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Effectiveness/impact of intervention | SECONDARY | The goal was to run pre-post analysis to assess if there was a significant difference in primary and secondary outcomes between IP1 and baseline and IP2 against baseline (pre-post comparative analysis). | PMC10650998 | |
Data collection and management | The data collection team involved three laboratory technicians, two nurses, two sociologists, one demographer, three medical doctors and a statistician. They had similar levels of experience on the studied topic. However, they participated in a three-day training conducted by principal investigator before the baseline ... | PMC10650998 | ||
Statistical analysis | Cleaning and descriptive data analysis were performed using Stata version 15.0 (StataCorp. 2017. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC). Comparisons of both explanatory and outcome variables between intervention arms was performed using both Chi-Square tests for categorical variable... | PMC10650998 | ||
Results | PMC10650998 | |||
Characteristics of the participants | RECRUITMENT | Recruitment and seeking consent from study participants started from November 2018 to March 2019. This stage was followed by intervention and follow up phase which lasted for three months from 1st April to 31st June 2019. Of the 560 enrolled participants, 60% (n = 336) participated in the evaluation. The comparison bet... | PMC10650998 | |
Distribution of cardio-metabolic risks (primary outcomes), knowledge and attitude (secondary outcomes) of regular street food consumers in Dar es Salaam, by intervention arm (n = 336)-Using T-test. | The end term evaluation conducted after three months of follow up ended up with 336 (175 form IP2 and 161 from IP1) consumers has been shown in | PMC10650998 | ||
Effectiveness of the IP2 on cardio-metabolic risk factors of type2 diabetes (pre-post analysis) | GLMM results indicate that diastolic BP was significantly lower in the evaluation phase than baseline AβC = -4.09mmHq (95% CI: -5.42 to -2.76). Fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in the evaluation phase than the baseline phase AβC = 0.39mmol/L (95% CI: 0.23 to 0.55). After adjusting for the interaction betw... | PMC10650998 | ||
Predicted mean difference estimates of the effectiveness of intervention on cardio-metabolic risk factors using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) and Bayesian Modelling for sensitivity analysis: Adjusted models. | INTERACTION | *Adjusted Beta Coefficient (AβC); variables adjusted for include Fixed variable namely age, sex, income, and marital status and two random variables marketplace and participants’ identification number; #:Interaction term; results for interaction was reported if was significant at unadjusted analysis level, Baseline dat... | PMC10650998 | |
Effectiveness of IP2 on knowledge and attitude (pre-post analysis) | T2DM | Results from GLMM model showed that positive attitude scores towards NCDs/T2DM prevention strategic measures was significantly higher during evaluation compared to baseline AβC = 18.9%(CI 95%: 15.69 to 22.11). Similarly, knowledge scores on T2DM were significantly higher in the evaluation phase as compared to baseline ... | PMC10650998 | |
Predicted mean difference estimates of effectiveness of intervention arms on correct knowledge scores (%) and positive attitude scores (%) using Bayesian Modelling for sensitivity analysis. | *Adjusted Beta Coefficient (AβC); variables adjusted for include Fixed variable namely age, sex, income, and marital status and two random variables include marketplaces and participants’ identification number | PMC10650998 | ||
Effectiveness of the IP1 on cardio-metabolic risk factors of type2 diabetes (pre-post analysis) | Systolic and diastolic BP were significantly lower among IP1 consumers in the evaluation than in the baseline AβC = -3.5mmHg (95% CI: -5.78 to -1.24) and AβC = -5.9mmHg (95% CI: -7.34 to -4.44) respectively. Further, fasting blood glucose was higher in the evaluation phase than the baseline phase AβC = 0.49 mmol/L (95%... | PMC10650998 | ||
Effectiveness of IP1 on knowledge and attitude (pre-post analysis) | T2DM | Results from GLMM model showed that positive attitude scores towards NCDs/T2DM prevention strategic measures was significantly higher during evaluation as compared to baseline AβC = 17.73%(CI 95%: 14.30 to 21.16). The results also showed that, positive attitude scores towards T2DM prevention measures was significantly ... | PMC10650998 | |
Sensitivity analysis | T2DM | Results for effectiveness of interventions on cardio-metabolic risks including overweight/obesity, systolic and diastolic BP, waist circumference and blood glucose as well as attitude towards NCDs/T2DM prevention strategic measures and knowledge scores on T2DM observed from GLMMs were consistent with Bayesian technique... | PMC10650998 | |
Discussion | obesity, hypertension, T2DM | OBESITY, POSITIVE, PRE-DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, TYPE 2 DIABETES, COMPLICATIONS | Findings from the current pre-post analysis study show that both T2DM health information and subsidized meal with vegetables and fruits, following the principles of a healthy plate model (IP2) and T2DM health information only (IP1), had equal effect. It was observed that age and income were modulating BMI and blood pre... | PMC10650998 |
Limitation of the study | Although this study emphasized the importance of the consumption of a balanced diet while at home, no follow up information regarding the quantity and food groups consumed during weekend days and in evening meals was collected, the focus was on lunch meals consumed to the vendors only and not elsewhere, which are alway... | PMC10650998 | ||
Conclusion | Pre-post analysis shows that both interventions in this study had positive effects on cardio-metabolic risk factors, knowledge and attitude. However, interactions between IP2, age and income was observed in this study. It is therefore, recommended that designing interventions relating to food should consider combining ... | PMC10650998 | ||
Supporting information | PMC10650998 | |||
CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial*. | (PDF)Click here for additional data file.(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.(DOCX)Click here for additional data file.We thank all participants for their full support of the study. The authors also acknowledge the team of research assistants, participants and ward, municipality, and regional administrative offic... | PMC10650998 | ||
References | PMC10650998 | |||
1. Introduction | cognitive impairment, memory complaints, MCI, dementia, cognition and cognitive functions, STM, cognitive decline | Age-related subjective memory complaints (SMC) are a common concern among older adults. However, little is known about the effects of cognitive stimulation (CS) interventions on subjective memory complaints. The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of a CS programme on global cognition and cognitive funct... | PMC9967658 | |
2. Materials and Methods | PMC9967658 | |||
2.1. Study Design | cognitive impairment | This research has been conducted through a randomised controlled trial (RCT) following Consort standards in 308 community-dwelling older adults with SMC.Inclusion in the study was based on the following criteria: (1) aged ≥65 and (2) ≥24 score on the MEC-35 (validated Spanish version of the Mini-Mental State Examinatio... | PMC9967658 | |
2.2. Selection of Participants | Participants were recruited at the San José Norte-Centro Health Centre in Zaragoza (Spain). Randomisation was performed using an opaque box in which participants’ file numbers were placed and an anonymous person extracted the selected numbers. The lead author verified the inclusion criteria of the participants. A total... | PMC9967658 | ||
2.3. Intervention | Ten group sessions of 45 min, one day a week, were conducted in 5 subgroups of 26–27 persons. In total, the intervention lasted two and a half months. Four trained occupational therapists carried out the intervention in four subgroups of 25–26 participants each using coloured notebooks of mental activation [The difficu... | PMC9967658 | ||
2.4. Assessment Instruments | memory complaints | Different sociodemographic and clinical variables were examined.The socio-demographic variables studied were age, gender, marital status, education level, physical occupational status, mental occupational status, and family living arrangements. In addition, education level was divided into two subgroups (primary/higher... | PMC9967658 | |
Goldberg Anxiety Subscale | Anxiety, anxiety | Anxiety was measured by the Goldberg anxiety subscale, which is a subscale of the Goldberg questionnaire, with nine dichotomous response items (yes/no). An independent score is awarded for each scale, with one point for an affirmative answer. The cut-off value is ≥4 for the anxiety subscale, which indicates “probable a... | PMC9967658 | |
Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale 15-point Version | depression | Level of depression was evaluated with the GDS-15, which is considered suitable for seniors in the community. Scores range from 0–15, with a total score > 5 interpreted as “probable depression”. Scoring higher than 12 would be indicative of severe depression. In older people, sensitivity is 71.8% and specificity is 78.... | PMC9967658 | |
The Barthel Index | The BI assesses the level of independence of 10 basic ADL (BADL) [ | PMC9967658 | ||
The Lawton–Brody Scale | The L–B scale assesses degree of autonomy in eight IADL necessary for living independently in the community [The assessment process was carried out by eight occupational therapists who were blinded after receiving the corresponding training to ensure uniform application of the assessment instruments. | PMC9967658 | ||
2.5. Sample Size | SECONDARY | This study is a secondary analysis of aggregated data from two studies in which the sample size was already calculated and in which randomisation was conducted. The data of the present study are the result of merging these two previous studies, in which only participants with SMC have been selected. Both studies were a... | PMC9967658 | |
2.6. Statistical Analysis | Statistical analysis was performed using R Ver. 3.5.1. software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020 Vienna, Austria). The significance level was set at Qualitative variables were described in absolute values and frequencies and quantitative variabl... | PMC9967658 | ||
3. Results | STM | This study included 308 older adults with MEC-35 scores between 26 and 35 points; 66.05% (200) were women and 33.95% (108) were men. The mean age was 73.56 years. The ANOVA test of the linear mixed model shows that group–time interaction, adjusted for age and gender, still maintains significant differences (Significant... | PMC9967658 | |
4. Discussion | cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression, dementia, MCI, decline in executive function, STM | This study demonstrated that administration of a multi-domain CS programme adapted to pre-existing cognitive level (measured with the MEC-35) in older people with SMC resulted in global and specific cognitive improvements in some of the trained domains of the MEC-35, which are highly relevant for preventing MCI. These ... | PMC9967658 | |
5. Conclusions | STM, MCI, cognitive deficits | The CS programme shows benefits in global cognition and in the specific domains of temporal orientation, STM, and language and praxis in older adults with SMC. These domains are highly relevant in preventing MCI in a population with a higher vulnerability to MCI due to the existence of such complaints.The multi-domain ... | PMC9967658 | |
Author Contributions | I.G.-S., J.N.C.-Z., B.R.-R., A.B.S.-V., C.S., Y.M.-R., E.A.-G. and E.C. have worked on and developed the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, research, data curation, writing—preparation of the original draft, as well as the writing, review, and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published ver... | PMC9967658 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | CONSORT20 standards and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki—Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects 2021 were followed during the study. This study was approved by CEICA under Law 18/2011 with study registration numbers PI11/090 (Study A) and PI11/00091 (Study B) and registere... | PMC9967658 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. | PMC9967658 | ||
Data Availability Statement | Data are available from the corresponding author after reasonable request. | PMC9967658 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC9967658 | ||
References | LOBO | Protocol for the different phases of the study.CONSORT 2010 flow diagram.Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants.Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation or as absolute and relative values (%).Outcome variables.MEC-35: Lobo’s cognitive mini-examination. Pairwise comparisons between groups.95% CI: 95... | PMC9967658 | |
Summary | Joint last authors | PMC9764454 | ||
Background | gastrointestinal side-effects, nutritional disorder | NUTRITIONAL DISORDER, IRON DEFICIENCY | Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide. Iron supplementation has modest efficacy, causes gastrointestinal side-effects that limit compliance, and has been associated with serious adverse outcomes in children across low-income settings. We aimed to compare two hepcidin-guided screen-and-tre... | PMC9764454 |
Methods | anaemia | ANAEMIA | We conducted an individually randomised, three-arm, double-blind, controlled, proof-of-concept, non-inferiority trial in 12 rural communities across The Gambia. Eligible participants were children aged 6–23 months with anaemia. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to either the WHO recommended regimen of one sac... | PMC9764454 |
Findings | diarrhoea, lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, diarrhoeal disease, upper respiratory tract infections | UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, ADVERSE EVENTS, SKIN INFECTION, EVENTS, DIARRHOEAL DISEASE | Between April 23, 2014, and Aug 7, 2015, we prescreened 783 children, of whom 407 were enrolled into the study: 135 were randomly assigned to the control group, 136 to the 12 mg screen-and-treat group, and 136 to the 6 mg screen-and-treat group. 345 (85%) children were included in the per-protocol population: 115 in th... | PMC9764454 |
Interpretation | anaemia | ANAEMIA, IRON DEFICIENCY | The hepcidin-guided screen-and-treat strategy to target iron administration succeeded in reducing overall iron dosage, but was considerably less efficacious at increasing haemoglobin and combating iron deficiency and anaemia than was WHO's standard of care, and showed no differences in morbidity or safety outcomes. | PMC9764454 |
Funding | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and UK Medical Research Council. | PMC9764454 | ||
Introduction | inflammation, nutritional disorder, infection | INFLAMMATION, INFECTION, IRON DEFICIENCY, NUTRITIONAL DISORDER, DISEASE | The latest estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 project rank iron deficiency as the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide.In general, iron supplements are poorly absorbed, with absorption efficiency rarely exceeding 30% and typically being 15% or lower.If a child has a low circulating concentration ... | PMC9764454 |
Research in context | anaemia, diarrhoea, dysentery, malaria, inflammation, infection, dysbiosis, deaths | ANAEMIA, DYSENTERY, RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, MALARIA, INFLAMMATION, INFECTION, IRON DEFICIENCY, INFLAMMATION OR INFECTION |
WHO recommends that children living in areas where the prevalence of anaemia exceeds 20% should receive 90 sachets of multiple micronutrient powders containing 10·0–12·5 mg iron over 6 months. Meta-analyses of randomised trials using these and similar protocols conducted under supervised conditions indicate an efficac... | PMC9764454 |
Methods | PMC9764454 | |||
Study design and participants | anaemia, malaria, congenital disorders or chronic diseases | ANAEMIA, WEST, MALARIA | This individually randomised, three-arm, double-blind, controlled, proof-of-concept, non-inferiority trial was conducted in 12 rural communities divided into four geographical clusters in the Kiang East and Jarra West districts of The Gambia, an area with a high prevalence of anaemia and a low endemicity of malaria. Fi... | PMC9764454 |
Randomisation and masking | At enrolment (day 0), eligible children were randomly allocated (1:1:1) to either the WHO recommended regimen of one sachet of MMP daily containing 12·0 mg iron as encapsulated ferrous fumarate (control group); | PMC9764454 | ||
Procedures | DSM Nutritional Products | ADVERSE EVENTS | MMPs were produced under good manufacturing practice by DSM Nutritional Products (Johannesburg, South Africa). The MMPs used in this study contained 15 micronutrients (Study participants were recruited in cohorts (From day 2 to day 84, all children were seen on a daily basis by a fieldworker who supervised administrati... | PMC9764454 |
Outcomes | anaemia, diarrhoea, death, fever, vomiting, cough, iron-deficiency anaemia, disability | ANAEMIA, ADVERSE EVENTS, ADVERSE EVENT, SECONDARY, IRON-DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA, IRON DEFICIENCY | The primary endpoint was haemoglobin concentration at day 84 among children in the two screen-and-treat groups versus those in the control group. A secondary aim was to compare haemoglobin concentration among children in the 12 mg screen-and-treat group with those in the 6 mg screen-and-treat group. Secondary endpoints... | PMC9764454 |
Statistical analysis | The sample size calculation was based on a study conducted in children aged 24 months in a neighbouring district, which yielded an SD of 11·5 g/L for haemoglobin concentration.We used a per-protocol analysis including only children who had consumed at least 90% of the supplements, corresponding to supplement intake on ... | PMC9764454 | ||
Role of the funding source | The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. | PMC9764454 | ||
Results | anaemia, diarrhoea, fever, malaria, inflammation, cough, diarrhoeal disease | ANAEMIA, WASTING, ADVERSE EVENTS, INFLAMMATION, MINOR, MALARIA, SECONDARY, REGRESSION, DIARRHOEAL DISEASE | Between April 26, 2014, and Aug 7, 2015, we prescreened 783 children, of whom 407 were enrolled into five cohorts. Overall, 135 were randomly assigned to the control group, 136 to the 12·0 mg screen-and-treat group, and 136 to the 6·0 mg screen-and-treat group (Trial profileMMPs=multiple micronutrient powders.Baseline ... | PMC9764454 |
Discussion | anaemia, malaria, inflammation, infections, infection, atrophy, iron-deficiency anaemia | ANAEMIA, ADVERSE EVENTS, INFLAMMATION, MALARIA, INFECTIONS, INFECTION, IRON DEFICIENCY, IRON-DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA, ATROPHY, HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES | Improved diets with better access to iron-rich foods, as well as environmental improvements aimed at reducing infections and inflammation in early childhood, remain the cornerstone of strategies to reduce the high prevalence of anaemia in many low-income settings. In regions where anaemia prevalence still exceeds 40%, ... | PMC9764454 |
Data sharing | The study protocol is included in the | PMC9764454 | ||
Declaration of interests | We declare no competing interests. | PMC9764454 | ||
References | PMC9764454 | |||
Supplementary Material | PMC9764454 | |||
Supplementary appendix | PMC9764454 | |||
Acknowledgments | HD, Saidykhan | We thank all workers at the MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine involved in the study for their help, in particular: Kabiru Ceesay, Mohammed Ngum, Edrisa Sinjanka, Patrick Nshe, Alasana Saidykhan, and Musa Jarjou, as well as the whole field team. We also thank the local health authoritie... | PMC9764454 | |
Contributors | malaria | MALARIA | RW, AMP, and CC conceived and planned the study. AMP and HD obtained the funding. RW (with support from AB) led all field aspects of the trial and adherence to good clinical practice. S-RP, AB, HD, AEA, and HV led the analysis to derive the hepcidin cutoff value. MWJ established the hepcidin ELISA in Keneba (The Gambia... | PMC9764454 |
Background | breathlessness | Evidence about the delays to diagnosis for patients presenting with breathlessness is lacking. | PMC10131231 | |
Aim | breathlessness | To explore current care of patients with breathlessness through the experiences of adults presenting with chronic breathlessness who are awaiting a diagnosis and the experiences of primary care clinicians. | PMC10131231 | |
Design and setting | breathlessness | Qualitative study with adults presenting with chronic breathlessness and clinicians across 10 general practices. | PMC10131231 | |
Method | breathlessness | Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and clinicians. Participants were recruited from a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial investigating a structured diagnostic pathway for breathlessness. An interview guide explored experiences of help seeking for breathlessness, the diagnostic process,... | PMC10131231 | |
Results | breathlessness | DISEASE | Interviews were conducted with 34 patients (mean age 68 years, standard deviation [SD] 10.8, of whom 20 were female [59%]) and 10 clinicians (mean 17 years of experience, SD 6.3, of whom five were female [50%]). Five themes were identified: recognising and validating symptoms of breathlessness is an important first ste... | PMC10131231 |
Conclusion | chronic breathlessness | DISEASE | The findings indicate potential explanations for delays to diagnosis for patients with chronic breathlessness. Interventions are needed to enhance symptom recognition, include alternative approaches to incremental investigation, and expand the concept of diagnosis beyond a disease label to improve communication, with t... | PMC10131231 |
INTRODUCTION | chronic breathlessness, fits, breathlessness, cancer or cardiorespiratory disease | DISEASE | Chronic breathlessness is a common, distressing symptom with a prevalence of 9%–11% in the general population,Despite the impact breathlessness has on quality of life,Evidence about patients’ experiences while awaiting diagnosis and clinicians’ experiences of managing the diagnostic challenges of chronic breathlessness... | PMC10131231 |
METHOD | This research is reported in line with the standards for reporting qualitative research. | PMC10131231 | ||
Participants | Semi-structured interviews were conducted between November 2019 and October 2021 with participants enrolled in a mixed-method feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) in England called Breathlessness DiagnosE Early in Primary care (Breathe DEEP) (ISRCTN14483247). | PMC10131231 | ||
Interviews | breathlessness | The patient interview guide (see Supplementary Box S1 for details) included questions on the patients’ experiences of help seeking for breathlessness and related health care, and the conduct of the cRCT. The clinician interview guide (see Supplementary Box S2 for details) explored diagnosis and breathlessness managemen... | PMC10131231 | |
Analysis | The transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, | PMC10131231 | ||
RESULTS | breathlessness | DISEASE | Interviews were conducted with 34 patients and 10 clinicians. All patients consented to an interview as part of the wider Breathe DEEP study. Clinicians from each participating GP practice were asked to express interest in an interview, with the aim of gaining representation from each practice. Patients’ demographic de... | PMC10131231 |
DISCUSSION | PMC10131231 | |||
Summary | breathlessness | DISEASE | This study examined the experiences of current care in 2020–2021 for patients and primary care clinicians navigating the journey from presentation with breathlessness to a possible diagnosis. The data provide novel insights into possible reasons for the delays to diagnosis for patients presenting with breathlessness. T... | PMC10131231 |
Strengths and limitations | chronic breathlessness, ’ | RECRUITMENT | To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to report usual care through the experiences of patients with chronic breathlessness awaiting a diagnosis, alongside the experiences of clinicians managing the diagnostic process. Thirty-four patients were interviewed, providing a sufficient sample size for data analys... | PMC10131231 |
Comparison with existing literature | obesity, anxiety, breathlessness, ill, weight loss | OBESITY, DISEASE | As in this study, others have found that breathlessness is likely to be identified by clinicians when patients are seeking help for a different problem, thus increasing the complexity of patient assessment in an already time-limited appointment.The incremental approach to investigation to rule out individual diagnoses ... | PMC10131231 |
Implications for practice | obesity, breathlessness, anxiety | OBESITY | This study found that there are challenges associated with reaching a meaningful diagnosis for patients with breathlessness, but that recognition and validation of the symptom of breathlessness is an important first step. Time is a constant pressure in GP consultations; however, time spent early on listening to patient... | PMC10131231 |
Funding | This work was funded by a
| PMC10131231 | ||
Ethical approval | Research Ethics Committee Nottingham 1 provided ethical approval for the mixed methods Breathe DEEP trial, which is the wider basis of this qualitative work (reference: 19/EM/0201). | PMC10131231 | ||
Provenance | Freely submitted; externally peer reviewed. | PMC10131231 | ||
Competing interests | The authors have declared no competing interests. | PMC10131231 | ||
Data | The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. | PMC10131231 | ||
Discuss this article | Contribute and read comments about this article: | PMC10131231 | ||
REFERENCES | PMC10131231 | |||
Abstract | overweight | The existence of spot reduction, exercise‐induced local body fat reduction, has been debated for half a century. Although the evidence is equivocal, no study has applied aerobic endurance training closely matching interventions for energy expenditure. Sixteen overweight (BMI: 29.8 ± 3.3(SD) kg m
| PMC10680576 | |
INTRODUCTION | adipose tissue loss | Spot reduction, or selective body fat reduction, refers to local subcutaneous adipose tissue loss due to exercise of muscles in the same body segment (Kostek et al., Strength training, not aerobic endurance training, has predominantly been applied in previous spot reduction studies (Kostek et al., To the best of our kn... | PMC10680576 | |
MATERIALS AND METHODS | PMC10680576 | |||
Subjects | Twenty‐nine | Twenty‐nine male subjects were assessed for eligibility in the current study (Figure CONSORT flow diagram of the study. | PMC10680576 | |
Test procedures | Before and after the training intervention, all subjects underwent the following test procedures over three separate days: (1) DEXA and anthropometry, (2) 1RM, and (3) V̇O | PMC10680576 | ||
DEXA and anthropometry | Distribution of fat mass and lean mass in the trunk (abdominal area, chest, and back), lower extremities, and upper extremities were measured with a DEXA device (Discovery A, Hologic, Marlborough, MA, USA) by an independent trained laboratory technician blinded to the subjects' group allocation. DEXA is widely used bot... | PMC10680576 | ||
Maximal muscle strength | 1RM tests were carried out in two different abdominal exercise machines: (1) the torso rotation (VR2 Torso Rotation) and (2) the abdominal crunch (VR2 Ab Crunch; both Cybex International, Medway, MA, USA), specifically chosen to target all major abdominal muscles (i.e., m. rectus abdominis, m. obliquus externus/internu... | PMC10680576 | ||
Maximal oxygen uptake | V̇O | PMC10680576 | ||
Training interventions | The two training interventions utilized in the current study were carefully matched for total energy expenditure. During a pilot study in our laboratory (Table Pilot testing of oxygen uptake (V̇OTreadmill exercise performed for 45 min per session at 70% of maximal heart rate.Abdominal crunch and torso rotation performe... | PMC10680576 | ||
Abdominal aerobic endurance exercise | Training sessions in the AG started with 27 min of treadmill running at 70% of HR | PMC10680576 | ||
Control group | Subjects randomized to the CG were instructed only to perform treadmill running at 70% of HR | PMC10680576 | ||
Statistical analyses | Statistical analyses were conducted with the software SPSS 12 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA, RRID:SCR_019096) and figures constructed with GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, RRID:SCR_002798). Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise noted. Non‐parametric tests were utilized to avo... | PMC10680576 |
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