id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringclasses 442
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stringlengths 151
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| question
stringlengths 12
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| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56dfbab97aa994140058e0ac
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.
|
Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
|
{
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"Alexandre Dumas"
]
}
|
56dfbab97aa994140058e0ad
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.
|
Who first established the Volta Prize?
|
{
"answer_start": [
318
],
"text": [
"Napoleon Bonaparte"
]
}
|
56dfbab97aa994140058e0ae
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.
|
The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
|
{
"answer_start": [
1095
],
"text": [
"wax"
]
}
|
56dfbab97aa994140058e0af
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.
|
Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
|
{
"answer_start": [
822
],
"text": [
"Volta Bureau"
]
}
|
56dfc1cc7aa994140058e135
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".
|
What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"Science"
]
}
|
56dfc1cc7aa994140058e136
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".
|
When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
|
{
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"1903"
]
}
|
56dfc1cc7aa994140058e137
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".
|
What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
|
{
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"illustrations"
]
}
|
56dfc1cc7aa994140058e138
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".
|
What award did Bell win in 1902?
|
{
"answer_start": [
548
],
"text": [
"Albert Medal"
]
}
|
56dfc2707aa994140058e149
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
|
What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?
|
{
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"honorary degrees"
]
}
|
56dfc2707aa994140058e14a
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
|
What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?
|
{
"answer_start": [
460
],
"text": [
"Bell Telephone Memorial"
]
}
|
56dfc2707aa994140058e14b
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
|
When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"1917"
]
}
|
56dfc2707aa994140058e14c
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
|
In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
541
],
"text": [
"Brantford"
]
}
|
56dfc2707aa994140058e14d
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.
|
In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
508
],
"text": [
"Alexander Graham Bell Gardens"
]
}
|
56dfc3097aa994140058e15d
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
|
In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?
|
{
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"First"
]
}
|
56dfc3097aa994140058e15e
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
|
What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"commemorative stamp"
]
}
|
56dfc3097aa994140058e15f
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
|
Bell's stamp is part of which line?
|
{
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"Famous Americans Series"
]
}
|
56dfc3097aa994140058e160
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
|
On what date was the stamp officially released?
|
{
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"October 28"
]
}
|
56dfc3097aa994140058e161
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.
|
In which city was the stamp officially released?
|
{
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"Boston"
]
}
|
56dfc400231d4119001abdba
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
|
What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?
|
{
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"geese"
]
}
|
56dfc400231d4119001abdbb
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
|
What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?
|
{
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"genetics"
]
}
|
56dfc400231d4119001abdbc
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
|
What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?
|
{
"answer_start": [
644
],
"text": [
"C$100 gold coin"
]
}
|
56dfc400231d4119001abdbd
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.
|
In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?
|
{
"answer_start": [
749
],
"text": [
"2009"
]
}
|
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcd
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
|
In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"57th"
]
}
|
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdce
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
|
In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"10"
]
}
|
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdcf
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
|
In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"Scottish Science Hall of Fame"
]
}
|
56dfc4ba231d4119001abdd0
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.
|
Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?
|
{
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"National Library of Scotland"
]
}
|
56dfc5307aa994140058e183
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
|
What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"diabetes"
]
}
|
56dfc5307aa994140058e184
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
|
On what day and month did Bell die?
|
{
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"August 2"
]
}
|
56dfc5307aa994140058e186
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
|
Who was the last person to see Bell alive?
|
{
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"Mabel"
]
}
|
56dfc5307aa994140058e187
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.
|
In what Province did Bell die?
|
{
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Nova Scotia"
]
}
|
56dfc5897aa994140058e18d
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
|
What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Beinn Bhreagh pine"
]
}
|
56dfc5897aa994140058e18f
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
|
What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?
|
{
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"red"
]
}
|
56dfc5897aa994140058e190
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
|
What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?
|
{
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"black"
]
}
|
56dfc5897aa994140058e191
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":
|
Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?
|
{
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"Jean MacDonald"
]
}
|
56dfc6087aa994140058e197
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
|
Where was Bell buried?
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain"
]
}
|
56dfc6087aa994140058e19a
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
|
Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Marian"
]
}
|
56dfc6087aa994140058e19b
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.
|
Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?
|
{
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"35"
]
}
|
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf1
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
|
What unit is named after Bell?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The bel"
]
}
|
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf2
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
|
What does the bel and decibel measure?
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"sound intensity"
]
}
|
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf3
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
|
What lab invented the term "bel."
|
{
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"Bell Labs"
]
}
|
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf4
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
|
In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?
|
{
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"telecommunications"
]
}
|
56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf5
|
Alexander_Graham_Bell
|
The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.
|
What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?
|
{
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"1976"
]
}
|
56dfb4987aa994140058e003
|
Pub
|
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.
|
What is the term 'pub' short for?
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"public house"
]
}
|
56dfb4987aa994140058e004
|
Pub
|
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.
|
Where in the United States are pubs located?
|
{
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"New England"
]
}
|
56dfb4987aa994140058e005
|
Pub
|
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.
|
What continental European country has pubs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"Denmark"
]
}
|
56dfb4987aa994140058e006
|
Pub
|
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.
|
Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?
|
{
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
}
|
56dfb4987aa994140058e007
|
Pub
|
A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.
|
Who said that pubs are the heart of England?
|
{
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"Samuel Pepys"
]
}
|
56dfb4d6231d4119001abc97
|
Pub
|
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.
|
What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"taverns"
]
}
|
56dfb4d6231d4119001abc98
|
Pub
|
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.
|
What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"alehouse"
]
}
|
56dfb4d6231d4119001abc99
|
Pub
|
The history of pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the modern tied house system in the 19th century.
|
In what century did the tied house system develop?
|
{
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
}
|
56dfb587231d4119001abca1
|
Pub
|
Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.
|
What are traditional pub windows made out of?
|
{
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"smoked or frosted glass"
]
}
|
56dfb587231d4119001abca2
|
Pub
|
Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.
|
What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?
|
{
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"clear glass"
]
}
|
56dfb587231d4119001abca3
|
Pub
|
Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.
|
Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?
|
{
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"snacks"
]
}
|
56dfb6067aa994140058e035
|
Pub
|
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.
|
What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?
|
{
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"pub landlord"
]
}
|
56dfb6067aa994140058e036
|
Pub
|
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.
|
What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?
|
{
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"publican"
]
}
|
56dfb6067aa994140058e037
|
Pub
|
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.
|
What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?
|
{
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"locals"
]
}
|
56dfb6067aa994140058e038
|
Pub
|
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.
|
Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"darts"
]
}
|
56dfb6067aa994140058e039
|
Pub
|
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.
|
What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"pool or snooker"
]
}
|
56dfb69b231d4119001abcc9
|
Pub
|
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.
|
In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"1970s"
]
}
|
56dfb69b231d4119001abcca
|
Pub
|
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.
|
What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"off-sales counter"
]
}
|
56dfb69b231d4119001abccb
|
Pub
|
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.
|
What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?
|
{
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"the jug and bottle"
]
}
|
56dfb69b231d4119001abccc
|
Pub
|
Until the 1970s most of the larger pubs also featured an off-sales counter or attached shop for the sales of beers, wines and spirits for home consumption. In the 1970s the newly built supermarkets and high street chain stores or off-licences undercut the pub prices to such a degree that within ten years all but a handful of pubs had closed their off-sale counters, which had often been referred to colloquially as the jug and bottle.
|
Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?
|
{
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"supermarkets"
]
}
|
56dfb7187aa994140058e05d
|
Pub
|
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.
|
During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?
|
{
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"the Bronze Age"
]
}
|
56dfb7187aa994140058e05e
|
Pub
|
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.
|
In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?
|
{
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"the 1st Century"
]
}
|
56dfb7187aa994140058e05f
|
Pub
|
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.
|
What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?
|
{
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"tabernae"
]
}
|
56dfb7187aa994140058e060
|
Pub
|
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.
|
In what century did the Romans leave Britain?
|
{
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"5th Century"
]
}
|
56dfb7187aa994140058e061
|
Pub
|
The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.
|
What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?
|
{
"answer_start": [
527
],
"text": [
"green"
]
}
|
56dfb76e7aa994140058e067
|
Pub
|
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.
|
When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?
|
{
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"1446"
]
}
|
56dfb76e7aa994140058e068
|
Pub
|
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.
|
In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?
|
{
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"1514"
]
}
|
56dfb76e7aa994140058e069
|
Pub
|
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.
|
Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"monasteries"
]
}
|
56dfb76e7aa994140058e06a
|
Pub
|
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.
|
What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?
|
{
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"pilgrimages"
]
}
|
56dfb801231d4119001abcf1
|
Pub
|
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.
|
Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?
|
{
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"food and drink"
]
}
|
56dfb801231d4119001abcf2
|
Pub
|
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.
|
What road is an inn often located near?
|
{
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"highway"
]
}
|
56dfb801231d4119001abcf3
|
Pub
|
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.
|
How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?
|
{
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56dfb801231d4119001abcf4
|
Pub
|
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.
|
About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?
|
{
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"several centuries"
]
}
|
56dfb801231d4119001abcf5
|
Pub
|
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.
|
What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?
|
{
"answer_start": [
391
],
"text": [
"community gathering places"
]
}
|
56dfb89e7aa994140058e06f
|
Pub
|
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.
|
What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?
|
{
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"accommodation"
]
}
|
56dfb89e7aa994140058e070
|
Pub
|
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.
|
In what nation's pubs is food often served?
|
{
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"the UK"
]
}
|
56dfb89e7aa994140058e071
|
Pub
|
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.
|
Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?
|
{
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"The George"
]
}
|
56dfb89e7aa994140058e072
|
Pub
|
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.
|
In what country is "The Welcome Inn" frequently used as a name for pubs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
856
],
"text": [
"Scotland"
]
}
|
56dfb89e7aa994140058e073
|
Pub
|
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.
|
Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?
|
{
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"horses"
]
}
|
56dfb914231d4119001abd05
|
Pub
|
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
|
What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?
|
{
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"lodging"
]
}
|
56dfb914231d4119001abd06
|
Pub
|
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
|
What is the main provision that pubs offer?
|
{
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"alcohol"
]
}
|
56dfb914231d4119001abd07
|
Pub
|
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
|
What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?
|
{
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"food and drink"
]
}
|
56dfb914231d4119001abd08
|
Pub
|
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
|
What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?
|
{
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"Holiday Inn"
]
}
|
56dfb914231d4119001abd09
|
Pub
|
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
|
In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?
|
{
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"innkeepers"
]
}
|
56dfb970231d4119001abd0f
|
Pub
|
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.
|
Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Inns of Court"
]
}
|
56dfb970231d4119001abd10
|
Pub
|
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.
|
In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"London"
]
}
|
56dfb970231d4119001abd11
|
Pub
|
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.
|
Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Wales"
]
}
|
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd15
|
Pub
|
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.
|
What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?
|
{
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"fermented malt"
]
}
|
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd16
|
Pub
|
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.
|
What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?
|
{
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"the Netherlands"
]
}
|
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd17
|
Pub
|
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.
|
In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?
|
{
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"15th"
]
}
|
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd18
|
Pub
|
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.
|
In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?
|
{
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"17th"
]
}
|
56dfb9fe231d4119001abd19
|
Pub
|
Traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries.
|
What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"commercial breweries"
]
}
|
56dfba5f231d4119001abd29
|
Pub
|
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.
|
After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?
|
{
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"the Glorious Revolution"
]
}
|
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2a
|
Pub
|
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.
|
What people introduced gin to England?
|
{
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"the Dutch"
]
}
|
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2b
|
Pub
|
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.
|
In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?
|
{
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"1688"
]
}
|
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2c
|
Pub
|
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.
|
How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?
|
{
"answer_start": [
608
],
"text": [
"six times"
]
}
|
56dfba5f231d4119001abd2d
|
Pub
|
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin. Gin was brought to England by the Dutch after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and became very popular after the government created a market for "cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt" that was unfit to be used in brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production, while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called Gin Craze. Over half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.
|
In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?
|
{
"answer_start": [
734
],
"text": [
"half"
]
}
|
56dfbb977aa994140058e0b5
|
Pub
|
The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.
|
What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
|
{
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"William Hogarth"
]
}
|
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