id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
56fdc5b519033b140034cd62 | Computer | The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculat... | From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"19th century"
]
} |
56fdc60e19033b140034cd67 | Computer | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items... | The earliest device to help count was what? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"a form of tally stick"
]
} |
56fdc60e19033b140034cd68 | Computer | Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items... | Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"(clay spheres, cones, etc.)"
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6b | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | What was the abacus first used for? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"arithmetic tasks"
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6c | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | When was the Roman abacus first used? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"2400 BC"
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6d | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | Where was the Roman abacus first used? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Babylonia"
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6e | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"a checkered cloth"
]
} |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6f | Computer | The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to ... | A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"sums of money"
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdd | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Antikythera mechanism"
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdf | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"1901"
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28be0 | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901? | {
"answer_start": [
211
],
"text": [
"Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28be1 | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"Kythera and Crete"
]
} |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bde | Computer | The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog "computer", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa... | The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"Derek J. de Solla Price."
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28be7 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | Who invented the planisphere? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī"
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28be8 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history? | {
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"Hipparchus"
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28be9 | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"the planisphere and dioptra"
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28bea | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when? | {
"answer_start": [
627
],
"text": [
"1235"
]
} |
56fdc764761e401900d28beb | Computer | Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipp... | The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where? | {
"answer_start": [
617
],
"text": [
"Persia"
]
} |
56fdc789761e401900d28bf1 | Computer | The sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. | The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"16th century"
]
} |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf3 | Computer | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as tr... | When was the slide rule first invented? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"1620–1630"
]
} |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf4 | Computer | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as tr... | What is the slide rule used for? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"doing multiplication and division."
]
} |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf5 | Computer | The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as tr... | What industry are slide rules still used today? | {
"answer_start": [
438
],
"text": [
"Aviation"
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bf9 | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"a Swiss watchmaker"
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfa | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"In the 1770s"
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfb | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"Musée d'Art et d'Histoire"
]
} |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfc | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"Neuchâtel, Switzerland"
]
} |
56fdca0319033b140034cd75 | Computer | The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. | When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"1872"
]
} |
56fdca0319033b140034cd76 | Computer | The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. | Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Sir William Thomson"
]
} |
56fdca0319033b140034cd77 | Computer | The tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location. | What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"system of pulleys and wires"
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c01 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"wheel-and-disc"
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c02 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"Lord Kelvin"
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c03 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"1920s"
]
} |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c04 | Computer | The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the... | In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"Vannevar Bush"
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7b | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | Who invented the concept of a programmable computer? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Charles Babbage"
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7c | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | Who is considered the "father of the computer"? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Charles Babbage"
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7d | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"early 19th century"
]
} |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7e | Computer | Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navig... | What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"1833"
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd83 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | Who was Charles Babbage's son? | {
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"Henry Babbage"
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd84 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit? | {
"answer_start": [
551
],
"text": [
"Henry Babbage"
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd85 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | When was the mill created by Henry Babbage? | {
"answer_start": [
653
],
"text": [
"1888"
]
} |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd86 | Computer | The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine... | When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given? | {
"answer_start": [
728
],
"text": [
"1906"
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c09 | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"Sir William Thomson"
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0a | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"1872"
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0b | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"James Thomson"
]
} |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0c | Computer | The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more f... | James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"Lord Kelvin"
]
} |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c11 | Computer | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"MIT"
]
} |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c12 | Computer | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"1927"
]
} |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c13 | Computer | The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsoles... | The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"H. W. Nieman"
]
} |
56fdcd6019033b140034cd8b | Computer | By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule). | By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"50s"
]
} |
56fdcd6019033b140034cd8c | Computer | By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule). | Analog computers remain in use in what industries? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule)."
]
} |
56fdda6219033b140034cd8f | Computer | The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-bas... | Who wrote the paper "On Computable Numbers"? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Alan Turing"
]
} |
56fdda6219033b140034cd90 | Computer | The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-bas... | When did Alan Turing write the paper, "On Computable Numbers"? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"1936"
]
} |
56fdda6219033b140034cd91 | Computer | The principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-bas... | Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Kurt Gödel"
]
} |
56fddf1719033b140034cd95 | Computer | He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine... | A Universal Machine is known as what today? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"Universal Turing machine"
]
} |
56fddf75761e401900d28c17 | Computer | By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well... | What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"the United States Navy"
]
} |
56fddf75761e401900d28c18 | Computer | By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well... | When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1938"
]
} |
56fddf75761e401900d28c19 | Computer | By 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well... | What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"trigonometry"
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1d | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | Who created the relay computer, the Z2? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"Konrad Zuse"
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1e | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"1939"
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1f | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"The Z2"
]
} |
56fde0be761e401900d28c20 | Computer | Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was o... | Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"German"
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c25 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"1941"
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c26 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"the Z3"
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c27 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | How many relays did the Z3 contain? | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"2000"
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c28 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"about 5–10 Hz"
]
} |
56fde15e761e401900d28c29 | Computer | In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while... | How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"64"
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c2f | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"Post Office Research Station"
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c30 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"London"
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c31 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
684
],
"text": [
"1942"
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c32 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use? | {
"answer_start": [
786
],
"text": [
"about 300"
]
} |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c33 | Computer | Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telepho... | At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work? | {
"answer_start": [
603
],
"text": [
"Iowa State University"
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c39 | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | Who built the first Colossus in 1943? | {
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"Flowers"
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c3a | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park? | {
"answer_start": [
620
],
"text": [
"18 January 1944"
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c3b | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
", the British"
]
} |
56fde387761e401900d28c3c | Computer | During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-... | Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Bletchley Park"
]
} |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c41 | Computer | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Colossus"
]
} |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c42 | Computer | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"1500 thermionic valves (tubes)"
]
} |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c43 | Computer | Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I wa... | How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain? | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"2400"
]
} |
56fde41819033b140034cd97 | Computer | The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memor... | The US-buils ENIAC stands for what? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)"
]
} |
56fde41819033b140034cd98 | Computer | The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memor... | What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"ENIAC"
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9b | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | How many times could it add or subtract a second? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"5000"
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9c | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | What was the limit of its high speed memory? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"ENIAC"
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9d | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | ENIAC was constructed by whom? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert"
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9e | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
} |
56fde79819033b140034cd9f | Computer | It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built... | When was ENIAC fully operational? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"1945"
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda5 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom? | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"Alan Turing"
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda6 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer? | {
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"1936"
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda7 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"1945"
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda8 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when? | {
"answer_start": [
776
],
"text": [
"1945."
]
} |
56fde82419033b140034cda9 | Computer | Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that detai... | Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC? | {
"answer_start": [
688
],
"text": [
"University of Pennsylvania"
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdaf | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Baby"
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb0 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | What was the first stored-program computer in the world? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine"
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb1 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"Victoria University of Manchester"
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb2 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill"
]
} |
56fde89119033b140034cdb3 | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"21 June 1948"
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdb9 | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Mark 1"
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdba | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | What was the first available computer for the public? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"Ferranti Mark 1"
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbb | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"1951"
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbc | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"University of Manchester"
]
} |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbd | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | When was the LEO 1 computer first operational? | {
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"April 1951"
]
} |
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