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Bach references appear very frequently. It seems obvious that publishing the work in a printed form would quickly become out of date. Considering the benefit of having various search facilities, it has to be published on the internet, so that it could be updated frequently. This internet service started on 5 May 1997. The search engines are created by Malcolm Vincent.
In September 2000, I read a paper at International Bach Symposium Utrecht 2000 (Universiteit Utrecht, Netherlands) entitled "Setting up Research Resources for the future: On-line Bach Bibliography Project and International Collaboration", in which I outlined the details of my future plan of its expansion. An abridged version is published in Ariadne, xxvi (Dec.2000). A revised version of the paper was presented at the IAML conference in July 2003. [PDF + PPT].
Bach Bibliography is currently accessible from five different sites, as shown below:
Mirror sites were set-up in order to provide faster and more reliable
service.
Last modified: 19 September 2011 | http://www.music.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib.html | 2013-05-18T11:03:01 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Wolf Forte Secondo Viola Shoulder Rest(Viola 15+ Inch) Sku #464320000931915 Wolf 464320 QFGDE Violin & Viola Rests & Pads
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| http://www.music123.com/orchestral-strings/wolf-forte-secondo-viola-shoulder-rest | 2013-05-18T10:57:57 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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MusicBabylon Community
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Singles's lyrics:
- City Life lyrics
- Puudutus (Feat. Koit Toome) lyrics
- Say You Will lyrics
- Homme lyrics
- What In This World lyrics
- Rainbow Colours lyrics
- My Hometown lyrics
- Mu K Sinu Poole lyrics
- Keelatud Maa lyrics
- I Know You Are The One lyrics
- Hold On To Love lyrics
- Hide Your Heart lyrics
- He Is Always On My Mind lyrics
- First In Line lyrics
- All The Love You Needed lyrics
Maarja's lyrics by albums:
Maar:
- I Know You Are The One letra y video
- I Know You Are The One lyrique et de la vidéo
- I Know You Are The One testo e video
- I Know You Are The One referencias
- I Know You Are The One songtext | http://www.musicbabylon.com/artist/Maarja/Singles/I_Know_You_Are_The_One.htm | 2013-05-18T10:22:05 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Best Of: Charles Martel’s Top 10 Albums of 2012
posted December 18, 2012, 9:33 pm by Ben Oliver | Filed Under Editorial, General Interest, Music News, Releases, Top Albums |
1 Comment
This week we are going to take a look at all of our reviewers Top 10 album picks of the year. Please pipe up down in the comments with any that we may have missed or if you don’t agree with any of our picks.
Today we have our UK reviewer, CharlesMartel take a look at his favorite moments of 2012.
Albums
Alcest – Les Voyages de l’Âme
The Chaw – The Chaw
Lana del Rey – Born to Die
Disappears – Pre-Language
Der Noir – A Dead Summer
Right from the start of the year, Alcest’s third album looked like it would be a winner and none has topped it since. Alcest practically invented blackgaze and their reputation is firmly established with this album.
The Chaw is an unsigned band whose debut album I reviewed during the year. It has been a long time since I heard a new band with such a good sound.
Lana del Rey’s (a.k.a Lizzie Grant) much awaited album lived up to expectations. Her sultry voice was one of the successes of the year.
Disappears issued a fine album in pre-language, probably better than expected. Given that Disappears utilise members from the Ponys, I would suggest the latter give it up and the former continue.
Der Noir hail from Rome and their dark Goth/post-punk sound is reminiscent of Italian outfit Diaframma at their best.
Best Reissue
The Sound – Jeopardy
What can I say, after such a long time waiting, the 1980 classic post-punk album finally gets reissued. One of the classics of its genre.
Best Gig
John Watts has gathered together a talented group of young musicians and is touring again, playing a mixture of his solo material and Fischer-Z tracks. Always a pleasure to watch.
Best Newcomer
The Chaw are unsigned but if their debut album is anything to go by then this state of affairs should not last long.
Biggest Surprise
Led Zeppelin’s “Celebration Day” live recording of the one off concert of 2007. Even after all these years, Zeppelin show why they were, are and probably always will be the best exponents of hard blues based rock
Biggest Letdown
Swans – The Seer. A highly rated and much anticipated album, this was hyped as the rebirth of Michael Gira as a musical force. Trouble is it is overblown, pompous and lacking direction. About time the Swans packed it in I fear.
One Response to “Best Of: Charles Martel’s Top 10 Albums of 2012”_1<<
Lana Del Rey actually came out with another new record, she has 2 in 2012!! | http://www.musicemissions.com/blog/index.php/2012/12/18/best-of-charles-martels-top-10-albums-of-2012/ | 2013-05-18T10:31:43 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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It's been a heck of a long time since the duo of Andy Cato and Tom Findley, known as Groove Armada, has been heard from in the U.S. After their 2002 tour behind Lovebox, they took a long break and released a greatest hits album. When I saw them at Irving Plaza, it was one of the most impressive live dance acts I've seen. The big difference with GA is all the live instruments and performers. Richie Havens came out for the two songs that brought the house down, "Little By Little" and "Hands of Time". I have this great bootleg from a Chicago show in 2000 that's sounds more like a Prince-like grand funk, jazz and soul revue.
Their return album, 2007's Soundboy Rock, didn't get released here. You're not missing much. The album doesn't sound like what made them a must-listen to band. It's tired techno club beats. We move on.
On March 2nd, Groove Armada releases their sixth album, Black Light. Om Records will handle the U.S. releasing duties. It features guest appearances from Will Young, Bryan Ferry, Jess Larrabee of She Keeps Bees and Nick Littlemore of Empire of the Sun.
1. Warsaw
2. History
3. Cards To Your Heart
4. I Won't Kneel
5. Shameless
6. Look Me In The Eye Sister
7. Paper Romance
8. Time & Space
9. Not Forgotten
10. Fall Silent
11. Just For Tonight
As for their live return, they've booked March 24 at Webster Hall.
Here's the first video from the album, it's for the track Paper Romance. | http://www.musicsnobbery.com/2010/02/that-groove-armada-style-returns-with-new-album-and-nyc-show.html | 2013-05-18T10:12:04 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Anthony Hamilton Charlene video
Check out Anthony Hamilton Charlene lyrics - another terrific addition to the already magnificent Anthony Hamilton lyrics collection. Charlene lyrics are part of the Anthony Hamilton album that features an amazing beat and vocals.
[Thanks to soul_shocker@hotmail.com for these lyrics]
Back to Anthony Hamilton lyrics
Anthony Hamilton Charlene lyrics
Anthony Hamilton Charlene lyrics are the property and copyright of Anthony Hamilton.
Anthony Hamilton Charlene lyrics
Music Song Lyrics | http://www.musicsonglyrics.com/charlene-lyrics-anthony-hamilton.html | 2013-05-18T10:22:09 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Yay or Nay: Bare Escentuals Glimmer
Count the Muse curious but she’s busy a wondering. Are Bare Escentuals a Yay or a Nay with you?
Jump ahead to find out if the Muse is feeling Yay or Nay about ‘em!
I imagine many would beg to differ with me and tell me how much cheaper online mineral etailers are and how much more variety I can get for less, etc…but honestly Bare Escentuals Glimmers are a big yay for me!
I have dozens and dozens of these little guys and I continue to buy more as they release shades. I can find them on E-bay for really good prices plus pigmentation is awesome and quality is fantastic. Yes, mineral etailers definately have competitive pricing and variety but I haven’t met a mineral yet that’s as good as a Bare Escentuals Glimmer.
Big Yay for me!
How about you?
Yay or Nay?
Tell the Muse!
Recent Comments | http://www.musingsofamuse.com/2009/02/yay-or-nay-bare-escentuals-glimmer.html | 2013-05-18T11:02:54 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Sonia Kashuk Eye Shadow Quad Purple Haze Review and Swatches!
What is it?
Its a quad of some intensely shimmering shade of purple eyeshadow! Like OMG shimmery! If you loved the Stila Jewel Eye Palette, it’s a guarantee you’ll love Purple Haze.
The Good…..
The palette is made up of two shades of contrasting purple, one true purple and one lilac plus a shimmering white and grayish shade. The price is a mere $10.99 so it’s actually incredibly cheaper when compared to the Stila Jewel Palette so if by chance you’ve been lemming that palette you can easily dish out for this and save yourself some extra cash. The formula is packed hard with crazy shimmer so if you’re a lover of shimmery shades of shadow this will appeal in a major way. The shades are true to their colors and have a nice color pay off with all that sparkle. They apply fairly easily and have a nice texture.
The Bad….
Fall out city my friends. The palette is an absolute nightmare to work with and is best applied with sponge applicators to avoid major fall out and large flakes of shadow on cheeks and face. The shades sadly don’t work well together as its difficult to blend them out without creating a mess. If by some chance you are successful with your blending skills you’ll still end up with pretty much the same shades of shadow as they all meld together to create one single shade of purple. The formula feels like a loosely packed pigment and carries a similar texture as MAC Kitschmas, translated as quite chunky, quite flaky.
Who might like it?
- Shimmer and sparkle eyeshadow fans!
Who might not like it?
- Anyone who hates fall out!
- Anyone who hates the MAC Kitschmas formula.
- Anyone who can’t STAND discoball-like eyeshadows.
Final Thoughts….
Alot of woe comes with owning the palette but I think its rather beautiful. If I use the shades separately I can create some very pretty, sparkly looks with a little care and patience. Its price tag rivals that of Stila’s palette plus you get more product for the price. Although the shades aren’t easily a dupe for the ones in the Jewel Palette, they are still very pretty and identical in formula. I thought the purples were extra pretty for Spring.
If you’re willing to cope with a bit of fall out and absolutely adore sparkle with your shadows, the Sonia Kashuk Purple Haze Eye Shadow Quad comes with my recommendation.
Quite like it, fall out and all!
Anyone pick it up?
Loves it?
Leaves it?
What do you think?
Share it!
Available from
Disclosure: The following item was purchased by me for review purposes (and because I like flinging my money at makeup products of any kind) on Musings of a Muse. For further information please see my FTC Guidelines or my Disclosure/Disclaimer posts.
The other day when I was cruzin the makeup isles at Target (ooh that sounds dirrrrty) and something shiny caught my eyes! As I reached for it, I thought ‘ooh pretty!” but the closer it came towards me, that thought changed quickly to ‘ooh SPARKLE CITY!” and I promptly put it back.
This quad should be pretty, but after reading your review and seeing the swatches, I really wonder what Sonia was thinking with this one
joella DEF sparkle city. OMG lots of sparkle
haha! It’s really a pretty palette but it takes a little patience for application
i would totally buy this. seems great for a really glam look for night time.
hey donna def nice for some sparkly evening eyes
:O) !!!!!!!
lol d
what did you think of it?! share!
very glittery, kinda wish the actual color payoff was better? very pretty though. all that fallout – no wonder most of the palettes were so broken up!
color wasn’t too bad dina if you packed it on you could get a nice little bit of purple but damn fall out city!
your sponge touches it and it turns to dust
Would you say the texture, pigment, and overall look are the same as the Stila Jewel palette? The reason I ask, is because I LOVE the Jewel palette when I apply the shadows with a sponge-tipped applicator, so if this is like that palette, I may be making my first foray into Sonia Kashuk!
kristin exact dupe as far as I’m concerned. Aside from the colors being different these are pretty much the same pigment and texture. Flaky, bit chunky, and loosely packed just like the jewel palette and half the cost
they also have this available in a smoky eye palette as well which contains black silver, and two other shades
Awesome! Thanks so much Muse! My trick to using the Jewel palette to avoid fallout is to kind of rub/press the sponge-tipped applicator into the shadow and then press/dab the shadow into my primed lids. When I do this, I have minimal to no fallout.
Speaking of Stila, do you know if the new items on Sephora’s site are going to be the extent of the summer collection? I hope not, as I was expecting something more fun!
kristin sounds like a good trick to me
will try! I find sponge applicators are best for application that are a little tiny bit damp
I believe that’s the extent but I imagine come June or July they might do a little surprise or two…but I can’t verify that completely, I’m just assuming
I like the primer blusher thingy!
When I saw the 1st pic I thought it would be an awesome product but after reading your review and swatches… hmm, I don’t think so any more
beauty addict worth the drama if you don’t mind fall out and LOTS of sparkle
I would totally buy this if I could find it. I went to both of the Targets in my town and neither had it, boo!
order online gina
Yeah I might have too : )
This reminds me of her Holiday 2009 palette which was wonderful!!!
How does this and the Stila palette compare to Urban Decay’s new glitter shadows? I have both in the mail right now from UD’s friends and family and the Sephora sale, yet I cannot wait!!!
hi kirstie yup I got that palette it was fab
totally different formulas for UD and Stila. UD is a finer glitter/shimmer and Stila is more chunky/flaky like this one. Enjoy!!!!!!! have fun with ‘em
if you apply a thin layer of something sticky to your lids, like vaseline (or you could even try a MAC paint), then sort of push the shadows on with a synthetic brush or sponge applicator, there will be less fallout and the colours will be truer. i have this in ‘showstoppers’.
hi shannon def not up for apply vaseline on my lids lol
but primer is great and they apply fine with a sponge tip applicator for sure sadly though fallout is about the same its just the type of shadow :0D
showstoppers is a great color selection I have that one too!
haha, oh well. i prefer it, personally. i like the wet look.
i REALLY like showstoppers. the black is great!
musey, i just bought this the other day (targets got them on sale for 8.99) cause i love shiny, but i hate this! its basically a cream shadow (which, for my grease pit face, is one thing i wont touch), my brushes wouldnt pick up anything off the surface but the bigger pieces of glitter, so i had to use my fingers. the pink and purple are pretty but once on my eyes they look almost the same color. it basically looks like pastel foiled shadow. youd think with light brown eyes, brown would look good on me, but it just makes me look like i have pink eye, its really weird, and this brown wasnt any different. AND, the glitter doesnt freakin wash off. i tried out the brown again last night and (yeah, i dont wash my face before bed unless its summer and/or im wearing foundation, which i rarely do) just washed my face and i still have glitter all around my eyes and in my lashes. bah.
i had heard that sonias eye shadows were amazing, and so i decided to try her out with this one, but 9 bucks for what amounts to cream glitter? if i even liked cream eyeshadow id rather go with wet n wild or something much cheaper but im a powder girl all the way. im totally returning this
sorry to hear it michelley. Sounds like a bust. That stinks!
Loved it. Got the one with browns and greys and it is awesome too. I feel like it is a bit more chunky than the Stila palette and also has a little it more fall out, but it’s whatevs. I am so glad someone else is going to be using these kinds of formulations!
theroth glad you’re lovin’ on these hun xoxo! | http://www.musingsofamuse.com/2010/04/sonia-kashuk-eye-shadow-quad-purple-haze-review-and-swatches.html | 2013-05-18T10:53:38 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
The tide is shifting. We all know it. And as our creative community sits on the beach during the final days at Cannes, competition further slips away from the center of the advertising community. We are a global creative department now. Shouting to each other across our loft space on Twitter and Foursquare. "Hey, @jtwinsor thanks for the inspiration!" and "@edwardboches where do you think things will go next?" Competitors? Hardly.
The cover of this week's Advertising Age designed by young Grey creatives Garrett Dafferner and Salina Cole captures the spirit of our interconnected creative community, all of us, gears moving one another, thinking and inspiring elevated concepts, designs, tools, campaigns. A factory of thought.
Is there an agency-owned idea any longer? We are shaping each other's thinking at a rapid, highly-involved and engaged rate. Nothing seems proprietary. In fact, it seems wrong to hold back, to protect and control thought, to hold captive this global creative spirit.
This is a new era of creative collective unconscious. Our thoughts are one. Your Lion is mine. And mine yours. Our creative experiences are being shaped together -- a unified personal perspective coming together with each glance at your digital portfolio, your worldview, a follow of the creative at the Mac behind you, a Twitpic from the copywriter in Finland. I become you. You become him. We are ingesting each other's creative thinking, inspiring one another. Global ideation 24/7. A brainstorm that never ends.
What's exciting is the diversity of experience fueling stronger creative. We are all becoming smarter together, brilliant creative, leading to more brilliant creative. It's a communal creative brief written together each day. How on Earth are we going to enter awards against each other at Cannes next year? I suppose we'll just all have to go onstage together.
2 comments:
Is this article supposed to be a Kumbaya song-circle in reference to Big Spaceship and BBDO?
Chris, hardly Kumbaya. I'm actually reveling at the fact that agency walls are slipping away in many respects. I'm happy for it. The ideas are better, bigger. How are we going to judge our ideas when they are communally created? It's a larger question of ownership. Is there a place for it anymore? I inspire you. You inspire me. Yes, credit is due to Big Spaceship. But for now let's all hold hands around the campfire: "Rise and shine and give BBDO your glory, glory. Rise and shine.." | http://www.musingsofatrendspotter.blogspot.com/2010/06/global-ingenuity-or-end-of-cannes.html | 2013-05-18T10:12:35 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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A. Saudi Arabia’s law also prevents women from driving.However,” | http://www.muslimwomennews.com/n.php?nid=6785 | 2013-05-18T10:52:57 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
This GT is not Steve's first hot pepper, though. "In the fall of 1988 I drove my first Fox Mustang," Steve says. Yes, Steve's old like us, and remembers when the Fox cars were new. The Fox he drove that day was only two years old, a Light Regatta Blue automatic '86 GT with Flowmasters. "From that point, I was hooked and had to have one," Steve added.
In the spring of 1989, Steve bought an '87 GT with T-tops. He held on to the car until 1993, when he fell and hit his head, causing him to trade the GT in on a new Probe GT--you know, the car that was supposed to replace the Mustang. How are Probe sales going? Anyway, he quickly realized the error of his ways, but at that time he couldn't afford to do anything about it. "I never lost sight of owning one someday and knew the right opportunity would finally come around," Steve says.
Evidently, right opportunities came along quite a bit for Steve. By 2009 he had already owned a dozen or so Fox Mustangs. Moreover, at that time he owned maybe the pinnacle of Fox Mustang performance with an '88 Saleen with just 19,000 on the clock. Nevertheless, he was ready to move on from the Saleen and posted an ad for the car on the Saleen Club of America's website.
Of course, it didn't take long. Joe Ackerman contacted Steve about the Saleen, asking him if he was interested in trading for an '86 GT. At first, Steve wasn't down with the trade, until he saw pictures of Joe's '86 and a list of the car's modifications. "I was hooked," Steve said.
First up, even thought the '86 had a GT-40 crate engine under the hood, Steve felt the GT needed more pop. To make sure that extra pop would just be a pulley change away, Steve went with a Paxton Novi 2000 supercharger. He knew a Novi 2000 would give the car the power he wanted, but also room to grow, as well. "You never know when the bug for more power is going to get you," Steve wisely says. To support the added power, Steve also added ACCEL 48-lb/hr injectors, an SCT BA2400 mass air meter, and an SCT Switch Chip tuned by Dynospeed Racing.
With the power department handled, it was time for the aforementioned wheel upgrade. "I always loved the look of the ARE mesh wheels of the late-'80s Saleen Mustangs," Steve says. He wanted an updated look, but with throwback flair. We'd say he set our camera on fire with his choice of CCW Classics, 18x8 front and 18x10 rear. With a polished lip and grey centers, the wheels are a perfect match for the GT's exterior moldings and trim.
Next up, to make sure the GT's chassis could handle the newfound power and at the same time represent the updated wheels to the fullest, Steve needed to stiffen up a few things. The car already had subframe connectors, but they were installed back in 1986. Those were cut out, and Steve contacted Brian Figg at Stifflers.
"I decided on installing Stifflers' FIT system, K-member brace, spider brace, and transmission crossmember," Steve says. "This setup made the car rock-solid, and eliminated the braking issues and chassis flex that was holding it back." We all know how Fox Mustangs, especially hatchback models, like to flex, but Steve says the Stifflers chassis upgrades made that tendency a thing of the past.
"Now I have to say that this is the most complete Fox Mustang I have ever owned or driven," Steve says. "It has plenty of power, awesome braking, and handles like it's on rails." However, proving that a Mustang is never done, Steve tells us he has a few more plans for the '86 in the future, but right now, "I just enjoy driving it."
While we're sure Steve's wife, Rachel, appreciates those words, here's a heads-up Rachel: Steve says, "I know this isn't the last one." Somehow though, we're sure she already knows. 5.0
Horse Sense: Steve's GT features a Stifflers [(317) 837-2444;] FIT system, which consists of subframe connectors, stiffening rails, and a web brace arrangement. Steve also added Stifflers' trans crossmember, spider brace, K-member brace, and driveshaft safety loop.
Engine and Drivetrain
Block Stock
Crankshaft Stock
Rods Stock forged
Pistons Stock forged
Camshaft FRPP B303
Cylinder Heads FRPP X303 aluminum w/ 1.94/1.54 valves, FRPP 1.6:1 roller rockers
Intake Manifold FRPP GT-40 w/ Accufab 70mm throttle body, and SCT BA2400 mass air
Power Adder Paxton Novi 2000 supercharger w/ 6.87-in crank pulley, 3.5-in supercharger pulley, 10-rib belt, and 10 pounds of boost
Fuel System FRPP fuel pump w/ ACCEL 48-lb/hr fuel injectors, and a Kirban fuel pressure regulator
Exhaust FRPP short-tube headers w/ BBK Performance X-shape crossover pipe, and Dynomax after-cat exhaust
Transmission Ford Racing Z-spec T5 w/ FRPP King Cobra clutch, FRPP aluminum driveshaft, and Steeda Autosports Tri-Ax shifter
Rearend 8.8 w/ Eaton differential, Moser Engineering 31-spline axles, and 3.73 gears
Electronics
Engine Management A9L computer w/ SCT Switch Chip tuned by Dynospeed Racing
Ignition MSD 6AL w/ MSD Blaster coil and spark plug wires, Motorcraft spark plugs
Gauges Stock w/ Auto Meter boost gauge
Suspension and Chassis
Front Suspension
K-Member Maximum Motorsports tubular
A-Arms Maximum Motorsports tubular
Struts Bilstein
Springs Maximum Motorsports coilover
Brakes Baer 13-in Track kit, two-piece rotors
Wheels CCW Classic, 18x8-in
Tires BFG KDW 245/35-18
Rear Suspension
Shocks Bilstein
Springs H&R
Control Arms Maximum Motorsports Weight Jacker w/ Maximum Motorsports rear sway bar
Brakes Baer 12-in Sport two-piece rotors
Wheels CCW Classic, 18x10-in
Tires BFG KDW 275/35-18 | http://www.mustang50magazine.com/featuredvehicles/m5lp_1209_1986_ford_mustang_gt/ | 2013-05-18T10:21:14 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
With the stock transmission sidelined, Chuck ordered up a Tremec TKO600 five-speed gearbox, a Pro 5.0 shifter, and a 10.5-inch King Cobra late-model clutch assembly. A JMC hydraulic clutch and master cylinder now squeeze the Ford Racing disc against a Fidanza aluminum flywheel. Right behind the 3-inch aluminum driveshaft you'll find a beefy Currie 9-Plus rearend housing. It's been fortified with a 3.89 gears and a Detroit Truetrac differential.
Baer Brakes has long been associated with Mustangs, so they are right at home on Chuck's GT350. Factory parts set aside, Chuck installed Baer's Track front system, which utilizes 13-inch rotors and two-piston calipers, while the rear kit features 12-inch rotors and single-piston calipers. It's worlds apart
from the factory brakes, both in performance and looks.
After the mechanical work was completed, Chuck spent the next two months or so sorting the car out, and making sure that in the end, it would be turnkey reliable.
"It's hard for me to do anything concourse wise. I guess there's too much hotrodder in me." Sounds like a rebel with a cause if you ask us.
The Details
Chuck Young's '68 Shelby GT350
Engine
Transmission
Rearend
Exhaust | http://www.mustangandfords.com/featuredvehicles/1964_1973_mustang/mdmp_1101_ford_1968_shelby_gt350_mustang/tremec_tko600_gearbox.html | 2013-05-18T10:41:07 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
<<< << -- 2 -- Robert Hugill GENUINE APPRECIATION -- >> >>>
For Cipriano de Rore's Ancor che col Partire, and Andrea Gabrieli's scatalogical parody of this, the group reduced down in size which helped the textures enormously. Words can easily be lost in a resonant acoustic but in all these Italian pieces the singers made the words tell.
The final piece in the first half was Allegri's Miserere. This is a problematic piece; the well known version is a 20th century confection based on the conflation of two different manuscripts in two different keys. The results are hauntingly effective nonetheless and this is the version Nicholas Jenkins chose to perform. The motet is essentially contemplative, something which is tricky to bring off in a church beset by the noise of bells, police sirens and chatter from the crowds in the pub next door. Even though the results were not perfect, the group succeeded pretty well, though the performance took some time to settle. The solo group, in the organ loft behind the audience, was strong on commitment but lacked the relaxed ease really necessary here. It was only in the later verses that these soloists showed what they were really capable of.
Debussy's Trois Chansons de Charles d'Orleans gave the choir a chance to sing more dramatic music, a chance which they seized admirably. The tone in all three movements was nicely warm, though the first movement felt a little self indulgent. In the second the choir gave a rich textured but restrained accompaniment to the soprano solo, and in the last displayed lively enthusiasm and coped well with the tongue twisters of the French language.
Continue >> | http://www.mvdaily.com/articles/2007/11/londinium2.htm | 2013-05-18T10:12:02 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
draw_circle_mod — Interactive drawing of a circle.
draw_circle_mod produces the parameter for a circle created interactive by the user in the window.
To create a circle are expected the coordinates RowIn and ColumnIn of the center of a circle with radius RadiusIn. After another mouse click in the created circle center you can move it. A clicking close to the circular arc you can modify the Radius of the circle. Pressing the right mousebutton terminates the procedure. On Mac OS X draw_circle_mod can also be terminated by pressing the escape key. After terminating the procedure the circle is not visible in the window any longer.
Window identifier.
read_image(Image,'monkey') draw_circle_mod(WindowHandle,20,20,15,Row,Column,Radius) gen_circle(Circle,Row,Column,Radius) reduce_domain(Image,Circle,GrayCircle) disp_image(GrayCircle,WindowHandle)
draw_circle_mod returns 2 (H_MSG_TRUE) if the window is valid and the needed drawing mode (see set_insert) is available. If necessary, an exception is raised.
open_window
reduce_domain, disp_region, set_colored, set_line_width, set_draw, set_insert
draw_circle, draw_ellipse, draw_region
gen_circle, draw_rectangle1, draw_rectangle2, draw_polygon, set_insert
Foundation | http://www.mvtec.com/halcon/download/reference/draw_circle_mod.html | 2013-05-18T10:13:14 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Births
Lewis E. Moore
Heidi Vanderhoop and Alexander Moore of Aquinnah announce the birth of their son, Lewis Emmet Moore, on Sept. 25 at Martha's Vineyard Hospital. Lewis weighed 8 pounds, 6 ounces.
Milena R. Alves
Andressa and Junior Alves of Oak Bluffs announce the birth of their daughter, Milena R. Alves, on Oct. 7, at Martha's Vineyard Hospital. Milena weighed 8 pounds, 6 ounces.
Oceana Arroya Dias
Jannette Vanderhoop and Antone Dias of West Tisbury announce the birth of a daughter, Oceana Arroya Dias, on Oct. 9, weighing 6 pounds, 2 ounces.
Reader Comments
- When posting a comment you agree to our Terms of Service
- If you have questions about comments or comment policy, check out our FAQ page. | http://www.mvtimes.com/2011/10/12/births-7954/ | 2013-05-18T10:21:26 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
At a glance: PeaceQuilt Project
By CK Wolfson
Published: November 25, 2009
"Patience To Raise The Sun: Art Quilts from Haiti & their Power to Change Women's Lives," is a brightly pictured, soft-bound 60-page collection of photographs by Harvey John Beth, and essays by Bennington Museum curator Jamie Franklin and the Vineyard's own Nora Nevin. With clarity and efficiency it connects craft, culture, history, and mission.
It is a good and worthy story. The book - actually, the catalogue that accompanied the November 2009 exhibition of Haitian quilts at the Bennington Museum in Bennington, Vermont - is a words and pictures primer of how a simple humanitarian project begun in a Haitian Catholic school evolved into what has become the nonprofit PeaceQuilts Project. It demonstrates how, with the efforts of dedicated and informed volunteers, a modest idea can have an impact on culture, and change lives for the better. Funds raised from the sale of the quilts are spent on materials and training to support the Haitian women's cooperatives. Haitian women were introduced to quilting, which is not a native craft, as a marketable enterprise, something they could do to support their families. The craft combines traditional Anglo-American, African-American, and African textile and quilting techniques and styles. The Haitian women then infuse their work with the sensibilities of their own culture. As the photographs show, the quilts are colorful, elaborately embroidered, with bold primitive designs.
The quilts include figurative interpretations of bible stories, abstract geometrics, and designs from nature and Haitian life.
Ms. Franklin, curator of collections at Bennington, writes: "In addition to widespread embroidery skills amongst its female population, Haiti has a rich artistic and cultural heritage upon which to draw... Haitians surround themselves with art. These typically aren't refined works of art made by trained artists, but rather the product of an honest unaffected outpouring of creativity that abounds amongst the Haitian people."
In her essay, Ms. Nevin provides an animated introduction to the PeaceQuilts initiative and Jeanne Staples, the founder and director who brought it to fruition, her challenges and successes.
Her descriptions conjure images of Haiti, "...the blinding glare of the sun, the weight of the tropical heat, the thin, acrid smell of the charcoal fires, the heavily armed guards at the gas stations and supermarkets; the small tin-roofed buildings...."
But the real purpose of the catalogue is to introduce the quilters, tell their stories, describe their lives and routines, and show their brilliant handiwork.
Mr. Beth's photographs also tell the story: beaming faces of volunteers and the Haitian women, children, a quilting collective and, of course, the quilts, fierce in color, design and bold expression.
The show at the Bennington Museum includes 22 quilts that will comprise a traveling show. At the conclusion, all the quilts that have been sold will be released to purchasers. The catalogue, published by PeaceQuilts, (Bennington, Vermont, November 2009, $19.95) is a personalized record of both process and results that merits a place in a home library.
"Patience To Raise The Sun: Art Quilts from Haiti & their Power to Change Women's Lives," can be purchased at Rainy Day, Beach House, and Bunch of Grapes in Vineyard Haven; C'est La Vie in Oak Bluffs; and at Federated Church in Edgartown. Profits go to the PeaceQuilts Project. | http://www.mvtimes.com/marthas-vineyard/news/2009/11/25/peacequilt-project.php | 2013-05-18T11:01:23 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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By Don Lyons - October 6, 2005
Vineyarders topple Titans
The Vineyard varsity football squad rebounded from a tough loss to Lynn Classical with a 21-3 victory over Pembroke, Friday night at Dan McCarthy Field.
Ryan Rossi completed 6 of 13 passes, including a 30-yard touchdown strike to John Swan in the first quarter.
Alan Fortes answered a 21-yard Titan field goal with a one-yard run to put the Purple up 14-3 at the break.
Matt Lucier closed out the scoring with a four-yard run in the fourth quarter to give the home side 208 yards rushing on the night.
Defensively, Jimmy Bishop was the standout, with 7 tackles. Tristan Atwood and Dan Amabile also had strong games for the Vineyarders who closed out a three-game homestand, improving to 2-1 overall.
MV hits the road for the first time this season at Division 2 Nauset, tomorrow night. The JV game is at 3 pm and the Varsity contest kicks off at 6.
October 14, the squad returns for Homecoming against the Middleboro Sachems at 6 pm. The JV plays at 3.
Jayvee jaunt
MVRHS JV football head coach Ryan Ruley returned from police security duty in New Orleans just in time to see his charges clobber visiting Pembroke, 37-6, Friday.
The Islanders dominated in every phase of the game, including quarterback sacks. Josh Paulson scored three times for the Vineyard. The lone Pembroke score was set up by a Vineyard fumble covered by Pembroke on the MV 3-yard line.
Boys soccer
The Vineyard boys scocer team tied Methuen, 1-1, at Dan McCarthy Field, Saturday. The visitors went one up late in the first half on an indirect free kick. Ten minutes into the second half, Davey Campbell scored the evener on a direct kick over the head of the Methuen goalie.
The purple punters had the advnatage in the second half with more shots on goal. Earning kudos from Coach Hammond were Goalie Nica Cuba, Ben Post, and Will Rogers. With a record of 5-2-1, MV was home to New Bedford yesterday and hosts Seekonk tomorrow and Nauset Monday.
Saturday's alumni game is not with the varisty as we said, but with other alums. Rain date is Sunday.
Booted
North Quincy's Caitlin McCleary kept the MVRHS girls soccer team winless scoring twice after Katherine Clark, assisted by Rachel Schubert, had given the home team a 1-0 lead 28 minutes into the first half. The MV girls are 0-7-1.
White washes
After trouncing Chatham, 8-0, on three goals by Nina Butler, two by Jane Alexander, and singles by Kathryn DeBettencourt, Katie Keppler, and Phebe Bates, the MVRHS field hockey team posted its fifth win of the year Friday, downing visiting Apponequet, 2-0, on a first half goal by Katie Keppler, assisted by Kathryn DeBettencourt and Meghan Rose, and another in the second half by Nina Butler, assisted by Ashley Rebello.
Monday, the Islanders edged D-Y here, 1-0. Phebe Bates found the back of the net midway in the first half, Ashley Rebello assisting
The shut-outs were goalie Melanie Dickson's third and fourth of the season and raised the team's record to 6-3.
The bounding main
The Frost Biters and Winter Guys (FB&WG) were back at business racing in the inner harbor at Vineyard Haven, Sunday, for the first time using the 5-4-1-0 starting sequence of flags rigged by Phil Hale at the MV Shipyard,
Woody Bowman finished the course first in the catboat Julia Lee, followed by (2) Phil Hale in Mischief, (3) and Geoff Gibson in Latonka. Dan Culkin's Magic Time retired at Green Can 23A when the wind died.
The race course had been set by principal race officer Michael Jacobs and Vice Commodore Harry Duane. Scoring was by Melissa Molloy.
FB&WG racing continues tonight at 5 pm, and Sunday at 1 pm. For more information, call Michael Jacobs at 713-249-1689.
A deuce for Natasha
The Ithaca College field hockey team won their first game of the season at Scranton, Wednesday, 3-2, thanks to senior Natasha Snowden of Vineyard Haven who scored the first two goals for the Bomber whose record is now 1-5.
Hole-in-one
Todd Hollister of Edgartown aced the 166-yard seventh hole at Mink Meadows, Sunday. It was his first hole-in-one and was witnessed by Rusty Hitchings, Mark Yale, and Steve Mussell. Congratulations.
Fall Fuzzies
The MV Horse Council held its annual Fall Fuzzy Horse Show last Saturday at the MV Agricultural Society grounds in West Tisbury. Seventy riders and 50 horses made it one of the most successful days for the junior horse council. Winners in the several categories were:
Lead line equitation: Siobhan Moloney, Evelyn Higgins, Sidney Jasny, Ava Stearns, Isabella Thorpe, and Tom Irwin all tied for first.
Lead line Suitability: also tied were The Reason Why, Celeste, Chaucer, Yodi, Parsley, and Leroy.
Walk, trot equitation: (1) Madeline Webster, (2) Haven Huck (3) Micheli Lynn (4) Olivia Jacobs (5) Ellie O'Callahan (6) Caroline Herman, and Aidan Huntington.
Walk trot pleasure: (1) Celeste (2) Honey (3) Hanna (4) Farnley Highly Likely (5) Cookie (6) Al Maryya (7) Snickers
Champion: Madeline Webster; Reserve Olivia Jacobs
Walk trot canter equitation: (1) Molly Wallace (2) Olivia Smith (3) Bella Bennett (4) Kylee Willoughby (5) Alex Clark (6) Caroline King
Walk trot canter pleasure: (1) Chaucer (2) Honey (3) Celeste (4) Snickers (5) Rio Grande (6) Charming Charley
Champion: Molly Wallace; Reserve: Kylee Willoughby.
Miniature horse in hand: (1) Tatiana (2) Ashly Acres Feathers Blue Ravanchee (3) Alpha Acres Diva (4) Kresslys Duchess (5) Little Feet Farms Leroy Toy Tonka (6) Alliance Outside Chance.
Short stirrup equitation flat: (1) Devon Webster (2) Lucy Hackney (3) Clara Maynard (4) Andrew Randall (5) Olivia Hoden (6) Eva Balboni.
Short stirrup hunter flat: (1) Take A Chance (2) Spotlight (3) Blazing Saffire (4) Country Fiddler (5) Farnley Highly Likely (6) Satin Doll.
Short stirrup hunter over fences: (1) Remington (2) Loccum (3) Tom Thumb (4) Satin Doll (5) Jiminy Cricket (6) Angie.
Short stirrup equitation O/F: (1) Kelsey Lynch (2) Eva Balboni (3) Annabelle Hackney (4) Lucy Hackney (5) Devon Webster (6) Olivia Hoden.
Short stirrup hunter champion: Lucy Hackney; Reserve: Devon Webster.
Equitation champion: Devon Webster; Reserve: Kelsey Lynch.
Hunter pony U/S: (1) Parsley (2) Woodlands Simply Marvelous (3) Honey (4) Hamster (5) Rain Check (6) Country Fiddler.
Hunter pony over fences: (1) Parsley (2) Snickers (3) Hamster (4) Farnley Highly Likely (5) Remington (6) Woodlands Simply Marvelous.
Champion: Parsley; Reserve: Woodlands Simply Marvelous.
Hunter horse under saddle: (1) Pride N Joy (2) Ginger (3) Tiger Lily (4) Cruise Control (5) Screamer (6) Champagne Taste.
Hunter horse over fences: (1) Champagne Taste (2) Screamer (3) Tiger Lily (4) Paddington Bear (5) Ginger (6) Tinker With Me.
Champion: Champagne Taste; Reserve: Ginger.
Training jumper: (1) Spook Me (2) Paddington Bear (3) Maggie
Pleasure pony championship: (1) Parsley (2) Honey (3) Woodlands Simply Marvelous (4) Loccum (5) Snickers (6) Farnley Highly Likely.
Pleasure horse championship: (1) Kaleidoscope (2) Ginger (3) Pride N Joy (4) Screamer (5) Cruise Control (6) Guinness Stout.
Adult walk trot canter equititation: (1) Dorothy Whiting (2) Susannah Sturgis (3) Jeanne Barron (4) Stephanie Dreyer.
Adult walk trot canter pleasure: (1) Kaleidoscope (2) Hartlands All For The Best (3) Screamer
Champion: Dorothy Whiting; Reserve: Susannah Sturgis.
Pony cooler class: (1) Honey (2) Woodlands Simply Marvelous (3) Snicker (4) Take A Chance (5) Tom Thumb (6) Blazing Saffire.
Horse cooler class: (1) Champagne Taste (2) Kaleidoscope (3) Pride N Joy (4) Screamer (5) Tiger Lily (6) Hartlands All for The Best.
The second half of the horse show was all games, enjoyed by everyone. The day ended with the costume competition. Winner with the scariest costume was Mia Arenburg as Cruella Deville riding Dalmation. The funniest costume prize went to Jessica Kelleher and Hannah Elias dressed as 80s rock stars.
Phoebe Hersh and Anna Sylvia won for the best Vineyard theme with Catch of the Day. The three musketeers were declared most original. | http://www.mvtimes.com/news/2005/10/06/sports_highlights.php | 2013-05-18T10:52:32 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
If.
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[
"http://www.my-seo-company.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/rankings.jpg",
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ss12 trend
animal prints
Leopard and snake and zebra, hurrah!
Indulge your wild side this season as animal print prowls
back into the style spotlight. Alongside the perennial
favourite leopard which NY cool cat Phillip Lim took a
shining to for spring 2012, designers took to the plains of
Africa with zebra and snake also slithering into our
wardrobes. The infinitely wearable trend seen at Givenchy,
Mulberry and Missoni is the easiest way to inject some new
season wow into your look - work it now with Alice by
Temperleys cool printed dresses and scarves. And with a
huge focus on printed trousers, look to winning collections
by J Brand and Current/Elliott for denims that have
undergone a cool zoological make-over.
Animal
| http://www.my-wardrobe.com/ss12-trend/animal-prints?product[]=Bikini&product[]=Jackets&product[]=Skinny&product[]=Technology&product[]=Wallet%2FPurse&viewall | 2013-05-18T10:32:45 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
[
"http://cdn.my-wardrobe.com/images/site/trends/animal-img1.jpg",
"Animal prints SS12 Trend"
],
[
"http://cdn11.my-wardrobe.com/images/site/item_details/loading_logo.gif",
"Loading..."
],
[
"http://cdn.my-wardrobe.com/images/site/item_details/loading_logo.gif",
"Loading..."
]
] |
Wow. Please share your thoughts....
Views: 8
<![if !IE]>▶<![endif]> Reply to This
As a woman who gave birth to a 10lb 5oz baby via C-section, I would have to think very hard about using Metformin for future pregnancies. I gained an appropriate 25 pounds during my pregnancy and didn't think twice about having a big baby until a routine ultrasound at 40 weeks showed macrosomia. My diabetes screenings came back fine. I was planning to deliver at a birth center with a midwife, but the midwives were very uneasy about delivering a big baby. After about 6 hours of laboring at the center, I was transferred to the hospital because the baby wasn't descending - I was dilated to 4 cm. In the hospital, I dilated to 7cm while the baby remained at -5 station. At that point I was told that he was too big to be born vaginally and a cesarean was ordered. My son was born healthy and his blood sugars also tested normal. He's now a gigantic 25 pound, 31" tall 8-month-old. Most people think he's closer to 18 months based on his size. Perhaps he's just destined to be a big boy!
I very much want a healthy baby and a natural birth. If Metformin would make it more likely I'd have an average-sized baby in the future and there were no other side-effects, I'd gladly take it. Unfortunately, we have no such guarantees. I would prefer to teach my children healthy diet and exercise habits to avoid becoming obese later in life rather than subject them to unnecessary medications in the womb.
<![if !IE]>▶<![endif]> Reply
<![if !IE]>▶<![endif]> Reply
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Booking For St Andrews Links Golf Academy
Our new 2013 product range, including the RAZR Fit Xtreme Driver and X Hot Family of woods and irons is now available.
Fittings take place indoors in our state-of-the-art fit bay that utilises the Trackman Launch Monitor and Callaway’s revolutionary OptiFit Technology which displays your launch conditions, ball speed, launch angle and spin rates.
Bookings at the St Andrews Links Performance Centre are FREE if booked through your local retailer.
If not booked through your local retailer a 60 minute session will be charged at £60.00 (refundable on club purchase value equal to £200 or more within 3 months of your appointment).
You will also receive a bucket (25) of complimentary range balls at the St Andrews Links Academy to warm up and loosen up prior to your Performance Centre session. Please take this into consideration and allow time for this before your appointment. On arrival at St Andrews Links Academy, visit the reception desk where on presentation of your booking reference, they will give you a token for your complimentary range balls. Once you have finished on the range, please return to reception in time for the start of your custom fitting session. putter).
- 25 Complimentary range balls to warm up with prior to your session. | http://www.mycallaway.eu/custom-fitting/make-a-booking?centre=5 | 2013-05-18T10:31:46 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
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6 Tips to Care for Your Skin Better -- and Greener!
beauty products face mask facial home beauty skin skin care skincare products
SPONSORED:
Buy smart packages. The packaging of your product has even more to do with how "green" it is than what's inside that packaging. Some plastics, such as PVC (marked by a "V" and a recycling code 3), are even harmful to your health. Learn the different recycling codes for the plastics that are environmentally safe and recyclable, and look for those plastics when shopping for beauty products. Or, even better, opt for glass. Glass is always recyclable and has no nasty chemicals that will end up in your product (as with PVC).
Google the manufacturer. Going green is a hugely popular trend right now, and lots of companies want to be seen as jumping on the bandwagon. They know that a little leaf and a claim of environmentally safe packaging will attract plenty of potential consumers. But just because the packaging makes these sorts of claims doesn't mean the company really means them. When deciding between brands, take a minute to Google their manufacturing processes to see which has a greener reputation. Do they test on animals? Do they use environmentally- and health-safe ingredients? Choosing wisely not only gives you a superior product, it also sends cosmetics companies a message about what consumers want. | http://www.mydailymoment.com/style_and_beauty/beauty/6_tips_to_care_for_your_skin_better_and_greener.php?page=2 | 2013-05-18T10:21:34 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
The University of Rio Grande chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta national History honor society welcomed a record 17 new members during its 31st annual induction banquet on Monday, April 1. The new inductees included (from left) Trevor R. Baker, Jordan Pickens, Ernest T. Phillips IV, Sarah Walker, Grant Millard, Annetta Y. Lockwood, Brady Kinnaird, Shellbie Davies, Naomi Sebastian, Gregory Norris, Barbara M. Webb, Kendall Madison and Evelyn Pennington. Not shown are Michael Anderson, Sarah E. Eplin, Eric James and Tabitha Mosley.
RIO GRANDE — The University of Rio Grande chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta national History honor society welcomed a record 17 new members during its 31st annual induction banquet on Monday, April 1.
Phi Alpha Theta boasts more than 350,000 members nationwide with roughly 9,500 new undergraduate, graduate and professors of History joining each year.
The Rio Grande chapter, Alpha Alpha Delta, formed in 1983 and this year’s class includes Michael A. Anderson, Trevor R. Baker, Shelbie Davies, Sarah E. Eplin, Erica James, Brady Kinnaird, Annetta Y. Lockwood, Kendall Madison, Grant Millard, Tabitha Mosley, Gregory Norris, Evelyn Pennington, Ernest T. Phillips IV, Jordan Pickens, Naomi Sebastian, Sarah Walker and Barbara M. Webb.
“History Professor Dr. Scott Beekman and myself are gratified to have had such an outstanding field of inductees for this 31st induction here at the University of Rio Grande,” said Ellen Brasel, an assistant History professor and Phi Alpha Theta co-advisor at Rio Grande. “We hope we have instilled in our students a love and appreciation of history.”
Students do not need to be a history major or minor for induction into Phi Alpha Theta. However, they must maintain an overall grade point average of 3.0 or better and have a 3.1 GPA in a minimum of 12 credit hours of History.
Monday’s ceremony also served to honor eight graduating seniors: Megan Daines, Ty C. Giffin, Talisha Holloway, Davies, Kinnaird, Mosley, Sebastian and Walker.
Griffin also was honored with the Liberal Studies Student Award for 2012-13 during the April 1 ceremony.
“Its one of those things where everybody knows everybody; just a big happy family,” Charles Crabtree said. “We have teachers. We have business majors. I think there are some nursing students in it. So it is very eclectic, but we all share that one common bond of history.” | http://www.mydailysentinel.com/pages/home/push?x_page=14&class=next_page&per_page=5&rel=next | 2013-05-18T10:22:23 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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The American Queen, which had been ceremoniously re-christened a few days earlier in Memphis, Tenn. by Priscilla Presley, docked at the Point Pleasant Riverfront on Sunday. Passengers on the boat were treated to tours around town while residents came to the riverfront to get a view of the refurbished, opulent steamboat. The only stops the American Queen made in West Virginia were at Point Pleasant and Wheeling.
POINT PLEASANT — The American Queen steamboat docked in Point Pleasant this weekend after being re-christened only a few days earlier by the Queen of Rock and Roll, Priscilla Presley.
Last week in Memphis, Tenn., Presley ceremoniously smashed a bottle of champagne to re-launch the boat on its inaugural voyage to Cincinnati, Ohio and into its new opulent life as the premiere way to travel along America’s rivers.
Memphis is the home of the American Queen and employs many people from the area. The American Queen set sail with her first paying customers on April 13 when it left New Orleans. The American Queen has excursions on both the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.
During its stay at the Point Pleasant Riverfront, the American Queen, also known as the First Lady of the Mississippi, drew a large crowd of local residents who wanted to catch a glimpse of one of the last great steamboats in its latest, luxurious reincarnation. Though only passengers were permitted onboard the boat, visitors to the riverfront were impressed with the shear size and spectacle of the vessel which stretched nearly from Fourth Street to Second Street. The boat reportedly can have a crew of 160 and is 418 feet long and 89 feet wide.
Passengers on the American Queen departed the vessel for tours through Point Pleasant, including a stop at the Point Pleasant River Museum among other destinations. The boat’s stop in Point Pleasant also benefited the city financially with water and sanitation services provided to the American Queen. The city also charges for the transportation of crew to pick up supplies and charges a flat fee for the tours given to passengers.
Built in 1995, the American Queen is said to have the capacity to transport 436 passengers who travel in opulent surroundings complete with Tiffany lamps and fine dining. The American Queen was purchased for $15.5 million with another $6 million to refurbish the vessel.
For those who didn’t get to see the American Queen this past weekend, she will return on Friday, July 20. On that day at 11:30 a.m., the boat’s Dixieland Band will perform on the riverfront stage in Point Pleasant. | http://www.mydailytribune.com/pages/home/push?class=next_page&x_page=91&rel=next&per_page=5 | 2013-05-18T10:13:17 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Irish stew recipes
Our top 3 of 7 Irish stew recipes
Irish Stew
by daviemuir
Views 2208, Added Sat Oct 1 2011
Tips
Many Irish stew recipes include potatoes in the stew. Add potatoes if you like, but I prefer to make the stew separately and serve it with my choice of colcannon, champ, or plain old mash!
Ingredients
- 500g Mutton or Lamb
- 1 Large Onion
- 1 Medium Leek
- 2 Large Carrots
- 1 or 2 Sprigs Thyme
- 2 Pints Stock
- 2 Tbsp Pearl Barley
- 1 Bunch Parsley (Chopped)
- 1 Heaped Tbsp Plain Flour
- 1 or 2 Tsp Salt (To Taste)
- 1 Tsp Freshly Ground Black Pepper
- 1 Tsp Butter
Method
- Brown the mutton in the butter.
- Add the roughly chopped onion, leek, and carrots cut in chunks and continue to brown until the onions turn translucent.
- Add the stock (lamb or vegetable) until everything's covered, then add the thyme and pearl barley. Cook for a couple of hours until the meat is nice and tender.
- Before the end of the cooking time, check the seasoning and adjust. Add the chopped parsley. Mix the flour with a little water in a cup and add to the stew to thicken the sauce.
- Serve with potatoes.
daviemuir has contributed to these popular cooking recipes:
Irish Stew with Crusty Dumplings
by rachie_mb
Views 6642, Added Sun Aug 17 2008
1 Comments
TraceyK Thu Nov 5 2009 • Reply
l cooked this for some friends, one friend being from Ireland. She loved it, however l did prepare it early, l then drained off the liquid and reduced it to a thicker consistancy before adding it back. When my guests arrived l finished it off in the oven for the crusty dumplings. Yummy
Ingredients
- 1.3 kg Neck fillets of Irish.
-
rachie_mb has contributed to these popular cooking recipes:
Irish Stew
by Susan Amos
Views 2088, Added Wed Mar 17 2010
Be the first to commentAdd comment
Ingredients
- 500g lamb leg steaks
- 1kg Potatoes
- 1 onion
- 500g carrots
- 2tsp chopped parsley
- 1tsp fresh thyme
- 1tsp chives
- salt and pepper
Method
- 1.Preheat the oven to 160°C (325°F, gas mark 3). In a large casserole, make layers of the lamb, potatoes, onion and carrots, sprinkling each layer with parsley, thyme, chives, and salt and pepper to taste. Finish with a layer of potatoes, then pour over the stock.
- 2. Cover the casserole with a tight-fitting lid and place in the oven to cook for about 2 hours or until both the meat and vegetables feel tender when tested with a skewer.
- 3. Increase the oven temperature to 200°C (400°F, gas mark 6). Remove the casserole lid and cook for a further 20 minutes or until the potatoes on top are golden brown and crisp. Serve hot, sprinkled with more thyme and parsley.
-
Susan Amos has contributed to these popular cooking recipes:
1 Comments
John H Glen Thu Mar 15 2012 • Reply
Trying this recipe at the weekend, will let you know how we liked it | http://www.mydish.co.uk/recipe/irish-stew | 2013-05-18T10:41:19 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Tokyo is the favourite city for many Japanese movies, tv shows, anime and manga. Especially because the fashion in Tokyo is colorful and full of individualism. Spotted below are our four favourites this week. Kawaii ne!
Get the look:
- Red or Dead Damak Cardigan
- Disney Mickey Mouse Women Tank
- Grey Mickey Mouse Tie Tank
- Denim Hot Pants in Used Look
- Blue Mid Waist Slim Denim Shorts
- Big Dot Socks
- DC Rebound Hi W
Get the look:
- Lulu&Co Crazy Print Dress
- Tropic Flare Dress
- Vintage Printed Strapless High Waist Dress
- Polka Dot Twist Alice Band
- Bag Jeda Black
- Pieces Nala Belt
- Enamel Bangle Set
Get the look:
- Katy Tee
- Bowler Hat
- Leopard Print Pleated Skirt
- White Studded Leather Belt
- Grunge Rip Tights
- Lana Leather Bracelet
- Underground Wulfrun Creeper
Get the look:
- Velvet Cross Choker
- Moto Floral Union Jack Bralet
- Union Jack Bralet
- Waffle Pleated Skirt
- Sachi Plated Faux Leather Skirt
- Military Ear Cuff Pack
- Styler Cork and Leather Wedge Sandals
Check out what the rest are sharing about the Best & Worst Dressed in our Forum!
You might also like: | http://www.myfatpocket.com/fashion-spotting/fashion-spotting-tokyo-japan.html | 2013-05-18T11:02:18 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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,
205 N. Michigan AvenueGround FloorChicago, IL 60601Station Operator: (312) 565-5532Newsroom: (312)565-5533 | http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/19045842/operation-backpack | 2013-05-18T10:53:38 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
JBK-TV | Fox 2 16550 West Nine Mile Rd.Southfield, MI 48075Main Station: (248) 557-2000Newsroom: (248) 552-5103 | http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/18465658/how-to-keep-kids-learning-during-summer-vacation | 2013-05-18T10:22:04 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Tonight we have a new American hero, a man who put his life on the line for another family because there was danger in their home.
Officer Patrick O'Rourke is one of thousands who put their lives between us and danger every day, and sometimes they pay the ultimate price and their families do, too.
It's my view that we should be keeping them in mind not only when this happens, but also as we sit in our safe and secure offices and buildings and when we go home and enjoy our families.
We should keep them in mind every day, especially when we decide to cut budgets, slash law enforcement and tell these true American heroes that they are still expected to make sacrifices for us, but we are not going to make sacrifices to keep them safe and protect their families.
Before we cut law enforcement and their pay and benefits, as we are doing in many communities, it's my view that we should ask the people they serve and protect to ante up a little more to keep them employed, safe and to keep their families from making even more sacrifices. West Bloomfield did that last year, but other communities keep cutting, most notably Detroit.
We keep libraries, museums and art institutes open. The law enforcement professionals in our communities are also treasures. We should be treating them as such. | http://www.myfoxdetroit.com/story/19506266/feldman-officers-should-be-treated-as-treasures | 2013-05-18T10:21:53 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
A FedEx employee died Friday morning after he was hit by a tractor trailer inside the FedEx Ground Hub facility, a company spokeswoman said.The incident took place at FedEx's Ground facility at 555 Compress Dr., about seven miles from the main facility at Memphis International Airport."We are aware of the incident that occurred in Memphis this morning," spokeswoman Sally Davenport said in a statement to FOX13 News. "Our thoughts and prayers go out to those involved. We are cooperating fully with the authorities but have no further details at this time." Additional information was not immediately available.
WHBQ-TV | Fox 13 485 S. Highland St.Memphis, TN 38111Main Station: (901) 320-1313Newsroom: (901) 320-1340 | http://www.myfoxmemphis.com/story/20708627/fedex-employee-dies-after-being-hit-by-truck | 2013-05-18T11:01:41 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Based on the first presidential debate, this race is not over yet.GOP challenger Mitt Romney had a very good night. President Barack Obama had a sort of good night. And the moderator left his game in the locker room.Everyone wants to know if there were any knock out punches? Not a one.The president, two minutes into the exchange tried to take his last four years off the table. "This is not about where we've been, it's where we are going," he began. Mr. Romney would have none of that as he repeatedly ticked off the jobless rate, the number of folks on food stamps, and while he didn't asked the question are you better off under Mr. Obama, it was the subtext of just about everything he said.The president scored his points by repeatedly reminding everyone that on health care, taxes, reducing the deficit, and Medicaid, his opponent has not laid out the details. "He's been asked a hundred times," he lamented while finally wondering, are there no details "because his ideas are so good?"The exchange on taxes was perhaps most revealing as the president kept saying Mr. Romney has a $7 trillion dollar tax cut program, and Mr. Romney kept saying, no I don't.On the role of government, and this was no shocker, Mr. Obama believes it has "the capacity to open up opportunity for everyone" while Mr. Romney worships at the altar of free enterprise while belittling the president's philosophy of "trickle down government."Mr. Obama returned the favor by basically saying, Mr. Romney wants to help wealthy business owners at the expense of the middle class. The challenger noted that many of those business owners create one half of the jobs in America.At times both got a little wonkish in their answers which seemed to drag on forever. Mr. Romney seemed more focused while the president seemed to delve too far into the details of this program or that.Bottom line, for those who feared Mr. Romney was on the ropes, this debate got him back into the center of the ring. Whether it will change the momentum of the contest, only the voters can answer that. | http://www.myfoxny.com/story/19743099/debate-puts-romney-back-in-center-of-the-ring | 2013-05-18T10:42:32 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
TUESDAY, March 19 (HealthDay News) -- Black children are less likely than other children to be given antibiotics and less likely to be given the most powerful antibiotics to treat acute respiratory tract infections, new research suggests.
Does this represent a previously unrecognized bias against black children? Probably not, said the researchers and other experts. Instead, it's more likely that non-black children are getting more antibiotics than they should be.
"We hypothesize that this discrepancy reflects over-prescribing, both for all antibiotics and for the relative proportion of broad-spectrum antibiotics, to non-black patients, rather than under-prescribing to black patients," wrote the researchers led by Dr. Jeffrey Gerber, of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, who added that more study of this pattern should be conducted.
Dr. Allison Bartlett, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at LaRabida Children's Hospital in Chicago, agreed. "The fact that black kids are given fewer antibiotics and fewer broad-spectrum antibiotics may come across as a bad thing to the casual reader, but perhaps it's not an issue of under-treating black kids, but over-treating non-black kids," she said.
Another expert who was not involved with the study, Dr. Roya Samuels, a pediatrician at Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y., said that, at first glance, "this comes across as quite a controversial topic. But, I don't think we're dealing with a predilection to not prescribing to black children. Rather, there is still non-judicious use of antibiotics in the pediatric population as a whole, and non-judicious use tends to occur more in the non-black population."
Results of the current study were released online March 18 and will appear in the April print issue of Pediatrics.
Gerber and colleagues undertook the study because racial disparities.
35 Skyline DriveLake Mary, FL 32746
Phone: (407) 644-3535News Tips: (866) 55-FOX35 | http://www.myfoxorlando.com/story/21699213/black-children-less-likely-to-get-antibiotics-study | 2013-05-18T10:14:27 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
SOURCE: The Picket Project
The Picket Project Platform created to empower citizens to work together to form solutions to current political problems.
Tampa, FL (PRWEB) December 06, 2012.
.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: | http://www.myfoxtallahassee.com/story/20276017/the-picket-project-innovative-open-source-effort-seeks-funding-for-new-collaborative-online-community | 2013-05-18T10:31:12 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
SOURCE: bluelineproducts
Blueline Products features “The Dr’s Choice Weight Loss Program,” which contains a triple combination of potent formulas that provide excellent weight loss benefits. Exclusively sold to Doctors for their weight loss clients.
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Blueline Products provides a diet protocol (printed copy), 82 page recipe book, and a Personal Journal (ebooks) for record keeping purpose for each program. Along with marketing and business building tools.
These formulas, and other items, are now available at their online store:: | http://www.myfoxtallahassee.com/story/20971355/blueline-products-announces-the-drs-choice-weight-loss-program-exclusively-recommended-by-the-octors-for-patients | 2013-05-18T10:52:20 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
The two Pace bus routes on Interstate 55 have seen big ridership increases in the first year they have been using the highway shoulder to bypass traffic tie-ups.
The routes start in Plainfield and Bolingbrook, and Pace plans to add one or two trips in 2013 because of growing ridership.
It still takes about 1-1/2 hours to get to downtown Chicago during the morning rush hours even with access to the shoulder. But that's faster than before, and the arrival times have become more predictable, a Pace spokesman said.
Ridership on Route 755, which goes to the University of Illinois at Chicago medical district and Union Station, had an average daily ridership of 143 in October, which is three times higher than ridership in October 2012.
The more heavily used Route 855, which goes to downtown Chicago and the North Michigan Avenue shopping district, had average daily ridership of 496 in October, up nearly 30 percent from the same month a year ago.
Pace considers the pilot program a success, spokesman Patrick Wilmot said.
"If it were up to us, we would be very happy to expand this elsewhere," Wilmot said. "It's expanded ridership. It's improved on-time performance. Safety has been outstanding as well. It has accomplished everything we wanted it to do."
One of the concerns about shoulder riding is safety.
Wilmot said there was one accident on Interstate 55 in the first year of the program. That happened when a car swerved in front of a bus. There were no injuries, he said.
Pace buses are restricted to a speed of no more than 35 mph on the shoulder, and they are required to drive no faster than 10 mph more than traffic in the lanes.
Shoulder riding only is allowed during the morning and afternoon rush hours. Travel times have not been reduced greatly, because Pace buses still are not allowed on narrower shoulders along the expressway in Chicago, Wilmot said. But it has made arrival times more predictable, he said.
"The on-time performance has improved significantly," he said.
The average travel time on Route 855 from Plainfield to North Michigan Avenue during morning rush hours is 1 hour and 40 minutes. The afternoon ride back is 20 minutes longer. The average morning ride on Route 755 to Union Station is 1 hour and 20 minutes. The afternoon ride back is 10 minutes longer.
Pace has been talking with tollway officials about allowing buses to use the shoulder on the Jane Addams Tollway, which is the stretch of Interstate 90 that runs from O'Hare International Airport to Rockford. No agreement has been reached.
The I-55 shoulder riding was allowed in a five-year pilot program that began in November 2011.
KMSP-TV11358 Viking DriveEden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: (952) 944-9999Fax: (952) 942-0455 | http://www.myfoxtwincities.com/story/20246933/pace-sees-big-ridership-growth-on-routes-using-i-55-shoulders | 2013-05-18T10:22:57 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Online shopping is a luxury best enjoyed from the sofa, some might say. So fans waiting to get their hands on an iPad might be interested to hear about Amazon's latest innovation.The internet retailer has released details of a new app - similar to the existing one for iPhone and iPod Touch - available for the Apple gadget.Sam Hall, director of Amazon Mobile, said: "We've used our customers' feedback to help us build a fun and intuitive shopping destination on the iPad ... that takes full advantage of [its] visual and tactile nature."One-click ordering, recommendations and access to existing accounts have all been optimised for use and movie trailers and sample songs should be enhanced by the large screen.The company has claimed exhaustive bestseller details, product information and reviews are all used regularly by consumers and each will be available of the iPad once it is released in the UK on May 28th.Apple is accepting pre-orders for its latest release and prices for the tablet start at £429.
Author: Gillian Walters | http://www.myhermes1.co.uk/news/amazon-launches-online-shopping-app-for-ipad-19777583.news | 2013-05-18T10:31:39 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
!. Tammet is creating a new language called Mänti. Tammet is capable of learning new languages very quickly.
The Boy with Sonar Vision (Ben Underwood)
Benchos to let him know where the objects are. He’s the only person in the world who sees using nothing but echo location, like a sonar or a dolphin..
The King of to his abdomen, and to his surprise, all the objects including an iron, stuck on his skin and didn’t fall down. Since this “gift” is also present in three of his sons and two grandchildren, he figures it’s hereditary..
Ngoc currently lives on his 5ha farm at the foot of a mountain busy with farming and taking care of pigs and chickens all day. His six children live at their house in Que Trung. Ngoc often does extra farm work or guard his farm at night to prevent theft, saying he used three months of sleepless night to dig two large ponds to raise fish.
The Torture King (Tim Cridland)
Tim Cridland doesn’t seem to feel pain like the rest of people. He astounded everyone by pushing needles into his arms without flinching and he now performs a terrifying act for audience. Lion are his favorites and its a wonder how he can play, carress, cuddle with them whose teeth are sharp enought to bite through thick steel. It’s a dangerous job but to Kevin, it’s more of a passion for him.
The Eye-Popping Man (Claudio Pinto)
Claudio Pinto can pop both of his eyes 4 cm (about 1 and a half inch) or 95% out of their sockets. He’s now aiming.”
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Those are some amazing abilities. Though a few are quite stomach churning.
Adams last blog post..Dinner at the Saxon Mill
[Reply]
Some time ago there was this documentary about this “superheroes”. It’s amazing how they can do such things! I wish I had then all!
Then I would be Super BioTecK!
[Reply]
Dunn Reply:
July 26th, 2008 at 02:51
Maybe at that time, you won’t be blogging anymore cause you will be too busy to save the world.
[Reply]
I am a dad of two boys with autism, I look to your blog for current info! Thank You!
[Reply]
Fascinating stuff…. especially the sonar guy!
[Reply]
[...] 10 Real-Life Superheroes With Incredible Abilities. [...]
Great story and example
[Reply]
Any way I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you post again soon.
[Reply] | http://www.myinterestingfiles.com/2008/07/10-people-incredible-abilities.html | 2013-05-18T10:12:03 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Explore our range of Irish rings inspired by centuries of celtic cultural achievement. The world-famous claddagh ring is a perennial favorite - offer it as a token of your friendship or as a profession of your love. Elegant celtic knot rings and spiral designs represent eternity, calling forth the spirit and strength of the celtic people who first carved them in stone many years ago. | http://www.myirishjeweler.com/irish-rings/ | 2013-05-18T11:03:06 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
New Search
Monk Ghantt is on MyLife
Monk Ghantt was born in 1950. Monk currently lives in Gastonia, North Carolina. Monk Ghantt attended Advanced Technology Academy in Las Vegas, NV and graduated class of 1968.
Monk Ghantt can be researched and contacted easily with your FREE MyLife account. Membership lets you view relevant information about Monk Ghantt, while allowing you to also discover who is trying to find info about you on the web. Registered users can see what Monk Ghantt is up to. A free MyLife account even gives you access to our dashboard where you can manage all your emails, facebook and twitter accounts in one place.
Reach out and touch base with old friends thanks to MyLife.com, where you can connect with people you're looking for! If you want to find Monk Ghantt from Gastonia, NC, look no further. Use MyLife.com, the best people search engine! Our people search engine does that hard work for you so you can keep in touch with people in Gastonia, NC and meet other people! Set up your MyLife profile so you can also find out who has been looking at your info on search results.
Join Now & View the Full Monk Ghantt Profile | http://www.mylife.com/monkghantt | 2013-05-18T10:21:51 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Notice: Here's a link to the Zira Article @ The Lion King Wiki. -- The Staff
What do you guys think about Zira?
Zeke wrote:I think she's more messed up than Scar, but takes a more direct aproach to get to power. I like her though
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 4 guests | http://www.mylionking.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=11408 | 2013-05-18T10:52:41 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
My Modern Metropolis
Life In A Day is a historic film capturing for future generations what it was like to be alive on the 24th of July, 2010.
Executive produced by Ridley Scott and directed by Kevin Macdonald.
Live in the UK? 12th Nov 2011 will do for Britain what Life In A Day did for the world. Head to to find out more.
For more information on Life In A Day, visit.…
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Terroni, this was a miss for me. If my stomach is growling and I'm thinking about picking up some chicken mcnuggets after a meal, you've done me wrong.
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This content requires the latest Adobe Flash Player and a browser with JavaScript enabled. Click here for a free download of the latest Adobe Flash Player. | http://www.mymotherlode.com/news/local/news_forum.php?ID=1879315 | 2013-05-18T10:21:47 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Find Rental Homes Near 2846 Willow Wood Circle
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Canutillo Homes for Rent
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MyNewPlace can help you find the Canutillo,utillo, TX. | http://www.mynewplace.com/houses/canutillo-homes-for-rent-texas | 2013-05-18T10:32:29 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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A.
Audio clip: Adobe Flash Player (version 9 or above) is required to play this audio clip. Download the latest version here. You also need to have JavaScript enabled in your browser..
What counts as an affair? What are emotional affairs?.
Many time between His death and resurrection.
A priest is persecuted decades ago and his family keeps the message alive. Join Fr. Chris and Claire Brandenburgh as they discuss the release of a new CD dedicated to the memory of a modern day saint - Fr. Sergius of Kasimov. Plus, is honesty always the best policy? Prof. Telly Papanikolaou connects our willingness to acknowledge the truth of ourselves with our ability to encounter God.
Page 11 of 14 | http://www.myocn.net/index.php/come-receive-the-light/Page-21.html?option=com_content&Itemid=269&id=14&lang=en&layout=blog&limit=6&limitstart=120&view=category&fontstyle=f-default | 2013-05-18T11:02:49 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
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WARNINGS:
Tampons are associated with toxic shock syndrome - TSS.
TSS is a rare but serious disease that may cause death.
Read and save the enclosed information.
Always CleanWeave Pantiliners, Long with Unscented 40 pads - 12 pack
Price:
$48.44
Always Infinity Regular Flow Protection Pads with Revolutionary Wings - 36 Pads
Price:
$8.59
Playtex Gentle Glide Tampons Unscented, Super Plus - 18 Ea
Price:
$5.59
O.B. Tampon Procomfort Multi Pack with Silk Touch Cover, 40 Ea
Price:
$7.09 | http://www.myotcstore.com/store/p/12591-Tampax-Compak-Pearl-Regular-Absorbancy-Plastic-Tampons-20-Ea.aspx?RelatedID=31608 | 2013-05-18T10:26:16 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Made with Fresh, Whole Food
100% Balanced & Complete
100% Nutritional Disclosure
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Good nutrition is the basis for good health and longer life.
A number of health problems in pets today can be directly attributed to their diet. Many health issues are the results of an unbalanced/incomplete diet, or the dog's inability to fully digest the ingredients in their food. Making better food choices for pets has proven to help prevent many health problems and keep them energized for a longer, healthier life.
Domesticated dogs require a variety of nutrients that are high quality, balanced, and easily digestible. A nutrient has no value to the dog unless it can be digested and absorbed into their system. While nutritional claims appear to be relatively uniform across dog food labels, the ingredients used to manufacture pet foods vary widely in their digestibility or ability to deliver usable nutrients. The key ingredients in many popular foods include corn, wheat, soy, and meals, which are much less digestible for dogs than fresh meats, eggs, or other whole foods. Dogs must consume larger amounts of these less digestible foods to meet the same nutritional levels. The rest is eliminated from the body as waste.
Dogs age approximately seven times faster than humans, making it even more critical for them to receive the nutrients they need in food that is easy for their systems to digest and process and absorb the required nutrients. Consider the nutrition that a growing child need from birth through age seven and compare that to the first year of a dog’s life. It is unrealistic to think that a dog can be fed low quality, highly processed foods and magically convert it into healthy nutrition as their delicate systems struggle to process it.
The American Associated of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) publishes standards for the nutrients required in a healthy dog's diet, much like the FDA publishes the daily requirements for vitamins and minerals for humans. For most nutrients, minimum values are used, in some cases maximum values are also identified where higher than recommended levels could reach toxic levels in the dog’s system over time. (See Our Nutrient Profiles to compare My Perfect Pet values to the AAFCO nutrient profiles. See Products page for complete nutritional analysis on every product.)
In a few cases, nutrients are known to be beneficial to dogs, but AAFCO has not (yet) published a profile indicating minimum and/or maximum values, such as carbohydrates and fiber.
Dogs have the ability to convert both proteins and carbohydrates into energy. Soluble carbohydrates are quickly converted into glucose during digestion, and play a key role in the digestive process. While carbohydrates are found naturally in a wild canine diet through consumption of plants and intestinal contents of their prey, levels are typically much lower than found in most commercial pet foods. A natural diet typically does not exceed 20% carbohydrates, whereas most canned pet foods exceed 30% and kibbles can contain as much as 70%. And most of this is through low grade, high processed grain meals. Unnaturally high levels of carbohydrates can lead to a variety of health issues, including obesity and intestinal problems.
My Perfect Pet foods are all low carbohydrate, and the calculated carbohydrate level is published for every formula.
Fiber helps regulate fluids in the intestine which aids in prevention of both diarrhea and constipation, and helps prevent growth of harmful bacteria. Fiber also reduces risk of colon cancer. There is no current standard for the level of fiber in the dog’s diet; however, balance is critical - too much fiber can irritate the intestinal system, especially if not cooked properly. Too little can upset the digestive system and cause gas or loose stools, and can lead to problems with the anal glands.
Proteins are actually made up of a number of amino acids. Of the 22 amino acids that dogs require, they can synthesize 12 (meaning they can produce their own), and must consume the remaining 10 in their food.
All labels must state the level of "crude protein" in the food. However, crude protein is not the same as “digestible” protein – it only matters if your dog can digest it into the required balance of amino acids. Meats and eggs top the chart as sources of protein. Meals, by-products and processed grains may contain very little (if any) actual digestible protein.
Fats are actually made up of fatty acids which are converted into energy, and play a key role in the health and condition of dog’s skin and coat. Balance is critical - balancing these in the dog’s diet has been proven to resolve problems with itching, scratching, dry skin, dull coat, and hair loss.
Minerals help development of bone and cartilage, muscles and nerves, regulation of blood chemistries, and production of hormones.
Calcium: Calcium is essential for bone formation, blood coagulation, and nerve and muscle function. The level of calcium in the diet is critical – too little can result in poor bone development and weakened immune system, too much can contribute to skeletal problems including hip dysplasia.
Phosphorous: The ratio of calcium to phosphorous is critical. Meat is high in phosphorous but relatively low in calcium, and so diets comprised primarily of meat may result in unhealthy calcium to phosphorous ratios unless supplemented.
Potassium: Potassium helps muscles and nerves to function, and helps in balancing fluids in the body. Sources include potatoes and whole grains.
Sodium: Sodium helps carry cells throughout the body, including the removal of waste products. The ratio of sodium to chloride is important. Most foods contain some level of sodium, watch out for foods that add any type of sodium as a preservative.
Chloride: Chloride helps to balance acid/alkali in the body, and helps in the production of hydrochloric acid used in digestion.
Magnesium: Magnesium helps in bone growth and production of protein. It is found in whole grains and fish.
Iron: Iron helps to form hemoglobin, found in red blood cells. Iron is found in liver, lean meats, fish, and whole grains.
Copper: Copper aids in bone development, and the absorption of iron, which is required for the production of red blood cells. Copper is found in liver, fish, and whole grains.
Manganese: Manganese helps in the processing of protein and carbohydrates which produce energy and help to regulate metabolism. Manganese is found in whole grains and eggs.
Zinc: Zinc is critical to development and maintenance of healthy skin and coat. Thinning coats or hair loss is frequently attributed to zinc deficiencies. Sources include brown rice and meat.
Iodine: Iodine aids in the functioning of the thyroid gland, which regulates growth and metabolism. Sources include kelp, fish and iodized salt.
Selenium: Selenium is an antioxidant which works with vitamin E to protect cells. Sources of selenium include and meat and whole grains.
Adequate levels of these vitamins are critical to a healthy diet; however, fat soluble vitamins are stored in the liver. Excess amounts in the diet over a period of time may reach toxic levels.
Vitamin A: Vitamin A is known for contribution to vision and many other functions. High levels of Vitamin A are found in liver, liver oils, vegetables and fruit. Vitamin A levels are extremely high in a number of popular vegetables, including carrots and sweet potatoes - levels should be closely monitored in diets with high vegetable content.
Vitamin D: Vitamin D helps to regulate calcium and phosphorous levels which are required for bone development and nerve and muscle control. Dogs can convert ultraviolet radiation from the sun into Vitamin D, or consume through foods such as liver or fish oils.
Vitamin E: Vitamin E is a known antioxidant and aids in cell development and the metabolism of fats. Sources include sunflower and fish oils, and liver.
Water soluble vitamins are equally important in the dog’s diet, but unlike fat soluble vitamins that are stored in the liver, excess water soluble vitamins are easily flushed from the body and pose no risk of toxicity.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin): Vitamin B1 helps convert nutrients into energy. Thiamin is found vegetables, fish and other meats. Raw fish may contain large amounts of thiaminase, an enzyme that destroys thiamin, and should not be fed to dogs. Heat destroys thiaminase, so cooked fish is considered safe.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Vitamin B2 is essential for growth, muscle development, and healthy skin and coat. It is found naturally in organ meats, but is very low in grains, and vegetables, and must be supplemented in a vegetarian diet.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Niacin helps enzymes to function properly. It is found primarily in meat, and must be supplemented in vegetarian diets.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Vitamin B5 helps to convert carbohydrates, fats and proteins into energy. It is found in meats and vegetables.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Vitamin B6 aids in the processing of amino acids. It is found in meats and vegetables, but is easily destroyed in improper cooking or processing of foods.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin): Helps in the production of red blood cells and found in liver.
Folic Acid: Aids in the production of red blood cells and found in liver.
Biotin: Biotin helps to produce healthy skin and hair, and is necessary for growth, digestion, and muscle function. Best sources include beef liver and eggs. Raw egg whites contain avidin which destroys biotin and so raw eggs should never be fed to dogs. Heat destroys avidin and so cooked eggs are an excellent source of protein for dogs.
Choline: Choline helps in the development and maintenance of brain and liver cells. Sources include egg yolks, cooked beef, chicken, turkey and poultry liver.
Calories are used to measure available energy. (ME) Kcal/kg reflects the usable energy after the food is digested. A higher number of (ME) Kcal/kg indicates a higher concentration of calories and energy in the food. This can be compared to the difference between a sports energy bar and a rice cake. The energy bar has much more concentrated calories for energy. Similarly, pet foods with higher Kcal/kg provide more concentrated calories and energy from a smaller amount of food, meaning less waste and less clean up. Pet foods with a higher Kcal/kg can also save money in the long run since you can feed less while still providing the needed calories for energy. The higher the ME number, the better.
The caloric needs for a dog varies depending upon breed, age, sex, activity level, and over body condition. Recommended feeding amounts are based on the average calories required per day for the average, normally active dog. Older, less active dogs may require less than the recommended average, and more active dogs may require more. The best rule is to know your dog, and adjust the quantity to maintain the ideal weight.
Ash itself is not a nutrient, but represents the total mineral content, or "ash" that would remain after all other nutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, etc.) had burned off. Food should contain some ash since minerals are an essential part of any diet. However, the total ash should be roughly equivalent to the sum of the minerals listed on the label. Higher ash values are typically assumed to be fillers or non-usable minerals that should be avoided. | http://www.myperfectpetfood.com/nutrition.html | 2013-05-18T10:31:35 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Virtual Wan
A Workgroup Server (WGS) from RTCS creates a Virtual Wide Area Network (WAN) that provides all staff (and other if needed) access to the hosted applications and data required to be productive. A WGS is a fully dedicated server environment that is deployed with the software applications of your choice installed.
Best of all a WGS can grow as your requirements dictate so you are not paying for server options that you do not utilize. A Workgroup Server can scale with your business and number of users in a matter of hours if needed. Our 24x7 support team will configure and deploy the server options you require today and upgrade the technology platform as you need to increase performance, functionality, add/remove applications and monitor the "health" of the server at all times.
A WGS is both cost-effective and reliable and offers the greatest amount of ongoing flexibility to provide the remote computing capabilities your business requires now and in the future.
Fill the Online Order Form or call 888-408-6044
| http://www.myrealdata.com/index.php/quickbooks-hosting.html/quickbooks-hosting/templates/system/templates/virtual-wan.html | 2013-05-18T10:31:57 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Press gently on the lid of the panini grill so you won't squeeze out the filling.
Southern Living DECEMBER 2007 browned and grill marks appear. Serve immediately.
Note: Sandwiches may also be cooked in a grill pan. Cook 2 minutes on each side or until lightly browned and grill marks appear.
Go to full version of
Baby PB&J Bagel Sandwiches recipe | http://www.myrecipes.com/recipe/baby-pbj-bagel-sandwiches-10000001687540/print/ | 2013-05-18T10:55:03 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Add some savory flavor to your sweet fruit salad with avocado, arugula, and cilantro and mix with a bottled poppy seed dressing.
Southern Living JUNE 2011
Whisk together dressing and grated ginger in a large bowl. Cut avocado slices in half crosswise; gently toss with dressing mixture. Add arugula and remaining ingredients; gently toss to coat. Serve immediately.
Pair with: Tramin Gewürztraminer, Italy or Vouvray.
Go to full version of
Summer Fruit Salad recipe | http://www.myrecipes.com/recipe/summer-fruit-salad-50400000113407/print/ | 2013-05-18T11:03:50 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
The Harlequin Dinner Theatre's current offering is "A Few Good Men." In the drama, a green military lawyer named Lt. Kaffee (played by Matthew Tejeda-Garcia, above) is given the task of defending a pair of Marines accused of murder. The men contend they were following orders. The show can be seen Thursdays-Saturdays through June 9; dinner is served at 6:15 p.m., and shows start at 8 p.m. The theater is at 2652 Harney Road on Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston. Tickets cost $16.50 to $33. Call 210-222-9694 for reservations.
dmartin@express-news.net | http://www.mysanantonio.com/entertainment/stage/article/Spotlight-A-Few-Good-Men-3563057.php | 2013-05-18T10:41:56 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Makes 12-15 servings
Makes 12-15 servings
5 cups peeled and chopped sweet potatoes (about 4 sweet potatoes)
1 1/2 cups sugar
3/4 stick margarine
1 (12-ounce) can evaporated milk
2 eggs
1/2 teaspoon nutmeg
1 teaspoon cinnamon
1 teaspoon vanilla
Topping (recipe follows; see Note)
Topping:
1 cup crushed cornflakes
3/4 margarine
1/2 cup brown sugar
1/2 cup pecans
Instructions: Heat oven to 400 degrees.
Boil sweet potatoes in enough water to cover until soft. Drain water. Add sugar, margarine, evaporated milk, eggs, nutmeg, cinnamon and vanilla to potatoes and mash with mixer or by hand until smooth. Put in 9-by-13-inch baking dish and put on bottom rack of oven. Bake for 20-25 minutes. Remove casserole from oven and add Topping. Bake for 20-25 more minutes.
For Topping: In pan, combine cornflakes, margarine, brown sugar and pecans. Sauté until nuts are very lightly toasted.
Note: Ryan Guest sometimes doubles the Topping, having the depth of the Topping on the sweet potatoes about the same as that of the potatoes. The potatoes also can be baked in a smaller, deeper pan.
Per serving (based on 15): 260 calories (42.1 percent calories from fat), 13 g fat, 35 mg cholesterol, 140 mg sodium, 35 g carbohydrates, 2 g dietary fiber, 3 g protein.
From Ryan and Gail Guest | http://www.mysanantonio.com/life/food/article/Sweet-Potato-Souffl-4221730.php | 2013-05-18T10:16:06 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Olympic Peninsula Loop
The Olympic Mountains to the Rainforests and Pacific Ocean Beaches
The rich, lush land surrounding the Olympic Peninsula represents some of the least populated and most natural areas in the United States, virtually unmapped until 1965. This drive starts out near the Hood Canal, brings you to the Olympic Mountains and the Olympic National Forests, and finally to the Pacific Ocean and the Olympic Rainforest.
Depending on where you are and what your interests are, you can really customize the trip anyway you like. We describe the drive as a loop starting and ending in Olympia in a counter-clockwise direction, but this is one of those drives that the fun is to stop and really enjoy your surroundings.
Our drive starts in Olympia, accessible from Exit 104 off I-5. After six miles on the US-101, the US-101 turns left and heads north towards Shelton. Continuing on the US-101, you leave that big city feel behind and you are soon surrounded by trees and scents of salt water. The drive continues through forest and farmland, and the remarkable part of this drive is how green everything is in every direction.
In Potlatch, the US-101 catches up to the Hood Canal on the right and follow it for the next portion of the drive. Hood Canal is well known for its oysters and they are a specialty in the many local restaurants. The Potlatch State Park (W6) offers some beach access to the canal and is a great place to pick oysters and dig clams, although a license is required.
As you approach Hoodsport in two miles, consider turning onto WA-119 and head into Lake Cushman State Park (H11) or straight into the Olympic National Park, for attractions such as for the nearby Staircase Rapids Nature Trail.
Continuing North on US-101 for another 24 miles, the Dosewallips State Park (H12) provides access to fresh water and salt water beaches, ideal for clamming and oystering.
A few miles north from Dosewallips State Park, consider turning onto the gravel Forest Road 2730 up to the summit of Mount Walker (H4), which provides a spectacular view of the Olympic Mountains, Puget Sound, the Cascade Mountain Range, and more, depending on how clear it is. There are also some hiking opportunities, including a two mile hike to the summit that is accessible about a quarter mile after Forest Road 2730. The Quilcene Ranger Station (I4) is a great place to get some information about the area.
After Quilcene, the US-101 will pass the WA-104. The WA-104 will bring you to the Hood Canal Bridge. Shortly after that, the US-101 will pass the WA-20. The WA-20 will bring you). In Port Townsend, there is a ferry that will bring you to Whidbey Island.
In 29 miles you will reach Sequim, a quaint town that receives about half the rain of anywhere in the Puget Sound area. From Sequim, a short side trip on Sequim-Dungeness Way will bring you to the Dungeness Spit (H3). The Dungeness Spit is home of the longest natural sand spit in the United States, currently five and half miles, it juts out into the Strait of Juan De Fuca. The calm waters and tideflats are rich in marine life and migrating birds. A 10-mile round trip hike to the lighthouse offers a glimpse into the history of the area and affords incredible views.
Port Angeles is fifteen miles from Sequim, and to the south of Port Angeles is Hurricane Ridge (H1). It is well worth a drive up Hurricane Ridge Road for a great view of the Olympic National Park and the Olympic Mountain Range from 5,329 feet high, and often a chance to see some wildlife. To reach it, turn onto Race Street S. The Wilderness Information Center in Port Angeles (I1) is nearby as well as a visitor center at the top of the ridge.
Although Lake Crescent is a must see and the entrance to the Olympic National Park is spectacular, if this is not your first trip to this area, just after Port Angeles, consider taking WA-112 and following the Strait of Juan de Fuca. If you have the time, you can drive all the way to Cape Flattery, the northwest-most part of the continental United States. Otherwise, head south on WA-113 and you will rejoin US-101.
Continuing westward on US-101, Lake Crescent (W1) will be just on the right. There are several turnouts for enjoying views, and just towards the end of the lake, you can stop for a swim. A mile long trail starting from here will bring you through the forest to the 90-foot-high Marymere Falls (H10).
After Lake Crescent, you will re-enter the Olympic National Forest and travel through a dense forest. Forks is the next town and a good place to stop for fuel or other services as options are limited for the next hour or so of driving. The Forks Timber Museum (M2) displays logging photos and antique logging equipment. Just moments after the town, the Wilderness Information Center in Forks (I3) is a great place for information regarding the area trails and the beaches further down the US-101. The city of Forks is also the primary setting for the popular Twilight book series and there are many activities and tours related to it.
About a mile before Forks, consider turning onto WA-110 (La Push Road) and at the fork, either turn on Mora Road (Northern WA-110) for Rialto Beach (W7) or stay on La Push Road (Southern WA-110) for La Push, where First Beach (W8) is popular for whale watching and surfing.
About 14 miles from Forks, Upper Hoh Road is on the east side and will lead to the Hoh Ranger Station (I5) and the Hoh Rainforest (H2). Among other trails from the ranger station, the Hall of Mosses Trail is an easy three-quarter of a mile loop that gives you a taste of the rainforest. Since it rains between 140 and 170 inches of rain per year, be prepared for rain.
Back on US-101, you will cross the Hoh River and start traveling westward. As the US-101 reaches the Pacific shore, the road will head south again and Ruby Beach (W2) is the first beach you will see. The beach is rocky, has several sea stack, shore birds, sea stars, sea urchins, mussels, and hermit crabs. You will note that the Pacific coastline is very natural; please do your part of keeping it natural by carrying everything out that you bring in.
About 9 miles further, you will reach the popular Kalaloch Beach (W5). A short walk from the parking lot will bring you to the Pacific Ocean shore.
The town of Quinault is accessible via the South Shore Road on the left. The Wilderness Information Center in Quinault (I2) is where you can get information about the local trails, such as the Quinault Rainforest Trail (H9) and trails within the Quinault Rainforest (H5). You can see the 140 inches of rain per year at work with all the lush, green forest surrounding you, and helping the Quinault Rainforest have the world’s largest trees outside of California.
Just after Quinault, consider taking the Moclips Highway to Moclips and continuing on the reversed Hoquiam to North Beach drive.
The next town is Hoquiam, and if you are already missing those Pacific beaches and regret not taking the Moclips Highway, turn onto WA-109 towards Ocean Shores.
During the spring, stop at Bowerman Basin, part of Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge (A1) to see thousands of birds stopping to feed at Bowerman Basin, including western sandpiper, dunlin, short billed and long billed dowitchers, and the semi-palmated plover. Be sure to bring your waterproof boots though and don’t forget the binoculars.
In Aberdeen, you can visit the Polson Museum (M3), a mansion owned by Arnold Polson that now hosts exhibits on logging and shipping. The Grays Harbor Historical Seaport (A4) is also a great stop where you can see Lady Washington, the first American vessel to set foot in this region.
From Aberdeen, follow the signs for US-12 and continue heading east. This will become WA-8 and then US-101, and you will end up in Olympia, where our drive ends.
For more information about visiting the Olympic National Forest, visit. | http://www.myscenicdrives.com/drives/washington/olympic-peninsula-loop | 2013-05-18T10:11:51 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Welcome to mySimon! Login | Register | http://www.mysimon.com/compare-prices/flats?store=amazon-marketplace&type=sandals | 2013-05-18T10:35:39 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Nathan Whittaker (L) and Dan Hurowitz load the produce harvested at City Farm into a delivery truck. Photo courtesy: AFP
Nathan Whittaker harvests produce at City Farm in Chicago, Illinois. City Farm is a non-profit venture that raises produce on a one-acre tract of land on the edge of the city’s downtown in a neighborhood once dominated by the Cabrini Green housing complex. The food raised at the farm is sold to many high-end restaurants, at a nearby farmer's market and to the public from the farm. Photo courtesy: AFP
2012-08-08 7:30 pm
2012-08-06 3:44 pm
2012-07-27 1:01 pm
2012-07-26 5:57 pm | http://www.mysinchew.com/node/64484?page=15 | 2013-05-18T11:01:48 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Less time juggling tabs, more engagement
There are so many options available now for social media marketing that it can become a difficult task keeping on top of the various accounts. With this in mind, we’ve put together a list of essential tools to make your social campaign a little less painful to manage.
If previous campaigns have been successful and you enjoy a high level of engagement already, then even better, but you’re still going to need some help with all of those comments.
So without further ado …
Management
Buffer is a free tool which allows you to access your Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn accounts from a single dashboard. As well as allowing you to curate content via the Buffer button, which is added to your social sharing windows, Buffer lets you schedule posts for simple maintenance of your updates.
Social Mention is a great free tool for searching when your business has been mentioned on any of the social networks, as well as Google News, Yahoo and so on. You have the option to let it search everything, or you can choose which platforms you want to check. Just input the search name, tick the relevant boxes and Social Mention will search “the universe” to see where you’re mentioned.
The results which are returned are comprehensive and include keywords, whether or not the search term has been mentioned in a positive or negative light, sources, hashtags, top users and more. This nifty tool is perfect for managing comments and posts and will cut the time you spend looking for replies by much more than half. Searches can also be saved and delivered via RSS feed for additional convenience.
Curation
Scoop.it is a fast and easy way to curate content such as images, blogs and articles for you to share on your social media accounts. Following a quick browser installation, it’s a simple matter to scoop the content you like and save URLs. Scoop.it can also be integrated with HootSuite (which I haven’t listed, it being so popular already) for added convenience.
As mentioned before, you can also use Buffer to curate content and there are also other solutions out there, but these are the most popular at the moment.
Analysis
All of this is all very well, but without knowing what reaction you’re getting from your followers and their demographics, you can’t fine-tune your campaign in order to further give your fans what they want.
Of course, Facebook has its own, built-in analytics in the form of Insights, but this is unusual to Facebook and doesn’t help with your other accounts. You also have the option of using Google Analytics to view traffic sources and the Social Reporter function gives you an overview of your marketing progress on social media.
Google Social Reporter gives you a simple visual report, so that you can track the busiest times on your account, as well the kind of content that’s most popular with your fans.
Klout is another free social marketing tool which gives you influencer scores based on your social media activity and interactions. It flags up how and where you can improve your campaign and shows which social activities are strengthening your brand.
With Klout you can measure your activity on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, YouTube, G+ etc. to further improve your score, which tells you how influential you are about certain subjects you choose. This is then presented to you as a score out of 100, which tells you just how much you’re seen to know your subject.
Baraka Obama has a Klout score of 99 – he’s almost 100% influential!
Whilst this is by no means an exhaustive list of tools to help you manage and fine-tune your social media marketing campaign, it’s a very good starting point and will give you more time and power to properly engage with your audience, as well as pin down exactly who they are and what they want.
Can’t get your head around social media optimisation? Hire us to make your social media campaign a success. | http://www.mysocialagency.com/successful-social-media-campaign-tools/4183 | 2013-05-18T10:21:41 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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As a young man, it used to be that you did not let anybody get close enough to a person to touch you, only because they would pick your pockets, claiming to be helping you from tripping and falling down.
The “Good Samaritan” from Republic Services wants to help relieve the pressure of being employed by taking over the job of brush and bulk collection that is being done by city employees.
Apparently, Republic Services is under the impression that the working poor, disabled and elderly residents are millionaires in Beeville who need their pockets picked for an increase of Republic Services stockholders’ bottom line, even if many cannot afford to pay for doctor visits or medicine every month.
On another topic, I have been reading my water bills and found that on December’s bill, I paid $20.88 for garbage. On the January bill, I paid $21.33 for garbage. No one notified me of the extra $0.45 increase. Did anyone else notice the increase? And now, City Hall is proposing an increase of $9.40 tax to dispose of brush and bulk items collection.
City officials, please don’t pick our pockets for your wants; instead, let us keep what we have for our own needs. We live paycheck to paycheck. We are not millionaires.
Carlos Perez | http://www.mysoutex.com/pages/full_story/push?article-The+good+Samaritan-%20&id=21793806 | 2013-05-18T10:31:43 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
I enjoy debating with smart people whose thoughts and feelings differ from mine. Who knows, but I might be convinced, and, if not, I will have a lot more fun pointing out the gaping holes in their logic. I will not answer letters coming from narrow-minded people, because I know that it would be a waste of time. Some persons don’t have the ability to understand. Just imagine if, while walking, you stop and paid attention to every dog that barked at you; you would never get home. That’s why I listen to the big dogs and ignore the little dogs. I hope everyone had a merry Christmas, and I wish everyone a better year.
Cipriano C. Perez | http://www.mysoutex.com/pages/full_story_landing/push?article-Different+opinions%20&id=21289741 | 2013-05-18T10:31:21 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Zermeno had served as interim city administrator since the resignation of Sereniah Breland in October.
Councilman Lionel Garcia made the motion to approve the hiring of Zermeno, who had also served as the city's finance officer, and councilman Alfred Perez seconded the motion.
More on this story coming to mySouTex.com. | http://www.mysoutex.com/pages/full_story_landing/push?article-Goliad+names+new+city+administrator%20&id=21765569 | 2013-05-18T10:53:53 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
DuBois is the son of Mr. and Mrs. D.E. DuBois Sr. and is the grandson of Mrs. R. B. Black of Skidmore. He is completing his senior year at Texas A&M and will receive a bachelor of science degree and will then enter a graduate program in agricultural economics with the special option in food distribution and marketing. | http://www.mysoutex.com/view/full_story_landing/19548001/article-DuBois-scholarship?instance=secondary_stories_left_column | 2013-05-18T10:54:10 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
LISA LEFF, Associated Press
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — A California law prohibiting mental health providers from counseling gay minors on how to become straight faces its first legal test Friday, when lawyers for counselors endorsing "reparative therapy" therapy while its counselors. | http://www.mysouthwestga.com/neighborhood/story_print.aspx?id=831538&type=story | 2013-05-18T10:32:10 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Romney Smith is a news anchor and reporter with FOX 31 News
Read all about why Main Street Theatre received the most votes to win the contest
DAWSON, GA --
Hundreds ‘em well and make them laugh. So that’s’s a great economic impact for our community” says Gordon.
If you.
Related Links | http://www.mysouthwestga.com/news/story.aspx?list=194943&id=771009 | 2013-05-18T10:22:03 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
TOM WITHERS, AP Sports Writer
CLEVELAND (AP) — With LeBron James or without him, Byron Scott has decided to get back on an NBA sideline.
Scott accepted Cleveland's coaching job just as. The team is expected to announce Scott's hiring later Thursday, just as James listens.
Shaw emerged as a leading candidate but then something pushed the Cavs back to Scott, landing him just in time to make an impression on James, who will hear presentations from the Nets and the Knicks on the first day of free agency. | http://www.mysouthwestga.com/sports/story_print.aspx?id=477478&type=story | 2013-05-18T10:31:58 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
The publishing business is experiencing massive changes and if MWA is to remain relevant, we have to change, too. That’s why we’ve revised our Approved Publisher criteria to make books published solely in e-book format or using print-on-demand eligible under certain conditions for MWA membership (and, perhaps later, for Edgar eligibility as well)..
We hope you’ll agree that we accomplished our goal.
Item #1: Change to Publisher Guidelines - #2 will now read:
2. Works of fiction or nonfiction must be widely available in brick-and-mortar stores (not "special order" titles), through standard
wholesaling/distribution channels or, in the case of print-on-demand titles and ebooks, available directly through major internet retailers like Amazon, Barnes & Noble, iBookstore, Kobo, etc. and not solely through the publisher's website. (For e-books, publishers must also meet the separate criteria regarding that format)
Item #2: Change to Library & University Market Publisher Guidelines (changes noted with asterisks):
Publishers selling primarily to the library & university market rather than to retailers must meet ALL of the rules regarding PRINT PUBLISHERS with the following exceptions/additions:
a. During the preceding year, the publisher must have paid a minimum of $1,000, in advances and/or royalties, to at least five authors with no financial or ownership interest in the company. Payment must be in monies, not in barter for advertising or copies of books.
b. ***Works of fiction or nonfiction may be distributed primarily to libraries and universities. However, the books must be readily available for purchase by the public through internet retailers (not just your own website) or by special order from bookstores. A copy of your library/university sales catalog must be included with your submission." ***
Item #3: New e-Book Publisher Guidelines:
Publishers interested in being on MWA's Approved E-Book Publishers List must fill out the affidavit and submit a sample contract. If all of the following criteria are met, contact the national office to begin the vetting process (the affidavit will be supplied if these requirements are met). The publisher must also meet all of the following criteria (the term "book" refers to all e-formats, "Publishing" refers to print, web, and other e-formats):
1. During the preceding year, the publisher must have paid a minimum of $500 in advances and/or royalties to at least five authors with no financial or ownership interest in the company.
a) The publisher must have paid a minimum royalty of least 25% of net revenue to authors.
b) The royalties must have been paid at least quarterly, with a detailed statement, breaking out books sold through affiliate sites, through the publisher's own site, as well as print books if applicable.
c) Payment must be in monies, not in barter for advertising or copies or any other considerations.
d) Payment must be actual - not, for example, a donation of writing deemed worth a given amount.
e) Payment must have been made and not merely promised.
f) A contract alone is not payment. Proof of payment may be requested by the committee.
2. The publisher must have been in business for at least two years since publication of the first e-book by a person with no financial or ownership interest in the company.
3. on the publisher's website for any for-pay editorial, self-publishing or promotional services, whether affiliated with the publisher or not, must include a disclaimer that it is advertising and that use of those services offered by an affiliate of the publisher will not affect consideration of manuscripts submitted for publication.
4. The publisher must publish at least five authors per year, other than those with a financial or ownership interest in the company, such as an owner, business partner, employee, or close relative of such person. Those persons should be listed on the application.
5. The publisher is not a "self-publishing" or "subsidy publishing" firm in which the author has paid all or part of the cost of publication, marketing, distribution of the work, or any other fees pursuant to an agreement between the author and publisher, cooperative publisher or book packager. Among (but not all of) the situations defined as "self-published or cooperatively published" are:
a. Those works for which the author has paid all or part of the cost of publication, marketing, distribution of the work, or any other fees pursuant to an agreement between the author and publisher, cooperative publisher, website owner or book packager;
b. e-books published by a privately-held publisher or in collaboration with a book packager wherein the author has a familial relationship with the publisher, editor, or any managerial employee, officer, director or owner of the publisher or book packager;
c. Those works published by companies, websites or imprints that do not publish other authors;
d. Those works published by a publisher or website or in collaboration with a book packager in which the author has a direct or indirect financial interest;
e. Those works published in an anthology in which the author is also an editor, except an anthology for which the author is a guest editor;
f. Those works published in an anthology or magazine wherein the author has a familial relationship with the editor or publisher
6. The publisher pays for editing, copyediting, design, cover art, production, advertising, marketing, distribution, web design, graphics, and all other aspects of publication. They do not require authors to pay for any of the above.
7. Books must be available through major online retailers, like Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and the iBookstore, and not just through the publisher's website.
8. The publisher must not be engaged in the practice of wrongfully withholding or delaying the payment of acceptance fees to authors.
Here is the link to the new Publisher Guidelines: | http://www.mysterywriters.org/mwabooks/details/13673?q=mwablog | 2013-05-18T10:24:22 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
> > [view option to sort videos by time/date] > > Based on the file modification time? > Yes, but I'm open to other ideas. [...] I can easily jump on a computer > and see the file dates, but to have some sort options might be nice. > Again, I guess this could be compared to the Recordings menu, but of > course it gets it's data from the DB. The modification or creation time should be fine. It is going to introduce new file check calls (if you have browse files disabled, the only file checks are in the Video Manager). If you implement this make sure it doesn't slow things down too much (some people have unreasonably large video collections). -- Anduin Withers | http://www.mythtv.org/pipermail/mythtv-users/2007-September/195527.html | 2013-05-18T10:35:58 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
2011/8/12 Simon Hobson <linux at thehobsons.co.uk>: > Josu Lazkano wrote: > >>Thanks Simon, I just want to watch Digital+ channels: >> >> >>This are the frequencies: >> >>10729.00 V >>10788.00 V >>10817.50 V >>10847.00 V >>10876.50 V >>10935.50 V >>10979.00 V >>11038.00 V >>11097.00 V >>11126.50 V >>11156.00 V >>11317.50 V >>11435.50 V >>11508.50 V >>11597.00 V >>11626.50 V >>11685.50 V >>11739.00 V >>11778.00 V >>11817.00 V >> >>All of them are on the same polarization. > > Polarisation is only half the problem, they need to be in the same > band as well. I don't know enough abut sat to know if that's the > case, but they do all appear to be in the lower end of the band so > there's a good chance they are all available with the LNB set to low > band/vertcal. > >>I need to configure both devices with same parameters? I have a DC >>blocker to put on the splitter, is this necessary? > > Probably, but the control signals are AC as well. > > If they are all in the same band/polarisation, then you should be > able to configure Myth by only configuring those channels. That way, > neither tuner will need to switch to the other band and/or > polarisation and it'll probably all work. > > As a test for whether you have enough signal, it would be worth > trying with just one tuner connected through the splitter AND a 75 > ohm terminator fitted to the other output to "soak up" the power that > would normally go to the other tuner. > If you can do that and still get a picture then it would look like > you have enough power and the splitter is passing the required > signals. If not, then either the splitter is blocking the control > signals or LNB power, or you don't have enough signal strength > (power). > > -- > Simon Hobson > > Visit for books by acclaimed > author Gladys Hobson. Novels - poetry - short stories - ideal as > Christmas stocking fillers. Some available as e-books. > _______________________________________________ > mythtv-users mailing list > mythtv-users at mythtv.org > > Thanks Simon! I will try when arrive to home. Kind regards. -- Josu Lazkano | http://www.mythtv.org/pipermail/mythtv-users/2011-August/319498.html | 2013-05-18T10:46:00 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Awww Southern California traffic, reminds us of our commuter days & how...
Less traffic & on our way.
Use to drive over those bridges everyday for several years, can't believe...
YUK !
Out of the cities.
On the Gorman Pass, I always thought these mountains looked covered with...
Ok, down hill. Pete never touched the brakes once...the new truck is...
Nice to have a truck emergency ramp if needed, you can see...
Am surprised to see so many grape vines in this area, didn't...
Sadie taking a nap, as she usually does in the truck.
A whole lot of nothing but dried up farmland.
Action shot, impressive huh ? He does handle the truck & trailer...
Not so happy farmers/ranchers.
On I-5
Definitely needs water, actually I think its way to late.
Coming into Santa Nella for a Nights stay.
Pete just made it fit, home for the night.
Back on the road with 169 miles to Gridley, Ca.
A section California Aqueduct
Here you go Chere !! No we didn't stop.
Love this sign, like they have to tell you people live here.
Yup, here's some of that urban area.
In Sacramento
Traffic was light.
Crossing over the Sacramento River.
This is where we thought we'd stay in Yuba City...NOT
We're sitting in the space they wanted to put us in,we were...
Entering Gridley, Ca. its a small town.
Arrived at Gridley Inn & RV Park.
Our own little yard.
Home for 3 days. | http://www.mytripjournal.com/travel-676258 | 2013-05-18T10:52:58 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Peoria, AZ (Sports Network) - Taylor Lindsey and Travis Witherspoon each smacked three-run homers as the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim stomped the San Diego Padres, 12-3, in Cactus League action on Thursday.
Chris Iannetta had a two-run blast and Howie Kendrick added a solo shot for the Angels, who got three innings of one-run ball from starter C.J. Wilson.
Will Venable, Jesus Guzman and Alexi Amarista each hit solo homers for the Padres. Freddy Garcia allowed three runs on three hits -- two homers -- and struck out three over three innings in the loss. | http://www.mytvwichita.com/sports/mlb/l.mlb.com-2013-e.38708/game.aspx | 2013-05-18T10:32:29 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Ya know... I wax on about RPattz too damn much on this blog and do not give nearly enough lurve to this CU-TIE-PIE of a TayLaut. Look at him - it's truly hard to fathom that he's only 17. (Um how long has he been 17? Srsly? Isn't he 18 yet? Jesus hurry up and have a birthday so we can all stop feeling so dirty and pervy.) He is looking very old world Hollywood. I couldn't be happier for this kid. (Oh and PS - Chris Pine was robbed. Did you see Star Trek? You should.)
5 comments:
LOL "How long has he been 17?" A more appropriate Twilight question was never uttered.
LOL...u funny woman! 17...thought he was a cutie with a big fat nose in Shark boy and Lava girl years ago :o) At least his face grew into that nose!! Absolutely LOVED Star Trek! Chris was awesome in it!!! As was the new doctor... I agree he was robbed but then it's Peoples Choice and anything Twilight would win hands down!
YES - Zachary Quinto was Spock - AWE-SOME. I loved it. My hub wanted to watch it and I was like "yeah yeah whatever - I'll just read if I don't like it" and meanwhile I was on the edge of my seat. Great film. Tremendous acting - lots of action - and very compact; I couldn't believe it was over so soon! Loved it!
OK, speaking of TayLaut? Just saw the preview for that movie he's in with TaySwift--there are like 15 above-the-title actors in it, and neither Taylor even makes the cut! Both are in the preview for about two seconds.
I think I read that. They just have a little scene on the track where they kiss, right? Reminds me of Olivia Newton John and Lorenzo Lamas in GREASE. LOL! | http://www.mytwilightpurgatory.com/2010/01/taylor-lautners-peoples-choice-award.html | 2013-05-18T10:41:06 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
By Alicia Thompson In the last post, I explored the latest innovations on the beauty scene. While it’s exciting to stay on top of what’s new in drugstores, boutiques and dermatologists’ offices, classic cult favorites have an undeniable allure. Applying the same product that has been beloved by thousands (or millions!) of women over the … Read more | http://www.myvitabath.com/wordpress/tag/gelee/ | 2013-05-18T11:01:30 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Flash Gallery!
These animations were a product of my first stint in Flash, done over the summer at a computer programming camp. They're pretty basic; I'll let them speak for themselves.
- Bad Animation. My first animation. It really is a bad animation.
- Bad Juggling. My next animation. Not much better, really.
- Headfire: A 'music' video. It's a music video! I don't like the music, but oh well... It was a project. What can you do?
- A commercial. It's supposed to be for tootsie roll pops. Don't ask.
- Smash the Counselor. My first experience with buttons and such. Smash Jim with a rock. (Apparently, there was going to be a problem with using one of the camp's pictures, but it was judged to be no problem and let by.)
- Cheese & Chocolate. The story of an epic battle...just kidding. It's funny. Still bad animation, but funny.
- Evil Chicken! A game. The Evil Chicken game. Click the bullseye, a lot. And when I say a lot, I mean just spam that thing. Can you beat my high score of... a very high score?
- Read the story! The story of Evil Chicken!
Right. So I've been doing some more complicated Flash recently, with the help of my friend Jake. I don't have anything up right now, but it will be up eventually. Especially when I make more than one. *glares at self* | http://www.mzrg.com/flash/index.shtml | 2013-05-18T10:53:20 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Procedures for Processing Refund Payments to VA Simplified Further
March 8, 2012
At a recent meeting with the NACUBO VA Payments Work Group, representatives from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) reported progress in streamlining procedures for institutional refunds to the agency and clarified VA policies on accepting Post-9/11 GI Bill refund payments. Under the new process, one VA Regional Processing Center now handles all refund payments. Response times are much improved, and while backlogs from previous years still exist, they are being steadily reduced.
As reported in a January 3 article, an institution submitting a refund payment to VA should only do so after receiving a collection letter from the VA's Debt Management Center (DMC). Letters from DMC contain important information on the remittance stub at the bottom of the letter, including the amount owed and the file number for the veteran associated with that debt.
Refund payments may be submitted to VA through the mail with a check, or paid online with an e-check or credit card. If a refund payment is being made through the mail, the remittance stub for that debt must be submitted with the check. The veteran's name and VA file number or Social Security number must be noted on the check. For payments made electronically through, the information from the remittance slip needs to be entered onto the online form. The dollar amount entered must be an exact match to DMC records. If not, the system will reject the payment.
Institutions may also combine payments for multiple veterans on one check, thus simplifying the refund process. Institutions must ensure, though, that they also submit all remittance stubs associated with that aggregate payment. For example, if an institution is submitting refund payments for 12 veterans, the dollar amount of the check should equal the sum of the amounts indicated on the 12 debt letters. The check, along with the 12 corresponding remittance stubs, would then be mailed to the DMC in Minnesota.
NACUBO's VA Payments Work Group is comprised of representatives from various types of institutions across the country and includes bursars, campus VA certifying officials, and student aid directors. The work group has met several times a year with representatives of the three VA offices involved in implementation of the Post-9/11 GI Bill.
Join the Discussion
Members are encouraged to join NACUBO's VA Processes eGroup. This community, similar to a listserv, allows members to share questions, issues, concerns, and success stories related to administering VA programs.
Anne Gross
Vice President, Regulatory Affairs
202.861.2544
Bryan Dickson
Policy Analyst
202.861.2505<< | http://www.nacubo.org/Initiatives/Initiatives_News/Procedures_for_Processing_Refund_Payments_to_VA_Simplified_Further.html | 2013-05-18T11:03:05 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Europe's finance ministers crawled towards a compromise on a disputed financial transactions tax Saturday, after a German plan to break a months-long deadlock on the issue won cautious support.
Ministers effectively agreed to park a European Commission proposal for a wide-ranging EU-wide levy on the financial sector and consider Berlin's plan to tax trades on company stocks and shares.
In a letter to his colleagues, German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble acknowledged that his wish to see a wide-ranging tax introduced was unlikely in the face of British opposition and instead proposed "an intermediate step."
"This would entail a tax payable on all transactions involving shares of corporations listed on a stock exchange, with the tax levied according to the place where the corporation has its registered office," said Schaeuble.
Such a move would be based on a tax already in force in Britain -- stamp duty -- added the Berlin proposal, making it harder for London to block.
The suggestion won broad approval, with French Finance Minister Francois Baroin deeming it "wise" and stressing that "we have to move forward on this issue."
The finance minister of Sweden, which along with Britain, has been skeptical over a broad financial transaction tax, also showed a willingness to compromise.
"We have some differences of opinion," admitted Anders Borg as he briefed reporters after the meeting. "We will try to work constructively to find something that is common ground for the whole of the EU."
He stressed that the Commission's proposal, which seeks to tax not only trading in company shares but also complex financial instruments like derivatives, should be taken off the table.
"It's problematic for the recovery, for households and for corporates," said Borg.
Danish Finance Minister Margrethe Vestager, who hosted the meeting as Denmark holds the rotating EU presidency, said ministers would focus "primarily on alternatives, because that's where you find the most constructive atmosphere."
Speaking to reporters after the meeting, Schaeuble said that experts would come together to thrash out the remaining issues.
"We made good progress," he said.
"We agreed that, if we maybe don't reach the perfect solution of a broad financial transaction tax at a European level, because we need a unanimous decision for that, we should ... intensively look at a working group," he added.
"It is an important step in the right direction."
The tax aims to make the financial services industry pay its way in the future after banks especially benefited heavily from taxpayer bailouts when the mortgage meltdown in the United States sparked the 2008 global financial crisis.
The Commission's proposal from September has been strongly supported by nine countries, including European power couple France and Germany.
But Britain, home to 80 percent of Europe's finance industry, has warned that it would prompt investors to flee the 27-nation bloc.
Despite the opposition, Baroin stressed the "determination" of the nine countries backing the introduction of a broader tax, describing it as "an essential political project for us."
The German proposal insisted: "Negotiations on the Commission's proposal for a common system of financial transactions tax (FTT) should not be abandoned or postponed."
"I have not given up on the FTT," stressed Schaeuble. | http://www.naharnet.com/stories/35234-europe-inches-towards-finance-tax-compromise/print | 2013-05-18T10:32:00 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
More than 100 Killed in New 'Massacre' in Syriaإقرأ هذا الخبر بالعربية
city, where it said daily U.N. U.S. 3,500 children have been killed in Syria's conflict.
Meanwhile, in the majority Kurdish town of Ras al-Ain, in the northern province of Hasakeh, unprecedentedly fierce fighting pitted rebels against pro-regime Kurdish fighters, the Observatory said.
Unlike in previous clashesaida in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.
The Observatory gave a death toll for Thursday of 127 killed -- 68 civilians, 34 rebels and 25 soldiers.
More than 60,000 people, mostly civilians, have been killed in Syria's conflict, according to the United Nations, Baghdad to the two countries.
Could be revenge for the university bombing, and the car bombs in Christian area later. The way they were killed shows a lot of anger. Burned, stabbed, and hacked to death.
So what are the lastnames of these families? Maybe that will help.
"Jordan salafist and two promined jihadists were killed."
Massacre Massacre :( :( My heart goes out to them.
I was deeply shocked by the explosion at Allepo University in Syria on Tuesday with more than 80 death and more than 140 wounded. I am also so surprised by the discussion on the Western World's 'wording' dispute over called activists as "terrorists". Setting such explosive killing more than 40 students at the university, in the japanese context, it is enough to use the term of "terrorists" or "extrmist" ! I am convinced no Japanese suspect on such a matter. Following such grave an accident at the University where is the place for the youth to study academy theme, news about almost carnage number of death toll happened in Syria was reported on Thursday. SANA shouted it was "terrorist" action ! for University children and outcry echoed. What was wrong with it ?
Aleppo university was constantly attacked by shabi7a and regime thugs since 2011, the campus witnessed the largest anti government demonstrations in Aleppo city, so who no earth wants to terrorize those students into submission, the revolution? or the regime?? this is similar to the logic that says that all the anti Syrian regime politicians who were killed in lebanon were killed by israel.
more killings more apathy more reason to remove Assad and his supporters will be left nowhere to hide
The Aleppo university witnessed the largest demonstrations in Aleppo city, go to youtube and search for them if you are too blind to see. Was that also cleansing of students? killing of people waiting for bread my migs is cleansing? There will come a day when those victims come back to 'cleanse' people like yourself.
I want to ask the fellow she3a lebanese...aren't you ashamed of supporting bashar assad? aren't you ashamed of supporting the genocide against the Syrian people? is this really what you learned from imam hussein? isnt bashar the new yazeed? and who took you in during 2006 into their homes?? wasnt it the SYrian people?! how can you stab them in the back like this? Dont you know that the wrath of God will come upon you for taking such action? dont you know that those victims will come after you one day for revenge?? havent you learned from imam hussein that the opressed will win ? | http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/68666-more-than-100-killed-in-new-massacre-in-syria | 2013-05-18T10:12:49 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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Get all the latest information on businesses and companies in Nigerian Stock Exchange.
In: News|stock exchange|weekly report26 Apr 2010
Courtesy of Cordros Capital Nigeria, here is the NSE report for the week ended April 23rd 2010:
Market overview
The stock market had been mixed so far in the week having given up part of the gains accrued in the past weeks. The market ended last week’s trades with some declines after witnessing fluctuations in terms of its daily performance. By the end of the week, the NSE AS index closed at 27,400.21 basis points, down by 2.10 per cent while the market capitalisation lost N142.34 billion in a week after closing at N6.63 trillion.
The volatile movement of the market’s indices was as a result of profit taking transactions on one hand and purchase activities, which were mostly speculative, on the other. The decline was also occasioned by losses with stocks in major blue chip companies. Furthermore, listed companies continued to announce their annual results for the year 2009.
First Bank, Skye Bank, NAHCO, and BIGTREAT were among the companies who released their corporate earnings and performance in the just concluded week. However, the market further retreated due to disappointing earnings reports from some of these companies. Meanwhile, the acting president Goodluck Jonathan during the week signed into law the 2010 appropriation bill of N4.6 Trillion. The budget is aimed to accelerate economic recovery through targeted fiscal interventions designed to stimulate the economy and support sustained private sector growth. This has been based on assumptions reflecting outlook for the fiscal year, including: oil production of 2.35 mb/d; benchmark oil price of US$67/barrel, and average exchange rate of N150 to the US dollar.
Looking ahead, the market will focus over the coming weeks on more corporate results and other economic indicators even as speculation and the taking of swift profits continue to dominate market activities. Currently, attention is drawn to 2010’s first quarter results in light of NSE’s registered gains during the first three months of the year. The market will remain steady in the coming weeks as investors monitor new moving factors on the strength of future corporate earnings.
During the week, both the market capitalisation and the NSE AS Index lost 2.10% respectively. So far, the market has recorded a YTD-high market capitalisation of N6.78 trillion, representing a YTD yield of 35.88%. Overall, the market traded a total of 3.36 billion units of shares, valued at N35.82 billion in 52,134 deals.
Most Active Sector
The Banking sub -sector remain the most active (measured in terms of traded volume) as it recorded 1.43 billion shares valued at N19.64 billion exchanged in 18,798 deals while the Insurance sub-sector was second with traded volume of 494.24 million shares valued at N532.78 million in 3,467 deals.
Corporate actions and results In the past week
First Bank Plc proposed a dividend of 10 kobo and one new share for every eight shares held in its corporate earnings and benefits announced. Guaranty Trust Plc also released its interim report for the period ended (Q1) March 31, 2010 to the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The company declared a Gross Earnings of N44.382 billion and a Profit After Tax of N8.847 billion. In addition, Skye Bank Plc released its full year audited financial report. The bank declared a gross income of N126.665 billion and a profit after tax of N1.130 billion. The directors also recommended a dividend of 5 kobo per share. Market outlook The stock market will likely be driven again by company earnings reports over the next two weeks, as investors try to get a sense of how well corporate profits and benefits will hold up in second quarter of the year.
This blog is dedicated to informing users on the latest business and economic news news from the CBN and Nigerian Stock Exchange. Happy reading!
1 Response to NSE Report For The Week Ended April 23rd 2010
(AFX UK Focus) 2010-04-27 07:10 UK at a Glance-UK Stocks — Factors to watch on April 27 | Currency Trading Exchange Guide
April 27th, 2010 at 11:32 am
[...] NSE Report Fοr Tһе Week Eחԁеԁ April 23rd 2010 – Naija Lo Wa [...] | http://www.naijalowa.com/nse-report-for-the-week-ended-april-23rd-2010/ | 2013-05-18T10:41:52 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
July 03, 2012
Alumni score big with celiac friendly cake
Two NAIT Culinary Arts alumni recently represented Alberta at the national Mission ImPULSEible food development competition and won second place.
Mallory Bowes and Elizabeth Dowdell developed a dry cake mix made with garbanzo and fava bean flours, which they call BE Lite (BE stands for Bowes and Elizabeth). The angel food cake mix won first place at the provincial competition, held March 19 at NAIT, earning the pair a place at the national competition held on June 27th in in Montreal.
“Of course we would have like to have won first,” said Dowell, “but the experience of competing at that level was invaluable. We got great feedback and generated a lot of interest from industry members. It’s all a bit surreal.”
The dry cake mix developed by Bowes and Dowdell is free of gluten, wheat, nuts and dairy. It’s very easy to prepare. The user only has to combine the dry ingredients with water, mix for one minute, pour the batter into a pan and bake.
“Everyone at NAIT was really supportive,” continued Dowell. “We had access to world-class kitchens and were supplied with all the ingredients. The instructors were really encouraging and gave us lots of great advice.”
The provincial Mission ImPULSEible student food product development competition is offered by Alberta Pulse Growers and Pulse Canada to showcase the versatility of whole pulses and pulse ingredients, including dried peas, chickpeas, beans, fava beans, and lentils.
“This year the competition was elevated as 6 teams were being judged on their creativity, taste and business case for new pulse food products,” said Leanne Fischbuch, executive director of Alberta Pulse Growers. “Mallory and Elizabeth did a superb presentation and their product was well received by the judges and conference participants.”
“Alberta Pulse Growers Commission are so pleased to be supporting these emerging leaders in developing new food products for the market. Be*Lite angel food cake mix is a fantastic invention and we hope to continue to work with its creators to see how far into commercialization we can take the product. It is a real winner!”
“The level of quality entries at this year’s competition was better than we have ever seen it. The students did a fantastic job in creating innovative and flavorful products,” said Perry Michetti, associate dean at NAIT’s School of Hospitality and Culinary Arts, as well as a judge in the provincial competition. “We are very proud of our BE Lite NAIT team and their accomplishment. They worked very hard in creating a winner.”
To download photos to accompany this story, visit NAIT’s Flickr page at
-MORE-:
Ruth Juliebo
NAIT Media Relations
P 780.378.2815 C 780.916.8307 E ruthj@nait.ca
Wendy Benson
Food and Nutrition Consultant
Alberta Pulse Growers
P 403.275.5330 E wbenson@pulse.ab.ca | http://www.nait.ca/44779_85783.htm | 2013-05-18T10:31:17 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Midtown West
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| http://www.nakedapartments.com/rental/1301396-1-bedroom-west-56th-street-clinton | 2013-05-18T10:15:06 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
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"http://s3.amazonaws.com/nakedapartments/images/13256441/large.jpg?1355436927",
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Home > News > Carbon nanotube-based saturable absorber shows promise
March 26th, 2003
Carbon nanotube-based saturable absorber shows promise
Abstract:
Passive saturable absorbers have attracted increasing attention for their applications in extending the bit-rates and error-free transmission distances of periodically amplified optical transmission systems. Saturable absorber devices offer a potentially simple and cost effective solution for passive optical regeneration.
Source:commsdesign | http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=00470 | 2013-05-18T10:13:28 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
CROC 2
Company: Turboion
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April 13, 2009
| http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/browse/products/croc_2/ | 2013-05-18T10:22:00 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [
[
"/process/assets/images/7229/framing.jpg",
"Product Photo"
]
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands 2 Challenges and Opportunities Although data management is often viewed as the least glamorous aspect of science, access to well-managed data is critical to the work of many environmental researchers, as well as to an expanding pool of commercial and nontechnical users (NRC, 2001). This chapter reviews technological approaches for data management and storage that could improve the ability of users to search, query, subset, and access data. Consideration and implementation of these approaches have already begun at some data centers but are not yet pervasive. The committee based this chapter on the working group reports presented at the workshop (Appendix D), subsequent discussions, and background information provided to the committee. The committee’s expertise and deliberations form the basis of the conclusions and recommendations. CHALLENGES IN DATA AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS Data ingest into the major data centers appears to be well planned and well executed. The process of acquiring environmental data for research or commercial use, however, continues to be difficult. Users must first seek out the data they need, which can be time consuming and difficult because there is no comprehensive list of or universal access point to all government data holdings. Although multiple means exist to find data, the chance of missing key datasets is high. In addition,
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands knowing specifically what to ask for in a data search is not straightforward when query terms and procedures vary from center to center. For users who are less knowledgeable about the datasets they want, searches frequently require help from the centers’ customer service representatives. However, NOAA’s report to Congress, The Nation’s Environmental Data: Treasures at Risk, notes that, although requests for NOAA’s data increased from about 95,000 in 1979 to over 4 million in 1999, staffing levels decreased from 582 to 321 (NOAA, 2001). Another challenge for data centers is to deliver only the data that the user needs and requests, neither more nor less. Subsetting is the process of extracting portions of data, such as time slices or spatially defined sections. Subsetting is especially important in large datasets, such as those generated by remote sensing. However, despite consistent user demand, there continues to be a dearth of subsetting tools. Scientific products from the data are also available, but their coverage and diversity are sparse. Once users have found what they need, they face the challenge of obtaining the data, which can require complex skills. Although frequent users typically become adept at manipulating the infrastructure, access and retrieval methods differ from center to center, so even skilled users may be familiar with only one center’s approach. Inexperienced users and investigators using many different data sources require a substantial investment of time to acquire data. Almost without exception, data centers offer multiple methods of retrieving data in their holdings (e.g., file transfer protocol (FTP), which permits users to copy files stored on data center computers, and media order, in which centers copy the data of interest onto compact disk or tape). This provides flexibility but complicates the retrieval process. Even with the appropriate query term, knowledge of the best access methods, and available subsetting tools, access to data still depends upon the ability of the centers to store data on media that can be retrieved and manipulated easily. Data centers rely too heavily on off-line or near-line (e.g., tape robots) storage. The consequences of this are that retrieval can be slow and that searching and subsetting can be difficult. For interdisciplinary users, the real challenge arises with integrating disparate datasets, usually obtained from different data centers. Data interoperability remains difficult because standards, formats, and metadata were chosen to optimize the usefulness of a particular dataset, rather than a collection of diverse data. The growth of on-line distributed data archives has prompted many environmental research programs to address their own interoperability needs through data formats and metadata conventions (e.g., Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1998).
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands However, data exchange between even the most advanced of these communities remains complex and unwieldy. As more precise means of measuring and monitoring are developed, the number and volume of the resulting data products increase, and the management of metadata, or data about data, becomes increasingly important (Sidebar 2.1). Proper metadata management is essential for government data centers to achieve their missions. Metadata must be stored, queried, communicated, and maintained just like the data they describe. Increasingly, metadata will be a key enabling element for use by communities (e.g., interdisciplinary and nontechnical user groups) that did not originally collect the data. SIDEBAR 2.1 Metadata Metadata describe data and data products, allowing users to find, understand, process, and reuse data and data products. Although metadata can require increased storage capacities, they are essential for establishing confidence in the data products by providing information about the history, or lineage, of the data. Metadata in government data centers should include the following types of information: data formats (how information is stored within data files); data describing how, when, and where raw data were collected; descriptions of how raw data were normalized, calibrated, validated, integrated, cleaned, checked for errors, and processed; statistics of value distributions, etc., needed for efficient database storage and access of data; descriptions of data use, such as how frequently a dataset is used, whether it is subsetted, etc.; and data specifically designed to enhance use by interdisciplinary scientists and/or nontechnical users. In the following sections, the committee describes some steps that would improve data availability and access, including improved application of standard translatable formats;
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands greater on-line data storage and network access; more sophisticated database technologies; expanded metadata management and lineage tracking; and greater reliance on easily available, nonspecialized hardware and software solutions. STANDARD TRANSLATABLE FORMATS Typically, standards for data and metadata management are created by the individuals and organizations collecting the data; community organizations such as professional societies, data centers, and sponsoring government agencies; and international organizations. Formats evolve over time, with new formats introduced and others abandoned as community preferences emerge. This constant evolution results in a bewildering array of standards. Although it is not possible to create a single standard that meets the needs of every dataset and user group, greater uniformity and transparency would make it easier for users to query, search, subset, access, and integrate data. Formats that can incorporate metadata provide added benefits. Until the early 1990s, data from remote-sensing instruments were stored primarily in binary data files, each unique to a particular sensor. Because of the lack of alternatives and the efficiency of sequential binary data storage, the data had to be stored in files on disk or tape. Metadata, if stored at all, were placed in an accompanying text file. However, in the past decade, computer scientists have devised many self-describing formats for storage of scientific data. These data formats maintain efficient binary storage but allow nonexperts to understand the layout of the data. Two popular formats currently used are netCDF and HDF (network common data form and hierarchical data format, respectively); a version of the latter is a standard used by NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). In essence, self-describing scientific data formats provide some level of metadata encapsulation with the data. Databases are intimately tied to metadata as a means of allowing users to search for data products of interest. Most databases are constructed specifically for their applications; custom software is written to extract metadata from multiple sources, including data files, into these databases. As an example, the database behind EOSDIS was fashioned over many years, with new datasets processed and specific metadata entered using custom software. This process is complicated and time consuming, but it leads to providing a mechanism for searching remotely
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands sensed data. Moving toward standardized data and metadata formats would simplify the search process. The next step is to generate databases automatically from the metadata. It is possible to use XML Schema to generate database tables automatically from the structure and content of the metadata, as well as to create Web-based forms for database queries. Such query interfaces allow users to formulate restrictions on the data of interest, which are then translated into selection conditions in a query language, such as SQL or XQUERY. This does not relieve sensor operators from generating appropriate metadata for their data, but it eases the search through databases. Recommendation: With their user communities, data centers should accelerate work toward standardizing and making formats more transparent for data and metadata and thereby improve distribution and interoperability between data centers, between data centers and users, and between users. Metadata formatted in XML would assure that recipients would be able to parse data automatically and feed them directly to their applications. NETWORK AND ON-LINE RANDOM ACCESS Providing network file system access would ease obtaining and distributing data. Such a network would allow datasets to be used without the current formal process of copying the data across a network or sending the data physically by tape. The data become available immediately to as many users as want them. This approach can increase distribution efficiency when subsetting tools are also made available: users can treat datasets as local files and use subsetting tools to extract only the portions they need or only a transformation of the data, reducing the network bandwidth needed for the acquisition. Furthermore, once the data have been distributed, authenticity can still be guaranteed by digital signatures supplied by the national data centers. Protocols to compress and expand data automatically when they are transmitted would assist with effective network use. Network bandwidth1 is already widely available for retrieval of large volumes of data. However, the dependence on network bandwidth as a solution to the data delivery problem requires the implementation of 1 Network bandwidth—capacity to move large data files electronically.
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands suitable database management and subsetting tools at the data centers. Few users will want gigabyte-sized datasets. In addition, network-based solutions rely extensively on the ability to access data randomly. The off-line and near on-line storage techniques (e.g., tape robots) used by many data centers can hinder these solutions. The transfer rates of modern tape systems are on the order of a few megabytes per second; common network transfer rates are 100 times faster. While disk storage capacities continue to increase dramatically, tape capacities and transfer speeds have barely increased during the past five years. In addition, without random access to on-line data, subsetting through a network is unworkable, as users cannot capture slices of the linearly stored datasets. Data that are kept off-line or near on-line cannot be used in database systems. Even databases that direct users to off-line data products must create well-defined delivery timelines. Tape systems at data centers can time-out on user requests, thus requiring a technician to process orders manually. In 1994 computing experts forecasted that disk storage would become cheap and efficient enough to eliminate the need for off-line storage (Davis et al., 1994). However, in some cases this transition to disk will require that software for data ingest, data processing, and data access be rewritten. As a result, data centers keep most data off-line, thereby reducing the ability of users to search through and retrieve data rapidly. Data centers are moving toward increasing the availability of on-line data; however, only 3 terabytes of NOAA’s 76-terabyte digital data archive are on-line (NOAA, 2001), despite the fact that disks to accommodate this amount of data would cost about $100,000 at current prices. Over the past decade, disk storage and access have had a greater increase in performance for a given price than any other part of the computing industry, and other technologies for dense storage of information are the subject of much research activity in both industry and academia. Price per unit storage has decreased during the past 10 years. Satellite missions of the next decade will generate about 1 petabyte of information per year. As recently as 1995, NASA estimated that today’s cost to store a petabyte off-line would approach $100 million, but it is now possible to obtain 1 petabyte of disks for on-line storage for less than $2 million, a very small fraction of the cost of the missions that generate the raw information. Disk storage is now competitive with tape for long-term, archival-class storage. Recommendation: Data centers and their sponsoring agencies should shift the primary storage medium from tape to disk. In addition,
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands data centers and their sponsoring agencies should enable direct random on-line access through networks and provide support for remote queries on databases. DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES Files are a reasonable way to organize data when the physical storage medium is tape; however, disk storage permits data to be organized in much more flexible databases. Database techniques structure sets of parameters for the application of efficient processing algorithms. Traditionally, a database is composed of a number of interrelated tables containing sets of parameters such as number or text strings. The power of database techniques lies in the ability to relate parameters from one dataset to another, thereby reducing the processing and storage requirements. For example, using a numeric parameter, such as a zip code, to refer to a name, such as a city, makes it easier to store and search the information. Complex databases can have many layers of such associations. In the early 1990s, the Structured Query Language (SQL) was formalized and is used by most database software. The language provides a standard for the following: defining data structures; defining indices; formulating content-based queries; and maintaining data through inserts, deletes, and updates. Most database software (e.g., Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server) uses SQL as a core language for database interaction. Each has a unique method of optimizing the storage of data on disk or in memory. Capabilities for formulating spatial and temporal database queries are part of the most recent database query languages (e.g., SQL3), and support for indexing data on its spatial and temporal attributes enables efficient query execution. The complexity of the SQL query relates directly to the complexity of the database. Contemporary database technology permits random access to subsets of data stored on disk. In addition, object-relational databases are now capable of handling large, structured data, such as aerial photographs of the entire United States. For example, since its launch in June of 1998, TerraServer has delivered 108 terabytes of U.S. Geological Survey imagery to 63 million visitors (T. Barclay, Microsoft, personal
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands communication, 2002). Concurrent requests from multiple users to read data can be supported efficiently without the waiting time typically incurred when many applications are writing to a database simultaneously. However, since database tables are constantly being accessed, they must be stored on-line rather than on tape. Although databases are commonly used by data centers for metadata management, they are not in widespread use for environmental data. However, application of database technology to environmental data is possible and may be useful for some environmental datasets. For example, Sky Server utilizes database technology to provide public access to Sloan Digital Sky Survey data (Szalay et al., 2001). Recommendation: Data centers and their sponsoring agencies should implement database technologies. When applicable, these technologies can improve data search and query, access and acquisition, interoperability, and retrieval from storage. METADATA MANAGEMENT Data centers have spent considerable effort preserving metadata by routinely documenting information on data lineage, such as the source data, transformation processes, and quality assurance information of their datasets. Open access to summaries of the dataset assembly processes and lineage has contributed significantly to ensuring user confidence in data product quality. For example, in most cases, users interested in data from a particular center can find information on the available data on the center’s Web site. In the past it was sufficient for data producers simply to develop good local data conventions and exercise the discipline necessary to generate the data and metadata in accordance to those conventions. However, the lack of a definitive universal system for lineage metadata can result in incomplete or missing data lineage information. In most cases, it is not possible to re-create data assembly information after the fact; in others it is costly and prone to error. Formatting data and creating metadata robust enough to be discovered and ingested by the emerging national and international data interchange networks would ensure that the data are as useful as possible, especially to other user communities. The practice of retaining complete data lineage information as metadata should be incorporated into the large volumes of scientific data being produced today. This will only be effective if accomplished with the participation and acceptance by the user communities.
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands Authenticity is another important aspect of data archival. Users often obtain data from the easiest source, some of which may be three or four steps removed from the data centers. At each step, the data may have been processed or reformatted to suit one user’s particular purposes. Through neglect or, less likely, malicious intent, data products may become contaminated or altered, endangering their value and use. Consequently, information on authenticity should be included in the metadata. A related issue, specific to the research community rather than to data centers, involves citing data products in the peer-reviewed literature. The scientific practice of citing past research and methods, necessary for independent verification, has been neglected when citing data supporting an investigation’s findings. While this has been discussed for more than 10 years, the various publishing groups have not reached consensus on an accepted universal method for citing data products, their origin, or the processing that has been applied to them or on how to deal with the inherent challenges (e.g., numerous investigators for very large datasets). Most centers and even some scientific journals (e.g., American Geophysical Union journals) have a preferred mode of citation, but dataset citation remains uncommon. Dataset citation helps both data centers and data providers learn what data are being used and how. Routine documentation of the original data sources and the subsequent transformation and fusion steps used to develop a processed dataset would be most efficiently carried out by automated tools. Many practices in the software engineering field, such as testing, configuration management, and bug tracking, matured only after automated tools were developed to handle the complicated bookkeeping in a systematic manner. Moreover, the generation of structured lineage metadata suitable for ingest into other software presumes the existence of automated documentation tools. However, neither such tools nor recognized semantics to describe data lineage currently exist. Fortunately, database technology and standard formats can be as useful for metadata management as they are for data management. The self-describing approach adopted in the definition of extensible languages such as XML Schema is an important step in realizing technologies to support metadata management in government data centers. This self-describing approach would allow tools developed for data management to be applied to metadata. The data centers have worked to document data lineage, both by compliance with rich metadata standards (e.g., U.S. Geological Survey, 1995) and by the use of automated metadata tools such as the Science Data Production (SDP) toolkit (National Aeronautics and Space
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands Administration, 2002b), both of which encourage detailed lineage information. However, a large body of scientific data generated outside of the data centers still lack sufficient metadata information to establish the data’s lineage and context. Examples of this are the Cooperative Ocean/Atmosphere Research Data Service (COARDS) and the recent climate and forecast metadata conventions, which use only a single broad “history” attribute to document the dataset’s lineage. Recommendation: To ensure that the greatest use is made of environmental data, (1) data producers should include data lineage and authenticity information in the metadata; (2) data centers should improve management of and access to metadata through standard formats and database technologies; and (3) users should routinely cite the data products they use in their investigations, using agreed upon dataset identifiers. To the greatest extent possible, data centers and data producers should rely on automatic tools for creating and managing metadata. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Because development and support costs for widely used products are lower, more and more data solutions are likely to be adapted from market-driven and market-proven technologies in an environment of constrained resources. The on-line database, entertainment, and gaming communities are all driving advances in large-scale data management, delivery, and visualization. Many researchers have learned how to construct plain-language database queries using Web search engines (e.g., Google). The data centers should be prepared to embark on collaborations with industry to apply such proven technologies and thereby reduce expensive custom development. The problems of managing large datasets have begun to receive the attention of the commercial sector, with the result that innovative, easy-to-use methods and tools for data search, retrieval, and analysis are widespread. For example, Google manages billions of individual records, yet searches return nearly instantaneously; digiMine, Inc. processes nearly a terabyte of data nightly (B. Nayfeh, digiMine, Inc., personal communication, 2002); and together America Online and Microsoft’s Hotmail handle the email accounts of more than 150 million people (Caslon Analytics, 2002). The challenges facing the data centers are small compared to the load experienced by any of the above enterprises.
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands Large computational problems can be solved in small pieces by harnessing the power of desktop computing. For example, SETI@home and climateprediction.net use the processing power of millions of desktop computers to solve computationally intensive problems. The Center of Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences (CESDIS) has constructed computing farms (commonly referred to as Beowulf clusters) to handle and process large datasets (Scyld Computing Company, 1998). Commodity hardware can also be used for data ingest, storage, and distribution. These computers generally have far smaller capabilities than the scientific computing hardware currently in the data centers. To be useful for scientific applications, the data segments, or granules, have to be broken into smaller units that can be ingested, processed, stored, and served with larger numbers of small processors. Current proprietary operating systems, such as SGi or Sun, to open-source platforms, such as Linux or FreeBSD Commodity solutions, could ease recompiling software on new computing architectures. In addition, the open-source movement2 has created the potential for data centers to meet future needs without enormous resource expenditures. Unrelated open-source projects (e.g., the Gnutella project, the XML standard) provide software tools at no cost that in some cases are better than unique proprietary solutions. Forms of authentication and lineage tracking common in the open-source communities should be adopted for improving metadata management. For example, one common practice in the open-source community is to publish an MD5—message-digest algorithm 5—listing the 32-character signature of the files with any piece of software or data that is distributed. The authoritative source publishes the digest, so that users can check the authenticity of their copies, regardless of where they got them. In summary, the commercial sector and the open-source movements have created robust software that meets many needs of the data centers. Usage and adaptation of these codes minimizes the need for expensive custom development. Since each is generally funded by a single agency and deals with a relatively narrow range of scientific disciplines (Table 1.1), data centers tend to be managed as centralized organizations. However, a federation of distributed systems, in which data centers remain the sources of 2 Open-source movement—software with its source code made available without any restrictions.
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands authenticated environmental science data but not the only sources capable of distributing data, could help reduce infrastructure and management costs (NRC, 1995). Widely distributed data sources and grid infrastructures reduce resource contention at the data centers and provide a natural backup of earth science data. For example, Napster provided a global directory of on-line music. Users searching for particular music were redirected to numerous locations where search matches were encountered. Users then chose (based on bandwidth availability between their computers and the source, the authenticity of the source, and the exact characteristics of the music being searched for) where to download the music. The process is more complex for environmental science data than it was for Napster. In the environmental science community, the analogy would be to identify (by whatever means) a desired dataset and then request the dataset by name (not parameters) from a Napster analog. This approach would formalize current user practices of obtaining data from colleagues and data projects instead of from data centers. It would strengthen the data centers’ partnership with science by increasing the incidence of development of scientifically sound, useful products, reduce data transmission needs, and improve effectiveness and efficiency of the whole system. Multiple copies of products would be available from various sources; the data centers would become authenticators of data and the final archive and would implement production of new scientific products once a design is in hand; and users would have multiple options for retrieving data. Three current projects are attempting to implement this: MODster, NEpster, and the Distributed Oceanographic Data System (Sidebar 2.2). Recommendation: Data centers should adopt commodity hardware and commercial and open-source software solutions to the widest extent possible and concentrate their own efforts on problems that are unique to environmental data management. In addition, data centers and user communities should take advantage of federated distributed systems for making data available. IMPLEMENTATION On the one hand, new “bleeding edge” technical approaches offer ways to reduce costs and significantly improve data center performance. However, it is important to recognize that some new technical approaches may not prove successful and that even those that are
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands successful may cause disruptions to center operations when implemented. Therefore, the data centers need to be able to test, prioritize, and develop the most promising new approaches at a smaller scale. SIDEBAR 2.2 Distributed Solutions Several ongoing environmental science projects are already be-nefiting from easily available nonspecialized solutions. Selected examples are described below. MODster Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides global datasets with data on surface temperature, concentration of chlorophyll, fire occurrence, cloud cover, and others. Instruments on-board several NASA missions gather datasets covering a swath 2,330 kilometers wide, capturing 36 spectral bands of data at three resolution levels every two days for six-year periods. Due to their number and complexity, searching for a specific dataset is not a trivial task. To combat this, the Federation of Earth Science Information Partners is supporting the development of MODster to support the decentralization and distribution of MODIS data and services and to promote sharing of remote-sensing standard products. Organizations within the federation can retrieve standard MODIS data granules (the smallest increment of processed MODIS data that can be ordered, containing data for an area of 2,330 by 2,330 kilometers). The retrieval of these granules will be implemented by the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) from a simple inventory server. The system will allow clients to reference MODIS granules by name alone. SOURCES: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2002c); Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (2002). NEpster The Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) and the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) support the development of the NPP-ESTO Portal for Science, Technology and Environmental Research (Nepster) to serve the remote-sensing community better. The peer-to-peer architecture of the data archive system is based on the
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands Napster model, a system developed for sharing music files. In NEpster, several additional features have been added to facilitate the handling of remotely sensed data, specifically (1) a temporary data storage area for sites that do not allow continual access to their servers; (2) an intelligent broker that controls data access in accordance with the distribution policies of each data source; and (3) a comprehensive geographically based query interface to expedite data searches. The NEpster system is made up of two major components: the data notification and entry subsystem, and the query engine. The first phase of NEpster development will focus on accessing and managing real-time data, and the second phase will focus on access to the MODIS Direct Broadcast data archives through the Goddard Space Flight Center DAAC. SOURCE: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2002d). DODS The Distributed Oceanographic Data System (DODS) is a highly distributed software framework for requesting and transporting data across the Internet, which allows users to control both how their data are distributed and how they can access remote data. As data users prefer to work with software with which they are most familiar, DODS servers make data available regardless of local storage formats. In addition, DODS applications allow users to transform existing data analysis and visualization applications into those able to access remote DODS data. Because DODS data are distributed by the same scientists who develop the data, the DODS protocol and software rely on the user community to use, improve, and extend the system. The current DODS Data Access Protocol (DAP) frames requests and responses using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). This data model has already developed a transport protocol, software framework, C++ and Java implementations of the data model and transport protocol, and a set of DODS servers and clients. Users are allowed to access any data on a DODS server via the Internet regardless of native format, without disrupting local functions and access. Although DODS was originally developed for sharing oceanographic data, the design can be applied to other user communities. SOURCE: University Consortium for Atmospheric Research (2002). One way to accomplish this is to create independent demonstration data centers, each of which would build small functional prototypes with
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands small efficient teams that would distribute data from a few substantial datasets that are well documented (such as those from NASA and NOAA). This would be similar to the smaller-scale Sky Server project (Szalay et al., 2001). The costs of implementing demonstration data centers can be minimized by building on work that is already in progress (e.g., Sidebar 2.2). Finally, the demonstration centers would also help the data centers and communities adapt to serving and interacting with a wider range of users. One possible choice for testing new technologies is Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. In this example the goals of the demonstration data center could include the following: Define an XML Schema with the standard format definitions for the datasets. Show how the standard format definitions can be used to formulate queries on the data collection. Allow multiple avenues of network access to data already available. Specifically, provide real-time access to all data. Example access protocols include: FTP browse via a hierarchical tree (sorted by data/time and location). Network File System (NFS) access via read-only network drives. Implementation similar to NEpster/MODster (Sidebar 2.2), where multiple sites maintain subsets of the entire MODIS dataset. The participating data center could solicit participation of the MODIS science team and the other sites that have MODIS downlink systems, which have some (if not all) of the data. This might entail acquiring read-only access to datasets at non-data-center locations. The goal would be to leverage the work of researchers seeking to make science data community property. FTP subscription service, if it is not already provided. Enhance and publish XML-based metadata related to the datasets. This entails adding certain metadata to that already captured by EOSDIS, such as an MD5 signature for authentication. The metadata schema describing the layout of the demonstration data center and a method of providing direct SQL access of the database to users should also be published. The enhanced metadata will allow varied researchers the opportunity to explore the dataset in innovative ways. Utilize database technologies for user queries and searches. Identify and provide limited subsetting tools that run on the host computers. At a minimum, allow users to subset simple spatial grids and temporal intervals. Users would not need direct access to the data storage
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Government Data Centers: Meeting Increasing Demands computers;.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
metadata management | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10664&page=15 | 2013-05-18T10:45:31 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report 3 The Impact of Hubble: Past and Future OVERVIEW The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is arguably the most powerful single optical astronomical facility ever built. Hubble provides wavelength coverage and capabilities that are unmatched by any other optical telescope currently operating or planned, and there is nothing on the horizon to replace it. Hubble is a uniquely successful NASA science program and is a national asset well worth maintaining in operation. The Hubble telescope provides four key advantages over most other optical astronomical facilities: unprecedented angular resolution over a large field, spectral coverage from the near infrared to the far ultraviolet, an extremely dark sky, and highly stable images that enable precision photometry. Hubble’s imaging fields of view are also considerable, permitting mapping of extended objects and significant regions of sky. Unlike standard ground-based telescopes,1 whose view is blurred by the atmosphere and wholly impeded in the ultraviolet and large portions of the near infrared, Hubble can see sharply and clearly at all wavelengths from the far ultraviolet to the near infrared (Figure 3.1). Hubble images are 5 to 20 times sharper than those obtained from the ground, in effect bringing the universe that much “closer” (Figure 3.2). Image sharpness and the extremely dark sky help Hubble to see objects 10 times fainter than those that can be observed with even the largest ground-based telescopes. Moreover, Hubble’s images are extremely stable, in contrast to those of standard ground-based telescopes, which are subject to changing atmospheric clarity and turbulence that continually distort the view. Singly, each of these advantages would represent a significant advance for science. Coupled together they have resulted in the most powerful astronomical facility in history. Hubble is a general-purpose national observatory that enables unique contributions to and insights regarding most of the astronomical problems of greatest current interest. 1 Ground-based telescopes equipped with adaptive optics are discussed in “Comparison of Hubble with Other Planned Facilities” below in this chapter.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.1 An example of the Hubble Space Telescope’s superior resolution compared with that of a standard ground-based telescope: (left) a distant, peculiar interacting galaxy imaged with the Subaru telescope on Mauna Kea; (right) the same object imaged with Hubble. Subaru (8 m) telescope image courtesy of National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Hubble (2.4 m) image courtesy of STScI/NASA. FIGURE 3.2 Two Hubble Space Telescope images illustrate the value of observing at different wavelengths. (left) An image obtained at near-infrared wavelengths, which penetrate the dust, reveals hundreds of stars in the region, as well as a large complex of newly forming stars deep within the dusty column itself. (right) An image obtained at visible wavelengths shows a column of obscuring dust and gas in the famous Eagle nebula (M16). The sculpting away of the dust by an intense rain of radiation from nearby hot stars (off image to top) reveals denser globules of gas inside the column that are seen as protuberances on the surface of the cloud. These protuberances are likely sites of star formation. Each wavelength imaged by Hubble provides unique information about the sources studied. Images courtesy of STScI/NASA.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report TABLE 3.1 Principal Hubble Science Instruments Instrument Wavelength Range (micron) Pixel Size (arc sec) Field of View (arc sec) Existing: ACS/Wide field 0.35–1.05 0.045 205 × 205 ACS/High-resolution 0.20–1.05 0.026 26 × 26 NICMOS/NIC1 0.8–1.8 0.043 11 × 11 NICMOS/NIC2 0.8–2.5 0.075 19 × 19 NICMOS/NIC3 0.8–2.5 0.20 51 × 51 WFPC2/Wide field 0.12–1.05 0.1 3 × 75 × 75 WFPC2/Planetary 0.12–1.05 0.046 35 × 35 Planned for SM-4: WFC3/UV Visible 0.20–1.05 0.04 160 × 160 Near IR 0.80–1.70 0.13 135 × 135 Cosmic Origin Spectrograph 0.12–0.32 Of course, Hubble cannot do everything. It is not sensitive to very-high-energy radiation like x rays and gamma rays, or to low-energy radiation in the mid- and far-infrared or radio regions. It cannot collect the sheer quantity of light available to larger ground-based telescopes, a capability that is vital for obtaining high-resolution spectra. To fill these important gaps, Hubble must work synergistically with other telescopes to complete the portraits of celestial objects at all wavelengths. FINDING: The Hubble Space Telescope is a uniquely powerful observing platform in terms of its high angular optical resolution, broad wavelength coverage from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, low sky background, stable images, exquisite precision in flux determination, and significant field of view. The Hubble telescope is currently equipped with a selection of cameras operating at different wavelengths, as summarized in Table 3.1. The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) failed in 2004, but several of its ultraviolet modes would be replaced with the installation of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) during a servicing mission. A flexible mix of wavelengths, spectral resolutions, and field-of-view sizes is a key element of Hubble’s power. OBSERVING WITH HUBBLE Hubble observing is open to the worldwide astronomical community, and astronomers compete fiercely to win time on the telescope via their scientific proposals. Independent peer review of the proposals is the basis for selection by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), and chosen programs cover the entire range of astrophysics. Requested time typically exceeds that available by a factor of about seven. This rate of oversubscription has remained essentially constant over the lifetime of the telescope and is about twice that of large U.S. ground-based telescopes.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report Selection among the wealth of excellent proposed programs is done by panels of astronomers with significant international representation. In the most recent cycle, some 100 scientists participated in the review process. Two hundred proposals were selected, authored by 955 U.S. astronomers and 358 astronomers from 13 other countries. Many of the successful proposers were graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, making Hubble one of the most important astronomical training resources in the world. Roughly 60 percent of the grant funding in a typical proposal cycle (e.g., Cycle 12) goes to postdoctoral associates, fellows, and graduate students. Observations are scheduled by the STScI based on detailed instructions from the proposers. The data acquired can be held by the investigators for a 12-month period, after which they become publicly available in the HST archive. Hubble has led the way in making astronomical data archives accessible, and the archived data are nearly as popular for analyses as are new data, given that each Hubble observation can be reused many times by new investigators for new projects. The archive currently boasts 1500 registered users and 19 terabytes of data. Its value continues to grow as new data arrive, and its total impact has increased the productivity of the telescope greatly. The data archive will be one of the most enduring elements of the HST’s legacy. For successful U.S. proposers, an award of Hubble observing time carries with it a monetary grant to support the scientific research. This money pays for the salaries of researchers, stipends for students and postdoctoral fellows, computers, and publication costs. The annual HST grants program in Cycle 13 (the current cycle) is approximately $20 million, an appreciable fraction of the entire budget (approximately $31.5 million) for university grant programs and fellowships in all disciplines and wavelengths in the Astronomical Sciences Division at the National Science Foundation. SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS The Space Telescope Science Institute has studied the scientific impact of Hubble observations using two metrics: the number of citations in the professional astronomical literature and references to Hubble discoveries in the popular media. Table 3.2 lists the top 10 Hubble contributions based on astronomical citations, and the following text expands on 5 representative examples from the list. Ultradeep Images of the Universe—Galaxies in Formation Hubble looks so far out into space that it observes objects whose light has taken many billions of years to reach us. Astronomers therefore see these objects as they were at some distant time in the past; in effect, Hubble provides a “time machine” that can show us how the universe evolved. The Hubble Ultradeep Field penetrates back more than 12 billion years to within 1 billion years of the Big Bang (Figure 3.3). Infant galaxies can be seen in the process of forming, harbingers of a great wave of star formation that soon afterward bathed the universe in the light of 10 billion trillion stars, and the major stages in the history of galaxy formation are accessible to direct observation. Measurement of the Hubble Constant, the Distance Scale of the Universe Knowledge of the size and age of the universe had long been uncertain by a factor of two, a level of uncertainty that was a major obstacle to the testing of cosmological theories. Hubble measured the apparent brightness of so-called Cepheid variable stars in nearby galaxies and used them to estimate the distances to those galaxies. This approach provided an accurate value for H0, the Hubble constant, thereby calibrating the distance scale and size of the universe.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report TABLE 3.2 Top Ten Hubble Contributions Observation or Result Significance Ultradeep images of the distant universe Shows the formation of galaxies and confirms that the universe evolves. Tells the story of how our Milky Way was born. Accurate measurement of the Hubble constant, H0 Establishes the size and age of the universe. Discovery of giant black holes at the centers of galaxies Confirms longstanding theory of the “central engines” of quasars. Confirmation of accelerated expansion of the universe Requires the existence of “dark energy.” Discovery of spectral lines in active galaxies Reveals that black holes can trigger massive star formation. Expansion of the census of the intergalactic medium Establishes existence of a web of invisible matter filaments linking galaxies over hundreds of millions of light-years and controlling the matter-energy budget of the universe. Importance of chemistry of the interstellar medium Probes the formation and distribution of the chemical elements and reveals the physical state of the gas in interstellar space. Identification of gamma-ray bursts with distant galaxies Confirms that sources of gamma-ray bursts lie at cosmological distances and that gamma-ray bursts (during their brief flashes) are the brightest objects in the universe. Resolved images of protoplanetary disks Reveals flattened, rotating disks of dust and gas that almost certainly resemble our own solar system in its infancy. Studies of extrasolar planets Offers a sensitive method for finding planets around other stars, based on partial eclipses when a planet passes in front of a distant star. Giant Black Holes at the Centers of Galaxies Hubble’s high angular resolution allows astronomers to peer into the hearts of galaxies to measure the orbital speeds of gas and stars close to their centers. The speeds of stars reach 1000 km/s in many objects, thereby indicating the presence of intense gravitational fields caused by massive black holes of up to a billion solar masses. Though mostly invisible today, these black holes shone brilliantly in the past as quasars, fueled by the infall of then-abundant interstellar gas. Key data found by the Hubble telescope reveal a correlation between black hole mass and galaxy properties that may provide crucial clues to how and why these holes formed. Accelerated Expansion of the Universe—Dark Energy Einstein’s theory of general relativity says that gravity should slow the expansion of the universe.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.3 The Hubble Ultradeep Field, the deepest image of the universe yet taken. Deep images like this one look back in time as well as out in space, revealing the universe as it was billions of years ago. Representative galaxies are shown at the right, along with their ages after the Big Bang (Gyr, 1 billion years). The bottom image in the column is of one of the most distant galaxies yet seen, taking us to within 1 billion years (0.8 Gyr) of the beginning of our universe. Distant galaxies are seen as progressively smaller and dimmer compared with nearby galaxies. Astronomers are using look-back Hubble images like these to chart the course of galaxy evolution. Images courtesy of STScI/NASA. Hubble data, when coupled with those from other telescopes, show to the contrary that the expansion is accelerating and that galaxies move apart ever faster with time. This observation can be reconciled with general relativity only by invoking a new kind of energy density that remains constant despite the dilution expected from expansion. This so-called dark energy is unlike ordinary matter or energy in that it generates a repulsive gravity that is literally blowing the universe apart. Discovery of this fundamentally new cosmic entity is considered by many physicists to be the most important milestone in physics since the advent of general relativity and quantum mechanics in the early 1900s.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.4 The Orion nebula, one of the regions of intense star formation nearest to Earth, is a cloud of glowing interstellar gas that has been ionized by the intense ultraviolet radiation coming from five hot, massive stars (the Trapezium) near the center. In this montage of Hubble images, these five very luminous stars can be seen near the center of the main mosaic and in the enlarged image at the bottom left. Energy input from these and other young stars stirs up the gas, giving rise to a network of delicate striations. Despite the chaotic environment, dozens of smaller stars are forming by condensing out of the cloud under their own self-gravity. Some of these stars are surrounded by opaque, dusty disks (“proplyds”) that are forming proto-solar systems much like our own. A few young stars are expelling jets of matter perpendicular to their proto-solar system disks (lower right). Fine details of star birth such as these are visible only at the resolution possible with Hubble. Images courtesy of STScI/NASA. Protoplanetary Disks—Planetary Systems in Formation Many luminous nebulas are dense regions of interstellar gas lit up by ultraviolet radiation from newly born massive stars. In the nearest such nebulas in our galaxy, Hubble’s high resolving power has uncovered a cornucopia of proto-solar systems seen as dark, flattened disks silhouetted against the glowing background of nebular gas (Figure 3.4). At the centers of such disks, young suns can be seen in the process of formation. Powerful jets of plasma and magnetic fields are spewed out from some of these disks by a magnetic propulsion mechanism not yet fully understood. The discovery of proto-solar systems and energetic phenomena in nearby glowing nebulas has turned them into gold mines for studying the formation of stars and planets—including, by analogy, that of our own solar system.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.5 (left) The number of refereed scientific papers produced annually based on work enabled by major leading telescopes. (right) The number of citations in the scientific literature annually to papers produced from work enabled by major leading telescopes. The criteria used to assign papers to a telescope are parallel for all the telescopes shown here. HUBBLE IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR PRESS Nearly 5000 scientific papers have been published based on Hubble observations, and the publication rate in refereed journals is currently about 500 per year. Except possibly for the Chandra X-ray Observatory, which rivaled Hubble in terms of papers published in 2003, Hubble outstrips all other telescopes by more than a factor of two in both the quantity of papers published and the rates at which they are cited (Figure 3.5). The importance of Hubble science is clear to all—one need not be a trained scientist to know that unveiling the birth of stars and galaxies, finding billion-solar-mass black holes, and helping to discover an entirely new form of energy in the cosmos are ground-breaking milestones in the history of science. But progress in fundamental science is not the only way to judge Hubble’s achievements. To the list of science highlights can be added an even longer list of spectacular images that, though not necessarily in the top 10 scientifically, have had extraordinary public impact by virtue of their sheer beauty or arresting novelty (Figure 3.6). Among these one might list the big “black eye” left by comet Shoemaker-Levy’s direct hit on Jupiter, an image that alerted the public to the dangers of asteroids and comets hitting Earth; a panoply of jewel-like planetary nebulas that illustrate the ultimate death of our Sun; portraits of planets in our solar system, including auroras on Jupiter and Saturn; and, of course, the spectacular “pillars of dust” in the Eagle nebula that appeared on nearly every front page in America and became iconic for Hubble itself. Intense public interest in Hubble is borne out by many media studies of its impact; an example of the results of such an assessment is shown in Figure 3.7. Having garnered sustained public attention over its entire lifetime, the Hubble Space Telescope is clearly one of NASA’s most noticed science projects. In effect, Hubble has become a model that shows how NASA can combine its own unique expertise with that of scientists to educate the public about the natural world.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.6 Montage of famous Hubble Space Telescope images. From upper left: (1) Eagle nebula (M16), (2) Lagoon nebula (M8), (3) Cat’s Eye planetary nebula, (4) M2-9 planetary nebula, (5) gravitational lens arcs in the Abell 2218 galaxy cluster, (6) colliding galaxies NGC 4038-9 (the Antennae), (7) Eta Carina, (8) “light-echo” ring around Supernova 1987a in the Large Magellanic Cloud, (9) the Hubble Deep Field, (10) auroras on Saturn, (11) Mars, and (12) the black-hole galaxy NGC 4261. Images courtesy of STScI/NASA.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.7 The cumulative impact of various NASA space science programs as indicated by media coverage. “Discovery points” reflect the number and importance of news stories appearing annually in “Science News.” Courtesy of STScI/NASA. FINDING: Astronomical discoveries with Hubble from the solar system to the edge of the universe are among the most significant intellectual achievements of the space science program. SCIENCE IMPACT OF HUBBLE SERVICING MISSIONS Hubble today is not the same telescope that was launched in 1990. A series of servicing missions, summarized in Table 2.1, has repaired many key components, added new observing modes, and increased existing capabilities, typically by factors of 10 to 100. As a result, Hubble now produces much more data per unit time than it did originally. If the total data rate summed over all instruments can be taken as a rough measure of spacecraft productivity, Figure 3.8 shows how science data volume and thus productivity increased as a result of each of the three servicing missions that added science instruments. The total rate of calibrated data has grown by a factor of 33 since launch. A further increase is expected with the installation of Wide-field Camera 3 (WFC3) and COS, each of which would provide more than a 10-fold improvement in scientific efficiency and sensitivity with respect to previous instruments. FINDING: The scientific power of Hubble has grown enormously as a result of previous servicing missions.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.8 Growth as a function of time in the volume of data returned by the Hubble Space Telescope, 1990 to 2003, based on the rate of return just after launch. The rate tends to jump after each servicing mission (SM), due mainly to the installation of larger and more efficient detectors. Shown at the right is the volume of data projected as a result of the addition of two new instruments, the Wide-field camera 3 (WFC3) and the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) in a fifth servicing mission, SM-4. The efficiency of a science instrument is a measure of the time needed to make a given observation; doubling the efficiency, for example, halves the time. Efficiency on Hubble has risen by orders of magnitude with increases in the size of the detectors and improvements in total optical throughput, and would increase further with the installation of the two new instruments planned for servicing mission 4 (SM-4). WFC3 is an imager with two separate arms operating in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible and the near infrared. With more sensitive detectors and larger fields of view, it affords a gain of 10 in efficiency at 0.17 to 0.30 micron, and a gain of 50 at 0.80 to 1.7 microns. These numbers are huge for astronomy: for example, doubling the diameter of a ground-based telescope gives an efficiency gain of only 4, yet even this much improvement is highly sought after. Science programs that would be able to exploit the gain to be provided by WFC3 are indicated in Figure 3.9. The second instrument planned for installation by SM-4 is COS. COS is a moderate-resolution ultraviolet spectrograph that achieves large efficiency gains of 10 or more over STIS by virtue of a more sensitive, larger detector, a reduction in background noise, and an improved optical design with much higher throughput. This last feature is possible because COS is optimized for a small but very important group of cosmological problems (see below). Installation of COS is even more important if STIS, the
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report TABLE 3.3 Deteriorating Capabilities of Hubble Systems That Affect Scientific Operations System Current Status and Planned Fix Science Impact STIS Side A electronics failed in 2002; Side B electronics failed in August 2004; feasibility of Side B repair under study. With loss of redundancy, Hubble now has no moderate-resolution spectrograph. Batteries Charge capacity is decreasing; SM-4 would replace. All science operations will cease when batteries fail. Gyroscopes Reduction to two functioning gyros likely by early 2006, one gyro by mid-2007; new gyros to be installed during SM-4. Nominal operations require three gyros. Two-gyro mode will degrade highest-resolution images slightly and reduce target visibility; no proven workaround for one-gyro mode. Fine-guidance sensors Some degradation in two of the three currently available FGSs; one is predicted to fail between 2007 and 2009, leaving two without redundancy. Two-FGS mode will reduce target visibility and scheduling efficiency; no proven workaround for one-FGS mode. ACS Charge-transfer efficiency is gradually degrading, and “hot” pixels are increasing; no plan to service during SM-4. Degradation significant but not expected to be serious until after 2011. NICMOS Cooling unit is non-redundant mechanically; no plan to service during SM-4. NIC3 becomes backup when WFC3 is installed. High-resolution NIC1 and NIC2 modes will be lost if cooler fails. WFPC2 Charge-transfer efficiency is degrading; to be replaced by WFC3 during SM-4. Degradation not important if WFPC2 is replaced by WFC3. ACS, which is a workhorse camera with the largest field of view, would continue to operate. For this reason, early servicing is desirable to minimize the accumulating radiation damage. No servicing of ACS or NICMOS is planned for SM-4. Two other systems potentially affect the thermal health of HST’s science instruments. These are the Aft Shroud Cooling System and the New Outer Blanket Layer, an outer insulation layer. Both of these are included in the shuttle version of SM-4 but not in the baseline robotic mission. These systems are discussed in Chapter 4, which indicates that they are desirable but not essential for instrument functioning. To summarize, with the exception of STIS, all important items needed to keep Hubble functioning well through 2011 are included in the shuttle SM-4 servicing plan. Replacement of batteries and gyros and one FGS is deemed essential. Any spacecraft is subject to unanticipated failures, but if the repairs envisioned for SM-4 are carried out promptly, there is every prospect that Hubble can operate effectively for another 4 to 5 years after servicing.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report THE PROMISE OF FUTURE DISCOVERIES What important science programs would be enabled if Hubble’s life were extended? This essential question is examined here, starting with programs that could be done with the existing instruments and proceeding to those depending on the two new instruments, WFC3 and COS. It is important to note that typically only about half of all major discoveries made with new astronomical facilities are foreseen, while the other half are serendipitous. Hubble has been no exception in this regard—only five of the contributions listed in Table 3.2 were anticipated. Space here also permits listing only a small faction of the science projects likely to be undertaken. For both reasons, the following list provides a lower limit to the future discovery potential of Hubble. One of the most active and exciting frontiers in astronomy in coming decades will be the discovery and study of planets in solar systems beyond our own. Finding planets, especially down to Earth-like size, has become an official goal of NASA. More than 100 extrasolar planetary systems have been discovered (by ground-based telescopes), and they are very different from those in our own solar system. Planets similar in mass to Jupiter have been found, but they are very close to their parent stars and often in highly elliptical orbits—not at all like the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that all orbit far from the Sun in nearly circular orbits. Given an example of exactly one solar system—ours—theorists had invented tidy theories that predicted that its structure was inevitable. The new discoveries have overturned these ideas, and the field of solar-system formation is now in ferment. A rapidly developing technique for finding planets detects them as they transit across the face of their parent star and block a small part of the light. The great advantage of Hubble for transit photometry is its extraordinary photometric stability, which allows it to detect much smaller decreases in light than can be measured through Earth’s fluctuating atmosphere. This is evident in Figure 3.10, which shows a scatter in the measurements of only 0.02 percent, some 50 times smaller than is possible with typical ground-based photometry. This scatter is only a factor of two larger than the dip caused by Earth as it passes in front of the Sun, as seen by a hypothetical distant observer. HST’s high accuracy is important to this effort in three ways. The first is illustrated in Figure 3.10, where HST actually resolves the time needed for ingress and egress. This is the only known way to measure planet radii. The second is that Hubble can provide rapid confirmation for NASA’s Kepler mission,2 which is planned for launch in late 2007 and is specifically designed to search for transiting extrasolar planets, including Earth-like planets. The Kepler technique will produce many false positives that will have to be screened out by other methods. Kepler can do much of this itself, but the process will take years for Earth-size candidates; high-resolution Hubble photometry could provide much more rapid feedback and possible optimization of further Kepler observations. For maximum benefit, Hubble operations should overlap the Kepler mission from 2008 to beyond 2010. Finally, Hubble can take exceptionally accurate spectra of planetary systems during eclipse, yielding measurements of water and other species in jovian-sized planetary atmospheres.3 Photometry with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will also have higher accuracy than that possible from ground-based telescopes and will also play an important role in planet detection. However, JWST’s system is not as well understood at this time, and its launch is still several years away. 2 For additional information see. 3 David Charbonneau, “Hubble’s View of Transiting Planets,” in From Planets to Cosmology: Essential Science in Hubble’s Final Years, STScI 2004 May Symposium, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md., in press.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.10 The presence of an otherwise invisible planet can be detected by the small drop in light caused as the planet travels in front of its parent star. The “light curve” of such a transit is shown here, with the drop in light at slightly more than 1.5 percent, as would occur with a giant Jupiter-like planet passing in front of the Sun. However, the scatter in the Hubble measurements is so small that even smaller planets could be detected. Hubble has begun to monitor rich star fields like that shown in the background, which is a region near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. In this manner, several hundred thousand stars can be searched for Jupiter-size and smaller planets in roughly 1 week of Hubble Space Telescope observing time. Courtesy of STScI/NASA. Similarly, most of the stars targeted by the Kepler mission are too faint for effective imaging with ground-based adaptive optics systems. For proven high accuracy and overlap/coordination with the Kepler mission, Hubble is preferred. Besides detection of extrasolar planets, a great variety of other important work will be able to continue if Hubble remains operational. A large number of new supernovas could be found for the study of dark energy, reducing uncertainties in its properties by a factor of two. A wealth of data would be taken to explore the nature of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy and in neighboring galaxies. Hubble is just beginning to image objects being found by sister NASA missions such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory, GALEX (an ultraviolet imager), and Spitzer (an infrared imager and spectrograph), which are currently in orbit. These satellites are relatively wide-field survey telescopes, one of whose expressed purposes is to detect objects for Hubble follow-up observations. The chance for these follow-ups would be severely limited if Hubble’s life were curtailed, because the areas of the sky surveyed by Hubble for any one observation are much smaller than those observed at other wavelengths, and thus it requires more time to cover a field.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report In the closing years of the Hubble telescope’s active life, emphasis is turning toward the gathering of large, homogeneous data sets—including spectral libraries and imaging surveys of large areas within the Milky Way, nearby galaxies, and the distant universe. These data sets, called Treasury Programs, will go into the data archive; they are Hubble’s lay-away plan for the future. These programs are extremely important because there are no plans in the foreseeable future to replace Hubble with a telescope of comparable size and wavelength coverage. The servicing mission SM-4 is needed to allow an orderly completion of this important aspect of Hubble’s mission. Forefront programs would be enabled by the two new instruments to be installed by SM-4—starting with the near-infrared arm of WFC3. Long-wavelength imaging has been a popular mode on Hubble, but the relatively small field of view of the NICMOS camera has been a serious handicap. Important new vistas would be opened by the near-IR arm of WFC3. A major goal is observing the most distant galaxies, whose light is highly red-shifted by the expansion of the universe. Light from the most distant galaxies detectable by Hubble is red-shifted so much that it is “too red” for ACS, whose sensitivity ends at about 1 micron. Critical spectral features needed to measure age and distance are red-shifted entirely out of ACS’s range. WFC3 will reach these objects and enable Hubble at last to see the full distance to which its mirror is capable of giving access. The deepest image taken yet with Hubble is its Ultradeep Field, in which a handful of objects have been identified beyond a redshift of 6 (see Figure 3.3). The age of the universe at this redshift is already 1 billion years; WFC3 images of the same field should reach back to redshift 10, nearly twice as close to the Big Bang. This capability is critical because the universe evolved rapidly at these epochs, and even a small increase in look-back time can reveal new phenomena. This is the era of the first galaxies, when stars began shining and black holes began to evolve toward quasars, when the featureless cosmic void began to condense and lay the foundations for planets and life. WFC3 looks through a window that will shed light on our own distant past. How and when galaxies form stars is another great astronomical mystery. Much of the early star formation seems to have occurred in bursts triggered by collisions of massive galaxies. Such bursts are hidden within dark clouds of gas and dust and cannot be seen at visible wavelengths. WFC3’s near-infrared detector can penetrate the dust to reveal underlying properties of the starburst (see Figure 3.11). In this quest, WFC3 would work synergistically with the Spitzer infrared satellite, which will detect dust-enshrouded starbursts in great numbers but will rely on Hubble for high-resolution follow-up work. A third important task of WFC3 is to pursue and extend the supernova discovery program. These objects have provided the best evidence that the universe is expanding faster with time, requiring dark energy to drive the acceleration. WFC3 could establish whether the amount of dark energy is evolving with time or has remained constant—potentially an extremely important question for fundamental physics. Even without WFC3, Hubble would make progress by likely discovering some 30 new supernovas in 4 years. WFC3 would increase this detection rate by a factor of 2.5, and should also detect some extremely important supernovas at much larger distances. Such distant supernovas are invisible now but should be detected in significant numbers by WFC3. The result would be much tighter constraints on the properties of dark matter. Other programs for the WFC3-IR camera include a hunt for water-bearing rocks on Mars and ices on outer satellites in the solar system. In each case, capabilities provided by Hubble will be unique among existing astronomical facilities. Because Earth’s atmosphere is opaque to wavelengths of less than 0.30 micron, the Hubble telescope offers unique opportunities at ultraviolet wavelengths. This potential has been only partly realized to date, because of the difficulty of making space-qualified ultraviolet detectors. High UV efficiency will be achieved on Hubble for the first time when both WFC3 and COS are installed. WFC3’s short-
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.11 An illustration of the power of near-infrared light to penetrate dust clouds and reveal embedded, newly formed stars. (left) A Wide-field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) view of the center of the Orion nebula with the five Trapezium stars. (right) The same region imaged in the near infrared with the NICMOS camera, which makes many previously hidden stars visible. This pair of images illustrates why observing at many different wavelengths is required. Wide-field Camera 3 will be 50 times more efficient than NICMOS for this work. Courtesy of STScI/NASA. wavelength detector would provide sensitive ultraviolet imaging below 0.30 micron. Stellar populations redden as they age, as hot, blue, massive stars die away. Slicing the spectrum into colors thus slices the stellar population into age cohorts, with the youngest, most recently formed stars visible in the ultraviolet. It will be exciting to turn WFC3’s UV capability onto distant galaxies, whose star-formation histories can be captured at previous epochs and merged to synthesize the history of cosmic star formation. While detecting radiation is usually the goal, sometimes not detecting it is even more important. Imaging at ultraviolet wavelengths can reveal the presence of distant proto-galaxies because light at wavelengths below 0.12 micron is absorbed by intervening clouds of intergalactic hydrogen gas, thereby creating a “hole” in the spectrum where it appears black. In distant objects, this hole is redshifted to longer wavelengths, so that objects disappear or “drop out” in certain colors. WFC3’s greater UV sensitivity will allow it to discover UV dropouts nearly 10 times fainter than those currently known, deepening our knowledge of distant galaxies beyond the brightest ones currently known. The other gap in instrumentation in the ultraviolet—spectroscopy—will be significantly filled by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. COS is an instrument optimized for a number of highly important programs in cosmology. The first of these is study of the “cosmic web” consisting of diffuse matter not yet coalesced into galaxies (Figure 3.12). The cosmic web forms a huge network in space around our galaxy but is largely invisible because no stars or galaxies have yet formed in it. It contains many vital
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report FIGURE 3.12 Theoretical models of galaxy formation predict that the universe is threaded by filaments of matter between the galaxies. It is at the intersection points of this so-called cosmic web that galaxies, and then clusters of galaxies, form. Because it contains only dark matter and gas that has not yet condensed into stars, the web is invisible. However, gas inside it is capable of absorbing light that passes through it on the way to Earth from background objects. Evidence of this absorption can be seen in the spectrum of a background object, which has dips where light is removed by web-gas atoms. A sample spectrum is shown at the lower right. The much higher efficiency of the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph would enable it to take spectra of many more background quasars, creating a dense network of sight lines with which to probe the cosmic web. clues to cosmogenesis. The density and geometry of the web reflect the original density ripples in the universe that gave rise to all the structure seen today. Galaxies form at “nodes” in the web, where filaments intersect and grow via the pull of gravity, which drags matter along web-lines into the nodes. How and when does this happen, and how do galaxies “turn on”? If it were visible to the eye, the web would reveal the distribution of matter that has not yet fallen into galaxies—which is most of the matter in the universe! The web is thus the dominant player in the cosmic-matter energy budget. With COS it would be possible to study the cosmic web in detail for the first time. Though not radiating much by itself, the web absorbs light from bright, background sources such as quasars, leaving
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report dips at particular wavelengths in the spectrum. Each quasar line-of-sight is thus a “core-drilling” through space that reveals pieces of the cosmic web. The big advantage of COS is higher sensitivity, some 10 to 30 times that of STIS. As a consequence, many more faint quasars can be studied, making a much denser pattern of core-drillings through space. The dense coverage should reveal the geometry of the web and its evolution with time. The total observing program of COS would be rich because the same spectral features that delineate the web are also found in interstellar gas and in stellar atmospheres. The tracer elements involved include nitrogen, silicon, aluminum, oxygen, carbon, and iron—elements basic to the formation of Earth and life. COS spectra can be used to explore the chemical evolution of galaxies and the intergalactic medium via nucleosynthesis of these elements. Velocities of gas clouds can be measured to show how hot stars and quasars feed back their energy into surrounding gas, driving massive “winds” from galaxies. These UV spectral features are also important for studying the chemistry and physics of planetary atmospheres in the solar system. In total, the large efficiency gains enabled by COS would open for the first time a wide window for UV spectroscopy. Of the two instruments slated for SM-4, WFC3 is the more powerful because of its wide wavelength range and its sensitivity in the near infrared, which is particularly important for studying the highly redshifted distant universe. WFC3 is thus essential for any servicing mission, and the installation of COS is highly desirable. FINDING: A minimum scientifically acceptable servicing mission would install batteries, gyroscopes, WFC3, and one FGS. The installation of COS is highly desirable. FUTURE SCIENCE POTENTIAL RELATIVE TO PAST ACHIEVEMENTS Hubble’s oversubscription by a factor of about 7 indicates that scientific productivity with the present instruments is already high; the new instruments WFC3 and COS would extend the power of the observatory significantly further. In an attempt to quantify this statement, selected objectives from the above list of future science programs have been identified that, in the opinion of the committee, are comparable in importance to the top 10 Hubble contributions listed in Table 3.2. The result is five objectives listed in Table 3.4. Allowing for the overwhelming likelihood of important unforeseen discoveries in addition to those listed in Table 3.4, the committee concludes that the promise for future Hubble discoveries following a servicing mission is comparable to the telescope’s promise when first launched. The programs listed in Table 3.4 are also very well aligned with the list of key problems highlighted by the most recent decadal survey report for astronomy and astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium.4 COMPARISON OF HUBBLE WITH OTHER PLANNED FACILITIES The unique advantage of HST with respect to other astronomical tools is its exquisite angular resolution extending from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. Observations in the ultraviolet and part of the near IR (IR) are impossible from the ground at any resolution. Even at wavelengths accessible from the ground, HST still has a big advantage for imaging and low-resolution spectroscopy because of its 4 National Research Council, 2001, Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report TABLE 3.4 Foreseeable Major Contributions Made Possible with Hubble Likely Discovery Hubble Instrument Importance Large number of extrasolar planets ACS Possibly detecting Earth-like planets and measuring their radii. The first galaxies WFC3 Obtaining key data concerning formation of the first stars and black holes. Evolution of dark energy WFC3, ACS Understanding the fundamental nature of dark energy. The cosmic web COS Mapping the total distribution of matter in the universe. The effects of quasars and stars on galaxies growth. COS Understanding how galaxies limit their own high spatial resolution and dark sky, which more than compensate for its relatively modest mirror size. In contrast, high-resolution spectroscopy requires a lot of light, so that large-aperture ground-based telescopes are often better, but only if the wavelength is visible from the ground and high spatial resolution is not needed. If either of these conditions is not met, multiple-orbit exposures with Hubble can be successful—indeed have been, for example, in the discovery of black holes at galactic centers. It has been suggested that a new technique, called adaptive optics (AO), may enable ground-based telescopes to achieve and even surpass Hubble’s resolution, at lower cost. The AO method corrects for atmospheric blurring by constantly monitoring the bending of light rays by the atmosphere over the telescope. This information is transmitted several hundreds of times a second to a flexible mirror whose surface is deformed in order to “re-aim” the rays to their original trajectories, restoring above-atmosphere image sharpness. AO is quite new and is still in the development phase. The technique works well in the near IR (around 2 microns), where ground-based telescopes with AO can actually take sharper images than Hubble does. However, it becomes much more difficult at shorter wavelengths in proportion to the inverse fifth power of the wavelength. Thus, an AO system working at 0.5 micron would be approximately 1000 times more difficult to achieve (and perhaps approximately 1000 times more costly) than a 2-micron system; an AO system in the ultraviolet is out of the question. AO systems also have inherently narrow fields of view compared with those of Hubble; these fields of view can be enlarged, but not without considerable further work and cost. AO images are inherently much less stable than Hubble images because the atmosphere and the quality of the correction are constantly fluctuating. AO therefore does not lend itself to the precision measurements that Hubble makes routinely. Finally, even if ground-based AO telescopes can sometimes approach Hubble in image quality at long wavelengths and over small fields of view, Hubble still has a big edge in sensitivity beyond 0.8 micron because of its much darker sky. To summarize, adaptive optics is currently useful for certain kinds of measurements in small fields of view at wavelengths beyond 1.6 microns. Field size and the quality of atmospheric correction will improve in coming years, but Hubble will still be superior for nearly all applications through its planned lifetime, even in the near IR. With time, ground-based telescopes will become more competitive,
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report starting with imaging at longer wavelengths and with spectroscopy (which benefits from the light-gathering capacities of large mirrors). However, for all work requiring high spatial resolution, wavelengths below 1 micron will remain the province of space telescopes for the foreseeable future. To equip a 3-meter ground-based telescope today with a system approaching Hubble’s image quality at 0.8 micron is technically exceedingly difficult, and such a system would be much less stable than Hubble; such a system operating at 0.5 micron is not feasible at present. Thus, Hubble will remain the instrument of choice for virtually all high-resolution observations over its wavelength range during its entire lifetime. FINDING: Ground-based adaptive optics systems will not achieve Hubble’s high degree of image stability or angular resolution at visible wavelengths for the foreseeable future. The satellites GALEX and FUSE have UV capabilities that are different from those of Hubble and therefore are in no sense a replacement for it. GALEX makes low-resolution images but covers a much wider field of view; its main role relative to Hubble is to find interesting objects for detailed Hubble follow-up. FUSE observes in the far UV at wavelengths beyond Hubble’s limit. The missions of GALEX and FUSE are relatively short, with GALEX likely ceasing operation in early 2007 and FUSE in 2010. For efficient follow-up of GALEX discoveries, it is desirable that Hubble operate for 3 years beyond GALEX, implying a mission lifetime out to 2010. New facilities under construction or consideration that relate to Hubble’s capabilities include the James Webb Space Telescope. JWST will operate mostly at longer wavelengths than Hubble, out to 27 microns, but the two overlap between 0.6 and 2.5 microns; JWST does not operate in the short-wavelength visible or ultraviolet. The launch date of JWST is currently slated for 2011 but could slip to 2013, given the history of missions of comparable difficulty. With image quality comparable to or better than Hubble’s beyond 1 micron and a mirror diameter 2.5 times larger, a successful JWST will super-sede Hubble in the infrared. Nevertheless there are three important reasons for maintaining Hubble in operation through at least 2010: to reduce the gap in time between Hubble and JWST during which there is no high-resolution space imaging; to permit Hubble to carry out observations shortward of 0.6 micron where JWST cannot reach; and to protect against schedule slips and/or failure in the JWST mission, which is planned for a distant orbit and without any options for repair. SNAP (a possible joint Dark Energy Mission concept) was envisioned as a project of NASA and the Department of Energy. Plans called for a 2-meter mirror with a wide field of view (0.34 deg2); it would provide somewhat poorer quality images than Hubble. Its stated goal is to find and study distant, highly red-shifted supernovas for the study of dark energy. Its wide-field optical and near-IR imaging could make it attractive for many other programs, as well. However, it is not yet an approved project, and a start for SNAP is not foreseen until 2015-2016. Moreover SNAP would not serve as a substitute for Hubble because its pixels would be twice the size of Hubble’s, it would have no capability for high-resolution spectroscopy, and it would not operate in the UV. Even if SNAP is completed on an optimistic schedule, Hubble will be able to return a wealth of information about distant supernovas before SNAP is operational. Indeed, the design of SNAP may benefit significantly from these yet-to-be-made Hubble observations. To summarize, no telescope currently operating or planned covers the wide range of wavelengths and capabilities offered by Hubble, especially in the ultraviolet. JWST offers exciting capabilities in the near infrared, but JWST has significant development risk and no plans for on-orbit repair. The committee believes that it makes sense to exploit Hubble’s proven capabilities for a further 4 to 5 years with one more servicing mission.
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report COORDINATION WITH OTHER FACILITIES The last several decades have seen an increasing emphasis on multi-wavelength astronomy, in which a panoply of telescopes operating from gamma-ray to radio wavelengths is brought to bear on an object to paint its total “cosmic portrait.” For example, x-ray regions are uniquely able to show hot gas, active black holes, and gas ejected in explosions of supernovas; the UV through the near IR is the realm of stars, from hot to cool; the deep infrared reveals young stars forming within dark dust clouds; and the radio region shows hydrogen gas and energetic plasma ejected from black holes. Each wavelength has its own story to tell. Among the best examples of synergistic cooperation between different telescopes are recent results using the Chandra, HST, Very Large Telescope (VLT), Keck, and Spitzer telescopes. The Chandra X-ray Observatory has obtained some of the most sensitive x-ray observations ever made of distant galaxies, in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Ground-based telescopes (Keck and VLT) have obtained spectra for redshifts and distances; Hubble has surveyed both fields and provided much-needed high-resolution imaging. The combined result is the detection of hundreds of active galaxies containing super-massive black holes, the integrated flux of which is now known to make up the x-ray background. In fields where Keck, VLT, and Hubble could not identify a candidate object, the infrared capabilities of Spitzer were able to identify a quasar of very unusual characteristics. These projects are revolutionizing our understanding of the epoch of galaxy and black hole formation and evolution. It is important that such measurements be carried out almost simultaneously, because high-energy phenomena are highly time variable and archival information is not relevant. Most of the x-ray emitters in Chandra deep-field pictures are variable on time scales from days to years. Gamma-ray bursts have even shorter time scales, seconds to days. Much will therefore be lost if the Hubble telescope is not available over the working lifetime of Chandra. Successors to these facilities may not be flown for two decades or more. This possibility argues for continuing the Hubble mission at least through the lifetime of Chandra (5 years from now), and also for servicing early, to maximize the period of simultaneous operations. Furthermore, the continuation of Hubble surveys, even with the current complement of instruments, is essential to match the requirement of multi-wavelength surveys. Many of the instruments in the x-ray, UV, and infrared regions have wider fields of view than Hubble. This means that Hubble has to create a mosaic from many exposures to cover the same fields of view as, say, Chandra. Additional time is therefore needed to observe these fields with Hubble and thus ensure a much richer sample of cosmic objects to study. THE TIMING OF A SERVICING MISSION A number of strategic considerations indicate that any servicing mission should be flown as early as reasonably possible. Several such considerations are presented above in this chapter, and more are discussed in Chapter 4. They are collected here for convenience. First, the detector in the workhorse ACS camera is steadily accumulating radiation damage, with significantly degraded performance expected around 2010. Second, gyroscope failure is expected to place the Hubble telescope in a one-gyro mode near fall 2007 (see Chapter 4), at which point efficient science operations cannot be guaranteed at present. An interruption in operation will ensue, with the telescope sitting idle on orbit waiting for repair. Such a gap interrupts the normal flow of planning, observation, and analysis, and valuable overlap time with SIRTF and Chandra would also be reduced. Third, battery failure is the one event that can irreparably damage the telescope structure by allowing it
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Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report to get too cold. Batteries are not predicted to fail until mid 2011 (Chapter 4), but the battery model involves considerable uncertainty, and Hubble’s batteries could fail sooner. Fourth, the failure model for Hubble’s avionics (Chapter 4) predicts an increasing number of component failures with time. A robotic servicing mission lacks the flexibility to deal with these. A shuttle mission has the required flexibility but might not have the capacity to deal with the added number of problems that a servicing delay might give rise to. Finally, it is a fact that all predictions for spacecraft longevity are just that, predictions. Components might start degrading sooner than expected, or the telescope could be hit by space debris, or some other unexpected event might occur. For all these reasons, it is prudent to get the maximum science out of the telescope in the shortest time possible, which points to servicing as soon as can reasonably be managed. FINDING: Servicing Hubble expeditiously is highly desirable. REHOSTING A number of studies are underway to examine the possibility of rehosting WFC3 and/or COS on a new spacecraft(s). The alternatives being studied range from a full Hubble replacement, including a lighter mirror but with the same aperture and diffraction-limited performance in the UV and optical domain, to a smaller single-purpose spacecraft to carry one or the other of these two instruments. There was not time to explore the various possible options thoroughly, and most of them are still undefined in any case. The conclusions here are therefore very general. It is possible that these studies, when completed, may result in a mission design that essentially replaces Hubble with a new spacecraft and a new mirror of equal performance to be launched as a replacement. The committee notes, however, that this approach would require a mirror that is at least 2.4 meters in diameter with diffraction-limited performance down to the ultraviolet, along with a very accurate pointing and guiding system consistent with HST’s capabilities. If all this could be done at a cost competitive with that of a servicing mission, still taking into account provisions for Hubble reentry, it would be scientifically attractive. However, preliminary cost information provided to the committee suggested that the savings would not be large. Moreover, all options for rehosting take time to evaluate, select, and develop, and all options carry the risk that a new spacecraft may ultimately fail to operate to specifications. By contrast, Hubble is a proven platform on orbit now, to which several successful servicing missions have already been sent.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies 5 Trends in the Timing of First Marriage Among Men and Women in the Developing World Barbara S. Mensch, Susheela Singh, and John B. Casterline For many demographers age at first union is worthy of attention because of the close link between marriage and the onset of childbearing. Thus a number of studies over the years have documented the contribution of changes in the timing of marriage to fertility transitions, both historically in developed countries and currently in developing countries (e.g., Casterline, 1994; Coale and Treadway, 1986; Rosero-Bixby, 1996). It has been argued, however, that “weaknesses in the field of nuptiality research stem from its heavy focus on the fertility implications of nuptiality patterns” (Smith, 1983, p. 510). In charging his fellow demographers to think more broadly about the subject of marriage, van de Walle (1993, p. 118) asserts that we should care about marriage patterns “in their own right” because understanding “nuptiality change could further the understanding of other social change.” Indeed, for those interested in family formation, the timing of first union merits investigation not only because it signals the initiation of reproductive life, but also because the marriage process reflects the way family life is organized and functions in a particular culture and because when, who, and how one marries all have implications for gender relations within society (Malhotra, 1997). in the developing world. If, for example, men are now postponing marriage because of greater expectations about job status and employment stability and the material possessions needed to form a household, and
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies women. While focus on marriage prior to age 18, the internationally established age of adulthood, has gained prominence, research has yet to establish the 1 There are also several studies that predate van de Walle’s call for further research. Fricke, Syed, and Smith’s (1986) analysis of marriage timing strategies in Pakistan is noteworthy as is Lesthaeghe, Kaufman, and Meekers (1989) investigation of nuptiality regimes in sub-Saharan Africa, where the timing of marriage and the practice of polygyny were explored in great depth. This latter study was path breaking in linking ethnographic data (including measures of dependence on subsistence agriculture, lineage systems, inheritance, and presence of various types of chiefs) to demographic data. Malhotra and Tsui’s (1996) study of the effect of norms about marriage—including the importance of setting up an independent household, the desire to work before marriage, and expectations about arranged marriage—on marriage timing in Sri Lanka is also an important contribution to the literature. To the best of our knowledge, it is the only analysis of marriage that uses panel data; however, while the attitudinal variables included in the event history models are measured prior to marriage, they are still likely to be endogenous to marriage timing.
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies causal links between early marriage and poor outcomes among women. Is it early marriage in and of itself that is the problem or is it the characteristics of those who marry early? In contrast to the extensive documentation of female age at marriage, the literature on men is quite sparse (Malhotra, 1997). In part this limited attention to men is because demographic surveys, up until the last decade or so, have been restricted to women. But it is also due to the fact that across a wide spectrum of countries and cultures, relatively few men marry during the teenage years, and it is early marriage that is considered problematic and thus worthy of consideration. In this chapter we will examine trends in the timing of first marriage or union for men and women. We define marriage broadly to include all socially recognized unions, including legal marriage as well as any other type of union that is recognized and reported in particular countries. The principal focus is on documenting trends in the age at marriage for the major regions of the developing world; however, the chapter also addresses a few subthemes: the current extent of early marriage, differences between men and women in trends in age at marriage, and the association between age at marriage and sociodemographic characteristics, specifically education and rural-urban residence. To the extent that changing patterns of behavior are revealed, we will try to identify to what such transformations might be attributed and draw on the demographic literature to provide insights. UNDERSTANDING MARRIAGE TIMING A number of scholars have conducted research on marriage timing. We begin with a brief review of the contributions of various social science disciplines to an understanding of age at marriage. Historical Demography Historical demographers have done an admirable job of documenting marriage patterns throughout Europe over the last few hundred years; however, they have fared less well in identifying a particular set of factors that explains trends across cultures. Hajnal (1965) first observed what he called a “European” pattern with late age at marriage and high proportions unmarried. In describing this distinctive pattern that existed from at least as early as the eighteenth century, he hypothesized that an association existed between marriage and household formation, arguing that when marriage involved the establishment of a new household, as it did in much of Western and Northern Europe, resource and skill acquisition were determining factors in the decision to wed. Wrigley and colleagues (1997, p. 122), in
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies their history of English population from the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century, supported this view, concluding not only that “the pattern that Hajnal identified was of long standing in England,” but also that the decision to marry hinged on the ability to set up an independent household. While many have noted its “tremendous influence in the historical study of European marriage” (Ehmer, 2002, p. 306), Hajnal’s theory of the links between age at marriage and economic self-sufficiency is not without its critics. Watkins (1986, p. 325), in her investigation of marriage in Europe between 1870 and 1960, reveals the inadequacy of Hajnal’s explanation, at least in understanding change at the level of geographic aggregates. Examination of provincial data from the late nineteenth century reveals that nuptiality patterns were similar in neighboring provinces, but not necessarily within regions of a particular country. She argues that these contiguous regions shared a common culture and language and not necessarily common occupational structures, suggesting that societal conventions with regard to the timing of marriage existed independent of particular economic conditions. Other studies also suggest that the decision about when to marry may be rooted as much in societal norms as in economic realities. Lynch (1991), examining the experience in cities in Northwest Europe, observed that the pattern of late age at marriage and high rates of celibacy that characterized village society also described more urbanized areas in the nineteenth century. Although she presents herself as an adherent of Hajnal, her argument that the European Marriage Pattern prevailed even as Malthusian constraints weakened with the rise of fertility control is not consistent with a theory that connects age at marriage to economic resources. She claims that late age at marriage represents a set of cultural values, albeit values that emanated, in part, from economic realities of times past. Individual country studies also reveal the inadequacy of an explanation linking household structure, the economic environment, and age at marriage. For example, an analysis of data from an agricultural region of north-central Italy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries revealed that women married quite late, on average around 24 to 25, despite the fact that multiple-family households were common and patrilocal residence was the norm. Moreover, marriage age did not decline throughout “a period of dramatic social and economic changes,” when wage labor supplanted share-cropping (Kertzer and Hogan, 1991, p. 34). In Ireland, even as incomes began to rise in the late nineteenth century, celibacy and late age of marriage continued to prevail (Guinnane, 1991). Proto-industrialization, which provided wage-earning opportunities for young men and women, did not always lead to reduced age at marriage, as Gutmann and Leboutte (1984) demonstrate for Eastern Belgium. They argue that land ownership patterns, the speed with which industrial development takes place, and the nature of
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies that industry all play a role in the timing of marriage. Furthermore, case studies from other areas in Europe do not show a strong association between occupational groups and age at marriage (Kertzer and Hogan, 1991). These demographic studies of historical Europe are useful for those investigating marriage in the developing world if only to emphasize that nuptiality trends defy easy explanation; while age at marriage is likely to be sensitive to the economic environment, the roots of particular marriage patterns would appear to lie in the distinctiveness of individual family systems.2 Social Anthropology For social anthropologists, kinship systems—which include marriage rules and residential arrangements—have traditionally been a focal, if not the focal subject of ethnographic inquiry. While much effort has gone into documenting spouse selection patterns, living arrangements after marriage, and inheritance systems, the subject of age at marriage has been incidental to the larger goal of describing the way in which the overall kinship system and marriage rules function to maintain social order. The structural-functionalist approach to kinship dominated cultural anthropology throughout much of the twentieth century. Although this paradigm is now considered overly “static” and even “obsolete” (Das Gupta, 1997, p. 36), many anthropologists are still interested in kinship patterns. However, the focus is no longer on delineating complicated marriage rules. Rather, kinship is explored within its broader political and economic context with a view toward understanding social change. Ahearn’s (2001) ethnographic study of the way in which increased literacy and exposure to Hindi soap operas has led to a shift away from arranged and capture marriages toward love marriages in a Nepalese village is an example of this new type of kinship research. Yet she pays no attention to whether this transformation in the marriage process has had an effect on the timing of marriage. As was true of earlier kinship studies, no discussion of age at marriage is provided. A collaborative study between anthropologists and demographers, also conducted in a Nepalese village, does focus explicitly on age at marriage. In the introduction to their chapter, Dahal, Fricke, and Thornton (1993, p. 305) explain why anthropologists should not ignore marriage timing: 2 We thank George Alter for educating us on recent scholarship in historical demography as well as emphasizing the uniqueness of individual family systems and pointing out the danger in generalizing from Europe to the rest of the world (G. Alter, personal communication, April 23, 2004).
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies If particular marriage forms are evidence of wider strategies of social reproduction … then the timing of marriage should itself be seen as a part of that process. Thus marriage timing is no less the proper study of anthropology than any other element of marriage behavior. At the same time, marriage timing should be seen to have implications beyond the merely demographic. They are critical of even the “most anthropologically informed demographers” who ignore family context in explaining age of marriage, and include only individual factors, such as education, to elucidate behavior change. Indeed, the explanatory variables used in this examination of Nepal set the research apart from conventional survey analyses. In addition to asking the standard demographic questions, information was collected on marriage characteristics of the parental generation, including measures of kin status of parents (cross-cousin or not), the nature of material exchange at their marriage, and the relative land holding of their families. Data were also collected on mothers’ characteristics, including the inheritance at marriage and whether Nepali is spoken as well as the local language, all measures that reflect social status. Family context, namely “access to kin and marriage partner networks, intergenerational control and the prestige of natal groups,” is found to be significant in explaining marriage timing (Dahal, Fricker, and Thornton, 1993, p. 319). Sociology Family sociologists, in contrast to social anthropologists, have not generally considered marriage patterns in developing countries to be within their purview. Goode’s classic volume, World Revolution and Family Patterns, which is one of the standard textbooks of modernization theory, is the exception. Goode emphasizes the “fit” between the conjugal family and modern industrial society with its need for a geographically and socially mobile population. According to Goode, the ideal type of conjugal family excludes relatives from everyday decision making, establishes a new household at the time of marriage, and because the young person selects his or her own partner, is based on mutual attraction between spouses rather than on an alliance between families.3 Writing in 1963, Goode (1963, p. 8) noted that in the West, the age of marriage for both men and women dropped during the twentieth century, leading him to conclude that predicting trends in age at marriage as a function of other secular changes in society is problematic: 3 By conjugal, Goode does not mean nuclear. For him a nuclear family system is one where there is no interaction between relatives.
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies When such a [conjugal] system begins to emerge in a society, the age at marriage is likely to change because the goals of marriage change, but whether it will rise or fall cannot be predicted from the characteristics mentioned so far. In a conjugal system, the youngsters must now be old enough to take care of themselves, i.e., they must be as old as the economic system forces them to be in order to be independent at marriage. Goode does not argue that industrialization and urbanization “caused” a change in family patterns in the West; rather, he observes that the family has had an independent effect on the development of industrialization in the West. He claims that “no one has yet succeeded in stating the determinate relations between family systems and economic or technological systems” (Goode, 1963, p. 22). Although Goode was writing 40 years ago, we would argue that success still eludes us. With the exception of the work) research on South Asia (see footnote 1), few demographic studies explore the timing and process of marriage in developing countries in any depth. In part this is a function of the limited breadth of the typical demographic survey. In contrast, the Asian Marriage Surveys, which were used by Malhotra (1991, 1997) and Fricke, Syed, and Smith (1986), collected extensive data on the marriage process. However, these surveys have limited utility for analyses of marriage timing because of a restriction to those who are married. Economics Economists have been less concerned than other social scientists with explaining marital behavior in the developing world. To the extent that they have been interested in marriage, the focus has been on modeling assortative mating (Montgomery and Sulak, 1989) and the increase in dowry payments in South Asia (Rao, 1993a, 1993b). Absent Gary Becker’s (1973) seminal article on the theory of marriage, economists have paid much less attention to age at marriage. According to Becker, marriage is yet another manifestation of utility-maximizing behavior; people wed when the utility of being married exceeds that of being single. At the core of his argument is the notion that men and women bring different attributes to marriage and have different roles, such that there is “positive assortative mating of complementary traits” (Boulier and Rosenzweig, 1984, p. 714). As the wage differential between men and women narrows and presumably as women and men begin to substitute for one another, women’s incentive to marry decreases. Since publication of Becker’s theory, few economists
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies have produced empirical analyses of marriage in the developing world. Using data from the early 1970s in the Philippines, Boulier and Rosenzweig (1984) provide confirmation of Becker’s theory of marriage; they demonstrate that while the effect of education on age of marriage is exaggerated in models that treat education as exogenous, additional schooling does lead women to marry later. Brien and Lillard (1994) show that controlling for the effect of delayed marriage on education, that is, for the potential endogeneity of education, later age at marriage among women in Malaysia is explained in large part by increased enrollment and attainment. As Becker would predict, with increased schooling, the opportunity cost of marriage rises for women. However, no explanation is given for the continued significance of ethnicity in models of marriage timing. With the exception of Becker’s work, we have few theories that explicitly address age at marriage, even fewer studies that economists would consider acceptable in addressing the endogeneity problems that arise in studies of the determinants of marriage timing, and still fewer studies that collect the appropriate data to adequately explain when people marry. That said, a considerable literature on the correlates of age at marriage exists, as does speculation about determinants and trends, particularly about reasons for the increase in age of marriage among women. In the next section, we will analyze data on age at marriage from 83 developing countries. We will then return to the demographic literature to help us shed light on the trends we observe. DATA SOURCES Data on the age at first marriage are obtained from two sources: (1) a database compiled by the United Nations (UN) Population Division that draws in part from population censuses, and (2) nationally representative DHS. The UN database provides the percentage of the population married in 5-year age groups for most developing countries (United Nations Population Division, 2000). For this analysis, we consider all countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America with the exception of those identified by the World Bank as “high income” and those with a population of less than 140,0004 (World Bank, 2002).5 Given the chapter’s focus on trends, we have identi- 4 If a country had fewer than 140,000 in population, the UN did not provide data. 5 Income data for all countries but East Timor were obtained from the World Bank’s 2002 World Development Indicators. For East Timor, the income data were obtained from the World Bank website.
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies fied 746 countries of the 1177 that meet our criteria for which recent data, that is, data collected in 1990 or later, are available and for which information exists from two censuses or surveys at least 10 years apart. For analyses based on this database, we excluded countries for which a census or survey was not available for both sexes; moreover, we used the same data set for both men and women even if a more recent census or survey was available for women because we wanted to have fully comparable data for both sexes. There are 1.4 billion young people ages 10 to 24 in these 117 countries; 87 percent or 1.2 billion are resident in the 73 countries for which data on trends in proportions married are available. Coverage varies considerably by region. These data represent approximately 90 percent or more of the population in East and Southern Africa, South Central and Southeast Asia, East Asia, South America and the Caribbean, and Central America, but only 63 percent of the population in the Middle East, 31 percent in West and Middle Africa, and 38 percent in the former Soviet Asia. Note that results for the subregion of East Asia consist entirely of China, as data are unavailable for the two other countries, Mongolia and North Korea. Populous countries for which data are unavailable from the UN database include Afghanistan, Algeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. Survey data come from the DHS carried out by Macro International Inc.8 The data on age at marriage are obtained in personal interviews with nationally representative samples of individual respondents of reproductive age and are part of an extensive questionnaire covering a full range of sexual and reproductive behaviors. Surveys of women (typically ages 15 to 49) were available for 51 countries in South and Southeast Asia, North 6 Data are not available for 15- to 19-year-olds for Argentina and data are not available for 20- to 29-year-olds for Bahrain due to nonstandard age groups. However, for other age groups, the data for these countries are included. 7 According to the United Nations (2003), there are a total of 152 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Thirteen of these contain fewer than 140,000 in population, 16 are listed by the World Bank as high income, and 5 have no World Bank income data. Note that updates of country income groupings on the World Bank website () as of September 30, 2002, led the panel to make a few adjustments to these country groupings including shifting South Korea into the high-income group and therefore out of the developing country group. 8 The DHS is limited to the household population. Ordinarily they do not survey persons residing in institutions, which may include military personnel and perhaps even students in boarding schools and university dormitories, although this varies by country. The data are also subject to nonresponse error. As compared to rates for surveys in high-income countries, nonresponse rates in the DHS are low. However, the rate can be assumed to be higher for unmarried young adults, especially young adult males, than for older adults.
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies Africa and the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean; surveys of men (ages 15 to 59, in most cases) were available for 32 countries, 29 in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean.9 Note that unmarried women were not included in the survey of individual women for a number of surveys in Asia and the Middle East. However, unmarried women are listed in the household survey and information on their age, education, and rural-urban location is obtained for these countries, with some exceptions noted in the relevant tables. Using weights provided as part of the microdata files, we adjust for the missing unmarried women by age, place of residence, and education, so that the denominators for the proportion married correctly include all women in the respective subgroups. The country-specific data are aggregated into averages for subregions (using United Nations geographic groupings10), weighting countries according to their population size. For both sets of data, weighted averages are calculated, where the weights are the country’s percentage of the region’s population or income grouping’s population ages 10 to 24 based on UN estimates in 2000.11 There are a few countries for which DHS data are available but UN data are not. For example, while there is a DHS for Nigeria, the most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa, the UN does not provide data for the two time periods required for both men and women. Table 5-1 provides a list of the individual countries from each source. Census data, which are the main source for the database compiled by the UN Population Division, are generally reported by the head of the household, not by individual household members themselves. By comparison, the DHS data on marital status and age at marriage are obtained by personal interviews with the individual respondents themselves with the exception of unmarried women in some Asian and Middle Eastern countries, as mentioned above. As noted earlier, in this chapter we apply the broad definition of marriage generally used by cross-country comparative studies, that is, marriage is defined to include all of the different forms of socially recognized unions: cohabitation, consensual unions, “free unions,” and marriage that is legiti- 9 As we indicated, the analyses based on UN data only include countries where data for both men and women are available. Given that the vast majority of countries have data for both sexes, this restriction is not at all onerous. However, for analyses based on DHS data, we did not limit ourselves to countries where data were available for both sexes because we would be left with too few countries. 10 The individual country data are available from the authors. 11 Note that the weights are each country’s percentage of the 2000 population ages 10-24 for all countries included in our sample for that region and not for all countries in the region (United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2001).
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies TABLE 5-1 Country Lists by Region United Nations Database on Marriage Country Regiona Census/Survey Year 1 Census/Survey Year 2 Belize Carib/CA 1980 1991 Dominican Republic Carib/CA 1981 1996 El Salvador Carib/CA 1971 1992 Guatemala Carib/CA 1973 1990 Haiti Carib/CA 1989 2000 Mexico Carib/CA 1980 1990 Nicaragua Carib/CA 1971 1998 Panama Carib/CA 1980 1990 Puerto Rico Carib/CA 1980 1990 Trinidad and Tobago Carib/CA 1980 1990 Botswana E/S Africa 1981 1991 Burundi E/S Africa 1979 1990 Comoros E/S Africa 1980 1996 Ethiopia E/S Africa 1984 2000 Kenya E/S Africa 1969 1998 Malawi E/S Africa 1987 2000 Mauritius E/S Africa 1972 1990 Mozambique E/S Africa 1980 1997 Namibia E/S Africa 1960 1991 Rwanda E/S Africa 1978 1996 South Africa E/S Africa 1985 1996 Tanzania E/S Africa 1978 1996 Uganda E/S Africa 1969 1995 Zambia E/S Africa 1980 1999 Zimbabwe E/S Africa 1982 1999 China EA 1987 1999 Bahrain ME 1981 1991 Egypt ME 1986 1996 Jordan ME 1979 1994 Morocco ME 1982 1994 Occup. Palestinian Territory ME 1967 1997 Sudan ME 1983 1993 Tunisia ME 1984 1994 Turkey ME 1980 1990 Argentina SA 1980 1991 Bolivia SA 1988 1998 Brazil SA 1980 1996 Chile SA 1982 1992 Colombia SA 1973 1993 Ecuador SA 1974 1990 Guyana SA 1980 1991 Paraguay SA 1982 1992 Peru SA 1981 1996
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies More fundamentally, a transformation in the nature of the household economy is said to have occurred., p. 5). In countries as diverse as Sri Lanka and Nigeria, researchers have observed that economic considerations apparently factor much more into the decision about the timing of a man’s marriage than they did earlier. In Sri Lanka, with increasing industrialization, a man’s job status, which was not considered important in the past—particularly where subsistence agriculture was the dominant form of economic life—is now said to be critical in determining when he marries (De Silva, 1997). In Nigeria, where a consid- FIGURE 5-5 Association between change in percentage of 20- to 24-year-old men married and change in percentage of population living in urban areas, 1960-2001. NOTE: Bahrain excluded; nonstandard age grouping. SOURCE: United Nations Population Division data, 72 countries, 1960-2001. See Table 5-1 for list of countries.
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies erable decline has taken place in early marriage among men, the oil boom in the 1970s fueled a change in brides’ expectations of what purchases grooms needed to marry (National Research Council, 1993). In Egypt, where housing, furniture, and appliances are considered essential for marriage and “the bulk of financial obligation … are still borne … by the groom and his family,” the cost of marriage is estimated to have increased dramatically in the last 30 years (Singerman and Ibrahim, 2003, p. 97), although it may be the quantity and quality of items that one is expected to acquire that has increased rather than the cost of basic household necessities. A rigorous analysis linking the expense of setting up a household to the timing of marriage in Egypt does not exist. However, the proportion of individuals in the census marriage registration category, katb al-kitaab, where the marriage was registered but the couple had yet to establish a marital residence, increased four-fold between 1986 and 1996, while the annual rate of marriage barely changed, indirect evidence that rising costs have led to a delay in the ceremony (Singerman and Ibrahim, 2003). This piece of evidence does not firmly establish a link between the rise in the age of marriage and the costs of marriage. The question is whether the rising cost of establishing a household in Egypt and elsewhere affects the timing of marriage across all segments of society or whether the poorest members have lower expectations, are less constrained financially, and paradoxically have seen less of a delay in age at marriage. As with women, one also wonders whether some global changes have emerged that are influencing the timing of marriage among men. Increasing exposure to Western media may affect consumer norms and raise expectations such that young men in many societies increasingly feel obligated to postpone marriage until they have acquired the resources that are now expected for the establishment of a household. Given the current size of youth cohorts in the developing world and the difficulty of ensuring adequate employment opportunities for such vast numbers of young people, postponement of marriage among men by several years, possibly until their 30s or beyond may become increasingly common in many societies. CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGING AGE AT MARRIAGE Although we have documented and offered explanations for the trends in age of marriage, we have not examined the impact of changing age at marriage on the lives of young people largely because, while speculation abounds, the number of rigorous studies on this topic is extremely limited. Nonetheless, the subject is worth considering, if only to stimulate more research in this area. While separating selection effects from consequences has proven difficult, the assumption is that marriage during the teen years is deleterious for women: Schooling may be curtailed, autonomy limited—because young
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies brides tend to marry older men—and sexual relations uninformed and perhaps even coercive or dangerous to women’s health (Clark, 2004; Jejeebhoy, 1995; Mensch, Bruce, and Greene, 1998; Singh and Samara, 1996; UNICEF, 2001). Other than increasing the risk of a premarital pregnancy, delaying marriage into the 20s is generally believed to benefit women.27 As for men, although studies are also lacking, it seems reasonable that postponement of marriage, beyond a certain point, may not be considered universally positive, even if rising expectations and not declining economic circumstances are driving the delay. Indeed, a late age of marriage, if it arises from limited resources, may not be viewed as desirable by young men—it may be a source of frustration, particularly where premarital sex is not condoned. Qualitative research would be valuable on the negative psychosocial effects of delaying marriage, particularly in regions, such as the Middle East, where interaction between unmarried men and women is restricted. Age at Marriage and HIV Risk In a discussion of consequences of age at marriage, the HIV epidemic brings some new factors into consideration. Given the over-riding importance of reducing HIV, we focus on examining what is known, as well as, plausible hypotheses, about the association between women’s age at marriage, the age-gap between partners, and HIV risk. Delaying age at marriage for women, if it delays sex, should reduce the age-specific rate of HIV among young women. In 13 of the 24 sub-Saharan countries where the probability of marrying by age 18 has declined in the last 20 years, the overall proportion of women having sex by age 18 also declined significantly (Mensch et al., 2005). Further, there is evidence that unmarried sexually active adolescents have lower rates of HIV than their married counterparts in sub-Saharan Africa (Clark, 2004). Analysis of DHS data indicates that compared to the unmarried, married adolescents have a higher frequency of sex, are less likely to use condoms, and have older sexual partners, namely their husbands, who are more likely to be HIV positive (Clark, 2004). Thus even if later marriage does not lead to a delay in sexual debut, the argument is that the nature of sexual activity among married women puts them at higher risk of HIV than their unmarried counterparts. 27 In societies where women traditionally marry early and where women’s autonomy is severely limited, a delay in age at marriage may have no impact on the lives of young women. Those who marry later may be equally constrained in terms of mobility, household decision making and employment. This observation was made by Nan Astone at a March 2003 meeting of the NRC/IOM panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries.
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies These findings warrant at least four caveats, however. First, the assertion that the level of infection is higher among the married compared to the single is based on prevalence rather than incidence data. Prevalence data obscure the possibility that young married girls may have become infected when single and infected adolescent girls may be more likely to select into early marriage. Second, even if early marriage elevates HIV risk for adolescent girls, in the long run marriage may prove to be more protective than remaining single and sexually active. Data from Rakai, Uganda, indicate that on average across all age groups HIV incidence is higher among the never married than among the currently married and highest among those previously married (Gray et al., 2004). To determine how marital status affects HIV risk it is necessary to conduct epidemiological studies using longitudinal data. Third, the risk of contracting HIV depends not only on one’s sexual partner’s sero-status, but also, if positive, when the partner became infected. A woman may be more likely to contract HIV if she has sex with a newly infected partner because viral loads, which are estimated to be strongly predictive of the risk of transmission (see Quinn et al., 2000; Gray et al., 2001), are high at the time of infection (see Anderson, 1996). Although infectivity is likely to vary systematically by age of the man, we do not have data on the infectivity rate of partners of married and unmarried adolescent girls to determine which group’s partners put them at greater risk of acquiring HIV. Sexually active, never married women are more likely to change partners than currently married women (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1998; Ferry et al., 2001), which raises the risk of encountering an infected partner. Moreover, the male partners of unmarried women are more apt to be single and, in turn, are more likely to have multiple sexual partners than are men in monogamous unions (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2003). However, if those in polygamous unions are included, married men may be more likely to have a greater number of sexual partners than single men, as is observed in Rakai (Gray et al., 2004).28 With the data currently at hand, definitive statements about the effect of marriage delay on HIV risk canot be made; moreover, the association probably varies by social setting. While later marriage delay may lead to later onset, it may also result in higher lifetime rates of HIV infection. An additional concern is women’s HIV status when bearing children. One consequence of delayed marriage may be that women are more likely to be infected during pregnancy, although one study found no evidence to support this speculation (Clark, 2004). 28 This analysis of the consequences of delayed marriage for HIV risk among women also draws on discussions that took place at a November 10, 2004, Population Council workshop on Marriage and HIV/AIDS. For a more detailed discussion of some of these issues see Bongaarts (2005).
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies As is the case for women, the health consequences of delayed marriage are unknown for men. Although marriage does not impose sexual exclusivity on men, in countries where premarital sex is prevalent, a delay in marriage may increase exposure to HIV and other STDs because, as noted above, compared to married men, a greater percentage of the unmarried have multiple sexual partners (see Appendix Table 3, Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2003). Alternatively, in countries where postpartum abstinence taboos are still present and men marry early, they may be more likely to engage in intercourse with other partners including commercial sex workers during the post-partum period. Clearly more research is needed on the linkages between changing age at marriage, sexual behavior, condom use, and HIV risk among both men and women. CONCLUSIONS During the last 30 years, for most developing country regions, substantial declines have occurred in the proportion of young men and women married; the clear exceptions are South America for men and women, and, for men only, South and Southeast Asia. Given differentials in male and female marriage ages by years of schooling and residence, we assessed whether the decline in the percentage of young people married is related to increases in educational attainment and urbanization. Expansion of schooling for women has had some impact, but there is still a considerable fraction of the increase not explained by changes in education. We asserted that a proper investigation of the association between education and age at marriage would look beyond such factors as years of schooling to what goes on within the school itself, as well as changes in the value of education, which is likely to vary across settings. In suggesting other factors that might account for some of the increase in age of marriage among women, we reviewed a considerable number of demographic studies. Contributory factors examined in the literature and considered here include the decline in arranged marriages, the deficit of available older men with increasing cohort size and the concomitant rise in the cost of dowries in South Asia, changes in the legal age of marriage, and a transformation in global norms about the desirability of early marriage of women. We noted that there is a much smaller literature on age of marriage of men. While increasing educational attainment of men is also believed to contribute to a delay, we found no evidence of this in sub-Saharan Africa. We suggested that increasing costs of establishing a household may lead men to postpone marriage. This data analysis and review of the literature revealed that there is much that we do not know about changes in the timing of marriage for men and women and the consequences of these changes for health and other out-
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The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries: Selected Studies comes. To better understand the dynamics of union formation, demographic surveys need to collect information on the social, cultural, and economic factors that affect life decisions among young people, including the contextual factors that reflect the opportunity structures available. Greater attention to the shift in the marriage process including the apparent decline in arranged marriages and the increase in marriages based on mutual attraction would also be useful as both have implications for partner communication and decision-making processes regarding family building. In so doing a more nuanced understanding of marriage, one of the key transitions in the pathway from adolescence to adulthood, can be developed. REFERENCES Abbasi, M.J., Mehryar, A., Jones, G., and McDonald, P. (2002). Revolution, war, and modernization: Population policy and fertility change in Iran. Journal of Population Research, 19(1), 25-46. Ahearn, L.M. (2001). Invitations to love: Literacy, love letters, and social change in Nepal. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1998). Into a new world: Young women’s sexual and reproductive lives. New York: Author. Alan Guttmacher Institute. (2003). In their own right: Addressing the sexual and reproductive health needs of men worldwide. New York: Author Amin, S. (2000). Gender, governance, and the making of a new population policy in Bangladesh. Paper presented at panel discussion on Globalization and Some Aspects of Recent Social Changes in Rural Bangladesh at the annual meeting of the American Rural Sociological Society, August 14, Washington, DC. Amin, S., and Cain, M. (1997). The rise of dowry in Bangladesh. In G.W. Jones, R.M. Douglas, J.C. Caldwell, and R.M. D’Souza (Eds.), The continuing demographic transition (pp. 290-306). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Amin, S., Mahmud, S., and Huq, L. (2002). Marriage. In Baseline survey report on rural adolescents in Bangladesh: Kishori Abhijan Project. Dhaka, Bangladesh: UNICEF and Department of Women’s Affairs, Ministry of Women and Children Affairs. Anderson, R.M. (1996). The spread of HIV and sexual mixing patterns. In J. Mann and D. Tarantola (Eds.), AIDS in the world (vol. II, pp. 71-86). New York: Oxford University Press. Anderson, S. (2003). Why dowry payments declined with modernization in Europe but are rising in India. Journal of Political Economy, 111(2), 269-310. Assaad, R., and Zouari, S. (2002). The timing of marriage, fertility, and female labor force participation in urban Morocco. Paper presented at the ERF 9th Annual Conference, October 26-28, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Becker, G. (1973). A theory of marriage. In T.W. Schultz (Ed.), Economics of the family: Marriage, children, and human capital (pp. 299-344). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago for the National Bureau of Economic Research. Bhat, P.N.M., and Halli, S.S. (1999). Demography of brideprice and dowry: Causes and consequences of the Indian marriage squeeze. Population Studies, 53(2), 129-148. Billig, M.S. (1992). The marriage squeeze and the rise of groomprice in India’s Kerala State. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 23(2), 197-216.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
susheela singh | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11524&page=118 | 2013-05-18T10:35:51 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
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Noaa's Role in Space-Based Global Precipitation Estimation and Application Lautenbacher, C. 2006. The Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS): Implementation Update. Presented at the American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, January 29-February 2, 2006. Lee, T. F., J .D. Hawkins, F. J. Turk, K. Richardson, C. Sampson, and J. Kent. 1999. Tropical cyclone images now can be viewed “Live” on the web. Eos 50:612-614. Lee, T. F., F. J. Turk, J. D. Hawkins, and K. A. Richardson. 2002. Interpretation of TRMM TMI images of tropical cyclones. Earth Interactions E-Journal 6:3. Lonfat, M., F. D. Marks, Jr., and S. S. Chen. 2004. Precipitation distribution in tropical cyclones using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager: a global perspective. Monthly Weather Review 132:1645-1660. Lord, S. J. 2004. Operational Use and Impacts of TRMM Instruments at NCEP. Presented to the National Academies Committee on the Future of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, November 8, 2004. Maddox, R. A., J. Zhang, J. J. Gourley, and K. W. Howard. 2002. Weather Radar Coverage over the Contiguous United States. Weather and Forecasting 17(4):927-934. Marecal, V., and J. F. Mahfouf. 2000. Variational retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles from TRMM precipitation data. Monthly Weather Review 128(11):3853-3866. Marecal, V., and J. F. Mahfouf. 2002. Four-dimensional variational assimilation of total column water vapor in rainy areas. Monthly Weather Review 130(1):43-58. Marzoug, M., and P. Amayenc. 1991. Improved range-profiling algorithm of rainfall rate from a spaceborne radar with path-integrated attenuation constraint. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 29:584-592. Meneghini, R., T. Kozu, H. Kumagai, and W. C. Boncyk. 1992. A Study of Rain Estimation Methods from Space Using Dual-Wavelength Radar Measurements at Near-Nadir Incidence over Ocean. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 9:364-382. Miller, S., P. Arkin, and R. Joyce. 2001. A combined microwave/infrared rain rate algorithm. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22:3285-3307. Mitchell, K. E. 2004. The multi-institutional North American Land Data Assimilation system utilizing multiple GCIP products and partners in a continental distributed modeling system. Journal of Geophysical Research 109:D07S90. Moradkhani, H., K. Hsu, Y. Hong, and S. Sorooshian. 2006. Investigating the impact of remotely sensed precipitation and hydrologic model uncertainties on the ensemble streamflow forecasting. Geophysical Research Letters 33(12):L12107. Moreau, E., P. Lopez, P. Bauer, A. M. Tompkins, M. Janiskova, and F. Chevallier. 2004. Variational retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles using rain rates versus microwave brightness temperatures. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 130(598):827-852. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 1988. TRMM; A satellite mission to measure tropical rainfall. Report of the Science Steering Group. J. Simpson, ed. 94 pp. NASA. 1995. Memorandum of Understanding between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the National Space Development Agency of Japan For Joint Development of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. NASA. 2006a. Global Precipitation Measurement GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). Available at. Accessed October 11, 2006. NASA. 2006b. Tropical Rain Measurement Mission (TRMM) Gridded Rainfall Data. Available at. Accessed May 30, 2006. NCDC (National Climatic Data Center). 2006. About NCDC. Available at. Accessed May 30, 2006. Neeck, S. D. 2005. NASA Management Perspective: GPM, TRMM, Partnerships with NOAA and International Agencies. Presented to the National Academies Committee on the Future of Rainfall Measuring Missions, Washington, D.C., October 18, 2005.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force H Areas of Research in Modeling and Simulation Bernard Zeigler, University of Arizona The text discusses research areas in three categories: (1) modeling theory, (2) modeling methodology, and (3) tools and environments. This appendix provides examples of research in each of these categories. The items shown are illustrative only, the point being to demonstrate something of the diversity of issues needing research. MODELING THEORY Simulation-based Design Research Manufacturing control is traditionally approached with analytic/Markov methods for the creation of analytic models. However, using discrete event models to represent the machines, material handling, and input devices frees the modeler for experimentation with new and unique control methods. Users can make decisions by observing simulations using realistic “scenarios” of the manufacturing process and examine the implications of change (Zeigler, 1990; Cho and Zeigler, 1997). Because of the modularity of the approach, a wide variety of on-line control elements —including not only classic control mechanisms, but also neural networks, fuzzy logic, or expert systems—can be installed for performance analysis. While model-based control is intuitive and can represent some of the deep knowledge employed of a human expert charged with directing a process, the approach of applying discrete event simulation and the requisite large-scale computing for automation is still in its infancy. Further research is needed to bring it to the point where it can support manufacturing styles such as flexible or agile
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force paradigms. DOD has many manufacturing processes and similar processes, such as logistics repair, that could significantly benefit from agile or flexible design based on discrete event simulation. Dynamic Structure Modeling and Simulation In many important physical and military systems, the system “structure” changes in the course of time. For example, biological systems such as growing plants, and social systems such as self-organizing organizations (one model for highly dispersed ground forces in the future), change structures over time. So also does a military organization that suffers attrition and reorganizes with a new command structure or a military organization that reorganizes and replans because of events making the original concept of operations obsolete. Although significant research has been done on such simulations, current simulation languages do not support them. To represent such changes, they must be recast into parameter changes, and this leads to convoluted code that is difficult to verify and inefficient to run. Augmenting or replacing current simulation languages to support dynamic structure modeling would greatly increase the power of simulations to study complex structurally variable systems to gain true insight and predictability. This technology has been the subject of numerous investigations, but only recently has a first theoretical framework even been proposed and implemented. Thus, research that can contribute to a coherent usable methodology is at an early phase. 1 Inductive Modeling Inductive modeling attempts to infer a system's internal structure from data representing its behavior. Given that data collected from all kinds of systems are abundant, realizing a comprehensive inductive modeling methodology will be of significant importance to the M&S community at large. Within the military domain, it may be possible to generate rich databases from exercises and training activities mediated by distributed interactive simulations. Despite a large body of research in inductive modeling, there is little agreement on any recognized inductive modeling paradigm. Several software implementations exist, including one developed based on a well-defined framework for inductive modeling, and implemented in a Artificial Intelligence Truth Maintenance system supporting nonmonotonic reasoning (Sarjoughian, 1995). This type of reasoning is needed to support flexible assertion and retraction of abstractions and assumptions in model building. However, this work has only tackled 1 One example of work in this domain involves support to DOD's business reengineering, which must reflect the self-organizing formation of teams in business structures.
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force “toy problems,” and it is imperative to apply it to some real application areas. Fundamental research effort is needed to bring about a useful and mature methodology to support a multitude of DOD present and future activities within the next couple of years The present and future mission of the DOD provides real-world problems for applying and validating an inductive modeling framework. Potential applications span all of the M&S activities of interest to DOD with significant implications for model characterization from behavior and model abstraction techniques. Examples are Advanced Imagery Exploitation and Defense Automated Warning Systems, as well as many other areas requiring nonmonotonic reasoning about abstraction and assumptions. An inductive modeling technology would help DOD to address problems where conventional M&S is inadequate because of an abundance of data together with a lack of a well-developed scientific knowledge base and the M&S know-how to make sense of it. MODELING METHODOLOGY Experimental Frame Methodology Experimental frames enable simulationists to translate the objectives and issues to be addressed into conditions under which a model or real system will be experimented with (Zeigler, 1976). As a major part of the initial requirements specification, experimental frames are critical to appropriate choices (e.g., level of resolution and accuracy) throughout the subsequent modeling and simulation effort. Experimental frames map into modules that actually do the experimentation (input generation, output summarization, and so on) when models/systems are operable. While the concept of experimental frames has been around for some time, it is only recently that full support for their specification, manipulation, and management has been attempted. Experiment plans are supported in a Bomb Damage Assessment environment (Simard, 1996). However, such plans are formulated after model development, rather prior to it, as in true experimental frames. Some current environments support experimental frame construction as executable components but do not support the more abstract specification needed for symbolic manipulations. DOD M&S efforts often are overly costly owing to their inability to make critical choices such as scope of representation and resolution level that should be driven by issues-oriented experimental frames specified in advance of model building. Moreover, archiving experimental frames and then matching them with existing models would enable a high level of model reuse.
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Automatic Model Verification Automatic model verification (AMV) differs from the conventional model verification methods in which verification is based on manually executed simulation runs. AMV aims toward automation of discrete event models verification. One promising approach is based on dual specification (Hong and Kim, 1996). The approach employs two specifications for a discrete event model: an operational specification for the behavior of a model and an assertional specification for its temporal properties. A model's verification is based on a language acceptance checking mechanism for which the assertional model constitutes a language grammar and the operational model acts as string generators. Promising research in AMV has been performed. Although no software tool for AMV based on the dual specification approach has yet been developed, a prototype has successfully demonstrated the approach. Further research and development is needed to reduce the approach to usable tools. Model Simplification Through Change in Formalism Continuous systems are traditionally modeled with differential equation models. However, recent research has suggested that discrete event models may afford advantages for simulating continuous as well as hybrid systems (Zeigler, 1989). Several approaches exist for faithfully mapping differential equation systems into discrete event models such as analytic expression of transitions, application of algebraic solvers, and fuzzy representations. A discrete event model, which meets certain steady state conditions, has been shown to be equivalent to a Markovian process. When analytic solutions are available for such processes, they can be solved in much less time than simulation requires. Markov lumped models can also replace their base model counterparts within the original simulation model, leading to more efficient simulation. Analytic expression of transitions has been shown to provide some 100 to 1,000 speedup over conventional time-stepped numerical integration (Moon, 1996). However, in many situations analytic (local) solution may not be possible. Therefore further research is needed to test general methods that do not rely on analytic solutions. Simulations including both continuous and discrete event model components are common in DOD applications. For example, airplane motion is described with differential equations, while decisions of an intelligent autopilot are discrete. In such simulations, the speedups obtainable with a complete discrete event representation, with or without further Markov reduction, would enable simulations that are currently not feasible to be conducted. For example, it would be possible to simulate terrain models using digital elevation data from geographic information systems representing large areas in high enough resolution for realistic tests of sensor systems.
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force TOOLS AND ENVIRONMENTS Environment for Simulation and Implementation of Discrete Event Control Systems Discrete event system models have had a major impact on control system design for modern automation and real-time decision-making systems (Ho, 1989). The design of discrete event control systems usually employs discrete event simulation to verify functional requirements as well as to evaluate performance. Such simulation can be performed in discrete event simulation languages. Once simulation is done, the implementation of the designed discrete event system may proceed using a programming language, such as C or C++, which can be executed in real time. Since source code implementation totally differs from that of the simulation model, this approach to design cannot reuse the simulation model code in implementation. An ideal environment supports a close relation between simulation model and implementation code. In such an environment, a set of operating system-like system functions supports execution of a simulation model in real time. Thus, the same model analyzed in simulation can later be converted to real-time execution in a near-seamless manner. Database Support for Simulation Model Reuse Large-scale, complex-systems modeling often requires management of simulation models in an organized library or database (Zeigler, 1984, 1990). One major advantage is the potential for reuse of component models at different subsystem levels. Such model management can be effectively supported by employing object-oriented database technology. In this technology, a system can manage not only model structure in the form of coupling relations between component models, but also model behavior in the form of source codes or compiled codes. Such coupling relations and/or behavioral codes can be reused later on as building blocks to build larger models. This technology area has already successfully been applied in the development of intelligent simulation environments. However, much research has to be done in order to apply the technology in the real world. For example, we need to develop a method for generating simulation models residing in an object-oriented database from modeling requirements and objectives. Insertion of this technology would provide great benefits to DOD in large-scale, complex systems modeling, simulation, and analysis. It significantly reduces model development time by an efficient reuse of existing simulation models as building blocks.
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force SIMULATION-BASED OPTIMIZATION ON HIGH-PERFORMANCE PLATFORMS Simulation-based optimization can be employed in most aspects of system modeling and design, as well as in higher-level decision-making processes. A wide variety of classic search and optimizing methods are available. In addition, there is now emerging a considerable literature on applications using nontraditional methods, which have both advantages and disadvantages. As examples here, evolutionary global optimization methods (Fogel, 1994), such as genetic algorithms (GAs) (Miachalewicz, 1992; Goldberg, 1992), were developed to apply the adaptive process of natural systems to search problems, and to develop artificial systems that mimic the adaptive mechanisms of natural systems. GAs encode a potential solution to a specific problem on a simple chromosome-like data structure and apply such operators as selection, recombination (or cross-over), and mutation to the structure in the hopes of getting closer to the solution. Although regarded as merely “trendy” by some, GAs have been applied to a wide variety of search and optimization problems by many researchers. For example, a class of parallel GAs (Gorges-Schleuter, 1989; Pettey et al., 1987) for simulation-based optimization was applied to fuzzy system design, optical interconnection network design (Louri et al., 1995), parameter tuning, and model abstraction of a large-scale ecosystem model (Moon, 1996). However, system design problems typically require optimization of models having a large number of parameters, each requiring high precision. These parameters increase the complexity of the problem, and working with all the parameters at the same time often causes GAs (or any other optimization algorithms) to stagnate at local minima. Existing approaches cannot exploit information about performance impacts to search parameter subspaces in relation to their criticality. To address these problems, a multi-resolution search strategy in a distributed, high-performance simulation environment was developed (Kim and Zeigler, 1996). 2 High-performance Parallel Discrete Event Simulation Mapping large-scale discrete event models onto massively parallel architectures (Almasi and Gottlieb, 1989) requires the support of a higher level of abstraction in parallel simulation environments (Fujimoto, 1990). Recent approaches have employed object orientation to encapsulate the internode communication mechanism providing a user with a higher level of control (Zeigler et al., 1997). Mapping of models is also supported by its portability across platforms. Large-scale parallel and distributed discrete event simulation environments demonstrate the 2 For further discussion of some of these issues, see also the last portion of Appendix B .
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force capability to address very complex and time-consuming simulation problems while providing a high-level interface. High-performance simulation environments have been tested on several models, including a spatial watershed and a large cluster of ATM switch models. The simulation can help analyze the complex interactions in models consisting of up to 10 million components (e.g., landscape cells or ATM switch elements). Speedups of the order of 200 times have been obtained so that simulations that require several days to run in conventional platforms can be completed in under an hour. There are numerous large simulations that could benefit from this technology, for example, air traffic control and multimedia communication design problems. Distributed Simulation of Heterogeneous Models Although distributed interactive simulation (DIS) protocols do not provide for strict global time preservation among federated models, the high-level architecture (DMSO, 1996c) includes a more controllable runtime interface. There are still many issues that must be dealt with in HLA (Morgeson, 1996). This motivates the development of a methodology for distributed simulation of models written in different simulation languages/environments that preserves strict time correspondence. Formalisms for discrete event models can be used as a common communication means. A software bus and an associated protocol based on such formalisms can provide an interface among legacy models in such languages as SIMSCRIPT, MODSIM, and SLAM. Proposed also are protocol converters, which support communication standards for such models. The methodology can be implemented using a network programming language such as JAVA. Insertion of this technology would provide great benefits to DOD in network-based distributed simulation of a large-scale system in which models of subsystems are developed in different languages/environments. It significantly reduces model development by reuse of existing heterogeneous models. ADVANCED M&S ENVIRONMENTS FOR INTELLIGENT/COGNITIVE SYSTEMS Building models of intelligence, perception, and human performance has proved to be difficult due in part to the uncertainty in the psycho-physiological theories proposed to explain behavioral phenomena. Modern software engineering approaches such as spiral development suggest intelligent and cognitive model development using an incremental refinement approach (Young, 1992). They also provide the ability to develop multi-resolution models, although the underlying understanding of phenomenology is often the limiting factor. Recent developments in neuroscience have enabled us to envision behavior as the synergistic result of biological cells-neurons. Dynamic neural ensembles (DNEs) (Vahie
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force and Jouppi, 1996) provide a dynamic environment and the components necessary for the development of highly complex cognitive models aggregating cellular behavior to represent intelligence and learning. DNEs are compositions of interconnected dynamic neurons. At a more abstract level, “holon” hierarchy models are being developed. Simulation environments supporting such models use object-oriented programming techniques to provide ease of parameter modification and specialization of both behavior and structure. Applications of DNEs to real-time learning, control, and decision making are currently being pursued. DOD systems and component designs for the 21st century will have to increasingly address the issue of human operability and performance. The development of autonomous systems capable of functioning in dynamic environments is also an issue of interest. The first issue, operability and performance, requires an approach that needs to be seamlessly integrated into design. The successive approximation provides a methodology for integration of cognition and intelligence into the systems design. New forms of neural and cognitive models, capable of dynamic behavioral modification, need to be explored to adequately capture flexible behavior. Visualization and Significant-Event Detection in Discrete-Event Simulation Any large-scale simulation is by definition complex owing to the size and diversity of the data. Events (in discrete-event simulations) represent a set of states (in one or more models) that are capable of influencing the states of other models in the environment. Therefore, an event may be determined as significant based on the values of specific state variables (in one or more models). Significant events are thus said to occur in a time period when a predefined set of conditions is met by a subset of the variables in the simulation. The user defines what he considers to be significant events using primitives and model parameters, before simulation. At run-time, event detectors sift through the data looking for significant events. This enables the user/model developer to effectively pursue his goal (conceptual or analytical). In essence, significant event detection allows any large-scale simulation to be viewed at various levels of abstraction, where the level of abstraction is determined by the significance of the event. Due to the size and/or complexity of most DOD simulations, this technology would impact virtually all application areas where M&S is used. Being genetic in nature, the concept could be modularized as an independent entity in diverse discrete event simulations. In battle simulations where planning, resource and personnel deployment, and communication are independent entities, there are too many data to track. The same model can be used by commanders in charge of each of the battle spaces where a significant event for one may or may not be a significant event for another, radically reducing their output data set.
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Graphical Description of Discrete Event Model Behavior Many good graphical tools are in place for discrete event systems modeling. Such tools use icons to represent predefined models, most of which support users to add a new model definition and an associated icon to the existing library. However, little has been done in graphical notation for behavioral description of discrete event models. An excellent example for such notation in discrete event modeling is a stochastic Petri Nets graph. In spite of its generality in modeling stochastic systems, Petri Nets is limited to modeling a certain class of discrete event systems. Thus, graphical notation based on a sound semantics, which is easy to use and understand, needs to be developed for the rapid and accurate modeling of discrete event systems. The graphical notation should include such information as state transition function, output function, and sojourn time function for a basic component of a discrete event process. Of course, the graphical notation should generate executable simulation codes. Anytime/Anyplace Concurrent, Collaborative Support of M&S Life Cycle DOD decision makers are faced with the challenge of declining budgets for manpower and material, and for demands for flexible, cost-effective operations to meet the challenges of the post-Cold War world. M& S is being applied not only at technical and engineering levels to meet such challenges, but also at higher levels such as work-flow automation and business reengineering, where many stakeholders are affected. To undertake effective M&S throughout its life cycle requires the active involvement of the various groups involved with model development, simulation analysis, and implementation. Unfortunately, tools and methodologies currently available from commercial vendors and consultants are primarily single-user tools that provide inadequate support for the collaborative team-based environment that characterizes modern organizations. Moreover, this support is virtually nonexistent for distributed work involving groups that are geographically dispersed. Group support systems research has developed a network-based set of flexible software tools that incorporate basic problem-solving techniques such as brainstorming, idea organization, voting, issue analyzing, policy formation, prioritizing, and stakeholder identification. Electronic communications allow all group members, whether distributed or co-located, to make contributions to the group's task both simultaneously and asynchronously. Such technology increases organizational productivity by decreasing manpower requirements and cycle times in projects. The scope of projects can also be expanded to include participants from several hierarchical levels, thus improving organizational communication while facilitating approval for decisions. In a competitive environment
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force where success is dependent on teams working together, collaborative software will increase the productivity and effectiveness of these teams. Research is needed to extend advanced M&S capabilities by embedding them in the distributed group support tools environments, to enable distributed groups to construct, analyze, and implement model-based designs in concurrent engineering fashion.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
inductive modeling | http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=216 | 2013-05-18T10:13:26 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
:
Nothing new, liberals think you should have to retreat from criminal attack to a closet or something. They really don't seem to care about the Will Of The People!.....
The public strongly supports "stand your ground" self-defense laws. As reported this week in the South Florida Sun Sentinel, a recent opinion poll revealed that a majority of Florida voters support the state's law. In fact, the vast majority of states do not impose a duty to retreat from criminal attack and most Americans support laws that clarify this common law, common-sense rule.
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:
Score another one for privatization of essential services. Remind me how well the private electric companies are doing to restore power to customers in W.Va. They have had decades to prepare by putting utilities underground but chose profit over service and now their customers are paying for their short sightedness.
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:
Congratulations!
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:
Come on now everyone; all he's worried about is the bottom line. As if he truly is One and Done Rick; his personal investment in buying his office won't pay off. One can clearly see, the R.N.C. used "Scott" repellant spray to keep him away. Now; yes now he wants to be a kinder, more gentle Governor. See he thought he could deliver Florida to the G.O.P.; he could not. Now he is sending troops to perhaps save Allen West's seat. I don't think that will work. If I were to advise this Governor on what he could do to really help Floriduh. It would be to at least offer his resignation, for the Epic Failure he has delivered thus far.I can see things getting worse as the basket you carried "all" yours eggs in, Govenor Scott; was like your dreams crushed by the people of your state!!! lol
Want to participate in the conversation? Become a subscriber today. Subscribers can read and comment on any story, anytime. Non-subscribers will only be able to view comments on select stories. | http://www.naplesnews.com/comments/reply/?target=61:324603&comment=1402767 | 2013-05-18T10:31:34 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Blossom Drive.
Greene helped to guide them in what they can and cannot discuss on social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter.
"If you understand core issues of Sunshine and public records law, you will understand how they relate to social media," Greene said.
Regarding social media, any email or any written or digital record comes under public records laws.
"Public records law overlaps with the Sunshine law and all records have to be maintained and available to the public," Greene said. "If you are on Facebook or Twitter and talking about official business, that Facebook page would have to be maintained for public record."
Greene advised library workers to print out any conversation they have online or through e-mail and keep the printouts in a binder.
"When in doubt, just avoid it," Greene said. "Or call the County Attorney's Office."
Other items on the agenda included looking at the libraries policies and possibly revising items soon. This includes Internet use and the liability of the library if someone is using the public, library computers to plan criminal activity.
Regarding the library system's budget, Marilyn Mathis, Collier County libraries director, said there could be a midyear budget cut.
Meanwhile, Collier libraries will receive $203,263 in state aid, about $30,000 more than expected, she said.
While Collier libraries are operating at about 70 percent of the staff they had in 2007, Mathis said, they are taking a look at how people use the library overall and how their programs are benefiting the community.
Be the first to post a comment!
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(more...)prehistoric squirrel has gone before.No show times found for selected day.
Rated PG for mild rude humor and action/peril
Length: 94 minutes
Released: July 13, 2012 Nationwide
Score: 3.5
Cast: Ray Romano, Queen Latifah, Denis Leary, John Leguizamo, Chris WedgeDirector: Steve Martino, Mike Thurmeier
Writer: Michael Berg, Jason Fuchs, Mike Reiss
Genre: Animation, Action/Adventure
Distributor: 20th Century Fox
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[
"http://media.naplesnews.com/media/img/movies_cs/12306201.jpg",
null
]
] |
Justin Bieber The Christmas Song Lyrics
Justin Bieber The Christmas Song lyrics is displayed below. a...
Justin Bieber - The Christmas Song LyricsYou need to have the Flash Player installed and a browser with JavaScript support.
Artist: Usher and Justin Bieber
Song Lyrics: The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire) (oh whoa)
To kids from one to ninety-two (yeah, yeah)
Although it's been said, many times, many ways
Merry Christmas, merry Christmas (yeah), merry Christmas (oh no)
Merry Christmas to you!
Justin Bieber The Christmas Song lyrics is a copyright content of these label companies - Lyrics © Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, Curb Music/Curb Records/Mike Curb Music/Curb Songs, Universal Music Publishing Group, EMI Music Publishing, Kobalt Music Publishing Ltd., Warner/Chappell Music, Inc. .
'The Christmas Song' Lyricist
Lyrics of 'The Christmas Song' written by - WELLS, ROBERT / TORME, MEL Justin Bieber The Christmas Song lyrics :
Your Awesome Comments:
FUN QUESTION : Where did you first hear the Justin Bieber - The Christmas Song song and what made you search for the lyrics of The Christmas Song ? Also does this lyrics mean anything to you ?
Music Albums: | http://www.naplyrics.com/justin-bieber/the-christmas-song-lyrics.html | 2013-05-18T10:40:43 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
201211190006hq (19 Nov. 2012) --- Expedition 33 Commander Sunita Williams of NASA smiles as she rest in a chair outside the Soyuz capsule after she and Flight Engineers Yuri Malenchenko of Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and Akihiko Hoshide of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) landed their Soyuz spacecraft | http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/multimedia/gallery/201211190006hq.html | 2013-05-18T10:33:07 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Major ETFs rallied for a third straight day Tuesday on news
that U.S. employers in June listed the most job openings in four
years, offsetting concerns that the U.S. economy is slowing. In
addition, the Federal Reserve released consumer credit data for
June.
Market Overview
In afternoon trade, the
SPDR S&P 500
(
SPY
) added 0.76%. Semiconductors, metals and mining and energy rose
the most, gaining 1.6% to 2.8%. Real estate investment trusts, or
REITs, telecom and utilities were the weakest, losing 0.6% to
1%.
SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average (
DIA
) climbed 0.63%.
PowerShares QQQ (
QQQ
), a basket of the 100 largest nonfinancial stocks on the Nasdaq,
jumped 1.04%.
SPY, DIA and QQQ all hit four-month highs and are trading 1%
to 2% below their 52-week highs. But
iShares Russell 2000
Index (
IWM
), a benchmark for small-cap stocks, lags and trades 5% below its
52-week high.
IWM has been making lower highs while the large-cap indexes
have been making higher highs in low volume typical of summer.
This suggests market internals are weak and that investor
appetite for risk is low.
"Underperformance by small-cap stocks can be a problem because
it can reveal liquidity problems that might one day affect the
overall market," Tom McClellan, publisher of the McClellan Market
Report, wrote in his daily newsletter. "But the underperformance
of the Russell 2000 has been extreme enough to imply that it has
gotten overdone."
The S&P 500 zigzagged the past month, indicating lack of
investor conviction, says Ron DeLegge, editor of ETFGuide.com
"Breadth and momentum indicators are also not confirming the
price moves, which are warning signs for bulls," DeLegge wrote to
clients. "We are looking for at least a short-term top soon,
which very well could turn into a longer term top."
IShares MSCI EAFE Index (
EFA
), tracking developed foreign markets, rose 1.01%.
IShares MSCI Emerging Markets Index (EEM) picked up 0.52%.
U.S. Job Openings
Employers added the most jobs in five months in June, which
means they could be hiring in the coming months as it takes a few
months to fill an opening. Job openings rose to 3.76 million --
the highest since July 2008 -- from 3.66 million in May, the
Labor Department reported in its monthly Job Openings and Labor
Turnover Survey.
Work remains hard to come by, with an average of 3.4 people
unemployed for every opening. In a healthy job market, there's
usually two unemployed per job. The ratio has improved
drastically since July 2009, when it was nearly 7-to-1.
Consumer Credit
Consumer credit was projected to climb $10 billion in June,
after rising $17.1 billion the prior month -- the most in five
months.? | http://www.nasdaq.com/article/major-etfs-rise-for-a-third-straight-day-cm162024 | 2013-05-18T10:53:30 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Terex Corporation
(
TEX
) will redeem $300 million senior notes bearing an interest rate of
10-7/8% and maturing in 2016. The redemption of the notes, issued
in May 2009, will be effective on September 28, 2012.
Terex decided to pay the holders the principal amount, a premium
which will be calculated under the make-whole provision of the
indentures plus accrued interest of $35.34 per $1,000 principal
amount at the redemption date.
The decision fits well with Terex's strategy, helping it to improve
earnings and generate cash flow thus assisting the company in
reducing its debt level. The company focuses on reducing its
interest expenses to improve its overall capital structure.
The company's debt to capital ratio, as of June 30, 2012, was
54.7%, compared with 54.6% as of December 31, 2011. With the note
redemption, the debt level is expected to fall.
During the second quarter, the company posted adjusted earnings of
75 cents per share, easily beating the Zacks Consensus Estimate of
49 cents. Terex generated free cash flows of $155 million during
the quarter.
Earlier, in January 18, 2011, Terex completed the redemption of
$297.6 million 7-3/8% outstanding senior subordinated notes due
2014. The total cash paid was $312.3 million.
Terex has made significant progress in diversifying its businesses,
achieving growth in targeted areas and cultivating new revenue
streams. The company completed the acquisition of nearly 82% shares
of Demag Cranes AG in August last year and added a new business
unit called Cranes segment.
Terex operates in highly competitive markets. The company competes
with large players like
Caterpillar Inc.
(
CAT
) and
Deere and Company
(
DE
) with greater financial resources, as well as smaller
manufacturers that compete primarily on price. If the competitors
resort to price cuts, then the company would be forced either to
lower prices on its products or lose market share.
Terex retains a short-term Zacks #3 Rank (Hold).? | http://www.nasdaq.com/article/terex-to-redeem-300m-notes-analyst-blog-cm168693 | 2013-05-18T11:02:46 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Domestic Preparedness
Goal & Vision | Domestic Preparedness Committee | Minutes
2012 Work Plan | Comments Requested
NASEMSO Surveys & Resources | National & International Resources
Goal & Vision of the Domestic Preparedness Committee
The Goal of the Domestic Preparedness Committee of the National Association of State EMS Officials is committed to providing technical assistance for and representation of State EMS Directors regarding both natural as well as
terrorist type incidents as they relate to planning, preparedness, response and recovery, to include homeland security activities. The Domestic Preparedness Committee is committed to assure that EMS leadership has a "seat at the table" in these important initiatives as well as reviewing and providing input into federal plans and documents.
The Vision of the Domestic Preparedness Committee is to ensure effective preparedness activities by cooperating and collaborating with our response stakeholders, partners and various local, state and federal agencies. NASEMSO will work hand-in-hand during a state declared disaster or domestic incident with their response stakeholders in order to keep members informed and to meet EMS demands of the incident.
Domestic Preparedness Committee
Joe Schmider, Chair
Director
Bureau of EMS RM 606, Pennsylvania Department of Health
625 Forster Street Harrisburg, PA 17108
717-787-8740; F: 717-772-0910
Chris Bell, Vice Chair
Director
Vermont Department of Health Office of Public Health Preparedness and EMS
Box 70, 108 Cherry Street
Burlington, VT 05402
(802) 863-7230; F: (802) 863-7577
Leslee Stein-Spencer, NASEMSO Program Advisor
6310 N. Tripp Avenue
Chicago, IL 60646
773-640-0649; F: 773-777-8894 | http://www.nasemso.org/Projects/DomesticPreparedness/ | 2013-05-18T11:02:32 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
Print Reviews SortPrice | Score | Winery | Region | Country | Vintage | Maturity Display Text
Champagne Gonet-Médeville
A.C., Champagne, France
Reviewed: May 11, 2013
Domaine Maby La Forcadière Rosé 2012
A.C., Tavel, Rhône, France
Château La Tour De L'évêque Régine Sumeire, Prop.-Récolt. Rosé 2012
A.C., Provence, France
Mas Des Bressades Cuvée Tradition, Cyril Marès, Vign. Rosé 2012
A.C., Rhône, France
Tawse Rosé 2012
V.Q.A., Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, Canada
13th Street Pink Palette Rosé 2012
Domaine Allimant-Laugner Pinot Noir
A.C., Alsace, France
Bodegas Muga Rosé 2012
D.O.C.A., Rioja, Spain
Château Bellevue La Forêt Rosé 2012
A.C., Fronton, Southwest, France
Zenato Bardolino Chiaretto Rosé 2012
D.O.C., Veneto, Italy
Saintsbury Stanly Ranch Pinot Noir 2009
Carneros, California, United States
Grant Burge The Holy Trinity Grenache Shiraz Mourvèdre 2010
Barossa, South Australia, Australia
Château Vieux Sarpe Joseph Janoueix Prop. 2010
A.C., Saint-Émilion, Bordeaux, France
Don Sebastiani & Sons B Side Cabernet Sauvignon 2010
Napa Valley California, Usa
Château Tanunda Shiraz | http://www.nataliemaclean.com/winepicks/advanced.aspx?ddwt=WTRD&ddgp=Tempranillo%20Mature | 2013-05-18T10:24:00 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
2005
October 2005
(Above) Travel insurance policy of Kathleen Lemass, wife of Taoiseach Seán Lemass, taken out on 5 October 1965 on the occasion of her accompanying her husband to New York to attend the address of Pope Paul VI to the United Nations General Assembly in October 1965.
(NAI, Department of the Taoiseach, 97/6/412) | http://www.nationalarchives.ie/digital-resources/documents-of-the-month/2005-2/october-2005/?acc=black | 2013-05-18T11:01:28 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | 1368696382261 | [] |
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