title stringlengths 4 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 9.63k | answers.text stringlengths 55 11.4k | answers.score int64 2 32.7k | title_urls.url list | selftext_urls.url list | answers_urls.url list | sent_vec list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
what are the long-term effects of using raid? | i'm talking about the one you plug into the wall. when it kills insects, it surely can't be good for my lungs and brain, or are the doses simply low enough not to be harmful? what are the long-term effects, then? | url, layman, research ====== i did some research as a layman. one forum user [claims it contains](_url_1_) 300mg of transfluthrin, but i can't seem to find any sc johnson or raid site that corroborates that. transfluthrin is a pyrethroid, related to a pesticide produced by chrysanthemums called pyrethrum. the epa has [... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/pyrethroids4mosquitoes.htm",
"http://www.shanghaiexpat.com/phpbbforum/raid-plug-ins-is-it-deet-free-t112291.html"
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is it necessary to understand where we learned a harmful belief or thought or is replacing them good enough? | the generation before mine always talks about because their parents did x they learned y. | bringing applied psychology, awareness and practice, now-unsupported theories ====== while freud was successful in bringing applied psychology into mainstream awareness and practice, equally we still have some throw-backs to his now-unsupported theories. one of those is the intense focus on childhood experience and upb... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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hey reddit, what are some jobs in science that will allow me to travel the world? | marine biologists, opportunities to travel, biologists and geologists ====== marine biologists and geologists often have opportunities to travel, depending on what kind of employment you can land. also, while in college you should look into studying abroad. | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the proper name for a period t, when two wavelengths of different periods simultaneously intercept the x-axis after every t units of time? | suppose you are observing your car indicator beeping at a certain periodical frequency (every x seconds) and the car in front of you also has an indicator beeping (every y seconds). after every x•y seconds, the beeps appear to synchronize at least once. i tried to visualize it as wave functions, but what is the proper ... | wiki article, url, difference in frequencies ====== it's related to the "beat" period/frequency - there's a wiki article here: _url_0_ (and also something very relevant here: _url_1_ ) this happens if you have two notes that are *slightly* different in frequency. the interferences broduces a volume oscillation with a f... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)",
"https://xkcd.com/165/"
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my sister took vinegar, mixed it with salt, and added a wad of thin copper wire. she removed it, and it grew crystals on it. she re-added it to the vinegar/salt solution, added a piece of steel, and it is now coated in copper. what happened, step by step, on a chemical level? | exact details, found a nice, nice little website ====== i would give you the exact details, but i actually found a nice little website that explains it all very simply. if you have further questions, i will be happy to answer; but i think the "what's going on?" section answers your question nicely. _url_0_ | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.exploratorium.edu/science_explorer/copper_caper.html"
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diamagnetic interactions with fields? | what happens to a magnetic field when it reaches a diamagnetic material? if i had a magnet and pushed it towards a diamagnetic wall what do the field lines look like? would they flatten against the wall, reflect off the wall, or something different. | field lines, magnetic susceptibility, diamagnetic material ====== the diamagnetic material will have an induced field in the opposite direction of the exciting material, pushing the field lines somewhat out and away from the wall, depending on the magnetic susceptibility of the material. superconductors have a magnetic... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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when two different versions of the same word come about (e.g. jail and gaol), what decides which word ultimately "wins"? | like how "jail" won this particular time | picks the winner, usage picks, resulting decline ====== ease of use usually picks the winner, and the resulting decline in usage picks the loser. in your example, [*gaol*](_url_0_) is still used in the uk and australia, but not nearly as much as *jail*. *gaol* uses more column width (which has given *jail* the nod in a... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaol"
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how big do people from "pygmy" groups get when raised with a post-scarcity diet? | it's known that human stature is a product of both genetics and diet/upbringing. there are various peoples throughout the earth who are considered to be "pygmies" where the men barely reach five feet, in africa and southeast asia. most of these people i imagine are raised with a traditional diet, and i was wondering if... | small ethnic groups, genetically small ethnic, ethnic groups ====== so it's kind of outside the scope of the effect of diet on genetically small ethnic groups - e.g. "pygmies"; but the post ww ii economic changes in japan are a classic case of a people who were stereotypically small, but only due to general dietary/pro... | 11 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can you teach yourself to read, without other people or pictures (or other outside sources) as guides? | i got asked this question a few days ago and got to pondering. for example, if we are given an ancient book from a language nobody can read write speak or understand on hearing it, how can that be translated into modern day readable text? if i was given a book in a language i don't understand and get no help understand... | url, michael, michael chadwick ====== could you (or i) do it ? who knows. it has certainly been done. the best example that comes to my mind is linear b. the bulk of the work cracking it was done by michael ventris, a self taught linguist. but credit should also be given to michael chadwick. (and for the sake of comple... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Decipherment-Linear-B-Canto/dp/0521398304",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_B"
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super conductor wire + breaking thermal laws? | i was reading an article about room temperature superconducting materials, and the long term dream/goal of changing our electrical grids to superconducting material. this of course would remove all our waste energy during transfer. which got me thinking. if you had a power plant on one side of the planet, and you trans... | pools of non-superconducting, non-superconducting material, room temperature superconductor ====== i suspect that a room temperature superconductor (if even possible) would contain vortices (pools of non-superconducting material). it wouldn't perfectly super-conduct in all regions and there would be some heat loss, ove... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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a fellow redditor claims that the pear lab confirmed the existence of psychokinesis and other paranormal phenomena. is this true? | the redditor suggests that skeptics have ignored these robust findings that clearly show paranormal phenomena to exist. i had never heard of pear until he mentioned it, and i was less than impressed with the research. am i missing something? these were the studies he provided when asked to validate his claims. [_url_0_... | result, drug, paper ====== i am not an expert in this field, but i am a scientist and i read the first paper and looked over the others. here is my impression: * the first paper is written in a very unusual fashion. it may be a thesis. i would be very surprised if it has seen peer review. * the "operators" are the rese... | 36 | [] | [
"http://www.icrl.org/pdf/Robot2_technical.pdf",
"http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_21_1_jahn.pdf",
"http://www.princeton.edu/~pear/",
"http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_09_2_peoch.pdf"
] | [] | [
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what are some little things that people can do everyday that could improve one's health? | stuff like, for example, take an omega-3 fish pill everyday with breakfast, or brush your teeth in the morning and at night. make a list of little things like that. also, what are some myths that are supposed to be good for you but don't really help (like, for example, antioxidants) | eat, pray, love ====== eat, pray, and love... no, just kidding. 1. practice good hygiene 2. monitor energy balance (calories in vs. calories out) 3. cultivate close relationships and personal interests moderate your vices, and don't get too caught up in trying to live forever; life is too short. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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ant hill garnets? a simple question. | [deleted] | ant hill garnets, dissertation that partially, partially feature ====== i'm actually finishing up a dissertation that partially feature the localities that the ant hill garnets come from. as far as i know, "ant hill garnets" only come from a few localities near the four corners in the american southwest. they are erupt... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://rruff.info/doclib/am/vol61/AM61_762.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet#Garnet_group_endmember_species"
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what purpose does the actually uvula serve? | onset position, word, uvular plosive occlusive ====== in addition to its biological functions, the uvula is also a speech organ that is involved in the articulation of some languages. more research is needed to determine definitively whether this has had an impact on the development of this organ. in japanese, the word... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what sparked the very first life? | could somebody explain how life first popped up on the earth. also, please keep your religion to yourself, i want to hear scientific theories. thanks! | kinda depends, micelles, muck ====== well, that kinda depends...what is "life"? one common theory is micelles. to put it simply, these are little oil droplets in water. take a pubble of muck, full of organic compounds. a subset of the molecules in the muck are able to form micelles. they clump together and bingo...mice... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is the arc length formula an estimate of the length, or exact value? | _url_0_ | curve in question, separate issue, compute the integral ====== the integral is the exact value. whether you can actually compute the integral, of course, depends on the curve in question, so you might or might not be able to evaluate the integral exactly, but that's a separate issue. | 11 | [] | [
"http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v600/twistedfate320/Random%20pics/integral1dx2.jpg"
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why is the flashpoint for a biodiesel 130 deg celcius when the flashpoint of its composition is higher ? | so a major component of biodiesel is linoleic acid and oleic acid methyl ester. according to [_url_0_](_url_0_) and [_url_1_](_url_1_) under the properties section, the experimental flash point value is stated to be 200 and 230 deg. why is this the case ? | lower flash points, flash points, lower flash ====== there are other compounds in the mixture with lower flash points. once they ignite, they supply enough energy to ignite the entire mixture. | 5 | [] | [
"http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4516661.html",
"http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4447491.html"
] | [] | [
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what are the truths about those who adhere to a dietary fast in order to give their a digestive system a rest? | it might seem that i am anthropomorphizing the digestive system of the human body, but does the digestive system even need a rest, and if given one, what are the benefits? | abdominal pains, naso-gastric tube, tube ====== i once had abdominal pains and went to the hospital. they put me on an iv and stuck a naso-gastric tube into my stomach so that nothing at all would be going through my digestive tract. within a day, the pain was gone. i still remember the attending's summary for a roomfu... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=intermittent+fasting&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=1%2C34"
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what is the exact reason to why tokamaks doesn't generate energy? | i couldn't find a clear answer online to this answer, so i figured i would post it here. what is the exact reason to why tokamaks (or any magnetically confined reactor) doesn't work? i know it takes a lot of energy to heat the plasma and to contain it, and that we can only do that for short periods of time. but what is... | economical power plant, power plant, power ====== first the tokamak is actually really good confinement concept. for example in edge of tokamak the plasma temperature increases about 50 million degrees in a distance as wide as my thumb. now the truth is that fusion is a very hard problem. and as good as we are at confi... | 22 | [] | [] | [] | [
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building an autonomous hovercraft for engineering class: what materials should we use? | building small hovercrafts, air, building small ====== from the little experience i have with building small hovercrafts, you may want to consider having the air flow out of many small holes from the bottom of the skirt, not from inside of the skirt. i recall having a small rc hovercraft when i was a kid and it used th... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.tomtilley.net/projects/hovercraft/images/diagram.png"
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can someone explain this video of massive sheet of ice overtaking people's lawns? | there's a video going around facebook where a massive sheet of ice appears to be growing out of a lake at a very rapid pace. i found a copy on youtube here: _url_0_ can anyone explain what's happening? | steady wind, wind has pushed, lake ====== it's hard to be conclusive without more information but my guess would be that a steady wind has pushed up all the ice to one side of the lake, causing it to creep up onto shore. | 2 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5L5i0SjLsY"
] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqptbtwXUCs"
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imagine an android pattern-based lockscreen with a 6x6 grid, how many possible combinations/permutations are there in this scenario? | this was a random thought i had today as my pattern lockscreen is a 6x6 grid instead of the usual 3x3. due to the nature of how you could draw your patterns, my family and i, non-statistician laymen, were trying to figure this out. one answer was that the number of combinations/permutations would be less than 36! (fact... | points, number, grid ====== a 6x6 grid has 36 points. * if you could touch a point twice, the number would be infinite (or if there's a cap on the length of the combination, it's 36^n ) * if you can't, the maximum is 36x35x34..., which is 36! (10^41 ) * i believe that you actually can't go from any point to any point t... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/pIxT8IG",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix",
"https://possiblywrong.wordpress.com/2012/07/28/security-of-the-android-pattern-lock/",
"http://imgur.com/BlaLaEo"
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what exactly does a scintillation counter measure? | i've done a bit of gamma ray spectroscopy, and i'm trying to interpret my results, but i don't know enough about scintillation counters. so lets say a gamma ray comes in, generates and electron-positron pair, and then undergoes a few compton scattering events. the positron annihilates with an electron. so, what gets me... | work backwards, thinking about radiation, energy ====== when thinking about radiation detection, i like to start at the end and work backwards. at the end, you have a device that measures an electrical impulse. this impulse represents one detection event - also since you are taking an energy spectrum, the size of the i... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can every metal exist in an amorphous state? | can every metal on the periodic tablet exist as a glass? is there a source that explains what happens to every non-crystalline metal? how does an amorphous state effect strength and electrical conductivity? | amorphous, wiki page, amorphous metals ====== i assume that you have seen the [wiki page](_url_0_)? i don't know anything about an elemental metal being able to exist in an amorphous state, and i suspect that it would not be possible simply because self-diffusion would result in the metal relaxing into the crystalline ... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_metal"
] | [
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how does an amoeba sense food in its surroundings and decide how to envelope it. | i'm curious how protozoa function like animals with such small and simple mechanisms (compared to an organism with a brain). how can a single celled organism act with what seems to be volition? i have to know this for some reason. | chemotaxis, cells, receptors ====== hi! this is done by chemotaxis usually. which is an incredibly interesting concept that many scientists are still working on just because it is so complex. chemotaxis can be used for several other things as well, such as development of organisms, etc. typically, in eukaryotes, chemot... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/cellbio/devreotes/185.pdf"
] | [
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what caused this lake michigan phenomenon (pic included in body)? | i really didn't know what to title this question so sorry if it's a little misleading or anything. i was down at lake michigan and i noticed this extreme color difference in the water. it's a clean cut line dividing the two colors of water. (here's a picture _url_0_ .) what causes something like that and how does it st... | algae plume, reef or shallow, shallow area ====== are you sure those are two different color waters, and it's not something underneath the water (like an algae plume, reef or shallow area)? it's a cool picture! where'd you take it, near the shore or far out to water? where was land in relation to you, any other informa... | 3 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/VmOLw"
] | [
"http://imgur.com/VmOLw"
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are there known benefits or drawbacks to training ambidexterity? | about a year ago, [someone asked this question](_url_0_), but i felt like the responses didn't answer it for me: are there any scientific studies demonstrating any benefits or drawbacks to ambidexterity? it's been frustrating for me to research because a normal google search either yields [this](_url_1_) poorly-cited a... | hand, non-dominant hand, motor ====== okay, folks, op here. after some searching, i turned up a few studies that start to get at the question i'm interested in, so i thought i'd share them here in case someone is interested. i don't have access to the majority of the articles, but the abstracts often provide a lot of i... | 2 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/p241a/i_once_read_that_if_you_do_mundane_activities/",
"http://sams.scientificamerican.com/article/can-training-to-become-ambidextrous-improve-brain-function/"
] | [
"http://www.wyczy.ane.pl/pdf/7239.pdf",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093934X13000266",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811911014510",
"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0084402#pone-0084402-g003",
"http://link.springer.com/articl... | [
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how close can we get? | if we touch something, for example the screen of my phone, how close can the atoms of my finger get to the atoms of the glass? do they really 'touch', or do the electrons in the atomic shell push them apart? | roughly a tenth, respective atoms begin, atoms ====== you get as close as the size of an atom, roughly a tenth of a nanometer. the atoms in your finger "bump into" the atoms in the glass, to the point that the electron orbitals of the respective atoms begin to overlap. | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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a dimensional analysis posed by an old engineering professor of mine. | this might be simple and i may be overthinking it, but i never got the answer and it's been bothering me off-and-on over the years. here goes: when using the units of miles per gallon, we're measuring the efficiency of fuel usage. the units are basically a measure of length divided by a measure of length cubed. so, we'... | gallon of lard, gallon, gallon of gasoline ====== it's not a gallon of lard, or water, or air... its specifically a gallon of gasoline. a gallon of gas is more of a unit of energy, since combustion of a set amount of gas yields some fixed amount of energy. | 9 | [] | [] | [] | [
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did ultra wide band have any real technical drawbacks? | uwb stopped getting talked about around 2002. it was the next huge thing, and then nothing. was there any real technical drawbacks that could not be quashed? or was it not used for another reason? | big problem, raises the noise, noise floor ====== the big problem is that it raises the noise floor for the other radio bands that it shares. other technologies came along and made it unnecessary. up until about a decade or so ago, high frequency radio integrated circuits were made from gallium arsenide, which is expen... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is the na/k pump needed? neuro science | i get why the membranepontential is at -70mv. i get that we at this potential have a instream of na and a just as big outstream of k, and that this is maintained by the na/k pump. but why does these constant streams need to be upheld!? if we were to remove the na/k pump at this point, wouldn't some na move in and some ... | eventually reach, pumps exist, net flux ====== if you remove the na/k pump you will, assuming that no other pumps exist, eventually reach a point where there is no electrochemical gradient and the net flux of both potassium and sodium ions is 0. at that point, you can no longer generate an action potential because no m... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is it possible to break stone using only the surface tension of water? | i was thinking about the mythbusters episode where they tested the myth that, if someone were falling an incredible height into water, dropping a hammer would break the surface tension and save them. well, they tried it with buster, and he was pretty much destroyed just from falling into water because the hammer didn't... | killed buster, surface tension, surface tension refers ====== the surface tension isn't what killed buster. it's the water's resistance to movement that deccelerates the object hitting the water. surface tension refers to the cohesive forces of water, and its contribution in this scenario is very low. | 18 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how long does it actually take to form a 'habit'? (or, is there any truth to the '21 days to form a habit' axiom?) | neuroscientists of ask science, this question is for you. i have always heard anecdotes of how it takes somewhere between 19-28 to "form" a repetitive habit. i was just wondering if there was any scientific basis behind those sayings, or if they were complete fabrications. | formation for eating, exercise behaviors, vary greatly ====== habit formation for eating, drinking, and exercise behaviors [has been shown to vary greatly](_url_0_), taking anywhere from 18 to 254 days. moreover, in this study, it tended to follow an asymptotic curve, and "the median time to reach 95% of asymptote was ... | 21 | [] | [] | [
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.674/abstract",
"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/images_article/484042a-f1.2.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia",
"http://c431376.r76.cf2.rackcdn.com/9748/fnsys-05-00066-HTML/image_m/fnsys-05-00066-g002.jpg",
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what is this animal? found at rocky point | _url_0_ | mudskipper, sort of stargazer, stargazer ====== it's definitely not a mudskipper. my first instinct was that it was some sort of stargazer, but i'm not really sure. would be very helpful to know what rocky point you are talking about. edit: it's also upside down in this picture. | 2 | [] | [
"http://imgur.com/WkHiJ"
] | [
"http://www.mudskipper.it/SpeciesList.html"
] | [
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is my face experiencing a different rate of time compared to my feet? | just been doing some reading on gravitational time dilation and read an interesting point: "for every infinitesimal unit of spacetime, it will have it's own time due to the differences in gravity. experiments have proved this theory from lengths less than a metre". does that mean my feet are experiencing a different ti... | standing on earth, earth surface, url ====== [yes, definitely!](_url_0_) (assuming you are standing on earth's surface and not laying down). but the difference is so miniscule that is has no effect on any of your biological processes and you definitely can't notice it. despite the time rate difference between your head... | 11 | [] | [] | [
"http://sciencequestionswithchris.wordpress.com/2013/06/24/does-time-go-faster-at-the-top-of-a-building-compared-to-the-bottom/",
"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/329/5999/1630.full"
] | [
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should i throw a apple core when in the outdoors or just keep it and throw it to the garbage later? | so i was eating an apple at the beach the other day and it got me thinking. is it less harmful for the environment if i just throw the core or any organic waste right in the outdoors or keep it and throw to the rubbish instead, where it will be together with a ton of non organic materials that will not decompose? and w... | back packer, organic waste, packer ====== as a back packer, i can say that you should be careful what you do with organic waste that may contain seeds. there's almost zero chance that your apple core will result in an apple tree that disrupts the ecosystem of your suburb. however, if you are in a national park or some ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is all the hype for this "frankenstorm" actually merited? if so, what are the reasons that this storm is going to be so dangerous? | eastern seaboard, tropical storms collide, cold front ====== sandy looks like she is going to collide with a cold front as it nears the eastern seaboard. when warm wet tropical storms collide with cold fronts they are amplified. while sandy probably wont be the strongest storm to ever hit the area, it will certainly be... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/10/26/163690889/if-sandy-becomes-frankenstorm-it-could-be-worst-in-a-century",
"http://www.wunderground.com/wundermap/?lat=31.65338&lon=-80.24414&zoom=4&type=hyb&units=english&rad=1&rad.num=6&rad.spd=25&rad.opa=70&rad.stm=0&rad.type... | [
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what are we reallly seeing in this gif of a pulsar? | hello askscience, i am making a video game and am trying to visualize some galactic phenomenon and am currently looking at trying to recreate pulsars with particle effects. i found this gif and it looks to me that this is two toruses and a jet. it is hard to tell from this, and i was hoping someone might be able to hel... | shows two tori, pulsar, torus ====== you are not too far off. the paper that i found about it shows two tori with the pulsar itself in the middle. however they are not sure if jets or torus dominates. [constraining the geometry of psr j08554644: a nearby pulsar wind nebula with double torus/jet morphology](_url_0_) | 6 | [] | [
"https://imgur.com/a/4sLsHzt",
"https://media.giphy.com/media/6Iy2GdjElvPUc/giphy.gif"
] | [
"https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2017/01/aa28998-16.pdf"
] | [
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if correct, does the 'entropic force' of gravity remove the need for gravitons, allowing us to consider guts as toes? | if correct, does the 'entropic force' of gravity remove the need for gravitons, allowing us to consider guts as toes? | gravitational field shifts, field shifts, propagates outward ====== when the source of a gravitational field shifts, the gravitational field around it changes and that change propagates outward as gravitational radiation. if the change in the source is quantized, then the gravitational radiation must also be quantized,... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9504004"
] | [
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do astronauts aboard the iss still have an "internal biological clock"? | after a month or so aboard the iss would astronauts still find themselves waking up on a regular schedule like they did on earth? (not because of an alarm, but naturally). or does the constant change from day to night so frequently throw off the natural sleep cycle? | light, circadian clock, circadian ====== this is actually an important challenge for spaceflight. all humans have an internal circadian clock with a period close to 24 hours. without any environmental time cues, [the average period of this clock is about 24.15 hours, with some small inter-individual variability (standa... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176605/",
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00028.x/abstract",
"http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/270/1/R271",
"http://www.pnas.org/content/98/24/14027.short",
"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/2/31/31ra33.short",
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fluorine not a good leaving group ? | halogens are good leaving groups in nucleophillic acyl substitution (among other) reactions, except fluorine. it's only a moderately good leaving group (pka of about 3 in most reactions). fluorine is renowned for being extremely reactive and it is one of the most volatile elements due to its electronegativity, so why i... | electronegative element, fluorine, element ====== my best explanation would be based on the electronegativity of fluorine, which is the most electronegative element. in addition to that, it is also the smallest halogen. the fluorine-carbon bond will be much stronger than the chlorine-carbon or bromine-carbon bonds. in ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i recognize someone in a crowd like a friend or family member. what is happening in my brain that causes me to focus on them and have them "pop" out visually from the crowd? | this came up when i was just looking on the street and somehow my peripheral vision recognized someone and my vision snapped over to him. my attention was caught. same thing with seeing a friend eat on a patio somehow i managed to pick her out of an entire crowd of people that i would have otherwise glossed over. what ... | attention, contained your answer, question contained ====== your question contained your answer, and you didn't even know it: what you've come across is what is called by a lot of names, including *attention*, *selective attention*, *feature attention*, etc. [wikipedia has a decent article on the topic](_url_0_). the m... | 13 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-based_attention",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_party_effect",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biased_Competition_Theory"
] | [
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has carl sagan made an information theory mistake here, or am i just misunderstanding something? | i just started reading the dragons of eden and i found this paragraph very strange: quote------------------------------------------ the information content of any message is usually described in units called bits, which is short for "binary digits." the simplest arithmetical scheme uses not 10 digits (as we do because ... | minor error, long story, editors ====== i think you are right, but it is a minor error that probably got by the editors. i once read the final draft of a textbook written by a renowned expert in optics (long story) and found several errors (mostly units and arithmetic) and i knew maybe 1% of what the author had forgott... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_codon_table"
] | [
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please explain the basics of non-standard analysis to a layman? | i have a basic understanding of mathematics, is it even possible to explain the why and how of "nonstandard analysis" to someone with a basic university level understanding of mathematics? from what i can parse it seems more philosophical psuedo-science than anything else. are there any concrete examples in real life i... | cloud, real number, numbers ====== it is a legit, if not small, field of study in math. the reason it hasn't really gained ground is because it is harder to define things and you just get a different formulation rather than gain anything new. working with limits and working with infinitesimals are equivalent, and this ... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_principle",
"http://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2009/REUPapers/Davis.pdf"
] | [
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how is energy used for sudden actions stored in the human body? | i'm assuming that the energy produced through digestion is stored somewhere, which allows it to be used at a very short notice, e.g. suddenly sprinting. how is it stored, and what allows it to be ready for use so quickly when the body's power requirement is drastically increased? | jazzeater explained, url, atp ====== what /u/jazzeater explained in his [comment](_url_2_) is correct. however, there is another mechanism that is very relevant to your question, and that is the very fast regeneration of atp through phosphocreatine. _url_1_ basically, there isn't too much atp just sitting in the muscle... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphocreatine",
"http://de.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1u84yn/how_is_energy_used_for_sudden_actions_stored_in/cefp6ox",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation",
... | [
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how does tio2 remain stable after photocatalysis? | i understand that upon irradiation with uv light, tio2 produces excitons which then react with water to produce reactive oxygen species for further reaction with other species. the electron-hole pair then recombines. how does recombination occur if the exciton is used to generated reactive species? or is it truly a cat... | electron acceptor, exciting simply recombined, acceptor ====== you also need o2 to act as an electron acceptor, or it won't work, as you guessed. if the exciting simply recombined, you wouldn't get any catalytic activity, and the energy would turn into heat instead. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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are there any studies that show other species to be capable of lying/dishonesty? | sir david attenborough, shooting nature programs, nature programs ====== this was a guestion in ama with sir david attenborough: in all your time of shooting nature programs, what is the most human thing you have ever witnessed an animal do? a chimpanzee does in fact tell lies. if you can believe that. also, when some ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what makes something indigestible? | why are there things our bodies can digest, and somethings that we cannot? what makes them indigestible? | evolved to digest, digest, body ====== that would be something our body has not evolved to digest. so fibers are not digested, they are passed through, as well as if we were to eat plastic, metal, etc. basically, anything that our stomach and intestinal fluids cannot break down. edit: also anything our gut bacteria can... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/basics/polysac.html"
] | [
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how are qualia spatially localized in consciousness? | neuroscientist, philosopher, psychologist ====== obviously, i'm not a psychologist, neuroscientist, philosopher, or whatever you need to be to answer your many questions. but i reckon your questions are too vaguely formulated and too riddled with pseudo-scientific jargon to produce any useful answers. e.g. your title q... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is it possible to grow food in my office? | is it possible to grow anything edible in an office using ceiling lights? i don't have access to natural light of any kind. | hydroponics tech, leafy, plants ====== former hydroponics tech here. the short answer is "yes, but stick to leafy greens". so, plants need light in order to produce chlorophyll. but they don't need all wavelengths of sunlight in order to do this. obviously, they don't need green, since leaves reflect green. most of the... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.bealecorner.org/best/measure/cf-spectrum/index.html"
] | [
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are ingested things evenly distributed into the blood or do they form clouds that drift around the bloodstream? | for example if someone smoked a cigarette or ate a cheeseburger would the chemicals and food saturate the blood in a controlled rate or would the blood that happens to be "in range" become more saturated? not sure how else to explain it... | food, small intestine, stomach ====== the best way to explain it is sort of....both. take the example of food. after you swallow, food is broken down in your stomach by mechanical and chemical digestion. the contractions of your stomach forces the food down towards the bottom of your stomach (the pylorus, home of the p... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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would it be possible to communicate from inside a black hole by changing its rotation rate? | black holes are roughly spherical but rapidly rotating black holes are oblate spheroids. if you were inside a black hole and somehow could survive and change the black holes rotation rate could you then change the shape of the black holes gravity field and thus communicate by sending out signals using gravitational wav... | angular momentum, black hole, black ====== when you are on the inside, you contribute to the total mass of the black hole. you've brought whatever mass you had outside to now be part of the black hole. the same is true of angular momentum. you can add to the angular momentum in some way but once you are inside the even... | 13 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hair_theorem"
] | [
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how is it that pet dont blow up people? | i've always assumed, from reading online etc, that when antimatter touches matter a massive explosions occurs, but i just recently learnt that positron emission tomography does this exact process and everything just gets converted to gamma rays? | small coin dropped, joules. by contrast, billion times ====== the annihilation of a positron and an electron produces a tiny amount of energy, about 10^(-13) joules. by contrast, a small coin dropped from a height of about 30 cm or about a foot will have something like 10 billion times that kinetic energy when it hits ... | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can someone explain to me the sudan, minnesota minos research project? | why do we want to measure the mass of neutrinos? | mass, neutrino, mass neutrino ====== because we don't know their mass? we don't really understand neutrinos all that well right now. suppose we have neutrinos 1,2,3 and neutrino 1 is created with eliminating an electron, neutrino 2 eliminates a muon, and neutrino 3 eliminates a tau lepton. mass electron < mass muon < m... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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[trigonometry] how does one find the point where tan theta = x? | i'm taking pre-calculus, and tho this isn't something that i need to know for the course, i do love playing around with functions and graphs to look for patterns. the tan function returns the quotient of y/x for all (x,y) co-ordinate pairs that describe a circle of unit radius—got it. in this case, the absolute value r... | sin, cos, calculus question ====== this doesn't seem like a calculus question. you can replace the x and y using the trig identity. tan(t)=sin(t)/ cos(t) so you're trying to solve tan(t)=cos(t) sin(t)/cos(t)=cos(t) sin(t)=cos(t)^2 sin(t)=1-sin(t)^2 edit: corrected this step. sin(t)^2 +sin(t)-1=0 using the quadratic for... | 8 | [] | [] | [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method"
] | [
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how were trig functions' values calculated before taylor/maclauren series came along? | also, how were trig functions defined before series? /r/askmath is dead, so i figured i'd ask here. | reach trigonometry, trig functions, method for calculating ====== to answer the second question: trig functions are well-defined before you have a method for calculating them (in fact this is confusing for many people, since in most math curricula you can use "function" and "algorithm" interchangably until you reach tr... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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how does electronic stability control work? | does it use electric motors to control things or is it all clever mechanical engineering? | assuming you referring, safety feature, wheels are pointing ====== i'm assuming you're referring to the safety feature on cars. the goal of esc is to keep the car moving in the direction the wheels are pointing. the car has an accelerometer that can detect the direction of movement, and it knows which direction the whe... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what sort of illusion is this? | my roommates and i were goofing around today and i became completely distracted when i saw his led clock through his oscillating fan. [short video](_url_0_) could someone explain what causes this illusion? thanks! | powered digit, digit, ssd ====== the digits in an led-clock are [7-segment displays](_url_0_) (or ssd). to minimise the number of control lines required for multiple ssd, you can use a single controller and switch each display on in turn (only one ssd is powered at a time). consider the last three digits of the clock (... | 5 | [] | [
"http://youtu.be/_6axfw4Oiyo"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal"
] | [
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sex and hunter-gatherers | sorry if this seems a facetious question, but i mean it in earnest, and have wondered about it for quite some time. how/when/where do people in hunter-gatherer societies have sex? in complex society, sex is generally an extremely private affair and occurs behind closed doors, and in a physically comfortable setting (on... | large communal rooms, communal rooms, large communal ====== actually many 'primitive' societies are very open about sex, they have sex in large communal rooms, in their private residence with children around, etc... remember the scene in "dances with wolves" where the chief looked over at costner while cuddling with hi... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.amazon.com/Sex-Dawn-Prehistoric-Origins-Sexuality/dp/0061707805"
] | [
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why does membrane asymetry support the fluid mosaic model? | i understand the research done by david frye and michael edidin by mixing human cells and mice cells they were able to determine that the membranes are fluid. what i don't understand, however, is why membrane asymmetry suggests that the membranes are fluid. | kind of uniformly, fluid, uniformly ====== because if it wasn't fluid, it would be symmetric or at least some kind of uniformly. it is fluid, so proteins embedded in the membrane are able to drift away, which makes it asymmetric. also the membrane is dynamic, means it is changing all the time, which has to be, that the... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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can you see ladee pass over the moon from earth? | apollo descent stages, short answer, lunar rovers ====== short answer: no ladee is a small spacecraft, it's only 2.37m high and if it were visible then so should all the other spacecraft there now as well, including the apollo descent stages, lunar rovers, debris etc. even hubble wouldn't be able to make it out. | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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just got back from rome; can someone explain how it literally sank so much, so fast? | seeing many ruins partially excavated around rome, i was sort of wondering about this in the back of my head. then after i went to see the [basilica of san clemente](_url_0_), i decided i must ask the collective knowledge of the internet. san clemente is a 12th century church, built on top of a 4th century church, buil... | san clemente, buried buildings, buildings ====== geologist here, grew up in rome. bojaoblaka is right, but not about san clemente, which it is in fact built on buried buildings, not just the flattened foundations of buildings. i had the opportunity to go to the very bottom with a vatican archaeologist, its creepy. also... | 17 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Clemente"
] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter's_Basilica#Old_St._Peter.27s",
"http://books.google.com/books?id=WqxvlLwc2v8C&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=bill+bryson+at+home+churchyards&source=bl&ots=lSPLhfLk5g&sig=VEp2-9u1wfqpE7OAvO7kAnu7WkM&hl=en&ei=EDvmTvrfLY-e-QbvhL3BBQ&sa=X&oi=book_resu... | [
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what is the efficiency of the human body? | i've heard estimates stating 80% of our energy (calorie) input via food is lost to heat, but is that true? | efficient, describe heat loss, human body ====== well, 80% seems to be a little high to be efficient. wikipedia has an excellent article on "energy usage in the human body" found [here.](_url_0_) it doesn't describe heat loss but there is a lot of variation on the efficiency of the human metabolism which is a significa... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy#Energy_usage_in_the_human_body"
] | [
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what's wrong with this inconsistency between the microcanonical and canonical emsembles? | this is what i understand: in the microcanonical ensemble, a system of n particles is confined to a certain volume v, adiabatically separated from the outside worldwide, meaning its energy e is fixed. a magnitude called entropy is related to the amount of configurations available to the system with the given energy. th... | average internal energy, canonical ensemble, thing you calling ====== the thing you're calling the energy (e) of the canonical ensemble is actually the ensemble **average** internal energy. when you derive the equilibrium distribution for the canonical ensemble (boltzmann distribution), you do so using a lagrange multi... | 6 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what's new in fluid dynamics? | i'm an undergrad applied math major and a professor recently sent me a link the darpa's 23 mathematical challenge questions. question #4 was looking for a fluid mechanics for the 21st century. the problem description implied the limits of the classic navier stokes equations in dealing with things like foams and liquid ... | field called nanofluidics, study the behaviour, field called ====== i work in a field called nanofluidics where we study the behaviour of fluids in regions under 100 nanometers. the whole field is only about ten to fifteen years old. this is related to microfluidics and the "lab on a chip" paradigm. before that i studi... | 2 | [] | [
"http://compmath.wordpress.com/about/10-the-big-picture-darpas-23-challenge-questions/"
] | [] | [
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how do i get into fluid dynamics at an elementary level and work my way up? | i'm a second year applied math undergrad student and i'm planning on atmospheric science in grad school. i want to start learning fluid dynamics but the only textbooks i find seem very complicated. does anyone know any way to ease into it in terms of good textbooks they have read, videos, etc. i'm not a physics person,... | fluid, fluid mechanics, mechanics ====== boy do i have answers for you! during my phd qualifiers i probably at least skimmed more than a dozen broad fluid mechanics books, and i think of the major ones, different ones apply better to different people. real talk: real fluid mechanics can be fucking complicated and textb... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.amazon.com/Schaums-Outline-Fluid-Mechanics-Outlines/dp/0071487816/ref=sr_1_19?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1447093061&sr=1-19&keywords=%22fluids%22",
"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfF--3o8i4r82vJ0kjCVYgqKgyVM5QwN0",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations"
] | [
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my friend's girlfriend is pregnant. what should i show them to convince her to quit smoking? | the title really says it all. i've tried reasoning with my friend, we'll call him phil. phil's girlfriend, we'll call her sally, is about 4 months pregnant. what website, picture, documentary, whatever, should i present to them to convince them that she needs to quit? one argument, which is absurd, that phil has raised... | prenatal care, physician for prenatal, care ====== get them to see a physician for prenatal care. you likely as not aren't going to convince them by showing them some random documentary. | 10 | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiKWk_0UbDY",
"http://med.stanford.edu/medicalreview/smrp14-16.pdf"
] | [
"http://www.google.com/search?q=smoking+while+pregnant&hl=en&safe=off&biw=1680&bih=949&prmd=ivns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=QDRkTpqoH4fniAK8mpGoCg&sqi=2&ved=0CFEQsAQ#hl=en&safe=off&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=smoking+birth+defects&oq=smoking+birth+defe... | [
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discussion: minuteearth's newest youtube video on growing human organs in pigs! | hi everyone, for today's video discussion topic, we've got david from minuteearth (/u/goldenbergdavid) to help answer your questions regarding their [latest video](_url_0_) about the new technology that will let scientists grow new kidneys for patients from their own stem cells but inside of pigs. | goldenberg from minuteearth, david goldenberg, minuteearth ====== hi - this is david goldenberg from minuteearth. we’re excited to chat with you about our new video on growing human organs in pigs. here’s another great source of info as we get into the details: an article from friday’s new york times: _url_0_. from the... | 38 | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yh6rTKNwBJY"
] | [
"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/science/chimera-stemcells-organs.html?smid=tw-share&_r=0",
"http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/07/global-livestock-counts"
] | [
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isn't this "wind lens" just a ducted fan? | here's an article: _url_0_ my understanding was that ducted fan turbines were much harder to build (the freestanding ring is hard to engineer, manufacture, and transport), so it doesn't make sense to use them. is there something else on this? i couldn't find anything other than pop media about it. | object, air, fan ====== the object in question is behind the turbine. air hits the fan blade and then the object. the object is causing a low pressure area to form behind it. this is causing more air to go thru the fan. the more air is making the turbine create 2-3 times more energy. i have only seen fans where an obje... | 2 | [] | [
"http://goodcleantech.pcmag.com/future-tech/278671-new-wind-lens-turbine-magnifies-wind-for-increased-power-reduced-noise"
] | [] | [
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why is there no [cf6]2- but [sif6]2- ? | hi guys i know there is an explanation, which involves the d-orbitals, and i understand it, but i also heard from our docent that this explanation is not the latest one and there is one which fits quite better. the problem is i don´t understand why its not working for [cf6]2- when it is for [sif6]2-. i hope you guys ha... | molecular orbital approximation, orbital approximation, molecular orbital ====== the 'better version' that your teacher is likely referring to is using a molecular orbital approximation. the problem with the hyprid d orbital explanation is essentially that they tend to be too large and high energy for good overlap to h... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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viral spread in marine environment? | how do viruses spread in marine environments? after reading about the morbillivirus causing the increase in dolphin beachings and deaths, i was wondering how a virus like this might spread in a marine environment. | understanding aquatic disease, disease, water ====== understanding aquatic disease is in three steps: 1) you have to have an environment suitable for the pathogen, 2)you have to have a susceptible, compromised/stressed individual, 3) you need the right pathogen. when all three are positive, then disease is highly likel... | 23 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v5/n10/fig_tab/nrmicro1750_F1.html"
] | [
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question about a battery. am i in any kind of danger? | casing is designed, designed to handle, handle the swelling ====== the battery casing is designed to handle the swelling from regular use. if it got deformed to the point where you had to "fix" it. you should stop using this battery immediately! ... if it is still relatively new, pop to an apple store as it was clearly... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why is archimede's principle true? | i've known it since i was little, but why is it true? how did archimedes check his work? | water, bucket, spout ====== testing it would be simple. get a bucket of water with a spout at the top. fill it until water spills out of the spout. now, get two practically identically buckets. place one under the spout. place an object in the bucket of water and let all of the displaced water pour from the spout into ... | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why does my salt say do not store in direct sunlight? | i mean like what the sun gona do to salt.... dont they harvest this sea salt in huge pools and letting it dry out in thw sun? | made me curious, iodized salt, table salt ====== you made me curious, so i looked into it. it turns out that table salt often contains supplemental iodine. iodized salt helps prevent iodine deficiency, which can result in hypothyroidism. unfortunately, iodized salt has been shown to lose a considerable amount of its io... | 9 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2542096/"
] | [
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you have a cup of lemonade. drink half the cup, then fill it back up with water; repeat n times. will the cup ever be filled with just water? | epa states, states that tap, ppm of impurities ====== epa states that tap water has no more than 500 ppm of impurities. say, for sake of conservatism, you start with not lemonade but pure, dehydrated, lemonade concentrate. so that's 1,000,000 ppm "impure". that gives us the equation: 1,000,000 * (1/2)^x = 500. solve fo... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what would vision be like with black sclera? | affect vision, sclera and iris, vision ====== the sclera and iris don't affect vision. light enters through the pupil, goes through the lens, and is projected onto the retina. all the iris does is control how dilated/contracted the pupil is. | 7 | [] | [] | [] | [
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why do most people root for the underdog? | hundreds of movies and books, as well as personal observation, lead me to believe that most individuals root for the underdog when they don't have a vested interest in the outcome. why? has it been studied? if so, has there ever been a correlation between the tendency or lack thereof and normal vs. abnormal psychology? | researchers generally assert, deserve to succeed, generally assert ====== researchers generally assert that we love to root for the underdog out of a general sense of fairness and justice for the disadvantaged, and that we perceive underdogs to be putting in more effort than the top-dogs, so we feel like they deserve t... | 5 | [] | [] | [
"http://psp.sagepub.com/content/33/12/1603.abstract"
] | [
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why do we all like an underdog? | why do we like rooting for the little guy? | guy, deck stacked, underdog actually win ====== most of us *are* the little guy. we understand what it's like to have the deck stacked against you....some more than others. so, we can relate. and, when we see an underdog actually win, it may give us some measure of hope. | 14 | [] | [] | [] | [
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is lasik reasonably safe? | i was researching lasik for my fiancee and i notice mixed messages on the various internet sources. on one hand, doctors and manufacturers [**claim extremely high success**](_url_0_) rates, yet on the other hand i see [**warnings from the fda**](_url_1_), and a [**petition filed**](_url_3_) for the recall of lasik devi... | modern femtosecond lasers, computer stippling lasers, wavefront-guided computer stippling ====== as with most surgeries (and it is a surgery), the safety of lasik depends a lot on the patient. with modern femtosecond lasers to make the flap and wavefront-guided computer stippling lasers to shape the cornea, the lasik p... | 8 | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK#LASIK_surgery_results",
"http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/SurgeryandLifeSupport/LASIK/ucm272960.htm",
"http://lasikcomplications.com/FDA_interim_response_LASIK_petition.pdf",
"http://lasikcomplications.com/LasikPetition/petition.html"
] | [
"http://www.lasikcomplications.com/vitreoretinal_damage.htm",
"http://journals.lww.com/retinajournal/Abstract/2000/04000/Rhegmatogenous_Retinal_Detachment_After.3.aspx",
"http://eyes.emedtv.com/lasik/retinal-detachment-with-lasik-eye-surgery.html"
] | [
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is there a physical model for gravitation that matches the verified predictions of gr but which operates within flat minkowski spacetime? | i've read that curved spacetime could be used to emulate any force - e.g. em force. that being the case can we go the other way and emulate gr within a purely flat spacetime? (i can see that this would rule out wormholes and other weird connective topologies, but those might not exist anyway.) if it's impossible, why i... | geodesics of spacetime, matter no longer, constant velocity ====== yes, you can formulate gr as a theory of a spin-2 field living on a minkowski background. of course, in this picture, matter no longer moves on geodesics of spacetime (since geodesics of minkowski space are just particles moving at a constant velocity) ... | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_cross"
] | [
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did epicanthic folds evolve separately in different parts of the planet or were they spread from a certain focal point? | book tracing human, tracing human migration, western europe resulted ====== it pains me that i can't remember the source (a book tracing human migration through separate studies of nuclear and mitochondrial dna), but i do remember reading that originally all homo sapiens had epicanthic folds, and a mutation in the popu... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i need to do some form of chemistry experiment/investigation with my class of 10 year olds | hi guys, i'm trying to think of some way of showing a chemical reaction involving solids, liquids and gas to my 10 year olds. they obviously know a lot about melting/freezing etc, but i want to introduce to them that using chemical reactions we can also make gas escape etc. so, i've tried doing biocarbonate of soda + v... | water, pencil, pencil lead ====== electrolysis might be a good one. you can do it with a 9v battery, a water glass, some pencil lead, and some wire. you can also use regular wood pencils, just remove the erasers & sharpen both ends (so that the graphite is exposed). you can even hand out the pencils at the end of class... | 3 | [] | [] | [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_battery",
"http://www.alkaseltzerplus.com/asp/student_experiments_4.html",
"http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/demolab/demo_txt/CabbIndic.htm"
] | [
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question about a chemistry experiment i concocted when i was a teen. | when i was a teenager, i did a fair number of things you were supposed to not try at home. i can't remember how i came up with this, although somehow i suspect bill nye was involved. experiment part one: create a solution of baking soda in water. drop pennies into the bottom and add flakes of aluminum foil to the top. ... | blue colour originally, colour originally formed, oxidation state ====== the blue colour originally formed most likely comes from the presence of cu(ii) - copper in it's 2+ oxidation state. this will have been displaced from the coins by the aluminium. h2o2 is a pretty good oxidising agent and most likely oxidises cu(i... | 25 | [] | [] | [] | [
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relativity question: like pole-in-a-barn, but different | a 8 m pole which is oriented horizontally is moving at 0.9c vertically towards a hole which is 10 m in length. (let's ignore the width of both and assume the pole can fit in that dimension in the hole.) in other words, the direction of the pole's motion is normal to the length of the pole. from the perspective of the h... | direction of motion, lorentz contraction, contraction only occurs ====== the lorentz contraction only occurs parallel to the direction of motion. thus, if i understand your example correctly, the pole is 8m long and the hole is 10m long in both frames of reference, so there is no problem to resolve. | 5 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what phenomenon is causing this sound? [clip inside] | super heated gasses, solid fuel rockets, solid fuel ====== i'm not sure what you are looking for here, this is a recording of 2 solid fuel rockets, and a set of liquid rockets which all function through the rapid expansion of super heated gasses....wouldn't you expect them to make some noise? edit: bob answers your que... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
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do examples exist in evolutionary history of "too-fit" organisms? | what i mean are animals who had some mutation that made them dominate their ecosystem beyond its capabilities and died out as a result of it. philosophically, i wonder if being "too-fit" is even a possibility. if we define fit as being successful in their environment, being too powerful would be unfit. it would be like... | species, fitness, nematode ====== i think there may be some confusion about the word "fit" and the "fitness" of an organism. first of all, fitness is used to describe an individual, not a species. specifically, fitness is a function of the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce. we often use a relative metric ... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what happens to us internally (organs, fat, blood) when we 'suck it in' in an attempt to appear skinnier? | playing wind instruments, related question, choral singing ====== a related question: what happens when we "push out" as during choral singing, and is this the same as when we attempt to breathe "through the stomach" as is taught for playing wind instruments? and does either of these motions (sucking in or pushing out)... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i had a physics teacher in high school who taught us... | that if you position a cannon on a plateau or even just a stand and fired it parallel to the ground the shell will land at the same instant as the cannon will land on the ground, falling off the plateau or stand from the recoil. this really seems horrible wrong and i have been pissed about it for ten years. is there an... | train tracks, tracks, miles an hour ====== let me phrase it to you another way: you are standing by some train tracks. your friend is on a train going 1000 miles an hour. right as he passes you, you both drop a weight 5 feet off the floor. both weights will hit the ground at the same time. | 6 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9wQVIEdKh8"
] | [
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biology ear-nose-throat question. | i have two, probably easy, questions. is it normal for people's noses to run after moving from cool air outside to warm air inside? why does it happen? | nose, part respiratory biology, january ====== from npr, january 2009 "dr. lane: well, it's really a combination of two things. it's part respiratory biology and part of it is physics, or thermodynamics. one of the main functions of the nose is to warm and humidify the air that we breathe so that when it reaches your l... | 3 | [] | [] | [] | [
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i can't see this illusion, but my friend can and says it is dramatic. any ideas as to why that might be? -xpost from r/cogsci | why does this subreddit only allow text posts...anyway: this was on reddit recently. most commentators seem shocked by this dramatic illusion, but a few can't see it at all. _url_0_ i can't see a thing. i showed it to two friends on the same monitor, one could see the illusion quite well, and the other could not. appar... | rapid eye movements, tiny rapid eye, depends on saccades ====== you must be suscetible to it: it depends on saccades (tiny rapid eye movements, your eyes are never really completely still) which everyone has. can you see this one? (apparent rotating of the image): _url_0_ this one also demonstrates the same phenomenome... | 7 | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/k4q1y/stay_still_damn_you/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/cogsci/comments/k5ko7/i_cant_see_this_illusion_but_my_friend_can_and/"
] | [
"http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_rotsnake/index.html"
] | [
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0.17255178093910217... |
what is the purpose of a synchrotron? | i know it’s bright and emits x-rays. but what is the point of having them? | kind of particle, particle accelerator, linear accelerators ====== synchrotrons are just a kind of particle accelerator. they are able to accelerate beams up to relativistic speeds, which is something that smaller machines like cyclotrons can't really do. and they have an advantage over linear accelerators in that they... | 8 | [] | [] | [] | [
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what is the significance of this invention? | recently my grandfather, stuart libby died, and i am trying to learn more about what he did for a living. it seems like he was the inventor of supertan technology, when he worked for tansitor in the 1980-90s, before they got bought out by vishay. below are some links regarding some history of the capacitors. please tel... | persistent challenges, store energy, energy ====== one of the persistent challenges of technology is how to store energy. capacitors are an electronic component which store energy in a particular manner; by accumulating isolated electronic charge to build up an electric field. stuart libby came up with methods to manuf... | 6 | [] | [
"http://patents.justia.com/inventor/stuart-e-libby",
"http://www.vishay.com/landingpage/50year/sprague.html"
] | [] | [
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-... |
can a neural network spit bars? | i was watching a video of a neural network learning to speak clearly and my first thought was "when this speaks english perfectly will it be able to rap?" since rap is heavy on the vocabulary it seems fitting to me to expand on my question, can a neural network rhyme, use word play and make references like a rap song d... | roses are red, good grass, grass is green ====== roses are red, good grass is green, [here’s how poems can be written by a creative machine](_url_0_). the answer is "kinda, yeah". neural networks are models built in an automated manner on top of a certain census. once they are built they cannot only recognise similarit... | 4 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2017/03/road-not-taken-computer-generated-poetry/"
] | [
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-1.0917607545852661,... |
explain gyroscopic procession? why 90deg? why not 45 or rpm dependent? | what the title says, but can someone explain the physics of gyroscopic procession and why it manifests at 90 degrees. why not rpm dependent (like something rotating really fast would offset at 120 degrees while a slower rotation at 20 degrees? | direction, rotating, force ====== the direction of precession is orthogonal to the direction it is already rotating at and around the direction in which the force is trying to rotate it. this must be 90 degrees. it is an reactional force that exists because the gyroscope is pushed to rotate in a direction it is not yet... | 15 | [] | [] | [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHGKIzCcVa0"
] | [
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how would i know if i was in a superposition of states? | lets say, purely for the sake of argument, that humans were small enough to exhibit quantum behavior. if i was, say, in a state that had a 50/50 chance of being spin-up or spin-down, would i know i was in this state, or would i just think i was in one of those two? | superposition, consciousness, question ====== first of all your question is contingent on one's interpretation of quantum mechanics. some interpretations (such as unitary/everettian qm) take superposition to be a "real thing" while others (such as copenhagen) don't take it literally but more as a calculational tool. se... | 16 | [] | [] | [] | [
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3.86... |
for a polyglot, does the language of thinking affect the thought process? | if i'm russian, and totally fluent in english, does anything change in the way i think if i'm thinking in english? does my obviously smaller vocabulary (in english vs russian) impact my thought process? without taking personal bias into account, which language is better to use internally and why? | demonstrable effects, substantial, demonstrable ====== there are no substantial, demonstrable effects that language has on thought. the most anyone's ever been able to show is very small millisecond-scale improvements on color discrimination tasks, and other similar things. the typical example is that russian has two w... | 2 | [] | [] | [
"http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/whorf.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity"
] | [
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geologists! i request your expertise on a quartz vein in a river rock. | i found this [rock](_url_0_) in a river bed in western north carolina. i think it is a quartz vein in a schist rock. i cleaned the quartz with a bit of naval jelly which took some of the iron oxide off. i particularly like the uniform stripe of quartz through the rock. my questions are: 1) are my quartz and schist assu... | closer picture, white and black, definite answer ====== we'd have to get a closer picture of both the white and black to get a more definite answer. the vein could be quartz, or it could be calcium carbonate. what you can do is drop a bit of vinegar (or if you have hcl acid somewhere) and see if it fizzes. rocks like t... | 6 | [] | [
"http://i.imgur.com/Vih9c.jpg"
] | [] | [
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is there a way to get rid of tinitus? | if it isn't, is it at least possible to somehow reduce it? | person suffering, reduce the level, tinnitus ====== as a person suffering from tinnitus: no, there is no biological way to reduce the level of tinnitus. you can however distract the brain from the tinnitus so you forget about it. although, that depends on the intensity. if you suffer from tinnitus the level of a vacuum... | 4 | [] | [] | [] | [
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-0.3... |
pauli exclusion principle: how fast does 'this state is occupied' information travel? | assuming it travels with c, does this mean that pep can be violated for short amount of time? | poster stated, man-made rule, rule to explain ====== as the other poster stated, it's a man-made rule to explain what we observe. but the math tells us that this information is embedded in a field. so there is no "this state is occupied" information. you just have a wave behaving as it naturally will. unfortunately, in... | 10 | [] | [] | [] | [
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... |
could someone explain mtor signalling? | just looking for an overview of the whole thing, the most important bits, etc. an explanation specifically of the proliferation causing bit would be extra useful. | humble med student, realm of immunology, humble med ====== i'm familiar with it in the realm of immunology--here's a humble med student's take. mtor is a protein kinase. nutrients, mitogens, and other goodies can stimulate it, but in the presence of rapamycin it has no protein kinase activity and this is how it got its... | 2 | [] | [] | [] | [
-1.6735472679138184,
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-0.15778791904449463,
... |
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