id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57291a91af94a219006aa075 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"genetic differences between populations"
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa076 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | What was Wright's method known as? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"the Fixation index"
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa077 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | What is the often stated FST for humans? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"0.15"
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa078 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what? | {
"answer_start": [
981
],
"text": [
"human populations"
]
} |
57291a91af94a219006aa079 | Race_(human_categorization) | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species? | {
"answer_start": [
1108
],
"text": [
"mammalian"
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478023 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | FST values greater than .25 represent very great what? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"genetic variation"
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478024 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | About how much human variation occurs between continental populations? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"5%"
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478025 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"0.1"
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478026 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"Graves"
]
} |
57291b5a3f37b31900478027 | Race_(human_categorization) | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what? | {
"answer_start": [
579
],
"text": [
"populations"
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905b | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles"
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905c | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"misleading"
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905d | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population? | {
"answer_start": [
940
],
"text": [
"non-representative"
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905e | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent? | {
"answer_start": [
1208
],
"text": [
"genetic"
]
} |
57291cb21d0469140077905f | Race_(human_categorization) | Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic div... | How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population? | {
"answer_start": [
1749
],
"text": [
"100%"
]
} |
57291d851d0469140077906b | Race_(human_categorization) | In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic dat... | What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"characteristic genetic patterns"
]
} |
57291d851d0469140077906c | Race_(human_categorization) | In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic dat... | What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day? | {
"answer_start": [
666
],
"text": [
"phenotypic variations between groups"
]
} |
57291d851d0469140077906d | Race_(human_categorization) | In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic dat... | How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood? | {
"answer_start": [
797
],
"text": [
"poorly"
]
} |
57291d851d0469140077906e | Race_(human_categorization) | In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic dat... | Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what? | {
"answer_start": [
1061
],
"text": [
"imperfect"
]
} |
57291d851d0469140077906f | Race_(human_categorization) | In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic dat... | Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what? | {
"answer_start": [
1140
],
"text": [
"utility"
]
} |
572920491d0469140077907d | Race_(human_categorization) | Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize th... | What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"ancestral population"
]
} |
572920491d0469140077907e | Race_(human_categorization) | Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize th... | Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"extreme geographic distances"
]
} |
572920491d0469140077907f | Race_(human_categorization) | Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize th... | What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"large geographic distances"
]
} |
572920491d04691400779080 | Race_(human_categorization) | Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize th... | What human activity has only recently accelerated? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"migration"
]
} |
572920491d04691400779081 | Race_(human_categorization) | Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize th... | Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow? | {
"answer_start": [
480
],
"text": [
"gene"
]
} |
5729225a1d04691400779091 | Race_(human_categorization) | Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found tha... | Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"cluster"
]
} |
5729225a1d04691400779092 | Race_(human_categorization) | Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found tha... | How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"thousands"
]
} |
5729225a1d04691400779093 | Race_(human_categorization) | Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found tha... | Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what? | {
"answer_start": [
812
],
"text": [
"markers"
]
} |
5729225a1d04691400779094 | Race_(human_categorization) | Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found tha... | What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes? | {
"answer_start": [
868
],
"text": [
"caution"
]
} |
5729225a1d04691400779095 | Race_(human_categorization) | Witherspoon et al. (2007) have argued that even when individuals can be reliably assigned to specific population groups, it may still be possible for two randomly chosen individuals from different populations/clusters to be more similar to each other than to a randomly chosen member of their own cluster. They found tha... | People are more frequently similar to members of what populations? | {
"answer_start": [
1430
],
"text": [
"other populations"
]
} |
5729234a1d046914007790a5 | Race_(human_categorization) | Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", t... | Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing? | {
"answer_start": [
464
],
"text": [
"hypotheses"
]
} |
5729234a1d046914007790a6 | Race_(human_categorization) | Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", t... | If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become? | {
"answer_start": [
579
],
"text": [
"continental"
]
} |
5729234a1d046914007790a7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", t... | What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species? | {
"answer_start": [
1156
],
"text": [
"racial classification"
]
} |
5729234a1d046914007790a8 | Race_(human_categorization) | Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", t... | What are objective social constructions? | {
"answer_start": [
1496
],
"text": [
"racial groupings"
]
} |
5729234a1d046914007790a9 | Race_(human_categorization) | Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves,[page needed] have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", t... | What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of? | {
"answer_start": [
1807
],
"text": [
"methodologies"
]
} |
57292506af94a219006aa0ef | Race_(human_categorization) | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | What word do many social scientists instead of race? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"ethnicity"
]
} |
57292506af94a219006aa0f0 | Race_(human_categorization) | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII? | {
"answer_start": [
329
],
"text": [
"beliefs about race"
]
} |
57292506af94a219006aa0f1 | Race_(human_categorization) | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | When did the civil rights movement take place? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"the 1960s"
]
} |
57292506af94a219006aa0f2 | Race_(human_categorization) | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's? | {
"answer_start": [
537
],
"text": [
"anti-colonial"
]
} |
57292506af94a219006aa0f3 | Race_(human_categorization) | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to? | {
"answer_start": [
686
],
"text": [
"objective"
]
} |
5729259daf94a219006aa0f9 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"the National Institute of Health"
]
} |
5729259daf94a219006aa0fa | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"2000"
]
} |
5729259daf94a219006aa0fb | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support? | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"notion of genetically defined races"
]
} |
5729259daf94a219006aa0fc | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | What is a social concept, not a scientific one? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"Race"
]
} |
5729259daf94a219006aa0fd | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences? | {
"answer_start": [
675
],
"text": [
"it all falls apart"
]
} |
57292674af94a219006aa10d | Race_(human_categorization) | The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the ... | Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"Stanford"
]
} |
57292674af94a219006aa10e | Race_(human_categorization) | The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the ... | Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"the American Journal of Human Genetics"
]
} |
57292674af94a219006aa10f | Race_(human_categorization) | The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the ... | Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what? | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"self"
]
} |
57292674af94a219006aa110 | Race_(human_categorization) | The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the ... | What is a problematic category in addition to race? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"sex"
]
} |
57292674af94a219006aa111 | Race_(human_categorization) | The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the ... | What may self-identification not correlate with precisely? | {
"answer_start": [
769
],
"text": [
"biology"
]
} |
572927316aef051400154ad4 | Race_(human_categorization) | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | What country was race "Biologized" in? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
} |
572927316aef051400154ad5 | Race_(human_categorization) | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"rigid descent rule"
]
} |
572927316aef051400154ad6 | Race_(human_categorization) | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"racial"
]
} |
572927316aef051400154ad7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | What may full siblings belong to? | {
"answer_start": [
501
],
"text": [
"different racial groups"
]
} |
572927316aef051400154ad8 | Race_(human_categorization) | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | What determines genotype? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"ancestry"
]
} |
572928253f37b31900478095 | Race_(human_categorization) | Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferen... | How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Over a dozen"
]
} |
572928253f37b31900478096 | Race_(human_categorization) | Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferen... | What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"like the colors of the spectrum"
]
} |
572928253f37b31900478097 | Race_(human_categorization) | Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferen... | What did race refer to instead of heredity? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"appearance"
]
} |
572928253f37b31900478098 | Race_(human_categorization) | Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferen... | What is appearance a poor indication of? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"ancestry"
]
} |
572928253f37b31900478099 | Race_(human_categorization) | Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferen... | Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications? | {
"answer_start": [
688
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
} |
5729295d1d046914007790e9 | Race_(human_categorization) | Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Am... | What categories have an aspect of fluidity? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"racial"
]
} |
5729295d1d046914007790ea | Race_(human_categorization) | Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Am... | What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as? | {
"answer_start": [
413
],
"text": [
"caboclos"
]
} |
5729295d1d046914007790eb | Race_(human_categorization) | Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Am... | What's a rough translation of "pardos"? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"hillbilly"
]
} |
5729295d1d046914007790ec | Race_(human_categorization) | Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Am... | What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with? | {
"answer_start": [
755
],
"text": [
"Afro-Brazilians"
]
} |
5729295d1d046914007790ed | Race_(human_categorization) | Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Am... | What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African? | {
"answer_start": [
966
],
"text": [
"50%"
]
} |
57292a336aef051400154b12 | Race_(human_categorization) | If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of A... | What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered? | {
"answer_start": [
413
],
"text": [
"white"
]
} |
57292a336aef051400154b13 | Race_(human_categorization) | If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of A... | What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"mixed"
]
} |
57292a336aef051400154b15 | Race_(human_categorization) | If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of A... | Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"65 and 80%"
]
} |
57292a336aef051400154b14 | Race_(human_categorization) | If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of A... | How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"42.4%"
]
} |
57292a336aef051400154b16 | Race_(human_categorization) | If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of A... | Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA? | {
"answer_start": [
653
],
"text": [
"95%"
]
} |
57292ae1af94a219006aa141 | Race_(human_categorization) | This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so tha... | What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"3.5 million"
]
} |
57292ae1af94a219006aa142 | Race_(human_categorization) | This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so tha... | What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"miserable"
]
} |
57292ae1af94a219006aa143 | Race_(human_categorization) | This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so tha... | Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"relations between white masters and female slaves"
]
} |
57292ae1af94a219006aa144 | Race_(human_categorization) | This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so tha... | Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"1821 and 1932"
]
} |
57292ae1af94a219006aa145 | Race_(human_categorization) | This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so tha... | Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil? | {
"answer_start": [
769
],
"text": [
"700.000"
]
} |
57292b8e6aef051400154b26 | Race_(human_categorization) | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The European Union"
]
} |
57292b8e6aef051400154b27 | Race_(human_categorization) | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | What does using race as a category within the law legitimize? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"its existence"
]
} |
57292b8e6aef051400154b28 | Race_(human_categorization) | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature? | {
"answer_start": [
555
],
"text": [
"European"
]
} |
57292b8e6aef051400154b29 | Race_(human_categorization) | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments? | {
"answer_start": [
720
],
"text": [
"Fascist"
]
} |
57292b8e6aef051400154b2a | Race_(human_categorization) | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts? | {
"answer_start": [
789
],
"text": [
"1996"
]
} |
57292cb21d04691400779115 | Race_(human_categorization) | The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the ... | What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The concept of racial origin"
]
} |
57292cb21d04691400779116 | Race_(human_categorization) | The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the ... | What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"scientific"
]
} |
57292cb21d04691400779117 | Race_(human_categorization) | The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the ... | Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"all human beings belong to the same species"
]
} |
57292cb21d04691400779118 | Race_(human_categorization) | The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the ... | What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes? | {
"answer_start": [
524
],
"text": [
"excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation"
]
} |
57292cb21d04691400779119 | Race_(human_categorization) | The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the ... | The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what? | {
"answer_start": [
629
],
"text": [
"race"
]
} |
57292d7f1d0469140077911f | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Dem... | France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"Second World War"
]
} |
57292d7f1d04691400779120 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Dem... | What percentage of the French population today is non-European? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"approximately five percent"
]
} |
57292d7f1d04691400779121 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Dem... | What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"roughly 28–37%"
]
} |
57292d7f1d04691400779122 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Dem... | What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas? | {
"answer_start": [
441
],
"text": [
"ethnic diversity"
]
} |
57292d7f1d04691400779123 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Dem... | What type of model of public policy does France maintain? | {
"answer_start": [
710
],
"text": [
"color-blind"
]
} |
57292e273f37b319004780b5 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"early"
]
} |
57292e273f37b319004780b6 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"a proliferation of categories"
]
} |
57292e273f37b319004780b7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"in the late 19th century"
]
} |
57292e273f37b319004780b8 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of "Black blood" to be Black? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"During Reconstruction"
]
} |
57292e273f37b319004780b9 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
997
],
"text": [
"The one-drop rule"
]
} |
57292f37af94a219006aa167 | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | When did the term "Hispanic" begin being used? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"the 20th century"
]
} |
57292f37af94a219006aa168 | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | What is the word "Latino" often used as a synonym for? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"Hispanic"
]
} |
57292f37af94a219006aa169 | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"non-race specific"
]
} |
57292f37af94a219006aa16a | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"races"
]
} |
57292f37af94a219006aa16b | Race_(human_categorization) | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what? | {
"answer_start": [
789
],
"text": [
"of English descent"
]
} |
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