id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringclasses 442
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stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 12
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| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1b
|
Catalan_language
|
This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.
|
When did the EU create the European Constitution?
|
{
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"2004"
]
}
|
56e1c021cd28a01900c67b1c
|
Catalan_language
|
This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.
|
Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
|
{
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"Spanish government"
]
}
|
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b47
|
Catalan_language
|
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.
|
As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
|
{
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"as an archaism"
]
}
|
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b48
|
Catalan_language
|
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.
|
How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
|
{
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"as an innovative element"
]
}
|
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b49
|
Catalan_language
|
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.
|
What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Eastern and Western"
]
}
|
56e1c3c0cd28a01900c67b4a
|
Catalan_language
|
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.
|
What language has a lexical unity?
|
{
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"Catalan"
]
}
|
56e1c607e3433e1400423160
|
Catalan_language
|
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.
|
What can use words from different dialects?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Literary Catalan"
]
}
|
56e1c607e3433e1400423161
|
Catalan_language
|
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.
|
What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
|
{
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"restricted use"
]
}
|
56e1c607e3433e1400423162
|
Catalan_language
|
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.
|
When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
|
{
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
}
|
56e1c607e3433e1400423163
|
Catalan_language
|
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.
|
What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
|
{
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"detriment of others"
]
}
|
56e1c607e3433e1400423164
|
Catalan_language
|
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.
|
What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
|
{
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"greater freedom of choice"
]
}
|
56e1c818e3433e1400423174
|
Catalan_language
|
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.
|
Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"Greek and Latin"
]
}
|
56e1c818e3433e1400423175
|
Catalan_language
|
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.
|
When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"very early"
]
}
|
56e1c818e3433e1400423176
|
Catalan_language
|
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.
|
In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
|
{
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"Ramon Llull"
]
}
|
56e1c818e3433e1400423177
|
Catalan_language
|
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.
|
When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
|
{
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"fourteenth and fifteenth centuries"
]
}
|
56e1c818e3433e1400423178
|
Catalan_language
|
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.
|
Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"Roís de Corella"
]
}
|
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b98
|
Catalan_language
|
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").
|
What is common in Romance languages?
|
{
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"agglutination"
]
}
|
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b99
|
Catalan_language
|
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").
|
What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"morphological"
]
}
|
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9a
|
Catalan_language
|
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").
|
What word additive is usually added to verbs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
329
],
"text": [
"Prefixes"
]
}
|
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9b
|
Catalan_language
|
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").
|
What other word changes can occur in derivations?
|
{
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"sound alternations"
]
}
|
56e1cac5cd28a01900c67b9c
|
Catalan_language
|
The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").
|
What word supplement can be put on an already existing word base?
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"affixes"
]
}
|
56e1cd44e3433e140042319d
|
Catalan_language
|
In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:
|
What is the usual masculine suffix?
|
{
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"-o"
]
}
|
56e1d007e3433e14004231b8
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.
|
What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"suppletive couplets"
]
}
|
56e1d007e3433e14004231b9
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.
|
What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
56e1d007e3433e14004231ba
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.
|
What languages are similar to Catalan in numbers of couplets?
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"Italian and Spanish"
]
}
|
56e1d007e3433e14004231bb
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.
|
What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
|
{
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"French"
]
}
|
56e1d349e3433e14004231c0
|
Catalan_language
|
There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.
|
What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
|
{
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Occitan and French"
]
}
|
56e1d349e3433e14004231c1
|
Catalan_language
|
There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.
|
What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"bullent/bullenta"
]
}
|
56e1d349e3433e14004231c2
|
Catalan_language
|
There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.
|
What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
|
{
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"bullent/bullenta"
]
}
|
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc0
|
Catalan_language
|
As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").
|
What is the usual way to make a plural?
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"suffix -s"
]
}
|
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc1
|
Catalan_language
|
As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").
|
What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
|
{
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"morphological alternations"
]
}
|
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc2
|
Catalan_language
|
As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").
|
To what are these morphological changes similar?
|
{
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"gender inflection"
]
}
|
56e1dab2cd28a01900c67bc3
|
Catalan_language
|
As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").
|
What is an important plural alternation?
|
{
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"addition of -o-"
]
}
|
56e1dec2e3433e14004231de
|
Catalan_language
|
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).
|
What does the large number of omissions make the determinatives?
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"complex"
]
}
|
56e1dec2e3433e14004231df
|
Catalan_language
|
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).
|
What is much like the neighboring languages?
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"inflection of determinatives"
]
}
|
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e0
|
Catalan_language
|
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).
|
What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
|
{
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e1
|
Catalan_language
|
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).
|
Catalan has less contractions than what language?
|
{
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
56e1dec2e3433e14004231e2
|
Catalan_language
|
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).
|
What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
|
{
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"article"
]
}
|
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bda
|
Catalan_language
|
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.
|
What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"unstressed possessives"
]
}
|
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdc
|
Catalan_language
|
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.
|
What other language shares this type of construction?
|
{
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bdd
|
Catalan_language
|
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.
|
What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
|
{
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"el meu"
]
}
|
56e1e04dcd28a01900c67bde
|
Catalan_language
|
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.
|
What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"mon"
]
}
|
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be4
|
Catalan_language
|
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).
|
How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"13 distinct forms"
]
}
|
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be5
|
Catalan_language
|
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).
|
How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
|
{
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"11"
]
}
|
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be6
|
Catalan_language
|
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).
|
What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
|
{
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"9"
]
}
|
56e1e199cd28a01900c67be7
|
Catalan_language
|
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian). Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).
|
How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
|
{
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"65"
]
}
|
56e1e388e3433e14004231e9
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.
|
What is this distinction similar to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"all other Romance languages"
]
}
|
56e1e388e3433e14004231ea
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.
|
What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
|
{
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"English"
]
}
|
56e1e388e3433e14004231ec
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.
|
What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
|
{
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"formality"
]
}
|
56e1e668e3433e14004231f2
|
Catalan_language
|
This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).
|
What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"French or Spanish"
]
}
|
56e1e668e3433e14004231f4
|
Catalan_language
|
This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).
|
What do you not need to use in Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"passive voice"
]
}
|
56e1e668e3433e14004231f5
|
Catalan_language
|
This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).
|
What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"French or English"
]
}
|
56e1e668e3433e14004231f6
|
Catalan_language
|
This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).
|
What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
|
{
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"preposition"
]
}
|
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bee
|
Catalan_language
|
Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.
|
What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"more complex"
]
}
|
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf0
|
Catalan_language
|
Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.
|
What plays a primary part in Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"Suffixation"
]
}
|
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf1
|
Catalan_language
|
Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.
|
What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"morphological alternations"
]
}
|
56e1e933cd28a01900c67bf2
|
Catalan_language
|
Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.
|
How are vowel alternances in Catalan?
|
{
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"active"
]
}
|
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf8
|
Catalan_language
|
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.
|
What system is common to Western Romance?
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Catalan verbal system"
]
}
|
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bf9
|
Catalan_language
|
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.
|
What have many dialects replaced?
|
{
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"synthetic indicative perfect"
]
}
|
56e1eab7cd28a01900c67bfb
|
Catalan_language
|
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.
|
What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"all Western Romance"
]
}
|
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c00
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.
|
How are Catalan verbs grouped?
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"into three conjugations"
]
}
|
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c02
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.
|
Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"first conjugation"
]
}
|
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c03
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.
|
How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
|
{
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"700"
]
}
|
56e1ec35cd28a01900c67c04
|
Catalan_language
|
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.
|
Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
|
{
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"second"
]
}
|
56e1edbee3433e1400423206
|
Catalan_language
|
In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").
|
How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
|
{
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"two"
]
}
|
56e1edbee3433e1400423207
|
Catalan_language
|
In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").
|
Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"first"
]
}
|
56e1edbee3433e1400423209
|
Catalan_language
|
In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").
|
What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
|
{
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"joining both surnames"
]
}
|
56e1edbee3433e140042320a
|
Catalan_language
|
In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").
|
What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
|
{
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"in"
]
}
|
56e112eecd28a01900c67555
|
Boston
|
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
|
Which of the United States is Boston located in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
]
}
|
56e112eecd28a01900c67556
|
Boston
|
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
|
How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
|
{
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"48"
]
}
|
56e112eecd28a01900c67557
|
Boston
|
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
|
The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"Greater Boston"
]
}
|
56e112eecd28a01900c67558
|
Boston
|
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
|
What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
|
{
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"4.7 million people"
]
}
|
56e112eecd28a01900c67559
|
Boston
|
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.
|
What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Boston"
]
}
|
56e114f2e3433e1400422ba4
|
Boston
|
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).
|
What year was Boston founded?
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"1630"
]
}
|
56e114f2e3433e1400422ba6
|
Boston
|
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).
|
What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"the Shawmut Peninsula"
]
}
|
56e114f2e3433e1400422ba7
|
Boston
|
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).
|
Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"tourists"
]
}
|
56e114f2e3433e1400422ba8
|
Boston
|
One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).
|
The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
643
],
"text": [
"20 million"
]
}
|
56e1184ecd28a01900c67597
|
Boston
|
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.
|
Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?
|
{
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"philanthropy"
]
}
|
56e1184ecd28a01900c67598
|
Boston
|
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.
|
Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
483
],
"text": [
"environmental sustainability and investment"
]
}
|
56e1184ecd28a01900c67599
|
Boston
|
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.
|
Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?
|
{
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"The city has one of the highest costs of living"
]
}
|
56e1184ecd28a01900c6759a
|
Boston
|
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.
|
How does Boston rank on world livability?
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"high"
]
}
|
56e1184ecd28a01900c6759b
|
Boston
|
The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.
|
Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"colleges and universities"
]
}
|
56e119bdcd28a01900c675ab
|
Boston
|
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.
|
What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Trimountaine"
]
}
|
56e119bdcd28a01900c675ac
|
Boston
|
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.
|
What does Trimountaine mean?
|
{
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"three mountains"
]
}
|
56e119bdcd28a01900c675ad
|
Boston
|
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.
|
What year was the city renamed Boston?
|
{
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"1630"
]
}
|
56e119bdcd28a01900c675ae
|
Boston
|
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.
|
Who named the city Boston?
|
{
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"Puritan colonists from England"
]
}
|
56e119bdcd28a01900c675af
|
Boston
|
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.
|
What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
|
{
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"fresh water"
]
}
|
56e11b94cd28a01900c675cd
|
Boston
|
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.
|
What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?
|
{
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1629"
]
}
|
56e11b94cd28a01900c675ce
|
Boston
|
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.
|
America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?
|
{
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"1635"
]
}
|
56e11b94cd28a01900c675cf
|
Boston
|
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.
|
Who was Massachusetts first governor?
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"John Winthrop"
]
}
|
56e11b94cd28a01900c675d0
|
Boston
|
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.
|
How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?
|
{
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"four"
]
}
|
56e11b94cd28a01900c675d1
|
Boston
|
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.
|
Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"John Winthrop"
]
}
|
56e11e6fcd28a01900c67604
|
Boston
|
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.
|
Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"the American Revolution"
]
}
|
56e11e6fcd28a01900c67605
|
Boston
|
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.
|
What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?
|
{
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"seafaring tradition"
]
}
|
56e11e6fcd28a01900c67607
|
Boston
|
Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution—the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's midnight ride, the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many others—occurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.
|
Boston was the location of many important events of what war?
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"the American Revolution"
]
}
|
56e120c3cd28a01900c67627
|
Boston
|
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.
|
What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Embargo Act of 1807"
]
}
|
56e120c3cd28a01900c67628
|
Boston
|
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.
|
What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Embargo Act of 1807"
]
}
|
56e120c3cd28a01900c67629
|
Boston
|
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.
|
What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?
|
{
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"manufacturing"
]
}
|
56e120c3cd28a01900c6762a
|
Boston
|
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.
|
In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?
|
{
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
}
|
56e120c3cd28a01900c6762b
|
Boston
|
The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.
|
When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?
|
{
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"the early 20th century"
]
}
|
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