id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572e8f7003f9891900756798 | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | Which president signed the Act into law? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"Richard Nixon"
]
} |
572e8f7003f989190075679a | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed? | {
"answer_start": [
379
],
"text": [
"December 28"
]
} |
572e8f7003f989190075679b | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act? | {
"answer_start": [
663
],
"text": [
"to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost"
]
} |
572e8f7003f9891900756799 | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | Which two federal agencies administer the Act? | {
"answer_start": [
789
],
"text": [
"the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"
]
} |
572e8f7003f9891900756797 | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).... | In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"1973"
]
} |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a2 | Endangered_Species_Act | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | What was the historical range of the whooping crane? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast"
]
} |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a3 | Endangered_Species_Act | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"Unregulated hunting and habitat loss"
]
} |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a4 | Endangered_Species_Act | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941? | {
"answer_start": [
652
],
"text": [
"16 birds"
]
} |
572e9044cb0c0d14000f12a5 | Endangered_Species_Act | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"eight years"
]
} |
572e9100c246551400ce434e | Endangered_Species_Act | The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conser... | What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Lacey Act of 1900"
]
} |
572e9100c246551400ce434f | Endangered_Species_Act | The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conser... | What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws"
]
} |
572e9100c246551400ce4350 | Endangered_Species_Act | The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conser... | What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants"
]
} |
572e9100c246551400ce4351 | Endangered_Species_Act | The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets. It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws, and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants. Other legislation followed, including the Migratory Bird Conser... | What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird? | {
"answer_start": [
412
],
"text": [
"Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940"
]
} |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d0 | Endangered_Species_Act | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"list endangered domestic fish and wildlife"
]
} |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d1 | Endangered_Species_Act | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"$15 million per year"
]
} |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d2 | Endangered_Species_Act | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization? | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"the National Wildlife Refuge System"
]
} |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d3 | Endangered_Species_Act | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce? | {
"answer_start": [
520
],
"text": [
"The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts"
]
} |
572e91dccb0c0d14000f12d4 | Endangered_Species_Act | It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species. It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands. The Act also consolidated a... | How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act? | {
"answer_start": [
443
],
"text": [
"Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species"
]
} |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12da | Endangered_Species_Act | This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition... | What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"\"Class of '67\""
]
} |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12dc | Endangered_Species_Act | This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition... | How was the first listing limited in what species were listed? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"It included only vertebrates"
]
} |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12db | Endangered_Species_Act | This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition... | What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"habitat destruction"
]
} |
572e92b1cb0c0d14000f12dd | Endangered_Species_Act | This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition... | How did being listed initially impact species? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction"
]
} |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d179 | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to ... | When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"December, 1969"
]
} |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17a | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to ... | How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States"
]
} |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17b | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to ... | What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans"
]
} |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17c | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to ... | What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act? | {
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"alligators and crocodiles"
]
} |
572e937adfa6aa1500f8d17d | Endangered_Species_Act | The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to ... | What important precedent did this set for invertebrates? | {
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection"
]
} |
572e94b2c246551400ce437c | Endangered_Species_Act | President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973... | Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973? | {
"answer_start": [
542
],
"text": [
"Dr. Russell E. Train"
]
} |
572e94b2c246551400ce437d | Endangered_Species_Act | President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973... | The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization? | {
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"the Council on Environmental Quality"
]
} |
572e94b2c246551400ce437e | Endangered_Species_Act | President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973... | Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act? | {
"answer_start": [
835
],
"text": [
"Dr. Gerard A. \"Jerry\" Bertrand"
]
} |
572e94b2c246551400ce437f | Endangered_Species_Act | President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973... | Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species? | {
"answer_start": [
626
],
"text": [
"Dr. Earl Baysinger"
]
} |
572e94b2c246551400ce4380 | Endangered_Species_Act | President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation. Congress responded with a completely rewritten law, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which was signed by Nixon on December 28, 1973... | What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"the 93rd United States Congress"
]
} |
572ea0a603f989190075685b | Endangered_Species_Act | A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. ... | How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"two ways"
]
} |
572ea0a603f989190075685c | Endangered_Species_Act | A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. ... | What federal program is used to list a species? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"candidate assessment program"
]
} |
572ea0a603f989190075685d | Endangered_Species_Act | A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. ... | How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"90-day screening period"
]
} |
572ea0a603f989190075685e | Endangered_Species_Act | A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. ... | In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"a \"distinct population segment.\""
]
} |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d237 | Endangered_Species_Act | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982? | {
"answer_start": [
194
],
"text": [
"\"solely\""
]
} |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d238 | Endangered_Species_Act | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"the biological status of the species"
]
} |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d239 | Endangered_Species_Act | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"Ronald Reagan"
]
} |
572ea2e7dfa6aa1500f8d23a | Endangered_Species_Act | During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reag... | What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"Congress rejected"
]
} |
572ea3ab03f9891900756893 | Endangered_Species_Act | Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and c... | How is public notice given regarding a listing? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area"
]
} |
572ea3ab03f9891900756894 | Endangered_Species_Act | Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and c... | How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested? | {
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"45 days"
]
} |
572ea3ab03f9891900756895 | Endangered_Species_Act | Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area. Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing. A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice. "The purpose of the notice and c... | Do listing notices cross international soil? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing"
]
} |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f1488 | Endangered_Species_Act | The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open sp... | What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"Section 4"
]
} |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f1489 | Endangered_Species_Act | The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open sp... | Critical habitat regulation links what two topics? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"habitat protection and recovery goals"
]
} |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f148a | Endangered_Species_Act | The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open sp... | What does critical habitat regulation require? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species"
]
} |
572eb0fecb0c0d14000f148b | Endangered_Species_Act | The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open sp... | What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"seed germination and dispersal needs"
]
} |
572eb28c03f9891900756978 | Endangered_Species_Act | All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining ... | How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"require a federal permit"
]
} |
572eb28c03f9891900756979 | Endangered_Species_Act | All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining ... | What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage? | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves"
]
} |
572eb28c03f9891900756977 | Endangered_Species_Act | All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats (Section 7(a) (2)). While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners, large-scale development, logging and mining ... | What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats"
]
} |
572eb350c246551400ce452a | Endangered_Species_Act | The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regul... | What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"within one year"
]
} |
572eb350c246551400ce452b | Endangered_Species_Act | The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regul... | Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"the Reagan Administration"
]
} |
572eb350c246551400ce452c | Endangered_Species_Act | The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regul... | After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily? | {
"answer_start": [
647
],
"text": [
"Hawaii, California and other western states"
]
} |
572eb350c246551400ce452d | Endangered_Species_Act | The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regul... | Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically? | {
"answer_start": [
751
],
"text": [
"primarily on rivers and coastlines"
]
} |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1490 | Endangered_Species_Act | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species"
]
} |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1491 | Endangered_Species_Act | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed."
]
} |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1492 | Endangered_Species_Act | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies? | {
"answer_start": [
462
],
"text": [
"completion within three years"
]
} |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1493 | Endangered_Species_Act | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"approximately six years"
]
} |
572eb435cb0c0d14000f1494 | Endangered_Species_Act | Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e., increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where th... | Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration? | {
"answer_start": [
730
],
"text": [
"Clinton (72)"
]
} |
572eb52fc246551400ce453c | Endangered_Species_Act | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized"
]
} |
572eb52fc246551400ce453d | Endangered_Species_Act | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"the Endangered Species Committee"
]
} |
572eb52fc246551400ce453e | Endangered_Species_Act | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"seven"
]
} |
572eb52fc246551400ce453f | Endangered_Species_Act | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"Five"
]
} |
572eb52fc246551400ce4540 | Endangered_Species_Act | The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appoin... | What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur"
]
} |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e7 | Endangered_Species_Act | Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely... | Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS"
]
} |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e8 | Endangered_Species_Act | Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely... | During informal consultation, what is the goal? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"to determine if harm may occur"
]
} |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e9 | Endangered_Species_Act | Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely... | What prompts the need for formal consultation? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"if the harm is believed to be likely"
]
} |
572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2ea | Endangered_Species_Act | Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely... | What considerations are weighed during the consultations? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery"
]
} |
572eb63603f989190075697d | Endangered_Species_Act | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"six"
]
} |
572eb63603f989190075697e | Endangered_Species_Act | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | What were the results of those exemption petitions? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn"
]
} |
572eb63603f989190075697f | Endangered_Species_Act | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"few consultations result in jeopardy opinions"
]
} |
572eb63603f9891900756980 | Endangered_Species_Act | There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated. Of these six, one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn. Donald Baur, in The Endangered Species Act: law, policy, and perspectives, concluded," ... the exemption provision is basically a nonf... | How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded? | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy."
]
} |
572eb6c0c246551400ce4546 | Endangered_Species_Act | More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to cir... | Who owns the majority of critical habitat? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations"
]
} |
572eb6c0c246551400ce4547 | Endangered_Species_Act | More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to cir... | What program gives incentives to private landowners to protect species on their land? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"Habitat Conservation Plan"
]
} |
572eb6c0c246551400ce4548 | Endangered_Species_Act | More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations. Before the law was amended in 1982, a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes. The amendment created a permit process to cir... | Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced? | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"only for scientific or research purposes"
]
} |
572eb73cc246551400ce454c | Endangered_Species_Act | The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bru... | An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)"
]
} |
572eb73cc246551400ce454d | Endangered_Species_Act | The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bru... | How long do ITPs last? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time"
]
} |
572eb73cc246551400ce454e | Endangered_Species_Act | The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bru... | How is the public made aware of ITP applications? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register"
]
} |
572eb73cc246551400ce454f | Endangered_Species_Act | The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bru... | How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications? | {
"answer_start": [
760
],
"text": [
"30 to 90 days"
]
} |
572eb7ab03f989190075698d | Endangered_Species_Act | The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for... | What location held the first HCP? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"San Bruno Mountain, California"
]
} |
572eb7ab03f989190075698e | Endangered_Species_Act | The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for... | What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"87%"
]
} |
572eb7ab03f989190075698f | Endangered_Species_Act | The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain, California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation. In the conference report on the 1982 amendments, Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act "as a model" for... | What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP? | {
"answer_start": [
665
],
"text": [
"butterflies"
]
} |
572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d311 | Endangered_Species_Act | Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a majo... | What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources"
]
} |
572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d312 | Endangered_Species_Act | Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a majo... | Who wrote the article "Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973." | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"Robert D.Thornton"
]
} |
572eb844dfa6aa1500f8d313 | Endangered_Species_Act | Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans/ Incidental Take Permits "a major force for wildlife conservation and a majo... | What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to, from the viewpoint of the development community? | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"a major headache"
]
} |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a6 | Endangered_Species_Act | The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is gran... | What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The \"No Surprises\" rule"
]
} |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a7 | Endangered_Species_Act | The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is gran... | Why is this particular rule so controversial? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient."
]
} |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a8 | Endangered_Species_Act | The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is gran... | If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the "No Surprises" rule? | {
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money"
]
} |
572ebaa1c246551400ce45a9 | Endangered_Species_Act | The "No Surprises" rule is meant to protect the landowner if "unforeseen circumstances" occur which make the landowner's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short. The "No Surprises" policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law, because once an Incidental Take Permit is gran... | Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short? | {
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures"
]
} |
572ec434c246551400ce463a | Endangered_Species_Act | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | What two groups are bound by a "Safe Harbor" agreement? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"the private landowner and FWS"
]
} |
572ec434c246551400ce463b | Endangered_Species_Act | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined level"
]
} |
572ec434c246551400ce463c | Endangered_Species_Act | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"the Clinton Administration"
]
} |
572ec434c246551400ce463d | Endangered_Species_Act | The "Safe Harbor" agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS. The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future "takes" above a pre-determined level. The policy relies on the "enhanc... | Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"A landowner can have either a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both."
]
} |
572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36d | Endangered_Species_Act | The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain ha... | How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species"
]
} |
572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36e | Endangered_Species_Act | The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain ha... | How does a CCA help protect a private landowner? | {
"answer_start": [
492
],
"text": [
"if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA."
]
} |
572ec4a3dfa6aa1500f8d36f | Endangered_Species_Act | The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the "Safe Harbor" agreement, the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore, enhance or maintain ha... | How does a CCA impact unlisted species? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered"
]
} |
572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37d | Endangered_Species_Act | Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A sec... | What animal species was delisted in August 2008? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"the Virginia northern flying squirrel"
]
} |
572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37e | Endangered_Species_Act | Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A sec... | How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"listed since 1985"
]
} |
572ec5aedfa6aa1500f8d37f | Endangered_Species_Act | Two examples of animal species recently delisted are: the Virginia northern flying squirrel (subspecies) on August, 2008, which had been listed since 1985, and the gray wolf (Northern Rocky Mountain DPS). On April 15, 2011, President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full-Year Appropriations Act of 2011. A sec... | Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"President Obama"
]
} |
572ec623dfa6aa1500f8d383 | Endangered_Species_Act | As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing ... | As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"twenty-eight"
]
} |
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