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gq: The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions.
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Question: What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices? Question: What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I? Question: What pleas were rejected by the empire? Question: What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire? Question: What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?
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gq: Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.
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Question: Who rejected the Christian religion? Question: When did Julian become Augustus? Question: What did Julian try to restore to the empire? Question: What building did Julian want to rebuild? Question: After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?
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gq: The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religion and ended official support for all other creeds and cults. He not only refused to restore Victory to the senate-house, but extinguished the Sacred fire of the Vestals and vacated their temple: the senatorial protest was expressed in a letter by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus to the Western and Eastern emperors. Ambrose, the influential Bishop of Milan and future saint, wrote urging the rejection of Symmachus's request for tolerance. Yet Theodosius accepted comparison with Hercules and Jupiter as a living divinity in the panegyric of Pacatus, and despite his active dismantling of Rome's traditional cults and priesthoods could commend his heirs to its overwhelmingly Hellenic senate in traditional Hellenic terms.[clarification needed] He was the last emperor of both East and West.
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Question: What office did Western emperor Gratian decline? Question: What group did Gratian seek the abolish? Question: Which emperor briefly united the empire again? Question: What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power? Question: Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?
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gq: YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.
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Question: Where is Youtube headquartered? Question: When was Youtube created? Question: How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006? Question: How does youtube now operate as a business? Question: Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?
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gq: According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of 2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was very digestible".
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Question: What are the first names of the men that invented youtube? Question: When did the creators have the idea for youtube? Question: What was the original stimuli for creating the website? Question: Where did Chen live in 2005?
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gq: YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in September 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site launched officially on December 15, 2005, by which time the site was receiving 8 million views a day. The site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. According to data published by market research company comScore, YouTube is the dominant provider of online video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.
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Question: when was the first beta test for the youtube site? Question: What was the first video to reach a million views? Question: How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005? Question: What was the official launch date for the youtube website? Question: As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?
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gq: In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the site every minute, three times more than one year earlier and that around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. The site has 800 million unique users a month. It is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. According to third-party web analytics providers, Alexa and SimilarWeb, YouTube is the third most visited website in the world, as of June 2015; SimilarWeb also lists YouTube as the top TV and video website globally, attracting more than 15 billion visitors per month.
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Question: As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every minute? Question: How much content on youtube comes from outside the US? Question: How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014? Question: Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites? Question: As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?
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gq: On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter." In May 2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time audience of all three major US television networks combined". In May 2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving more than three billion views per day. In January 2012, YouTube stated that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.
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Question: What did youtube do on March 31 2010? Question: Who was the Google product manager in 2010? Question: How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010? Question: How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011? Question: How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?
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gq: In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.
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Question: What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015? Question: what was the name of the new app youtube launched? Question: On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available? Question: What platform was launched in Aug of 2015? Question: What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?
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gq: In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.
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Question: In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard? Question: What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5? Question: How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site? Question: What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?
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gq: All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launched in 2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. The 10-minute limit was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. If an up-to-date browser version is used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.
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Question: When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed? Question: What is the maximum length of a video on youtube? Question: When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube? Question: in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what? Question: What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?
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gq: In November 2008, 720p HD support was added. At the time of the 720p launch, the YouTube player was changed from a 4:3 aspect ratio to a widescreen 16:9. With this new feature, YouTube began a switchover to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as its default video compression format. In November 2009, 1080p HD support was added. In July 2010, YouTube announced that it had launched a range of videos in 4K format, which allows a resolution of up to 4096×3072 pixels. In June 2015, support for 8K resolution was added, with the videos playing at 7680×4320 pixels.
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Question: When was 720p HD support added to youtube? Question: What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3? Question: What video format support was added in 2009? Question: What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096×3072 pixels? Question: What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?
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gq: In a video posted on July 21, 2009, YouTube software engineer Peter Bradshaw announced that YouTube users can now upload 3D videos. The videos can be viewed in several different ways, including the common anaglyph (cyan/red lens) method which utilizes glasses worn by the viewer to achieve the 3D effect. The YouTube Flash player can display stereoscopic content interleaved in rows, columns or a checkerboard pattern, side-by-side or anaglyph using a red/cyan, green/magenta or blue/yellow combination. In May 2011, an HTML5 version of the YouTube player began supporting side-by-side 3D footage that is compatible with Nvidia 3D Vision.
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Question: Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube? Question: What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009? Question: What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses? Question: When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?
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gq: YouTube offers users the ability to view its videos on web pages outside their website. Each YouTube video is accompanied by a piece of HTML that can be used to embed it on any page on the Web. This functionality is often used to embed YouTube videos in social networking pages and blogs. Users wishing to post a video discussing, inspired by or related to another user's video are able to make a "video response". On August 27, 2013, YouTube announced that it would remove video responses for being an underused feature. Embedding, rating, commenting and response posting can be disabled by the video owner.
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Question: Youtube offers users the option to watch content where? Question: What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage? Question: What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos? Question: What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video? Question: When did youtube officially remove the response feature?
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gq: YouTube does not usually offer a download link for its videos, and intends for them to be viewed through its website interface. A small number of videos, such as the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama, can be downloaded as MP4 files. Numerous third-party web sites, applications and browser plug-ins allow users to download YouTube videos. In February 2009, YouTube announced a test service, allowing some partners to offer video downloads for free or for a fee paid through Google Checkout. In June 2012, Google sent cease and desist letters threatening legal action against several websites offering online download and conversion of YouTube videos. In response, Zamzar removed the ability to download YouTube videos from its site. The default settings when uploading a video to YouTube will retain a copyright on the video for the uploader, but since July 2012 it has been possible to select a Creative Commons license as the default, allowing other users to reuse and remix the material if it is free of copyright.
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Question: YOutube does not often post a what for its videos? Question: Youtube intends for users to watch videos where? Question: Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube? Question: Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012? Question: What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?
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gq: Since June 2007, YouTube's videos have been available for viewing on a range of Apple products. This required YouTube's content to be transcoded into Apple's preferred video standard, H.264, a process that took several months. YouTube videos can be viewed on devices including Apple TV, iPod Touch and the iPhone. In July 2010, the mobile version of the site was relaunched based on HTML5, avoiding the need to use Adobe Flash Player and optimized for use with touch screen controls. The mobile version is also available as an app for the Android platform. In September 2012, YouTube launched its first app for the iPhone, following the decision to drop YouTube as one of the preloaded apps in the iPhone 5 and iOS 6 operating system. According to GlobalWebIndex, YouTube was used by 35% of smartphone users between April and June 2013, making it the third most used app.
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Question: When did youtube become available on Apple products? Question: What is Apple's prefered video standard? Question: How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard? Question: When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone? Question: What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?
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gq: A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.
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Question: What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008? Question: What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009? Question: later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV Question: Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013? Question: When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?
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gq: YouTube Red is YouTube's premium subscription service. It offers advertising-free streaming, access to exclusive content, background and offline video playback on mobile devices, and access to the Google Play Music "All Access" service. YouTube Red was originally announced on November 12, 2014, as "Music Key", a subscription music streaming service, and was intended to integrate with and replace the existing Google Play Music "All Access" service. On October 28, 2015, the service was re-launched as YouTube Red, offering ad-free streaming of all videos, as well as access to exclusive original content.
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Question: What is youtube red? Question: When was youtube red originally announced? Question: What was the original title of youtube red? Question: What service was "music key" intended to replace? Question: When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?
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gq: Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.
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Question: Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience? Question: What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program? Question: What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer? Question: Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube? Question: Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?
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gq: Observing that face-to-face communication of the type that online videos convey has been "fine-tuned by millions of years of evolution", TED curator Chris Anderson referred to several YouTube contributors and asserted that "what Gutenberg did for writing, online video can now do for face-to-face communication". Anderson asserted that it's not far-fetched to say that online video will dramatically accelerate scientific advance, and that video contributors may be about to launch "the biggest learning cycle in human history." In education, for example, the Khan Academy grew from YouTube video tutoring sessions for founder Salman Khan's cousin into what Forbes' Michael Noer called "the largest school in the world", with technology poised to disrupt how people learn.
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Question: What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize? Question: Who is the TED curator? Question: What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on? Question: Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?
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gq: YouTube has enabled people to more directly engage with government, such as in the CNN/YouTube presidential debates (2007) in which ordinary people submitted questions to U.S. presidential candidates via YouTube video, with a techPresident co-founder saying that Internet video was changing the political landscape. Describing the Arab Spring (2010- ), sociologist Philip N. Howard quoted an activist's succinct description that organizing the political unrest involved using "Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the world." In 2012, more than a third of the U.S. Senate introduced a resolution condemning Joseph Kony 16 days after the "Kony 2012" video was posted to YouTube, with resolution co-sponsor Senator Lindsey Graham remarking that the video "will do more to lead to (Kony's) demise than all other action combined."
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Question: What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee? Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what? Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what? Question: An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what? Question: Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?
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gq: Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.
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Question: How has youtube helped the government? Question: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012? Question: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube? Question: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video? Question: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?
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gq: The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd's video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.
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Question: What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying? Question: How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response? Question: How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying? Question: What was done after Amanda Todd's death? Question: What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?
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gq: Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In January 2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15 minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent by a typical U.S. citizen watching television. In 2012, YouTube's revenue from its ads program was estimated at 3.7 billion. In 2013 it nearly doubled and estimated to hit 5.6 billion dollars according to eMarketer, others estimated 4.7 billion,
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Question: Youtube's financial records are not reported by who? Question: What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008? Question: How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day? Question: What is the average time an American watches TV in day? Question: What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?
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gq: YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in June 2006. In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, and CBS, allowing the companies to post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features material from NBC, Fox, and Disney. In November 2009, YouTube launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around 4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners. In January 2010, YouTube introduced an online film rentals service, which is available only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010. The service offers over 6,000 films.
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Question: When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC? Question: What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes? Question: What was the intended purpose of youtube's "shows" section? Question: When did youtube launch the version of "shows" for the UK? Question: In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?
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gq: In May 2007, YouTube launched its Partner Program, a system based on AdSense which allows the uploader of the video to share the revenue produced by advertising on the site. YouTube typically takes 45 percent of the advertising revenue from videos in the Partner Program, with 55 percent going to the uploader. There are over a million members of the YouTube Partner Program. According to TubeMogul, in 2013 a pre-roll advertisement on YouTube (one that is shown before the video starts) cost advertisers on average $7.60 per 1000 views. Usually no more than half of eligible videos have a pre-roll advertisement, due to a lack of interested advertisers. Assuming pre-roll advertisements on half of videos, a YouTube partner would earn 0.5 X $7.60 X 55% = $2.09 per 1000 views in 2013.
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Question: What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on? Question: What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on "partner program" channels? Question: How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program? Question: How many people are employed by the partner program? Question: As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?
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gq: Much of YouTube's revenue goes to the copyright holders of the videos. In 2010 it was reported that nearly a third of the videos with advertisements were uploaded without permission of the copyright holders. YouTube gives an option for copyright holders to locate and remove their videos or to have them continue running for revenue. In May 2013, Nintendo began enforcing its copyright ownership and claiming the advertising revenue from video creators who posted screenshots of its games. In February 2015, Nintendo agreed to share the revenue with the video creators.
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Question: Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go? Question: In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent? Question: What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders? Question: When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders? Question: Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?
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gq: At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA takedown notice pursuant to the terms of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act. Three successful complaints for copyright infringement against a user account will result in the account and all of its uploaded videos being deleted.
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Question: What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do? Question: Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube? Question: Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted? Question: What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content? Question: How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?
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gq: Organizations including Viacom, Mediaset, and the English Premier League have filed lawsuits against YouTube, claiming that it has done too little to prevent the uploading of copyrighted material. Viacom, demanding $1 billion in damages, said that it had found more than 150,000 unauthorized clips of its material on YouTube that had been viewed "an astounding 1.5 billion times". YouTube responded by stating that it "goes far beyond its legal obligations in assisting content owners to protect their works".
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Question: Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube? Question: How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube? Question: How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights? Question: What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?
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gq: During the same court battle, Viacom won a court ruling requiring YouTube to hand over 12 terabytes of data detailing the viewing habits of every user who has watched videos on the site. The decision was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which called the court ruling "a setback to privacy rights". In June 2010, Viacom's lawsuit against Google was rejected in a summary judgment, with U.S. federal Judge Louis L. Stanton stating that Google was protected by provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Viacom announced its intention to appeal the ruling.
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Question: How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit? Question: Which organization spoke against the courts ruling? Question: What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010? Question: Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit? Question: What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?
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gq: In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.
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Question: In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what? Question: Who was Google's CEO in 2007? Question: Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary? Question: What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations? Question: What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?
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gq: An independent test in 2009 uploaded multiple versions of the same song to YouTube, and concluded that while the system was "surprisingly resilient" in finding copyright violations in the audio tracks of videos, it was not infallible. The use of Content ID to remove material automatically has led to controversy in some cases, as the videos have not been checked by a human for fair use. If a YouTube user disagrees with a decision by Content ID, it is possible to fill in a form disputing the decision. YouTube has cited the effectiveness of Content ID as one of the reasons why the site's rules were modified in December 2010 to allow some users to upload videos of unlimited length.
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Question: What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test? Question: How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID? Question: What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010? Question: As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?
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gq: YouTube relies on its users to flag the content of videos as inappropriate, and a YouTube employee will view a flagged video to determine whether it violates the site's terms of service. In July 2008, the Culture and Media Committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom stated that it was "unimpressed" with YouTube's system for policing its videos, and argued that "proactive review of content should be standard practice for sites hosting user-generated content". YouTube responded by stating:
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Question: Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos? Question: Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content? Question: When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies? Question: Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies? Question: The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?
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gq: Most videos enable users to leave comments, and these have attracted attention for the negative aspects of both their form and content. In 2006, Time praised Web 2.0 for enabling "community and collaboration on a scale never seen before", and added that YouTube "harnesses the stupidity of crowds as well as its wisdom. Some of the comments on YouTube make you weep for the future of humanity just for the spelling alone, never mind the obscenity and the naked hatred". The Guardian in 2009 described users' comments on YouTube as:
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Question: Most videos enable users to do what Question: What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content? Question: Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before? Question: Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity? Question: Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?
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gq: On November 6, 2013, Google implemented a new comment system that requires all YouTube users to use a Google+ account in order to comment on videos and making the comment system Google+ oriented. The changes are in large part an attempt to address the frequent criticisms of the quality and tone of YouTube comments. They give creators more power to moderate and block comments, and add new sorting mechanisms to ensure that better, more relevant discussions appear at the top. The new system restored the ability to include URLs in comments, which had previously been removed due to problems with abuse. In response, YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim posted the question "why the fuck do I need a google+ account to comment on a video?" on his YouTube channel to express his negative opinion of the change. The official YouTube announcement received 20,097 "thumbs down" votes and generated more than 32,000 comments in two days. Writing in the Newsday blog Silicon Island, Chase Melvin noted that "Google+ is nowhere near as popular a social media network as Facebook, but it's essentially being forced upon millions of YouTube users who don't want to lose their ability to comment on videos" and "Discussion forums across the Internet are already bursting with outcry against the new comment system". In the same article Melvin goes on to say:
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Question: When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment? Question: The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments? Question: There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top? Question: What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name? Question: How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?
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gq: In some countries, YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.
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Question: youtube is completely what in some places? Question: Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country? Question: What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?
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gq: In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience." The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.
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Question: What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with? Question: What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date? Question: Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played? Question: Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network? Question: How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?
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gq: Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."
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Question: Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation? Question: What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited? Question: When was the case of Reynolds v. United States? Question: What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment? Question: What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?
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gq: Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely, particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany. They included nonconformists like the Puritans, who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England. Despite a common background, the groups' views on religious toleration were mixed. While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies, others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches. The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship, though enforcement was sparse. Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons: the established Church was responsible for poverty relief, putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage.
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Question: What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America? Question: What were Protestant Christians fleeing from? Question: Who was persecuting the Puritans? Question: What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony? Question: What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?
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gq: ^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to another; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles."
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Question: When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10? Question: What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them? Question: What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do? Question: What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia? Question: What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?
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gq: ^Note 5: The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church, but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office. From 1835-1876 it allowed only Christians (including Catholics) to hold public office. Article VI, Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office. Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins, when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections.
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Question: When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church? Question: What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835? Question: What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876? Question: What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office? Question: When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable?
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gq: The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century, stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort: "The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sons of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, so love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage." The document was signed December 27, 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant. Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony, in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic. The signers indicated their "desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged, neither to condemn least we be condemned, but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master." Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted. However, John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home. Bowne was arrested, jailed, and sent to the Netherlands for trial; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne.
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Question: What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century? Question: What were the Remonstrance opposed to? Question: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage? Question: Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of? Question: What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?
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gq: There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.
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Question: What did an established church, even at the state level, have? Question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion? Question: What was Issac Backus' profession? Question: What region did Isaac Backus come from? Question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?
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gq: The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):
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Question: What phrase did Roger Williams first use? Question: Who was Roger Williams? Question: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of? Question: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published? Question: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
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gq: Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body." After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of "total separation of the church from the state." " "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States." In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, "We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt." Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]
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Question: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over? Question: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency? Question: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President? Question: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services? Question: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
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gq: Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history
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Question: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? Question: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own? Question: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity? Question: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students? Question: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
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gq: Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.
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Question: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence? Question: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.? Question: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter? Question: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter? Question: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
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gq: Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:
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Question: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century? Question: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to? Question: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? Question: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support? Question: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
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gq: The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to choose their own church. The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience, and the Duke, as an openly divine-right Catholic, was no friend of Anglicanism. The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698, though Anglicanism was more popular in New York.
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Question: What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support? Question: Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey? Question: What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax? Question: Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism? Question: When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?
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gq: The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.
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Question: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to? Question: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being? Question: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy? Question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681? Question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
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gq: The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.
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Question: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state? Question: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as? Question: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as? Question: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of? Question: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
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gq: Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists, the very word "national" was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown. During the debate over the establishment clause, Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government (in which the states retained their individual sovereignty), which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate.
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Question: What is John Baker of LSU's profession? Question: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment? Question: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists? Question: Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause? Question: What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency?
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gq: Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions. However, the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment.
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Question: Where was Representative Roger Sherman from? Question: Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? Question: What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution? Question: Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from? Question: What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?
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gq: The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states. While it has not been fully implemented, the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure, through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause, the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states.
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Question: When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created? Question: What was the intent of the 14th Amendment? Question: What clauses does the 14th Amendment include? Question: What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of? Question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?
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gq: The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).
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Question: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments? Question: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education? Question: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to? Question: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states? Question: When was the case of v. Grumet?
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gq: Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."
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Question: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence? Question: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to? Question: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion? Question: What word is not defined in the Constitution? Question: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
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gq: The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature. Citing Jefferson, the court concluded that "The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach."
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Question: What case was the concept relevant? Question: When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit? Question: What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education? Question: What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of? Question: How must the wall separating church and state be kept?
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gq: While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state" or a "separation of Church from State": their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall. Rutledge, on behalf of the four dissenting justices, took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case: "Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment, now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth." Writing separately, Justice Jackson argued that "[T]here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation. In fact, the undertones of the opinion, advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State, seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters."
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Question: What did the decision ultimately uphold? Question: What was the state allowed to continue to fund? Question: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate? Question: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what? Question: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?
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gq: In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation. (The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court's decision consisted of: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country. Amen.") As the Court stated:
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Question: When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools? Question: What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer? Question: By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer? Question: Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?
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gq: The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor: "I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the "wall of separation," a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution."
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Question: What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America? Question: Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling? Question: What did Stewart object to? Question: Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what? Question: Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what?
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gq: In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated "the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group." The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that "[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them."
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Question: When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place? Question: What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of? Question: Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas? Question: What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to? Question: What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
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gq: In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense. Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable," the court wrote. "Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation, far from being a "wall," is a blurred, indistinct, and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship."
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Question: When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman? Question: What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman? Question: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools? Question: What did the state's policy violate? Question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?
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gq: Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an "excessive entanglement" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an "excessive entanglement" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.
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Question: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause? Question: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as? Question: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose? Question: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit? Question: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?
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gq: In 2002, a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional, even when students were not compelled to recite it, due to the inclusion of the phrase "under God." In reaction to the case, Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge, and condemning the panel's ruling. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004, solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue. Rather, a five-justice majority held that Newdow, a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter, lacked standing to sue.
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Question: When did the three judge panel make their ruling? Question: How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional? Question: What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for? Question: Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned? Question: What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?
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gq: On December 20, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed, because the purpose of the display (educating the public on American legal traditions) was secular in nature. In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3, 2006, however, a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed.
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Question: When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County? Question: What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses? Question: Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed? Question: When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy? Question: What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?
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gq: In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings, but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers.
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Question: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths? Question: When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway? Question: What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway? Question: Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of? Question: What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?
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gq: Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of "separation of church and state", or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment. Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution, while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified. These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers. Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts, and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence, which references the idea of a "Creator" and "Nature's God", though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a "Creator" or "Nature's God."
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Question: What do some organizations disagree with the notion of? Question: What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what? Question: What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents? Question: What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified? Question: What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?
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gq: These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed] The issue is complex, however, as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, at which point the first amendment's application to the state government was recognized. Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern, progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution. Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, but also by legal precedence, making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era, and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution.
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Question: Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification? Question: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment? Question: What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed? Question: What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution? Question: What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?
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gq: The "religious test" clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones, career civil servants as well as political appointees. Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution. Seven states, however, have language included in their Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights, or in the body of their constitutions that require state office-holders to have particular religious beliefs, though some of these have been successfully challenged in court. These states are Texas, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
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Question: What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by? Question: What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees? Question: How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies? Question: What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?
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gq: The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments. (Tennessee Constitution Article IX, Section 2 is one such example.) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words "so help me God." In some cases these beliefs (or oaths) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court. At one time, such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states' rights; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment, as applied to the states via the 14th amendment, and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable.
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Question: What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in? Question: What's one example in Tennessee's constitution? Question: What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include? Question: Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what? Question: Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?
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gq: Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto "In God We Trust" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.
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Question: Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches? Question: What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as? Question: What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism? Question: What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible? Question: Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?
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gq: Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions—that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious—make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause.
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Question: When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from? Question: What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings? Question: What was later banned in public education? Question: How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?
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gq: Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]
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Question: What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists? Question: What type of secularism came to dominate American public life? Question: Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970? Question: What diminished after 1980? Question: What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?
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gq: Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept, maintains that the modern concept, which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence, is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism.[citation needed] Briefs before the Supreme Court, including by the U.S. government, have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state (Blaine Amendments) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism.
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Question: What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to? Question: What school is Philip Hamburger associated with? Question: What is the profession of Philip Hamburger? Question: What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in? Question: What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?
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gq: J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry"
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Question: Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee? Question: What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state? Question: Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture? Question: Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what? Question: What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?
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gq: Steven Waldman notes that; "The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson, not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart." "Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners," writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. "New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state."
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Question: What did evangelicals want to keep apart? Question: What did religious freedom result from? Question: What profession does Frank Lambert have? Question: What is the name of Lambert's book? Question: What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?
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gq: Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: "Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension."
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Question: What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in? Question: What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe? Question: Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze? Question: What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use? Question: What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?
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gq: Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."
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Question: Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing? Question: What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do? Question: Where is the Center for New Religions located? Question: What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on? Question: What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?
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gq: Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.
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Question: What type of faith is Protestantism? Question: What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism? Question: Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity? Question: Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther? Question: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?
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gq: All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.
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Question: What do all Protestantism denominations reject? Question: What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism? Question: What is the term to describe using only faith for justification? Question: What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals? Question: What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?
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gq: Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.
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Question: Where did Lutheranism begin? Question: Name three early Protestant reformers. Question: Where did Arminianism take hold? Question: Who ended Catholic supremecy in England? Question: Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?
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gq: Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.
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Question: How many people are considered Protestant? Question: What percentage of Christians are Protestant? Question: Which continents have some form of Protestantism? Question: What Protestant church has members around the world? Question: What types of Protestantism are increasing?
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gq: During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.
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Question: From what language does the term evangelical originate? Question: What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant? Question: What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England? Question: Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.? Question: Name two contributors to Reformed churches.
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gq: The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).
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Question: What is the term for teaching by only scripture? Question: How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible? Question: What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation? Question: What is the term that means all in the Bible is true? Question: What power can help someone overcome sin?
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gq: The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.
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Question: Which ideas had little criticism for the most part? Question: At what period was inerrancy debated? Question: What item could be learned to gain salvation? Question: What is the term for how the church as a whole works? Question: What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?
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gq: The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.
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Question: What was Luther's main principle? Question: What is the second principle of Protestantism? Question: Faith can bring what eternal benefit? Question: What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching? Question: What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?
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gq: The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.
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Question: When did Protestantism begin to split? Question: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism? Question: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with? Question: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass? Question: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?
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gq: In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.
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Question: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church? Question: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia? Question: When were the Waldensians created? Question: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics? Question: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
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gq: Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.
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Question: Who started the Hussite movement? Question: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus? Question: How did Jan Hus die? Question: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites? Question: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?
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gq: On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.
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Question: When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church? Question: What did the theses argue against selling? Question: Where was All Saints' Church? Question: Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses? Question: What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/
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gq: Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.
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Question: Who condemned the Reformation? Question: Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541? Question: What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement? Question: What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva? Question: When did John Calvin die?
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gq: Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.
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Question: What was the nickname for French Protestants? Question: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism? Question: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism? Question: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars? Question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
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gq: Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.
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Question: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland? Question: Which two areas had a long history of resentment? Question: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg? Question: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther? Question: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?
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gq: The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.
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Question: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome? Question: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534? Question: When was the Act of Supremacy passed? Question: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out? Question: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
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gq: The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.
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Question: The growth of Puritanism happened during what age? Question: The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church? Question: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate? Question: What was another name for the later Puritan movement? Question: What did the later Puritan movement create?
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gq: The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.
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Question: When was the Scottish Reformation? Question: The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence? Question: Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation? Question: When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed? Question: Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?
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gq: In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:
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Question: When was the German Peasants' War? Question: Where was the German Peasants' War? Question: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648? Question: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War? Question: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
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gq: The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.
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Question: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's? Question: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?
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gq: The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.
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Question: When did the Second Great Awakening start? Question: Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820? Question: When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum? Question: What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against? Question: What did the Second Great Awakening create?
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gq: The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.
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Question: When was the Third Great Awakening? Question: What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect? Question: What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening? Question: What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening? Question: What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?
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