ada Lovelace
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada
|
Algae
|
{{Short description|Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms}}
{{hatnote group|
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Alga}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox
| above = Algae
| abovestyle = background:{{taxobox colour|Viridiplantae}}
| subheader = Organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, except land plants
| image = [[File:NSW seabed 1.JPG|210px]]
| caption = Marine algae growing on the sea bed in shallow waters
| image2 = [[File:Водоросли пресноводного водоема 2.jpg|210px]]
| caption2 = Freshwater microscopic unicellular and colonial algae
| headerstyle = background:{{taxobox colour|Viridiplantae}}
| labelstyle = background:#dbffdb
| header1 = Traditional algal divisions<ref name="Guiry-2024">{{cite journal |first1=Michael D. |last1=Guiry |author-link=Michael D. Guiry |title=How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing |journal=Journal of Phycology |date=2024 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=214–228 |doi=10.1111/jpy.13431|pmid=38245909|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JPcgy..60..214G }}</ref><ref>Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2025. ''AlgaeBase''. World-wide electronic publication, University of Galway. <nowiki>https://www.algaebase.org</nowiki>; searched on 25 May 2025.</ref>
| label2 = Prokaryotic
| data2 = [[Cyanobacteria]]
| label3 = Eukaryotic (primary endosymbiosis)
| data3 = [[Glaucophyte|Glaucophyta]], [[Red algae|Rhodophyta]], [[Prasinodermophyta]], [[Chlorophyta]], [[Charophyta]]*
| label4 = Eukaryotic (secondary endosymbiosis)
| data4 = [[Chlorarachniophyte|Chlorarachniophyta]], [[Chrompodellid|Chromeridophyta]], [[Cryptomonad|Cryptophyta]], [[Dinoflagellate|Dinoflagellata]], [[Euglenozoa|Euglenophyta]] (partially), [[Haptophyte|Haptophyta]], [[Ochrophyte|Heterokontophyta]]
| data5 = <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], it excludes land plants
| header6 = [[#Diversity|Diversity]]
| label7 = Living
| data7 = 50,605 species
| label8 = Fossil
| data8 = 10,556 species
}}
'''Algae''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|æ|l|ɡ|i:}} {{respell|AL|ghee}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|æ|l|dʒ|i:|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-algae.wav}} {{respell|AL|jee}};<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/algae |title=ALGAE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> {{Singular}}: '''alga''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ɡ|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-alga.wav}} {{respell|AL|gə}}) is an informal term for any [[organism]]s of a large and diverse group of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] organisms that are not [[plant]]s, and includes [[species]] from multiple distinct [[clade]]s. Such organisms range from [[unicellular]] [[microalgae]], such as [[cyanobacteria]],{{efn|Some botanists restrict the name ''[[algae]]'' to eukaryotes, which does not include cyanobacteria, which are [[prokaryote]]s.{{citation needed|reason=This contradicts the position of the [[ICNafp]], so is not true for all botanists. |date=May 2025}}}} ''[[Chlorella]]'', and [[diatom]]s, to [[multicellular]] [[macroalgae]] such as kelp or [[brown algae]] which may grow up to {{convert|50|m}} in length. Most algae are aquatic organisms and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as [[stoma]]ta, [[xylem]], and [[phloem]] that are found in [[embryophyte|land plants]]. The largest and most complex marine algae are called [[seaweed]]s. In contrast, the most complex freshwater forms are the [[Charophyta]], a [[Division (taxonomy)|division]] of [[green algae]] which includes, for example, ''[[Spirogyra]]'' and [[stonewort]]s. Algae that are carried passively by water are [[plankton]], specifically [[phytoplankton]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae
|
Analysis of variance
|
{{short description|Collection of statistical models}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
'''Analysis of variance''' ('''ANOVA''') is a family of [[statistical methods]] used to compare the [[Mean|means]] of two or more groups by analyzing variance. Specifically, ANOVA compares the amount of variation ''between'' the group means to the amount of variation ''within'' each group. If the between-group variation is substantially larger than the within-group variation, it suggests that the group means are likely different. This comparison is done using an [[F-test]]. The underlying principle of ANOVA is based on the [[law of total variance]], which states that the total variance in a dataset can be broken down into components attributable to different sources. In the case of ANOVA, these sources are the variation between groups and the variation within groups.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance
|
Appellate procedure in the United States
|
{{short description|National rules of court appeals}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall) - 3.jpg|thumb|The [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals|Court of Appeals]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with the [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|statue of Abraham Lincoln]] in the foreground]]
'''United States appellate procedure''' involves the rules and regulations for filing [[appeal]]s in [[state court (United States)|state courts]] and [[United States federal courts|federal courts]]. The nature of an appeal can vary greatly depending on the type of case and the rules of the court in the [[jurisdiction]] where the case was prosecuted. There are many types of [[standard of review]] for appeals, such as ''[[Trial de novo|de novo]]'' and [[abuse of discretion]]. However, most appeals begin when a party files a [[petition for review]] to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court's decision.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_procedure_in_the_United_States
|
Answer (law)
|
{{Short description|Legal document, filed in response to a complaint}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Civil procedure (United States)}}
In law, an '''answer''' was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or [[defense (legal)|defense]], a reply to a [[question]] or response, or [[Objection (United States law)|objection]], or a correct solution of a problem.<ref name="Chisholm1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Answer|volume=2|page=85}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_(law)
|
Appellate court
|
{{short description|Court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Court of appeal|Court of appeals}}
[[File:High Court of Australia (6769096715).jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[High Court of Australia]], the highest appellate court in Australia]]
[[File:1_Supreme_Court.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[Supreme Court of the United States]], the highest court in the United States]]
[[File:Helsingin hovioikeus.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The [[Helsinki Court of Appeal]] (''Helsingin hovioikeus''), an intermediate appellate court in Finland]]
An '''appellate court''', commonly called a '''court of appeal(s)''',<ref name="Garner_Page_232">{{cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |authorlink1=Bryan A. Garner |title=Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195384208 |page=232 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1m1bI5vCooC&pg=PA232 |access-date=September 10, 2023}}</ref> '''appeal court''', '''court of second instance''' or '''second instance court''', is any [[court of law]] that is empowered to [[Hearing (law)|hear]] a [[Legal case|case]] upon [[appeal]] from a [[trial court]] or other lower [[tribunal]]. An appellate court other than a [[supreme court]] is sometimes referred to as an '''intermediate appellate court'''.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_court
|
Arraignment
|
{{Short description|Formal reading of the offence to a criminal defendant}}
{{distinguish|Arrangement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
[[File:Ministries trial arraignment.webm|thumb|Arraignment at the [[Ministries trial|Ministries Trial]], 20 December 1947]]
'''Arraignment''' is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the [[defendant]], to inform them of the [[Criminal charge|criminal charges]] against them. In response to arraignment, in some jurisdictions, the accused is expected to enter a [[plea]]; in other jurisdictions, no plea is required. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions, but they generally include ''[[Guilty (plea)|guilty]]'', ''not guilty'', and the [[peremptory plea]]s (pleas in bar) setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of ''[[nolo contendere]]'' ('no contest') and the [[Alford plea]] are allowed in some circumstances.
== By country ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment
|
America the Beautiful
|
{{Short description|American patriotic song}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|US National Anthem|text=the [[The Star-Spangled Banner|US national anthem]]}}
{{Redirect|Materna}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = America the Beautiful
|transcription =
|english_title =
|alt_title = "Pikes Peak" (lyrics)<br />"Materna" (music)
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2 =
|image = America the Beautiful 1.jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|prefix = Patriotic
|type = song
|country = the United States
|author = [[Katharine Lee Bates]]
|lyrics_date = 1895
|composer = [[Samuel A. Ward]]
|music_date = 1883
|published = 1910 by [[Oliver Ditson & Co.]]
|until =
|sound = America the Beautiful (male vocalist) - United States Navy Band.opus
|sound_title = "America the Beautiful" as performed by the [[United States Navy Band]]
}}
"'''America the Beautiful'''" is an American patriotic song. Its lyrics were written by [[Katharine Lee Bates]] and its music was composed by church organist and choirmaster [[Samuel A. Ward]] at [[Grace Church (Newark)|Grace Episcopal Church]] in Newark, New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/america_the_beautiful_began_in_newark_di_ionno.html#incart_river_index|title='America the Beautiful' began in Newark {{!}} Di Ionno|access-date=2016-09-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091924/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2016/03/america_the_beautiful_began_in_newark_di_ionno.html#incart_river_index|archive-date=October 11, 2016|date=2016-03-17}}</ref> though the two never met.<ref>Andy Pease, [http://windliterature.org/2014/07/01/america-the-beautiful-by-katharine-lee-bates-and-samuel-augustus-ward-arr-carmen-dragon/ {{"'}}America the Beautiful' by Katharine Lee Bates and Samuel Augustus Ward, arr. Carmen Dragon"] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222162222/http://windliterature.org/2014/07/01/america-the-beautiful-by-katharine-lee-bates-and-samuel-augustus-ward-arr-carmen-dragon/ |date=February 22, 2018}}), Wind Band Literature, July 1, 2014; accessed 2019-08-17.</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_the_Beautiful
|
Assistive technology
|
{{short description|Assistive devices for people with disabilities}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
[[Image:Hoergeraet analog 050609.jpg|thumb|[[Hearing aid]]]]
{{Disability sidebar}}
'''Assistive technology''' ('''AT''') is a term for assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for [[Disability|people with disabilities]] and the elderly. People with disabilities often have difficulty performing [[activities of daily living]] (ADLs) independently, or even with assistance. ADLs are self-care activities that include toileting, mobility (ambulation), eating, bathing, dressing, grooming, and personal device care. Assistive technology can ameliorate the effects of disabilities that limit the ability to perform ADLs. Assistive technology promotes greater independence by enabling people to perform tasks they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks. For example, wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who cannot walk, while [[assistive eating devices]] can enable people who cannot feed themselves to do so. Due to assistive technology, people with disabilities have an opportunity of a more positive and easygoing lifestyle, with an increase in "social participation", "security and control", and a greater chance to "reduce institutional costs without significantly increasing household expenses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parant|first1=Aymeric |last2=Schiano-Lomoriello |first2=Sandrine |last3=Marchan |first3=Francis |date=October 2017|title=How would I live with a disability? Expectations of bio-psychosocial consequences and assistive technology use |journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|volume=12|issue=7|pages=681–685 |doi=10.1080/17483107.2016.1218555|pmid=27677931|s2cid=4797800}}</ref> In schools, assistive technology can be critical in allowing students with disabilities to access the general education curriculum. Students who experience challenges writing or keyboarding, for example, can use voice recognition software instead. Assistive technologies assist people who are recovering from strokes and people who have sustained injuries that affect their daily tasks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sivan, Gallagher, Holt, Weightman, O'Connor, Levesley|first=Manoj, Justin, Ray, Andrew, Rory, Martin|date=6 February 2016|title=Employing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework to capture user feedback in the design and testing stage of development of home-based arm rehabilitation technology|doi=10.1080/10400435.2016.1140689|journal=Assistive Technology|volume=28|issue=3|pages=175–182|pmid=26852630 |s2cid=205685927 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Calabrò|first1=Rocco Salvatore|last2=Naro|first2=Antonino|last3=Leo|first3=Antonino|last4=Bramanti|first4=Placido|title=Usefulness of robotic gait training plus neuromodulation in chronic spinal cord injury: a case report|journal=The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine|date=4 March 2016|pages=118–121|doi=10.1080/10790268.2016.1153275|pmc=5376144|pmid=27077568|volume=40|issue=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vanoglio|first1=F.|last2=Bernocchi|first2=P.|last3=Mule|first3=C.|last4=Garofali|first4=F.|last5=Mora|first5=C.|last6=Taveggia|first6=G.|last7=Scalvini|first7=S.|last8=Luisa|first8=A.|title=Feasibility and efficacy of a robotic device for hand rehabilitation in hemiplegic stroke patients: A randomized pilot controlled study|journal=Clinical Rehabilitation|date=7 April 2016|doi=10.1177/0269215516642606|volume=31|issue=3 |pages=351–360|pmid=27056250 |s2cid=39455580 }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_technology
|
Acid
|
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{About|acids in chemistry}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Acidity|acidic|the novelette|Acidity (novelette){{!}}''Acidity'' (novelette)|the band|Acidic (band)}}
{{Short description|Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Zn reaction with HCl.JPG|thumb|[[Zinc]], a typical metal, reacting with [[hydrochloric acid]], a typical acid]]
{{Acids and bases}}
An '''acid''' is a [[molecule]] or [[ion]] capable of either donating a [[proton]] (i.e. [[Hydron|hydrogen cation]], H<sup>+</sup>), known as a [[Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory|Brønsted–Lowry acid]], or forming a [[covalent bond]] with an [[electron pair]], known as a [[Lewis acid]].<ref name="IUPAC_acid">[http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00071.html IUPAC Gold Book - acid]</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid
|
Bitumen
|
{{short description|Form of petroleum primarily used in road construction}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Bitumen.jpg|300px|thumb|Natural bitumen from the [[Dead Sea]] ]]
[[File:Refined bitumen.JPG|thumb|Refined bitumen]]
[[File:University of Queensland Pitch drop experiment-white bg.jpg|thumb|upright|The University of Queensland [[pitch drop experiment]], demonstrating the [[viscosity]] of bitumen]]
'''Bitumen''' ({{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|b|ɪ|tʃ|ʊ|m|ɪ|n}} {{respell|BIH|chuum|in}}, {{IPAc-en|us|b|ɪ|ˈ|tj|uː|m|ɪ|n|,_|b|aɪ|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-bitumen.wav}} {{respell|bih|TEW|min|,_|by|-}})<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> is an immensely [[viscosity|viscous]] constituent of [[petroleum]]. Depending on its exact composition, it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In [[American English]], the material is commonly referred to as '''asphalt''' or '''tar'''. Whether found in natural deposits or refined from petroleum, the substance is classed as a [[pitch (resin)|pitch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CPC Definition – C10C Working-up Pitch, Asphalt, Bitumen, Tar; Pyroligneous Acid |url=https://uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/cpc/html/defC10C.html |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Classification Resources |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |date=November 2016}}</ref> Prior to the 20th century, the term '''asphaltum''' was in general use.<ref name="Abraham1938">{{cite book |first=Herbert|last=Abraham |year=1938 | title=Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing |edition=4th |publisher=D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/asphaltsandallie031010mbp}}</ref> The word derives from the [[Ancient Greek]] word {{Wikt-lang|grc|ἄσφαλτος}} ({{grc-transl|ἄσφαλτος}}), which referred to natural bitumen or pitch. The largest natural deposit of bitumen in the world is the [[Pitch Lake]] of southwest [[Trinidad]], which is estimated to contain 10 million tons.<ref>{{cite web |title=The unique pitch lakes of the world |first=Oishimaya Sen|last=Nag |work=World Atlas |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=12 March 2021 |url= https://worldatlas.com/articles/the-five-natural-asphalt-lake-areas-in-the-world.html}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen
|
American National Standards Institute
|
{{Short description|American standards development organization}}
{{Redirect2|American Standards Association|ANSI|the film speed scale|Film speed#ASA{{!}}ASA film speed|other uses|ANSI (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|ASCII}}
{{Update|date=July 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = American National Standards Institute
| image = ANSI logo.svg
| alt = The official logo of the American National Standards Institute
| caption = <!-- If the year that the current logo was introduced is known, that may be provide a useful caption. Otherwise, please not simply "the logo of ANSI". -->
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 200px -->
| malt = <!-- map alt text -->
| mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| abbreviation = ANSI
| motto =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1918|10|19|paren=yes}}<ref>{{cite journal|date=October 19, 1918|title=Minutes|journal=American Engineering Standards Committee |page=1}}</ref>
| type = [[Nonprofit organization]]
| status = [[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] private
| purpose = [[Standards organization|National standards]]
| headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.<br />{{Coordinates|38|54|14|N|77|02|35|W}}
| location =
| region_served =
| membership = 125,000 companies and 3.5 million professionals<ref name="membership" />
| language = [[American English|English]]
| leader_title = President and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]
| leader_name = Laurie E. Locascio, PhD
| main_organ = <!--(gral. assembly, board of directors, etc)-->
| affiliations =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| remarks =
}}
The '''American National Standards Institute''' ('''ANSI''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|s|i|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ANSI.wav}} {{respell|AN|see}}) is a private [[nonprofit organization]] that oversees the development of [[Standardization|voluntary consensus standards]] for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.{{ref RFC|4949}} The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute
|
Apollo 11
|
{{Short description|First crewed Moon landing (1969)}}
{{Redirect|First Moon landing|earlier uncrewed Moon landings|Moon landing}}
{{About|the 1969 crewed lunar mission}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Apollo 11
| image = A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = [[Buzz Aldrin]] on the [[Moon]] in a photograph taken by [[Neil Armstrong]], who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth, the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']], and the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]].<ref name="Byrne. 2019">{{cite web | last=Byrne. | first=Dave | title=Apollo 11 Image Library | website=hq.nasa.gov | date=July 8, 2019 | url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 | access-date=June 10, 2021 | archive-date=February 24, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| insignia = Apollo 11 insignia.png
| insignia_alt = Circular insignia: eagle with wings outstretched holds olive branch on Moon with Earth in background, in blue and gold border.
| mission_type = Crewed lunar landing ([[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|G]])
| operator = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: {{COSPAR|1969-059A}}
|LM: {{COSPAR|1969-059C}}
}}
| SATCAT = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: 4039<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A|title=Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000804/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A|url-status=live}}</ref>
|LM: 4041<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C|title=Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803160625/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| mission_duration = 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds
| spacecraft = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Apollo command and service module|Apollo CSM]]-107
|[[Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo LM]]-5
}}
| manufacturer = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: [[North American Rockwell]]<ref name="mfr">{{cite web |title=Apollo 11 Press Kit |url=https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo11_Press-Kit_restored.pdf |publisher=history.nasa.gov |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106050321/https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo11_Press-Kit_restored.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|LM: [[Grumman]]<ref name="mfr" />
}}
| launch_mass = {{convert|109646|lb|kg}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ground Ignition Weights |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-19_Ground_Ignition_Weights.htm |publisher=history.nasa.gov |access-date=May 31, 2022}}</ref>
| landing_mass = {{convert|10873|lb|kg}}
| launch_date = {{start-date|July 16, 1969, 13:32:00|timezone=yes}} [[UTC]] (9:32 am [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]])<ref name="Mission Overview" />
| launch_rocket = [[Saturn V]] SA-506
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|Kennedy LC{{nbhyph}}39A]]
| landing_date = {{end date text|July 24, 1969, 16:50:35|timezone=yes}} UTC
| landing_site = {{unbulleted list|North Pacific Ocean|{{Coord|13|19|N|169|9|W|type:event|name=Apollo 11 splashdown}}}}
| recovery_by = {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|6}}
| orbit_epoch = July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC<ref name="orbit">{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm |title=Apollo 11 Mission Summary |website=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum |access-date=September 6, 2019 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209050759/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[Lunar orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|54.5|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}<ref name="orbit" />
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|66.1|nmi|km|order=flip|sp=us}}<ref name="orbit" />
| orbit_inclination = 1.25 degrees<ref name="orbit" />
| orbit_period = 2 hours<ref name="orbit" />
| apsis = selene
|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
|component = [[Apollo command and service module|Command and service module]]
|orbits = 30
|arrival_date = July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=106}}
|departure_date = July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=109}}
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
|component = [[Apollo Lunar Module]]
|arrival_date = July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC<ref name="ALSJ 1" />
|departure_date = July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=97}}|location ={{unbulleted list|[[Tranquility Base]],|[[Mare Tranquillitatis]]|{{Lunar coords and quad cat|0.67416|N|23.47314|E}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html |title=Apollo Landing Site Coordinates |publisher=NASA |work=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive |first=David R. |last=Williams |date=December 11, 2003 |access-date=October 18, 2021 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003326/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|sample_mass = {{convert|47.51|lb|kg|order=flip}}
|surface_EVAs = 1
|surface_EVA_time = 2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds
}}
| docking =
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = LM
| docking_type = dock
| docking_date = July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=106}}
| undocking_date = July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=107}}
| time_docked =
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = LM ascent stage
| docking_type = dock
| docking_date = July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=109}}
| undocking_date = July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC{{sfn|Orloff|2000|p=109}}
| time_docked =
}}
| crew_size = 3
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]]
|[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]
|[[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.]]
}}
| crew_callsign = {{Unbulleted list
|CSM: ''[[Command Module Columbia|Columbia]]''
|LM: ''[[Lunar Module Eagle|Eagle]]''
|On surface: ''[[Tranquility Base]]''
}}
| crew_photo = apollo 11.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right: [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], [[Buzz Aldrin]]
| crew_photo_alt = Apollo 11 crew
| previous_mission = [[Apollo 10]]
| next_mission = [[Apollo 12]]
| programme = [[Apollo program]]
}}
'''Apollo 11''' was a [[spaceflight]] conducted from July 16 to 24, 1969, by the United States and launched by [[NASA]]. It marked the first time that humans [[Moon landing|landed]] on the [[Moon]]. Commander [[Neil Armstrong]] and Lunar Module pilot [[Buzz Aldrin]] landed the [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']] on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named [[Tranquility Base]] upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected {{convert|47.5|lb|kg}} of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] flew the [[Command Module Columbia|Command Module ''Columbia'']] in [[lunar orbit]], and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes, before lifting off to rejoin ''Columbia''.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11
|
Apollo 8
|
{{Short description|First crewed space mission to orbit the Moon}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Apollo 8
| image = NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Earthrise]]''<br />Taken from Apollo{{nbsp}}8 by [[William Anders]]<ref name="NYT-20181221" /><ref name="NYT-20181224a" /><ref name="NYT-20181224b" />
| image_alt = A black sky with a grey, cratered lunar horizon. A small blue Earth with scattered white clouds is just above the horizon, with about two-thirds of the Earth lit by the Sun and the remainder in darkness.
| insignia = Apollo-8-patch.png
| mission_type = Crewed lunar orbital CSM flight ([[List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types|C']])
| operator = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| mission_duration = 6{{nbsp}}days, 3{{nbsp}}hours, 42{{nbsp}}seconds<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo8.html|title=Apollo 8|date=July 9, 2009|access-date=November 25, 2018|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
| spacecraft = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Apollo command and service module|Apollo CSM]]-103
|Apollo LTA-B
}}
| manufacturer = [[North American Rockwell]]
| launch_mass = {{Unbulleted indent list
|CSM: {{convert|63650|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="PressKit">{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059_1969003059.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059_1969003059.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Apollo 8 Press Kit |date=December 15, 1968 |publisher=NASA |pages=33–34 |type=Press kit |id=Release No. 68-208 |access-date=June 28, 2013}} The spacecraft mass at launch includes the CM and SM, but excludes the {{convert|8900|lb|kg|order=flip}} Launch Escape System (LES), which was discarded before reaching Earth orbit.</ref>
|CM:{{convert|12392|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|SM:{{convert|51258|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}
|SC/LM Adapter (jettisoned; connects LTA to CSM; not part of the CSM craft): {{convert|4060|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="prelaunch">{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-prelaunch-rep.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-prelaunch-rep.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Pre-Launch Mission Operation Report No. M-932-68-08 |date=December 17, 1968 |publisher=NASA |page=30 |type=Memorandum |id=M-932-68-08 |access-date=February 12, 2019}}</ref>
|LTA (not part of CSM; fixed to rocket): {{convert|19900|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. A-14 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302223118/http://history.nasa.gov/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2013}} The mass for LTA-B was less than that of a flying LM, because it was essentially a boilerplate descent stage. A fully loaded, flight-ready LM, like the ''Eagle'' from Apollo 11, had a mass of {{convert|33278|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}, including propellants.</ref>
}}
| landing_mass = {{convert|10977|lb|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| launch_date = {{start-date|December 21, 1968, 12:51:00|timezone=yes}}{{nbsp}}[[UTC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-118A |title=Apollo 8 |publisher=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive]] |access-date=January 9, 2023}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Saturn V]] SA-503<ref group=n name="serialnote">Serial numbers were initially assigned by the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). By the time the rockets achieved flight, the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]] started using the format "AS-5xx" (for Apollo-Saturn).</ref>
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| landing_date = {{end-date|December 27, 1968, 15:51:42|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref name="MissionReport">{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. 3-2 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| landing_site = North Pacific Ocean ({{Coord|8|8|N|165|1|W|type:event|name=Apollo 8 landing}})<ref name="MissionReport"/>
| recovery_by = {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10|6}}
| orbit_epoch = December 21, 1968, ~13:02 UTC
| orbit_reference =
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|99.57|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (99.57 [[Nautical mile|nmi]]; {{convert|99.57|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|99.99|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (99.99 nmi; {{convert|99.99|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
| orbit_inclination = 32.15°
| orbit_period = 88.19 minutes
| orbit_rev_number = 2
| apsis = gee
|interplanetary =
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = [[Moon|Lunar]]
|orbits = 10
|component = CSM
|arrival_date = December 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |title=Apollo 8 Mission Report |date=February 1969 |publisher=NASA |at=p. 3-1 |id=MSC-PA-R-69-1 |access-date=May 8, 2015 |archive-date=December 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222031006/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj//a410/A08_MissionReport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|departure_date = December 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC<ref name="MissionReport"/>
<!--Orbit parameters, ONLY USE IF THE ABOVE ORBIT PARAMETERS SECTION DOESN'T APPLY TO THE TARGET-->
|epoch = December 24, 1968, ~02:30 UTC
|periapsis = {{convert|59.7|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (59.7 nmi; {{convert|59.7|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
|apoapsis = {{convert|60.7|nmi|km|disp=out|abbr=on|1}} (60.7 nmi; {{convert|60.7|nmi|mi|disp=out|abbr=on|1}})
|inclination = 12°
|apsis = selene
|period = 2 hours
}}
| crew_size = 3
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Frank Borman|Frank F. Borman II]]
|[[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]]
|[[William Anders|William A. Anders]]
}}
| crew_callsign = Apollo 8
| crew_photo = Apollo8 Prime Crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right: [[William Anders|Anders]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]] and [[Frank Borman|Borman]]
| previous_mission = [[Apollo 7]]
| next_mission = [[Apollo 9]]
| programme = [[Apollo program]]
}}
'''Apollo 8''' (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)|Earth's gravitational sphere of influence]], and the first [[human spaceflight]] to reach the [[Moon]]. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to Earth.<ref name="NYT-20181221">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Apollo 8's Earthrise: The Shot Seen Round the World—Half a century ago today, a photograph from the moon helped humans rediscover Earth. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/science/earthrise-moon-apollo-nasa.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 21, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 24, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224a">{{cite news |last1=Boulton |first1=Matthew Myer |last2=Heithaus |first2=Joseph |title=We Are All Riders on the Same Planet—Seen from space 50 years ago, Earth appeared as a gift to preserve and cherish. What happened? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/earth-space-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20181224b">{{cite news |last=Widmer |first=Ted |title=What Did Plato Think the Earth Looked Like?—For millenniums, humans have tried to imagine the world in space. Fifty years ago, we finally saw it. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/opinion/plato-earth-christmas-eve-apollo-8.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |date=December 24, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 25, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The three [[astronaut]]s—[[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and [[William Anders]]—were the first humans to see and photograph the [[far side of the Moon]] and an [[Earthrise]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8
|
Astronaut
|
{{short description|Spacecraft crew member}}
{{redirect|Cosmonaut|other uses|Astronaut (disambiguation)|and|Cosmonaut (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Bruce McCandless II during EVA in 1984.jpg|thumb|[[NASA]] astronaut [[Bruce McCandless II]] using a [[Manned Maneuvering Unit]] outside {{OV|099}} on shuttle mission [[STS-41-B]] in 1984.]]
An '''astronaut''' (from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἄστρον}} ({{transliteration|grc|astron}}), meaning 'star', and {{lang|grc|ναύτης}} ({{transliteration|grc|nautes}}), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a [[List of human spaceflight programs|human spaceflight program]] to serve as a commander or crew member of a [[spacecraft]]. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and [[space tourists]].<ref name="fact">{{cite web |author=NASA|author-link=NASA|year=2006 |title = Astronaut Fact Book |url = http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/astro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025124047/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/astro.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=4 October 2007 |publisher=[[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]}}</ref><ref name="utah">{{cite web |url = http://www.utahstatesman.com/campus_news/1.563784 |title = Former astronaut visits USU |access-date=4 October 2007 |publisher=The Utah Statesman |year=2005 |first = Marie |last = MacKay |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080926175913/http://www.utahstatesman.com/campus_news/1.563784 |archive-date=26 September 2008 }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut
|
A Modest Proposal
|
{{Short description|1729 satirical essay by Jonathan Swift}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox book
| name = A Modest Proposal
| image = File:Джонатан Свифт «Скромное предложение…».jpg
| caption = First edition of ''A Modest Proposal'' (1729)
| author = [[Jonathan Swift]]
| subject = [[Social commentary]]
| genre = [[Satirical]] essay
| pub_date = 1729
| pages = 64
| publisher = S. Harding
| language = English
| wikisource = The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 9/A Modest Proposal
}}
'''''A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen<!-- NOTE: This is the original spelling. Please do not modify it. Thank you. --> to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick<!-- NOTE: This is the original spelling. Please do not modify it. Thank you. -->''''',<ref name="gutenberg">{{cite book | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1080/1080-h/1080-h.htm | title=A Modest Proposal, by Dr. Jonathan Swift | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] | date=27 July 2008 | access-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> commonly referred to as '''''A Modest Proposal''''', is a [[Juvenalian satire|Juvenalian satirical]] essay written and published by [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] writer and clergyman [[Jonathan Swift]] in 1729. The essay suggests that poor people in [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] could ease their economic troubles by selling their children [[Human cannibalism|as food]] to the [[elite]]. In English writing, the phrase "a [[wikt:modest proposal|modest proposal]]" is now conventionally an allusion to this style of straight-faced satire.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Modest_Proposal
|
Alkali metal
|
{{short description|Group of highly reactive chemical elements}}
{{distinguish|Alkaline earth metal}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox periodic table group
| title = Alkali metals
| group number= 1
| trivial name= alkali metals
| by element = lithium group
| CAS = IA
| old IUPAC = IA
| mark = Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr
| left = [[noble gas]]es
| right = [[alkaline earth metal]]s}}
{| class="floatright"
! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | ↓ <small>[[Period (periodic table)|Period]]</small>
|-
! [[Period 2 element|2]]
| {{element cell image|3|Lithium|Li| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Lithium paraffin.jpg|image caption=Lithium metal stored under paraffin}}
|-
! [[Period 3 element|3]]
| {{element cell image|11|Sodium|Na| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Na (Sodium).jpg|image caption=Sodium metal}}
|-
! [[Period 4 element|4]]
| {{element cell image|19|Potassium|K| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Potassium-2.jpg|image caption=Potassium metal}}
|-
! [[Period 5 element|5]]
| {{element cell image|37|Rubidium|Rb| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Rb5.jpg|image caption=Rubidium metal in a glass ampoule}}
|-
! [[Period 6 element|6]]
| {{element cell image|55|Caesium|Cs| |Solid|Alkali metal|Primordial|legend=|image=Cesium.jpg|image caption=Caesium metal in a glass ampoule}}
|-
! [[Period 7 element|7]]
| {{element cell image|87|Francium|Fr| |Solid|Alkali metal|from decay|legend=}}
|-
| colspan="2"|{{hr}}''Legend''
{| style="text-align:center; border:0; margin: 0 auto"
|-
| style="border:{{element color|Primordial}}; background:{{Element color|table mark}};" | [[Primordial element|primordial]]
|-
| style="border:{{element color|from decay}}; background:{{Element color|table mark}};padding:0 2px;" | [[radioactive decay|element by radioactive decay]]
|}
|}
The '''alkali metals''' consist of the [[chemical element]]s [[lithium]] (Li), [[sodium]] (Na), [[potassium]] (K),<ref group=note>The symbols '''Na''' and '''K''' for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, ''natrium'' and ''kalium''; these are still the origins of the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.</ref> [[rubidium]] (Rb), [[caesium]] (Cs),{{refn|''Caesium'' is the spelling recommended by the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC).<ref>{{RedBook2005|pages=248–49}}.</ref> The [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) has used the spelling ''cesium'' since 1921,<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Anne M. |editor1-last= Coghill |editor2-first= Lorrin R. |editor2-last= Garson |year= 2006 |title= The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information |edition= 3rd |publisher= American Chemical Society |location= Washington, D.C. |isbn= 978-0-8412-3999-9 |page= [https://archive.org/details/acsstyleguideeff0000unse/page/127 127] |url= https://archive.org/details/acsstyleguideeff0000unse/page/127 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |volume=70 |issue=1 |last1=Coplen |pages= 237–257 |year= 1998 |first1=T. B. |url= http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://old.iupac.org/reports/1998/7001coplen/history.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |last2=Peiser |first2=H. S. |title= History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values |doi= 10.1351/pac199870010237|s2cid=96729044 }}</ref> following ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary''.|group=note}} and [[francium]] (Fr). Together with [[hydrogen]] they constitute [[Group (periodic table)#Group names|group 1]],{{refn|In both the old IUPAC and the [[Chemical Abstracts Service|CAS]] systems for group numbering, this group is known as '''group IA''' (pronounced as "group one A", as the "I" is a [[Roman numeral]]).<ref name = fluck>{{cite journal |last1=Fluck |first1=E. |year=1988 |title=New Notations in the Periodic Table |journal=[[Pure Appl. Chem.]] |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=431–436 |publisher=[[IUPAC]] |doi=10.1351/pac198860030431 |s2cid=96704008 |url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/6003x0431.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>|name=group-numbering|group=note}} which lies in the [[s-block]] of the [[periodic table]]. All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an [[s-orbital]]: this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties.{{refn|While hydrogen also has this electron configuration, it is not considered an alkali metal as it has very different behaviour owing to the lack of [[valence electron|valence]] p-orbitals in [[period 1 element]]s.|group=note}} Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of [[periodic trends|group trends]] in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised [[Homologous series|homologous]] behaviour.<ref name=rsc>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/PAGES/data/intro_groupi_data.html |title=Visual Elements: Group 1 – The Alkali Metals |author=Royal Society of Chemistry |work=Visual Elements |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805145647/http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/PAGES/data/intro_groupi_data.html |archive-date=5 August 2012 |author-link=Royal Society of Chemistry }}</ref> This family of elements is also known as the '''lithium family''' after its leading element.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal
|
Alphabet
|
{{Short description|Set of letters used to write a given language}}
{{Redirect|Abcs|other uses|ABCS (disambiguation)}}
{{About|alphabets in general|the English alphabet in particular|English alphabet|the international technology conglomerate|Alphabet Inc.|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
An '''alphabet''' is a writing system that uses a standard set of symbols called ''[[letter (alphabet)|letters]]'' to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to [[phoneme]]s as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another in a given language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pulgram |first=Ernst |year=1951 |title=Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel |journal=WORD |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–20 |doi=10.1080/00437956.1951.11659389 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Not all [[writing system]]s represent language in this way: a [[syllabary]] assigns symbols to spoken [[syllable]]s, while [[logographies]] assign symbols to [[word]]s, [[morpheme]]s, or other semantic units.<ref name="Daniels4">{{Harvnb|Daniels|Bright|1996|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_5 |chapter=The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography? |title=Processing of Visible Language |date=1980 |last1=Taylor |first1=Insup |pages=67–82 |isbn=978-1-4684-1070-9 }}</ref>
The first letters were invented in [[Ancient Egypt]] to serve as an aid in writing [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s; these are referred to as [[Egyptian uniliteral sign]]s by [[lexicographer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Himelfarb |first1=Elizabeth J. |title=First Alphabet Found in Egypt |journal=Archaeology |volume=53 |issue=1 |date=2000 |page=21 }}</ref> This system was used until the 5th century AD,<ref name="Houston-2003" /> and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these [[phonemic]] symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words.<ref name="Daniels" /> The first fully phonemic script was the [[Proto-Sinaitic script]], also descending from Egyptian hieroglyphs, which was later modified to create the [[Phoenician alphabet]]. The Phoenician system is considered the first true alphabet and is the ultimate ancestor of many modern scripts, including [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]], [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], and possibly [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]].<ref name="Coulmas 140" /><ref name="Daniels 9296">{{Harvnb|Daniels|Bright|1996|pp=92–96}}</ref><ref name="Goldwasser-2012" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goldwasser |first=Orly |year=2010 |title=How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=40–53}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet
|
Anatomy
|
{{short description|Study of the structure of organisms}}
{{redirect|Anatomic|the Afro Celt Sound System album|Volume 5: Anatomic{{!}}''Volume 5: Anatomic''}}
{{for-multi|the anatomy of plants|Plant anatomy|other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Vesalius-copy.jpg|thumb|350px|One of the large, detailed illustrations in [[Andreas Vesalius]]'s ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'' 16th century, marking the rebirth of anatomy<ref>{{Cite web |title=De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. Cum indice rerum & uerborum memorabilium locupletissimo |url=https://ia801207.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_5Xby3nxU3XMC/bub_gb_5Xby3nxU3XMC.pdf}}</ref>]]
{{TopicTOC-Biology}}
'''Anatomy''' ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνατομή}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἀνατομή}})|[[dissection]]}}) is the branch of [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] concerned with the study of the internal structure of [[organisms]] and their parts.<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|anatomy}}</ref> Anatomy is a branch of [[natural science]] that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rotimi |first=Booktionary |title=Anatomy |url=https://www.preps.ng/jamb-subject-combination-for-anatomy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801080440/https://www.booktionary.com.ng/index_files/Page1935.htm |archive-date=1 August 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Anatomy is inherently tied to [[developmental biology]], [[embryology]], [[comparative anatomy]], [[evolutionary biology]], and [[phylogeny]],<ref name="intro HGray">{{cite web |last=Gray |first=Henry |year=1918 |title=Introduction |url=https://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316005206/https://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html |archive-date=16 March 2007 |access-date=19 March 2007 |website=Anatomy of the Human Body |via=[[Bartleby.com]] |edition=20th}}</ref> as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and [[physiology]], which study the structure and [[function (biology)|function]] of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. [[Human anatomy]] is one of the essential [[basic sciences]] that are applied in medicine, and is often studied alongside [[physiology]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arráez-Aybar |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice |journal=[[Annals of Anatomy]] |volume=192 |issue=6|pages=341–48 |doi=10.1016/j.aanat.2010.05.002 |pmid=20591641 }}</ref>
Anatomy is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving as discoveries are made. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of advanced imaging techniques, such as [[MRI]] and [[CT scan]]s, which allow for more detailed and accurate visualizations of the body's structures.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy
|
Affirming the consequent
|
{{Short description|Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy)}}
{{Redirect|False conversion|the Islamic doctrine|Taqiya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
In [[propositional calculus|propositional logic]], '''affirming the consequent''' (also known as '''converse error''', '''fallacy of the converse''', or '''confusion of [[necessity and sufficiency]]''') is a [[formal fallacy]] (or an [[Validity (logic)|invalid]] form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an [[indicative conditional]] statement, it is stated that because the [[consequent]] is true, therefore the [[Antecedent (logic)|antecedent]] is true. It takes on the following form:
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent
|
Andrei Tarkovsky
|
{{Short description|Soviet filmmaker (1932–1986)}}
{{Redirect|Tarkovsky|the surname, as well as other people with this name|Tarkovsky (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Andrei tarkovsky stamp russia 2007.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tarkovsky on a Russian stamp
| native_name = {{nobold|Андрей Тарковский}}
| native_name_lang = ru
| birth_name = Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|4|4}}
| birth_place = [[Zavrazhye, Kadyysky District, Kostroma Oblast|Zavrazhye]], [[Ivanovo Oblast]]<!--now Kostroma Oblast, but the village apparently belonged to Ivanovo at the time-->, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|12|29|1932|4|4}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| resting_place = [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery]], Paris, France
| nationality =
| alma_mater = [[All-Union State Institute of Cinematography]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|film theorist}}
| years_active = 1958–1986
| notable_works = [[Works by Andrei Tarkovsky|Full list]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|[[Irma Raush]]|1957|1970|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Larisa Tarkovskaya|Larisa Kizilova]]|1970}}
}}
| father = [[Arseny Tarkovsky]]
| awards = [[List of awards won by Andrei Tarkovsky|List]]
}}
'''Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky''' ({{langx|ru|Андрей Арсеньевич Тарковский}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐnˈdrʲej ɐrˈsʲenʲjɪvʲɪtɕ tɐrˈkofskʲɪj|pron|Pronunciation ru андрей тарковский.ogg}};<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://forvo.com/word/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/#ru|title=How to pronounce Андрей Тарковский
|website=forvo.com}}</ref> 4 April 1932<ref>{{cite web| url = https://bigenc.ru/c/tarkovskii-andrei-arsen-evich-279216/?v=7226008| author = [[Andrei Plakhov|Андрей Степанович Плахов]] | title = Тарковский, Андрей Арсеньевич| access-date = April 3, 2024| publication-date = May 11, 2023 }} // ''[[Great Russian Encyclopedia|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''. Том 31. [[Москва]], 2016, с. 674.</ref> – 29 December 1986) was a Soviet{{efn|Tarkovsky was born in the [[Russian SFSR]], with his mother being from the {{ill|Dubasov family|ru|Дубасовы}} of [[Russian nobility]], and with mixed Polish, Romanian and Russian ancestry on his paternal side; his nationality remained Soviet throughout his life, even during his last years in exile.}} film director and screenwriter of Russian origin.<!--Do NOT change without new consensus, see [[Talk:Andrei Tarkovsky#Tarkovsky a Russian film director and screenwriter?]].--><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema|author=Peter Rollberg|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2009|place=US|isbn=978-0-8108-6072-8|pages=685–690}}</ref> He is widely considered one of the greatest directors in cinema history. [[Works by Andrei Tarkovsky|His films]] explore spiritual and [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] themes and are known for their [[Slow cinema|slow pacing and long takes]], dreamlike visual imagery and preoccupation with nature and memory.<ref name=Sight>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Nick |title=The Tarkovsky Legacy |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/deep-focus/tarkovsky-legacy |website=[[Sight & Sound]] |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petric |first1=Vlada |title=Tarkovsky's Dream Imagery |journal=Film Quarterly |date=December 1989 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=28–34 |doi=10.1525/fq.1989.43.2.04a00040}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky
|
Ambiguity
|
{{Short description|Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Ambiguous|the film|Ambiguous (film)}}
{{Copy edit|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Alice 05a-1116x1492.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Drawing of the back an anthropomorphic caterpillar, seated on a toadstool amid grass and flowers, blowing smoke from a hookah; a blonde girl in an old-fashioned frock is standing on tiptoe to peer at the caterpillar over the toadstool's edge|Sir [[John Tenniel]]'s illustration of the [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Caterpillar]] for [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' is noted for its ambiguous central figure, whose head can be viewed as either a man's face with a pointed nose and chin smoking a pipe, or as the end of an actual [[caterpillar]], with the first two right "true" legs visible (1865).<ref>"And do you see its long nose and chin? At least, they ''look'' exactly like a nose and chin, that is don't they? But they really ''are'' two of its legs. You know a Caterpillar has got ''quantities'' of legs: you can see more of them, further down." Carroll, Lewis. ''The Nursery "Alice"''. Dover Publications (1966), p 27.</ref>]]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity
|
Abel
|
{{short description|Biblical figure}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2025}}
{{about|the biblical figure|other uses|Abel (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Abrahamic religions]]
| image = Sacrificio de Abel, de Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante (Museo del Prado).jpg
| caption = ''Sacrifice of Abel'' by [[Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante]], {{circa|1667}}
| father = [[Adam]]
| mother = [[Eve]]
}}
'''Abel'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|b|əl|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Abel.wav}}; {{Langx|he|הֶבֶל}} ''Héḇel'', in [[pausa]] {{Script/Hebrew|הָבֶל}} ''Hā́ḇel''; {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Ἅβελ}} ''Hábel''; {{langx|ar|هابيل|Hābīl}}}} ({{Langx|he|הֶבֶל}} ''Hébel'', in [[pausa]] {{Script/Hebrew|הָבֶל}} ''Hā́ḇel''; {{langx|grc-x-biblical|Ἅβελ}} ''Hábel''; {{langx|ar|[[wikt:هابيل|هابيل]]}}, ''Hābēl'') is a biblical figure in the [[Book of Genesis]] within the [[Abrahamic religion]]s. Born as the second son of [[Adam]] and [[Eve]], the first two humans created by [[God in Judaism|God]], he was a [[shepherd]] who offered his firstborn flock to God as a religious offering. God accepted Abel's offering but not the offering of his older brother [[Cain]], leading Cain to stone Abel to death out of jealousy. This act marked the first death in biblical history, making Abel the first murder victim.
==Life and death==
{{excerpt|Cain and Abel|Genesis narrative}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel
|
Aardvark
|
{{Short description|Burrowing mammal native to Africa}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|5|0|Early [[Pliocene]] – Recent}}
| image = Orycteropus afer 175359469.jpg
| image_caption = Aardvark in the [[Bushveld]], Limpopo
| image2 = Aardvark (Orycteropus afer).jpg
| image2_caption = At [[Royal Burgers' Zoo]], Arnhem, Netherlands
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Taylor, A. |author2=Lehmann, T. |date=2015 |title=''Orycteropus afer'' |volume=2015 |page=e.T41504A21286437 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41504A21286437.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Orycteropus
| species = afer
| authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1766)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Aardvark area.png
| range_map_caption = Aardvark range
| range_map_alt = Map of Africa showing a highlighted range (in green) covering most of the continent south of the Sahara desert
}}
[[File:Aardvark Skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of an aardvark]]
The '''aardvark''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|d|v|ɑːr|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-aardvark.wav}} {{respell|ARD|vark}}; '''''Orycteropus afer''''') is a medium-sized, burrowing, [[nocturnal]] mammal native to Africa.<ref name="EB">{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|pp=3–4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/aardvark/e00015 "Aardvark, n."] ''Dictionary of South African English''. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. 26 February 2019.</ref> The aardvark is the only living member of the family [[Orycteropodidae]] and the order [[Tubulidentata]].<ref name="MSW3">{{harvnb|Schlitter|2005|p=86}}</ref><ref name="EoM" /> It has a long [[proboscis]], similar to a pig's snout, which is used to sniff out food.
The aardvark is an [[afrothere]], a [[clade]] that also includes [[elephants]], [[manatees]], and [[hyraxes]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark
|
Aardwolf
|
{{Short description|Insectivorous African mammal}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Proteles cristatus
| authority = ([[Anders Sparrman|Sparrman]], 1783)
| display_parents = 2
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]] – [[Recent]]
| image = Aardwolf, Buffalo Springs National Park, Kenya 1 (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = An aardwolf in [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve]], [[Kenya]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Proteles cristata'' |author=Green, D.S. |date=2015 |page=e.T18372A45195681 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18372A45195681.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| range_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=200|from=Aardwolf range.map}}
| range_map_caption = Aardwolf range
{{leftlegend|#1e5833|Extant (resident)}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Proteles cristata (Sparrman, 1783) |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2433502 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true
|title={{small|Synonymy}}
|''Proteles cristata'' {{small|Sparrman, 1783}}
|''Proteles typicus'' {{small|Smith, 1834}}
|''Viverra cristata'' {{small|Sparrman, 1783}}
|''Viverra hyenoides'' {{small|Desmarest, 1820}}}}
}}
The '''aardwolf''' ('''''Proteles cristatus'''''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Kitchener |first2=A. C. |last3=Abramov |first3=A. |last4=Veron |first4=G. |last5=Do Linh San |first5=E. |date=2021 |title=The Scientific Name of the Aardwolf is ''Proteles cristatus'' |url=https://bioone.org/journals/african-journal-of-wildlife-research/volume-51/issue-1/056.051.0149/The-Scientific-Name-of-the-Aardwolf-is-Proteles-cristatus/10.3957/056.051.0149.short |journal=African Journal of Wildlife Research |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=149–152 |doi=10.3957/056.051.0149 |bibcode=2021AfJWR..51..149W |s2cid=242046818|url-access=subscription }}</ref>) is an [[insectivore|insectivorous]] [[hyena|hyaenid]] species, native to [[East Africa|East]] and [[Southern Africa]]. Its name means "earth-wolf" in [[Afrikaans]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]].<ref name=EB/><ref>[https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/aardwolf/e00016 "Aardwolf, n."] ''Dictionary of South African English''. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. Web. 25 February 2019.</ref> It is also called the '''maanhaar-jackal'''<ref name="OED">{{harvnb|Oxford English Dictionary Online|2013}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dsae.co.za/entry/maanhaar/e04395#maanhaar-jackal "Maanhaar, n."] ''Dictionary of South African English''. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2018. Web. 25 February 2019.</ref> (Afrikaans for "mane-jackal"), '''termite-eating hyena'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macintyre|first=G. T. |title=Evolutionary Biology |chapter=The Trisulcate Petrosal Pattern of Mammals |date=1972 |volume=6 |pages=275–303 |editor-last=Dobzhansky|editor-first=T. |publisher=Springer US |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_9 |isbn=978-1-4684-9063-3 |editor2-last=Hecht|editor2-first=M. K.|editor3-last=Steere|editor3-first=W. C.}}</ref> and '''civet hyena''', based on its habit of secreting substances from its [[anal gland]], a characteristic shared with the [[African civet]].<ref name=ingo/>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf
|
Adobe
|
{{Short description|Building material of earth and organic materials}}
{{About|the building material|the software company|Adobe Inc.|}}
{{Distinguish|Abode|Adobo}}
{{Redirect|Adobes|the place in Castile-La Mancha|Adobes, Spain|the place in the United States|Adobes, Texas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Adobe wall (detail) 1.jpg|thumb|Adobe wall (detail) in Bahillo, [[Palencia]], Spain]]
[[File:AdobeSurfaceCoatingRenewalOnWall.jpg|thumb|Renewal of the surface [[coating]] of an adobe wall in [[Chamisal, New Mexico]]]]
[[File:Qasroddasht.JPG|thumb|Adobe walls separate urban gardens in [[Shiraz]], Iran]]
'''Adobe''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|oʊ|b|i|audio=En-us-adobe.ogg}} {{Respell|ə|DOH|bee}};<ref>{{OED|adobe, n.}}</ref> {{IPA|es|aˈðoβe|language}}. Spanish, from arabic: الطوب Attub) is a [[building material]] made from earth and organic materials. {{lang|es|Adobe}} is Spanish for [[mudbrick]]. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the [[Southwestern United States]], the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like [[Pueblo Revival architecture|Pueblo Revival]] or [[Territorial Revival architecture|Territorial Revival]]. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to [[cob (material)|cob]] and [[rammed earth]] buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe
|
Adventure
|
{{Short description|Exciting or unusual experience}}
{{Redirect2|Adventurer|Adventures||Adventure (disambiguation)|and|Adventurer (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
An '''adventure''' is an exciting experience or undertaking that is typically bold, sometimes [[risk]]y.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adventure |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/adventure |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=dictionary.com |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153325/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/adventure |url-status=live }}</ref> Adventures may be activities with danger such as [[traveling]], [[exploring]], [[skydiving]], [[mountain climbing]], [[scuba diving]], [[river rafting]], or other [[extreme sports]]. Adventures are often undertaken to create psychological [[arousal]] or in order to achieve a greater goal, such as the pursuit of [[knowledge]] that can only be obtained by such activities.
==Motivation==
Adventurous experiences create psychological [[arousal]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gomà-i-Freixanet |first=M |title=On the psychobiology of personality |publisher=Elsevier |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-08-044209-9 |page=187 |chapter=Sensation Seeking and Participation in Physical Risk Sports |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YjcgAn8TfsC&pg=PA187}}</ref> which can be interpreted as negative (e.g. [[fear]]) or positive (e.g. [[flow (psychology)|flow]]). For some people, adventure becomes a major pursuit in and of itself. According to adventurer [[André Malraux]], in his ''[[Man's Fate]]'' (1933), "If a man is not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?"
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure
|
Asia
|
{{Short description|Continent}}
{{About|the continent}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox continent
|title = Asia
|image = File:Asia (orthographic projection) without New Guinea.svg
|image_size = 220px
|area = {{convert|44579000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ([[Continent#Area and population|1st]])<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |title=National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2006 |page=264}}</ref>
|population = {{UN Population|Asia}} ({{UN Population|Year}}; [[List of continents and continental subregions by population|1st]]){{UN Population|ref}}
|density = 100/km<sup>2</sup> (260/sq mi)
|GDP_PPP = [[US$|$]]94.66 trillion (2025 est; [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP (PPP)|1st]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |title=GDP PPP, current prices |publisher=International Monetary Fund |year=2022 |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |url-status=live}}</ref>
|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$41.02 trillion (2025 est; [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP (nominal)|1st]])<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP Nominal, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |publisher=International Monetary Fund |year=2022 |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|GDP_per_capita = $9,180 (2025 est; [[List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP per capita (nominal)|4th]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |title=Nominal GDP per capita |publisher=International Monetary Fund |year=2022 |access-date=16 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |url-status=live}}</ref>
|religions = {{unbulleted list
| [[Islam in Asia|Islam]] (28.0%)
| [[Hinduism in Asia|Hinduism]] (22.8%)
| [[Irreligion in Asia|No religion]] (13.9%)
| [[Buddhism in Asia|Buddhism]] (11.1%)
| [[Chinese folk religion]] (9.7%)
| [[Christianity in Asia|Christianity]] (8.4%)
| [[Ethnic religion]]s (3.5%)
| [[New religion]]s (1.3%)
| [[Religion in Asia|Other]] (1.3%)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Crossing |first2=Peter F. |date=14 October 2022 |title=Religions by Continent |journal=Journal of Religion and Demography |volume=9 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–110 |doi=10.1163/2589742x-bja10013 |issn=2589-7411}}</ref>}}
| religions_ref =
|demonym = [[Asian people|Asian]]
|countries = {{ubl
| 49 UN members
| 1 UN observer
| 5 other states
}}
|list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia
|dependencies =
{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| list_style = text-align:left;
| 1 = {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} | 2 = {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 3 = {{flag|Christmas Island}} | 4 = {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} | 5 = {{flag|Hong Kong}} | 6 = {{flag|Macau}}
}}
|unrecognized =
{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| list_style = text-align:left;
| 1 = {{flag|Abkhazia}}
| 2 = {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}
| 3 = {{flag|Palestine}}
| 4 = {{flag|South Ossetia}}
| 5 = {{flag|Taiwan}}}}
|languages = [[Languages of Asia|List of languages]]
|time = [[UTC+02:00]] to [[UTC+12:00]]
|internet = [[.asia]]
|cities = {{plainlist|
* [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia|List of metropolitan areas]]
* [[Lists of cities in Asia|Lists of cities]]
}}
|m49 = <code>142</code> – Asia<br /><code>001</code> – World
|footnotes =
}}
'''Asia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|ʒ|ə|audio=En-us-Asia.ogg}} {{respell|AY|zhə}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|ˈ|eɪ|ʃ|ə}} {{respell|AY|shə}}) is the largest [[continent]]{{Notetag|Asia is normally considered its own continent in the English speaking world, which uses the seven continent model.<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/asia?q=Asia |title=Asia |dictionary=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University PRess}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster |Asia}}</ref> Other models consider Asia as part of a Eurasian or Afro-Eurasian continent (see {{slink|Continent|Number}}).}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia: The largest continent on Earth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmh4bdm |publisher=BBC Bitesize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007001521/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zmh4bdm |archive-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Boudreau">{{Cite web |title=Asia: Physical Geography |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/asia/ |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=National Geographic Society |first1=Diane |last1=Boudreau |first2=Melissa |last2=McDaniel |first3=Erin |last3=Sprout |first4=Andrew |last4=Turgeon |others=Crooks, Mary; Gunther, Tim; Wynne, Nancy |editor-first1=Jeannie |editor-last1=Evers |editor-first2=Kara |editor-last2=West |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630200953/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/asia |url-status=live}}</ref> in the world by both land area and population.<ref name="Boudreau" /> It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres,{{Notetag|44,579,000 square kilometres (17,212,000 square miles)}} about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the [[human population]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World at Six Billion |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm |publisher=UN Population Division |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042434/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |postscript=,}} {{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf |title=Table 2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101220025/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> was the site of many of the [[first civilisations]]. Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia
|
Aruba
|
{{Short description|Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{About|the Dutch Caribbean island country}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Aruba
| settlement_type = [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Constituent country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
| official_name = Country of Aruba<br />{{nobold|{{native name|nl|Land Aruba}}}}<br />{{nobold|{{native name|pap|Pais Aruba}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Aruba.svg
| flag_size = 125
| flag_link = Flag of Aruba
| image_seal = Coat of arms of Aruba.svg
| seal_size = 85px
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| seal_link = Coat of arms of Aruba
| anthem = "[[Aruba Dushi Tera]]"<br />({{Langx|en|"Aruba, Sweet Land"}})<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Aruba Dushi Tera instrumental.ogg]]}}</div>
| song_type = Royal anthem
| song = "[[Wilhelmus]]"<br />({{langx|en|"William of Nassau"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - Het Wilhelmus (tempo corrected).ogg|Het Wilhelmus]]</div>
| image_map = Aruba in its region (zoom).svg
| map_alt = Location of Aruba
| map_caption = Location of Aruba (circled in red)
| mapsize = 290px
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}
| established_title = Before separation
| established_date = [[Netherlands Antilles]]
| established_title2 = Country status
| established_date2 = 1 January 1986
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Papiamento]]|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Migge |first1=Bettina |last2=Léglise |first2=Isabelle |last3=Bartens |first3=Angela |year=2010 |title=Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |page=268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SMLb6hKv4YC&pg=PT276 |isbn=978-90-272-5258-6 |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503143354/https://books.google.com/books?id=4SMLb6hKv4YC&lpg=PT276 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |url-status=live
}}</ref>}}
| languages_type = Other languages
| languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[English language|English]]
| demonym = [[Culture of Aruba|Aruban]]
| capital = [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|31|7|N|70|2|9|W|type:city(28,300)_NL-AW}}
| largest_city = capital
| ethnic_groups = <!--Do not change: no data available for ethnicity group, therefore data of population by nationality is used instead. -->{{Unbulleted list|''<u>note</u>: population by nationality''|Dutch 78.7%|Colombian 6.6%|Venezuelan 5.5%|Dominican 2.8%|Haitian 1.3%|other 5.1%<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Aruba|access-date=2023-05-20 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/aruba/}}</ref>}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2020
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] parliamentary [[representative democracy]] within a [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Monarch]]
| leader_name1 = [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]]
| leader_title2 = [[Governor of Aruba|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Alfonso Boekhoudt]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Aruba|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Eman]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Aruba]]
| area_km2 = 180<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="rijksoverheid.nl">{{cite web |title=Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? – Rijksoverheid.nl |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/caribische-deel-van-het-koninkrijk/vraag-en-antwoord/waaruit-bestaat-het-koninkrijk-der-nederlanden |website=onderwerpen |publisher=Ministerie van Algemene |language=nl-NL |date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
| area_rank = 189th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| percent_water = negligible
| elevation_max_m = 188
| elevation_max_ft =
|population_census = 108,423<ref>{{cite web |website=Central Bureau of Statistics Aruba |date= Dec 2024 |title=The development of the population of Aruba in the last 50 years (3rd quarter 2024)|url=https://cbs.aw/wp/index.php/2022/11/24/test-births/}}</ref>
|population_census_year = 2024
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 = 560.4
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $5.502 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=314,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Aruba) |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $51,352<ref name="IMFWEO.AW" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.827 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AW" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $35,717<ref name="IMFWEO.AW" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| currency = [[Aruban florin]] (ƒ)
| currency_code = AWG
| timezone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = – 4:00
| electricity = 127 V/60 Hz
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Aruba|+297]]
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:AW|AW]]|[[ISO 3166-2:NL|NL-AW]]}}
| cctld = [[.aw]]
| national_representation =
|
| image_map2 = [[File:Aruba World Wind.jpg|290px]]
| image =
| map_caption2 = Satellite view of Aruba
}}
'''Aruba''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|uː|b|ə}} {{respell|ə|ROO|bə}}, {{IPA|nl|aːˈrubaː|langx}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|nl|aːˈrybaː||nl-Aruba.ogg}}, {{IPA|pap|aˈruba|langx}}}} officially the '''Country of Aruba''',{{efn|{{langx|nl|Land Aruba}}; {{langx|pap|Pais Aruba}}}} is a constituent [[island country]] within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]], in the southern [[Caribbean Sea]] {{convert|29|km|0}} north of the Venezuelan peninsula of [[Paraguaná Peninsula|Paraguaná]] and {{convert|80|km|0}} northwest of [[Curaçao]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37333/Aruba|title=Aruba|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515014514/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37333/Aruba|archive-date=15 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=What Continent Is Aruba In? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-continent-is-aruba-in.html |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1986, Aruba became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and acquired the formal name the Country of Aruba.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba
|
Articles of Confederation
|
{{Short description|First constitution of the United States of America (1781–1789)}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox document
| document_name = Articles of Confederation
| image = Articles page1.jpg
| image_caption = Page I of the Articles of Confederation
| date_created = November 15, 1777
| date_ratified = February 2, 1781
| date_effective = March 1, 1781
| date_superseded = March 4, 1789, by the [[United States Constitution]]
| location_of_document = [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]
| writer = [[Continental Congress]]
| signers = Continental Congress
| purpose = First constitution for the United States
}}
The '''Articles of Confederation''', officially the '''Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union''', was an agreement and early body of law in the [[Thirteen Colonies]], which served as the nation's first [[Constitution|frame of government]] during the [[American Revolution]]. It was debated by the [[Second Continental Congress]] at present-day [[Independence Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]] between July 1776 and November 1777, was finalized by the Congress on November 15, 1777, and [[Coming into force|came into force]] on March 1, 1781, after being [[ratification|ratified]] by all 13 colonial states.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation
|
Atlantic Ocean
|
{{Short description|Oceanic division}}
{{Redirect-several|Atlantic|North Atlantic|South Atlantic|Atlantic Basin}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Atlantic Ocean
| image = Atlantic Ocean - en.png
| caption = The Atlantic Ocean excluding its [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]] regions
| alt = Map of the Arctic Ocean
| coords = {{coord|0|N|25|W|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}<ref name="CIA-World" />
| basin_countries = [[List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean|List of bordering countries (not drainage basin)]], [[List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean|ports]]
| area = {{cvt|85133000|km2}}<ref name="Atlantic Ocean – Britannica" /><br />North Atlantic: {{cvt|41490000|km2}},<br /> South Atlantic {{cvt|40270000|km2}}<ref name="ETOPO1" />
| depth = {{cvt|3646|m}}<ref name="ETOPO1" />
| max-depth = [[Puerto Rico Trench]]<br /> {{cvt|8376|m}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/victor-vescovo-five-deeps-submarine|title=An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic|last=Dean|first=Josh|website=Popular Science|date=21 December 2018|language=en|access-date=22 December 2018|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191209050320/https://www.popsci.com/victor-vescovo-five-deeps-submarine/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| volume = {{cvt|310410900|km3}}<ref name="ETOPO1" />
| shore = {{cvt|111866|km}} including marginal seas<ref name="CIA-World" />
| islands = [[List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean|List of islands]]
| trenches = [[Puerto Rico Trench|Puerto Rico]]; [[South Sandwich Trench|South Sandwich]]; [[Romanche Trench|Romanche]]
| cities = [[List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean|List]]
}}
[[File:Atlantic Ocean to Africa.ogv|thumb|This video was taken by the crew of [[Expedition 29]] on board the [[International Space Station|ISS]]. The pass starts from just northeast of the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over [[South Sudan]].]]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean
|
Arthur Schopenhauer
|
{{Short description|German philosopher (1788–1860)}}
{{Redirect|Schopenhauer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|era = [[19th-century philosophy]]
|image = File:Arthur Schopenhauer by J Schäfer, 1859b.jpg
|caption = Schopenhauer in 1859
|signature = Arthur Schopenhauer Signature.svg
|name = Arthur Schopenhauer
|birth_date = {{birth date|1788|2|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Gdańsk]] (Danzig),<!--keep both names as per the Danzig/Gdansk vote (Talk:Gdańsk/Vote): "the first occurrence of the name should be used in the form Gdańsk (Danzig)"--> [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1860|9|21|1788|2|22|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Free City of Frankfurt|Frankfurt]], [[German Confederation]]
|education = {{plainlist|
* [[Ernestine Gymnasium, Gotha|Illustrious Gymnasium]]
* [[Georg August University of Göttingen|University of Göttingen]]
* [[University of Jena]] (PhD, 1813)}}
|relatives = {{Plainlist|
* [[Johanna Schopenhauer]] (mother)
* [[Adele Schopenhauer]] (sister)
}}
|thesis_title = On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
|thesis_year=1813| thesis_url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/50966/pg50966-images.html
|institutions = [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]]
|school_tradition = {{plainlist|
* [[Continental philosophy]]
* [[Post-Kantian philosophy]]
* [[Transcendental idealism]] (disputed)<ref name=iep>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/schopenh|title=Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)|access-date=12 April 2013|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630104319/https://www.iep.utm.edu/schopenh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Frederick C. Beiser]] reviews the commonly held position that Schopenhauer was a transcendental idealist and he rejects it: "Though it is deeply heretical from the standpoint of transcendental idealism, Schopenhauer's objective standpoint involves a form of ''[[Transcendental realism (Schopenhauer)|transcendental realism]]'', i.e. the assumption of the independent reality of the world of experience." (Beiser 2016, p. 40)</ref>
* [[Metaphysical voluntarism]]<ref name=Brit>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/voluntarism-philosophy Voluntarism (philosophy)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017074231/https://www.britannica.com/topic/voluntarism-philosophy |date=17 October 2020 }} – [[Britannica.com]]</ref>
* [[Philosophical pessimism]]
}}
|main_interests = [[Metaphysics]], [[aesthetics]], [[ethics]], [[morality]], [[psychology]]
|notable_ideas = {{Plain list|
* [[Animal ethics]]<ref name="Puryear"/>
* [[Anthropic principle]]<ref>Arthur Schopenhauer, ''Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Presentation, Volume 1'', Routledge, 2016, p. 211: "the world [is a] mere ''presentation'', object for a subject ..."</ref><ref>Lennart Svensson, ''Borderline: A Traditionalist Outlook for Modern Man'', Numen Books, 2015, p. 71: "[Schopenhauer] said that 'the world is our conception'. A world without a perceiver would in that case be an impossibility. But we can—he said—gain knowledge about Essential Reality for looking into ourselves, by introspection. ... This is one of many examples of the anthropic principle. The world is there for the sake of man."</ref>
* [[Criticism of religion]]
* Criticism of [[German idealism]]<ref name="WWR3">''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'', vol. 3, Ch. 50.</ref><ref name=Jacquette/>
* [[#Eternal justice|Eternal justice]]
* [[Principle of sufficient reason|Fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason]]
* [[Hedgehog's dilemma]]
* [[Philosophical pessimism]]
* ''[[Principium individuationis]]''
* [[Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics|Schopenhauerian aesthetics]]
* [[Will (philosophy)|Will]] as [[thing in itself]]
* [[Will to live]]
* [[Wooden iron]]
}}
}}
'''Arthur Schopenhauer''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|oʊ|p|ən|h|aʊər}} {{respell|SHOH|pən|how|ər}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ|lang|De-Arthur Schopenhauer2.ogg}}; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a [[German philosophy|German philosopher]]. He is known for his 1818 work ''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'' (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the [[Phenomenon|phenomenal]] world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational [[noumenon|noumenal]] [[Will (philosophy)|will]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arthur Schopenhauer|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23|title=Essays and Aphorisms|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0-14-044227-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/essaysaphorisms00scho/page/23 23]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Magee|first=Bryan|title=The Philosophy of Schopenhauer|date=1997-08-14|chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/32819/chapter/275011622|chapter=The World as Will|publisher=Oxford University PressOxford|isbn=978-0-19-823722-8|edition=1|pages=137–163|language=en|doi=10.1093/0198237227.003.0007|ref=none|archive-date=17 September 2023|access-date=13 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917173730/https://academic.oup.com/book/32819/chapter/275011622|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vandenabeele|first=Bart|date=December 2007|title=Schopenhauer on the Values of Aesthetic Experience|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x|journal=The Southern Journal of Philosophy|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=565–582|doi=10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x|archive-date=17 September 2023|access-date=13 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917173733/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2007.tb00065.x|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Building on the [[transcendental idealism]] of [[Immanuel Kant]], Schopenhauer developed an [[atheistic]] metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of [[German idealism]].<ref name="WWR3"/><ref name=Jacquette>{{cite book|title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy and the Arts|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04406-6|editor=Dale Jacquette|page=162|quote=For Kant, the mathematical sublime, as seen for example in the starry heavens, suggests to imagination the infinite, which in turn leads by subtle turns of contemplation to the concept of God. Schopenhauer's atheism will have none of this, and he rightly observes that despite adopting Kant's distinction between the dynamical and mathematical sublime, his theory of the sublime, making reference to the struggles and sufferings of struggles and sufferings of Will, is unlike Kant's.}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer
|
Angola
|
{{Short description|Country on the west coast of Southern Africa}}
{{about|the modern country since 1992|the former state from 1975 to 1992|People's Republic of Angola|other uses}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Angola
| common_name = Angola
| native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Angola}}
| image_flag = Flag of Angola.svg<!-- DO NOT ADD the proposed flag; you WILL be reverted and warned! -->
| image_coat = Emblem of Angola.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|la|Virtus Unita Fortior|italics=on|nolink=on}}|({{langx|en|'Virtue is stronger when united'}})}}
| national_anthem = {{lang|pt|[[Angola Avante]]}}<br />({{Langx|en|'Onwards Angola'}})[[File:Angolan-National-Anthem-_US-Navy-Band.ogg]]
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|[[File:Angola - Location Map (2013) - AGO - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Angola|default=1}}
| map_caption = Major cities of Angola
| capital = [[Luanda]]
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;
|92.9% [[Christianity]]
|5.1% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]
|1.2% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
|0.8% [[Religion in Angola|other]]
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: Major World Religions (1900–2050) |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=7c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]] |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005214402/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=7c |url-status=live }}</ref>
| coordinates = {{Coord|8|50|S|13|20|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Angolan Portuguese|Portuguese]]
| languages2_type = National languages
| languages2 = [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]], [[Kimbundu]], [[Kongo language|Kikongo]], [[Ovambo language|Oshiwambo]], [[Luchazi]], [[Umbundu]]
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 37% [[Ovimbundu]]
| 25% [[Ambundu]]
| 13% [[Kongo people|Bakongo]]
| 21% other African
| 2% [[Mestiço]] (mixed European and African)
| 2% [[Asian people|Asian]]
| 1% [[White Angolans|European]]}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Main ethnic groups in Angola 2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1202261/share-of-ethnic-groups-in-angola/|website=Statista|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310222030/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1202261/share-of-ethnic-groups-in-angola/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021
| demonym = [[Demographics of Angola|Angolan]]
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Angola|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[João Lourenço]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Angola|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Esperança da Costa]]<ref name="RNA 15-9-22">[https://rna.ao/rna.ao/2022/09/15/investidura-do-presidente-da-republica/ Investidura do Presidente da República] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527225337/https://rna.ao/rna.ao/2022/09/15/investidura-do-presidente-da-republica/ |date=27 May 2023 }}. Rádio Nacional de Angola. 15 September 2022.</ref>
| legislature = [[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Angola|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Angolan War of Independence|Independence]] from [[Portugal]], under [[People's Republic of Angola|Communist rule]]
| established_date1 = 11 November 1975
| established_event2 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 397|United Nations full membership]]
| established_date2 = 22 November 1976
| established_event3 = [[Constitution of Angola|Current constitution]]
| established_date3 = 21 January 2010
| area_km2 = 1246700
| area_rank = 22nd
| area_sq_mi = 481354
| percent_water = negligible
| population_estimate = {{Increase}}39,040,039<ref name=Worldometer>https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/angola-population/</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 39st
| population_density_km2 = 31
| population_density_sq_mi = 81
| population_density_rank = 157th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $260.323 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Angola) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225801/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 62nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,077<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 129th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $93.796 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 61st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $2,432<ref name="IMFWEO.AO" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th
| Gini = 51.3
| Gini_year = 2018
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=Gini index |access-date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204170607/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.616<!-- number only -->
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 148th
| currency = [[Angolan kwanza]]
| currency_code = AOA
| time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset = +1
| drives_on = Right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Angola|+244]]
| cctld = [[.ao]]
}}
'''Angola''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Angola-pronunciation.ogg|æ|n|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|ə}} {{respell|an|GOH|lə}}; {{IPA|pt|ɐ̃ˈɡɔlɐ|lang}}; {{langx|kg|Ngola}}, {{IPA|kg|ŋɔla|pron}}}} officially the '''Republic of Angola''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República de Angola}}}} is a country on the west-[[Central Africa|central]] coast of [[Southern Africa]]. It is the second-largest [[Portuguese-speaking world|Portuguese-speaking]] (Lusophone) country in both total area and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|population]] and is the [[List of African countries by area|seventh-largest]] country in [[Africa]]. It is bordered by [[Namibia]] to the south, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the north, [[Zambia]] to the east, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west. Angola has an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] province, the province of [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda]], that borders the [[Republic of the Congo]] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is [[Luanda]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola
|
Demographics of Angola
|
{{Short description|none}}
<!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox place demographics|place=[[Angola]]|image=File:Angola single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|caption=Population pyramid of Angola in 2020|size_of_population=34,795,287|nation=[[Angola]]n|age_0-14_years=47.83%|age_65_years=2.3%|fertility=5.83|birth=41.8 births|death=8.01 deaths|net_migration=-0.19 migrant(s)|life=62.11 years}}
[[demography|Demographic]] features of the [[population]] of [[Angola]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.
[[File:Angola_population.svg|350px|alt=|thumb|Angolas population between 1960 and 2017.]]
According to 2014 census data, Angola had a population of 25,789,024 inhabitants in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publicação-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Versão-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |title= Resultados Definitivos do Censo 2014 RESULTADOS DEFINITIVOS RECENSEAMENTO GERAL DA POPULAÇÃO HABITAÇÃO |date=2014 |website=aiangola.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013702/http://aiangola.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Publica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Resultados-Definitivos-Censo-Geral-2014_Vers%C3%A3o-22032016_DEFINITIVA-18H17.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref>
Ethnically, there are three main groups, each speaking a [[Bantu language]]: the [[Southern Mbundu people|Ovimbundu]] who represent 37% of the population, the [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]] with 25%, and the [[Kongo people|Bakongo]] 11%. Other numerically important groups include the closely interrelated [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] and [[Lunda people|Lunda]], the [[Ganguela]] and [[Nyaneka]]-[[Khumbi]] (in both cases classification terms that stand for a variety of small groups), the [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], the [[Herero people|Herero]], the [[Xindonga]] and scattered residual groups of [[San people|San]]. In addition, mixed race (European and African) people amount to about 7%, with nearly 1% of the population being whites, mainly ethnically [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Angola
|
Politics of Angola
|
{{Short description|none}}
<!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
The current political regime in [[Angola]] is [[presidentialism]], in which the President of the Republic is also head of state and government; it is advised by a Council of Ministers, which together with the President form the national executive power. Legislative power rests with the 220 parliamentarians elected to the National Assembly. The President of the Republic, together with the parliament, appoints the majority of the members of the two highest bodies of the judiciary, that is, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. The judiciary is still made up of the Court of Auditors and the Supreme Military Court.
The [[Cabinet of Angola|Angolan government]] is composed of three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. For decades, political power has been concentrated in the presidency with the [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]].
{{Politics of Angola}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Angola
|
Economy of Angola
|
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = [[Angola]]
| image = File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 05 (cropped) (cropped).JPG
| image_size = 350px
| caption = [[Luanda]], the financial center of [[Angola]]
| currency = [[Angolan kwanza]] (AOA, Kz)
| fixed exchange =
| year = Calendar year
| organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[African Development Bank]], [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]], [[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]], [[World Bank]], [[IMF]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Group of 77]], [[OPEC]]
| group = {{plainlist|
*[[Least developed countries|Least developed]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref>
*Lower-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=September 29, 2019}}</ref>}}
| population = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 36,749,906 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AO |title=Population, total – Angola |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>
| gdp = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $113.286 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOAO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=614,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,NID_NGDP,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
*{{nowrap|{{increase}} $374.940 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOAO"/><!--end nowrap:-->}}}}
| gdp rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|66th (nominal, 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|59th (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| growth = {{plainlist|
*4.2% (2022) 1% (2023)
*2.4% (2024e) 2.8% (2025f)<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Economic Prospects, June 2020 |page=105 |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33748 |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |date=June 8, 2020 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1553-9 |isbn=978-1-4648-1553-9 |access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>}}
| per capita = {{plainlist|
*{{decrease}} $2,884 (nominal, 2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOAO"/>
*{{increase}} $9,800 (PPP, 2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOAO"/>}}
| per capita rank = {{plainlist|
*[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|137th (nominal, 2024)]]
*[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|127th (PPP, 2024)]]}}
| sectors = {{plainlist|
*[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 14.9%
*[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 45.3%
*[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 39.7%
*(2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Angola|access-date=June 7, 2019|year=2019}}</ref>}}
| components =
| inflation = 28% (2024 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOAO"/>
| poverty = {{plainlist|
*32.3% (2018 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=AO |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>
*53% on less than $3.65/day (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=AO |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Angola |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>}}
| gini = 51.3 {{color|red|high}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AO |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Angola |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>
| hdi = {{plainlist|
*{{decrease}} 0.591 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=December 11, 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|149th]])
*{{increase}} 0.392 {{color|red|low}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] |access-date=May 22, 2020}}</ref>}}
| labor = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} 15,315,118 (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=AO |title=Labor force, total – Angola |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>
*64.3% employment rate (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=AO |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – Angola |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>}}
| occupations = {{plainlist|
*agriculture: 85%
*industry: 15% (2015 est.)
*industry and [[Service (economics)|services]]: 15% (2003 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>}}
| unemployment = 14.62% (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
| average gross salary =
| average net salary =
| industries = petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair
| edbr = {{decrease}} [[Ease of doing business index|177th (below average, 2020)]]<ref name=" World Bank and International Financial Corporation ">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/angola |title=Ease of Doing Business in Angola |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |access-date=January 24, 2017 }}</ref>
| exports = {{increase}} $36.961 billion (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=AO |title=Exports of goods and services (current US$) – Angola|publisher=[[World Bank]]|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>
| export-goods = crude petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, ships, refined petroleum
| export-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|China}} 40%
*{{flag|India}} 9%
*{{flag|Netherlands}} 7%
*{{flag|France}} 7%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 7%
*(2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign export trade partners of Angola (2021)|url=https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/export/ago/show/all/2021|publisher=[[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>}}
| imports = {{increase}} $23.676 billion (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.CD?locations=AO |title=Imports of goods and services (current US$) – Angola|publisher=[[World Bank]]|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>
| import-goods = refined petroleum, wheat, cars, poultry, palm oil
| import-partners = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|China}} 24%
*{{flag|Portugal}} 10%
*{{flag|Netherlands}} 8%
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} 5%
*{{flag|India}} 4%
*(2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign import trade partners of Angola (2021) |url=https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/hs92/import/ago/show/all/2021|publisher=[[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>}}
| current account = {{decrease}} $4.21 billion (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
| FDI = {{plainlist|
*{{increase}} $11.21 billion (December 31, 2017, est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
*{{increase}} Abroad: $28 billion (December 31, 2017, est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>}}
| gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $46.549 billion (2022 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
| debt = {{decreasePositive}} 65% of GDP (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
| revenue = 26.1 billion (2023 est.)
| expenses = 23.98 billion (2023 est.)
| balance = −6.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
| aid = $383.5 million (1999 est.)
| credit =
| reserves = {{increase}} $13.942 billion (2023 est.)<ref name="CIAWFAO"/>
| cianame = angola
| spelling =
}}
[[File:GDP per capita development of Angola.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Angola, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]]
Angola has a semi-planned economy, in which central planning directs the economy with the participation of private enterprises. The '''economy of Angola''' remains heavily influenced by the effects of four decades of conflict in the last part of the 20th century, the [[Angolan War of Independence|war for independence from Portugal (1961–75)]] and the subsequent [[Angolan Civil War|civil war (1975–2002)]]. Poverty since 2002 is reduced over 50% and a third of the population relies on [[subsistence agriculture]]. Since 2002, when the 27-year civil war ended, government policy prioritized the repair and improvement of infrastructure and strengthening of political and social institutions. During the first decade of the 21st century, Angola's economy was one of the fastest-growing in the world,<ref name="fastest">Birgitte Refslund Sørensen and Marc Vincent. ''Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the Internally Displaced'', 2001. Page 17.</ref> with reported annual average GDP growth of 11.1 percent from 2001 to 2010.<ref>
{{cite news
|author=Graphic detail Charts, maps and infographics
|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/01/daily_chart
|title=Daily chart: Africa's impressive growth
|newspaper=The Economist
|date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=July 13, 2014
}}</ref> High international oil prices and rising oil production contributed to strong economic growth, although with high inequality, at that time. 2022 trade surplus was $30 billion, compared to $48 billion in 2012.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/01/extreme-city-specter|title=Luxury Living in a Failed State|last=Specter|first=Michael|magazine=The New Yorker|date=May 2, 2015|access-date=October 1, 2019|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref>
[[Corruption in Angola|Corruption]] is rife throughout the economy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/angola/|title=Angola Corruption Report|website=GAN Integrity|language=en-US|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/ ''Isabel dos Santos made a fortune at the expense of the Angolan people, Luanda Leaks reveals.''] icij.org, published January 19, 2020</ref> and the country remains heavily dependent on the oil sector, which in 2017 accounted for over 90 percent of exports by value and 64 percent of government revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2018/cr18157.ashx|title=Angola: Selected Issues|date=April 2018|website=International Monetary Fund|page=6|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> With the end of the oil boom, from 2015 Angola entered into a period of economic contraction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/an-oil-boom-made-it-the-most-expensive-city-in-the-world-now-its-in-crisis/2016/08/02/adf777e8-31c2-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html|title=An oil boom made it the most expensive city in the world. Now it's in crisis.|last=Sieff|first=Kevin|date=August 2, 2016|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=October 1, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Angola
|
Angolan Armed Forces
|
{{Short description|Military of Angola}}
{{for|Congolese Armed Forces|Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = Angolan Armed Forces
| native_name = {{lang|pt|Forças Armadas Angolanas}}
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image2 = Angolan_Armed_Forces_emblem.png
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1991|10|09}}
| current_form = 1993
| disbanded =
| branches = [[Angolan Army]]<br> [[Angolan Navy]]<br> [[National Air Force of Angola|National Air Force]]
| headquarters = [[Ministry of National Defence and Homeland Veterans (Angola)|Ministry of National Defence]], Rua 17 de Setembro, Luanda, Angola<ref name="Military Technology 2008, p.301">Military Technology, World Defence Almanac, Vol. XXXII, Issue 1, 2008, p.301</ref>
| flying_hours =
| website = {{URL|https://faa.ao/}}
| commander-in-chief = President [[João Lourenço]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[President of Angola|Commander-in-Chief]]
| chief minister =
| chief minister_title =
| minister = [[João Ernesto dos Santos]]
| minister_title = [[Minister of National Defence (Angola)|Minister of National Defence and Homeland Veterans]]
| chief_of_staff =
| chief_of_staff_title =
| commander = General [[António Egídio de Sousa Santos]]
| commander_title = [[Chief of General Staff (Angola)|Chief of General Staff]]
<!-- Manpower -->| age =
| conscription = 24 months<ref name=IISSp448 />
| manpower_data =
| manpower_age =
| available =
| available_f =
| fit =
| fit_f =
| reaching =
| reaching_f =
| active = 107,000<ref name=IISSp448>{{cite book| url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021| title=The Military Balance 2021| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=25 February 2021| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=London| page= 448| isbn=9781032012278}}</ref>
| ranked =
| reserve =
| deployed = <!-- Financial -->
| amount = $7 billion (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37185:angolan-military-expenditure-to-top-13-billion-by-2019&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105|title=Angolan military expenditure to top $13 billion by 2019 – defenceWeb|first=Guy|last=Martin|website=www.defenceweb.co.za|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818095424/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37185:angolan-military-expenditure-to-top-13-billion-by-2019&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105|archive-date=August 18, 2016|url-status=live|date=November 28, 2014}}</ref>
| percent_GDP = 5.25% (2014)
<!-- Industrial -->| domestic_suppliers =
| foreign_suppliers =
| imports = {{BLR}}<br/>{{BRA}}<br/>{{CHN}}<br/>{{CUB}}<br/>{{CZE}}<br/>{{INA}}<br/>{{Flag|Moldova}}<ref>[http://www.vedomosti.md/news/Torgovlya_Oruzhiem_Pomoldavski Торговля оружием по-молдавски] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120135752/http://www.vedomosti.md/news/Torgovlya_Oruzhiem_Pomoldavski |date=November 20, 2018 }} — ''Молдавские ведомости'', February 10, 2009</ref><br/>{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.russiadefence.net/t2786-russia-angola-weapons-deal |title=Russia-Angola weapons deal |access-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904120930/http://www.russiadefence.net/t2786-russia-angola-weapons-deal |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><br/>{{SAF}}<br/>{{USA}}
| exports = <!-- Related articles -->
| history = [[Angolan War of Independence]] <br /> [[South African Border War]] <br /> [[Angolan Civil War]] <br /> [[First Congo War]] <br /> [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)|Second Brazzaville-Congolese Civil War]] <br /> [[Second Congo War]] <br /> [[2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état]]
| ranks = [[Military ranks of Angola]]
}}
The '''Angolan Armed Forces''' ({{langx|pt|Forças Armadas Angolanas}}) or '''FAA''' is the military of [[Angola]]. The FAA consist of the [[Angolan Army]] ({{Lang|pt|Exército Angolano}}), the [[Angolan Navy]] ({{Lang|pt|Marinha de Guerra Angolana}}) and the [[National Air Force of Angola]] ({{Lang|pt|Força Aérea Nacional de Angola}}). Reported total manpower in 2021 was about 107,000.<ref name=IISSp448 /> The FAA is headed by the [[Chief of General Staff (Angola)|Chief of the General Staff]] António Egídio de Sousa Santos since 2018, who reports to the [[Minister of National Defence (Angola)|minister of National Defense]], currently [[João Ernesto dos Santos]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces
|
Foreign relations of Angola
|
{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Politics of Angola}}
The '''foreign relations of Angola''' are based on Angola's strong support of [[U.S. foreign policy]] as the [[Angolan economy]] is dependent on U.S. foreign aid.
From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the [[Eastern bloc]], in particular the [[Soviet Union]],<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=April 2008|title=Angola|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/angola/102976.htm|access-date=2020-10-20|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]]}}}}</ref> [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2012)|Libya]],{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} and [[Cuba]].<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008" /> Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with [[Western world|Western countries]], cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention.<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008" /> In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States.<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008" /> It has entered the [[Southern African Development Community]] as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south.<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008" /> [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Namibia]] joined Angola in its military intervention in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], where Angolan troops remain in support of the [[Joseph Kabila]] government.<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008" /> It also has intervened in the [[Republic of the Congo]] (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.<ref name="U.S. Department of State 2008" />
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Angola
|
Albert Sidney Johnston
|
{{short description|Confederate States Army officer (1803–1862)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Albert Sidney Johnston
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1803|2|2}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1862|4|6|1803|2|2}}
| image = ASJohnston.jpg
| signature = Albert Sidney Johnston signature.svg
| caption = Johnston in uniform, {{circa|1861|lk=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Washington, Kentucky]], U.S.
| death_place = [[Shiloh, Hardin County, Tennessee|Shiloh]], [[Tennessee]], U.S.
| placeofburial = [[Texas State Cemetery]]
| allegiance = {{unbulleted list|[[United States]]|[[Republic of Texas]]|[[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]]}}
| serviceyears = {{unbulleted list|1826–1834; 1846–1861 (U.S.)|1836–1840 ([[Republic of Texas|Tex.]])|1861–1862 ([[Confederate States of America|C.S.]])}}
| rank = {{unbulleted list|[[Brevet (military)|Brevet]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] (U.S.)|[[Brigadier general|Senior Brigadier General]] (Tex.)|[[General officer|General]] (C.S.)}}
| branch = {{unbulleted list|[[United States Army]]|[[Army of the Republic of Texas|Texian Army]]|[[Confederate States Army]]}}
| branch_label = [[Military branch|Branch]]
| unit = {{unbulleted list|[[2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|2nd Infantry Regiment]]|[[6th Infantry Regiment (United States)|6th Infantry Regiment]]|Los Angeles Mounted Rifles}}
| commands = {{unbulleted list|1st Texas Rifles|[[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2d Cavalry Regiment]]|[[Department of the Pacific]]|[[Army of Central Kentucky]]|[[Army of Mississippi]]<br />Department No. 2}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Black Hawk War]]
* Texas-Indian Wars
** [[Battle of the Neches]]
* Mexican–American War
** [[Battle of Monterrey]]
* [[Utah War]]
* American Civil War
** [[Battle of Shiloh]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Hall of Honor (Texas Military)|Texas Military Hall of Honor]]
| relations =
}}
[[General officer|General]] '''Albert Sidney Johnston''' (February 2, 1803 – April 6, 1862) was an American military officer who served as a [[general officer]] in three different armies: the [[Texian Army]], the [[United States Army]], and the [[Confederate States Army]]. He saw extensive combat during his 34-year military career, fighting actions in the [[Black Hawk War]], the [[Texas-Indian Wars]], the [[Mexican–American War]], the [[Utah War]], and the [[American Civil War]], where he died on the battlefield.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston
|
Android (robot)
|
{{Short description|Robot resembling a human}}
{{Redirect|Mechanoid|other meanings|Mechanoid (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirects here|Androids}}
[[File:Repliee Q2.jpg|thumb|Repliee Q2, an android, can mimic human functions such as blinking, breathing and speaking, with the ability to recognize and process speech and touch, and then respond in kind.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
An '''android''' is a [[humanoid robot]] or other artificial being, often made from a flesh-like material.<ref name="Van Riper 10">{{Cite book|last=Van Riper|first=A. Bowdoin|title=Science in popular culture: a reference guide|url=https://archive.org/details/sciencepopularcu00ripe_428|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|location=Westport|year=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/sciencepopularcu00ripe_428/page/n28 10]|isbn=0-313-31822-0}}</ref><ref name="Prucher2007">{{cite book |author=Prucher |first=Jeff |title=[[Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-530567-8 |pages=6–7 |chapter=android |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYzi8m8FbEsC&pg=PA6}}</ref><ref name="Stableford2006">{{cite book|author=Brian M. Stableford|title=Science fact and science fiction: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=PA22|year=2006|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-415-97460-8|pages=22–23}}</ref><ref name="Wilson2006">{{cite book|author=Eric G. Wilson|title=The melancholy android: on the psychology of sacred machines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSLiPUPESGcC&pg=PA27|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6846-3|pages=27–28}}</ref> Historically, androids existed only in the domain of [[science fiction]] and were frequently seen in film and television, but advances in [[robotics|robot technology]] have allowed the design of functional and realistic [[humanoid]] robots.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCaw |first=Caroline |author-link=Caroline McCaw |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/225915408 |title=Http |date=2001 |publisher=[University of Otago?] |oclc=225915408}}</ref><ref>Ishiguro, Hiroshi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017073036/http://www.androidscience.com/proceedings2005/IshiguroCogSci2005AS.pdf "Android science."], ''[[Cognitive Science Society]]'', Osaka, 2005. Retrieved on 3 October 2013.</ref>
==Terminology==
[[File:Android Times Tue Dec 22 1795.jpg|thumb|Early example of the term ''androides'' used to describe human-like mechanical devices, ''[[London Times]]'', 22 December 1795]]
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' traces the earliest use (as "Androides") to [[Ephraim Chambers]]' 1728 ''[[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia]],'' in reference to an [[automaton]] that St. [[Albertus Magnus]] allegedly created.<ref name="Stableford2006" /><ref>''OED'' at "android" citing Ephraim Chambers, ''Cyclopædia; or, a universal dictionary of arts and sciences.'' 1728.</ref> By the late 1700s, "androides", elaborate mechanical devices resembling humans performing human activities, were displayed in exhibit halls.<ref>{{cite news |title=At the Mechanical Theater |work=[[London Times]] |date=22 December 1795}}</ref>
The term "android" appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=QhIAAAAAEBAJ|title=U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, ''Toy Automation''|publisher=[[Google Patents]]|access-date=7 January 2007}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The term ''android'' was used in a more modern sense by the French author [[Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam]] in his work ''[[The Future Eve|Tomorrow's Eve]]'' (1886), featuring an artificial humanoid robot named Hadaly.<ref name="Stableford2006" /> The term made an impact into English [[pulp science fiction]] starting from [[Jack Williamson]]'s ''[[The Cometeers]]'' (1936) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by [[Edmond Hamilton]]'s [[Captain Future]] stories (1940–1944).<ref name="Stableford2006" />
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)
|
Alberta
|
{{Short description|Province of Canada}}
{{About|the Canadian province|other uses|Alberta (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox province or territory of Canada
| name = Alberta
| settlement_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| image_flag = Flag of Alberta.svg
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Alberta.svg
| motto = {{langnf|la|Fortis et liber|strong and free}}
| image_map = Alberta in Canada 2.svg
| Label_map = yes
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1951|type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-AB|notes=<ref>{{cite cgndb|IAQFZ|Alberta }}</ref>|display=inline,title}}
| official_lang = English<ref name="Languages Act">{{cite web |title=Languages Act |publisher=Government of Alberta |url=https://open.alberta.ca/publications/l06 |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502170208/https://open.alberta.ca/publications/l06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francophones-of-alberta-franco-albertains |title=Francophones of Alberta (Franco-Albertains) |date=February 5, 2020 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |quote=In 1988, as a reaction to the Supreme Court’s Mercure case, Alberta passed the ''Alberta Languages Act'', making English the province's official language and repealing the language rights enjoyed under the North-West Territories Act, while allowing French in the Legislative Assembly and court. |last=Dupuis |first=Serge |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810121939/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francophones-of-alberta-franco-albertains |url-status=live }}</ref>
| capital = [[Edmonton]]
| largest_city = [[Calgary]]
| largest_metro = [[Calgary Metropolitan Region|Calgary Region]]
| Premier = [[Danielle Smith]]
| government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
| Viceroy = [[Salma Lakhani]]
| ViceroyType = Lieutenant governor
| Legislature = Legislative Assembly of Alberta
| Former = Districts of [[District of Alberta|Alberta]], [[District of Assiniboia|Assiniboia]], [[District of Athabasca|Athabasca]], [[District of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]]
| AdmittanceOrder = 10th, with [[Saskatchewan]]
| AdmittanceDate = {{start date and age|1905|09|01}} (split from [[Northwest Territories|NWT]])
| area_rank = 6th
| area_total_km2 = 661849
| area_land_km2 = 640082
| area_water_km2 = 19532
| PercentWater = 2.97
| population_demonym = Albertan
| population_rank = 4th
| population_total = 4368370 <!-- Use "Population_est" below for latest StatCan quarterly estimate. -->
| population_ref =<ref name="Alberta">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&SearchText=Alberta |work=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Data table |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209170542/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&SearchText=Alberta |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
| population_est = 4980659<!-- Latest StatCan quarterly estimate only. -->
| pop_est_as_of = Q2 2025
| pop_est_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2025 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref>
| DensityRank = 6th
| Density_km2 = 6.7<ref name="Alberta"/>
| GDP_total = $459.288 billion<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610022101 |title=Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427003100/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610022101 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_rank = 3rd (provincial)
| GDP_world_rank = ≈46th (see: [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]] (if compared globally)
| GDP_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal = $459.288 billion
| GDP_per_capita = $101,818
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 1st (provincial), ≈4th (see: [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]] (global <!-- Comparable to [[Singapore]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ireland]] -->
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta
|
Actinopterygii
|
{{Short description|Class of ray-finned bony fishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Actinopterygii
| name = Ray-finned fish
| fossil_range = <br>[[Ludlow Epoch|Late Silurian]]–[[Holocene|Present]], {{fossil range|earliest=Late Silurian|425|0|ref=<ref name="Zhao2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=W. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Jia |first3=G. |last4=Shen |first4=Y. |last5=Zhu |first5=M. |year=2021 |title=The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353479392 |journal=Science China Earth Sciences |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1784–1797 |doi=10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8 |bibcode=2021ScChD..64.1784Z |s2cid=236438229}}</ref>}}
| image = {{center|<imagemap>
File:Actinopterygii.jpg||300px
rect 0 0 333 232 [[Electrophorus electricus|Electric eel]]
rect 0 232 333 470 [[Red-bellied piranha]]
rect 0 696 333 470 [[Sockeye salmon]]
rect 0 928 333 700 [[Peacock flounder]]
rect 0 1160 333 930 [[Atlantic cod]]
rect 0 1392 333 1160 [[Spotted gar]]
rect 666 0 333 232 [[Yellowfin tuna]]
rect 666 232 333 470 [[Pterois antennata|Spotfin lionfish]]
rect 666 696 333 470 [[Caulophryne|Fanfin]]
rect 666 928 333 700 [[Monocentris japonica|Japanese pineconefish]]
rect 666 1160 333 930 [[American paddlefish]]
rect 666 1392 333 1160 [[Striped marlin]]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii
|
Albert Einstein
|
{{Short description|German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)}}
{{Redirect|Einstein||Einstein (disambiguation)|and|Albert Einstein (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Good article}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| native_name_lang = de
| image = Albert Einstein 1947.jpg
| caption = Einstein in 1947
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ulm]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}
| death_place = [[Princeton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| resting_place =
| children = {{flatlist|
* [[Lieserl Einstein|Lieserl]]
* [[Hans Albert Einstein|Hans Albert]]
* [[Einstein family#Eduard "Tete" Einstein (Albert's second son)|Eduard "Tete"]]}}
| family = [[Einstein family|Einstein]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Mileva Marić]]|1903|1919|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]|1919|1936|end=died<!--<ref name="66xNO" />{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}} -->}}}}
| citizenship = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}||{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], part of the German Empire (until 1896)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/>
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1896–1901)
* [[Switzerland]] (1901–1955)
* [[Kingdom of Prussia]], part of the German Empire (1914–1918)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/>
* [[Free State of Prussia]] ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918–1933)<ref group=note name=GEcitizen/>
* [[Citizenship of the United States|United States]] (1940–1955)
}}}}
| fields = [[Physics]]
| workplaces = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|{{Indented plainlist|
* [[University of Bern]] (1908–1909)
* [[University of Zurich]] (1909–1911)
* [[Charles University in Prague]] (1911–1912)
* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914)
* [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1914–1933)
* [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] (1914–1933)
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] (director, 1917–1933)
* [[German Physical Society]] (president, 1916–1918)
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955)
}}}}
| education = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[ETH Zurich|Swiss federal polytechnic school]] (teaching diploma, 1900)
* [[University of Zurich]] ([[PhD]], 1905)
}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Alfred Kleiner]]
| thesis_title = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)
| thesis_url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf
| thesis_year = 1905
| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]
| known_for = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[General relativity]]
* [[Special relativity]]
* [[Photoelectric effect]]
* [[Mass–energy equivalence|''E''=''mc''<sup>2</sup> (mass–energy equivalence)]]
* [[Planck–Einstein relation|''E''=''hf'' (Planck–Einstein relation)]]
* [[Brownian motion|Theory of Brownian motion]]
* [[Einstein field equations]]
* [[Bose–Einstein statistics]]
* [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]
* [[Gravitational wave]]
* [[Cosmological constant]]
* [[Unified field theory]]
* [[EPR paradox]]
* [[Ensemble interpretation]]
* [[List of things named after Albert Einstein|List of other concepts]]
}}
| awards = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|{{Indented plainlist|
* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science]] (1920)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1921)
* [[List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921|ForMemRS]] (1921)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Copley Medal]] (1925)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal of RAS]] (1926)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gold%20Medal%202021.pdf |title=The Gold Medal |publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society]] |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220130005/https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gold%20Medal%202021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929)
* [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences|Membership of NAS]] (1942)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001817.html|title=Membership directory|publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=20 December 2021|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220080311/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001817.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|''Time'' Person of the Century]] (1999)
}}}}
| module = {{Infobox person|child = yes
|signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg
|module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=03 ALBERT EINSTEIN.ogg|title=Albert Einstein's voice|type=speech|description=Opening of Einstein's speech (11 April 1943) for the [[United Jewish Appeal]] (recording by Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina)}}
}}
}}
{{Albert Einstein series}}
'''Albert Einstein'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}}, {{respell|EYEN|styne}};<ref name="NDxay"/> {{IPA|de|ˈalbɛʁt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}}} (14 March 1879{{snd}}18 April 1955) was a German-born<!-- Please do not change this—see talk page and its many archives.--> [[theoretical physicist]] who is best known for developing the [[theory of relativity]]. Einstein also made important contributions to [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name="frs"/><ref name="YangHamilton2010"/> His [[mass–energy equivalence]] formula {{math|1=[[Mass–energy equivalence#Mass–velocity relationship|''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>]]}}, which arises from [[special relativity]], has been called "the world's most famous equation".<ref name="LnLVo"/> He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for {{qi|his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the [[photoelectric effect]]}}.<ref name="Nobel Prize"/>
Born in the [[German Empire]], Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his [[German citizenship]] (as a subject of the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]])<ref name=GEcitizen group="note"/> the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss [[ETH Zurich|federal polytechnic school]] in [[Zurich]], graduating in 1900. He acquired [[Swiss citizenship]] a year later, which he kept for the rest of his life, and afterwards secured a permanent position at the [[Swiss Patent Office]] in [[Bern]]. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the [[University of Zurich]]. In 1914, he moved to Berlin to join the [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], becoming director of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics]] in 1917; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]].<ref name=GEcitizen group="note"/> In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Adolf Hitler came to power]] in Germany. Horrified by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] persecution of his fellow Jews,<ref name="zE9Bz"/> he decided to remain in the US, and was granted [[American citizen]]ship in 1940.<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001"/> On the eve of [[World War II]], he endorsed [[Einstein–Szilard letter|a letter]] to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] alerting him to the potential [[German nuclear weapons program]] and recommending that the US begin [[Manhattan Project|similar research]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
|
Afghanistan
|
{{Short description|Country in Central Asia}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|the group|Taliban|the state that existed from 1996 to 2001|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
| common_name = Afghanistan
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ps|Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}}}}|{{native name|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|prs|Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān}}}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Taliban.svg
| flag_caption = Flag
| image_coat = Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg
| alt_coat = Coat of Arms of the Islamic Emirate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |title=Document 77746 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Afghanistan|Emblem]]
| national_motto = {{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh}}<br/>
"There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]]; [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the messenger of God." (''[[Shahadah]]'')
| national_anthem = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}}<br />"{{transliteration|ps|Dā Də Bātorāno Kor}}"<br />"[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=19 June 2013 |title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed? |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{center| }}
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Afghanistan}}
| map_width = 250px
| capital = [[Kabul]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]</ref>
| largest_city = Kabul
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 42% [[Pashtun]]
| 27% [[Tajiks|Tajik]]
| {{figure space}}9% [[Hazaras|Hazara]]
| {{figure space}}9% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]
| {{figure space}}4% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]]
| {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]
| {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]]
| {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|other]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghan conflict|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref name="Population Matters" />}}<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |via=ReliefWeb |publisher= NATO CFC |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053054/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2010 unofficial estimates
| religion = {{Tree list}}
* 99.9% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]]
** 89.1% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan Country focus |url=https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_01_EASO_COI_Report_Afghanistan_Country_focus.pdf |publisher=[[European Union Agency for Asylum]] |access-date=22 February 2025 |date=January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kawa |first1=Amin |title=Taliban's Opposition to Islamic Sects; Nadeem: "All Afghans Are Followers of the Hanafi Denomination" |url=https://8am.media/eng/talibans-opposition-to-islamic-sects-nadeem-all-afghans-are-followers-of-the-hanafi-denomination/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=Hasht e Subh Daily |date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |last2=Khosrow |first2=Mansour |title=Afghanistan's Shi'ite Minority Suffers 'Systematic Discrimination' Under Taliban Rule |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-shiite-persecution-discrimination/32507042.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
** 10.8% [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]]
* 0.1% [[Religion in Afghanistan|other]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=1c |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]] |language=en-gb}}</ref>
| demonym = [[Afghans|Afghan]]{{Efn|Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185738/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani |date=3 March 2016 }} (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> Afghanese and Afghanistani (see [[Afghans]] for further details)<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180827/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |url-status=live }}</ref>
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] totalitarian<ref>
*{{cite journal |last1=Sakhi |first1=Nilofar |title=The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox |journal=[[Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs]] |date=December 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.1177/23477970221130882 |s2cid=253945821 |quote=Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology. |issn = 2347-7970}}
*{{cite web |last1=Madadi |first1=Sayed |title=Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=6 September 2022 |quote=In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205909/https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last1=Sadr |first1=Omar |title=Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |website=Fair Observer |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=23 March 2022 |quote=The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime. |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115118/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022 |quote=As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205911/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last=Akbari |first=Farkhondeh |title=The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |website=[[George Washington University]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=7 March 2022 |quote=In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level. |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[theocratic]] Islamic [[emirate]]<!--Non-monarchical emirate--><ref>
*{{cite news |last=Bezhan |first=Frud |title=Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |work=[[Radio Farda]] |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103928/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting prime minister|acting]])
| leader_title3 = [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name3 = [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]]
| legislature = None{{efn|Afghanistan is a pure [[autocracy]], with all law ultimately originating from the supreme leader. Consensus rule was initially used among the Taliban, but was phased out as the supreme leader monopolized control in the months following the 2021 return to power.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. S. Tirumurti |title=Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3975071/files/S_2022_419-EN.pdf?ln=en |publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kraemer |first1=Thomas |title=Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[JURIST]] |date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233605/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawi |first1=Akmal |title=Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041049/https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an advisory [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]], however its role is in question as the supreme leader has not convened it for many months ({{as of|lc=y|2023|03|post=),}} and increasingly rules by decree.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Oxford Analytica |author1-link=Oxford Analytica |title=Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader |journal=Expert Briefings |series=Emerald Expert Briefings |date=10 March 2023 |volume=oxan-db |issue=oxan-db |doi=10.1108/OXAN-DB276639 |quote=[Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.}}</ref>}}
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Hotak dynasty|Hotak Emirate]]
| established_date1 = 21 April 1709
| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}}
| established_date2 = June 1747
| established_event3 = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Barakzai Emirate]]
| established_date3 = 1823
| established_event4 = [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan]]
| established_date4 = [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|27 May 1863]]
| established_event5 = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence]]
| established_date5 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]]
| established_event6 = [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]]
| established_date6 = 9 June 1926
| established_event7 = [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic]]
| established_date7 = [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|17 July 1973]]
| established_event8 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic]]
| established_date8 = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]]
| established_event9 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]]
| established_date9 = 28 April 1992
| established_event10 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]]
| established_date10 = 27 September 1996
| established_event11 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}}
| established_date11 = 26 January 2004
| established_event12 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]]
| established_date12 = 15 August 2021
| area_km2 = 652,867<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref>
| area_rank = 40th
| area_sq_mi = 252,072
| percent_water = negligible
| population_estimate = 36–50 million{{efn|name=pop_note}}
| population_estimate_year = July 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 36th
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 42045000/652867 round 0}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 42045000/252072 round 0}}
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $91.668 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Afghanistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,174<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $17.329 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $411<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th
| HDI = 0.496<!-- number only -->
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=2025|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 181st
| currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] ({{lang|prs|افغانى}})
| currency_code = AFN
| time_zone = [[Afghanistan Time]]
| utc_offset = +4:30<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|title=Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215203607/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Lunar Hijri calendar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar |url=https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Hasht-e Subh Daily |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref>
| drives_on = right
| cctld = [[.af]]
| today =
}}
'''Afghanistan''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Afghanistan.ogg|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n|,_|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}}} officially the '''Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت}}|{{langx|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}}}}} is a [[landlocked country]] located at the crossroads of [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]]. It is bordered by [[Pakistan]] to the [[Durand Line|east and south]],{{efn|The [[Government of India]] regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India. However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|access-date=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} [[Iran]] to the [[Afghanistan–Iran border|west]], [[Turkmenistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border|northwest]], [[Uzbekistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border|north]], [[Tajikistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Tajikistan border|northeast]], and [[China]] to the [[Afghanistan–China border|northeast and east]]. Occupying {{convert|652864|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains [[Afghan Turkestan|in the north]] and [[Sistan Basin|the southwest]], which are separated by the [[Hindu Kush]] mountain range. [[Kabul]] is the country's capital and largest city. [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's population]] is estimated to be between 36 and 50 million.{{efn| The last census was conducted in 1979. Sources disagree about the current population:
* The Afghani [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] gives an estimate of 35,695,527 for 2024.<ref name="NSIA pop">{{cite web |url = https://nsia.gov.af/library |title = Library |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 23 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220323031521/https://nsia.gov.af/library |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWzeE5zCoqwHfht-16xVkHejlgW9Wbeb/view |title = Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2024-25 |website = [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref>
* The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] gives an estimate of 36,432,000 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan |title = Afghanistan |website = www.britannica.com |access-date = 25 January 2025}}</ref>
* The BBC gives a figure of 38.3 million for 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12011352 |title = Afghanistan country profile |date = 15 August 2023 |website = bbc.com |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref>
* The CIA gives an estimate of 40,121,552 for 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |title = Afghanistan |website = cia.gov |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref>
* The UN gives an estimate of 42,045,000 for 2024.<ref name="UN pop">{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Summary of Results |at = p61 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Data_Sources.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Data Sources |at = p11 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref>
* The US Census Bureau provides an estimate of 49,552,566 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/af |title = Afghanistan |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref>
All figures are mid-year.|name=pop_note}}
[[Ancient history of Afghanistan|Human habitation in Afghanistan]] dates to the [[Middle Paleolithic]] era. Popularly referred to as the [[graveyard of empires]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=Why Is Afghanistan the 'Graveyard of Empires'? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170328/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> the land [[Invasions of Afghanistan|has witnessed numerous military campaigns]], including those by the [[Persian empire|Persians]], [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Maurya Empire]], [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Arab Muslims]], the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongols]], the [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Great Game|British]], the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union]], and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|a US-led coalition]]. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrians]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], among others, rose to form major empires.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011103002246/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archivedate=3 November 2001|title=The Pre-Islamic Period |work=Afghanistan Country Study |publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology |first=Luke |last=Griffin |date=14 January 2002 |access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> Because of the various conquests and periods in both the [[Greater Iran|Iranian]] and [[Greater India|Indian]] cultural spheres,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9781135189792 |page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The remarkable rugs of war, Drill Hall Gallery|date=30 July 2021|work=The Australian|url=https://theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122182853/https://theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-date=22 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> the area was a center for [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], and later Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|title=Professing Faith: Religious traditions in Afghanistan are diverse|date=16 September 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006122528/https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern state of Afghanistan began with the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Afghan Empire]] in the 18th century,<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan: the land that forgot time|date=26 October 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214155028/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11|url-status=live}}</ref> although [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first [[Emirate of Afghanistan|modern Afghan state]].<ref>{{Cite web|year=1995|title=DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan|access-date=8 February 2023|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429181100/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan|url-status=live}}</ref> Afghanistan became a [[buffer state]] in the [[Great Game]] between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. From India, the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]; the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] saw a British victory. Following the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] in 1926. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] was [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|overthrown in 1973]], following which the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] was established.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan
|
Albania
|
{{Short description|Country in Southeast Europe}}
{{About|the country}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Albania
| native_name = {{native name|sq|Republika e Shqipërisë}}
| common_name = Albania
| image_flag = Flag of Albania.svg
| alt_flag = Red flag with a black double-headed eagle in the centre
| image_coat = [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|60px]]
| national_motto = {{native phrase|sq|[[Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder, më jep emrin Shqipëtar|Ti Shqipëri, më jep nder,<br />më jep emrin Shqipëtar]]|paren=no|italic=yes}}<br />"You Albania, you give me honour,<br />you give me the name Albanian"
| national_anthem = {{lang|sq|"[[Himni i Flamurit]]"|italic=no}}<br />"Hymn to the Flag"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hymni i Flamurit instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| image_map = [[File:Location Albania Europe.png|225px|frameless]]
| map_caption = Location of Albania (green)<br /> in [[Europe]] (dark grey)
| capital = [[Tirana]]
| largest_city = [[Tirana]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|19|N|19|49|E|type:city(557,000)_region:AL-11}}
| official_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
| languages2_type = Recognised minority languages
| languages2 = {{hlist|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]|[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|97.7% [[Albanians]]
|1.0% [[Greeks in Albania|Greeks]]
|1.3% Others
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instat.gov.al/media/13581/cens-i-popullsise-2023.pdf|title=CENSI I POPULLSISË DHE BANESAVE NË SHQIPËRI 2023|website=www.instat.gov.al}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2023{{efn|excluding population for which data is not available}}
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
| {{Tree list}}
* 50.67% [[Islam in Albania|Islam]]
** 45.86% [[Islam in Albania|Sunni]]
** 4.81% [[Bektashism in Albania|Bektashism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| {{Tree list}}
* 16.02% [[Christianity in Albania|Christianity]]
** 8.39% [[Catholic Church in Albania|Catholicism]]
** 7.23% [[Albanian Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]]
** 0.40% [[Protestantism in Albania|Protestantism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| 13.83% [[Irreligion in Albania|Irreligion]]
| 3.55% [[Irreligion in Albania|atheism]]
| 15.92% undeclared}}
| religion_year = 2023
| religion_ref = {{sfn|2023 Albanian census|2024|p=76}}
| demonym = [[Albanians|Albanian]]
| government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Albania|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bajram Begaj]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Edi Rama]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Albania|Kuvendi]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Albania|Parliament Speaker]]
| leader_name3 = [[Elisa Spiropali]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Albania|Establishment history]]
| established_event1 = [[Principality of Arbanon]]
| established_date1 = 1190
| established_event2 = [[Albanian principalities]]
| established_date2 = 12th–15th centuries
| established_event3 = [[Kingdom of Albania (medieval)|Kingdom of Albania]]
| established_date3 = February 1272
| established_event4 = [[Principality of Albania (medieval)|Principality of Albania]]
| established_date4 = 1359
| established_event5 = [[League of Lezhë]]
| established_date5 = 2 March 1444
| established_event6 = [[Pashalik of Scutari]]/[[Pashalik of Janina|Janina]]/[[Pashalik of Berat|Berat]]
| established_date6 = 1757/1787
| established_event7 = [[League of Prizren]]
| established_date7 = 10 June 1878
| established_event8 = [[Independent Albania]]
| established_date8 = 28 November 1912
| established_event9 = [[Principality of Albania]]
| established_date9 = 29 July 1913
| established_event10 = [[Albanian Republic (1925–1928)|1st Republic of Albania]]
| established_date10 = 31 January 1925
| established_event11 = [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)|Kingdom of Albania]]
| established_date11 = 1 September 1928
| established_event12 = [[People's Republic of Albania|2nd Republic of Albania]]
| established_date12 = 10 January 1946
| established_event13 = [[Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania|3rd Republic of Albania]]
| established_date13 = 28 December 1976
| established_event14 = 4th Republic of Albania
| established_date14 = 29 April 1991
| established_event15 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Albania|Current constitution]]}}
| established_date15 = 28 November 1998
| area_km2 = 28,748
| area_sq_mi = 11,100
| area_rank = 140th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| percent_water = 4.7
| population_census = 2,402,113{{sfn|2023 Albanian census|2024|p=105}}
| population_census_year = 2023
| population_census_rank = 142nd <!-- Population rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by population]] -->
| population_density_km2 = 83.6{{sfn|2023 Albanian census|2024|p=105}}
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $63.080 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AL">{{cite web |url=https://meetings.imf.org/en/IMF/Home/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=914,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LP,&sy=2021&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Albania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 118th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $23,404<ref name="IMFWEO.AL" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 80th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $28.372 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AL" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 125th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,526<ref name="IMFWEO.AL" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 79th
| Gini_year = 2021
| Gini = 29.4<!-- number only -->
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-AL&most_recent_value_desc=false|lang=en|title=Gini Coefficient Index-World, Albania|publisher= WorldBank Group, World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year -->
| HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI = 0.810
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 71st
| currency = [[Albanian lek|Lek]]
| currency_code = ALL
| patron_saint = [[Our Lady of Good Counsel]]
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Albania|+355]]
| cctld = [[.al]]
}}
'''Albania''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Albania.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|b|eɪ|n|i|ə|,_|ɔː|l|-}} {{respell|a(w)l|BAY|nee|ə}}; {{langx|sq|Shqipëri}} or {{lang|sq|Shqipëria}}), {{IPA|sq|ʃcipəˈɾi(a)|pron}}; {{langx|aln|Shqipni}} or {{langx|aln|Shqipnia}}, also {{langx|aln|Shqypni}} or {{langx|aln|Shqypnia}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fialuurivoghels00junggoog|title=Fialuur i voghel scc...p e ltinisct mle...un prei P. Jak Junkut t' Scocniis ...|last=Giacomo Jungg|date=1 January 1895|publisher=N'Sckoder t' Scc...pniis|access-date=23 July 2016|via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>}} officially the '''Republic of Albania''',{{efn|{{langx|sq|Republika e Shqipërisë|link=no}}, {{IPA|sq|ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾisə|pron}}}} is a country in [[Southeast Europe]]. It is located in the [[Balkans]], on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and [[Ionian Sea]]s within the [[Mediterranean Sea]], and shares [[land border]]s with [[Montenegro]] to the northwest, [[Kosovo]] to the northeast, [[North Macedonia]] to the east and [[Greece]] to the south. With an area of {{Convert|28748|sqkm|abbr=on}}, it has a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. Albania's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the [[Accursed Mountains|Albanian Alps]] and the [[Korab]], [[Central Mountain Range, Albania#Skanderbeg Mountains|Skanderbeg]], [[Pindus]] and [[Ceraunian Mountains]], to fertile lowland plains extending from the [[Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast|Adriatic]] and [[Albanian Ionian Sea Coast|Ionian]] seacoasts. [[Tirana]] is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by [[Durrës]], [[Vlorë]], and [[Shkodër]].
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania
|
Allah
|
{{Short description|Arabic word for God}}
{{About|the Arabic word for God|the Islamic conception of God|God in Islam|other uses|Allah (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Allah3.svg|thumb|right|The word 'Allah' in ''[[thuluth]]'' [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]]]]
{{Allah}}
'''Allah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|ə|,_|ˈ|ɑː|l|ə|,_|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː}} {{respell|A(H)L|ə|,_|ə|LAH}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/allah "Allah"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/allah|title=Allah|work=[[Oxford Learner's Dictionaries]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-18|title=Definition of ALLAH|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Allah|access-date=2024-04-08|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> {{langx|ar|الله}}, {{IPA|ar|ɑɫˈɫɑːh|IPA|Ar-allah.ogg}}) is an Arabic term for [[God]], specifically the [[God in Abrahamic religions|monotheistic God]]. Outside of Arabic languages, it is principally associated with [[God in Islam|Islam]] (in which it is also considered the proper name), although the term was used in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] and continues to be used today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of the [[Abrahamic religions]], including [[God in Judaism|Judaism]] and [[God in Christianity|Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|title=God|work=Islam: Empire of Faith|publisher=PBS|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref><ref>"Islam and Christianity", ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allāh''.</ref><ref name="gardet-allah">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047|title=Allah|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|first=L.|last=Gardet|access-date=2 May 2007|editor1-first=P.|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Th.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=C.E.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-first=W.P.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|publisher=Brill Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Allah|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah|access-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420121231/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah|archive-date=20 April 2014|author=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> It is thought to be derived by contraction from ''[[Arabic definite article|al]]-[[Ilah|ilāh]]'' ({{Lang|ar|الاله|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|the god}}) and is linguistically related to God's names in other [[Semitic languages]], such as [[Aramaic]] ({{Lang|arc|ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|arc|ʼAlāhā}}) and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ({{Lang|he|אֱלוֹהַּ|rtl=yes}} {{Transliteration|he|ʾĔlōah}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|year=2006|title=Allah|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah|editor=Oliver Leaman|page=34|isbn=978-0-415-32639-1|author=Zeki Saritoprak}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Vincent J. Cornell|title=God: God in Islam|editor=Lindsay Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|volume=5|year=2005|page=724}}</ref>
The word "Allah" now conveys the superiority or sole existence of [[Monotheism|one God]],<ref name="Robin304">{{cite book|author=Christian Julien Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304|title=Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity|publisher=OUP USA|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-533693-1|pages=304–305}}</ref> but among the [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia#Role of Allah|pre-Islamic Arabs]], [[Creator deity|Allah was a supreme deity]] and was worshipped alongside lesser deities in a [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref name="auto">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow|title=Allah|encyclopedia=The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend|publisher=Facts on File|year=2004|page=53|isbn=978-1-4381-2685-2}}</ref> Many Jews, Christians, and [[early Muslims]] used "Allah" and "al-ilah" synonymously in [[Classical Arabic]]. The word is also frequently, albeit not exclusively, used by [[Bábism|Bábists]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼís]], [[Mandaeans]], [[Christianity in Indonesia|Indonesian Christians]], [[Christianity in Malta|Maltese Christians]], and [[Sephardic Jews]],<ref name="Britannica">
"Allah." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref name="EncMMENA">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, ''Allah''</ref><ref>Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer ''The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition'' Shambhala Publications 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8348-2414-0}} page 531</ref> as well as by the [[Gagauz people]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|author=Carl Skutsch|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|page=480}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah
|
Algorithms (journal)
|
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox journal
| title = Algorithms
| image =
| language =
| editor = Frank Werner
| discipline = [[Algorithm]]s
| caption =
| former_name =
| abbreviation = Algorithms
| mathscinet = Algorithms (Basel)
| publisher = [[MDPI]]
| country =
| frequency = Monthly
| history = 2008–present
| openaccess = Yes
| license =
| impact = 2.3
| website = http://www.mdpi.com/journal/algorithms
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| impact-year = 2022
| ISSN =
| eISSN = 1999-4893
| LCCN =
| OCLC = 405716627
| CODEN = ALGOCH
}}
'''''Algorithms''''' is a monthly [[peer-reviewed]] [[open-access]] [[scientific journal]] of [[mathematics]], covering design, analysis, and experiments on [[algorithm]]s. The journal is published by [[MDPI]] and was established in 2008. The founding [[editor-in-chief]] was [[Kazuo Iwama (computer scientist)|Kazuo Iwama]] ([[Kyoto University]]).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Editor's Foreword |volume=1 |issue=1 |journal=Algorithms |page=1 |year=2008 |doi=10.3390/a1010001 |first=Kazuo |last=Iwama |author-link=Kazuo Iwama (computer scientist) |doi-access=free}}</ref> From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-chief was Henning Fernau ([[Universität Trier]]). The current editor-in-chief is Frank Werner ([[Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg]]).
==Abstracting and indexing==
According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2022 [[impact factor]] of 2.3.<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2023 |chapter= Algorithms |title=[[Journal Citation Reports|2022 Journal Citation Reports]] |publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]] |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]]}}</ref>
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Chemical Abstracts Service]]<ref name=CASSI>{{cite web |url=http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |title=CAS Source Index |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |work=[[Chemical Abstracts Service]] |access-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100211180645/http://cassi.cas.org/ |archive-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Ei Compendex]]<ref name=Compendex>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/engineering-village/contentdatabase-overview |title=Content/Database Overview - Compendex Source List |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Engineering Village |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Emerging Sources Citation Index]]<ref name=ISI>{{cite web |url=http://mjl.clarivate.com/ |title=Master Journal List |publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Inspec]]<ref name=Inspec>{{cite web |url=http://www.theiet.org/resources/inspec/support/docs/loj.cfm?type=pdf |title=Inspec list of journals |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology (professional society)|Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |work=Inspec |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[MathSciNet]]
*[[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100199795 |title=Source details: Algorithms |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Scopus preview |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[zbMATH Open]] (2008–2019).<ref name=MATH>{{cite web |url=https://zbmath.org/serials/6757 |title=Algorithms|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |work=[[zbMATH Open]] |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>
}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_(journal)
|
Azerbaijan
|
{{Short description|Country in Eastern Europe and West Asia}}
{{about|the country|the region of Iran|Azerbaijan (Iran)|other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Azerbaijan
| common_name = Azerbaijan
| native_name = {{native name|az|Azərbaycan Respublikası}}
| image_flag = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg
| alt_flag = Three equally sized horizontal bands of blue, red, and green, with a white crescent and an eight-pointed star centered in the red band
| image_coat = Emblem of Azerbaijan.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_anthem = {{lang|az|[[Azərbaycan marşı]]}}<br />"March of Azerbaijan"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Azərbaycan marşı instrumental.ogg]]}}
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Azerbaijan orthographic projection.svg|225px]]|Show globe|[[File:Azerbaijan - Location Map (2013) - AZE - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Azerbaijan|default=1}}
| map_caption =
| capital = [[Baku]]
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates = {{coord|40|23|N|49|50|E|type:city}}
| official_languages = [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan |url=http://ask.org.az/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Konstitusiya_ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ask.org.az/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Konstitusiya_ENG.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |publisher=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |access-date=31 August 2020|quote=I. The official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani Language. The Republic of Azerbaijan guarantees the development of Azerbaijani Language.}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2019<ref name="2019ethnic">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=National (ethnic) composition of population |url=https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/en/001_11-12en.xls |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=[[State Statistics Committee]] |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055024/https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/en/001_11-12en.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |94.8% [[Azerbaijanis|Azerbaijani]]|1.7% [[Lezgins|Lezgin]]|0.9% [[Talysh people|Talysh]]|0.7% [[Russians in Azerbaijan|Russian]]|item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em|1.9% [[#Ethnicity|others]]}}
| languages_type = Minority languages
| languages = [[Languages of Azerbaijan|See full list]]
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|97.3% [[Islam in Azerbaijan|Islam]]
|2.6% [[Christianity in Azerbaijan|Christianity]]
|<0.1% [[Religion in Azerbaijan|other religion]]
|<0.1% [[Irreligion in Azerbaijan|unaffiliated]]
}}
| religion_ref = <ref name=WorldFactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/|title=CIA World Factbook – Azerbaijan|url-status=live|accessdate=23 January 2021|archivedate=27 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/}}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist |Azerbaijani|Azeri}}
| government_type = Unitary [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic]]<ref name="LaPorte2016">{{cite book |last=LaPorte |first=Jody |author-link=<!-- Jody LaPorte --> |year=2016 |chapter=Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan |editor1-last=Elgie |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-link=Robert Elgie (academic) |editor2-last=Moestrup |editor2-first=Sophia |editor2-link=Sophia Moestrup |title=Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |publication-date=15 May 2016 |pages=91–117 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4 |isbn=978-1-137-38780-6 |lccn=2016939393 |oclc=6039791976 |quote=LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan's semi-presidential regime. }}</ref> under a [[hereditary dictatorship]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Azerbaijan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Ilham Aliyev]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Azerbaijan|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mehriban Aliyeva]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Azerbaijan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Ali Asadov]]
| legislature = [[National Assembly (Azerbaijan)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Azerbaijan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|People's Republic]]
| established_date1 = 28 May 1918
| established_event2 = [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| established_date2 = 28 April 1920
| established_event3 = Independence from [[Soviet Union]]
| established_date3 = {{plainlist|
* 18 October 1991 (declared)
* 26 December 1991 (recognized)}}
| established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Azerbaijan|Constitution]] adopted}}
| established_date4 = 12 November 1995
| area_km2 = 86600
| area_rank = 112th
| area_sq_mi = 33436 <!-- Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
| percent_water = 1.6
| population_estimate = 10,353,296<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Azerbaijan|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 90th
| population_density_km2 = 117
| population_density_sq_mi = 293 <!-- Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
| population_density_rank = 99th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $272 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=912,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2024&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Azerbaijan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=April 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 78th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $26,235<ref name="IMFWEO.AZ" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} 79 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AZ" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 82nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,604<ref name="IMFWEO.AZ" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 90th
| Gini = 33.7 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2008
| Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.789
| HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. -->
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 81th
| currency = [[Azerbaijani manat|Manat]] (₼)
| currency_code = AZN
| time_zone = [[Azerbaijan Time|AZT]]
| utc_offset = +4
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan|+994]]
| cctld = [[.az]]
| religion_year = 2020
}}
'''Azerbaijan''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|UK|audio=En-Azerbaijan-pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|n|,_|-|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n}} {{respell|AZ|ər|by|JA(H)N}}, {{IPAc-en|US|audio=en-us-Azerbaijan.ogg|ˌ|ɑː|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|æ|z|-|}} {{respell|A(H)Z|ər|by|JAHN}};<ref>
{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}; {{cite book|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{langx|az|Azərbaycan}} {{IPA|az|ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn|}}}} officially the '''Republic of Azerbaijan''',{{efn|{{langx|az|Azərbaycan Respublikası|links=no}} {{IPA|az|ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ|}}; '''Azerbaijan Republic''' is sometimes used in an official capacity.}} is a [[Boundaries between the continents|transcontinental]] and [[landlocked country]] at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe.{{efn|While often politically aligned with Europe, Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the [[Boundaries between the continents of Earth|standard Asia–Europe divide]], the [[Greater Caucasus]]. The United Nations' classification of world regions places Azerbaijan in Western Asia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic Regions |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> the [[CIA World Factbook]] places it mostly in Southwest Asia,<ref name=WorldFactbook/> and ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'' places it in both.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of AZERBAIJAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com:443/dictionary/Azerbaijan |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>}} It is a part of the [[South Caucasus]] region and is bounded by the [[Caspian Sea]] to the east, Russia's republic of [[Dagestan]] to the north, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to the northwest, [[Armenia]] and [[Turkey]] to the west, and [[Iran]] to the south. [[Baku]] is the capital and largest city.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan
|
Amateur astronomy
|
{{Short description|Hobby of watching the sky and stars}}
{{Redirect-multi|4|Amateur astronomer|Popular astronomy|Skygazing|Stargazing|the magazine|The Amateur Astronomer|Buddhist practice|Sky gazing (Dzogchen)|other uses|Stargazing (disambiguation)|and|Popular Astronomy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[Image:Astronomy Amateur 3 V2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Amateur astronomers watch the night sky during the [[Perseids|Perseid]] meteor shower.]]
'''Amateur astronomy''' is a [[hobby]] where participants enjoy observing or imaging [[celestial objects]] in the [[sky]] using the [[Naked eye|unaided eye]], [[binoculars]], or [[telescope]]s. Even though scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateur astronomers make contributions in doing [[citizen science]], such as by monitoring [[variable stars]],<ref name="AAVSO">{{cite web
|title= American Association of Variable Star Observers : The AAVSO Research Portal
|url= https://www.aavso.org/aavso-research-portal
|access-date= 2017-09-17
|archive-date= January 4, 2018
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180104022111/http://www.aavso.org/aavso-research-portal
|url-status= live
}}</ref> [[double stars]],<ref name="Heintz1978">{{cite book
|last=Heintz
|first=W. D.
|year=1978
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/DoubleStars/page/n12 4]–10
|title=Double Stars
|publisher=D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
|isbn=90-277-0885-1
|url=https://archive.org/details/DoubleStars
}}</ref> [[sunspot]]s,<ref>{{cite book |title=New Eyes on the Sun: A Guide to Satellite Images and Amateur Observation |first=John |last=Wilkinson |year=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-22839-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7jRqTp9khUC&pg=PR5}}</ref> or [[occultation]]s of [[star]]s by the [[Moon]]<ref name="Iota2017">{{cite web
|title= International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) : Introduction to Observing Occultations
|url= https://occultations.org/observing/observing-basics/
|access-date= 2017-09-17
|archive-date= September 17, 2017
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124224/https://occultations.org/observing/observing-basics/
|url-status= live
}}</ref> or [[asteroid]]s,<ref name="Iota2017" /> or by discovering [[transient astronomical event]]s, such as [[comet]]s,<ref name="Clay1981">{{cite book
|last1=Clay Sherrod
|first1=P. Clay
|last2=Koed
|first2=Thomas L.
|date=1981
|title=A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations
|page=66
|publisher=Courier Corporation
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zjv84hHNPcC&pg=PA66
|isbn=978-0-486-15216-5
}}</ref> galactic [[nova]]e<ref name="Marsden1988">
{{cite book
|last1=Marsden |first1=B.G.
|editor2-first=Michèle
|editor2-last=Gerbaldi
|editor1-first=Storm
|editor1-last=Dunlop
|date=1988
|title=Stargazers : The Contribution of Amateurs to Astronomy : Amateur Astronomers and the IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams and Minor Planet Center
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krL0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67
|page=68
|publisher=Springer-Verlag
|isbn=978-3-540-50230-2
|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6
}}</ref> or [[supernova]]e in other [[galaxy|galaxies]].<ref name="Zuckerman1996">
{{cite book
|last1=Zuckerman |first1=Ben
|last2=Malkan |first2=Matthew A.
|date=1996
|title=The Origin and Evolution of the Universe
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0iR4jpWKN4C&pg=PA68
|publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]]
|page=68
|isbn=0-7637-0030-4
}}</ref>
Amateur astronomers do not use the field of [[astronomy]] as their primary source of income or support, and usually have no professional degree in astrophysics or advanced academic training in the subject. Most amateurs are hobbyists, while others have a high degree of experience in astronomy and may often assist and work alongside professional astronomers.<ref name="Skytelescope">{{cite web
|title= Sky & Telescope : Pro-Am Collaboration
|url= http://www.skyandtelescope.com/get-involved/pro-am-collaboration/
|access-date= 2017-09-17
|archive-date= September 2, 2017
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170902130920/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/get-involved/pro-am-collaboration/
|url-status= live
}}</ref> Many astronomers have studied the sky throughout history in an amateur framework; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century, professional astronomy has become an activity clearly distinguished from amateur astronomy and associated activities.<ref name="Meadows1988">
{{cite book
|last1=Meadows |first1=A.J.
|editor2-first=Michèle
|editor2-last=Gerbaldi
|editor1-first=Storm
|editor1-last=Dunlop
|date=1988
|title=Stargazers : The Contribution of Amateurs to Astronomy : Twentieth-Century Amateur Astronomers
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krL0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20
|page=20
|publisher=Springer-Verlag
|isbn=978-3-540-50230-2
|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6
}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy
|
Aikido
|
{{short description|Modern Japanese martial art}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox martial art
| logosize = 40px
| image = Shihonage.jpg
| imagecaption = A version of the "four-direction throw" ({{transliteration|ja|shihōnage}}) with standing attacker ({{transliteration|ja| Uke}}) and seated defender ({{transliteration|ja|Tori}})
| imagesize = 300px
| imagealt = A man kneeling throws another man from a standing position; both are wearing robes
| name = Aikido
| aka =
| focus = [[Grappling]] and [[Hard and soft techniques#Soft technique|softness]]<!-- see the many discussions at Talk:Aikido -->
| hardness = Full contact
| country = Japan
| creator = [[Morihei Ueshiba]]
| famous pract = [[Kisshomaru Ueshiba]], [[Moriteru Ueshiba]], [[Koichi Tohei]], [[Christian Tissier]], [[Morihiro Saito]], [[Akira Tohei]], [[Yoshimitsu Yamada]], [[Mitsunari Kanai]], [[Gozo Shioda]], [[Mitsugi Saotome]], [[Steven Seagal]], [[Takashi Kushida]], [[Kyoichi Inoue]], [[Robert Mustard]], [[Fumio Toyoda]]
| parenthood =
| ancestor arts = [[Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu]]
| descendant arts = [[Jieitaikakutojutsu]]
| olympic =
| website =
}}
'''Aikido''' ({{small|[[Shinjitai]]:}} {{lang|ja|[[wikt:合気道|合気道]]}}, {{small|[[Kyūjitai]]:}} {{lang|ja|[[wikt:合氣道|合氣道]]}}, {{transliteration|ja|aikidō}}, {{IPA|ja|aikiꜜdoː}}) is a [[gendai budō|modern Japanese martial art]] which is split into many different styles including [[Iwama Ryu]], [[Iwama Shin Shin Aiki Shuren Kai]], [[Shodokan Aikido]], [[Yoshinkan]], [[Renshinkai]], [[Aikikai]], and [[Ki Aikido]]. Aikido is now practiced in around 140 countries.
It was originally developed by [[Morihei Ueshiba]], as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy and religious beliefs. Ueshiba's goal was to create an art which practitioners could use to defend themselves against attacks, while also protecting the attackers from injury.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharif |first=Suliaman |title=50 Martial Arts Myths |publisher=New Media Entertainment |year=2009 |page=135 |isbn=978-0-9677546-2-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ueshiba |first=Kisshōmaru |title=The Art of Aikido: Principles and Essential Techniques |publisher=Kodansha International |year=2004 |page=70 |isbn=4-7700-2945-4}}</ref> Aikido is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) [[Qi|life energy]]"<ref>{{cite book
| last = Saotome
| first = Mitsugi
| title = The Principles of Aikido
| publisher = Shambhala
| year = 1989
| page = 222
| location = Boston, Massachusetts
| isbn = 978-0-87773-409-3
}}</ref> or as "the way of harmonious spirit".<ref name="ADS">{{cite book
| last1 = Westbrook
| first1 = Adele
|last2=Ratti
|first2=Oscar
| title = Aikido and the Dynamic Sphere
| publisher = Charles E. Tuttle Company
| year = 1970
| pages = 16–96
| location = Tokyo, Japan
| isbn = 978-0-8048-0004-4
}}</ref> According to the founder's philosophy, the primary goal in the practice of aikido is to overcome oneself instead of cultivating violence or aggressiveness.<ref name="Jones2015">{{cite book|author=David Jones|title=Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-ANCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|year=2015|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-1828-7|page=65}}</ref> Morihei Ueshiba used the phrase {{Nihongo3|"true victory, final victory over oneself, here and now"|正勝吾勝勝速日|masakatsu agatsu katsuhayabi"}} to refer to this principle.<ref name="Gordon2019">{{cite book|author=Michael A. Gordon|title=Aikido as Transformative and Embodied Pedagogy: Teacher as Healer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQSjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-23953-4|page=28}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikido
|
Art
|
{{Short description|Creative work to evoke aesthetic response}}
{{About|the general concept|the group of creative disciplines|The arts|the subcategory appealing visually|Visual arts|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Art-portrait-collage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Visual artwork]]s: (clockwise from upper left) an 1887 [[self-portrait]] by [[Vincent van Gogh]]; a female ancestor figure by a [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] artist; detail from ''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' ({{c.|1484|lk=no}}–1486) by [[Sandro Botticelli]]; and an [[Okinawan people|Okinawan]] [[Shisa]] lion]]
'''Art''' is a diverse range of [[culture|cultural]] activity centered around [[works of art|''works'']] utilizing [[Creativity|creative]] or [[imagination|imaginative]] talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sparshott |first=Francis Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |title=The Theory of the Arts |date=1982 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5701-2 |language=en|page=2}}</ref> generally through an expression of emotional power, conceptual ideas, technical proficiency, or [[beauty]].<ref name="OD">{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |title=Art: definition |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |title=art |publisher=Merriam-Websters Dictionary |access-date=25 December 2015 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830205257/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/art |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Conceptual Art {{!}} Definition of Conceptual Art by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Conceptual Art|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414033831/https://www.lexico.com/definition/conceptual_art|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art
|
Agnostida
|
{{Short description|Extinct order of arthropods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Agnostida
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|Cambrian Stage 3 |Late Ordovician}}
| image = Itagnostus interstrictus (White, 1874) - 8 mm 1.JPG
| image_caption = ''Itagnostus interstrictus''
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[John William Salter|Salter]], 1864
| synonyms = Isopygia Gürich, 1907<br />
Miomera Jækel, 1909
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
'''Suborder [[Agnostina]]'''
* '''Superfamily Agnostoidea'''
** [[Agnostidae]]
** [[Ammagnostidae]]
** [[Clavagnostidae]]
** [[Diplagnostidae]]
** [[Doryagnostidae]]
** [[Glyptagnostidae]]
** [[Metagnostidae]]
** [[Peronopsidae]]
** [[Ptychagnostidae]]
** [[Spinagnostidae]]
* '''Superfamily [[Condylopygoidea]]'''
** [[Condylopygidae]]
'''Suborder [[Eodiscina]]'''
* '''Superfamily [[Eodiscoidea]]'''
** [[Calodiscidae]]
** [[Eodiscidae]]
** [[Hebediscidae]]
** [[Tsunyidiscidae]]
** [[Weymouthiidae]]
** [[Yukoniidae]]
}}
'''Agnostida''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of extinct [[arthropod|arthropods]] which have classically been seen as a group of highly modified [[Trilobite|trilobites]], though some recent research has doubted this placement. Regardless, they appear to be close relatives as part of the [[Artiopoda]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moysiuk J, Caron JB | title = Burgess Shale fossils shed light on the agnostid problem | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 286 | issue = 1894 | pages = 20182314 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30963877 | pmc = 6367181 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2018.2314 }}</ref> They are present in the [[Lower Cambrian]] fossil record along with [[trilobites]] from the [[Redlichiida]], [[Corynexochida]], and [[Ptychopariida]] orders, and were highly diverse throughout the [[Cambrian]]. Agnostidan diversity severely declined during the Cambrian-[[Ordovician]] transition, and the last agnostidans went [[extinct]] in the Late Ordovician.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes BD, Sclafani JA, Zaffos A | title = Dead clades walking are a pervasive macroevolutionary pattern | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 118 | issue = 15 | date = April 2021 | pmid = 33827921 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.2019208118 | pmc = 8053996 | s2cid = 233184869 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnostida
|
Abortion
|
{{short description|Termination of a pregnancy}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{use American English|date=September 2016}}
<!-- Note to Editors: This article has a long history of intense terminology debates. Please review the talk page before making changes to lines to see if there is a previous established consensus or compromise. Thank you. -->
<!-- The lead sentence has been the topic of much discussion. Please do not edit it without first reviewing the talk page and its archives. -->
<!-- Terminology -->
'''Abortion''' is the termination of a [[pregnancy]] by removal or expulsion of an [[embryo]] or [[fetus]].{{refn|For a list of definitions as stated by [[obstetrics and gynecology]] (OB/GYN) textbooks, dictionaries, and other sources, see ''[[Definitions of abortion]]''. Definitions of abortion vary from source to source, and language used to define abortion often reflects societal and political opinions, not only scientific knowledge.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1| title=Abortion|website=[[Oxford Bibliographies]]|access-date=9 April 2014| vauthors = Kulczycki A |url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132203/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756797/obo-9780199756797-0090.xml?rskey=tygpVh&result=1|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref>|group=nb}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Radhika |title=Abortion |url=https://oxcon.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:mpeccol/law-mpeccol-e67 |website=Oxford Constitutional Law |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/law:mpeccol/e67.013.67 |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> The unmodified word ''abortion'' generally refers to [[induced abortion]],<ref>{{cite web |title=abortion |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/503?rskey=TpobDi&result=1#eid |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819111414/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=5BD236F54839DEEFCB6B4A7FEBB47BF4?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F503%3Frskey%3DTpobDi%26result%3D1#eid |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=5 April 2019 |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="OED">{{cite web |title=Abortion (noun) |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/abortion |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528131142/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/abortion |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=8 June 2018 |publisher=Oxford Living Dictionaries |quote=''[mass noun]'' The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy}}</ref> or deliberate actions to end a pregnancy.{{refn|Induced abortion is less frequently called "induced miscarriage".|group=nb}} Abortion occurring without intervention is known as [[spontaneous abortion]] or "miscarriage", and occurs in roughly 30–40% of all pregnancies.<ref name="John2012">{{cite book| title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics| date=2012| publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins| isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5| pages=438–439| edition=4| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438| url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438|archive-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="NIH2013Epi">{{cite web| title=How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx| website=NICHD |access-date=14 March 2015| date=2013-07-15|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093633/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx| archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Common reasons for inducing an abortion are birth-timing and limiting family size.<ref name="bankole98" /><ref name="Chae_2017" /><ref name="guttmacher" /> Other reasons include [[maternal health]], [[Poverty|an inability to afford a child]], [[domestic violence]], lack of support, feelings of being too young, wishing to complete an education or advance a career, and not being able, or willing, to raise a child conceived as a result of [[rape]] or [[incest]].<ref name="bankole98" /><ref name="guttmacher" /><ref name=":5" />
<!-- Methods and safety -->
When done legally in industrialized societies, induced abortion is [[#Safety|one of the safest procedures in medicine]].{{r|lancet-grimes|p=1|q=Unsafe abortion is a persistent, preventable pandemic.{{nbsp}}[...] By contrast, legal abortion in industrialised nations has emerged as one of the safest procedures in contemporary medical practice, with minimum morbidity and a negligible risk of death.}}{{r|Ray2014}} Modern methods use [[medical abortion|medication]] or [[#surgical|surgery]] for abortions.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X | title = Medical methods for first trimester abortion | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2022 | pages = CD002855 | date = May 2022 | issue = 5 | pmid = 35608608 | pmc = 9128719 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 }}</ref> The drug [[mifepristone]] (aka RU-486) in combination with [[prostaglandin]] appears to be as safe and effective as surgery during the [[first trimester|first]] and [[second trimester]]s of pregnancy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Kapp2013" /> [[Self-managed abortion|Self-managed]] [[medication abortion]] is highly effective and safe throughout the [[Trimester (pregnancy)|first trimester]].<ref name="WHO-SHR">{{cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research |language=en-US |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629195513/https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moseson H, Jayaweera R, Raifman S, Keefe-Oates B, Filippa S, Motana R, Egwuatu I, Grosso B, Kristianingrum I, Nmezi S, Zurbriggen R, Gerdts C | display-authors = 6 | title = Self-managed medication abortion outcomes: results from a prospective pilot study | journal = Reproductive Health | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | article-number = 164 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33109230 | pmc = 7588945 | doi = 10.1186/s12978-020-01016-4 |doi-access=free |issn=1742-4755 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moseson H, Jayaweera R, Egwuatu I, Grosso B, Kristianingrum IA, Nmezi S, Zurbriggen R, Motana R, Bercu C, Carbone S, Gerdts C | display-authors = 6 | title = Effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion with accompaniment support in Argentina and Nigeria (SAFE): a prospective, observational cohort study and non-inferiority analysis with historical controls | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = e105–e113 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 34801131 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00461-7 | pmc = 9359894 }}</ref> The most common surgical technique involves [[Dilation and evacuation|dilating]] the [[cervix]] and using a [[vacuum aspiration|suction device]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Abortion – Women's Health Issues |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/family-planning/abortion |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713183550/https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/family-planning/abortion |archive-date=13 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Birth control]], such as [[combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]] or [[intrauterine device]]s, can be used immediately following an abortion.<ref name="Kapp2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kapp N, Whyte P, Tang J, Jackson E, Brahmi D | title = A review of evidence for safe abortion care | journal = Contraception | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 350–363 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23261233 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027 }}</ref> When performed legally and safely on a woman who desires it, an induced abortion does not increase the risk of long-term [[mental health|mental]] or physical problems.<ref name="BMJ2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lohr PA, Fjerstad M, Desilva U, Lyus R |year=2014 |title=Abortion |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |page=f7553 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f7553 |s2cid=220108457}}</ref> In contrast, [[unsafe abortion]]s performed by unskilled individuals, with hazardous equipment, or in unsanitary facilities cause between 22,000 and 44,000 deaths and 6.9 million hospital admissions each year<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=Induced Abortion Worldwide {{!}} Guttmacher Institute |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301060904/https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide |archive-date=2018-03-01 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Guttmacher.org}}</ref>—responsible for between 5% and 13% of [[maternal death]]s, especially in [[low income countries]].<ref name="WHO-preventing-unsafe">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion |title=Preventing unsafe abortion |publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823190843/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] states that "access to legal, safe and comprehensive abortion care, including [[post-abortion care]], is essential for the attainment of the highest possible level of sexual and reproductive health".<ref>{{cite web|title=Abortion| url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/abortion#tab=tab_1| access-date=2021-04-14| website=www.who.int| language=en| archive-date=6 May 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092947/https://www.who.int/health-topics/abortion#tab=tab_1}}</ref> Public health data show that making safe abortion legal and accessible reduces maternal deaths.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Faúndes A, Shah IH | title = Evidence supporting broader access to safe legal abortion | journal = International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics | volume = 131 | issue = Suppl 1 | pages = S56–S59 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26433508 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.03.018 | series = World Report on Women's Health 2015: The unfinished agenda of women's reproductive health | doi-access = free | quote = A strong body of accumulated evidence shows that the simple means to drastically reduce unsafe abortion-related maternal deaths and morbidity is to make abortion legal and institutional termination of pregnancy broadly accessible.{{nbsp}}[...] [C]riminalization of abortion only increases mortality and morbidity without decreasing the incidence of induced abortion, and that decriminalization rapidly reduces abortion-related mortality and does not increase abortion rates. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first1= Su Mon |last1= Latt |first2=Allison |last2= Milner|author-link2= Allison Milner| last3= Kavanagh |first3= Anne | title = Abortion laws reform may reduce maternal mortality: an ecological study in 162 countries | journal = BMC Women's Health | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | article-number = 1 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30611257 | pmc = 6321671 | doi = 10.1186/s12905-018-0705-y |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion
|
Abstract (law)
|
{{short description|Summary of a legal document}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
In [[law]], an '''abstract''' is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long [[legal document]] or of several related legal papers.<ref name="Wolters">{{Cite book|title=The Wolters Kluwer Bouvier Law Dictionary: Desk Edition|last=Sheppard|first=Stephen Michael|date=21 May 2012|publisher=Aspen Publishers|isbn=9781454806110|location=New York|language=English}}</ref>
==Types of legislation ==
{{Main|Property abstract}}
The abstract of title, used in [[real estate]] transactions, is the more common form of abstract. An abstract of title lists all the owners of a piece of land, a house, or a building before it came into possession of the present owner. The abstract also records all [[deed]]s, [[will (law)|wills]], [[mortgage law|mortgages]], and other documents that affect [[ownership]] of the property. An abstract describes a chain of transfers from owner to owner and any agreements by former owners that are binding on later owners.<ref name="Wolters"/>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_(law)
|
American Revolutionary War
|
{{Short description|1775–1783 American war of independence from Great Britain}}
{{About|military actions primarily|origins and aftermath|American Revolution}}
{{See also|Timeline of the American Revolution}}
<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=American War of Independence|2=Talk:American Revolutionary War#Requested move 29 July 2025}}
</noinclude>{{Pp-vandalism|expiry=indefinite|small=yes}}
<!--
Please do not make any major edits to the lead, as it was agreed upon by consensus on the talk page. Please discuss if you wish to change it.
-->
{{Use American English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = American Revolutionary War
| partof = the [[American Revolution]], the [[Anglo-French War (1778–1783)|Anglo-French War between 1778 and 1783]], the [[Spain and the American Revolutionary War|Anglo-Spanish War between 1779 and 1783]], and the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]]
| image = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2
| total_width = 300
| border=infobox
| image1= Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.jpg
| image2= Battle of Guilford Courthouse 15 March 1781.jpg
| image3= Battle of Trenton by Charles McBarron.jpg
| image4= BattleofLongisland.jpg
| image5= The Battle of Bunker's Hill Bridgeman Images.jpg
| footer_align = left
| footer = Clockwise from top left: ''[[Surrender of Lord Cornwallis]]'' after the [[siege of Yorktown]], [[Battle of Trenton]], [[The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775|The Death of General Warren]] at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]], [[Battle of Long Island]], and the [[Battle of Guilford Court House]]
}}
| image_size =
| date = April 19, 1775{{snds}}September 3, 1783{{Efn|A cease-fire in North America was proclaimed by Congress<ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/proc1783.asp | title=Avalon Project - British-American Diplomcay : Proclamation Declaring the Cesssation of Arms; April 11, 1783 | access-date=March 28, 2014 | archive-date=November 17, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117131910/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/proc1783.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> on April 11, 1783, under a cease-fire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20, 1783. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified on January 14, 1784, in the U.S., with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12, 1784. Hostilities in India continued until July 1783.}}<br />({{Age in years, months and days|1775|04|19|1783|09|03}})<br />Ratification effective: May 12, 1784
| place = [[Eastern United States|Eastern North America]], [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]], the [[Caribbean]]
| result = <!--DO NOT ALTER WITHOUT CONSENSUS -->
American and allied victory
* Signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] in 1776.
* [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] would not recognize American independence until signing the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]].
* [[Peace of Paris (1783)|Peace of Paris]]
* End of the [[First British Empire]]<ref name="4I7tG">[[#simms|Simms 2009]], pp. 615–618</ref>
| territory = Great Britain cedes generally, all mainland territories east of the [[Mississippi River]], south of the [[Great Lakes]], and north of [[the Floridas]] to the [[United States]].
* Great Britain cedes [[Tobago]] and [[Senegal]] to [[France]].
* Great Britain cedes [[Invasion of Minorca (1781)|Menorca]], [[West Florida]], and [[East Florida]] to [[Spain]].
<!--PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT CONSENSUS-->| combatant1 = '''[[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]]:'''<br>{{flagcountry|Thirteen Colonies}} (1775)<br>{{Flagdeco|Thirteen Colonies}}{{Flagdeco|United States|1776}} [[United Colonies]] (1775–1776)<br>{{Unbulleted list
|{{Flagdeco|United States|1776}}{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[United States]] (from 1776){{efn|Including the United Colonies period from 1776 to 1781 and the [[Confederation period]] from 1781 to 1783.}}
{{Collapsible list|bullets=on
|[[New Hampshire in the American Revolution|New Hampshire]]|[[Massachusetts in the American Revolution|Massachusetts]]|[[Rhode Island in the American Revolution|Rhode Island]]|[[Connecticut in the American Revolution|Connecticut]]|[[New York in the American Revolution|New York]]|[[New Jersey in the American Revolution|New Jersey]]|[[Pennsylvania in the American Revolution|Pennsylvania]]|[[Delaware in the American Revolution|Delaware]]|[[Maryland in the American Revolution|Maryland]]|[[Virginia in the American Revolution|Virginia]]|[[North Carolina in the American Revolution|North Carolina]]|[[South Carolina in the American Revolution|South Carolina]]|[[Georgia in the American Revolution|Georgia]]}}<br>{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
<br>{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Spain|1760}} [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Spain]]<br>{{Flagcountry|Dutch Republic}}
}}
| combatant1a =
'''Combatants'''
{{Unbulleted list
|[[File:CONGRESSOWN.jpg|15px]] Br. Canadien, Cong. rgts.{{Efn|Two independent "COR" Regiments, the Congress's Own Regiments, were recruited among British Canadiens. The [[1st Canadian Regiment]] formed by [[James Livingston (American Revolution)|James Livingston]] of [[Chambly, Quebec]];<ref name="h5WNR">[[#smith1907|Smith 1907, p. 86]]</ref> and the [[2nd Canadian Regiment]] formed by [[Moses Hazen]] of [[Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu]], Quebec.<ref name="kRctn">[[#everest1977|Everest 1977, p. 38]]</ref>}}
|[[File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|border|15px]] Br. Canadien mil., Fr. led{{Efn|[[Augustin de La Balme]] independently [[Augustin de La Balme#American Revolution|marched on Detroit]] under a [[Flag of France#Kingdom of France|French flag]] with British Canadien militia recruited from western Quebec ([[Illinois County, Virginia]]) at the county seat of [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]], and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]].<ref name="kbqqr">[[#seineke1981|Seineke 1981, p. 36, fn]]</ref>}}}}
{{Collapsible list<!-- removed for consistency, until this works correctly when nested: |bullets=on -->
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--Hides borders and improves row spacing-->
|title=[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]<ref name="bell">[[#jareditors2025|Bell 2015]], Essay</ref>
|[[Oneida people|Oneida]]|[[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]]|[[Catawba people|Catawba]]|[[Lenape]]|[[Chickasaw]]|[[Choctaw]]|[[Mohicans|Mohican]]|[[Mi'kmaq]]{{Efn|(until 1779)}}|[[Abenaki]]|[[Cheraw]]|[[Pedee people|Pedee]]|[[Lumbee]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/02/indian-patriots-from-eastern-massachusetts-six-perspectives/|title=Indian Patriots from Eastern Massachusetts: Six Perspectives|first=Daniel J.|last=Tortora|date=February 4, 2015|website=Journal of the American Revolution|access-date=February 2, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202214238/https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/02/indian-patriots-from-eastern-massachusetts-six-perspectives/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
<!--DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT CONSENSUS-->| combatant2 = {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
*[[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]]<!--Agreed by consensus, do not revert-->
*[[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]]
*[[Nova Scotia]]
*[[West Florida]]
*[[East Florida]]
| combatant2a = '''Combatants'''<br>{{Unbulleted list
|{{Collapsible list|bullets=on
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|title={{flagicon|Hesse}}{{Efn|Sixty-five percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]] (16,000) and [[Hesse-Hanau]] (2,422), flying this same flag.<ref>[[#axelrod2014|Axelrod 2014]], p. 66</ref>}} {{flagicon|Brunswick|pre1814}}{{Efn|Twenty percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from [[Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] (5,723),<ref>[[#eelking1893|Eelking 1893]], p. 66</ref> flying this flag.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duchy of Brunswick until 1918 (Germany) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-bs814.html |website=www.crwflags.com |publisher=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]] |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>}} [[Germans in the American Revolution#Allies of Great Britain|German mercenaries/auxiliaries]]<ref name="atwood1,23">[[#atwood2002|Atwood 2002]], pp. 1, 23</ref>{{Efn|The British hired over 30,000 professional soldiers from various German states who served in North America from 1775 to 1782.<ref>[[#lowell84|Lowell 1884]], pp. 14–15</ref> Commentators and historians often refer to them as mercenaries or auxiliaries, terms that are sometimes used interchangeably.<ref name="atwood1,23" />}}<!--There was a consensus to use both terms, per neutrality.-->
|[[File:Wappen-HK (1736-1804).svg|17px]] [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]|[[File:Wappen-HK (1736-1804).svg|17px]] [[Hesse-Hanau]]|[[File:Coat of Arms of the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont.svg|19px]] [[Waldeck (state)|Waldeck]]<!--black, yellow and red colors not officially used by the military until 1814: see https://www.fotw.info/flags/de-wp_hi.html-->|[[File:Coat of Arms of Brunswick-Lüneburg.svg|19px]] [[Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Brunswick]]|[[File:Wappen Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg|19px|link=]] [[Ansbach-Bayreuth|Ansbach]]|[[File:Blason Principaut%C3%A9 d%27Anhalt-Zerbst (XVIIIe si%C3%A8cle).svg|19px|link=]] [[Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst|Anhalt-Zerbst]] |{{Flagcountry|Electorate of Hanover}}
}}
{{Collapsible list|bullets=on
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|title=[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]<ref name="bell" />
|[[Onondaga people|Onondaga]]|[[Mohawk people|Mohawk]]
|[[Cayuga people|Cayuga]]|[[Seneca people|Seneca]]|[[Mi'kmaq]]{{Efn|(from 1779)}}|[[Cherokee]]|[[Odawa]]|[[Muscogee]]|[[Susquehannock]]|[[Shawnee]]}}
}}
| commander1 = <!--MAJOR LEADERS ONLY. DO NOT ADD/REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS -->{{Unbulleted list
|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Peyton Randolph]]
|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[John Hancock]]|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Benjamin Franklin]]}}
----
{{Unbulleted list|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[George Washington]]|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Horatio Gates]]|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Nathanael Greene]]|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Henry Knox]]|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]]|{{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Benedict Arnold]]{{Turncoat}}{{Efn|name=Arnold|Arnold served on the American side from 1775 to 1780; after defecting, he served on the British side from 1780 to 1783.}}|{{flagicon image |George Rogers Clark Flag.svg}} [[George Rogers Clark]]| {{Flagdeco|Kingdom of France}} {{Flagdeco|United States|1777}} [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of France}} [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]]|{{Flagdeco|Spain|1748}} [[Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston|Bernardo de Gálvez]]|[[List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War|''full list...'']]}}
| commander2 = <!--MAJOR LEADERS ONLY. DO NOT ADD/REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS-->{{Unbulleted list
|{{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[George III]]|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]]|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Lord Shelburne]]}}
----
{{Unbulleted list|{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville|Lord George Germain]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Thomas Gage]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Henry Clinton]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[John Burgoyne]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Benedict Arnold]]{{Efn|name=Arnold}}|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Henry Hamilton (colonial administrator)|Henry Hamilton]]|{{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Banastre Tarleton]]|[[List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War|''full list...'']]}}
| strength1 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''United States:'''{{Bulleted list
|[[Continental Army|Army]] and [[Militia (United States)|militia]]:{{Bulleted list|40,000 (average)<ref name="duncan371">[[#duncan1931|Duncan, L. 1931]], p. 371</ref>{{Efn|The total in active duty service for the American Cause during the American Revolutionary War numbered 200,000.<ref name="6bqxv">[[#lanning2009|Lanning 2009]], pp. 195–196</ref>}}}}
|[[Continental Navy|Navy]]:{{Bulleted list|53 [[Frigate#Age of sail|frigates]] and [[Sloop-of-war|sloops]]<ref name="Greene" />{{Efn|5,000 sailors (peak),<ref name="Greene">[[#jgreene2008|Greene & Pole 2008]], p. 328</ref> manning privateers, an additional 55,000 total sailors<ref name="usmm">[[#usmm2012|U.S. Merchant Marine 2012]], "Privateers and Mariners"</ref>}}}}
|[[Continental Marines|Marines]]: 2,131 (peak)<ref>[[#simmons2003|Simmons 2003]]</ref>
|'''[[List of United States state navies in the American Revolutionary War|State navies]]:'''{{Bulleted list|106 ships (total)<ref>[[#paullin|Paullin 1906]], pp. 315–316</ref>}}}}
|'''France:'''{{Bulleted list
|[[French Royal Army|Army]]: 10,800{{Efn|In 1780, General [[Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau|Rochambeau]] landed in Rhode Island with an independent command of about 6000 troops,<ref>[[#keiley1912|Keiley 1912, "Rochambeau"]]</ref> and in 1781 Admiral [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse|de Grasse]] landed nearly 4000 troops who were detached to Lafayette's Continental Army surrounding British General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Cornwallis]] in Virginia at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]].<ref>[[#rochDAB|"Rochambeau", ''Dictionary of American Biography'']]</ref> An additional 750 French troops participated with the Spanish assault on [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]].<ref name="beerman181">[[#beerman1979|Beerman 1979, p. 181]]</ref>}}
|[[French Royal Navy|Navy]]: 2 fleets;{{efn|For five months in 1778 from July to November, the French deployed a fleet to assist American operations off of New York, [[Rhode Island]] and [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] commanded by Admiral [[Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing|d'Estaing]], with little result.<ref>[[#estaingEB1911|Britannica 1911, "C. H. Estaing"]]</ref> In September 1781, Admiral [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse|de Grasse]] left the West Indies to defeat the British fleet off Virginia at the [[Battle of the Chesapeake]], then offloaded 3,000 troops and siege cannon to support Washington's [[siege of Yorktown]].<ref name="miTsf">[[#degrasseEB2021|"F. J. P. de Grasse", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'']]</ref>}} escorts<ref name="dull110">[[#dull1987|Dull 1987]], p. 110</ref>}}
| '''Spain:'''
|[[Spanish Army|Army]]: 12,000{{efn|Governor [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] deployed 500 Spanish regulars in his New Orleans-based attacks on British-held locations west of the Mississippi River in [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish Luisiana]].<ref>[[#gayarre1867|Gayarré 1867, pp. 125–126]]</ref> In later engagements, Galvez had 800 regulars from New Orleans to assault [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], reinforced by infantry from regiments of Jose de Ezpeleta from Havana. In the assault on Pensacola, the Spanish Army contingents from Havana exceeded 9,000.<ref>[[#beerman1979|Beerman 1979, pp. 177–179]]</ref> For the final days of the siege at Pensacola siege, Admiral Jose Solano's fleet landed 1,600 crack infantry veterans from that of [[Siege of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]].<ref name="beerman181" />}}
|[[Spanish Navy|Navy]]: 1 fleet;{{efn|Admiral Jose Solano's fleet arrived from the Mediterranean Sea to support the Spanish conquest of English Pensacola, West Florida.<ref name="beerman181" />}} escorts
|'''Native Americans:''' Unknown
}}
| strength2 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''Great Britain:'''{{Bulleted list
|[[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|Army]]:{{Bulleted list
|48,000 (average), most in North America{{Efn|British 121,000 (global 1781)<ref>[[#rinaldi|Rinaldi]], "British Army 1775–1783"</ref> "Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September (including 400 in hospital), some 3,430 were always on duty".<ref>[[#chartrand63|Chartrand 2006]], p. 63</ref>}}}}
|[[Royal Navy#1707–1815|Navy]]:{{Bulleted list
|Task-force fleets & blockading squadrons{{Efn|Royal Navy 94 [[Ship of the line|ships-of-the-line]] global, 104 [[Frigate#Age of sail|frigates]] global,<ref name="winfield">[[#winfield2007|Winfield 2007]]</ref> 37 [[Sloop-of-war|sloops]] global,<ref name="winfield" />
171,000 sailors<ref name="macksey6,176">[[#mackesy93|Mackesy 1993]] [1964], pp. 6, 176</ref>}}}}}}
|'''[[Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution|Loyalist troops]]:'''{{Bulleted list
|25,000 (total)<ref name="savas41">[[#savas2006|Savas & Dameron 2006]], p. xli</ref>{{Efn|Contains a detailed listing of American, French, British, German, and Loyalist regiments; indicates when they were raised, the main battles, and what happened to them. Also includes the main warships on both sides, and all the important battles.}}}}
|'''[[Hessian (soldier)|German troops]]:'''{{Bulleted list |29,875 (total)<ref name="Knesebeck">[[#ernst|Knesebeck 2017]] [1845], p. 9</ref>}}
|'''Native Americans:'''{{Bulleted list|13,000<ref name="Greene p. 393" />}}}}
| casualties1 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''United States:'''{{Bulleted list
|178,800–223,800 total dead
|6,800 killed
|6,100 wounded
|17,000 dead from disease<ref name="oLlYw">[[#burrows2008a|Burrows 2008a]], "Patriots or Terrorists"</ref>
|25,000–70,000 war dead<ref name="FFKG4">[[#peckham74|Peckham (ed.) 1974]]</ref>
|130,000 dead from smallpox<ref name="2D11O">[[#clodfelter2017|Clodfelter 2017]], pp. 133–134</ref>}}
|'''France:'''{{Bulleted list
|2,112 killed– East Coast<ref name="ApKKb">[[#CITEREFRignault2004|Rignault 2004]], pp. 20, 53</ref>{{Efn|1=Beyond the 2112 deaths recorded by the French Government fighting for U.S. independence, additional men died fighting Britain in a war waged by France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic from 1778 to 1784, "overseas" from the American Revolution as posited by a British scholar{{specify|date=July 2022}} in his "War of the American Revolution".<ref name="yt8Dp">[[#clodfelter2017|Clodfelter 2017]], pp. 75, 135</ref>}}}}
|'''Spain:'''{{Bulleted list
|371 killed – W. Florida<ref name="gZqKm">[[#otfinoski|Otfinoski 2008]], p. 16</ref>
|4,000 dead – prisoners<ref name="QEJS2">[[#roy2006|Archuleta 2006]], p. 69</ref>}}
|'''Native Americans:''' Unknown
}}
| casualties2 = {{Unbulleted list
|'''Great Britain:'''{{Bulleted list
|8,500 killed<ref name="3kb8Q">[[#clodfelter2017|Clodfelter 2017]], p. 134</ref>{{Efn|Clodfelter reports that the total deaths among the British and their allies numbered 15,000 killed in battle or died of wounds. These included estimates of 3,000 Germans, 3,000 Loyalists and Canadians, 3,000 lost at sea, and 500 Native Americans killed in battle or died of wounds.<ref name="2D11O" />}}}}
|'''Germans:'''{{Bulleted list
|7,774 total dead
|1,800 killed
|4,888 deserted<ref name="duncan371" />}}
|'''[[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]]:'''{{Bulleted list
|7,000 total dead
|1,700 killed
|5,300 dead from disease<ref name="SlCBl">[[#burrows2008b|Burrows 2008b]], ''Forgotten Patriots''</ref>}}
|'''Native Americans:'''{{Bulleted list
|500 total dead<ref name="2D11O" />}}
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox American Revolutionary War}}
}}
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War
|
Ampere
|
{{Short description|SI base unit of electric current}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
{{Infobox Unit
| name = ampere
| image = File:Amperemeter hg.jpg
| caption = Demonstration model of a moving iron [[ammeter]]. As the current through the coil increases, the plunger is drawn further into the coil and the pointer deflects to the right.
| standard = [[SI]]
| quantity = [[electric current]]
| symbol = A
| dimension = I
| namedafter = [[André-Marie Ampère]]
}}
The '''ampere''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|p|ɛər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ampere.wav}} {{respell|AM|pair}}, {{IPAc-en|us|ˈ|æ|m|p|ɪər|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-ampere (alt).wav}} {{respell|AM|peer}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|ampere|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> symbol: '''A'''),<ref>{{Citation|chapter= 2. SI base units|chapter-url= http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/section2-1.html|title= SI brochure|edition= 8th|publisher= BIPM|access-date= 19 November 2011|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141007203046/http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/section2-1.html|archive-date= 7 October 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref> often [[Clipping (morphology)|shortened]] to '''amp''',<ref name=BIPM2006>SI supports only the use of symbols and deprecates the use of abbreviations for units. {{cite web |url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf |title=Bureau International des Poids et Mesures |year=2006 |page=130 |access-date=21 November 2011 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814094625/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the unit of [[electric current]] in the [[International System of Units]] (SI). One ampere is equal to 1 [[coulomb]] (C) moving past a point per second.<ref name= "MEP for amp">{{Cite web|last=BIPM|date=20 May 2019|title=Mise en pratique for the definition of the ampere in the SI|url=https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41489676/SI-App2-ampere.pdf/0987a90e-051b-dd7f-827d-3f7b32751a61?version=1.5&t=1637237858322&download=false|access-date=18 February 2022|website=BIPM}}</ref><ref name="BIPMdefinition">{{Citation|chapter= 2.1. Unit of electric current (ampere)|chapter-url= http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/ampere.html|title= SI brochure|edition= 8th|publisher= BIPM|access-date= 19 November 2011|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120203153904/http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/ampere.html|archive-date= 3 February 2012|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/ampere.html|title=Base unit definitions: Ampere|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425134625/http://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/ampere.html|archive-date=25 April 2017|website=Physics.nist.gov|access-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> It is named after [[France|French]] mathematician and physicist [[André-Marie Ampère]] (1775–1836), considered the father of [[electromagnetism]] along with [[Denmark|Danish]] physicist [[Hans Christian Ørsted]].
As of the [[2019 revision of the SI]], the ampere is defined by fixing the [[elementary charge]] {{var|e}} to be exactly {{physical constants|e|ref=no}},<ref name="MEP for amp" /><ref name=draft-resolution-A>{{citation
|title=Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018)
|url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CGPM/Draft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf
|access-date=28 October 2018
|archive-date=29 April 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025229/https://www.bipm.org/utils/en/pdf/CGPM/Draft-Resolution-A-EN.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> which means an ampere is an electric current equivalent to {{val|e=19}} elementary charges moving every {{val|1.602176634}} seconds, or approximately {{val|6.241509074|e=18}} elementary charges moving in a second. Prior to the redefinition, the ampere was defined as the current passing through two parallel wires 1 [[metre]] apart that produces a magnetic force of {{val|2|e=-7}} [[newton (unit)|newtons]] per metre.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
|
Algorithm
|
{{Short description|Sequence of operations for a task}}
{{Redirect|Algorithms|the subfield of computer science|Analysis of algorithms|other uses|Algorithm (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Algorythm|the album|Beyond Creation}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
[[File:GCD through successive subtractions.svg|thumb|Flowchart of using successive subtractions to find the [[greatest common divisor]] of number ''r'' and ''s''|alt=In a loop, subtract the larger number against the smaller number. Halt the loop when the subtraction will make a number negative. Assess two numbers, whether one of them is equal to zero or not. If yes, take the other number as the greatest common divisor. If no, put the two numbers in the subtraction loop again.]]
In [[mathematics]] and [[computer science]], an '''algorithm''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-algorithm.ogg|ˈ|æ|l|ɡ|ə|r|ɪ|ð|əm}}) is a finite sequence of [[Rigour#Mathematics|mathematically rigorous]] instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific [[Computational problem|problem]]s or to perform a [[computation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algorithm|title=Definition of ALGORITHM|work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |language=en |access-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214074446/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/algorithm |archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Algorithms are used as specifications for performing [[calculation]]s and [[data processing]]. More advanced algorithms can use [[Conditional (computer programming)|conditional]]s to divert the code execution through various routes (referred to as [[automated decision-making]]) and deduce valid [[inference]]s (referred to as [[automated reasoning]]).
In contrast, a [[Heuristic (computer science)|heuristic]] is an approach to solving problems without well-defined correct or optimal results.<ref name=":2">David A. Grossman, Ophir Frieder, ''Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics'', 2nd edition, 2004, {{isbn|1402030045}}</ref> For example, although social media [[recommender system]]s are commonly called "algorithms", they actually rely on heuristics as there is no truly "correct" recommendation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
|
Annual plant
|
{{short description|Plant which completes its life cycle within one growing season and then dies}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[Image:Doperwt rijserwt peulen Pisum sativum.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Pea]]s are an annual plant.]]
An '''annual plant''' is a plant that completes its [[biological life cycle|life cycle]], from [[germination]] to the production of [[seed]]s, within one [[growing season]], and then dies. Globally, 6% of all plant species and 15% of herbaceous plants (excluding trees and shrubs) are annuals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Poppenwimer |first1=Tyler |last2=Mayrose |first2=Itay |last3=DeMalach |first3=Niv |date=2023-11-08 |title=Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants |journal=Nature |volume=624 |issue=7990 |language=en |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x |pmid=37938778 |pmc=10830411 |issn=1476-4687 |arxiv=2304.13101 |bibcode=2023Natur.624..109P |s2cid=260332117}}</ref> The annual life cycle has independently emerged in over 120 different plant families throughout the entire [[Flowering plant|angiosperm]] phylogeny.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Jannice |date=2020-11-02 |title=The Evolution of Annual and Perennial Plant Life Histories: Ecological Correlates and Genetic Mechanisms |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024638 |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=461–481 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024638 |s2cid=225237602 |issn=1543-592X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Life cycle ==
Traditionally, there has been a prevailing assumption that annuals have evolved from [[perennial]] ancestors. However, recent research challenges this notion, revealing instances where perennials have evolved from annual ancestors.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hjertaas |first1=Ane C. |last2=Preston |first2=Jill C. |last3=Kainulainen |first3=Kent |last4=Humphreys |first4=Aelys M. |last5=Fjellheim |first5=Siri |date=2023 |title=Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.1048656 |pmid=36684797 |pmc=9846227 |issn=1664-462X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Intriguingly, models propose that transition rates from an annual to a perennial life cycle are twice as fast as the reverse transition.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Boyko |first1=James D. |last2=Hagen |first2=Eric R. |last3=Beaulieu |first3=Jeremy M. |last4=Vasconcelos |first4=Thais |date=November 2023 |title=The evolutionary responses of life-history strategies to climatic variability in flowering plants |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=240 |issue=4 |pages=1587–1600 |doi=10.1111/nph.18971 |issn=0028-646X |doi-access=free|pmid=37194450 |bibcode=2023NewPh.240.1587B }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant
|
Anthophyta
|
{{short description|Division of plants bearing flower-like structures}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
The '''anthophytes''' are a [[paraphyletic]] grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. The group, once thought to be a [[clade]],<ref name="Doyle Donoghue 1986"/> contained the [[Flowering plant|angiosperms]] – the extant flowering plants, such as [[Rosaceae|roses]] and [[Poaceae|grasses]] – as well as the [[Gnetales]] and the extinct [[Bennettitales]].<ref name="Doyle Donoghue 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Doyle |first1=J. A. |last2=Donoghue |first2=M. J. |title=Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: An experimental cladistic approach |year=1986 |journal=Botanical Review |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=321–431 |doi=10.1007/bf02861082 |s2cid=44844947 |language=en }}</ref>
Detailed morphological and molecular studies have shown that the group is not actually [[monophyletic]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coiro |first1=Mario |last2=Chomicki |first2=Guillaume |last3=Doyle |first3=James A. |date=n.d. |title=Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/experimental-signal-dissection-and-method-sensitivity-analyses-reaffirm-the-potential-of-fossils-and-morphology-in-the-resolution-of-the-relationship-of-angiosperms-and-gnetales/77D0DC9945CCE39DAA1DC2FA2744A3D7 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=490–510 |doi=10.1017/pab.2018.23 |s2cid=91488394 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> with proposed floral homologies of the [[gnetophyte]]s and the [[angiosperm]]s having evolved in parallel.<ref name=Crepet2000/> This makes it easier to reconcile molecular clock data that suggests that the angiosperms diverged from the [[gymnosperm]]s around 320-300 mya.<ref name=Nam2003>{{cite journal | author=Nam J. | title=Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants | journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume=20 | issue=9 | pages=1435–1447 | year=2003 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msg152 | pmid=12777513 | display-authors=etal | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthophyta
|
Atlas (disambiguation)
|
{{Wiktionary|Atlas|atlas}}
An '''[[atlas]]''' is a collection of maps.
'''Atlas''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}
==Arts, entertainment and media==
{{For|media companies|#Businesses and organizations}}
===Fictional characters===
* [[Atlas (DC Comics)]], several fictional characters
* [[Atlas (Teen Titans)|Atlas (''Teen Titans'')]]
* Atlas, an [[Astro Boy (1980 TV series)#Atlas|''Astro Boy'' (1980) character]]
* [[Atlas (BioShock)|Atlas (''BioShock'')]]
* Atlas, a [[BattleMech]] in the ''BattleTech'' universe
* Atlas, an antagonist in ''[[Mega Man ZX Advent]]''
* Atlas, a ''[[Portal 2]]'' character
* Atlas, a ''[[PS238]]'' character
* [[Erik Josten]], a.k.a. Atlas, a Marvel Comics supervillain
* The Atlas, a strong driving force from ''[[No Man's Sky]]''
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(disambiguation)
|
Mouthwash
|
{{Short description|Liquid rinse for oral hygiene}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Listerine products.jpg|thumb|Range of mouthwashes by [[Listerine]]]]
'''Mouthwash''', '''mouth rinse''', '''oral rinse''', or '''mouth bath'''<ref name=pmid12856008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Matthews RW | title = Hot salt water mouth baths | journal = British Dental Journal | volume = 195 | issue = 1 | page = 3 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12856008 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bdj.4810318 | s2cid = 3995032 }}</ref> is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swirled around the mouth by contraction of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be [[gargling|gargled]], where the head is tilted back and the liquid bubbled at the back of the mouth.
Usually mouthwashes are [[antiseptic]] solutions intended to reduce the microbial load in the mouth, although other mouthwashes might be given for other reasons such as for their [[analgesic]], [[anti-inflammatory]] or [[anti-fungal medication|anti-fungal]] action. Additionally, some rinses act as saliva substitutes to neutralize acid and keep the mouth moist in [[xerostomia]] (dry mouth).<ref name=wsj>{{cite web | vauthors = Reddy S | date = 12 January 2015 | work = The Wall Street Journal |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/there-is-more-to-your-mouthwash-than-a-minty-taste-1421096379|title=There is More to Your Mouthwash Than a Minty Taste}}</ref><ref name=medX>{{cite web | author = Tufts University | date = 23 March 2015 | publisher = Medical Xpress |url=http://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-03-mouthwash.html|title=Should I use mouthwash?}}</ref> Cosmetic mouthrinses temporarily control or reduce bad breath and leave the mouth with a pleasant taste.<ref name=ada>{{cite web|url=http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/product-category-information/mouthrinses | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141011031124/http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/product-category-information/mouthrinses | archive-date = 11 October 2014 |title=Learn More About Mouthrinses | publisher = American Dental Association }}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash
|
Alexander the Great
|
{{Short description|Military commander, King of Macedon from 336 to 323 BC}}
{{About|the ancient king of Macedon}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Alexander the Great
| title = [[Basileus]]
| image = Alexander the Great mosaic (cropped).jpg
| caption = Detail from the ''[[Alexander Mosaic]]'' (created c. 120–100 BCE)
| succession = [[King of Macedon]]
| reign = October 336 – June 323 BC
| predecessor = [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]
| successor = [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III]]
| succession2 = [[Hegemony#8th–1st centuries BC|Hegemon]] of the [[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]], [[Strategos]] [[Autokrator]] of [[Hellenistic Greece|Greece]]{{Sfn|Cawkwell|1978|page=170}}
| reign2 = 336–323 BC
| predecessor2 = Philip II
| successor2 = [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius I]]
| succession3 = [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]
| reign3 = 332–323 BC
| predecessor3 = [[Darius III]]
| successor3 = Philip III
| reg-type3 = '' ''
| regent3 = {{Ancient Egyptian royal titulary case |nomen={{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|ꜣrwksjndrs}}|{{transliteration|egy|Aluksindres}}|Alexandros}} |nomen_hiero=<hiero>A-rw:k:z-i-n:d:r:z</hiero> |horus={{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|mk-kmt}}|{{transliteration|egy|Mekemet}}|Protector of Egypt}} {{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh |Horus=<hiero>S-HqA-q:n:nw-D40</hiero>}}{{pb}}Second Horus name:{{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|ḥḳꜣ-ḳnj tkn-ḫꜣswt}}|{{transliteration|egy|Heqaqeni tekenkhasut}}|The brave ruler who has attacked foreign lands}} {{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh |Horus=<hiero>HqA-q:n:nw:D40-t:k:n:D54-N25:N25:N25</hiero>}}{{pb}}Third Horus name:{{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|ḥḳꜣ ḥḳꜣw nw tꜣ (r) ḏr-f}}|{{transliteration|egy|Heqa heqau nu ta (er) djeref}}|The ruler of the rulers of the entire land}} {{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh |Horus=<hiero>HqA-q-HqA-HqA-q-N33-nw-N33-N17:N34-r:f</hiero>}}Fourth Horus name:{{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|ṯmꜣ-ꜥ}}|{{transliteration|egy|Tjema'a}}|The sturdy-armed one}} {{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh |Horus=<hiero>T:mA-a</hiero>}} |nebty={{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|mꜣj wr-pḥty jṯ ḏww tꜣw ḫꜣswt}}|{{transliteration|egy|Mai werpehty itj dju tau khasut}}|The lion, great of might, who takes possession of mountains, lands, and deserts}} |nebty_hiero=<hiero>E23-wr:r-F9:F9-V15-N25:N25:N33-N17:N17:N33-N25:N25:N33</hiero> |golden={{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|kꜣ (nḫt) ḫwj bꜣḳ(t) ḥḳꜣ wꜣḏ(-wr) šnw n jtn}}|{{transliteration|egy|Ka (nakht) khui baq(et) heqa wadj(wer) shenu en Aten}}|The (strong) bull who protects Egypt, the ruler of the sea and of what the sun encircles}} |golden_hiero=<hiero>E1:n-i-w*x-D40-q:t-b-</hiero>{{pb}}<hiero>D10-HqA-M14-N35A-V9:Z1-i-t:n:HASH</hiero> |prenomen={{ubl|{{transliteration|egy|stp.n-rꜥ mrj-jmn}}|{{transliteration|egy|Setepenre meryamun}}|Chosen by Ra, beloved by Amun{{pb}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Prenomen |Prenomen=<hiero>C2\-C12-stp:n:N36</hiero>}}{{pb}}{{Infobox pharaoh/Prenomen |Prenomen=<hiero>mr\-C12\-C2-stp:n</hiero>}}}}}}
| succession4 = [[King of Persia]]
| reign4 = 330–323 BC
| predecessor4 = Darius III
| successor4 = Philip III
| full name =
| spouse = {{hlist|[[Roxana]]|[[Stateira (wife of Alexander the Great)|Stateira]]|[[Parysatis II|Parysatis]]
}}
| issue = 3, including {{plainlist|
* [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]
* [[Heracles of Macedon|Heracles]]{{Cref2|a}}
}}
| native_lang1 = [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]
| native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|grc|Ἀλέξανδρος}}{{Cref2|b}}
| house = [[Argead]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Philip II of Macedon]]
| mother = [[Olympias|Olympias of Epirus]]
| birth_date = 20 or 21 July 356 BC
| birth_place = [[Pella]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]]
| death_date = 10 or 11 June 323 BC (aged 32)<!-- 32 years, 10 months and 20 days (approx.) -->
| death_place = [[Babylon]], Macedon
| religion = [[Ancient Greek religion]]
}}
'''Alexander III of Macedon''' ({{langx|grc|[[wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος#Ancient Greek|Ἀλέξανδρος]]|Aléxandros}}; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as '''Alexander the Great''',{{Cref2|c}} was a king of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] kingdom of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]].{{Cref2|d}} He succeeded his father [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting [[Wars of Alexander the Great|a lengthy military campaign]] throughout [[West Asia|Western Asia]], [[Central Asia]], parts of [[South Asia]], and [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. By the age of 30, he had created one of the [[List of largest empires|largest empires]] in history, stretching from [[History of Greece|Greece]] to northwestern [[History of India|India]].<ref>Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), ''The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Mosul to Zirid, Volume 3''. (Oxford University Press Incorporated, 2009), 385; "[Khojand, Tajikistan]; As the easternmost outpost of the empire of Alexander the Great, the city was renamed Alexandria Eschate ("furthest Alexandria") in 329 BCE."{{pb}}Golden, Peter B. ''Central Asia in World History'' (Oxford University Press, 2011), 25;"[...] his campaigns in Central Asia brought Khwarazm, Sogdia, and Bactria under Graeco-Macedonian rule. As elsewhere, Alexander founded or renamed a number of cities, such as Alexandria Eschate ("Outernmost Alexandria," near modern Khojent in Tajikistan)."</ref> He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders.{{Sfn |Yenne|2010 | page = 159}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |url=https://archive.org/details/epdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk/page/n19 |title=Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4053-3696-3 |pages=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beaton |first=Roderick |author-link=Roderick Beaton |title=The Greeks: A Global History |publisher=Basic Books |year=2021 |isbn=9781541618299 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=163}}</ref>
Until the age of 16, Alexander was tutored by [[Aristotle]]. In 335 BC, shortly after his assumption of kingship over Macedon, he [[Alexander's Balkan campaign|campaigned in the Balkans]] and reasserted control over [[Thrace]] and parts of [[Illyria]] before marching on the city of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], which was [[Battle of Thebes|subsequently destroyed in battle]]. Alexander then led the [[League of Corinth]], and used his authority to launch the [[Greek nationalism#History|pan-Hellenic project]] envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all [[Greeks]] in their conquest of [[Greater Iran|Persia]].{{sfn|Heckel|Tritle|2009|p=99}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burger |first1=Michael |title=The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment |date=2008 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-55111-432-3 |page=76}}</ref>
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.