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2zcqsp | Why and how do my nostrils switch sides when my nose is runny? | Like when only one side is really stopped up and suddenly it will go away and the other side will slowly stop up. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Actually, even when you are perfectly well, your nostrils will alternately which one is more open than the other, it just seems more noticeable when you are sick. This is called the nasal cycle: _URL_0_"
],
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"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_cycle"
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} | train_eli5 | Why and how do my nostrils switch sides when my nose is runny?
Like when only one side is really stopped up and suddenly it will go away and the other side will slowly stop up. | [
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1k3h7f | When you have a 'lesser' mental illness (like depression, anxiety) why can't your brain simply fix itself? | Obviously things like schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder aren't something your brain can fix. These are like crohn's disease or diabetes. But something like depression or anxiety is just an imbalance in some chemicals. Why can't your brain fix that like a broken bone or the flu? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You have a fundamental misunderstanding of mental illness. \n\nA broken bone is a bit of damage done to the bone, since bones are constantly replacing and recycling material, lining the bone up straight allows the bones natural processes to fix itself. \n\nThe Flu is an illness caused by a pathogen, one which our body has specifically adapted to combat.\n\nThe brain is a far more complex, self regulating system. The reason many of these illnesses exist is because the brain itself doesn't know how many of certain chemicals to make. Rather than thinking of it as a chemical imbalance, you can think of it as an out of whack sensor. The sensor that tells the brain how much of X chemical to make is broken, and therefore the brain doesn't make enough of it or it makes too much of it. \n\nFor a less broad-overview, I'd recommend asking a similar, but significantly rephrased, version of your question in /r/askscience - they can potentially even break down into the chemical reactions and types of depression.",
"Depression and anxiety *can* be 'lesser', but it's under requirement to be. There are people that have a depressive illness so severe they literally stay in bed all day, or don't feel like eating and so starve themselves. There are people that get so anxious trying to interact with someone provokes a panic attack and hyperventilation."
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} | train_eli5 | When you have a 'lesser' mental illness (like depression, anxiety) why can't your brain simply fix itself?
Obviously things like schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder aren't something your brain can fix. These are like crohn's disease or diabetes. But something like depression or anxiety is just an imbalance in some chemicals. Why can't your brain fix that like a broken bone or the flu? | [
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4qfnf2 | Why so many Japanese shows have people live reacting to content on screen? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's the Japanese equivalent of the laugh track or other audience reaction recordings on an American or other Western show. Just like how a western sitcom will have a laugh track to let the audience now 'That was funny, you are supposed to laugh', a Japanese show will have a person reacting. As I understand, it can vary, but I believe it's usually the host and guests--if it's a talk show of some kind."
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} | train_eli5 | Why so many Japanese shows have people live reacting to content on screen?
[removed] | [
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jgyv7 | ELIA5: (╯°□°）╯︵ ┻━┻ | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Explained [here](_URL_1_):\n\n > The title of the thread \"(╯°‿°）╯︵nasl\" is a reference to this prior thread: [（╯°□°）╯︵ ןsɐu](_URL_0_). The originator of the emoticon is from a popular Starcraft 2 player \"Destiny\". Destiny streams his gameplay live through the website _URL_2_, and regularly gets thousands of viewers. At one point, his stream chat was completely filled up with this emoticon: \"（╯°□°）╯︵ ┻━┻\". This was apparently in response to a message in the stream chat \"FLIP THEM TABLES BROS!\" by Destiny. A screenshot of this was posted on /r/starcraft.\n\n > The NASL is short for the North American StarLeague, a Starcraft 2 tournament that had been running online for several months. Once the contestants were narrowed down to the final 16, they were flew in for a \"LAN\" (airquotes because Starcraft 2 doesn't have LAN) final. The first day of the final was absolutely terrible, and the top post on /r/starcraft was: \"（╯°□°）╯︵ ןsɐu\", referencing how bad it was. Today was the last day of the NASL, and they are generally agreed to have redeemed themselves, leading to the linked thread: \"(╯°‿°）╯︵nasl\".\n\n > In response to the word 'nasl' now being flipped upright by emoticon, the commentator said \"unflip them tables bros\", a play off of Destiny's comment, and the title of the submission. Commentators responded with the emoticon of a table being flipped upright \"(╯°‿°）╯┳━┳\"",
"in japan there's a thing called \"chabu dai gaeshi\" ちゃぶ台返し\nIt originates from a stubborn father getting angry at the table.\nAngrier and angrier until, well.\n\n_URL_3_",
"While you guys are at it, what about ¯\\ (シ) /¯?",
"It is called [ちゃぶ台返し (Flipping the tea-table)](_URL_4_) and it comes from Japan. It is a very old action by fathers angry with his family. You see it time and again in old anime films and comedy shows. think of the father in the U.S. standing up and removing his belt. One action tells you exactly what is going on.",
"This is not really a good topic for this subreddit. It's not some complex issue that needs to be dumbed down. It's a question with a very specific answer. r/Answers is a more appropriate place for submissions like this. Or you could've just asked someone on r/Starcraft.",
"My name is Elias, so I did a bit of a double take when my eyes passed over \"ELIA5.\"",
"And the counter to this is something like this:\n\n**TT** /(O_O)/\n\nWhich is a person righting the table and telling the previous guy to chill out.",
"I always secretly wondered about this one. And always just lol'd and pretended to get it. Thanks for being ballsy enough to ask what it was.",
"POLITE_ALLCAPS_GUY was away and his roomate, IMPOLITE_ALLCAPS_ROOMATE went all over reddit flipping over tables. He made an apology thread.",
"This does not belong in this subreddit. The fact that it's garnered this much attention is disconcerting.",
"My name is Elias and what is this?"
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} | train_eli5 | ELIA5: (╯°□°）╯︵ ┻━┻
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6hefkm | How does your tolerance actually change when you drink a lot of alcohol? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Alcohol tolerance happens in three different ways. The first way happens in your brain. The first drink of alcohol you take makes your brain release a chemical that makes you feel happy. After a few years of drinking, the happy feeling you get is never the same again. You have to keep drinking and drinking to feel happy like you did that first time. \n\nThe second way happens in your liver. The liver works to clean your blood of the alcohol. For the first part of your drinking life, the more and more you drink the better your liver is at helping to clean the alcohol out. This way the person drinking doesn't feel as drunk. But eventually, like what happens in the brain, this can turn into a problem. As your liver tries to fix itself to cleaning alcohol it gets damaged and starts to get scars and fat tissue on it. Eventually the liver isn't able to clear alcohol from your system anymore. \n\nThe third way is dependent on your ethnicity. Some people have the ability to clean the alcohol out 100 times faster than others. Because they have these special chemicals in their bodies. So they can drink alcohol and their body can get rid of it faster than a normal person. Other people don't have that special chemical or very little of it. So their bodies cannot clear out the alcohol."
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} | train_eli5 | How does your tolerance actually change when you drink a lot of alcohol?
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90o5rg | Why do bugs always try to fly into your mouth and eyes? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"At least where I come from (Australia) it’s normally flys seeking moisture in the arid areas - trick is wear a dark shirt and work hard enough so that your back is sweaty and then they’ll land on your back instead of in your eyes or mouth or at least that’s my anecdotal experience.\n\nOther than that not sure."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do bugs always try to fly into your mouth and eyes?
[removed] | [
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3ggwnn | Why do teachers think Wikipedia is such a bad source? Is it actually as bad as they say it is? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Historically stuff found on the internet was not that well sourced. Wikipedia was the same in its early days and got a bit of a bad reputation in that sense. It has gotten a lot better since, though.\n\nThe thing is, however, that you shouldn't rely on Wikipedia per se; You should check the sources used for that Wiki page instead.\n\nAnother reason could be that teachers want you to work for your report and not just go to Wikipedia. It may seem \"too easy\" in their eyes, especially since most of them probably had to it the hard way when they were students.",
"wikipedia can be edited by anyone, so... it is not verified by itself, particularly in obscure pages.\n\nBut many articles do properly cite their sources, which is what you should be citing if you use wikipedia.",
"The good thing about using for wikipedia is the sources underneath the page. THAT is actually creditable to use. Some teachers are douches and don't tell you. Just throwing that out there."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do teachers think Wikipedia is such a bad source? Is it actually as bad as they say it is?
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3i02qu | What do people who are considered by economists to have "given up looking for work" do for income? | According to the Economic Policy Institute, "People who have not looked for work in the past four weeks are not included in [the unemployment rate]." Source: _URL_0_
What do people do for money when they give up looking for work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It can be anything. They might be supported by a partner (sometimes as a stay at home parent), they might be living on savings, they might be earning money under the table, they may have gone back to school/started another education, sometimes they qualify for assistance.",
"Welfare can get you pretty far if you have several **dependants** *(Offspring, Adopted or Guardian Children, Disabled Relatives, and/or Elderly Relatives that rely on you financially)*. Working for cash is sporadic depending on season but the pay adds to emergency savings (insurance). Obviously the best ways to make stacks is gambling and/or selling drugs, though. \n\nEDIT: I'm *dependant* on /u/Bananagopher *independan*",
"They may choose to stay home with their kids & live on spouse's salary, or live off savings, or go back to school & take out student loans, or work under the table for cash as handyman/nanny/etc"
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} | train_eli5 | What do people who are considered by economists to have "given up looking for work" do for income?
According to the Economic Policy Institute, "People who have not looked for work in the past four weeks are not included in [the unemployment rate]." Source: _URL_0_ What do people do for money when they give up looking for work? | [
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3v9xc0 | How do Christmas lights (or other lights) affect WiFi? | So this topic was on the radio the other morning and is in the [news](_URL_0_). Is it as simple that lights are using unshielded wires and it's causing noise? Do lights give off similar frequencies as WiFi, or is it the electricity flowing through them that gives a similar frequency? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They really shouldn't. LED lights transmit at THz range (e.g. visible light) well well well above the GHz range your wifi uses.",
"Is it possible? Yes, although I highly doubt it. Any time you have an electrical source, there is a chance that poor shielding or grounding or inefficient use of the power can raise the RF noise floor - disrupting communications.\n\nI once saw a case where an air traffic control tower was experiencing interference on a UHF signal at the same time every day. This went on for a year with no resolution until the problem was finally fixed. The culprit? A poor ground on a coffee maker was raising the noise floor whenever they had it on.",
"If they could affect radio signals at all, it'd be really, really bad wiring, or that you've put up enough lights to cause a Faraday cage around your room/house. The visible spectrum is nowhere NEAR the spectrum used for WiFi."
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} | train_eli5 | How do Christmas lights (or other lights) affect WiFi?
So this topic was on the radio the other morning and is in the [news](_URL_0_). Is it as simple that lights are using unshielded wires and it's causing noise? Do lights give off similar frequencies as WiFi, or is it the electricity flowing through them that gives a similar frequency? | [
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8h6p62 | Why is LGBTQ in that order? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It mostly has to do with when each letter was added as a term to the acronym. In the mid to late 80s the term LGB started working it's way into common language as a replacement for the term \"gay\" to describe the LGBT community. Why LGB and not BLG, GLB, or LBG is likely at least in part due to how those letter are pronounced and the level of ease at which the acronym can be said. An additional factor could have been due to the efforts and forged public identities of lesbians in the 70s. \n\nIn the early 90s, identifying transgender people as a unique part of the LGBT community became more mainstream and the T was added to the already established acronym of LGB. \n\nIt wasn't until the mid 2010s that the Q was added. There are currently groups and individuals that are beginning to add an I and and an A as well."
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} | train_eli5 | Why is LGBTQ in that order?
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1z9dmt | What is the significance of this leaked Supreme Court video? | I did a search and not much is popping up for this leaked Supreme Court video. I understand he was ushered out, but is there more to the story? I'm a little behind when it comes to politics, so can some explain it a little for me, please?
_URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You can't bring cameras into a courtroom if they've been disallowed and you certainly are not allowed to stand up and interrupt the proceeding to make a political statement. I'm personally surprised the protestor got out as many words as he did before being escorted away. \n\nThe protestor is concerned about McCutcheon v. FEC which is a case that deals with campaign finance contribution caps. It's been described as \"Citizens United: Part 2\" which was another recent case that greatly opened up corporate money into politics."
],
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"url": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What is the significance of this leaked Supreme Court video?
I did a search and not much is popping up for this leaked Supreme Court video. I understand he was ushered out, but is there more to the story? I'm a little behind when it comes to politics, so can some explain it a little for me, please? _URL_0_ | [
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1pdlkj | Why does pre-existing black hair turn white? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"It's not so much that black hair turns white, it's more that it stops being black. The default colour of hair is white, but it is coloured because your body produces a pigment called melanin. When the body stops producing melanin in the hair, the hair is no longer coloured and remains white."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why does pre-existing black hair turn white?
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1vppfp | Heat pumps | If I were to offer someone a straight-forward explanation of heat pumps, what would I tell them? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Heat pumps move heat from one place to another. A refrigerator is an example of a heat pump moving heat outside, and an air conditioner uses the same principle. Heat pumps can also be used to pump heat into a location, such as a building.\n\nMoving into the particulars of their operation, heat pumps typically exploit the compression and expansion of a material which will carry the heat, such as freon. If you compress a material then the amount of heat it possesses is crammed into a smaller area, increasing it's relative concentration. In other words it gets warmer. If that warm material is allowed to shed its heat to the environment then when it is expanded again it will cool down lower than ambient temperature (the heat is spread over a larger area, reducing its concentration). If you move it from place to place between compression and expansion then you can effectively \"pump\" heat around; compress it outside an insulated box and expand it inside the box, and you have yourself a refrigerator. Do the reverse and you have a heater."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Heat pumps
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5nv2eb | What is the difference in a muscle strain/pull and normal fatigue from working out. Why does one heal so much faster. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They are very different.\nNormal fatigue from working out is caused by lactic acid, a compound produced by your muscles when they run out of oxygen. Lactic acid is a byproduct of breaking down carbohydrates for energy that has the unfortunate side effect of making your muscles feel sore, but it doesn't physically damage them.\nA muscle strain or pull is when your muscle tissue is torn. This means the fibers have to regenerate and repair."
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What is the difference in a muscle strain/pull and normal fatigue from working out. Why does one heal so much faster.
| [
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j3swe | How do other countries buy US debt? [LI5] | As I understand it, other countries buy up US Treasury Bills and Bonds. But what do they buy them with? Yen? Yuan? Who gets the money? What does the the transaction actually look like? Who gives who what? Does the US government have a ton of foreign currency as a result of these transactions? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The U.S. makes promises to pay all sorts of people back, not just countries. Countries end up buying promises from each other to offset their trade imbalances. So, when a company in the U.S. buys a truckload of rubber duckies from a factory in China, the U.S. company could pay in two different currencies, either dollars or yuan.\n\nIf the U.S. company pays in dollars, the factory in China takes those dollars to the bank and exchanges them for Yuan so they can pay their workers and suppliers and the owners can buy stuff that they want. The bank collects a large amount of dollars and then trades them with the Chinese central bank. And the Chinese central bank trades dollars for Yuan with the U.S. central bank. Individual banks can do this on a smaller scale, or even internally, if they have operations in both countries.\n\nOn the other hand, the U.S. company might pay in Yuan. Of course, they would have to get the Yuan from their bank, which would have it from another of their customers who got paid in Yuan, or they would get it from a larger bank or the U.S. central bank, whoever has a bunch of Yuan sitting around from other transactions. Banking institutions keep this kind of currency exchange going on all the time so that travelers can get local currency and cash transactions can be made conveniently.\n\nMost transactions, however, are electronic, so no paper changes hands.\n\nPerhaps a [pie chart](_URL_0_) of U.S. debt holders? Does that help visualize how this system works?"
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | How do other countries buy US debt? [LI5]
As I understand it, other countries buy up US Treasury Bills and Bonds. But what do they buy them with? Yen? Yuan? Who gets the money? What does the the transaction actually look like? Who gives who what? Does the US government have a ton of foreign currency as a result of these transactions? | [
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1vg3bv | What's this programming lingo of branches mean? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"A branch is when you have an if / then / else code.\n\nSo you might have some code which goes:\n\n setupSomeStuff();\n logTheUserIn();\n\nUntil this point, the code has only one possible route, but it can do one of two things:\n\n if( loginSuccessful() )\n userDoesStuffWithProgram();\n else\n reportFailedLogin();\n soundIntruderAlarms();\n explodeComputer();\n\nThe program can go in one of two directions, like the branches of a tree. Hence we talk about \"branches\" to describe it."
],
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What's this programming lingo of branches mean?
| [
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1ni8b2 | What exactly happens if you default on a student loan? | Are the consequences bigger if it's federal or private? What if you leave the country (US in this case) and don't come back?
Just curious, I'm not in danger of it. At the moment, ha ha ha^sobs
| explainlikeimfive | {
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"From personal experience (except I'm not fleeing the country):\n\nFirst, they'll start calling you several times a day. If you don't respond after a week or so, they'll begin calling your co-signer (in my case, my parents) similarly. They aren't allowed to say specifically what they're calling in regards to, but will state it's an urgent matter.\n\nIf they don't hear from you after that, they'll send letters stating you now owe the balance in full, and give you a due date (bear in mind they don't realistically expect you to pay the balance in full, and this is more a means to scare you into calling them and setting up a payment plan).\n\nI haven't had my private loans go into collections, but my public (gov) loans have. They called me a few times with the offer to make a 9-month payment plan, at which it would be rehabilitated and sent to a 3rd party bank where it would sit until I paid it off. \n\nBecause I didn't respond quickly enough, they sent a letter to my employer stating they would start garnishing my wages. Right now, this equates to 15% of my income each paycheck deducted automatically and sent to ISAC. I had to agree to the aforementioned 9-month payment plan ON-TOP of this to get the garnishment lifted, otherwise my wages would be garnished until the whole balance was paid off. In total, a good $600 of my income each month goes to my balance. Mid-November is my last scheduled payment until my loan is rehabbed, and my monthly payments will resemble something closer to $200/month.\n\nMoral of the story? Even if you feel like you can't pay, keep in contact with your student loan providers, ask for a forbearance if you're financially unable to make a payment. It's much more painful what they'll do to your income if you blow it off and assume they'll just leave you alone.",
"If you default on a federal student loan, they will first demand payment in full. Then they will add collections costs to the loan - generally between 18% - 25% of the balance. If you don't reach out and try to resolve it they will eventually garnish your tax refund and up to 15% of your wages. If you have a professional license that could be revoked depending on the industry and state you live in. Eventually, they could sue you. Private loans are different - they can't garnish like the feds can so they tend to litigate sooner. If you leave the country they (at least the feds - but likely private) won't chase you. But the loan will never ever go away so if you come back, it will come back to haunt you - but will owe much much more than you did originally. \n\nBut why would you abandon a debt that you agreed to repay? If you are asking because you are having trouble making payments you should call the servicer - there is almost always something they can do to help. Default just isn't worth it.",
"In Canada the government takes all your tax returns until it's paid off. However, they keep charging interest on it forever (unlike with private debts where this is illegal), meaning you never pay if off and you lose your tax returns forever.",
"I don't know if it matters much based on whether it's federal or private; what I do know is that if you stay stateside it will fuck up your credit, they will garnish your wages (if you're working) and generally shit will get real.\n\nNo clue if fleeing the country would work for anything; we live in a fairly interconnected world these days, but I know I've looked at my monthly student loan rates and considered trying to run away from them."
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} | train_eli5 | What exactly happens if you default on a student loan?
Are the consequences bigger if it's federal or private? What if you leave the country (US in this case) and don't come back? Just curious, I'm not in danger of it. At the moment, ha ha ha^sobs | [
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2jj4o8 | Why is it so important that car companies not sell directly? | Wouldn't selling directly be cheaper this day in age? What is the point of a dealership beside having a physical place to go to to see the cars? I can understand the want to go to a dealership and get a car that day, but why MUST you if it costs more? It doesn't make sense to me why selling direct from the factory, like any other company in the world can do, is a problem. Apple can sell iPhones directly, Dell and HP can sell computers/laptops directly. What is special about cars that they can't sell directly, is it really as simple as antiquated laws? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"It's just antiquated laws, but they stay in place because the dealers lobby so heavily to keep the laws the way they are. They promote those laws as being good because they 'protect jobs', but really it's just because it keeps them in business. Most of the jobs would just move to the manufacturer, and those that would be lost would be useless functions anyway, so that whole argument is pretty ridiculous, in my opinion."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why is it so important that car companies not sell directly?
Wouldn't selling directly be cheaper this day in age? What is the point of a dealership beside having a physical place to go to to see the cars? I can understand the want to go to a dealership and get a car that day, but why MUST you if it costs more? It doesn't make sense to me why selling direct from the factory, like any other company in the world can do, is a problem. Apple can sell iPhones directly, Dell and HP can sell computers/laptops directly. What is special about cars that they can't sell directly, is it really as simple as antiquated laws? | [
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38w2h3 | What Kills a Person Who is Overheating/Heat Stroking | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Usually the lack of water causes imbalance in the salts. This causes organs to shut down. Liver and kidneys rely on osmosis for proper function. If that doesn't work, they fail. \n\nOrgans can shutdown if the core temperature too high. \n\nOne of the above kills the person. It can start with a fainting or general weakness. Handled properly, the person can fully recover.",
"When your body overheats, the various enzymes and proteins within your cells begin to denature and fall apart. No enzymes and proteins means no cellular processes which means no life.",
"Your brain cooks.\n\nOverheating causes lots of unwanted chemical reactions. This causes many cells in your brain to stop working correctly, or die outright.",
"Internal components shutting down? that is a educated but non educated guess."
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} | train_eli5 | What Kills a Person Who is Overheating/Heat Stroking
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33h5f8 | Why do I get more mosquito bites than others? Why are the bites larger and itchier? | When I'm in Thailand I get bitten non-stop by mosquitos. The mosquitos don't seem to bother Thais. I use mosquito repellents and they do not work. People say that my blood is sweet, but I don't think that's the real reason why mosquitos favor me. What's the deal? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Mosquitos, along with many other insects, are attracted to the CO2 you produce. This means it is something you are unlikely to change. What you can do is place something nearby, but not too close, that is producing more CO2 than you. Dry Ice in water will do this. So if you are backpacking or something, you will just have to deal with it. If you are sitting in your back porch on a nice Sunday evening, this is a more practical solution. You can also buy candles that produce a scent that repels mosquitos which I find works decently well also.\n\nAs for how bad you react, this too is all genetic. Mosquitos inject a bunch of chemicals to both numb you before biting (so you don't notice and kill them) and anti-coagulants which keep your blood from clotting so they can get a better blood meal. These chemicals result in your body rushing blood to that area so your white blood cells can fix whatever the hell is going on, and this results in swelling and itching. There is no way, AFAIK, to prevent such reactions.",
"I am also this person. My wife always remembers the day we went for a walk in our shorts in the park and I came back with more than fifty bites that day while she had one or two.\n\nThe feeling is not mutual, you horrible little bloodsuckers!",
"I was told that it's your body's exaggerated reaction to the mosquito bites, either due to an allergy or because you're not used to being bitten by mosquitoes. I have the same problem when I travel to mosquito infested areas.",
"Same here. There will be a swarm of mosquitos specifically going after me but ignoring anyone else that is near me."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why do I get more mosquito bites than others? Why are the bites larger and itchier?
When I'm in Thailand I get bitten non-stop by mosquitos. The mosquitos don't seem to bother Thais. I use mosquito repellents and they do not work. People say that my blood is sweet, but I don't think that's the real reason why mosquitos favor me. What's the deal? | [
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62k94s | why voting for your preferred candidate in instant runoff voting can cause them to lose (and vice versa). | I have a vague idea after reading and hearing some explanations, but it's still hard to grasp. Thanks in advance. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Voting for your candidate in instant runoff voting could cause them to lose is a very convoluted and highly unlikely scenario. \n\nConsider this (fictional) example using Trump, Clinton, Sanders. \n\nAssume that Trump is the favorite to win in a three way race using first past the post voting (Trump wins the more votes but not more than half). You support Trump against two the two rivals who are running neck and neck... you really want to run against Clinton because you know you can beat Clinton, but, since politics is very complicated, polls indicate you are likely to lose in a head to head battle with Sanders.\n\n**Recall:** *In three way race using instant runoff voting when there is no clear majority winner, the third place candidate is eliminated.*\n\nIn this scenario, you are likely to want Sanders to be eliminated in the elimination round so you can run against (and beat) Clinton... \n\nEnough people will still need to vote for Trump to assure that Trump is not the third place candidate, but maybe not too many... if it turns out that Sanders is likely to beat out Clinton for second place it may make sense for a few Trump voters to actually support Clinton so that Sanders is eliminated... leaving your Candidate Trump to defeat Clinton in a head to head battle. In this case, your vote for Trump could actually cause Trump to lose the election.\n\nEditorial Comment: This is a highly unlikely and convoluted scenario as to almost be laughable.",
"OK. The way I understand it is this. Let's say there are 4 candidates, R1, R2, D1, and D2 all running aginst one another.\n\nNow, D and R are each about half of the vote, so R1 and R2 share the R 50% and D1 and D2 share the D 50%.\n\nThe thing is, D2 is real, REALLY hated by all of the R voters. R1 and R2 are disliked by the D voters about equally. D1 is kind of actually liked by some R voters. But most importantly, a section of D1's voters would vote R rather than vote D2. (D2 is what you might call, polarizing)\n\nSo if you support R1 you know that you can lose to R2, it's very unlikely you'll lose to D2 (because all the R voters hate him) but D1 is also a threat.\n\nSo in an ideal world, after each round of voting, it'll come down to you vs D2. That way you can capture 100% of the R vote and a small percentage of the D vote that hates D2, therefore you win. \n\nIt is expected that in the first round of voting, each candidate will get around 25% of the vote. You expect your candidate will actually get 26% and R2 will get 24%. The D voters will split literally 50/50. So you get 0.5% of your votes to vote for D2 instead. So in round 1, R2 gets 24%, D1 gets 25% D2 gets 25.5% and you get 25%. R2 is eliminated because he got the least. Since you and R2 are similar, you get most of his votes so you are now very safe. \n\nRound 2. You have 49.5% of the vote, D1 gets 25%, D2 gets 25.5% and so D1 gets eliminated. Since a small number the Da voters really dislike like D2, they vote for you instead. It's enough to push you above 50%. So you win. \n\nIf you had not done this tactic, round 1 would have gone the same. but round 2 could have gone the other way. While D1's voters kind of dislike D2, D2's voters actually mostly like D1. So if D2 had gotten eliminated his votes would have all gone to D1 and you might have lost the election. \n\nThis is basically a tactic of boosting up the competition so that they can kill your real competition. It's risky because if the votes don't go the way you think they will then you can really fuck it up."
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} | train_eli5 | why voting for your preferred candidate in instant runoff voting can cause them to lose (and vice versa).
I have a vague idea after reading and hearing some explanations, but it's still hard to grasp. Thanks in advance. | [
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2xngf6 | If scientists can tell that their best atomic clock loses 1s every 16 million year, why not use what ever they're using to measure the clock's accuracy as a clock itself? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They're not measuring the atomic clock, they're using the science behind it to judge it's statistical likelihood of accuracy. They're measuring it's \"margin or error.\"",
"Apparently this needs to be a FAQ. [How did people know which clocks were the most accurate?](_URL_0_)\n\nTo re-explain, you don't need a Platonic True Clock to measure accuracy, because what accuracy means for timepieces is stability and consistency.\n\nIf you take 10 wristwatches, synchronize them, let them run for about a year, and synchronously stop them, they won't even agree on how many seconds have elapsed. If you take 10 atomic clocks, synchronize them, let them run for about a year, and synchronously stop them, they will agree on how many nanoseconds have elapsed, and their sub-nanosecond differences will be consistent with \"loses 1s every 16 million years\" (or whatever).\n\nIf you're initially developing atomic clocks, and they agree that precisely, but all 10 clocks say that the year is 5 seconds too long (exageration), that just means you need to recalibrate the atomic clocks (change how many oscillations counts as one second) based on your best existing non-atomic time sources. But now the calibration is long-since done and the second is defined in terms of a certain type of atomic clock.",
"Also what can happen is that they actually make several clocks working by the same principle and see how much their time diverges. The idea is to correct for random inaccuracies, so one clock will go a bit faster while the other is a bit slower. If you compare the deviation you can measure the inaccuracy of the clock. \n\nExample: Take a few old spring-based clocks they will diverge a couple of minutes over a few days. If you take quartz-based clocks they might bring that down to seconds or less over a few days and if you take atomic clocks it will be very much less still... virtually nothing over a day but you can then extrapolate to a divergence of 1 sec in X years."
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | If scientists can tell that their best atomic clock loses 1s every 16 million year, why not use what ever they're using to measure the clock's accuracy as a clock itself?
| [
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3vhji7 | If utilities infastructure was created through taxpayer dollars, then why do people have to pay private companies for their utilities? | I don't actually know how to look up who owns the electricity here (Prince George County, Maryland), but I do know that the sewers had to have been built by taxpayer money, right?
So why do I have to pay a private company for power/water/sewer ? How was this company chosen? How were rates chosen? How can a competitor appear?
Thanks. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In most cases where facilities were built by the public and then privatized, the company either had to pay the government for the facilities, or agree to repair or improve the facilities at their own expense, thus effectively paying a bill that would have been the government's bill.",
"You have to pay the provider of the service. Water, electricity, etc. cost money to extract/generate and transmit. You have to pay FedEx to drive your packages down the highway even though the highway was built with taxpayer money, right?\n\nAs to your other questions about utilities industries, they're complicated and state-specific. In general, it can be anything from a free-for-all where anybody can become, for example, a competitive retail electricity provider, or it can be state-sponsored monopoly where the government gives one private company the exclusive right to provide the service in a particular area."
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If utilities infastructure was created through taxpayer dollars, then why do people have to pay private companies for their utilities?
I don't actually know how to look up who owns the electricity here (Prince George County, Maryland), but I do know that the sewers had to have been built by taxpayer money, right? So why do I have to pay a private company for power/water/sewer ? How was this company chosen? How were rates chosen? How can a competitor appear? Thanks. | [
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1z7ge3 | what is the appeal of impressionism and post impressionism? Differences? | Saw a bunch of paintings by Georges Braques today and I just dont "get" it. Why is he considered such a great artist? What is the appeal? I'm genuinely curious because I want to be able to appreciate these works of art | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Note: Georges Braques generally is thought of as a Cubist, not an Impressionist or a Post-Impressionist.\n\nWhat is important to note about Modern art movements is that they came about in a period when the propagation of photography challenged traditional ideas about painting. Painters before photography became easily accessible were trained to paint as real to life as possible. However, once the camera became more commonplace, the need for painters to accurately represent the world was diminished, and artists were freer to experiment with ideas of visuality.\n\nImpressionism was born out of this historical context and they became interested in playing with light, especially sunlight, at different points in time. A lot of Impressionism was about capturing fleeting moments in time and moments of everyday life. So for example, Renoir was known for painting everyday people at parties or the opera, subject matter that showed how life was really lived instead of relying on Classical and Biblical allegories as in \"academic\" painting. Monet, possibly the most famous Impressionist, commonly did series of paintings of the same scene but at different times of day in order to highlight how light changes throughout the day and how the time of day affects what we see. In fact, the term \"Impressionism\" comes from the title of his painting \"Impression, Sunrise,\" highlighting his focus on temporality and playing with light. A lot of the techniques that Impressionists became known for, such as quick gestural brush strokes and a lack of mixing colors, were used to further suggest the immediacy of the scene - they wanted to capture a moment as it happened, not labor over one painting for years in order to get the most amount of detail. They want to give you an *impression* of the scene.\n\nImpressionism is especially notable for, as I mentioned, its focus on everyday life. Many Impressionist painters are considered extremely important not only because of their techniques, but also because we can learn a lot about how people actually lived and dressed by looking at their paintings, which is information that academic painting rarely provides. In that sense, Impressionism is highly important both because it helped to pave the way for later art movements, but also because it is a highly historically contextualized movement that says a lot about the era.\n\nPost-Impressionism, as the name suggests, grew out of Impressionism. These artists took some of the basic tenets of Impressionism and extended them in different ways. Some artists, like George Seurat, delved further into playing with color and light by exploring pointilism, or the use of small dots of color that create a more coherent picture when viewed from a distance. Others, like Van Gogh, played more with the expressive qualities of Impressionism by using brush strokes to invoke an overall emotional quality.\n\nCubism, which Georges Braques falls under, grew out of Impressionism in that both movements are interested in *how we see the world*. While Impressionism generally focuses on the play of light and color, Cubism instead looks at angles and perspective, often combining multiple perspectives of the same subject matter into one (what Picasso was really famous for doing). It also breaks down the subject matter into fundamental shapes and figures."
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} | train_eli5 | what is the appeal of impressionism and post impressionism? Differences?
Saw a bunch of paintings by Georges Braques today and I just dont "get" it. Why is he considered such a great artist? What is the appeal? I'm genuinely curious because I want to be able to appreciate these works of art | [
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1ujtdo | Why do the second clicks on my wall clock sound like they are making different pitches? | explainlikeimfive | {
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64uz0s | Why do so many people believe that if your urine isn't clear you aren't drinking enough water and is there any truth to it? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"To understand this, you have to know why we have urine at all. Your blood has to have a very precise chemical balance for your body to be able to work. If it's off even a little bit, you will get sick and eventually die, unless it's corrected. Your kidneys have the job of doing the corrections. They work by filtering out any excesses, returning blood that is chemically \"balanced\", and they are very good at it. The stuff they filter out is basically urine. The most important things filtered out are extra water, extra salt, and urea, a chemical produced continually by the body. Another chemical filtered out by the kidneys is urobilin, which makes urine yellow. Removing certain amount of water is necessary to the process, whether your blood has excess water or not.\n\nIf you are dehydrated, meaning you have not been drinking as much water as your body needs, your kidneys will do their job by removing the bare minimum amount of water to get the other stuff out. That means the urine will be concentrated. Think of it as being like strong tea. Because everything including urobilin is concentrated, its color will be dark yellow. This is actually normal first thing in the morning because you don't drink water while you're sleeping. During the day, it's a reliable sign that your body could really use more water. But it doesn't have to be clear for you to be healthy; a well-hydrated person's urine will still be light yellow unless they are drinking much *more* water than they need.",
"Your kidneys produce urine by filtering your blood stream. Urine is made of water, salt and wastes like urea and acid, among other things.\n\n But your kidney isn't like your dumbass intestine which absorbs every single hamburger you ate at McDonald's and keeps it all in the form of fat. No, no, your kidney is smart and knows what should be kept and what should be discarded. This is done through a completely overly complicated system (which medicine students hate) that senses what do you have, what you don't need and what you really need. \n\nIf you decide to drink 7 liters of water because someone dared you or something, then you are going to [die ](_URL_1_)(first from the alteration of your, hydroelectric balance, then because from the embarrassment of appearing on YouTube \"Pranks gone wrong\"). But if you manage to survive, then you are going to pee mostly water. If you decide to dehydrate yourself because you heard it was a good way to lose weight (pro tip: it's not), your kidney will try to keep as much water as it can inside your blood stream while filtering everything else so your pee will look very dark or worse, you don't pee at all and keep all the wastes inside you. \"The composition of the body fluids is apparently determined not by what the mouth takes in, but by what the kidney keeps\"*\n\nYour body is smart but it isn't magical. If you do stupid stuff like I mentioned earlier you are overworking it, so to answer your question: it's not good to have it too clear or too dark. \"Normal urine color ranges from pale yellow to deep amber — the result of a pigment called urochrome and how diluted or concentrated the urine is.\"**\n\nBut since you are constantly losing liquids through breathing, skin evaporation, urine and stool and you absolutely need water to live, it's safer to be a bit overhydrated than it is to be dehydrated. It's like money, I prefer to have $100 and waste it if I don't need it than having only a dollar and suffer for every cent spent. \n\n* Thanks to The Physiology Coloring Book. No kidding, you are supposed to color it while reading! \n\n** _URL_0_\n\nFun fact: alcohol confuses your body, it start thinking that you are well hydrated so your kidney filters water (that's why you have to pee so much) but you are actually running out of liquids. The party puts the music really loud, so you are forced to shout and you realize that your mouth is really dry so you keep drinking. And then you decide to dance with that friend of yours, losing even more liquids, but things got really hot and heavy so you decide to buy another cold beer, losing more and more liquids and you get where this is going.\n\nEdit: added that you can die from drinking too much water. I don't want to be blamed of promoting that kind of behavior. If you want know more about it, I answered it to someone on the comments.",
"I was a tanker in the National Guard. We did our gunnery qualifications at Ft. Irwin...in August. They told us \"drink water, drink water, DRINK WATER. YOUR PISS SHOULD BE FUCKING CLEAR.\" I did just that. I wasn't hungry and didn't eat much. I ended up passing out because I drank so much water I washed the electrolytes out of my body. I vaguely remember going to the first aid area, a shady place where they put you in the shade and plug in an IV until you can go back to work. I guess they didn't like my vitals. I briefly came to in the ambulance and one of the medics, a great kid named \"Mort\", of all things, was leaning over me. He looked scared and sounded scared. He didn't think I could hear him. He said my pulse was \"thready\" and \"we are losing him\". At the time I was ok with that and I was out again. I woke up for good in the hospital with a I.V. and a my pants pulled down to my knees. A big bag of ice was over my groin. AT was over for me that year. I was fucked up for over a week. Fuck those days. And Mort, if you are out there, thanks again man.",
"Clearer urine is a sign of hydration but it doesnt need to be that clear, just not very dark. Side note, caffeine and alcohol are diuretics so they pull extra water into urine in the kidneys. So if you've drank something with them in it you'll have clearer urine but won't necessarily be hydrated.",
"I see a lot of comments discussing the color of urine (darkness), but none discussing the clarity.\n\nThe color of urine is determined by how much you drink, but also what you eat. Eating beetroot will turn your urine pretty dark, but it is not alarming. Not drinking enough water (or soda or beer or wine) will darken your urine too. 2-3 liter of fluids per day should be sufficient in a moderate warm climate.\n\nYour urine should always be clear, with only the occasional floq in it. If your urine is having the clarity of orange juice or white beer, go see your doctor, as you will have a urine/bladder infection. Do not underestimate this, it can kill you. A simple test and antibiotic treatment will usually fix this. \n\nIf your urine is only mildly unclear, just drink a lot of water a couple of days (4-6 liter) and it will flush out the infection.\n\nSource: urostomy patient with 40+ years experience with infections",
"There is a lot of misinformation regarding hydration. There is a whole slew of people saying that people need to drink x glasses a day. Some say that you start the day dehydrated. More sensible people say you should just drink when you at thirsty. \n\nThe seine thing is just an edition to justify your belief.",
"because i never used to drink water and then I got a tumor in my bladder. my urologist told me i need to drink 2L per day and never 'hold' on to ensure toxins are cleared from the body asap. The clearer your urine, the less toxic you are.\n\nsource: my urologist who has removed a bazillion tumors from ppl who didn't drink enough water.",
"Technically clear means you can see through something regardless of color. For example, windows are clear so you can see through them. Clear, in terms of urine, is the opposite of cloudy. You definitely want clear urine because cloudy can mean there are bacteria growing in your bladder, which means you might have a bladder infection. Clear or cloudy urine can have color to it or not. \n\nRegarding color, urine can be colorless or a range of yellowish brown colors from straw through amber. The darker your urine is on this scale, the less hydrated your body is. You generally want your urine to not be at the extremes of color all the time. In general, drink water when you feel thirsty. If you notice your urine is darker yellow, feel free to have a glass of water, especially if you're thirsty or elderly (thirst sensations decrease with age). There is no need to force yourself to drink water - you can become overhydrated.\n \nUrine can also be red from blood in the urine, pink from eating beets, greenish from taking vitamins, or other colors depending on what's going on with your body.",
"It's a fairly good rule of thumb, but the things you eat and drink can change the color as well.\n\n\n\n\nMy daughter had a bunch of friends over one night. I drove them to Starbucks after I'd gathered them all up. After a few hours the normal shrieks that accompany these types get togethers changed in tone and timbre, so I went downstairs to see what the emergency was. They'd all gathered in the restroom and we're staring into the toilet. One of them was babbling hysterically into the phone. The water in the bowl was a hue of orange that the human body should not be able to produce. Not really fluorescent but similar. It took a few minutes, but once everyone was settled down and I asked a few questions we got it sorted out. I took over the phone and explained the situation to the parent. \"No need to worry, Mike. She asked for extra extra pumpkin spice in her coffee. I think she'll be fine\".",
"If you're urine is clear you're drinking more water than your body needs and your kidneys are being overworked. If your urine is a darker yellow then you need more fluids. If your urine is a pale/straw yellow then it's just right.",
"> Why do *so many people* believe...\n\nIdk why civilians believe it, but when I was in the Marine Corps there were charts like [this](_URL_2_) in **literally** every bathroom.",
"ELI5 answer: urine is a mix of water and yellow-coloured bodily waste. The more water, the more diluted the waste, and the lighter the resulting colour of the mixture. Some people claim that if the urine is not diluted enough, it is because the body is dehydrated.\n\nIt is interesting that no peer-reviewed study has ever concluded that there is any benefit to the generally accepted health and fitness advice about drinking copious amounts of water. Our bodies have a very finely tuned mechanism for resolving matters of dehydration, which is thirst. If you are thirsty, drink water.",
"This is a situation where A implies B but Not A does not imply Not B. If your pee is clear, you are getting enough water. If your pee is not clear, you could still be getting enough water but some people are idiots who don't understand logic or physiology.",
"Lets take a very bad situation as an example of doing it wrong. You're lost at sea, starving, thirsty, and so you drink some sea water. Tastes bad, but boy does it feel good to drink something. Problem, it has a lot of salt in it. Your body has a way to get rid of salt but it needs water to do so. Your kidneys are like cellular filters that remove waste, water, and yes even salt from your blood. However the removed waste needs to be flushed out of the kidneys in order to make it into the bladder and be expelled as urine. So your kidneys use more water getting rid of that salt, than you took in drinking it, so you end up losing more water than you gained. \n\nThis is the fundamental principle behind clear urine being considered hydrated. Your body needs water in order to flush uric acid, urea, salt, and other things out of the kidneys. If there is plenty of water, then the urine is very dilute and watery. If there is less water, maybe because your body is dehydrated and it's holding onto water, your urine will be darker and maybe cloudy. \n\nHowever there are other reasons your urine may not be watery that have nothing to do with drinking enough water. People on special diets, people fasting, people on certain medications, may be experiencing ketosis, which is a fat burning mechanism of the body when deprived of carbohydrates. Ketones get broken down to make energy but they result in a lot of metabolic waste that the kidneys have to flush out. So a properly hydrated person on the atkins diet for instance may have darker and strong smelling urine as their body removes ketones. \n\nOn the other hand, somebody experiencing kidney failure may have very watery urine as their kidneys become unable to filter effectively. \n\nOther people with sodium or potassium imbalances may have their bodies purging water and creating watery urine, even when they are dehydrated. \n\nSo it's a general rule of thumb but there are always exceptions. Except for certain people with nerve damage, in general if you aren't thirsty, then you're drinking enough. If your lips are dry and cracked, you have a headache, your tongue is swollen, these are all signs of dehydration that appear long after thirst, and you really have to try hard not to drink when you're that thirsty to get so bad that you're dangerously dehydrated. \n\nIt's actually more dangerous to be over hydrated as it can deprive your body of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium that it needs for nerve activity."
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2wy3hp | Why can people eat more (especially greasy) food when they're drunk? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The feeling of fullness is very much your perception of feeling full. Things like only eating half the food on you plate can leave you feeling less satisfied than finishing a plate with only half the food on it. \n\nBeing drunk kinda messes with your cognitive ability so if you are less aware of how much you are eating, or fixed on the idea of being hungry you can end up consuming larger amounts of food than you would have otherwise."
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43lowz | Why are most lawyer offices come in duos? 2 Lawyers working together in one office? | Every ad I've watched in the US and in Canada shows lawyer office's names with 2 names, 2 lawyers. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Running a law office adds a healthy number of fixed costs (like a library and a receptionist, a high volume copier, etc) but one lawyer usually does not come close to fully utilizing these services. So two lawyers partnering can share these costs, each paying half, with plenty of capacity for each and increasing the income of both. \n\nTechnology can reduce their dependence on some fixed costs, but it's not perfect, and isn't always a good substitute (an attorney with a virtual assistant in another nation might be just as effective but looks cheap to clients who may pass them over for another option).",
"Why do two broke young people just out of college become roommates? It cuts the costs on all the stuff they'd have to pay for anyway."
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} | train_eli5 | Why are most lawyer offices come in duos? 2 Lawyers working together in one office?
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1s0449 | Obama says he supports decriminalization of marijuana but not its legalization. Is there a difference or is that just political word games? | explainlikeimfive | {
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88htp6 | How does Feng Shui work? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It doesnt. A bowl of goldfish by your northeast entrance isnt going to improve your relationship problems. \n\nGood interior design *does* however improve your quality of life in general and has been shown to increase work productivity.",
"From what I've absorbed through osmosis after ten years in asia, feng shui is all about placement of stuff (the stuff in your house, outside your house, and even your house itself), in order to retain good luck/energy, release the bad, and help it flow. \nSome examples are: \n- not having your front and back doors in a straight line so luck can't pass right through your house without stopping, and \n- putting a small mirror over your front door to reflect bad luck away (but not good luck, i guess?) \nNow admittedly i might be completely wrong. Whenever my mother-in-law starts telling us how to arrange the baby room for maximum luck, I tend to tune out and ignore her."
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4zcuhp | rubber bands get colder than they started when they contract? | I just read this article about a guy making a fridge out of contracting rubber bands.
_URL_0_
It says "Stretching one [a rubber band] heats it up (duh) but letting it contract cools it below its starting temperature."
How's that work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I am sure there will be physics papers published on this during the next months just like with the glowing sticky tape. One theory is briefly explained in the original video. As the rubber is stretched the molecules have to align in certain ways. This constricts them which increases the internal pressure of the rubber. When the rubber is allowed to return to its original shape the molecules is allowed more room to move around and the internal pressures decreases. It would be quite interesting to see the exact effects at work here and what other materials might have similar properties and what use cases it might have.",
"The trick is to let the rubber band cool back to room temperature before you let it contract again. Basically, when the rubber band does work, it loses internal energy (the temperature goes down). Conversely when you put work into the rubber band, the temperature goes up. If you do this fast (adiabatically [no heat transfer with the outside environment]), what you'll see is the temperature of the rubber band will go up and down but it will stay about the same each time. If you let the \"hot\" stretched rubber band cool back down to room temperature, when it does work to contract back to normal size, it loses energy but since it's stretched state was already at room temperature, it has to get colder than room temperature. If you've ever studied the Carnot Cycle in physics class, I am pretty sure it's the same thing (in reverse though).",
"richard feynman exsplains this very well. Have a look he is quite funny and very smart:\n\nvolume warning!\n_URL_0_\n\nedit: i know you are not supposed to just post links but i saw it had already been answered."
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I just read this article about a guy making a fridge out of contracting rubber bands. _URL_0_ It says "Stretching one [a rubber band] heats it up (duh) but letting it contract cools it below its starting temperature." How's that work? | [
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69tyrb | Whats the big deal about Macron being the new President of France? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The big deal is that the alternative would have been Marie le Pen. And she would have been a disaster for the European Union. Amidst all the other right wing and nationalist ideology that you may or may not agree with, she wanted to have a referendum for leaving the EU. Since France and Germany are basically the core nations holding the EU together and France uses the Euro this would have had devastating effects on Europe's economy. Some economists believe that her being elected alone would have led to a new Euro crisis, because investors would have fled the Euro in general and France in particular. This would have put the Euro in jeopardy, since if one of the weaker nations would have gotten in trouble again bailout would have looked a lot less likely."
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} | train_eli5 | Whats the big deal about Macron being the new President of France?
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w8ovx | what exactly are teamsters? | I always hear about teamsters on mob movies, but what do they do, and why were they so easily influenced by the mob? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c5b8q6g"
],
"text": [
"The Teamsters is a labor union that represents assorted blue collar workers from truck drivers, to auto mechanics, to factory workers, and more. They got their start in the first decade of the 1900s, and really took off during the great depression.\n\nOne of their functions as a union was providing a pension to all their members - this was how people got to retire before their job ever decided to pay for their retirement.\n\nSo, you have all these union members paying their dues each month, and all of it is supposed to be saved for when they retire, so its just a huge pot of money.\n\nWell the mob wanted to make a bunch of casinos in Las Vegas, so they went and talked to the guy in charge of that huge pension fund. This is where Jimmy Hoffa comes into play. Jimmy Hoffa was the president of the teamsters, and made a deal with the mob to invest in their casinos. But the deal wasn't as easy on the mob as they wanted it to be.\n\nHoffa also did some other illegal stuff on the side, and eventually went to jail (thanks to Robert F Kennedy). Hoffa left his friend in charge of the Teamsters while he was in jail, but his friend came to like the power, and the mob liked him too because was was way more cooperative than Hoffa was.\n\nSo Hoffa gets out of jail, and says he wants to run for president of the Teamsters again. Then he mysteriously disappeared.\n\nCheck the [wikipedia page](_URL_1_) for more info on them, and watch the movie [Hoffa (imdb)](_URL_0_) starring Jack Nicholson. It is a really good movie and gives you a decent idea about how the two are connected."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104427/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamsters"
]
} | train_eli5 | what exactly are teamsters?
I always hear about teamsters on mob movies, but what do they do, and why were they so easily influenced by the mob? | [
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29eerb | How is it that organizations like the Church of Scientology are legal and growing in popularity even though they do so many illegal things frequently? | They have sniper-guarded bases just to torture people, they infiltrated the US Government, there are hundreds of former members talking about their illegal and outright horrible actions, yet they can still get a Super Bowl commercial. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"It's hard to consider an entire organization 'illegal,' even though at least one country has already determined that it is. Many scientologists have been arrested for crimes ranging from fraud to murder, committed while they were doing their jobs for scientology, but it hasn't been possible to prove that the entire organization knew about it. The people that infiltrated the government (including the founder's wife) got arrested, and the rest of the group claimed they didn't know anything about it. When there were memos found proving that they were calling in fake bomb threats to silence a journalist, the organization claimed not to know about it, and blame a few members. They let members take the fall."
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How is it that organizations like the Church of Scientology are legal and growing in popularity even though they do so many illegal things frequently?
They have sniper-guarded bases just to torture people, they infiltrated the US Government, there are hundreds of former members talking about their illegal and outright horrible actions, yet they can still get a Super Bowl commercial. | [
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623pva | Is Diamond a "substance" | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"substance : noun. a particular kind of matter with uniform properties\n\nSo.. yes.\n\nWhat did you think it was?\n\nHow is this asking for an explanation? It's a yes or no question...",
"Sure. \"Substance\" is just about the least specific word there is. Virtually anything that is tangible can be said to be a \"substance.\""
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Is Diamond a "substance"
[removed] | [
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1p2z7f | Why do fizzy drinks like Coca Cola go 'flat' after a while? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"When the coke is in a closed container the CO2 doesn't completely leave the drink because it reaches an equilibrium with the little air that is in the can. However, because the can is no open there is plenty of air for the CO2 to go to, so the leftover amount of CO2 is very low."
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do fizzy drinks like Coca Cola go 'flat' after a while?
| [
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64aioi | How is mudd/dirt removed from inside your ears without your aid? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"The motion of the jaw opening and closing kind of pushes the build up out your ear. I'd imagine it then just comes out in the shower/bath."
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How is mudd/dirt removed from inside your ears without your aid?
| [
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6ff264 | Do infants that rely on sign language communicate as poorly as infants that use their voice or are they well spoken due to a more 'tangible' language? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I forget what age, she was probably 2, but my niece learned a few words in sign language and it helped communicate her needs, such as thirsty, hungry, and so forth. All around the time she learned to to talk. So her parents would make the sign and say \"thirsty\" so she learned to say it but sign it as well so there was less miscommunication or frustrations.",
"Just an anecdote but my wife is deaf and I am hearing. Both our girls behaved differently as they learn both languages simultaneously but they are not behind in verbal communication (according to pediatrician) and it's so nice for them to be able to signal what they want at an early age. Our 19 month old can tell me when she wants a drink or to eat and knows how to \"guide\" me to what she wants and has been able to do so for a while now. It's nice because she tends to be less frustrated that she isn't getting what she wants and understands when I tell her to wait or that she isn't getting what she wants ... she may not like it but understands.\n\nOur first (now 3 almost 4) preferred more verbal communication at first but generally what I said above applied as well and now she does both interchangeably and recognizes that mom can't hear her but I can (that took a while for her to fully understand)\n\nGuess my point is it's different for all kids but from what I've seen with my kids and other kids those that learn ASL young they are less frustrated as they feel like others can understand them and it doesn't negatively affect their verbal skills in fact it can put them ahead in some cases.",
"There is a school of thought that teaching kids signs will help with later language development, and that signs are fundamentally easier to master than spoken language.\n\nI've heard it, not sure I believe it. But I wouldn't say sign language is some kind of less capable communication than kids that don't learn signs. I've seen it work to some degree at least in pre-speech kids."
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Do infants that rely on sign language communicate as poorly as infants that use their voice or are they well spoken due to a more 'tangible' language?
| [
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27i86c | because there is a 1 million dollar reward for anyone who comes forward with proof there is an afterlife, how come the long island medium has not come forward? or any other medium? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"Presumably because they aren't capable of providing verifiable proof.",
"I'm unaware of any such reward (and I kinda hang out in Skeptic circles). The Randi prize is more geared towards demonstrating paranormal powers, but I suppose a \"proof\" of the afterlife could qualify. However, I'm a little unclear on how, exactly, one COULD prove it, especially to the satisfaction of the general public. \n\nHoudini set up a code phrase with his wife that was supposed to prove if a medium ever contacted him (or her) from beyond the grave. The medium Arthur Ford *did* later produce the correct phrase, \"Rosabelle believe,\" but that was long after Bess Houdini got sloppy and talked about the phrase to others, including a family servant, who blabbed it to her journalist boyfriend, who published it in a magazine some years before Ford repeated it.\n\nThe bottom line about mediums is, simply, they're fakes. They *might* genuinely believe they can communicate with the dead (though the successful ones are definitely in the con artist camp), but none has ever produced the least bit of convincing evidence."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | because there is a 1 million dollar reward for anyone who comes forward with proof there is an afterlife, how come the long island medium has not come forward? or any other medium?
| [
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66chla | Why does it help to "sleep on it" when making big decisions? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"When faced with a big decision, it's probably going to spark some emotions that put you in a slightly irrational state of mind (anxious, fearful, overwhelmed etc.). It's best to wait until you're in a headspace in which you can make a rational, not impulsive, decision!"
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | Why does it help to "sleep on it" when making big decisions?
[deleted] | [
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3h7xak | A whitening toothpaste advertises 1 shade whiter every week. Theoretically, could I brush my teeth 28 times in one sitting and have my teeth 2 shades whiter after? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"No. Brushing has nothing to do with it, the effect comes from having the chemicals sit on your teeth for a week.",
"No. You could have your enamel removed by overbrushing and have a lot of dental work incoming though.",
"From what my dentist tells me, \"whitening\" toothpastes just feature more/grittier abrasives. Probably not a good idea."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | A whitening toothpaste advertises 1 shade whiter every week. Theoretically, could I brush my teeth 28 times in one sitting and have my teeth 2 shades whiter after?
| [
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2ufkcr | What is required to have the internet/WiFi technology? If we're to one day live on the moon and other planets, will we be able to have these things? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"co7xddf",
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"text": [
"The Internet is a network made by connecting millions of computers around the world together. Wi-Fi is one of the systems we can use to connect computers together- it uses high-frequency two-way radios for the computers to communicate.\n\nIt wouldn't be too difficult to have a network of satellites that connect computers on the moon to computers on Earth. You could have the receiving station for those satellites connected to an off-the-shelf Wi-Fi router and you have Wi-Fi on the moon. \n\nGetting Internet on other planets is a bit more difficult. For one thing, the speed of light actually becomes a problem here. In the best case, when Earth and Mars are as close as they'll ever be, it would take 3 minutes each way to communicate (so downloading a website would take a minimum of 6 minutes- 3 there to request it and 3 back to get the response). Not to mention that because they're rotating at different speeds (a Mars year is about 2 Earth years), they'll be much farther apart most of the time, and some times the Sun will get between the two so you'll need a large network of satellites that go around the sun to get a connection.\n\nWe could make an internet on Mars the same way we made the Internet on Earth (connecting all the computers on the planet together), but it wouldn't be terribly useful at first because all the useful information is on the computers on Earth.",
"You can easily have internet on the moon and other planets. There is actually some work being done on making space-internet a reality. Astronauts on the International Space Station already have (limited) internet and email access. \n\nReally, just so long as you can send any form of radio or laser communication between two places, you can also carry internet traffic. It's just that there may be limited bandwidth available (i.e. low speeds) and the connection may, in some cases, only be available at certain times of the day.\n\nThe major problem is that no communication can travel faster than the speed of light. Many planets are so far away that it would take several minutes or hours from the time you request a webpage to the time it is received and displayed on your screen. This also rules out any possibility of having real-time communications (e.g. phone/video calls or online multiplayer gaming).\n\nOnce people start living on Mars, for example, we'll probably have to make some adjustments to how content and services are made available to people on these remote planets. Most likely this will involve a local caching system where updates to web pages (e.g. Wikipedia articles) and content (e.g. Youtube videos) get periodically pushed out to a caching server on the remote planet (i.e. Mars) and then people on that planet can access and load the content instantly on demand without having to wait to request the content from servers on Earth. Of course the content will always be a few minutes or hours out of date, but it would still be the best solution available."
],
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2
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What is required to have the internet/WiFi technology? If we're to one day live on the moon and other planets, will we be able to have these things?
| [
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ps5l0 | why is there no yy chromosomes? | there are xx and xy chromosomes but what makes it that there is no 3rd gender that has the yy chromosomes | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The woman has the XX, while the man has the XY chromosome pair.\n\nA man can inseminate a woman and pass on either the X or the Y, while the woman always provides an X.",
"males have xy, females have xx, so it's an impossibility. You can get these though: \n\nXX normal\t\n\nXY normal\n\nXO Turner \t \n\nXXY\tKlinefelter\n\nXXX Triple-X\t \n\nXYY\t XYY",
"One bit that I feel was missed:\n\nYou know how the top comment mentions XO, Turner Syndrome? I.e. a woman with only one X chromosome? This is what happens when something goes wrong while a set of 46 chromosomes is reduced to 23 to create sperm or egg cells (the process is called meiosis), and one of the end products (a sperm or egg cell) ends up with a missing chromosome or an extra one (Down's, having 3 of chromosome 21, happens the same way).\n\nWhat hasn't been mentioned is that it *is* possible for a fertilized egg to have the sex chromosome combination YO (an Y chromosome from the father and a faulty egg without an X chromosome from the mother). However, there are too many vital genes on the X chromosome for this combination to be viable. It dies before you ever realize you were pregnant.\n\nEdited to add: In addition to Down's, trisomy 21, it is also possible to end up with trisomy 15 or 18. Having extras of any other chromosome besides these three or X/Y is similarly lethal.",
"It's true that some living people have abnormal sex chromosome combinations other than X-X and X-Y in humans (see other comments in this thread). \n\nHowever, notice that all of these abnormal chromosome combinations (aneuploidies) include at least one X. There's a reason for that:\n\nThe X chromosome is physically much larger than the Y chromosome and contains many more genes. Not all genes are created equal, and some of the genes on the X chromosome are essential to human life. Thus, even if we engineered a YY human in a lab somewhere, it is unlikely that he (it?) would survive due to this lack of essential genes normally found on the X.",
"If somehow, YY chromosomes would end up in a fertilized egg cell, the ball of cells would die very early, probably before it even looks like a human at all.\nThere is needed information on the X chromosome, without this information, a human can not live.\nThe information on the Y chromosome is not important for survival, it just turns a person male."
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} | {
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | why is there no yy chromosomes?
there are xx and xy chromosomes but what makes it that there is no 3rd gender that has the yy chromosomes | [
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3idm44 | How are video game cheat codes discovered? Does it have anything to do with algorithms or are they simply leaks by the developers? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"What gamers call \"cheat codes\" are usually commands created *intentionally* by the game creators for testing purposes during production. There's no reason to remove them once the game is done, so when its released people will dig around \"under the hood\" as it were to find them.",
"I'm not sure why everyone read your question as, \"What cheat codes exist,\" or, \"How do developers make cheat codes,\" but I'll answer your questions as best I can.\n\nFirst, I'm gonna refer to cheats as five types of cheat categories. \n\n- cheats intended to be used by the player\n- cheats intended to be used by the developer, but accessible by the player \n- cheats intended to be used by the developer, but not accessible by the player\n- cheats \"created by\" the player\n- cheats that were never intended to exist at all, aka glitches\n\nThe first one is really simple. Cheats built into the game for player use are typically put out by the developer in magazines and special strategy guides. The most famous example is the Konami code mentioned by other players. No one was messing around with random button presses and found that. Konami released the code themselves. Other favorite examples are PC games like Starcraft having text you can enter such as 'power overwhelming.' There are other cheats such as unlockable cheats like in the old Goldeneye or finding skulls in Halo 2. These are more player discoverable, but after a while the developer will release them.\n\nSecond is the cheats for developer use. This is the debug console generally. It's something the developer uses to skip around and manually tweak things in the game while they're testing something. Someone used the player.additem f 200 for Bethesda games as an example of this. While still a means to cheating, it's very much for the developer. The developer just doesn't disable it when shipping the finest game. Most of the time these are discovered by looking at game files, but occasionally info is released on this by the developer. Once you get into the debug console or debug mode, *usually* stuff is so explanatory, and a lot of stuff you can do isn't actually useful as cheats to the player. \n\nNext on the list is when developers disable this debug console or debug mode, but it *can* still be accessible by the player. A lot of this is typically discovered by accident or intentionally by the player. The weakest example is needing to change a config .ini file for a PC game to re-enable the debug system. My favorite example though is probably from Super Mario RPG. You can use a game genie to get into the debug section of the game. It's something players were never expected to access, and should have only been usable when developing the game. \n\nNow I'll explain what \"player made\" cheats are. They're generally editing of the game files either while it's loaded in ram, or editing the files directly (typically save files). Modding is the most well known way to do this, and it involves unpacking resource files and modifying them, typically with an editor. Or you can create a new file that gets injected into the game, either via a built in system of the game or by another program that also manipulates the game.\n\nSave editor cheats opens up the save file and edits certain aspects of the saved file. Usually save editors are created by mapping save files through a slow process. This is the only way using an algorithm comes into play with \"finding cheats.\" Basically the idea is you take a save file and make a copy of it. Then you load the safe file and don't change anything and save. Compare this save with the copy you made before. Identify everything that's different. This usually identifies things that change without player intervention. Next you go into the game and change the thing you want to identify, like player money. You might discard 10 gold, or whatever currency you use. Save and compare that copied save you had before. Now you've identified the part of the save that handles gold. And you keep repeating this over and over.\n\nThen there's doing this same process, but with the game loaded in memory. Game sharks work like this. You can use the above outlined process to discover what ram registries hold what. This does require being able to monitor the ram though, which can be tricky on a game console. Developers have also been known to give this information out themselves, such as where a lot of game shark codes have come from. This type of cheat is also how game trainers work. \n\nThere's also a very uncommon type of cheat that mixes this category and glitches, and that's manipulating actions in the game to adjust the registries. My favorite example of this is in the original Pokémon there's a long sequence of step by step actions you can take that makes the next Pokémon you encounter be Mew. Or, a more famous example, the Missingno glitch. \n\nAnd now glitches as a whole. These cheats, like I said, were never intended to exist. Some bug was left in the game. This is almost always discovered on accident, even when actively trying to discover glitches. My favorite example here is the accelerating speed on repeatedly doing a backwards long jump on an incline in Super Mario 64.\n\nNot very simple, but this is the best explanation I have that should answer the entirety of your question as accurately as possible.",
"Many cheats, especially in the past, were intentional. The Konami code, for example, was put there. It's basically impossible that somehow a programmer error made it work the way it did or that it would work out in a similar way for similar cheats.\n\nMany 'cheats' on PC games aren't really cheats in a certain sense, it's simply using the internal game language. Many game engines have a scripting language they use inside the game to control things. The Elder Scrolls and the Fallout games, for example, use an engine in which you can get at the console by pressing ~ and you can just run stuff in the game's internal language because why not?\n\n player.additem 0000000F 500 \n\ngives the player 500 caps in FO3/FO:NV because 'player' is a reference to the player character, the player character has an associated additem method attached to it, 0000000F is the itemcode for caps and 500 is how many I asked it to give me.\n\nIt's cheating a sense, but it's also exactly what happens behind the scenes too. When you get given 200 caps in game for doing something all that really happened is some game script ran with player.additem F 200 in it somewhere.\n\nGameGenie and the like were more 'forced' cheats; they'd modify the memory of the game as it ran without being part of the game. Someone did the work to find out that, for example, the fixed offset of 0x0000EA42 was where in the memory your current health lived, and GameGenie/trainers will just make sure the memory at that address doesn't change in value despite the game's attempts to do so.",
"They're either leaked by the developer or someone takes the executable and digs through it to find them. There isn't really an algorithm for the cheat codes.",
"Cheats are placed in the game on purpose, a few years ago game developers would give magazines exclusive cheatcodes for big games first, so most of the time it was devs telling people\n\n\nSometimes though (i cant remember the name of the game) devs hint at cheatcodes but leave it to users to find out, they simply let you know there are cheats and its up to the user to find out, although this is nowhere near as common\n\nThen there are the \"other\" cheats, left in for testing purposes that were never supposed to be out in the public\n\nOnly example i can really say of this is gta v, there was a glitch/mod to make gta think you were a dev and you could do various things in the creator and such that you wernt supposed to do\n\nOnes like this usually get patched for multiplayer but left in single player games",
"Lots of options here.\n\nFor major games there are many more codes than what ship. \n\nIn AAA games there are usually massive systems in place during development that expose all kinds of internal details. Long-running projects like Tiger Woods have (or had, I last touched it about a decade ago) hundreds of screens worth of information and options that could all be accessed and modified through debug commands. Replaying shots with any choice of camera angle or special effects, viewing terrain with slopes and grid lines, adjusting the details about how a specific club works for a specific character, visualizing all the physics objects, and so much more. \n\nIn story based games there are often \"jump to chapter\" codes to advance the story line, codes to set or clear specific events in player's game history, codes to modify just about anything that would take time to reproduce.\n\nDesign, production, QA, and other groups all need to sign off on the codes that get made public. Just because they are \"secret\" does not mean they are not tested.\n\nIt is rare for one of these codes to sneak out without being fully approved, and at most companies putting in an unapproved, untested Easter egg is a fire-able offense. A seemingly small cheat code can have terrible consequences, including rendering a game unwinnable or otherwise breaking major systems in subtle ways.\n\nMost debug features are turned off in the final builds, not even compiled into the executable for anyone to discover. QA has not vetted them for release to the public, or they are intentionally never to be released, or they have known issues, or they just aren't things the end player should know about. Sometimes a list of codes are left in with clear warnings that the feature may break the game.\n\nAs for how they are released to the public, that varies.\n\nSome of them are used for marketing, such as an unlock code tied to Toys R Us, another unlock code for GameStop, another unlock code for Target or other retailer. There is value there, one code that unlocks an optional model or texture can mean enough money for several game features.\n\nSimilarly, many are listed in guide books. For a popular game, having content specifically for a guide book can also mean enough funding for a new feature, or maybe just the funding for the dev team's shipping party.\n\nSome get slowly \"leaked\" to help with longer interest in a game, carefully coordinated with marketing. \n\nOthers are expected to be discovered by fans. The game may provide a well-documented cheat system with some quiet corners; they expect fans will discover the hidden corners in a reasonable time frame. If they aren't all discovered in a few weeks, a marketer/designer/producer will drop a hint \"Has anyone discovered the such-and-such debug code yet?\" spurring interest.",
"Everyone here seems to be forgetting Hex-Code based cheating devices, like the Gameshark or ActionReplay. Those work by injecting information into the games memory causing certain effects; such as turning off the players ability to take damage, no longer tracking ammunition usage, or (like I'm most familiar with) filling a PC box full of fully trained Pokémon.",
"Cheat codes are usually combinations of button/key presses, or words/phrases entered into the game via eg. player name, save game title, etc. \n\nThey are used by developers to test the game post- and during development. These days, everybody knows what what they are and nobody cares that much anymore - in the days of megadrive/genesis, SNES, and doom II, they were like divine incantations. Since online play has ways of preventing cheats from being used at all, such codes are no longer secret holy grails, just convenient if you couldn't be bothered playing \"for real\" during single player/\"campaign\" mode. I've often found them provided on the actual websites of the game development company. They are the \"soft\" way to play a game, or explore it without consequences. \n\nSo when not given away, finding them in code involves, pretty much 90% of the time, trial and error basic analysis of the finished product (the game binary, the \".exe file\" of the game software). This in turn involves running the binary through a hex editor and looking for strings of ascii characters (standard English letters, numbers, and keyboard symbols) or strings of hex (base 16) representing key combinations that look unusual. If you pass the contents of a binary through a hex editor, and get something like this:\n\n > $6..... .ju. ..;.$$$. . .... zhha3688. BEEFNACHOS . . .... 59 & $2$@4..\n\nThen it's a good bet that typing \"BEEFNACHOS\" somewhere during gameplay is going to get an interesting result. Pretty primitive, but this is how the hardcore l33t first year compsci student older brother of your friend found those cheats for Wolfenstein back in the day. \n\nYou can also use a reverse compiler (a tool for reconstructing source code fragments from binaries; or rather, bits of assembler) to try and zero in on the code associated with that string, and from there can deduce \"oh you enter that in the second menu screen\" etc etc. This would involve, however, knowledge of assembler and compiler behaviour, so in other words having studied computer science, and so knowing how to make all the components of software yourself, with everyday items from around the home. Nothing makes it all simpler than 10 years of wasted youth and a 3-year degree. \n\nIf you're super lucky, maybe this suspicious-looking cheat-code-like information is stored in some less cryptic form (not including in-game hints or clues, or leaked by developers in interviews) such as:\n* debug symbols - sometimes a program is compiled into its final binary image (\".exe\" form) with comments (sometimes?) and symbol names (names of variables used in the program, function names etc) included, for the purpose of, yes - debugging it later. \n* codes and clues stored in resource files - in other words, archives of sounds, graphics, level maps, setting information, text strings displayed in the game, language translations, etc. that aren't binary files that need complex reverse engineering by trained l33t h4xors, so that such information can be sifted out even by the amateurs on game forums.\n* object code - this is an intermediate form that parts of a program take between \"design time\" source code (eg. for x={1..10} count; movePlayerCharacter ...) and \"runtime\" binary (eg. ...11010 10010101 00100111 010...). It looks like garbage, with a couple of things resembling source code sticking out. Object code is in a form that can be efficiently turned into \"binary code\" (ie. blocks of numbered commands and data) but have not yet been \"linked\" (meshed with code of libraries the program calls on for some functionality, and then turned into a monolithic \"image\" file). A fully compiled and link binary image can be loaded from file to memory, and executed in-place so it runs more or less as a long string of machine-readable commands, everything accessible and arranged contiguously, just like the CPU wants to read it. For reasons beyond the scope of my hashed together explanation, sometimes certain resources are stored this way, and it's a bit easier to analyse them to find super-secret cheat codes, hidden levels, and other easter eggs. \n\nSo Tl;dr cheats are found by sifting through the garbage inside an .exe file and looking for signal in the noise like \"IDKFA\". This is also how as-yet-unreleased and never-used-in-the-final-version content like unpublished world of Warcraft dungeons and the GTA \"hot coffee\" 'glitches' were found.",
"Developers put in secret codes in the game to easily test the game without having to play through the whole thing. It would be too much work to remove the codes from the final product so they just leave them there. The consumers eventually discover the cheats from fiddling around.",
"It depededns on what \"cheat code\" you mean, for example, if you are playing san andreas the cheat to get a jet has been put there by the devekopers and is avilable in manuals, if you were playing counter strike and you use the anti gravity command then that one was put there for testing and someone digged it up.",
"I want to know why modern games seem to have no cheat codes built in, it seems like most games post ps2 simply don't have them anymore. I really miss that.",
"I can think of two ways that cheat codes or actions could be reasonably discovered. The first is to look at the games code somehow. This is what enables, for example, RNG manipulation in the pokemon series.\n\nAnother way it can happen is through normal play, someone might accidentally manage to cheat use a cheat code/action. When you have some games with literally millions of players, a lot of things are bound to be found that wouldn't have been otherwise.",
"I'm approaching my mid twenties now and I STILL have a good laugh with my friends over how someone discovered the Missingno cheat in the original Pokémon. \"First you talk to the creepy guy **twice**, then fly to Cinnabar for no reason and surf on this tiny little patch of land...\"",
"You would think they have to be leaked like the left,left,right,right,right,left,left cheat. Do you think someone just sat there and was like there has got to be a way to always hit a home run with Junior?",
"I used to discover cheats back in the days of socom 1 and 2 using hex editors, lots of time and testing, to figure out weapon cheats super man jumps and ghost mode",
"They are intentionally created. Remember those gaming cheat codes magazines you've seen? Yeah the developer sells the codes to them for them to release it"
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} | train_eli5 | How are video game cheat codes discovered? Does it have anything to do with algorithms or are they simply leaks by the developers?
| [
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33v579 | Car drivers are fined for running red lights, why aren't pedestrians fined for walking on "Do not Walk" signs? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They are. It's called jaywalking. \n\nEnforcement will vary with the attitude of your local police force.",
"They are. That is a crime called jaywalking and they not only have the ability to fine you, they can arrest you for it.",
"It's jaywalking and bad things can happen in conjunction with [it](_URL_1_). And cops can stop you for [it](_URL_0_)."
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"url": []
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"url": [
"http://www.komonews.com/news/local/96353934.html",
"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/17/raquel-nelson-jaywalking-death-charges-georgia_n_1432177.html"
]
} | train_eli5 | Car drivers are fined for running red lights, why aren't pedestrians fined for walking on "Do not Walk" signs?
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7i5ykh | ; Why do we feel cold after we wake up, even if the temperature is the same as when going to bed? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"During the night, your body temperature lowers from 96-99 to 94-95 as we sleep. When we wake up, we are used to the temp and soon wake up feeling cold due to the decreased body temperature and accustom to blanket. We seek warmth to bring us back up to operating condition.",
"Also, circulation is slower because you aren't using many muscles. So the blood getting to your feet is not quite the same compared to \"normal\" when you are moving and standing.",
"At night, your body temperature is lowered. That and being used to the blanket can make you feel cold in the morning."
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | ; Why do we feel cold after we wake up, even if the temperature is the same as when going to bed?
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3rtnf0 | Why do trees lose their leaves in winter if they need them to breathe? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They need them to make sugar, which they store during the Winter as they don't need to use it."
],
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do trees lose their leaves in winter if they need them to breathe?
| [
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1ap13b | Google Analytics. How does it work and what is the information used for? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You visit a webpage somewhere on the internet. The site owner added some JavaScript to the page that you never see. When your web browser finishes loading that web page, it automatically runs that JavaScript. The script makes your web browser send a bit of data to Google servers. It tells them the page you just loaded, your computer's IP address, your language, and a unique code that identifies you.\n\nFrom your IP address, Google can tell where you are geographically located (or at least where your Internet Service Provider is, but in most cases this info is usually accurate to a mile or two).\n\nNow Google has some useful information:\n* Who you are (not your name, you're just some ID)\n* Where you are connecting from\n* The web pages you've visited on this site and in what order\n\n\nAs a site owner, I can use that information to find out things about my visitors to make the site better. A few examples:\n\nI get a lot of visitors from Russia (I should think about adding a Russian language version of the site!).\n\nPeople always visit my main help page and don't open any other help pages (Maybe my help section sucks!).\n\nPeople spend an average of 5 seconds on my welcome page (Maybe I should just get rid of the page if nobody's spending any time reading it!).\n\nMost of my users always visit the same page (I should focus less effort on other pages, or put in more effort into making those other pages more appealing!).\n\nA lot of users visit page A, then page F, then page B. I expect them to go to page A and then page B. (Why are they always going to page F? My site is confusing people!).\n\nAnalytics can do a *lot* more than that, but, in a nutshell, this is what happens.\n\nYou can compare Analytics to a member/club card at a grocery store. They don't care who you are specifically (you can lie on the application form, if they even want you to fill one out) - what they care about is spending habits. Whether you're Barack Obama, Sinead O'Connor, a homeless guy with an eye patch, or a Labrador Retriever, they're interested in shopping patterns. You usually shop on Friday nights? You usually buy frozen pizzas when they're on sale, regardless of brand? You're loyal to buying Coca Cola Classic, regardless of whether it's on sale? That's useful - it tells them a little bit about people's habits and not just what the \"average shopper\" buys (which they could figure out by looking at the receipts at the end of the day)."
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Google Analytics. How does it work and what is the information used for?
| [
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3ox1bc | When selling a car on craigslist why do people call, sound excited about the car, say they are coming over right away to look at it and then never show up? | I've had this experience with selling other things on Craigslist too but it seems to especially be a thing for selling a car. I've had multiple people tell me they were leaving their house "right now" and then never show up. I called a couple of them back too. They had excuses ranging from "I'm waiting for my wife to get home from work", "I just sat down for lunch", to "I had to pick up my daughter from school."
Did they forget? Are they pathological liars? Do people on craigslist just have a different definition of "right now"? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> Did they forget? Are they pathological liars? Do people on craigslist just have a different definition of \"right now\"?\n\nPeople are fickle. They routinely make promises and then don't follow through. I've seen this with recruiting volunteers for a charity thing, scheduling appointments for private tutoring sessions, selling stuff with a postcard on a billboard, even applying for jobs.\n\nJust don't take it personally and adjust your expectations of humanity I guess.",
"I use to sell cars on craigslist and this happens very often. I feel that it happens because there is very little accountability to the meeting. If they don't come, they don't really incur any pain. You now hate them but they won't know you do.",
"I had a set of four F150 tires on the rim which had for sale on Craigslist. They had great tread and where a very good brand. I just wanted $100. \n\nAfter four people said they wanted to buy them and then never showed up, I hauled them to the dump and threw them away."
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | When selling a car on craigslist why do people call, sound excited about the car, say they are coming over right away to look at it and then never show up?
I've had this experience with selling other things on Craigslist too but it seems to especially be a thing for selling a car. I've had multiple people tell me they were leaving their house "right now" and then never show up. I called a couple of them back too. They had excuses ranging from "I'm waiting for my wife to get home from work", "I just sat down for lunch", to "I had to pick up my daughter from school." Did they forget? Are they pathological liars? Do people on craigslist just have a different definition of "right now"? | [
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2nhacf | Why did Hitler think that Northern Europeans were "the perfect race"? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"cmdket3",
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"text": [
"Because that's the race he belonged to, of course. Racists always think that their race is the most superior one. It's an amazing coincidence, don't you think?",
"Hitler grew up in a period of time when social Darwinist racial theories were widely spread in public and taught in schools. In Europe in the decades leading up to World War I and during the war people talked a lot about the different European \"races\" (i.e. Slavs, Germans, Latins, etc.) competing with each other. Hitler and the Nazis took these theories and ran with them while in other parts of Europe the \"race war\" ideology became less popular as a result of WWI."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why did Hitler think that Northern Europeans were "the perfect race"?
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4ve6ak | Why can't our Children Inherent our memories and experiences/learning ? | What can't our children get our memories similar to our certain attributes and features like color, eyes ,hair ,height ,Voice, facial structure ?
Can this be done ? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d5xmdsn"
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"text": [
"Your memories are patterns left in your brain after something happens. They are not encoded into your DNA and definitely not encoded into your sperm or eggs"
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why can't our Children Inherent our memories and experiences/learning ?
What can't our children get our memories similar to our certain attributes and features like color, eyes ,hair ,height ,Voice, facial structure ? Can this be done ? | [
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lsnk7 | How video game hosting works. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"What do you mean by \"hosting\"? There are many topics that we could go into.\n\nDo you mean \"servers\"? It works in the same way as a web server, it's just that instead of web pages, it's sending and receiving other data.\n\nDo you mean that your buddy on the room across can press a button and host a server? It's the same as above, except the server software is included in the game itself, so your buddy is actually running two programs: the server and the game you're playing.\n\nDo you want to know about this other data? Most games today send information like \"I pressed the up key\" to the server, and the server moves you forward in memory and sends a reply back."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How video game hosting works.
| [
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1r6d4l | How to use stock charts/ graphs to a traders advantage | I see these graphs, I hear people using them to decipher to the best of their ability where it might take the price. They go up, down. How does that follow a pattern? How can I learn to take all relative information and use it as an advantage when trading?
I'm trying to learn how to understand the markets but am getting overwhelmed on where to start. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cdk6hdg"
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"text": [
"Charts help in studying the movements in the stock prices visually, which helps in understanding the trends and other technical aspects of a company's performance. Using the charting techniques, the analysts are able to find trends and patterns in the stock price's movements which helps them to forecast future stock prices and gives them the idea on whether to buy, sell or hold a stock. \n\nChart analysis is a very important concept in \"Technical Analysis\" of stocks. If you are looking for information to get started, start by researching on the subject of technical analysis."
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How to use stock charts/ graphs to a traders advantage
I see these graphs, I hear people using them to decipher to the best of their ability where it might take the price. They go up, down. How does that follow a pattern? How can I learn to take all relative information and use it as an advantage when trading? I'm trying to learn how to understand the markets but am getting overwhelmed on where to start. | [
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1irhbg | How does an atomic bomb work? | What happens inside it at the moment of detonation, and why? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Some elements, such as Plutonium, are unstable. Its atoms decay, that is, they can't hold together like most atoms. As a Plutonium atom breaks apart, particles from the nucleus of that atom will come flying out at high speed--so high, they can damage other atoms of Plutonium and cause them to shatter, too.\n\nMost of the time, a Plutonium atom will break apart and its particles won't be able to strike the nuclei of other Plutonium atoms (nuclei are very small and relatively far apart) to smash them. But if you have *enough* Plutonium in one spot (we call this a \"critical mass\")--or if you can make the Plutonium artificially dense--one atom of Plutonium after another will break apart and its particles will smash other atoms, over and over in what we call a chain reaction. An uncontrolled chain reaction causes vast quantities of energy to be released, very quickly, causing the massive explosion you see in films that results in a mushroom cloud: a nuclear explosion.\n\nOne way to make a critical mass is to smash together two smaller masses. This was done using Uranium in the \"Little Boy\" bomb that destroyed the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The other way, which works best with Plutonium, is to *squeeze* a sphere of it with a careful arrangement of ordinary explosives. This shrinks the ball of Plutonium, making it artificially dense, making it inevitable that an uncontrolled chain reaction will occur. This method was used in both the first nuclear bomb (\"Trinity\") and in the \"Fat Man\" bomb that destroyed Nagasaki.",
"Some atoms are unstable, usually ones with lots and lots of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. They sometimes \"decay\" spontaneously, meaning that they just spit out protons, neutrons, and energy as heat or scary things like gamma rays. We call this nuclear fission. Normally this isn't too big of a deal, since these atoms don't occur very much in the earth's crust. The decay particles and energy flies off and gets absorbed elsewhere. \n\nThe kicker is that you can trigger this decay by hitting these atoms with another particle. If a neutron flies into it, it may decay at that moment, giving off, say, two neutrons and beaucoup energy. If there is enough of this \"fissile\" stuff around, this makes a chain reaction where 2 becomes 4, then 8, 16, 32, 64... in a matter of the tiniest of time. We call this a critical mass, which is basically enough mass to sustain this chain reaction. \n\nA bomb keeps chunks of fissile materials apart, and then assembles it together into a critical mass using a conventional explosive. Think of it as atomic sex: male into female shapes and then BLAMO. \n\nA fusion bomb levels this whole thing up: it uses a fission bomb (think Hiroshima) to create center-of-the-freaking-sun conditions to fuse together hydrogen to make helium. Yeah, that makes a fission bomb look like a toy."
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does an atomic bomb work?
What happens inside it at the moment of detonation, and why? | [
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2jh8lf | How do you start a fire by blowing on it? Shouldn't that put it out? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Blowing on a fire, or more usually the embers to start it brings the oxygen that fire can use as fuel closer to it, which allows it to grow and burn more.\n\nThis does only work to a certain degree though, if you blow too much air, or too hard at the fire, it'll blow it out if the fire's small enough; like when you blow out a candle."
],
"score": [
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do you start a fire by blowing on it? Shouldn't that put it out?
| [
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5g15l4 | How is the data in an MP3 file translated into the sound coming through my headphones? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"First let's talk about a .wav file. Take a sound and capture it with a microphone (or a bunch of them, or their equivalent input devices). The microphone converts the sound (vibrations of the air) into [electrical voltages](_URL_1_) that vary (quite quickly) with time. Use an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) circuit to convert that time-varying voltage waveform into a series of numbers. For example, 0000 could represent 0 volts; 0001 could represent +5 millivolts, 0010 could represent +10 mV, etc. Stick that series of numbers into a computer file and you've pretty much got a .wav file. (Not exactly, but close.) \n \nDepending on how often your ADC [sampled](_URL_0_) the waveform and how fine the voltage steps are (the \"number of bits of resolution\"), your .wav file could get kind of large. So you use some special techniques to compress the file and make it smaller. One major technique is to analyze the sounds and remove high frequency components that humans can hardly hear. The mp3 algorithm applies a bunch of tricks like that to make the computer file quite a bit smaller. (It also degrades the quality of the sound somewhat in the process...mp3 compression is \"lossy\", meaning that when you reverse the process, the file you get back isn't quite the same as the one you converted in the first place.) \n \nTo turn an mp3 file back into sound, reverse the process. Reverse the mp3 techniques to create a .wav -type file, send those numbers to a Digital to Analog Converter chip (DAC), and send the resulting voltage waveform to a speaker (probably using an amplifier first to make it louder). Voila!",
"Sound is moving (oscillating) air, moved by a speaker. The speaker is moved by an electromagnet driven by an amplifier. The amplifier gets it's signal from a digital to analog converter. The the audio file is a series of digital numbers that feed that converter. \n\nAt each step, it's a pretty direct translation. The alternating current electricity drives the speaker position to the same magnitude and frequency. The sound file stores those series of positions.\n\nThe whole thing works in reverse for recording from a microphone. Hope that helps"
],
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} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://valleyadvocate.com/blogs/gallery/Digital%20sampling.jpg",
"http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/Speech/mr/images/PZM_waveform.gif"
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} | train_eli5 | How is the data in an MP3 file translated into the sound coming through my headphones?
| [
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2e4qad | how the audio works on VHS tapes. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"VHS encoded 3 tracks related to audio.\n\n1. a control track that was on the bottom edge of the tape that was used to ensure the proper pace of the overall tape to ensure accuracy. \n2. one or two audio tracks that ran along the top."
],
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} | {
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | how the audio works on VHS tapes.
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63rxix | how does astronauts not get throat burns from stomach acid in 0G? | Just saw a video of "the struggle of making a taco in 0g" well, made me think, why aren't they spewing the contents of their stomach up all the time, wouldn't that fly around inside them too? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The stomach has two \"gates\". One (gastroesophageal sphincter) prevents the things inside to go back up when you're doing a handstand. The other one (pyloric sphincter) prevents the things inside to continue to the intestines before you're done partially digesting them."
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | how does astronauts not get throat burns from stomach acid in 0G?
Just saw a video of "the struggle of making a taco in 0g" well, made me think, why aren't they spewing the contents of their stomach up all the time, wouldn't that fly around inside them too? | [
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92p38c | why getting into a hot bath is so pleasurable, despite the body having to work harder to maintain a safe body temperature. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Warm water causes your blood vessels to open up to compensate for the higher temperature, and will also support some of your weight, which helps to immediately reduce all the effort your muscles have been making all day. Your body can only tolerate certain ranges of temperature, too hot and your nerves will definitely fire off in order to warn you, otherwise your skin will provide some degree of insulation against the heat. \n\nAdditionally, I’d take an educated guess and say that hot baths replicate the feeling of being inside the womb, which is a pretty warm, floaty place to be in. Hot baths are like a throwback to that.",
"A hot bath is much closer to body temp than a room temperature bath. Your premise is wrong."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | why getting into a hot bath is so pleasurable, despite the body having to work harder to maintain a safe body temperature.
[removed] | [
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3t7phy | Spacecrafts can withstand insane forces while launching into orbit, why is it gently tipping over during landing such a catastrophe? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They are designed to handle significant air resistance and compression in the direction of travel. Hit them from the side, like when they fall over, and they'll crumple easily.",
"Because gently tipping over during landing usually involves stopping very suddenly on the ground. That believe it or not will involve much higher g forces than they encounter during launch, and just as importantly, g forces in directions and places that the spacecraft hasn't been designed to withstand."
],
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} | {
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Spacecrafts can withstand insane forces while launching into orbit, why is it gently tipping over during landing such a catastrophe?
| [
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1n9d82 | What happens when frying food that makes it so much worse for you? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Frying food entails submerging it into oil and fat at very high temperatures, which greatly increases the fat and calorie contents of the food. The fat adds flavor and gives fried foods their signature taste, but also makes them unhealthy as we all know. There are different ways of frying something, with the traditional \"deep fry\" being the most unhealthy. What you are frying to begin with also is something to take into account...\n\nHeres an excerpt i found from a food website: \n\n\"When something is deep fried in oil, it doubles or triples the caloric density. If you submerge any food in oil – whether it’s a potato or breaded chicken or an oreo, it’s going to increase the calories – because fat is soaked up into every available space. A large baked potato (7oz) has 220 calories and 0.2 g fat. When that baby is cut up and turned into French fries it contains 697 calories and 34 grams of fat\"",
"The problem is not the food you fry, but what you use to fry. You are covering the food with fat.",
"Fats are molecules and they have structures called Double Bonds (in contrast to single bonds). Like trying to break a pair of sticks instead of just one, these double bonds take a lot of energy to break, so when your body tries to break these, it expends extra energy (although it still absorbs a lot). When you fry food, the oil goes ahead and breaks these double bonds into single bonds, so your body absorbs much more energy, which can be turned into fat inside the body.\n\nAlso, double bonds come in two forms, cis and trans. Although it would take a bit to explain the difference, you've probably heard of \"trans fats\" and these can cause cancer. Any mixture of fats has a tiny amount of trans fats, small enough to be harmless, but the more fat you put in your food (frying) the more risk that you get too many"
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What happens when frying food that makes it so much worse for you?
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658tsh | Video games and source code | Hopefully there's some people here with knowledge, or better yet, programmers for video games. To preface, I'm mainly asking this about the top-selling AAA games
I'm guessing that a video game's source code isn't written in a text editor. I'm aware that there's such a thing called a "game engine" - but how is source code actually developed to make the game work?
Let's take Overwatch as an example. I would assume that in the game engine, you implement a 3D model of a hero (Reinhardt), will he have his own separate tab of code where the developers write his functionality right there in that game engine?
It's late at night and I really don't know how to word my question. I guess I'm just looking for some insight on the process that developers go about coding their video games. How they relate their code to character models, etc. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Computer engineer here. I'm not a professional game developer, but I can provide some insight since i do lots and lots of programming (software and HDL).\n\n > I'm guessing that a video game's source code isn't written in a text editor. I'm aware that there's such a thing called a \"game engine\" - but how is source code actually developed to make the game work?\n\nSource code is plain text and nothing more. It can be edited in any text editor, or it can be edited in an Integrated Development Evironment (IDE) that includes an embedded text editor. IDE's are awesome software suites that include a number of tools (usually including a text editor) and link them all together in a comfortable way.\n\n > Let's take Overwatch as an example. I would assume that in the game engine, you implement a 3D model of a hero (Reinhardt), will he have his own separate tab of code where the developers write his functionality right there in that game engine?\n\nIn your example, Reinhardt includes both assets and logic. The assets include 3D models, textures, shaders, audio samples, etc... With the exception of shaders, these assets don't constitute \"source code\" in the programming sense. The game engine necessarily needs to understand the structure of these assets in order to make use of them; it does not however care what the contents of those structures are. Most of these assets are produced by artists with little programming knowledge, are integrated by game designers with modest programming and art knowledge, using engine tools designed by engineers with excellent programming knowledge.\n\nThe engine designer doesn't care what the art assets are, the engine designer is merely concerned with making sure that the engine can interpret the art assets and make use of them and that the engine exposes the functionality that the game designers wish to have. For example, rendering a 3D box requires loading the contents of a model file, extracting its verticies (points in 3D space), constructing polygons (usually triangles) between 3 or more vertices, and then applying a texture to that face. Where does that texture come from? From another asset containing a texture image. Then, filters, transforms, and other neat things are applied. This process is more or less the same for all 3D models, from a static 3D box to a fluidly animated 3D character.\n\nSome game engines are available only in binary format. This means that the engine developers do not release the source code itself, but they do release a compiled version of the game engine along with a header file that describes how to interface with the game engine.",
"There are different jobs that do different things. \n\nSoftware engineers (aka coders) will typically use an IDE (integrated development environment) to design and write the base code that defines the mechanics of the game including the game engine. They will provide hooks to allow customization of mechanics but usually don't define the specifics so they can be tuned.\n\nModelers will create the 3D models that will interact with the game engine. The engine itself just sees these as meshes of triangles with various information about how to render them. These models are created with separate tools than the IDE the game engine developers use as they need to do very different things as a modeler does not need to know the code behind the model. Models include characters as well as terrain and any other object in the world.\n\nAnimators will take those models and define how the models move in the engine. Similar to the others, this may again use its own special tools customized to the task.\n\nDesigners are the ones that define what characters can do what things, damage values, healing values, and all the little specific things that are often balanced, nerfed, buffed, and otherwise changed during development and after release. Sometimes changes necessitate new code to be added. Other times they can simply reuse the tools already developed to tweak functionality."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Video games and source code
Hopefully there's some people here with knowledge, or better yet, programmers for video games. To preface, I'm mainly asking this about the top-selling AAA games I'm guessing that a video game's source code isn't written in a text editor. I'm aware that there's such a thing called a "game engine" - but how is source code actually developed to make the game work? Let's take Overwatch as an example. I would assume that in the game engine, you implement a 3D model of a hero (Reinhardt), will he have his own separate tab of code where the developers write his functionality right there in that game engine? It's late at night and I really don't know how to word my question. I guess I'm just looking for some insight on the process that developers go about coding their video games. How they relate their code to character models, etc. | [
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89l1ex | What gives fresh cut grass that distinct smell? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dwron99"
],
"text": [
"Volatile organic compounds that the plant uses to try and self-heal, as well as signal other plants that there is danger.\n\nBasically, they are screaming. In scent-form.\n\n_URL_0_"
],
"score": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://mentalfloss.com/article/30573/what-causes-fresh-cut-grass-smell"
]
} | train_eli5 | What gives fresh cut grass that distinct smell?
[removed] | [
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3ndecu | Alzheimer's disease | Are the memories of your brain got deleted or are there but we cannot access them? What we know until today? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cvn21zo"
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"text": [
"It's not very well understood. The short version is that plaques form in the brain. The plaques make it harder for brain cells to talk to each other. The memories and thoughts are still there, but the road to the words or context is blocked."
],
"score": [
3
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Alzheimer's disease
Are the memories of your brain got deleted or are there but we cannot access them? What we know until today? | [
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2p0g8j | What happened to labor unions? Why are they no longer around? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"The PATCO (Air Traffic Controllers) union defeat by President Reagan changed organized labor in the United States thereafter. Laborers stopped trying to form unions and managers started employing more aggressive union-busting techniques (such as hiring \"scabs\") that had been previously frowned upon by the National Labor Relations Board.\n\nUnions were in trouble for years before that. Basically labor could organize against management, but when the Civil Rights movement came about, they were deeply divided. Some wanted to protest in the streets with the Civil Rights leaders while others insisted that organized labor was a white man's world. This division undermined their political power, eventually resulting in Southern union workers supporting anti-union Republican candidates. \n\nThis change formed 1970s politics which made Reagan's 1980 campaign possible.",
"They most certainly exist in the US as well at least in some parts. In the midwest we have carpenters, masons, electricians, laborers, teachers, heck even some IT Helpdesks have unions here.",
"In many ways there were a victim of their own success. The things they were fighting for, they became law and people needed them less.\n\nThen in the 1960s and 1970s, they started to get sidetracked into politics and fell victim to corruption. At the same time, foreign competition emerged for American heavy industry, and unions made it harder to compete with cheap foreign labor. The majority of the jobs that were lost were union jobs.",
"I don't know where you are, but in Canada at least, they are alive and well.\n\nThere are unions for security guards, postal workers, autoworkers, truckers, police, doctors/nurses, insurance agents, etc.\n\nUpon research, they are common in the USA as well, but they simply don't advertise, and have so much sway that there is rarely a need for them to go public with a massive strike or work stoppage."
],
"score": [
3,
3,
2,
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What happened to labor unions? Why are they no longer around?
| [
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6swlt0 | Why does your nose run when you're sat in the cold? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Some of that is the same thing that makes a dog's nose wet - condensation. When it's cold, your nose gets cold but your lungs, and the air coming out of them, is still ~98f/37c and the air has picked up a lot of moisture from your lungs. When it contacts the cooler tissues of your nose, it condenses and eventually drips into your trail mix while you're talking to a hot hiker on the way up to Mt. Yale...or whatever.",
"It's due to the cold affecting the cells in your nose. Specifically the ciliated epithelial cells which have tiny hairs or cilia on them.\n\nYour sinuses are constantly creating ucuous to lubricate the nasal passages and trap dust etc that you breathe in. Then these ciliated epithelial cells, for want of a better word, waft the mucous with added yuck down the back of your throat to the stomach, where the acidic natures kills any nasties.\n\nIn cold weather these cells can't waft but your body is still making mucous. Hence runny nose."
],
"score": [
3,
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does your nose run when you're sat in the cold?
| [
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3lxiwy | how can defeat device software, like the kind recently found in Volkswagens, allow a car to cheat on its emissions test? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"For testing purposes the car is put on a device where the traction wheels can rotate. If a car doesn't have 4wd one pair of wheels does spin but the second pair doesn't. Newer cars don't like if only one pair of your wheels spin 'cause it thinks you are loosing control, so you have to trick the car into doing it. You got to implement a test mode which has to be activated before the car will let you 'drive' the car strapped to a machine. Now the software knows the car is being tested and accumulates some other sensor data (like movement, steering wheel position) to make sure it's the case. If the software comes to the conclusion the car is being tested it throttles down the engine performance to produce less emissions. On the next start of the engine it will enter road mode with higher emission again until it is set to test mode again.",
"The emissions tests are a mix of validating the emissions from the tailpipe and reading information from the OnBoard Diagnostics in all cars. I don't know the specifics of the VW method, but essentially when something is connected to OBD for reading diagnostic information, the computer in the car could modify the mixture of fuel, air, oil and whatever else it can control to make the emissions different characteristically from \"normal\" operation and more favorable for emissions testing.\n\nAlternately, for places or emissions tests that don't actually check out of the back pipe, it can just feed wrong data back through the OBD port."
],
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2
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | how can defeat device software, like the kind recently found in Volkswagens, allow a car to cheat on its emissions test?
| [
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8qnstj | In space, what opposing force keeps orbiting entities, like planets/satellites, orbiting against the constant pull of gravity? | Is the opposing force unlimited (never runs out) like gravity?
I understand that lateral motion along the orbit keeps it from "falling in", but how can it go on _forever_ without some force compensating for slowly decreasing speed due to pull of gravity? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is no opposing force. Orbiting is when something is falling due to gravity, but it continually misses its target.\n\n > but how can it go on forever \n\nIt doesn't because nothing goes on forever. In the context of the universe at large, it's very important to make the distinction between \"Forever\" and \"For an unthinkably long time\".\n\n > without some force compensating for slowly decreasing speed due to pull of gravity?\n\nAnd why would it slowly decrease? There's no friction in space. There's *nothing* in space.",
"Imagine you had a tall step ladder, so tall, in fact, that you need a space suit to climb to the top and survive. If you threw a baseball as hard as you could from the top of the ladder, it would land way further away from you than it would if you were on the ground. Now, suppose you had a super duper baseball throwing machine. You might get the baseball to land hundreds of miles away from the base of the ladder. \nNow, you crank the throwing machine up to **eleven** and it might travel half way around the planet before landing. Crank it up to **thirteen**, and it might go *all the way around the planet* before crashing into your ladder. Throw it even faster, and it might hit you in the back of the had. Faster! Faster! Faster! If you throw it faster, it might go *over* your head. If there's no friction to slow it down, it'll just keep going around and around and around. If your ladder is tall enough, and you throw it fast enough, it will keep orbiting until something slows it down. That something won't have anything to do with gravity, but rather bumping into the occasional stray molecule way out in space. Likewise, the occasional stray molecule might bump into it and speed it up a little. The faster the baseball goes, the higher its orbit is. \nAt the height of geosynchronous satellites, there's a *whole lotta nothing* for the ball to run into to slow it down, so it'll probably keep orbiting for hundreds or thousands of years. \nTo get a good intuitive understanding of orbits, I *strongly* recommend playing Kerbal Space Program for a couple dozen days.",
"so things get complicated with real orbits, but in a circular orbit, the pull of gravity never opposes the direction of motion. \n\nif you think about a satellite, gravity is pulling down and the satellite is moving *tangent* to the planet, meaning gravity and the direction of motion are at right angles.",
"It doesn't go on forever. Orbits decay over minutes, hours, years, eons, whatever. It depends on the system, but all orbits decay."
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | In space, what opposing force keeps orbiting entities, like planets/satellites, orbiting against the constant pull of gravity?
Is the opposing force unlimited (never runs out) like gravity? I understand that lateral motion along the orbit keeps it from "falling in", but how can it go on _forever_ without some force compensating for slowly decreasing speed due to pull of gravity? | [
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3iwogk | What exactly are reddit bots and how do they work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When a human uses reddit, he types things and clicks things and the site responds to him by changing the content shown on the screen. When you click something or type something into a browser, the browser will get that information and based on the currently loaded site will either change what is displayed on the current page in some way, request a new page or submit information to the site. Bots are programs that request pages and submit information just like your browser does, they just don't display it because the program doesn't need a monitor to \"see\" the information, its all in the ram. For example the autowikibot might do something like this in its code.\n\n Request page _URL_0_ (The .json makes the information eaiser to parse with programs)\n search for comments with _URL_1_ in them.\n if A comment with a wikipedia link is found, request the page from wikipedia and get first paragraph\n submit information to reddit in the same way that you browser does, to let reddit know you want that paragraph as a reply to the comment with the link.",
"A reddit bot is a computer program that downloads all of the newest posts to reddit and writes replies to them. They are programmed like any other computer programs. There are libraries you can download to help do some of the work, like getting all of the newest posts and posting some text in a comment."
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | What exactly are reddit bots and how do they work?
| [
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2p1rac | Why do some people you see have money but do not seem like hard workers, while others who do seem like hard workers live in poverty? | So, I'm just looking for a alternate take on this. I have always been intriegued by the fact that people from different classes sometimes cross paths, like at gas stations. I was born lower class and have always been that, and have never concieveably never found a way to change classes. Some people I know in my class are the hardest workers I've ever met, yet they still struggle to get by. But I run into people of higher classes, and they strike me as pretentious and lazy. I don't see them ever surviving in my world. Yet how are they more successful? How do they have these high paying jobs that people of my status cannot get? Is it from birth advantage, or were they once hard workers and then got lazy once they were set? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"The metaphor \"The Rich get Richer and the Poor get Poorer\" is quite true. I'm sorry to be the one to break the news to you, but money makes money. People that are successful probably had money to get them to the point where they're aloud to be lazy. It seems like thats how society works nowadays. :s"
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do some people you see have money but do not seem like hard workers, while others who do seem like hard workers live in poverty?
So, I'm just looking for a alternate take on this. I have always been intriegued by the fact that people from different classes sometimes cross paths, like at gas stations. I was born lower class and have always been that, and have never concieveably never found a way to change classes. Some people I know in my class are the hardest workers I've ever met, yet they still struggle to get by. But I run into people of higher classes, and they strike me as pretentious and lazy. I don't see them ever surviving in my world. Yet how are they more successful? How do they have these high paying jobs that people of my status cannot get? Is it from birth advantage, or were they once hard workers and then got lazy once they were set? | [
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2fzcnl | Why did so many Caribbean nations have serious discussions about joining Canada? | For example these included the Turks and Caicos Islands, Jamaica, and the whole of the West Indies Federation (Short lived federation of British colonies in the Carribean.) | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cke66xh"
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"text": [
"Many were former British Colonies, and some were Spanish Colonies.\n\nWhen Canada became an independent nation as part of the Commonwealth, they wanted similar abilities, so these areas were proposed to be Canadian Territories, much like the Yukon, Nunavut and Northwest Territories.\n\nThese fell through for a variety of reasons. The Turks and Caicos Islands were only partially for union with Canada, with many people against it, and Canada's involvement with Haiti made the union controversial. As of this past May 60% of people in the area support a union with Canada, with the Premier visiting Canada to build a relationship that would develop into a possible \"marriage in the future\".\n\nBermuda fell through simply to a lack of support, and is still often talked about, and politically supported, but just never done.\n\nThe WIF simply couldn't reach an agreement on the union, as which parts would be responsible for what and how much independence they would have, so talks fell through.\n\nI've never heard of Jamaica being seriously considered, except near the end of the 19th century.\n\nBut I suppose the question is why were these territories considered, but not others like India, or African Nations. The simple answer is that nations such as India and the African Nations were countries in their own right when Britain added them to the Empire. Many Caribbean nations still had British Military up to when they were separated from the Empire, and were reliant on Britain for trade. With Canada being one of the most prominent Commonwealth nations, and being so close, it would make sense that they would seek to become territories."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why did so many Caribbean nations have serious discussions about joining Canada?
For example these included the Turks and Caicos Islands, Jamaica, and the whole of the West Indies Federation (Short lived federation of British colonies in the Carribean.) | [
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8606uj | With the recent passing of the world's last *male* Northern White Rhino, how will efforts to revive the species continue? | It was reported that his "genetic material was collected yesterday and provides a hope for future attempts at reproduction of northern white rhinos through advanced cellular technologies."
The last two remaining females are his daughter and granddaughter respectively, and it was also said that they would continue on and use surrogate Southern White Rhino females, but wouldn't that create another, different "subspecies?" (Not sure if that was the right word.) | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"Most likely as CRISP-R gene sequencing advances more this will allow them to remove and replace the southern white rhino DNA and would allow them to make a complete northern white rhino... they have made significant progress in wanting to bring back the woolly mammoth and even calm with in the next year or so will have successfully brought it back from extinction \n\nEdit- to clarify the mammoths would be hybrid",
"I believe sperm was extracted from white rhinos in the past, so in-vitro fertilization of the existing females may be possible."
],
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} | {
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | With the recent passing of the world's last *male* Northern White Rhino, how will efforts to revive the species continue?
It was reported that his "genetic material was collected yesterday and provides a hope for future attempts at reproduction of northern white rhinos through advanced cellular technologies." The last two remaining females are his daughter and granddaughter respectively, and it was also said that they would continue on and use surrogate Southern White Rhino females, but wouldn't that create another, different "subspecies?" (Not sure if that was the right word.) | [
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2269pe | How do people physically cross the DMZ to defect to/from North Korea? | AFAIK it's one of the most heavily armed areas on Earth with both sides being on max alert. I'm wondering how exactly do people get across (or around/underneath) the DMZ. I know the North Koreans had some tunnels that had been discovered but aside from that i've got no clue at all. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Some defectors have crossed the DMZ from the North to the South.\n\nHow did they do it?\n\nVery very cautiously and carefully."
],
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2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do people physically cross the DMZ to defect to/from North Korea?
AFAIK it's one of the most heavily armed areas on Earth with both sides being on max alert. I'm wondering how exactly do people get across (or around/underneath) the DMZ. I know the North Koreans had some tunnels that had been discovered but aside from that i've got no clue at all. | [
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1ij89w | What do fruits and vegetables do for my body that vitamins can't? | Why is it still necessary/beneficial to eat real fruits and vegetables when multi-vitamins exist. It seems like all of the "good" stuff in fruits and vegetables can be had in pill form. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"Some synthetic supplements (like Vitamin E) aren't exactly the same composition as their naturally occurring counterparts. Because of this, their bioavailability is much lower (meaning it's not as readily available for the body to use, so your body needs more of the supplement to get the same effect).\n\nAlso, many people may think that eating a bunch of processed foods then taking a multivitamin is the same as eating \"healthy.\" One reason for eating fruits and vegetables as a source for daily micronutrient requirements is that they provide a higher level of satiety (they make you feel full) for a lower level of calories.\n\nBasically: increased satiety, no processed sugars/fats, and more bioavailability.\n\nSource: I have a degree in Nutritional Sciences.",
"Starting off, I'm not a doctor, nurse, or nutritionist. However my sister's a nurse so that entitles me to answer.\n\nI've heard that vitamins are absorbed 'better' when being digested with food but have never really heard truth to that.\n\nFrom what I know, and have read, it's simply that real food offers so many other nutrients and vitamins that pills alone can't offer. You can't eat crap all day but then take vitamins to 'balance it out.' There are ~50 nutrients your body needs.\n\nVitamins are a great supplement but shouldn't be viewed as a replacement.\n\nSource: _URL_0_",
"at this point we still don't know enough about the human body's nutritional needs to completely specify all the vitamins and nutrients necessary. The multivitamin contains 20-60 of the best guesses at essential nutrients, but there may be hundreds of nutrients that are required in trace amounts to improve/maintain optimal health.",
"I recently read a few books on this issue and I'll share what I learned. Basically, while the actual chemicals in the vitamin pills and the fruits are the same, the way that the vitamins work in conjunction with other, yet unknown, substances in the actual fruit is still superior than just consuming the vitamin itself. The term \"synergy\" is used to define how the various vitamins and chemicals in a whole food item work together to benefit the body together better than if they were ingested separately. Basically, the whole is greater than the sum of it's parts (some of the parts being still unknown).",
"Fruits and vegetables have a higher mass which makes you feel full while also having very few calories via fats and carbs (fruit contains lots of sugar though). This is why diets often recommend vegetables. Veggies also contain all or most of the minerals necessary to process these vitamins properly. In addition, the skins of fruits contain dietary fiber which, as I have been told, is better than the fiber in tablets.",
"Just to add to a couple other answers: Fiber. Fruits and veggies (and things like beans and lentils) have fiber that help keep you're digestive system moving and happy."
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"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | What do fruits and vegetables do for my body that vitamins can't?
Why is it still necessary/beneficial to eat real fruits and vegetables when multi-vitamins exist. It seems like all of the "good" stuff in fruits and vegetables can be had in pill form. | [
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3zi0n3 | Why do people sometimes make odd noises after they misspeak in order to re-attempt speaking and why does it so often work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Short answer, recalibration.\n\nYou kinda try to reset. Do various noises to check your voice, see if they came out ok then try again.",
"Its to draw attention to the fact that they're aware they just misspoke, most commonly mixed with a bit of humour. There's probably some element of it being a learned reaction as there are a few common stereotypical variations such as immitating a cassette tape rewinding.",
"If you're stuttering or slurring or drifting into moaning (ie tongue seizing up or something), breaking your sentence with a silly noise (like a 'bleurgh') is a way of escaping the downward spiral. When I stutter I know if I carry on trying to say the word it'll get worse, and when I do finally get it out my cadence will be wrong and I'll be out of breath and won't hold attention any more. Cutting the sentence off, beheading the stutter and starting again is much easier."
],
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} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do people sometimes make odd noises after they misspeak in order to re-attempt speaking and why does it so often work?
| [
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672svh | Why is is that people who don't make much money always have so many kids? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Remember that in America at least, there are huge tax incentives to have kids. I work at a credit union, and it's not uncommon to see $5,000+ tax returns. I've seen two for around $8,000. \n\nI have a relative that has kids for the child support and tax refunds that they provide. She doesn't worry about how much the kids will cost, because child support and the government enables those kinds of parents. \n\nDont forget also that the same people that don't put much thought into planning out their birth control probably aren't the type to sit and plan out their finances.",
"I have always wondered this about third world countries. I mean no one should be denied the right to raise a child but there is a point where you need to be able to look after yourself before you take on the responsibility of a child. And i know it can happen after the child is born and i do feel sorry for those people"
],
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} | {
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is is that people who don't make much money always have so many kids?
[removed] | [
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7168ns | Some Soap/Shampoo rinses off with water quickly, while some others leave a slippery residue even after rinsing off for a long time. I hate this. What is the substance that is doing this? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Some soap is soap (that is, oils/fats reacted with a strong base like lye or potash) while other \"soap\" is more like industrial detergents. Some people complain that real soap leaves behind a film. Maybe that's what you're talking about?",
"Could have to do with hard/soft water. I remember when I was a kid we finally got a water softener and it seemed like the soap took longer to rinse off"
],
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} | train_eli5 | Some Soap/Shampoo rinses off with water quickly, while some others leave a slippery residue even after rinsing off for a long time. I hate this. What is the substance that is doing this?
| [
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1m1bzu | Why do TV shows, such as Breaking Bad, have different writers and directors for each episode? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cc4to33",
"cc4x78d",
"cc4trsj",
"cc4vri0",
"cc4ux9u"
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"text": [
"Prevents burn out. Brings some fresh ideas into the mix. Even the best and most interesting plot outline for a show can become boring if the same writer has to keep coming up with material. \n\nDepends also how they break up the work. Some shows have different writers for different characters, others for whole episodes.",
"Partially, the fast pace of television. In terms of writing, the writers gather in a \"writer's room\" to block out the major and minor story points of a season, then episodes are assigned out. Multiple scripts are in progress at any time. With only one writer, only one script (or smaller pieces of several scripts) could be written at a time. There are also almost always last-minute rewrites the night before or even the day that scenes are being shot. \n\nFor directors, it has more to do with a preproduction and postproduction schedule. Typically, a director works on a show for around 3 weeks at a time. The first week is spent doing pre-production (working with the production team to plan locations, cast actors, approve set designs, decide on shot lists, etc.). The second week is spent shooting the show (usually 8 working days, but sometimes 10), and the third week is spend doing a rough director's cut of the show, dubbing/scoring sessions, etc. (full editing/post-production happens a few weeks later). At any given time, one director is prepping, one director is shooting, and one director is in post. Each unit's crew is able to work continuously, so there is no slowdown in production while you wait for the next episode to get ready.",
"Partly, it can just be difficult for a single writer or director to keep up with the pace of content production needed for a longer-form TV show. For comparison [*Coupling*](_URL_0_) had the same writer all the way through but partly because of that also had fairly short seasons of 6-9 30-minute episodes. Having directors and writers switch out duties for different episodes lets them focus on getting a few of them right rather than spreading their time over dozens of episodes. Plus, you can do things like George R.R. Martin writing an episode of *Game of Thrones* or Bryan Cranston directing an episode of *Breaking Bad*.",
"They are mass produced items and 26 episodes a year would be hard work for one person, look at he British stuff where one primary writer is hard pushed to write six half hour episodes a year and compare that to the Simpsons schedule with its long credits at the end.",
"making a series is more work in some of its steps than making a movie."
],
"score": [
9,
8,
5,
5,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(UK_TV_series\\)"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do TV shows, such as Breaking Bad, have different writers and directors for each episode?
| [
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2l2pai | Why can radio waves go through walls, while microwave waves can't, and light can go through some materials? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"clqvjv7"
],
"text": [
"For the same reason you can have an object that's transparent to blue light and not to red. Different wavelengths of light interact with different materials.\n\nYou're probably thinking of materials as \"solid\", so that the light \"hits\" the atoms in it, but that's really not true. Even a \"solid\" object is almost entirely empty space, and it's unlikely that a photon passing through will directly hit anything. What makes an object opaque is that the photons interact with (without directly hitting!) electrons in the material. This can scatter them, absorb them, convert them into lower-energy photons, and so on: in any event, they don't reach the other side of the material. \n\nA transparent object is just as solid as an opaque object, but the chemistry of its material is set up in such a way that it doesn't interact with light in the visible spectrum. But an object can easily be clear in one part of the spectrum and opaque in another. Earth's atmosphere, for example, is transparent to visible light, but opaque to most UV, infrared, microwaves, and soft X-rays."
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why can radio waves go through walls, while microwave waves can't, and light can go through some materials?
| [
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24drii | Why don't we have to pay sales tax on items from vending machines? | When I go to grocery stores, gast stations etc. I have to pay 6% sales tax here in the great state of Michigan but when I get the same item from a vending machine, I don't. How come?
| explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ch6439p"
],
"text": [
"The markup includes the relevant tax. It gets paid, they just don't break it down for you."
],
"score": [
9
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why don't we have to pay sales tax on items from vending machines?
When I go to grocery stores, gast stations etc. I have to pay 6% sales tax here in the great state of Michigan but when I get the same item from a vending machine, I don't. How come? | [
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3yd115 | With dropping/increasing currency, why doesn't anyone exchange for a profit? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cycfccd",
"cycfbx6"
],
"text": [
"It is. Look up forex. You can either buy and hold currencies to sell for later (some people advocate holding usd if you are Canadian because they expect CAD to depreciate) or take advantage of exchange rates to buy one currency and sell at a good price for another, then exchange it to your own currency for a profit",
"Because its wildly unpredictable, and is essentially gambling. That being said, it is totally a thing and people do indeed trade this way"
],
"score": [
6,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | With dropping/increasing currency, why doesn't anyone exchange for a profit?
[removed] | [
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208l7t | If my company can decrypt my HTTPS traffic? | I was just reading the list of certificate authorities (CAs) in my browser and noticed there all a few corporate Root CAs. My browser is also set to use a corporate proxy.
If I log into my bank website does it use that Root CA or will Firefox trust any CA i have installed? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cg0tejx",
"cg0sjsz"
],
"text": [
"If your IT guys REALLY wanted to, they would have to set up something along the lines of a man in the middle attack using a proxy server. Basically, when a proxy server is set up, all your web traffic goes first to their server, and then out to the rest of the internet. They could break the HTTPS encryption by connecting to your bank on your behalf (using the bank's certificate) and then re-encrypting it using their own certificate, which they could do because your browser trusts their servers as a CA.\n\nIt would be very difficult to set up to be transparent though, and they might be able to get into some trouble if it came out they were doing this.",
"Typically on corporate networks, any https traffic *can* be sniffed and read by the network. It's unlikely they actually DO that, especially in a broad, 'every employee gets everything decrypted and stored' approach, but in theory, yes, they can.\n\nNever log into a site you wouldn't be ok with your net admin logging into for you."
],
"score": [
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If my company can decrypt my HTTPS traffic?
I was just reading the list of certificate authorities (CAs) in my browser and noticed there all a few corporate Root CAs. My browser is also set to use a corporate proxy. If I log into my bank website does it use that Root CA or will Firefox trust any CA i have installed? | [
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3d7zvn | Why does DeepDream seem like it's mainly just adding eyeballs and animal faces to everything? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ct2ohab"
],
"text": [
"It relies on the image dataset you have given it. When you feed it animals and eyeballs, it's gonna dream about animals and eyeballs.\n\nThere is now a live system of DeepDream and it has a different dataset - > _URL_0_. You can see it's dataset in _URL_1_\n\nYou can guide what DeepDream is dreaming about in twitch chat and even combine words. My favourite was \"bikini\" ^^"
],
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15
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.twitch.tv/317070",
"http://image-net.org/explore"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why does DeepDream seem like it's mainly just adding eyeballs and animal faces to everything?
| [
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3h1cvd | What happened to /r/punchablefaces and why? Just a few days ago posts from the sub were reaching /r/all, but now the sub is filled with random content and there are 40 mods. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cu3duc3",
"cu3dubd"
],
"text": [
"There have been a few threads on /r/OutOfTheLoop, but basically the top mod decided they didn't want to mod anymore and turned the controls over to someone who enjoys trolling.\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_",
"There were a lot of posts with the face of one of the \"BLM\" activists that interrupted a Sanders speech. Looked punchable. I guess it's being \"policed\"."
],
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3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://np.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/3gg30e/what_has_just_happened_to_the_modteam_of/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/3gs0vl/what_is_all_of_this_controversy_on/",
"https://np.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/3ghumw/what_is_happening_in_the_rpunchablefaces_subreddit/"
]
} | train_eli5 | What happened to /r/punchablefaces and why? Just a few days ago posts from the sub were reaching /r/all, but now the sub is filled with random content and there are 40 mods.
| [
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5p1orj | Why is the Nanking massacre so controversial among the Chinese and Japanese? Which is correct? | For example...
_URL_0_
There seem to be Japanese that deny the incident ever happened (see above), and there seem to be Chinese that seem to exaggerate the number of rapes/murders.
Which is correct? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"dcnsysv"
],
"text": [
"Unlike Germany, which took the high road of apologizing for all of their wartime behavior, the Japanese have never fully taken responsibility for their war crimes. Comfort women (sex slaves) are the other well-established atrocity that comes to mind.\n\nTo be fair, Iris Chang's The Rape of Nanking (where many many people learn about the details of the massacre) presents itself as a scholarly book but is not. Japanese scholars have seized on that. Still, the amount of evidence (including photographs) not to mention Japanese behavior all over the Pacific Theater make for a very solid case that something dark and grizzly happened there.\n\nOne particularly touchy issue is a Japanese report sent home describing a Japanese prince having a contest to see how many people he can decapitate how quickly. This is pointedly controversial because it involves Japanese royalty. Nevertheless, it fits with the rest of the scummy behavior and I'm not sure anybody outside of Japan contests this happening.\n\nNumbers are always a difficult thing when it comes to war crimes, but it is laughable to say that nothing happened there.\n\nI award the point to the Chinese.",
"considering there are living witnesses to some of the atrocities, it's hard to deny atrocities happened.\n\nthe Japanese story says there was no high level orders. and whatever stories of individual soldiers committing actions must have been fabrications because honorable soldiers always follow orders. \n\njust like flat earthers, no amount of evidence will ever convince them that their opinion is wrong. and once you're in deep, you're committed to go all the way."
],
"score": [
3,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/business/japan-china-motoya-hotel-apa.html?_r=0"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is the Nanking massacre so controversial among the Chinese and Japanese? Which is correct?
For example... _URL_0_ There seem to be Japanese that deny the incident ever happened (see above), and there seem to be Chinese that seem to exaggerate the number of rapes/murders. Which is correct? | [
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7kgqct | Why do most Americans ignore the speed limit on the highway? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dre740g",
"dre6oej",
"dre6qxg",
"dre6l16"
],
"text": [
"California was probably a poor representation of how *most Americans* drive. They are notoriously fast. Maybe it's because they're wound up from sitting in traffic. \n\nIn terms of traffic enforcement, it is well-known that most law enforcement is unlikely to stop for 5 or 10mph over on a highway. Although you could be pulled over for even 1mph over in many areas, there is generally a 'buffer'. And drivers will sometimes push these limits resulting in a feedback loop of sorts. \n\nAlso, as a culture, Americans are very motivated by keeping a tight schedule. We have somewhere we need to be *5 minutes ago* which results in some hustle and bustle.",
"If everyone is driving faster than the limit then you are less likely to get pulled over yourself. Collectively, we are pushing the acceptable speed so that we can get to our destinations faster, while lowering then risk of getting ticketed. Plus, if everyone is driving faster, then the ones who are driving significantly under the limit are actually dangerous. While it is legal to drive, say 45 in a 75 zone, it is not safe to do so when everyone else is doing 75-85.",
"It isn’t enforced. On most interstate highways, there’s about a 10mph buffer zone. Maybe a little less in states where the posted speed limit is 75mph but you’re probably safe at anything < 80 regardless.\n\nThere’s also safety in numbers. If you run onto a football field in the 3rd quarter you get arrested. If you do it moments after a big win, and you’re accompanied by 50,000 friends, you’re in the clear.",
"Are you referring to the stopped traffic in a 70 mph zone or the traffic going 90 mph in that same 70? I feel like we are just shooting for an average speed."
],
"score": [
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do most Americans ignore the speed limit on the highway?
[removed] | [
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65cuq0 | What about orgasm that makes it feel so good that we want it more and more? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"dg986jj"
],
"text": [
"/u/casey_pritam has it right, but to go more in depth:\n\nThe act of sex itself is exercise, and so you're already going to get what amounts to \"runner's high\" afterwards. Combine that with the other drugs that your brain naturally produces, and you have an addictive experience.\n\nTo answer \"why,\" simply evolution. Humans evolved to **want** to reproduce. How? The individuals of the species who had the most enjoyment from the act of reproduction ended up reproducing more. Simple as that.",
"The slow motion explosion of feel good chemicals (dopamine, oxytocin and whole other lots) in the brain in the moments before orgasm and a release of estrogen, cortisol and other relaxing chemicals (similar to opiate high) afterwards (I can be wrong about cortisol being relaxing but I remember reading somewhere that cortisol gets released after the orgasm)"
],
"score": [
4,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What about orgasm that makes it feel so good that we want it more and more?
| [
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1275ec | How do you understand computer specifications? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c6spfpr",
"c6spkar",
"c6spler"
],
"text": [
"You might want to re-ask with a little more detail in the text. What exactly is it you don't understand?",
"It's hard to understand how good hardware is without a reference point. You need to compare it to other hardware to determine which is better.\n\nClock speed is measured in Hertz. A 2.2 Ghz processor performs 2.2 billion operations a second. However, this is not a true measure of how good it is because doing more calculations does not always beat needing fewer calculations.\n\nRAM is memory used to run programs faster. It's measured in Bytes, typically around 4-16 Gigabytes these days. \n\nHard drives also use Gigabytes, although they're getting bigger and a lot are measured in Terabytes. A Terabyte is a trillion bytes. A byte is 8 bits.\n\nGraphics cards have memory *and* clock speed. This is because they can perform faster if they have their own memory.",
"1. You can see your own computers specifications by typing \"dxdiag\" into \"Run\" (Type run, into your search bar)\n\n\n2. To understand them you will need to know what each part does and what GHz, MHz, MBs, GBs, etc.. mean.\n\n\nUnderstanding computer specs if something you learn, which takes about 20 minutes to learn."
],
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3,
2,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do you understand computer specifications?
| [
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3uqhj2 | Why don't we ride moose? | Or other large mammals? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cxgwohm",
"cxgy7l4"
],
"text": [
"Lots of people ride elephants. Its not about size. Its about moose being violent, evil, murder machines.",
"Elephants have been used as domestic animals for thousands of years. Horses can provide anything a moose could provide, but much better. But you can try to ride a bull moose if you want."
],
"score": [
19,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why don't we ride moose?
Or other large mammals? | [
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4zbjya | Baton Rouge / red stick why? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d6ufhd1"
],
"text": [
"It's in the article you cited. Says in 1723 the French saw a red pole which marked Native American hunting grounds...."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Baton Rouge / red stick why?
[removed] | [
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4r5jwr | Why does the skin produce heat after it has been sunburned? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d4ygms8",
"d4ygo6n"
],
"text": [
"The damage of a sunburn extends to the blood vessels in your skin, which causes increased bloodflow to the skin, making it appear red and feel warm.",
"A sunburn is pretty much a wound. When the Sun's rays pierce the skin too much, then the skin gets damaged, similar to being cut but a knife, needle, etc (although these actually break skin).\n\nSince it's a wound, the blood will concentrate in that area to help repair and heal the sunburn while doing its best to prevent more infection, and since sunburns tend to infect large surface areas, the pooling of (warm) blood makes the area feel hot or warm to the touch."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does the skin produce heat after it has been sunburned?
[removed] | [
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zyumc | Marcus Aurelius & Niccolo Machiavelli | Why are these two guys famous? I know a bit but what were they famous for? What was their famous thing about? What did these two guys? I don't just understand when people say Machiavellian politics etc. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Niccolo Machiavelli was an author; he wrote a book called \"The Prince\", which was written in the form of an instruction manual to a leader of the time. He was explaining about how politicians should manipulate, pay false praise to their superiors, exploit their inferiors, etc. etc. This is what \"Machiavellian politics\" refers to. Ironically, while many people think that Machiavelli actually said that this was what made a good leader, he was actually being satirical and making fun of the present leadership."
],
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2
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Marcus Aurelius & Niccolo Machiavelli
Why are these two guys famous? I know a bit but what were they famous for? What was their famous thing about? What did these two guys? I don't just understand when people say Machiavellian politics etc. | [
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8cq1i3 | Why do tin cans have that ribbing around the sides? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The ribs act like tiny beams, reinforcing the side of the can against crushing. A smooth-sided can is much easier to dent.",
"He mentions the ridges on food cans about 8 min in but this is seriously the [most interesting video](_URL_0_) on the most mundane topic I've ever seen. Just in case you wanted to know more about cans than you ever intended to.",
"It increases the structural integrity of the can. If you have ever seen a water tower you can see a scaled up version of that. They often have ribbing on them too.",
"I talked to someone who works in a can filling factory. The food is often cooked in the can at 121 C, so the ribs allow the cans themselves and the steam produced to expand during said cooking, and then to contract back to regular size after cooking, without damaging the seal.\n\nStrength is a secondary concern, usually the crush strength isn't as important as the vertical strength (stacking strength).",
"Corregated materials are a design trick. Imagine a long ribbon laying flat on a surface. Making it curve while still laying flat is quite difficult, it requires either a lot of stretching, or for some of the ribbon to crinkle up. This is because the distance required for the outside of the ribbon to go around the curve is longer than the distance required for the inside, but both parts of the ribbon are the same length. \n\nHowever, if you pick up the ribbon, you can easily curl it up into a spool, because its not very thick. The same rule applies, the inside of the curve is shorter than the outside, but the thin material means the difference is small, and the ribbon is quite capable of stretching that small amount without distortion.\n\nWhen we're building things, we generally want to use as thin a material as possible for weight and cost reasons. But because thin materials are usually easy to bend, we have a problem. One solution is to arrange the thin materials so they're more like the ribbon curving on the flat surface than the picked up ribbon that we can curl easily.\n\nThe ideal way of doing this actually to curl the material into a cylinder shape. That way, no matter which way you try to bend it, there's always some parts of the material that are far away from each other, and would have to stretch or crinkle up a lot to allow the cylinder to bend.\n\nCorrugation is a slightly less ideal way of approximating a series of cylinders, but is easier to manufacture in wide or long sheets. It works the same way though. No matter how you imagine bending the corrugation, some parts of it have to travel much further than others.\n\nTin cans are corrugated for this reason. It makes them less easy to dent, and slightly stronger against crushing.\n\nCorrugated cardboard is the same, and is actually stronger in most ways than solid cardboard of the same thickness.",
"Tin cans are hot filled then sealed. When the contents cool it pulls a vaccum in the can. Without the ribbing the can would implode. The reason aluminum cans don't have this feature is because they are pressurized with carbonation that pushes out on the walls giving them strength.",
"Ribbing make can strong. Can stack many can on top of other can. Saves space, easy to ship. Profit.",
"Corrugation geometrically stiffens any thin material. Corrugated core cardboard, for example, and corrugated sheet metal are all much stiffer for having the corrugations compared to the uncorrugated material.\n\nCans that are corrugated are stiffer, and harder to dent.\n\nEven steel drums take advantage of this. Usually steel drums will have two to four corrugated ribs spaced out. This is essentially for the same reason. Fewer ribs are needed due to the thickness of the steel drum and the greater depth of the ribs.",
"I own a machine shop and work with a lot of canners and repair seaming chucks, rolls, etc. I thought those ribs were for gripping the sheet metal making it easier to cut. I never asked, I just assumed. Repaired those forming dies a thousand times.",
"i used to work at a tin plating line in an integrated steel mill\n\nadding the ribs also work hardens the steel, which adds a considerable amount of strength (\"tin\" cans are actually tin plated steel)\n\nELI5 would be when you hurt steel, steel gets stronger\n\nanother fun fact - consumer tend to think fruit doesnt taste as good when it comes from plastic. that's because they've actually grown accustomed to the flavor of tin-tainted fruit",
"For several reasons, but most important is the crystal lattice of Tin. The anatomical structure of tin is that of a semi-concerted 9+2 arrangement of protons to neurons. \n\nThis scales upward (think water crystals packing) allowing for optimal ribbed satisfaction for her pleasure.",
"Soda cans do not have this ribbing because the internal pressure of the contents keep the can from crushing. The ribbing is on the tin can because the contents lack sufficient pressure to prevent the crushing.\n\nTLDR: The ribbing provides structural strength.",
"Ribbing is always there for your pleasure .\n\nIt helps stimulate when it goes inside you.\n\nYou'll understand when you're older. \n\nFor now, just know that grip makes thing much easier to work with.\n\nAlways remember to put a serious tag.",
"Related question: Why don't can manufacturers design all their cans to be easily stackable? Most are, but some aren't, so for those you have to stack them rim-to-rim, and they easily fall."
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | Why do tin cans have that ribbing around the sides?
[removed] | [
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1vqinz | How is it possible that one with mental disabilities suddenly attain profound skills after a head injury? (Savant syndrome) | Saw [this](_URL_0_) link earlier today.
How is this possible? Are learned skills passed through generations like recessive genes? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's not known how Savant Syndrome works, but one theory is that we all potentially possesses the skills Savants shows, but that our brains are \"locking\" those skills for some reason, and that an injury (or Autism) can prohibit this locking mechanism to function properly. \n\nThis is a very interesting theory, because it could inherently mean that we can develop drugs that \"unlock\" those potentials. \n\nIIRC, Savant Syndrome is most common (or least uncommon) among people with Autism. Also from what I recall, people that have developed Savant Syndrome after a head injury were not previously mentally ill.",
"The brain is a very weird thing.\n\nI'd say the impact altered his brain chemistry to allow him to \"feel\" the music (corny as that sounds). the piano is one, if not the, most complicated interactions between man and machine",
"Learned skills are not passed along since they're not encoded in the genetic information. \n\nHow are savants possible? It's not actually known."
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How is it possible that one with mental disabilities suddenly attain profound skills after a head injury? (Savant syndrome)
Saw [this](_URL_0_) link earlier today. How is this possible? Are learned skills passed through generations like recessive genes? | [
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1e8gp1 | Could some explain sampling variability in statistics for me please? | For use with a box and whisker graph | explainlikeimfive | {
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"by looking only at reddit one could reasonably assume that pretty much everyone in the world is a white libertarian male between the age of 15-30 but if you look at say everyone who lives on your street you will reach a (presumably, maybe you're in a college town) different conclusion. this difference is your sampling variability"
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Could some explain sampling variability in statistics for me please?
For use with a box and whisker graph | [
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4eik0w | Why do people no longer smoke opium as much as they did 100 years ago? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In short: because opium has been distilled into more potent forms.\n\nThe long answer is the history of opiates, from which opium is a relative. This lead us to the drugs we have today that are related to opium such as: Heroin, Morphine, Codine, and Oxycontin. All of which are highly addictive and are regularly abused. Much like opium was 100 years ago.",
"Because we have plenty other drugs now. Some of them are derived for opium. \n\nAlso the war on drugs.",
"Smoking opium is tricky. To smoke it properly takes an old-fashioned Chinese or Persian opium pipe, and the knowledge of how to use it. It has to be prepared carefully and slowly. Without opium dens around, it's much harder for people to find that knowledge, and the equipment (pipe, tools, lamp, etc.) is hard to find as well.\n\nOutlawing opium smoking gave rise to the recreational use of stronger drugs derived from opium. Opium derivatives are much easier to smuggle, and in many cases are available as pills/pharmaceuticals. This makes them much more prevalent than pure opium today. The slow-paced and un-stealthy nature of smoking opium makes it difficult to fit into a busy schedule, and keep hidden from others. \n\nSome people prefer to get as high as they possibly can, having used stronger opiates. Smoking opium can provide a strong high with a dosage that plateaus at a certain point, so a life-long smoker doesn't need to increase her dose. However, if you've used other, stronger opium derivatives, this makes smoking opium initially a mediocre experience by comparison, especially since the process and tools for smoking opium properly (and getting the full effect) aren't likely at hand.",
"People still smoke it in Afghanistan, other parts of Central Asia, and Southeast Asia as well"
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do people no longer smoke opium as much as they did 100 years ago?
| [
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4hkjm0 | Why do male children get bonners if they do not get sexually aroused? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d2qd3vx"
],
"text": [
"What is a bonner?\n\nFor a serious answer it is usually due to some slight stimulus either a touch or rubbing of the pants. The nervous system reacts just showing it is working. Young and older men can get erections when needing to urinate or go poop. \n\nIt is just a nervous system reaction. Just a system check."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do male children get bonners if they do not get sexually aroused?
[deleted] | [
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1geb12 | The mining strikes in Northern England in the 80s and why Margaret Thatcher was hated for it | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Margret Thatcher came into power in a similar fashion to David Cameron, i.e. the country was spending way too much money and she had to reduce this deficit.\n\nWhile in power she reduced social welfare spending and closed down the mines in the north which were no longer profitable (partially due to being undercut by cheaper foreign imports, partially due to miners having a very militant union which drove up labour costs) which lead to strikes by the miners who had lost their jobs.\n\nHer cuts to social welfare also affected those in the north more than the south as there was (still is but to a lesser extent) a north/south divide in income and standards of living in England so those in the north had to rely on social support more than those in the south which combined with the miners losing their jobs led to a lot of unhappiness.\n\nAll of this has happened before and has happened since however the thing which (in my opinion) made thatcher different is the rapid spread of rumors and anti thatcher pieces in tabloids, for example it was said that she filled the mines with concrete to prevent anyone re-opening them (what more likely happened was the entrances where sealed for safety reasons) and she was branded as thatcher the milk snatcher (during WW2 a policy was introduced that school children would be given free milk at school to encourage the growth of strong soldiers etc and it was never repealed until now).\n\nOf course the Labour party was also very critical of her being, as they were, the opposition party (however they didn't really make any changes once they gained power).\n\nMany people affected by her cuts still don't think of them as necessary for the UK economy (although it did expand under thatcher) and still cling on to the it's all thatcher's fault idea even if they weren't alive during her period of power.\n\nDavid Cameron will likely be remembered the same way."
],
"score": [
20
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | The mining strikes in Northern England in the 80s and why Margaret Thatcher was hated for it
| [
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4lgt1i | If the Toba supervolcano nearly killed off human species,why not larger species such as elephants,bears et cetera | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The evidence for the Toba theory is very controversial. Presuming it as the basis of your question is problematic.\n\nThat said, humans are not as sturdy as bears or elephants. They rely on manipulation of the environment to survive. 75K years ago they were not nearly as good at building structures to manipulate the environment as they are today."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If the Toba supervolcano nearly killed off human species,why not larger species such as elephants,bears et cetera
| [
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uk4tr | Using Methanol injection in cars | On a BMW forum that I'm on, people are using methanol injection and gaining some real horsepower with it. How does it work? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c4w2m9i"
],
"text": [
"Is typically used on water injection engines, , basically it is spraying water into the cylinder or incoming air/fuel mixture to cool the combustion chambers of the engine, this allows for greater compression ratios and largely eliminates the problem of engine knocking (detonation). As a result of this it increases the octane rating of the fuel meaning performance gains can be obtained though only through the use of a super/turbocharger. This in turn increases the power output of the engine, anywhere from 10-15%. \n\nWith modern intercoolers, water injection is no longer needed although it can greatly reduce the NOx gas emissions from the engine. The most common use of water injection today is in vehicles fitted with aftermarket forced induction systems, such as turbochargers or superchargers. These engines are commonly tuned with a narrower margin of safety from detonation and hence benefit greatly from the cooling effects of vaporized water."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Using Methanol injection in cars
On a BMW forum that I'm on, people are using methanol injection and gaining some real horsepower with it. How does it work? | [
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