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Ethics considered during the study | Study conduction according to Helsinki recommendations, study and consent-form approvals from the local institutional ethical board (P.T.REC/012/003553; Faculty of Physical Therapy; Cairo University), consenting DE participants, and explanation of withdrawal rights to patients were the main ethical considerations of th... | PMC10692261 | ||
Subjects | hypertensive | OBESE, DRY EYE | The included elderly (≥ 65 years old) were randomly selected obese hypertensive patients with DE. The elderly who finished the assigned interventions were 60 patients (Fig. Dry eye interventional flow chart | PMC10692261 |
Randomization protocol | The ED elderly were randomly and equally assigned via a computer-generated random list to the one of intervention-based groups (experimental and control groups). To guarantee the random blinded assignment of DE patients to groups, a physiotherapy practitioner (who did not know the interventions) planned the random list... | PMC10692261 | ||
Interventions | PMC10692261 | |||
High-intensity interval aerobic exercise | On an electronic bicycle, for an average of 30 min, every HIIAE was conducted. The exercise was initiated with an average 5-min warming-up phase (DE participant performed this phase at 60% of maximal heart rate, abbreviated as MHR). High-intensity interval aerobic bicycling (HIIAB) was allowed after the warm-up ended f... | PMC10692261 | ||
Protocol of MD | The MD protocol of this study was based on the recommendations of Bedard et al. [As a result of the above-designed MD protocol, the meal plan consisted of around 50% carbohydrates (the main source for carbohydrates was legumes, vegetables, fruits, and whole-product grains), 35% fats (the main source for fats was health... | PMC10692261 | ||
Prerequisite assessment (cardiopulmonary exercise test) | fatigue | This test was conducted one time only (before the conduction of the first HIIAB session in both study DE groups on an ergometer cycle). In order to make the patients adapt to the test steps during the test’s beginning, unloaded cycling was maintained for 3 min. To incorporate the patients in warming up, the cycling was... | PMC10692261 | |
Pre and post-assessments | PMC10692261 | |||
Blood pressure and anthropometry | Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were measured in all DE patients. | PMC10692261 | ||
DE scoring system (DESS) | blurred vision, fatigue, abnormal excessive blinking, gritty/sandy sensation, ocular itching/burning | To assess the symptoms related to DE, this questionnaire was used. DESS asked about the presence of 6 items: eye fatigue, ocular itching/burning, local redness, gritty/sandy sensation, blurred vision, and abnormal excessive blinking. Every item is represented with an answer of zero (absent), one (sometimes), two (frequ... | PMC10692261 | |
Ocular surface disability index (OSDI questionnaire) | dry eye, ocular impairment, ’ environmental-activated ocular symptoms | DRY EYE | It is a valid surOcular surface disability index (OSDI questionnaire)vey that rates the severity of DE patients’ environmental-activated ocular symptoms and complaints in the previous week. The survey consists of 12 items, each of which is evaluated on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 being an indicator of none of the time an... | PMC10692261 |
Schirmer’s test | This test was done to assess the speed of tear production. After 2 min of using topical anesthetic eye drops (0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride; Benox; Eipico, made in Egypt), the test was initiated. The test was conducted by the placement of Whatman’s no. 41 filter paper strips (5-mm width × 35-mm length) in the inferior ... | PMC10692261 | ||
Tear film break-up time (TBUT) testing | CONJUNCTIVA, CORNEA | It was done to assess tear film stability (i.e., time needed for tears to be evaporated and diffused after natural blinking). Briefly, sodium fluorescein (1% eye drops; Minims Fluorescein sodium; Baush + Lomb, Kingston-upon-Thames, England) was dropped into the conjunctiva sac. The participants were ordered to blink 3–... | PMC10692261 | |
Oxford grading system | cornea damage | CONJUNCTIVA | In DE sufferers, the Oxford grading system (OGS) was created to determine the extent of epithelial surface damage of conjunctiva and cornea damage. To initiate OGS, instilling a 10-µl fluorescein sodium in the superior conjunctiva was required. The OGS method employs a chart comprised of a sequence of panels (figures) ... | PMC10692261 |
Sample size calculation | The number of DE patients was calculated by the popular estimating sample size program; G*power. This calculation was postulated in a conducted pilot study by the manuscript’s authors on 10 DE patients. The result for this calculation marked the sample size = 54 DE patients considering Schirmer’s test was the primary o... | PMC10692261 | ||
Statistical analysis | Shapiro-Wilk test was used for investigating the normality of age, blood pressure anthropometry variables (height, weight, BMI, and abdominal circumference), duration of DE symptoms, and DE variables (DESS, OSDI questionnaire, TBUT, and Schirmer’s test). All previously mentioned variables were normally distributed, so ... | PMC10692261 | ||
Discussion | obesity, tumor necrosis, inflammation, hypertensive, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, dryness | OBESITY, OBESE, TUMOR NECROSIS, INFLAMMATION, DYSFUNCTION, SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION, INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS, METABOLIC SYNDROME | This study proved that exercise (HIIAB) can significantly relieve DE symptoms. DE relief can be also maximized by the additional effect of MD in obese hypertensive elderly with DE. The mechanism that explains the effect of MD or exercises on DE is not fully sufficient in the literature.The popularity of MD in improving... | PMC10692261 |
Limitations | The authors of this paper did not track results beyond the only measurement they did after the end of the six months of treatment, and therefore it is required to examine this part in the future.Future studies are requested to examine DE’s response to MD versus other weight-loss diets, HIIAB versus moderate-intensity e... | PMC10692261 | ||
Acknowledgements | DRY EYE | The authors acknowledged responsibility for the whole content of this dry eye manuscript. | PMC10692261 | |
Author contribution | hypertensive | DRY EYE, OBESE | The authors of this dry eye research developed the idea of performing aerobic exercise and nutritional counseling in the obese hypertensive patients, collected raw data of dry eye parameters, and wrote the scientific background of the presented dry eye paper. | PMC10692261 |
Funding | Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB). | PMC10692261 | ||
Availability of data and material | DRY EYE | The data of this dry eye paper will be available on request. | PMC10692261 | |
Declarations | PMC10692261 | |||
Ethics approval | dry-eye | Ethical/institutional approval (given Cairo-University local approval identifier P.T.REC/012/003553) was applied to this dry-eye study. | PMC10692261 | |
Consent to participate | DRY EYE | All patients with dry eye were consented. | PMC10692261 | |
Informed consent | DRY EYE | Elderly with dry eye were consented using the by-Cairo-university approved informed consent (P.T.REC/012/003553). | PMC10692261 | |
Consent for publication | Not applicable. | PMC10692261 | ||
Competing interests | The authors declare competing interests. | PMC10692261 | ||
References | PMC10692261 | |||
Background | sexual dysfunction, disorder of the thyroid gland, Hypothyroidism | HYPOTHYROIDISM | Hypothyroidism is the most common clinical disorder of the thyroid gland which is associated with an increased prevalence of sexual dysfunction even if treated with medication. | PMC10204666 |
Objective | HYPOTHYROIDISM | The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on sexual function in reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism. | PMC10204666 | |
Materials and methods | hypothyroidism | HYPOTHYROIDISM | This randomized clinical trial was performed on 66 reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism referring to selected health centers in Izeh, Iran. Data collection tools included demographic information form and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Eligible individuals were randomly assigned to case (n = 33) and control... | PMC10204666 |
Results | Before of treatment, there was no significant difference between the mean score of sexual function and its dimensions between the case and control groups (p < 0.05). However, immediately and 4 weeks after completion of treatment, the mean total score of sexual function and its dimensions in the case group increased sig... | PMC10204666 | ||
Conclusion | sexual dysfunction | HYPOTHYROIDISM | According to the results of this study, CBT can be effective in improving sexual dysfunction in reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism. However, before recommending this therapy to women suffering from hypothyroidism, more detailed studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of this intervention, as an adjuvant ... | PMC10204666 |
Keywords | PMC10204666 | |||
Introduction | bradycardia, Sexual dysfunction, hoarseness, anxiety, dyspareunia, chronic diseases face similar challenges, chronic diseases, constipation, sexual disorders, weight gain, disorders of desire, sexual dysfunction, psychiatric, ’s behaviors, Nezamnia, in sexual desire, hypothyroidism | DISORDER, BROWN, DYSPAREUNIA, THYROID, DISEASE, CHRONIC ILLNESS, CHRONIC DISEASES, DISORDERS, SEXUAL PROBLEM, HYPOTHYROIDISM, HYPOTHYROIDISM | Thyroid is an active hormone gland that forms part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis [With a prevalence of 2 − 10% in different communities [In addition to physical problems such as weight gain, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia, hoarseness, slowed mental processing, and sexual disorders [This disease also i... | PMC10204666 |
Materials and methods | PMC10204666 | |||
Study design and participants | hypothyroidism | HYPOTHYROIDISM | The present study was a randomized controlled clinical trial performed on 66 reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism referring to selected health centers (Health Center No. 1, Comprehensive Medical Services Center No. 4) in Izeh, Iran. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur Universi... | PMC10204666 |
Inclusion and exclusion criteria | hypothyroidism | HYPOTHYROIDISM | Inclusion criteria: women who were literate, aged between 18 and 45 years, and diagnosed with clinical hypothyroidism by an internal medicine specialist based on TSH levels were eligible to participate in this study. It should be noted that subclinical patients were not included in this study.Exclusion criteria: women ... | PMC10204666 |
Sample size calculation | Based on a study by Atis et al. [ | PMC10204666 | ||
Sampling | hypothyroidism | HYPOTHYROIDISM | Sampling started after receiving the code of ethics by the Ethics Committee of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz and registering the study in the Clinical Trials Center of Iran. The researcher attended in selected health centers in the Iranian city of Izeh. The women referred to these centers were sel... | PMC10204666 |
Randomization | In this study, participants were randomly assigned into the case (n = 33) and control (n = 33) groups based on block randomization with the block size of 4 and allocation ratio of 1:1 using random sequence generation software.In order to conceal random allocation, sequentially numbered, sealed opaque envelopes were use... | PMC10204666 | ||
Intervention | thyroid disorders, sexual dysfunction | THYROID DISORDERS, SESSION, DISEASE, THYROID DISORDER | In addition to standard pharmacotherapy, participants in the case group (n = 33) received CBT in 8 sessions, while the control group received only standard pharmacotherapy. After coordination with eligible individuals, treatment sessions were held regularly on a specific day, once a week, for the case group, each sessi... | PMC10204666 |
Data collection tools | In this study, data were collected using a demographic information form and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).The demographic information form included age, duration of illness, body mass index (BMI), level of education, and occupation.The Female Sexual Performance Index (FSFI) was developed by Rosen et al. in 2000 [... | PMC10204666 | ||
Outcome assessment | Immediately and 4 weeks after completion of cognitive-behavioral therapy program, the demographic questionnaire and FSFI were completed once again by both case and control groups. | PMC10204666 | ||
Statistical analysis | The normal distribution of the data was measured using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage), independent t-test, chi-square test and repeated measures ANOVA test by SPSS statistical software version 23. P less... | PMC10204666 | ||
Results | hypothyroidism, Pain | HYPOTHYROIDISM | In this study, 66 reproductive-aged women with hypothyroidism were recruited and divided into intervention (n = 33) and control (n = 33) groups. (Fig.
Flowchart of the progress through the phases of the trialBefore the treatment, the difference between the case and control groups in terms of the mean of Age (year), Bo... | PMC10204666 |
Discussion | thyroid disorders, illness behaviors, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, vaginismus, Amiri, chronic diseases, pain, sexual dysfunction, psychiatric, chronic physical illness, hypothyroidism, sexual desire, diabetes | THYROID DISORDERS, DISORDER, CHRONIC ILLNESSES, VAGINISMUS, CHRONIC DISEASES, DISORDERS, MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, HYPOTHYROIDISM, DIABETES | The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of CBT on sexual function in women with hypothyroidism. According to the findings, CBT improved the six dimensions of female sexual function including desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain, as well as the total sexual function score in wome... | PMC10204666 |
Acknowledgements | This article was extracted from the master’s thesis of Azam Sheikh Miri, an M.Sc student of midwifery at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Ref. ID: IR.AJUMS.REC.1398.387). This study was also registered in the Iranian registry for clinical trials (Ref. ID: IRCT20200706048030N1). The authors would like t... | PMC10204666 | ||
Authors’ contribution | Authors’ contributions: AS: responsible for design, data collection and writing the manuscript in Persian. MI: responsible for design, data interpretation and writing the manuscript in English. HB: involved in design and interpretation of data. ML: responsible for data analysis and interpretation. All authors reviewed ... | PMC10204666 | ||
Funding | This article was extracted from a MSc. Thesis written in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, Iran, and sponsored by the Deputy of Research of AJUMS, Ahvaz, Iran. This deputy has no role in design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of ... | PMC10204666 | ||
Data Availability | The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current research are not publicly available as individual privacy could be compromised but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10204666 | ||
Declarations | PMC10204666 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | This paper has been adapted from a MSc. thesis written by Miss Azam Sheikh Miri, recorded in Iranian clinical trial registration center with the code of IRCT20200706048030N1 and approved by Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences (Ref. No.: IR.AJUMS.REC.1398.387 ). All methods were performed in accorda... | PMC10204666 | ||
Consent for publication | Not applicable | PMC10204666 | ||
Competing interests | No conflict of interest has been declared by the authors. | PMC10204666 | ||
Abbreviations | Cognitive-behavioral therapyThyroid-stimulating hormoneSubclinical hypothyroidismFemale sexual function IndexBody mass index | PMC10204666 | ||
References | PMC10204666 | |||
Methods | CIN | SECONDARY, CIN | This was a prospective randomized controlled study including patients on chronic atorvastatin therapy. We randomly assigned the population to the Atorvastatin Reloading group (AR group), by reloading patients with 80 mg of atorvastatin one day before and three days after the coronary procedure, and the Non-Reloading gr... | PMC10166561 |
Results | CIN, type 2 diabetes | TYPE 2 DIABETES, CIN | Our population was assigned to the AR group (n = 56 patients) and NR group (n = 54 patients). The baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. Serum creatinine (SCr)-based CIN occurred in 11.1% in the NR group, and in 8.9% in the AR group without any significant difference. Cys-based CIN occurred in 37% in th... | PMC10166561 |
Conclusions | CIN, diabetic type 2 | CIN | Our study did not find a benefit of systematic atorvastatin reloading in patients on chronic atorvastatin therapy in preventing CIN. However, it suggested that this strategy could reduce the risk of CyC-based CIN in diabetic type 2 patients. | PMC10166561 |
Data Availability | All relevant data are within the manuscript and its | PMC10166561 | ||
Introduction | CIN | CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY, COMPLICATION, CIN | Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication occurring in 5 to 11% of angiographic procedures [ | PMC10166561 |
Methods | PMC10166561 | |||
Study population | cardiogenic shock, CM, acute coronary syndrome, fever | CARDIOGENIC SHOCK, LIVER DAMAGE, CARDIAC INSUFFICIENCY, INFECTIOUS DISEASE, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME, MALIGNANT TUMOR, ALLERGY TO CONTRAST MEDIA | This was an interventional prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial, implemented in all consecutive patients (older than 18 years), undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention in our department between June 2020 and September 2020 and who had already been receiving atorvastatin ... | PMC10166561 |
Study protocol | CKD, dyspnea, nephrotoxic, CRF, CM | CRF | We randomly assigned all patients to either the Atorvastatin Reloading group (AR group) or the Non-Reloading group (NR group) according to a computer-generated random series of numbers. The randomization occurs one day before the coronary procedure. Patients in the AR group received oral atorvastatin 80 mg daily one da... | PMC10166561 |
Laboratory parameters | BLOOD | Blood samples were collected to measure the baseline values of Serum Creatinin (SCr), Cystatin C (Cys), inflammatory factors (high sensitive C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), and pro-BNP on admission, and of course, before the loading dose administration. The post-procedural levels of Cys were measured 24 hours after the co... | PMC10166561 | |
Study end-points and definitions | CIN, acute kidney injury | SECONDARY, CIN | The primary endpoints were the incidence of Cys-based CIN defined as an increase in serum CyC concentration by 10% above the baseline value 24 hours after contrast media administration [The secondary end-point was to detect any acute kidney injury by a significant rise in cystatin C level between baseline and 24 hours ... | PMC10166561 |
Statistical analysis | CIN | EVENT, CIN | Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago. Illinois, the USA). We expressed categorical variables as percentages, and continuous variables as mean values (±standard deviation [SD]) when the distribution was normal or medians with semi-interquartile ranges (SIQR) when it wa... | PMC10166561 |
Results | Four hundred forty-eight patients underwent coronary procedures during the study period. According to inclusion criteria, 120 patients were randomly assigned to the Atorvastatin Reload group (AR group, n = 60) and the Non-reloading group (NR group, n = 60) ( | PMC10166561 | ||
Trial flowchart. | CKD, diabetes | CORONARY DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, DYSLIPIDEMIA, DIABETES | Our population was at high cardiovascular risk, 58.2% of patients were smokers, 60.9% had hypertension, 51.8% had diabetes, 81% had dyslipidemia, 7.3% had moderate CKD, and 34.5% had a history of coronary disease. Sixty-six percent of our patients had at least three cardiovascular risk factors. All patients had been re... | PMC10166561 |
Baseline clinical characteristics in our population. | CM | ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, CM: Contrast Media, Cv: cardiovascular, LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction, NYHA: New York heart association, PCI: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, SD: Standard deviation, SIQR: semi-interquartile range, UD: urine dipstick | PMC10166561 | |
Baseline clinical laboratory tests in our population. | CIN | BRAIN, CIN | Data are expressed as median (SIQR: semi-interquartile range).ALAT: alanine aminotransferase ASAT: aspartate aminotransferase, CK: creatine kinase levels, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, LDL: Low-density cholesterol, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate;, hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; intervention, ProB... | PMC10166561 |
Comparison of contrast induced nephropathy between groups. | CIN, nephropathy | CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY, RENAL FAILURE, CIN, NEPHROPATHY, HEART FAILURE, TYPE 2 DIABETES | AR group: patients who received a reloading dose of 80 mg atorvastatin, Cys-CIN: Contrast-induced nephropathy based on cystatin C levels, NR group: patients who did not receive a reloading dose, Scr-CIN: contrast induced nephropathy based on Serum creatinine levels.The analysis of subgroups who are known as a high-risk... | PMC10166561 |
Comparison of contrast induced nephropathy between the two groups in diabetes 2 patients (n = 55). | CIN, diabetic, nephropathy | CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY, NEPHROPATHY, CIN | AR group: patients who received a reloading dose of 80 mg atorvastatin, Cys-CIN: Contrast-induced nephropathy based on cystatin C levels, NR group: patients who did not receive a reloading dose, Scr-CIN: contrast induced nephropathy based on Serum creatinine levels.Paradoxically, SCr-based CIN was similar between the A... | PMC10166561 |
Comparison of changes in renal biomarkers between the AR and the NR groups. | BRAIN | All Variables are expressed by median (semi-interquartile range).Δ: difference between the follow-up level and the baseline levelAR group: Atorvastatin reloading group, Cys: cystatin C; hsCRP, C-reactive protein; Cys-GFR, glomerular filtration calculated using cystatin level; NR group: Non-reloading group, SIQR: semi-i... | PMC10166561 | |
Discussion | CKD, toxicity, medullary hypoxia, nephrotoxic, diabetic type 2, CM, acute coronary syndrome, diabetic, CI-AKI, CIN, diabetes | INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, CONTRAST-INDUCED ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY, COMPLICATION, CIN, ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME, OXIDATIVE STRESS, DIABETES | Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a common complication of CM intravascular injection; the physiopathology is complex and not well-understood. Our randomized trial aimed to assess the impact of a reloading dose with 80 mg of atorvastatin on CIN incidence in patients who underwent coronary invasive proced... | PMC10166561 |
Study limitations | CIN | CIN | The present study had some limitations. Firstly, it was a single-center, single-blinded study. Only the patients were aware of the inclusion group because we didn’t use a placebo for patients in the NR group. Nevertheless, the two doctors who performed the coronary intervention and ensured the follow-up were blinded to... | PMC10166561 |
Conclusions | CI-AKI, CIN, diabetic | DIABETES TYPE 2, CIN | Our study was the first randomized trial in the literature that assessed the beneficial effect of 80 mg atorvastatin reloading on CI-AKI in patients pre-treated with this drug at a lower dose. Our population was at high risk with a high prevalence of cardiovascular factors. We did not find a beneficial effect on the ov... | PMC10166561 |
Supporting information | PMC10166561 | |||
CONSORT checklist. | (DOC)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10166561 | ||
Ethic agreement. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10166561 | ||
Study design. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10166561 | ||
Pan-african-trial registry- registration. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10166561 | ||
Protocol of the study. | (DOCX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10166561 | ||
COREQ (COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research) checklist. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file.(XLSX)Click here for additional data file. | PMC10166561 | ||
References | PMC10166561 | |||
Subject terms | Dried blood spot (DBS) sample collection has been suggested as a less invasive, cheaper and more convenient alternative to venepuncture, which requires trained personnel, making it a potentially viable approach for self-collection of blood on a large scale. We examine whether participants in a longitudinal survey were ... | PMC10415328 | ||
Introduction | DBS and venous blood sample, death, Cardiovascular disease | DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. In the UK, cardiovascular disease is patterned by several social and environment factorsStandard protocols for blood sample collection require face-to-face contact. Most commonly, collection of bio-specimens for research takes place in a clinic and/or the ... | PMC10415328 |
Methods | This paper uses data collected in the | PMC10415328 | ||
Sample processing | RECRUITMENT | In IP12Flowchart showing IP12 recruitment and consent to provide blood samples.After reception at MRC Epidemiology Unit, venous blood samples for glycated haemoglobin were refrigerated until analysis. The remaining venous blood samples were centrifuged, and aliquots of plasma and serum were stored at − 70 °C until anal... | PMC10415328 | |
Analytes | Total cholesterol, triglycerides and CRP from serum and DBS and glycated haemoglobin from whole blood or serum and DBS were measured using a Siemens Dimension Xpand clinical chemistry analyser (Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Camberley, Surrey, UK). Method details including extraction from DBS, as well as reagents, control qua... | PMC10415328 | ||
Covariates | For both venous and DBS results, the time a sample was kept at room temperature was calculated as the time between sample collection by the nurse/participant and receipt at MRC Epidemiology Unit. All venous blood samples were processed before COVID-19 related laboratory closure. A variable was included to describe whet... | PMC10415328 | ||
Statistics | HbA1c diabetes, diabetes | REGRESSION, DIABETES, CVD | Descriptive statistics were used to compare response rates to the overall survey, consent rates for providing each type of blood sample and the provision of ‘good’ quality DBS samples by mode of interview. The population characteristics of participants who gave consent to give a venous blood sample, consent to a DBS bl... | PMC10415328 |
Ethics approval | The University of Essex Ethics Committee has approved all data collection on | PMC10415328 | ||
Results | Following contact, a number of participants failed to participate in the study. Reasons for failure to participate are shown in Supplementary Material | PMC10415328 | ||
Characteristics of participants who gave a full interview, consented to venous or DBS samples and provided a good DBS sample by mode of interview | In actual or realised mode, consent rates for biological sample collection were higher in the nurse mode (74%) than in those invited for self-collection (35%). Participants reported they were likely to take part again (likelihood of participating again score from 1 to 10: 8.8 ± 1.7) irrespective of whether they were se... | PMC10415328 | ||
Characteristics of DBS and venous samples by mode of sample collection | A higher proportion of nurse collected DBS samples were rated good quality compared with self-collected DBS, 80% vs. 47% (DBS and venous characteristics by final mode of interview limited to those whose DBS samples was analysed. | PMC10415328 | ||
DBS to venous measurement and equivalency | REGRESSION | In the venous and DBS samples where both samples yielded a measurement, for total cholesterol, CRP, triglycerides and HbA1c, there was a significant relationship between venous and DBS measures (For total cholesterol, CRP, triglycerides and HbA1c the following DBS-to-venous (serum or whole blood) equivalency equations ... | PMC10415328 | |
Agreement between venous and DBS measures | Bland–Altman plots were used to assess agreement between venous-equivalent DBS compared to venous measures (Supplementary Materials | PMC10415328 |
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