id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57340e5dd058e614000b68b9 | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"situation in Darfur"
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68ba | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"Colin Powell"
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68bb | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | In front of which committee did Powell testify? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68bc | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"
]
} |
57340e5dd058e614000b68bd | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued? | {
"answer_start": [
717
],
"text": [
"genocidal policy"
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68cd | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote o... | To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court"
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68ce | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote o... | What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"the Commission report"
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68cf | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote o... | China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"the United States"
]
} |
57340f5bd058e614000b68d0 | Genocide | In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote o... | In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"his fourth report"
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e5 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"structural conditions"
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e6 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"psychological and social"
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e7 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"Ervin Staub"
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e8 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
469
],
"text": [
"devaluation of the group"
]
} |
573410864776f419006617e9 | Genocide | Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in... | What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
995
],
"text": [
"humanizing a devalued group"
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6187 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"resistance of bacteria"
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6188 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"evolution"
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b6189 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment? | {
"answer_start": [
610
],
"text": [
"1943"
]
} |
5733bc38d058e614000b618a | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now? | {
"answer_start": [
669
],
"text": [
"penicillin and erythromycin"
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c5 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What does emergence of resistance reflect? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"evolutionary processes"
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c6 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"survive high doses of antibiotics"
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c7 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated? | {
"answer_start": [
610
],
"text": [
"1943"
]
} |
5731c593e17f3d14004223c8 | Antibiotics | The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of... | Who made the demonstration in 1943? | {
"answer_start": [
622
],
"text": [
"Luria–Delbrück"
]
} |
5733b31dd058e614000b609f | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon? | {
"answer_start": [
605
],
"text": [
"concentration"
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d1400422398 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does this eliminate? | {
"answer_start": [
521
],
"text": [
"bacterial infection"
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d1400422397 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"bacterial growth phase"
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d1400422399 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"division of bacterial cells"
]
} |
5731bff5e17f3d140042239a | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does the activity of antibacterials depends on? | {
"answer_start": [
605
],
"text": [
"concentration"
]
} |
5733b31dd058e614000b609e | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"
]
} |
5733b31dd058e614000b60a0 | Antibiotics | The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial gr... | How do you predict the clinical result? | {
"answer_start": [
942
],
"text": [
"several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610ca | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What do anitibiotics mostly target? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"bacterial functions or growth processes"
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610cb | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall? | {
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610cc | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"polymyxins"
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610cd | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What 3 types go after protein synthesis? | {
"answer_start": [
463
],
"text": [
"(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6503 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"mechanism of action"
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | {
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6505 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | whats another word for cell membrane? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"polymyxins"
]
} |
5731c1260fdd8d15006c6506 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/ | {
"answer_start": [
928
],
"text": [
"four"
]
} |
5733b4cf4776f419006610c9 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What three ways are antibiotics classified? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6122 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are antibiotics in chemical terms? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"semisynthetic modifications"
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6123 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What type of antibiotics include penicilin? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"beta-lactam antibiotics"
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6124 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"aminoglycosides"
]
} |
5733b6a2d058e614000b6125 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"synthesis"
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6515 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"various natural compounds"
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6516 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds? | {
"answer_start": [
621
],
"text": [
"2000 atomic mass units"
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6517 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"penicillins"
]
} |
5731c2fd0fdd8d15006c6518 | Antibiotics | With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are ... | What is penicillins produced by? | {
"answer_start": [
227
],
"text": [
"fungi"
]
} |
573016fb947a6a140053d0b4 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"tuberculosis"
]
} |
573016fb947a6a140053d0b5 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance"
]
} |
573016fb947a6a140053d0b7 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?' | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
} |
573016fb947a6a140053d0b6 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | In which century were antibiotics first introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
} |
573016fb947a6a140053d0b8 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
631
],
"text": [
"anyone, of any age, in any country"
]
} |
5730ba2f396df919000962ee | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What does there medicines do for livestock? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"develop resistance"
]
} |
5730ba2f396df919000962ef | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world?? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
} |
5730ba2f396df919000962ec | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"20th"
]
} |
5730ba2f396df919000962f0 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"antibiotic resistance"
]
} |
5730ba2f396df919000962ed | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"vaccination"
]
} |
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422341 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
} |
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422342 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"develop resistance"
]
} |
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422343 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What organization stated that the world has this serious problem? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"World Health Organization"
]
} |
5731bbe8e17f3d1400422344 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What regions in the world does this apply in? | {
"answer_start": [
573
],
"text": [
"every region of the world"
]
} |
5732843bb3a91d1900202df7 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | When were antibiotics created? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"20th century"
]
} |
5732843bb3a91d1900202dfa | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What is a common problem in antibiotic use? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance"
]
} |
5732843bb3a91d1900202df9 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"livestock raising"
]
} |
5732843bb3a91d1900202df8 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What disease did antibiotics help eliminate? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"tuberculosis"
]
} |
573018d5947a6a140053d0e4 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"empirical therapy"
]
} |
573018d5947a6a140053d0e5 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing? | {
"answer_start": [
523
],
"text": [
"laboratory"
]
} |
573018d5947a6a140053d0e6 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"broad spectrum antibiotic"
]
} |
573018d5947a6a140053d0e7 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"While the microorgainsim is being identified"
]
} |
573018d5947a6a140053d0e8 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | How long does the identification process take? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"several days"
]
} |
573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d82 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"broad spectrum antibiotic"
]
} |
573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d83 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | What happens in empirical therapy? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"
]
} |
573288ce57eb1f1400fd2d84 | Antibiotics | In empirical therapy, a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified. While the microorgainsim is being identified the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection usually a broad spect... | When is empirical started? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"
]
} |
57301a6b04bcaa1900d7719f | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
686
],
"text": [
"fever and nausea"
]
} |
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a0 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What causes diarrhea? | {
"answer_start": [
828
],
"text": [
"disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora"
]
} |
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a1 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area? | {
"answer_start": [
1064
],
"text": [
"yeast"
]
} |
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a2 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage? | {
"answer_start": [
1258
],
"text": [
"a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid"
]
} |
57301a6b04bcaa1900d771a3 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
1390
],
"text": [
"alter the host microbiota"
]
} |
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4e | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"negative effects"
]
} |
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc4f | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What do antibiotics need approval for? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"clinical use"
]
} |
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc50 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"microbial organisms"
]
} |
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc51 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect? | {
"answer_start": [
659
],
"text": [
"Adverse effects"
]
} |
5730ee6405b4da19006bcc52 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
1400
],
"text": [
"host microbiota"
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e29 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | Why are antibiotics checked before use? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"negative effects on humans or other mammals"
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2a | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | Name some adverse effects? | {
"answer_start": [
686
],
"text": [
"fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis"
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2b | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | Name some side-effects? | {
"answer_start": [
803
],
"text": [
"diarrhea"
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2c | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What can happen to vaginal flora? | {
"answer_start": [
1050
],
"text": [
"overgrowth of yeast"
]
} |
57328a33b3a91d1900202e2d | Antibiotics | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the a... | What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs? | {
"answer_start": [
1126
],
"text": [
"Additional side-effects"
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd81 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"increased body mass"
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd82 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What does STAT stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment"
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd83 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline"
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd84 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
858
],
"text": [
"unclear"
]
} |
57301bfca23a5019007fcd85 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? | {
"answer_start": [
1541
],
"text": [
"weighed against the beneficial effects"
]
} |
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e33 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"increased body mass"
]
} |
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e34 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | When do intestinal microbiota develop? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"Early life"
]
} |
57328cf2b3a91d1900202e35 | Antibiotics | Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penic... | Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans? | {
"answer_start": [
858
],
"text": [
"unclear"
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdf7 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills"
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdf8 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"about 1%"
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdf9 | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What are the potential effects on intestinal flora? | {
"answer_start": [
563
],
"text": [
"reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdfa | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | Have these potential effects been proven through testing? | {
"answer_start": [
666
],
"text": [
"inconclusive and controversial"
]
} |
57302106a23a5019007fcdfb | Antibiotics | The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for t... | What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue? | {
"answer_start": [
731
],
"text": [
"extra contraceptive measures"
]
} |
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