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3. Results
PMC10556527
3.1. Strength of genetic instruments
T2DM
In our efforts to discern the causal influence of gut microbiota on T2DM, we amalgamated SNPs following a genome-wide significance criterion (
PMC10556527
3.2. Association of intestinal flora with T2DM
MR, T2DM
We found two families and six genera to be causally associated with T2DM using MR methods, as shown in The scatter plots above illustrate the causal association between gut microbiota and T2DM. The light blue, light green, dark blue, green, and pink lines correspond to the Inverse Variance Weighted, Simple Mode, MR-Egg...
PMC10556527
3.3. Sensitivity analyses
T2DM
The Cochran Q test indicated no heterogeneity within the instrumental variables, as the MR estimates for the association between gut microbiota and T2DM.Leave-one-out plots for the causal association between gut microbiota and T2DM.
PMC10556527
4. Discussion
MR, intestinal dysbiosis, T2DM
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
In this study, we executed a bi-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) investigation, using data from the MiBioGen consortium and the consolidated GWAS dataset, to appraise the cause-and-effect relationship between particular intestinal microflora and T2DM. We identified two genera as protective factors for T2DM, namely g...
PMC10556527
5. Limitations
DISEASE
Initially, it's important to consider that allele frequency and disease prevalence can differ across various populations, hence, population stratification could introduce a confounding element in Mendelian random analysis, especially if the study population is diverse (
PMC10556527
6. Conclusions
To summarize, this two-sample MR study's findings offer genetic proof that the existence of genus
PMC10556527
Data availability statement
The data presented in this study is deposited in publicly available datasets. This data can be found at: gut bacteria from MiBioGen (data available at:
PMC10556527
Author contributions
KS: Data curation, Software, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. YG: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review and editing. HW: Data curation, Software, Validation, Writing—review and editing. XH: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing—original draft,...
PMC10556527
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
PMC10556527
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or ...
PMC10556527
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file.Click here for additional data file.
PMC10556527
References
PMC10556527
Background
chronic hepatitis C virus, infection, fatigue
INFECTION
Most people who inject drugs (PWIDs) suffer from severe fatigue, and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may play a role in this. However, there is scarce evidence about interventions that alleviate fatigue among PWIDs. The present study investigated the effect of integrated HCV treatment on fatigue in this popul...
PMC10123982
Methods
infectious disease, fatigue, Fatigue
MAY, SECONDARY, INFECTIOUS DISEASE
This multi-center, randomized controlled trial evaluated fatigue as a secondary outcome of integrated HCV treatment (the INTRO-HCV trial). From May 2017 to June 2019, 276 participants in Bergen and Stavanger, Norway, were randomly assigned to receive integrated and standard HCV treatment. Integrated treatment was deliv...
PMC10123982
Results
At baseline, the mean FSS-9 sum score was 46 (standard deviation (SD): 15) for participants on integrated HCV treatment and 41 (SD: 16) for those on standard treatment. Twelve weeks after completed HCV treatment, the mean FSS-9 sum score for participants receiving integrated HCV treatment was 42 (SD: 15) and 40 (SD: 14...
PMC10123982
Conclusions
fatigue, Fatigue
Fatigue is a common symptom among PWIDs. Integrated HCV treatment is at least equal to standard HCV treatment in improving fatigue.
PMC10123982
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov.no NCT03155906, 16/05/2017.
PMC10123982
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13011-023-00534-1.
PMC10123982
Keywords
Open access funding provided by University of Bergen.
PMC10123982
Background
HCV) infection, fatigue, chronic hepatitis C virus, HCV infection, Fatigue
Fatigue is a debilitating symptom that affects as many as 50 to 80% of people with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [In this regard, some studies have suggested that HCV treatment may reduce fatigue [This randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of integrated HCV infection treatment on fatigue using...
PMC10123982
Methods
PMC10123982
Design and setting
The original study, the INTRO-HCV trial, was designed as a multi-center, randomized controlled trial [
PMC10123982
Ethics approval and consent to participate
WEST
The present study was reviewed and approved by the Regional Ethical Committee for Health Research (REC) West, Norway (reference number: 2017/51/REK Vest, dated 29.03.2017/20.04.2017). All recruited participants were fully informed about the study, and their written informed consent was provided before their inclusion a...
PMC10123982
Interventions
A total of 148 participants were randomized into the integrated HCV treatment group and 150 into the standard HCV treatment group (Fig. Trial profile for the study. Legends:
PMC10123982
Intervention – standard HCV treatment
infectious diseases, infectious disease
INFECTIOUS DISEASES, INFECTIOUS DISEASE, DISORDERS
Participants in the standard HCV treatment group were referred to the centralized outpatient infectious disease clinic at the collaborating referral hospital for HCV treatment. An appointment was given and usually scheduled within a few weeks after the referral; the participants were informed of this by mail. Their cli...
PMC10123982
Intervention – integrated HCV treatment
OAT
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
All assessments and medications for participants in the integrated treatment groups were provided onsite at the OAT clinics or CCCs, including DAAs, blood samples, and FSS-9 assessments. Compared with participants in the standard treatment group, participants in the integrated treatment group had no follow-ups in the r...
PMC10123982
Data collection
fatigue
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Participants were evaluated prior to HCV treatment and EOT12 to record their health status, including fatigue level according to the FSS-9 score, sociodemographic data, current drug use, blood samples, transient elastography, and clinical examination. The health assessments were conducted by specialized research nurses...
PMC10123982
Randomization and masking
Selected participants were randomized at a 1:1 ratio using blocks of 10 stratified by city and assigned into integrated (
PMC10123982
Measurement
Liver stiffness, fatigue
HEPATITIS B, VIRUS
We assessed fatigue using the FSS-9, including items considering mental and physical functioning, motivation, carrying out duties, and interfering with work, family, or social life. The FSS-9 is a well-known questionnaire to quantify fatigue during the week prior to the assessment [We drew blood samples, including hepa...
PMC10123982
Statistical analyses
We used Stata SE version 17 (StataCorp, TX, USA) for descriptive analyses and linear mixed model analyses, and IBM SPSS version 26.0 for expectation–maximization calculation. The threshold for statistical significance was set to We dealt with any missing values in FSS-9 scores at baseline and EOT12 as “missing at rando...
PMC10123982
Results
PMC10123982
Characteristics at baseline
The median age was 44 years (interquartile range (IQR): 36–52) in the integrated HCV treatment group. Of those, 73% were male, and 58% had injected drugs recently. In the standard HCV treatment group, the median age was 42 years (IQR 34–49), 81% were male, and 64% had injected drugs recently. HCV genotype 3 was most pr...
PMC10123982
FSS-9 sum scores at baseline and EOT12
At baseline, the mean FSS-9 sum score for participants on receiving integrated treatment was 46 (Standard deviation (SD): 15) and 41 (SD: 16) for those on standard treatment. The mean FSS-9 sum score in both groups was slightly left-skewed and tended toward a flattened distribution at baseline (Additional file
PMC10123982
Discussion
HCV [, fatigue
The present RCT demonstrated that, compared to standard HCV treatment, integrated HCV treatment did not reduce fatigue from baseline to EOT12 among PWIDs; however, a non-significant improvement in the fatigue level was observed. The fatigue level was high in both the integrated and the standard HCV treatment groups, wi...
PMC10123982
Strengths and limitations
opioid dependence, fatigue, OAT, infectious disease, cognitive impairments
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
A major strength of this study is its trial design of individual randomization with balanced groups, which minimizes potential confounding. Furthermore, we included PWIDs who usually struggle with adherence to standard HCV treatment and have frequently discontinued previous HCV assessment and treatment in centralized i...
PMC10123982
Conclusion
fatigue
The present trial documented that fatigue is a common symptom among PWIDs. Integrated HCV treatment was at least equal to standard HCV treatment in alleviating fatigue. Integrated HCV treatment may be a treatment approach in other medical and psychosocial care to improve fatigue.
PMC10123982
Acknowledgements
Alpers
BONNIER, ALPERS
We thank Nina Elisabeth Eltvik, Christer Kleppe, Rafael Alexander Leiva, and Christian Ohldieck for valuable help and input during the planning and preparation phases. We also thank the INTRO-HCV Study Group for important contribution relating to data collection.INTRO-HCV Study Group participating investigators:Bergen:...
PMC10123982
Authors’ contributions
EML
JHV has led the study design, analysis, and writing the article preparation. FC, EML, CFA, AL, PV, KAJ, and LTF have contributed to the study design, analysis, and article preparation. All authors have read and approved the final article.
PMC10123982
Funding
Open access funding provided by University of Bergen. This work was supported by The Norwegian Research Council (BEHANDLING, contract no 269855); and the Western Norway Regional Health Authority («Åpen prosjektstøtte») with Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway as responsible i...
PMC10123982
Availability of data and materials
The datasets analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due data protection requirements but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
PMC10123982
Declarations
PMC10123982
Ethics approval and consent to participate
WEST
The present study was reviewed and approved by the Regional Ethical Committee for Health Research (REC) West, Norway (reference number: 2017/51/REK Vest, dated 29.03.2017/20.04.2017). All recruited participants were fully informed about the study, and their written informed consent was provided before their inclusion a...
PMC10123982
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
PMC10123982
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
PMC10123982
References
PMC10123982
Background:
Viral infection
VIRAL INFECTION
Viral infection is associated with a significant rewire of the host metabolic pathways, presenting attractive metabolic targets for intervention.
PMC9937660
Methods:
VIRUS, SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
We chart the metabolic response of lung epithelial cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary cultures and COVID-19 patient samples and perform in vitro metabolism-focused drug screen on primary lung epithelial cells infected with different strains of the virus. We perform observational analysis of Israeli patients hospi...
PMC9937660
Results:
inflammation
INFLAMMATION, SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
SARS-CoV-2 infection produced transcriptional changes associated with increased glycolysis and lipid accumulation. Metabolism-focused drug screen showed that fenofibrate reversed lipid accumulation and blocked SARS-CoV-2 replication through a PPARα-dependent mechanism in both alpha and delta variants. Analysis of 3233 ...
PMC9937660
Conclusions:
SARS-CoV-2 infection
SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
Taken together, our data suggest that pharmacological modulation of PPARα should be strongly considered as a potential therapeutic approach for SARS-CoV-2 infection and emphasizes the need to complete the study of fenofibrate in large randomized controlled clinical trials.
PMC9937660
Funding:
Funding was provided by European Research Council Consolidator Grants OCLD (project no. 681870) and generous gifts from the Nikoh Foundation and the Sam and Rina Frankel Foundation (YN). The interventional study was supported by Abbott (project FENOC0003).
PMC9937660
Clinical trial number:
NCT04661930.
PMC9937660
Research organism
PMC9937660
Introduction
obesity, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, metabolic diseases, infection, respiratory distress, diabetes
OBESITY, VIRUS, SARS-COV-2 INFECTION, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, CORONAVIRUS INFECTION, INFLAMMATION, METABOLIC DISEASES, INFECTION, ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE, CORONAVIRUS, SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME, DIABETES
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-strand RNA virus of the Recent work suggests that COVID-19 progression is dependent on metabolic mechanisms. Elevated blood glucose, obesity, and hyperlipidemia were found to be risk factors for SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory distress,...
PMC9937660
Methods
PMC9937660
Experimental model and subject details
PMC9937660
Human subjects
All protocols involving human tissue were reviewed and exempted by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Israeli Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Institutional Review Boards.Experiments using samples from human subjects were conducted in accordance with local regula...
PMC9937660
Cell culture
MYCOPLASMA
Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells (Lonza, CC-2540 Lot# 580580), isolated from a 79-year-old Caucasian female and were maintained at 37 °C and 5% COCells were authenticated at the source and routinely screened for mycoplasma using PCR.
PMC9937660
Viruses
INFECTIOUS, CYTOPATHIC EFFECT, PLAQUE, CORONAVIRUS, DISEASE
SARS-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Isolate USA-WA1/2020 (NR-52281) was deposited by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and obtained through BEI Resources, NIAID, NIH. SARS-CoV-2 was propagated in Vero E6 cells in DMEM supplemented with 2% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 4.5 g/L D-glucose, 4 mM L-glutamine, 1...
PMC9937660
Methods details
PMC9937660
Analysis of gene expression by RNAseq
cough, tumor, fever
TUMOR, LUNG DISEASES, TUBERCULOSIS
Expression count matrices were retrieved from GEO: GSE147507-Series1 (Bronchial; culture), GSE153970 (Small airway; culture), GSE147507-Series15 (Autopsy), GSE145926- (Lavage). Differential gene expression analysis was performed using a Poisson-Tweedie distribution model using the tweeDEseq Bioconductor package (Bronch...
PMC9937660
Analysis of canonical splice variants
Reads were downloaded from SRA (GSE147507), and filtered and trimmed to remove low-quality reads and sequencing artifacts with fastp v20 (
PMC9937660
Assembly of metabolic categories
Aggregate metabolic categories were created as previously described (
PMC9937660
Processing, analysis, and graphic display of genomic data
HEAT
Hierarchical clustering, heat maps, correlation plots, and similarity matrices were created in Morpheus. Gene ontology enrichment analyses and clustering were performed using DAVID Informatics Resources 6.7 (
PMC9937660
Quantification of intracellular glucose
To detect glucose uptake, we used 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) Amino)–2-Deoxyglucose (2-NDBG) a fluorescent analog of glucose (Invitrogen, USA; N13195). 2-NDBG is transported through SGLT-1 and GLUT-2. Increased uptake leads to 2-NDBG accumulation in the cells. Cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 96 hr were ...
PMC9937660
Quantification of lipids
phospholipidosis, Steatosis
PHOSPHOLIPIDOSIS, STEATOSIS
Lipid accumulation was measured using HCS LipidTOX Phospholipidosis and Steatosis Detection Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (ThermoFisher, USA; H34158). Briefly, cells were incubated in complete bronchial epithelial growth medium supplemented with 1 x phospholipidosis detection reagent for 48 hr. Cells...
PMC9937660
Metabolic analysis of glucose, lactate, and glutamine
IST, SARS-CoV-2 infected
Metabolic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected culture medium in the BSL3 facility was done using Accutrend Plus multiparameter meter (Roche Diagnostics). Culture medium was collected every 48 hr and stored at –80 °C prior to analysis. Measurements were carried out using Accutrend Plus Glucose and BM-Lactate Test Strips acc...
PMC9937660
Generation lentiviral SARS-CoV-2 constructs
VIRUS
Plasmids encoding the SARS-CoV-2 open-reading frames (ORFs) and eGFP control are a kind gift of Nevan Krogan (Addgene plasmid #141367–141395). Plasmids were acquired as bacterial LB-agar stabs and used per the provider’s instructions. Briefly, each stab was first seeded into agar LB (Bacto Agar; BD, USA) in 10 cm plate...
PMC9937660
SARS-CoV-2 proteins lentiviral transduction
Approximately 1×10
PMC9937660
Metabolic flux quantification (Seahorse)
Mitochondrial Stress Test (Agilent; 103010–100) assay was conducted per manufacturer instructions as previously described (Free fatty acid oxidation was measured using XF Long Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Stress Test Kit (Agilent; 103672–100) as previously described (
PMC9937660
Generation PPARα CRISPR knock-out cells
KNOCKOUT
The PPARα knock-out cells were created using a Cas9-based, CRISPR system. Two different sgRNA oligos from the human GeCKO v.2 Human CRISPR Knockout Pooled Library (Addgene; #1000000048), PPARa HGLibA_37838 and HGLibB_37787, were cloned into the lentiCRISPR v2 plasmid (Addgene; #52961). The sgRNA cloning was performed a...
PMC9937660
RNA-Seq of viral infections
Approximately 1×10
PMC9937660
Viral load by quantitative real-time PCR analysis
In BSL3 experiments conducted in the BSL3 facility at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Genomic viral RNA was extracted from supernatants using TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Thermo Fisher). RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using oligo d(T) primers and SuperScript II Revers...
PMC9937660
Functional annotations of gene expression
Differentially expressed genes were tested for enrichment overlap within functional gene sets. The general test for functional enrichment of the differentially expressed genes against various functional categories was done using the PANTHER tool (
PMC9937660
Drug treatments
Approximately 5×10
PMC9937660
Western blot
LYSED, SECONDARY
NHBE, PPARα CRISPR-KO NHBE cells, or PPARα-OE HEK293T cells were washed in DPBS, lysed in 1 x Laemmli Loading buffer, and boiled at 100 °C; 40 μl of cleared lysate were analyzed in a pre-cast gradient polyacrylamide gel (Bolt 4 to 12%, Bis-Tris, 1.0 mm, Mini Protein Gel/ NW04120BOX, Invitrogen) using SeeBlue Plus2 Pre-...
PMC9937660
Quantification and statistical analysis
Work done in the BSL3 facility at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai was done on NHBE from a single donor, repeated in three experimental repeats with three or more technical repeats in each experiment. Work done in the BSL3 facility at the Sheba Medical Center or in the BSL2 facility at The Hebrew University ...
PMC9937660
Observational studies
PMC9937660
Israeli study
obesity, death, chronic kidney disease, asthma, diabetes
OBESITY, DISEASE, LIVER DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT, ASTHMA, DYSLIPIDEMIA, REGRESSION, REGRESSION, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES
A retrospective, multi-center study was conducted in Hadassah and Ichilov Medical Centers. A total of 150,976 participants were diagnosed positive for SARS-COV-2 following WHO interim guidance (The retrospective study was designed to assess initial relationships between metabolic regulating drug use and COVID-19 clinic...
PMC9937660
Italian study
obesity
OBESITY, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
A validation study was conducted by phone interviews of the last 2123 patients examined in the Outpatient Lipid Clinics of the University of Bologna and of the Niguarda Hospital in Milan during the last 12 months and on adequately dosed statins, fenofibrate, or both for at least 3 months. We excluded patients on lipid-...
PMC9937660
US study
dementia, hypertension, chronic lung disease
DISEASE, DIABETES MELLITUS, ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, HEART FAILURE, HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE, CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE
A validation study was conducted using an existing observational cohort of 920,922 veterans with hypertension (defined by diagnostic codes for hypertension and at least two fills for antihypertensive medications from January 1, 2020, to October 25, 2020, and restricted to those veterans with evidence of using the Veter...
PMC9937660
Interventional study
PMC9937660
Design and participants
pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction, kidney disease, chronic kidney disease stage, hypersensitivity
PNEUMONIA, KIDNEY DISEASE, RESPIRATORY FAILURE, DISEASE, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGE 1, INFILTRATES, SEPTIC SHOCK, DISEASE, HYPERSENSITIVITY
The study was conducted as an open-label, phase 3 a clinical trial, in the Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel. The study was approved by the Barzilai Medical Center Research Ethics Committee (0105–20-BRZ). The study enrolled adults (≥18 years of age) with severe Covid-19 pneumonia, as confirmed by positive polym...
PMC9937660
Procedures
cough, low immunoinflammatory stress, fever
Participants who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to intervention with nanocrystallized fenofibrate (TriCor, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL USA) at a dose of 145 mg (1 tablet) once per day. Standard care for severe-hospitalized COVID-19 patients was provided according to local practice: antiviral treatment, vita...
PMC9937660
Valuations
’ disease, Death
For the evaluation of patients in this trial, the baseline was defined as the last observation before the administration of fenofibrate on day 0. The patients’ disease severity was assessed on an ordinal scale according to the following categories: The scale is as follows: (1) Death; (2) Hospitalized, on invasive mecha...
PMC9937660
Viral RNA and S-gene target failure (SGTF) detection by real-time PCR
Extracted RNA was transferred to 96-well PCR plate containing 20 µl of TaqPath 1-step Multiplex Master Mix No ROX (Applied Bioscience, Cat number: A28523). This was followed by a one-step RT-PCR (TaqPath COVID-19 assay kit; Thermo-Fisher). Thereafter, the plate was sealed with MicroAmp clear adhesive strip (Applied Bio...
PMC9937660
Variant detection by real-time PCR
ENDO
Allplex SARS-CoV-2 Variants I Assay from Seegene Inc was used according to the manufacturer protocol to perform rRT-PCR. Briefly, Extracted RNA (5 µl) was transferred to 96 well PCR plate containing 15 µll of the master mix. Plates were then spun down at 2500 rpm for 5 s and analyzed on a CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR from...
PMC9937660
Statistical analysis
death
REGRESSION
Demographic data were summarized, continuous variables with non-normal distributions were expressed as median [IQR] and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages (%). The sample size is detailed in each display item. Comparisons between groups were performed with Mann-Whitney U test for continuous...
PMC9937660
Ethics and oversight
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.In the observational studies - the Israeli study was appr...
PMC9937660
Software resources
Our custom Cell Analysis CellProfiler Pipeline is available at
PMC9937660
Results
PMC9937660
The metabolic fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 infection
infected primary human bronchial epithelial
VIRUS
To elucidate the metabolic effects of SARS-CoV-2 we infected primary human bronchial epithelial cells with the virus (
PMC9937660
Metabolic fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
(
PMC9937660
Metabolic signature of infection in COVID-19 patients’ samples and SARS-CoV-2 infected primary cells.
infection
INFECTION, SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
(Further transcriptional analysis shows that 58 ± 3% of differentially expressed genes are metabolism-related, with about 15 ± 2% of the genes associated with lipid metabolism (Mapping differentially expressed genes on the central carbon metabolism pathway showed that SARS-CoV-2 induces key glycolysis genes (To confirm...
PMC9937660
SARS-CoV-2 proteins cause direct modulation of metabolic pathways
To explore the role of viral proteins in the host metabolic response to SARS-CoV-2, we expressed a large protein panel (
PMC9937660
SARS-CoV-2 proteins modulate host metabolic pathways.
Analysis of primary bronchial epithelial cells expressing different SARS-CoV-2 proteins for 72 hr using multiple independent assays. (
PMC9937660
Gene expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
SARS-CoV-2 infection
SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
(To study the role of viral proteins in lipid metabolism, we measured the exogenous fatty acid oxidation using Seahorse (The inhibition of lipid catabolism by SARS-CoV-2 infection of primary lung epithelial cells and associated lipid accumulation is a unique host response (
PMC9937660
Pharmacological modulation of SARS-CoV-2-induced metabolic pathways
SARS-CoV-2 infection
SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
The metabolic pathways induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection can be pharmacologically modulated at multiple points (
PMC9937660
Metabolic intervention of SARS-CoV-2 shows the antiviral effect of PPARα activation.
(
PMC9937660
PPARα is required for fenofibrate rescue and etomoxir reversal in SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
(
PMC9937660