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Conclusion: | DISORDER | Delivering MS-BPD in conjunction with an online psychoeducational intervention was not found to provide additional benefit over and above access to an online intervention alone. In accordance with national guidelines, carer interventions should be routinely offered by youth mental health services as part of early inter... | PMC10619189 | |
Background | overload and distress, guilt, MS-BPD, Borderline personality disorder, personality disorders, adversity, pain, mental disorder, BPD | Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder that usually has its onset during adolescence and early adulthood (The families and friends (henceforth ‘carers’) of people with BPD features also report adversity in terms of elevated burden (or negative appraisal of the experiences of caregiving), dist... | PMC10619189 | |
Methods | PMC10619189 | |||
Study design | BPD | The study was a single-centre, parallel group, single-blinded, clustered, partially-nested RCT. Randomisation was by ‘unit’, that is, by the individual carer or group of carers per young person with BPD features. It was approved by the Melbourne Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC2014.105) and prospectively re... | PMC10619189 | |
Study setting | The study was conducted at Orygen’s Helping Young People Early (HYPE) programme ( | PMC10619189 | ||
Key inclusion and exclusion criteria | BPD | The young people with BPD features (‘clients’) were aged 15–25 years (inclusive) and the carers were their relatives, partners or friends. A carer’s participation was not dependent on their young person also consenting to participate. | PMC10619189 | |
Discontinuation and withdrawal | EVENT | Carers were discontinued or withdrawn if their participation interfered with appropriate clinical management of the client’s risk to self or others, consent was revoked, or an event (e.g. disruptive behaviour in the group setting) led to discontinuation from the intervention at the discretion of the investigators. | PMC10619189 | |
Treatment conditions | BPD, early-stage BPD, mental illness | SESSION | The two treatment arms were Online and MS-BPD + Online and the treatment period was 15 days. Rather than utilise TAU or a waiting list as comparators, which may not be operationalised consistently or have the same effect within and between trials, this trial aimed for a more rigorous design by comparing two manualised,... | PMC10619189 |
Measures | The primary outcome was the combined negative appraisal subscales (sometimes referred to as ‘negative experience of caregiving’ or ‘burden’) of the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI) ( | PMC10619189 | ||
Procedure | BPD | Consecutive referrals to HYPE were considered for an invitation to participate in the RCT. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants (and from a parent/legal guardian for individuals under 18 years of age). Upon completion of baseline questionnaires, carers were randomly and consecutively assigned as ... | PMC10619189 | |
Statistical analysis | BLIND | An intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis with all carers who provided follow-up data was conducted by a statistician who was blind to group allocation, followed by a per-protocol (PP) analysis with carers who completed treatment. A hierarchical linear modelling approach was used in order to account for the nested structure of... | PMC10619189 | |
Results | PMC10619189 | |||
Participant flow | DISORDER | Two hundred and eighty-one carers were considered for inclusion in the study and 103 were excluded. The most common reasons for exclusion were that consent was not completed before the client was discharged from HYPE (The 73 carers were family or friends of 53 clients. Data were not collected on seven clients because c... | PMC10619189 | |
Treatment engagement | SD | Of the carers in the ITT analysis randomised to MS-BPD + Online, 20 (57.1%) completed treatment, while 12 (34.3%) did not attend any MS-BPD sessions. The carers spent a mean of 48.9 minutes (SD = 146.9) logged into the online intervention, visiting a mean of 0.7 (SD = 1.7) times. Carers were not logged out after period... | PMC10619189 | |
ITT analysis | SE, BPD, Life–8, borderline personality disorder | DISORDER, SECONDARY | Absolute repeated-measures effect sizes for pre-post differences by group ranged from very small (Cohen’s Pre-post differences on outcome variables by group.MS-BPD: Making Sense of BPD; BPD: borderline personality disorder; ECI: Experience of Caregiving Inventory; CISS: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations; PDKASQ... | PMC10619189 |
PP analysis | SECONDARY | No significant differences between the MS-BPD + Online and Online groups were detected for the primary and secondary outcome measures, when only treatment completers were analysed (all | PMC10619189 | |
References | PMC10619189 | |||
1. Introduction | toxicity, dyslipidemia | HYPERTENSION, DYSLIPIDEMIA | This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of 20 mg of Cuban policosanol in blood pressure (BP) and lipid/lipoprotein parameters of healthy Japanese subjects via a placebo-controlled, randomized, and double-blinded human trial. After 12 weeks of consumption, the policosanol group showed significantly lower BP, glycat... | PMC10048825 |
2. Results | PMC10048825 | |||
2.1. Anthropometric and Blood Profiles | As shown in | PMC10048825 | ||
2.2. Liver, Kidney, and Inflammatory Parameters | At week 12, the policosanol group showed 8.7% lower (At week 12, the placebo group had even higher γ-GTP and BUN levels than at week 0, even though no significance was detected. The placebo group showed a 16% higher BUN level than the policosanol group at week 12 (As listed in | PMC10048825 | ||
2.3. Lipid and Lipoprotein Profiles | TG | After excluding the participants showing low compliance, who consumed a significantly more fat diet, heavy drinking, and smoking, during the 12-week consumption, the policosanol group (n = 15) showed 6.3% higher HDL-C (On the other hand, the TC and TG levels in the policosanol group were relatively unaffected at weeks ... | PMC10048825 | |
2.4. VLDL Particle Observation and Composition Analysis | As shown in As shown in As shown in As shown in | PMC10048825 | ||
2.5. LDL Particle Observation and Composition Analysis | TEM | TEM showed a 5% increase in LDL particle size (531 ± 8 nmAs shown in | PMC10048825 | |
2.6. Electromobility of LDL and Oxidation Extent | A comparison of the LDL electromobility under the nondenatured state ( | PMC10048825 | ||
2.7. Change in apoA-I Contents in HDL | SDS-PAGE analysis of HDL | PMC10048825 | ||
2.8. Paraoxonase Activities in HDL | As shown in | PMC10048825 | ||
2.9. Ferric Ion Reduction Ability of HDL | At the same protein concentration (2 mg/mL), there was no difference in the ferric ion reduction ability (FRA) for HDL | PMC10048825 | ||
2.10. Embryo Survivability | As shown in As shown in | PMC10048825 | ||
3. Discussion | neurotoxicity, CML | CML | Cuban policosanol supplementation in Korean participants increased the serum HDL-C level and enhanced the HDL functionality to inhibit the oxidation and glycation of LDL and HDL [Many studies were carried out with different policosanol doses in different countries and ethnic populations, such as Caucasian [On the other... | PMC10048825 |
4. Materials and Methods | PMC10048825 | |||
4.1. Policosanol | Raydel | PMC10048825 | ||
4.2. Participants | allergies, diabetes | METABOLIC DISORDER, MAY, DYSLIPIDEMIA, ALLERGIES, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES | Healthy male and female volunteers with normal lipid levels and normal blood pressure were recruited nationwide in Japan via newspaper and internet advertisements between September 2021 and May 2022. The inclusion criteria were LDL-C levels in the normal range (120–160 mg/dL) and age between 20 and 65 years old. The ex... | PMC10048825 |
4.3. Study Design | 120 mg/dL ≤ LDL | This study was a double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial with a 12-week treatment period. After an initial screening, 72 subjects (Male 36, Female 36) with 120 mg/dL ≤ LDL <160 mg/dL were selected as shown in After allocating the participants into two groups, they were directed to take two tablets per ... | PMC10048825 | |
4.4. Anthropometric Analysis | KDS | The blood pressure was measured using an Omron HEM-907 (Kyoto, Japan) with a total of three times of measurements, and the average was recorded. The height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were measured individually using a DST-210N (Muratec KDS Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). | PMC10048825 | |
4.5. Blood Analysis | After fasting overnight, blood samples were collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-coated tubes and centrifuged at 3000× | PMC10048825 | ||
4.6. Isolation of Lipoproteins and Quantification | TG | Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL, d < 1.019 g/mL), LDL (1.019 < d < 1.063), HDLFor each lipoprotein purified individually, the total cholesterol (TC) and TG levels were measured using commercially available kits (cholesterol, T-CHO, and TG, Cleantech TS-S; Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan). The protein concentration... | PMC10048825 | |
4.7. Quantification of Oxidation Extent in VLDL and LDL | The degree of oxidation of the individual VLDL (0.5 mg/mL of protein) and LDL (1.0 mg/mL of protein) was assessed by measuring the concentration of oxidized species in the lipoproteins using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method with malondialdehyde (MDA) as a standard [ | PMC10048825 | ||
4.8. Oxidation of VLDL and LDL | Oxidized VLDL (oxVLDL) and LDL (oxLDL) were produced by incubating the native VLDL (0.5 mg/mL of protein) or LDL fraction (1.0 mg/mL of protein), which was purified from young and healthy males, with CuSO | PMC10048825 | ||
4.9. Agarose Electrophoresis | The relative electromobility of the VLDL and LDL (5 μg of protein) was compared under a non-natured state on 0.5% agarose gel (120 mm length × 60 mm width × 5 mm thickness). The electrophoresis was carried out with 50 V for 1 h in Tris-acetate-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0), as described previously [ | PMC10048825 | ||
4.10. Electron Microscopy | TRANSMISSION, TEM | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Hitachi H-7800; Ibaraki, Japan) at the Raydel Research Institute (Daegu, Korea) was performed at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. VLDL and LDL were stained negatively with 1% sodium phosphotungstate (PTA; pH 7.4) with a final apolipoprotein concentration of 0.3 mg/mL in TBS. Five... | PMC10048825 | |
4.11. Paraoxonase Assay | The paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in HDL | PMC10048825 | ||
4.12. Ferric Ion Reduction Ability Assay | The ferric ion reduction ability (FRA) was determined using the method reported by Benzie and Strain [ | PMC10048825 | ||
4.13. Electrophoretic Patterns of HDL | The relative compositions of the apolipoproteins and band intensity of apoA-I in HDL | PMC10048825 | ||
Author Contributions | Conceptualization, K.-H.C.; methodology, S.-H.B., D.-J.K., H.-S.N. and H.N.; writing—original draft preparation, K.-H.C.; supervision, K.-H.C.; data curation and investigation, T.K. and Y.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. | PMC10048825 | ||
Institutional Review Board Statement | The protocol of human blood donation was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Koseikai Fukuda Internal Medicine Clinic (Osaka, Japan), with the IRB approval number 15000074, approval date on 18 September 2021. The animal study protocol was approved by the Committe... | PMC10048825 | ||
Informed Consent Statement | Not applicable. | PMC10048825 | ||
Data Availability Statement | The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. | PMC10048825 | ||
Conflicts of Interest | The authors declare no conflict of interest. | PMC10048825 | ||
References | high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, dyslipidemia | CML, TEM, DYSLIPIDEMIA | TEM image of VLDL (Comparison of the electromobility (TEM image of LDL (Comparison of the electromobility (Changes in the apoA-I contents in HDL, HDL-C, and %HDL-C in TC during 12 weeks of consumption of policosanol and placebo. HDL-C, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol. (Comparison of the par... | PMC10048825 |
Background | Asymmetric walking gait impairs activities of daily living in neurological patient populations, increases their fall risk, and leads to comorbidities. Accessible, long-term rehabilitation methods are needed to help neurological patients restore symmetrical walking patterns. This study aimed to determine if a passive un... | PMC10339586 | ||
Methods | We divided 15 healthy young adults evenly between three experimental groups that each completed a baseline trial, an adaptation period with different interventions for each group, and a post-adaptation trial. To isolate the contribution of the exosuit we compared a group adapting to the exosuit and split-belt treadmill... | PMC10339586 | ||
Results | We found significant interaction and time effects on step length, stance time and swing time symmetry. Sb-only produced increased step length asymmetry at early adaptation compared to baseline (p < 0.0001) and an after-effect with increased asymmetry at early post-adaptation compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). Exo-only ... | PMC10339586 | ||
Conclusion | The passive exosuit successfully diminished asymmetrical step length after-effects induced by the split-belt treadmill in Exo-Sb. These results support the passive exosuit’s ability to alter walking gait patterns. | PMC10339586 | ||
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12984-023-01212-w. | PMC10339586 | ||
Keywords | PMC10339586 | |||
Background | stroke | STROKE | Over 8 million people in the United States live with lingering symptoms following stroke [The utilization of novel perturbations to alter walking gait symmetry has produced short-term ambulation improvements. By utilizing these perturbations, the CNS can be trained to adapt to complex, unexplored environments through t... | PMC10339586 |
Methods | PMC10339586 | |||
Participants | Fifteen healthy young adults (6 females, 9 males; 13 right-footed, 2 left-footed; age = 24.13 ± 2.47 years; mass = 72.2 ± 11.9 kg; height = 172.5 ± 9.8 cm; mean ± sd.) (Additional File | PMC10339586 | ||
Experimental protocol | Data collection took place in the virtual reality lab in the Biomechanics Research building at the University of Nebraska. We allocated participants evenly into three parallel groups with five participants each: Exosuit-only (Exo-only), Split-belt only (Sb-only), and Simultaneous (Exo-Sb). All participants in each grou... | PMC10339586 | ||
Exosuit design | We assembled the passive unilateral exosuit based on previous designs [
Passive Hip Exosuit Design. ( | PMC10339586 | ||
Data analysis and processing | SECONDARY | We completed initial kinematic and kinetic data processing in Visual 3D (C-Motion Inc., Germantown, MD). Data was filtered in Visual 3D using a fourth-order low-pass Butterworth filter with a 6 Hz cutoff frequency. We exported ground reaction forces (GRF) and heel marker locations to MATLAB. Using a custom script, we u... | PMC10339586 | |
Statistical analysis | For our statistical analysis, we compared the average step length, stance, and swing time SI values at five different time points: baseline (BL), early adaptation (EA), late adaptation (LA), early post-adaptation (EP), and late post-adaptation (LP). BL, LA, and LP correspond to the average SI values during the last ten... | PMC10339586 | ||
Results | PMC10339586 | |||
Demographics and outlier verification | We found no differences in height (F = 0.026, p = 0.974) and weight (F = 0.290, p = 0.753) among the three experimental groups. One participant from Exo-Sb had a step length symmetry index at EP over two standard deviations from the group mean. We considered this participant an outlier and removed him from the step-len... | PMC10339586 | ||
Temporal gait asymmetry is unaffected by the unilateral hip exosuit | For stance time SI, we found a significant interaction between group and time with a large effect size (F = 9.47, p-corrected = 0.00014, ηSimilar findings were seen for the swing time SI (Fig.
The Passive Exosuit Does Not Alter Induced Temporal Asymmetry. Panel A displays Exo-only (red), Exo-Sb (green), and Sb-only (b... | PMC10339586 | ||
Between group step length asymmetry differences persist at early adaptation and early post-adaptation | We found an interaction between group and time with a large effect size for step length SI (F = 29.55, p-corrected < 0.0001, η
Between-Group Step Length SI Differences Persist. Step length SI values for Exo-only (red), Exo-Sb (green), and Sb-only (blue) at baseline (BL), early adaptation (EA), late adaptation (LA), ear... | PMC10339586 | ||
A unilateral hip exosuit diminished within-group step length asymmetry post-effects | We ran one-way repeated measure ANOVAs on each group to assess the effect of individual perturbations on step length asymmetry (Table
Step Length SI Group Means and SD Across Time PointsPPPP-values from mixed-model ANOVA; BL: Baseline, EA: Early-adaptation, LA: Late-adaptation, EP: Early Post-adaptation, LP: Late Post... | PMC10339586 | ||
Discussion | stroke | STROKE, RECRUITMENT | This study investigated how a passive unilateral hip exosuit modified the temporal and spatial gait characteristics of healthy individuals with induced walking asymmetry (i.e., split-belt treadmill walking). We hypothesized that wearing the passive unilateral hip exosuit while walking on a split-belt treadmill would di... | PMC10339586 |
Conclusions | Our study found that wearing a unilateral passive hip exosuit while walking on a split-belt treadmill led to diminished step length asymmetry once the belts return to a tied configuration. The simple design suggests that practical, inexpensive devices can alter walking patterns in healthy individuals. The results from ... | PMC10339586 | ||
Acknowledgements | The authors would like to thank Alex Dzewaltowski for his help on the MATLAB code. | PMC10339586 | ||
Authors’ contributions | MM | KK: conception, design, acquisition, analysis, interpretation, drafting, revision; MM: design, analysis, revision; PM: conception, design, analysis, interpretation, revision. | PMC10339586 | |
Funding | This research was supported by funding from the Graduate Research and Creative Activity Grant (GRACA) from the University of Nebraska at Omaha, NIH P20GM109090, an AHA AIREA award (#959486) and a NU Collaboration Initiative grant. P.M. also received partial support from the NSF (2203143). The content is solely the resp... | PMC10339586 | ||
Data Availability | All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. | PMC10339586 | ||
Declarations | PMC10339586 | |||
Ethics approval and consent to participate | The Institutional Review Board at the University of Nebraska Medical Center approved this study. Participants read and signed informed consent forms before filling out the health-history questionnaire. | PMC10339586 | ||
Consent for publication | A consent form for a cover photo was signed by the individual in the photo. | PMC10339586 | ||
Competing interests | An application for a provisional patent describing “Asymmetric Hip Brace” has been submitted by KK and PM (serial number 63/325,922; docket number 22025P, filed on March 31, 2022). | PMC10339586 | ||
Authors’ information | KK currently holds a doctoral research assistantship position in the Mary Frances Early College of Education’s Department of Kinesiology’s Concussion Research Laboratory at the University of Georgia. | PMC10339586 | ||
Abbreviations | Central nervous SystemConstraint-Induced Movement TherapyGround Reaction ForceExosuit Only GroupSplit-belt Only GroupSimultaneous GroupAnalysis of VarianceBaselineEarly AdaptationLate AdaptationEarly Post-adaptationLate Post-adaptationSymmetry Index | PMC10339586 | ||
References | PMC10339586 | |||
Purpose | obesity, satiety | OBESITY | Early satiety has been identified as one of the mechanisms that may explain the beneficial effects of nuts for reducing obesity. This study compared postprandial changes in appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite ratings after consuming almonds (AL, 15% of energy requirement) or an isocaloric carbohydra... | PMC9614749 |
Methods | overweight | OBESE | This is a sub-analysis of baseline assessments of a larger parallel-arm randomised controlled trial in overweight and obese (Body Mass Index 27.5–34.9 kg/m | PMC9614749 |
Results | Postprandial C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) response was 47% smaller with AL compared to SB ( | PMC9614749 | ||
Conclusion | More favourable appetite-regulating hormone responses to AL did not translate into better self-reported appetite or reduced short-term energy consumption. Future studies should investigate implications for longer term appetite regulation. | PMC9614749 | ||
ANZCTR Reference Number | ACTRN12618001861246 | ACTRN12618001861246 2018. | PMC9614749 | |
Supplementary Information | The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-03027-2. | PMC9614749 | ||
Keywords | Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions | PMC9614749 | ||
Introduction | obesity | OBESITY | The high prevalence of overweight and obesity is a major public health concern [Epidemiological studies have provided evidence that regular consumption of nuts may reduce the risk of obesity [It has been suggested that humans compensate for the energy from nuts by reducing intake of other foods at subsequent eating occ... | PMC9614749 |
Materials and methods | PMC9614749 | |||
Ethics approvals and trial registration | Ethics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (201,436) and the trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ATCRN12618001861246). | PMC9614749 | ||
Study setting, design and participants | weight loss | Data reported here were obtained from a parallel-arm randomised controlled trial that was conducted between January 15, 2019 and March 10, 2021 in the research facilities of the Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity Centre (ARENA) at the University of South Australia, Adelaide. Written informed cons... | PMC9614749 | |
Eligibility, randomisation and allocation | Participants were males and females, aged 25–65 years, weight stable, non-smokers, with a BMI of 27.5–34.9 kg/m | PMC9614749 | ||
Appetite assessments | appetite sensations | Participants attended the clinic following an overnight fast (> 10 h). Baseline blood samples were taken using an antecubital vein catheter, after which participants consumed their randomly allocated snack (almonds or a carbohydrate-based snack) with 200 mls of water within a 10-min period. Repeat blood sampling (via c... | PMC9614749 | |
Meal challenge buffet | In a sub-set of participants, a buffet meal was provided 2 h after test food consumption. The number of participants who consumed the buffet was limited due to the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns. Participants were given 30 min to eat as much or as little as they liked. The buffet was nut-free and provided a selection of ... | PMC9614749 | ||
Statistics | All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS for Windows V.24.0. (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Sample size calculations were based on the primary outcome (change in weight) from the larger study and are detailed in the protocol paper [ | PMC9614749 | ||
Results | PMC9614749 | |||
Participant flow and baseline characteristics | A total of 140 participants completed the assessments (Male = 42, Female = 98, Age 47.5 ± 10.8 years, BMI 30.7 ± 2.3 kg/mConsort flow diagramParticipant baseline characteristicsAll | PMC9614749 | ||
Appetite-regulating hormones | SE | C-peptide AUC response was significantly smaller in AL compared to SB (46.9%, Mean AUC for appetite hormonesCholecystokinin C-peptide, Glucagon, Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) and Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) Concentrations. Mean ± SE timepoint comparison * The AL GIP AUC response was significantly l... | PMC9614749 | |
Subjective appetite ratings | SE, fullness, appetite sensations | There was no evidence of a difference in self-reported appetite sensations (feelings of hunger, fullness, satisfaction and prospective food consumption [prospective eating]), obtained via VAS, to the different test snacks. In both groups, hunger and prospective eating decreased post snack and steadily increased over th... | PMC9614749 |
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