id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442 values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5a8205c631013a001a3350ef | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss. | Aside from Alan Prince who brought dominant theory to morphology? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8205c631013a001a3350f0 | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss. | Who were prominent critics of dominant theory? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8205c631013a001a3350f1 | Phonology | In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss. | Who are proponents of dominant phonology? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403824 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What followed government phonology? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"strict-CV phonology"
]
} |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403825 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | Where is government phonology popular? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"the United Kingdom,"
]
} |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403826 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What theory is seen more in the US? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"optimality theory"
]
} |
5a82075d31013a001a335113 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What followed government optimality? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82075d31013a001a335114 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | Where is descendant phonology popular? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82075d31013a001a335115 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What government idea is seen more in the UK? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82075d31013a001a335116 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What has a greater following in France? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82075d31013a001a335117 | Phonology | Broadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed] | What began in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382a | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"phonological theory"
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382b | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"synchronic and diachronic accounts"
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382c | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"recent years."
]
} |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382d | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"integrated"
]
} |
5a8209af31013a001a335127 | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What is recent diachronic an integrated approach to? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8209af31013a001a335128 | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What is combined to sound patterns by recent patterns? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8209af31013a001a335129 | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | When did diachronic come into being? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8209af31013a001a33512a | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What sort of approach did recent diachronic take? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8209af31013a001a33512b | Phonology | An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years. | What was initiated with sound accounts? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc43d900a8df1900403832 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | What are the units called that traditional phonology studies? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"phonemes"
]
} |
56fc43d900a8df1900403833 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | What is another word for variations? | {
"answer_start": [
389
],
"text": [
"allophones"
]
} |
56fc43d900a8df1900403834 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | What is the opposite of aspirated? | {
"answer_start": [
552
],
"text": [
"unaspirated"
]
} |
5a820bf031013a001a33513b | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | What are the minimal pairs called that minimal phonology studies? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820bf031013a001a33513c | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | What is another word for phoneme? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820bf031013a001a33513d | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | What is the opposite of phoneme? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820bf031013a001a33513e | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | In what languages are there minimal pairs of words for which allophones are the only contrasting feature? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820bf031013a001a33513f | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). | Which speakers treat both sounds as aspirations? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04b | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"phonological"
]
} |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04c | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"sound inventory"
]
} |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04d | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"native"
]
} |
5a820d7b31013a001a33514f | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | What type of language study involves trying to deduce transcriptions? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820d7b31013a001a335150 | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phnological study of a language tray to find out about minimal pairs? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820d7b31013a001a335151 | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | What kind of transcription data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820d7b31013a001a335152 | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | What is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two languages should be assigned to the same phoneme? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820d7b31013a001a335153 | Phonology | Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. | What does part of the assigned transcription of a language involve? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511d | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history? | {
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"historical"
]
} |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511e | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"contrasts"
]
} |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511f | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"the same phoneme"
]
} |
5a820f9431013a001a335175 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | What kind of linguistics describes how factors of phenomes change in history? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820f9431013a001a335176 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | With the passage of phenomes what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820f9431013a001a335177 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phenomes were allophones of what kind of change in English? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820f9431013a001a335178 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | What cannot change over time? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a820f9431013a001a335179 | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics. | Where is historical change of time described? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755123 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"complicate"
]
} |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755124 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"unrecognizable"
]
} |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755125 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | What does splicing words affect? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"speech perception"
]
} |
5a8210ef31013a001a335191 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional spliced words? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8210ef31013a001a335192 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | How does interchanging phenomes of the same allophone render words? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8210ef31013a001a335193 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | What does splicing phenomes affect? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8210ef31013a001a335194 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | What can result in recognizable words? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8210ef31013a001a335195 | Phonology | The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. | What complicates the traditional ideas of phonemes being perceived as the same allophones? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d1 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"sounds"
]
} |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d2 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | What part of a human does language processing? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"brain"
]
} |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d3 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"allophones"
]
} |
5a82122f31013a001a3351a5 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | What are assigned to phonemes by different languages? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82122f31013a001a3351a6 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | What part of a human does allophone processing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82122f31013a001a3351a7 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between phenomes? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82122f31013a001a3351a8 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | Who takes different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to allophones? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82122f31013a001a3351a9 | Phonology | Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. | Who differs in the extent to which they requires phonemes to be phonetically similar? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe1900755129 | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"early 1960s"
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512a | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"abstract"
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512b | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What is a name for the basic morpheme unit? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"morphophonemes"
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512c | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What is the act of analyzing morphophones called? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"morphophonology"
]
} |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512d | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"theoretical"
]
} |
5a8214c031013a001a3351af | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | When did theoretical linguists turn away traditioinal analysis concepts? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8214c031013a001a3351b0 | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic approaches? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8214c031013a001a3351b1 | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What is a name for the basic phoneme unit? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8214c031013a001a3351b2 | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | What kind of linguists are leaving the old phonemes behind? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a8214c031013a001a3351b3 | Phonology | Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology. | When did theoretical linguists move away from the traditional concept of a morpheme? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d7 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | What do phonemes differentiate? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"meaning"
]
} |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d8 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"how sounds alternate"
]
} |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d9 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"phonology"
]
} |
5a82162231013a001a3351b9 | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | What do allomorphs differentiate? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82162231013a001a3351ba | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | Aside from phonemes what is studies by geometry? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82162231013a001a3351bb | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | The study of accent structure is part of what discipline? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82162231013a001a3351bc | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | What studies how geometry alternates? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82162231013a001a3351bd | Phonology | In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation. | What is another name for syllable? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755133 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"prosody"
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755134 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"feeding"
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755135 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Phonology"
]
} |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755136 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Stress and intonation are studied under what topic? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"prosody"
]
} |
5a82188631013a001a3351e5 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Under what topic is phonological alternation studied? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82188631013a001a3351e6 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how suprasegmentals change? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82188631013a001a3351e7 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Phonotactics, phonological alternation and stress are topics contained in what discipline? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82188631013a001a3351e8 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | Stress and rules are studied under what topic? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a82188631013a001a3351e9 | Phonology | Phonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can be feeding or bleeding,) as well as prosody, the study of suprasegmentals and topics such as stress and intonation. | What includes topics such as sound rules? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513b | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"general analytical tools"
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513c | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"sign languages"
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513d | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"modality"
]
} |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513e | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"sub-lexical units"
]
} |
5a821ac031013a001a335201 | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | Instead of being language specific what kind of tool is sign language designed to be? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a821ac031013a001a335202 | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | What other types of language have the speech sound principles been applied to | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a821ac031013a001a335203 | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | What are the principles of sign language able to be applied separately from? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a821ac031013a001a335204 | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | In sign laguages what are not represented as instances of analytical tools? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5a821ac031013a001a335205 | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. | What can be applied depending on modality? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4d | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. | In computer terms, what does CPU stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"central processing unit"
]
} |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4e | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. | What are the devices called that are from an external source? | {
"answer_start": [
312
],
"text": [
"Peripheral devices"
]
} |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4f | Computer | Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. | What are two things that a computer always has? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"(CPU), and some form of memory"
]
} |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd53 | Computer | Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). | What were analog computers originally used for? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"astronomical calculations"
]
} |
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