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Today the Texas ME found two people, a man and a woman shot in the head
inside the burned compound. But these were not the people that the FBI
described a few days before. The FBI said that the person found in front of
the compound had been shot and several children were also. The two people
found today were on top of the main inside concrete bunker that provided
the most protection during the fire. So the comment that children were
shot is still not proved.
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[...deletions...]
An "Islamic Bank" is something which operates in a different fashion to
your modern bank, as I have explained here (on another thread) before.
For example, Islamic banks don't pay fixed interests on deposits, but a
return on investments (which varies according to the market, and is not
fixed like interest is).
Islamic banks are a relatively new phenomenon in the Islamic world.
There are no Islamic banks in "the West", including the USA, to my
knowledge. I doubt if the market for them exists there -- at least not
while "Islamic banks" are at a relatively early stage of their
development as is the case now. BCCI is most certainly not an "Islamic
bank" -- did BCCI ever pay a fixed interest rate on deposits? If the
answer to this question is "yes", then BCCI was not an Islamic bank, as
Islamic banks are specifically set up to _not_ pay or charge interest.
Whether some Muslims partially owned the bank or whatever is completely
irrelevant.
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This isn't quite true - depending on the number of local bus slots, and
whether or not the device is integrated into the mother board, it is
possible to run local bus at up to 40 and 50 mhz. I've also spoken to a few
people who run standard local bus video cards at 50 mhz without trouble
(and a couple of people who couldn't get a lb card to work at that speed).
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I saw this nifty drawn out posting and I thought I might give the two of you
a little help with your problem. As you both know what you posted,(and this
foolish thing gave me so much shit last time I tried to post) I took the
liberty of deleting all but the header and a single quote. I hope you don't
mind.
As written the second ammendment states rather clearly for anyone who can
read the following:
" A well regulated militia, being necessarry to the security of a free state,
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."
What is regulated? Regulated means "controlled"! How about security?
Well hey! That would be along the lines of being and feeling safe wouldn't
it? Wow! We have a concept forming here don't we!? Now what have we left?
"the right of the people people people people people people people (sorry
got kinda hungup there) shall NOT be infringed" Oops! Backup there,hmmm..
"infringed"....That'd be like Interfered with, altered, changed or
watered down in any way,shape or form! So! What we have here in it's big old
long winded version would be.
" A well controlled militia, being necessary to the secure/safe feeling of
state, the right of the PEOPLE to keep and bear arms shall not be Fucked
with in any way shape or form by some happy ass good for nothing in
some piddly government building who wants to run my life in the pursuit of
his happiness!" The item is clear and concise in it's present form my young
friend! It does not need my clarification or that of any other. THIS IS
ONLY AMMENDMENT which guarantees the continued existence of the others.
It's whole purpose is to give people recourse against the military machine
of a government which fails to properly represent it's creators!US!
ANY REPLIES OR COMMENTS CAN BE SENT TOO KANE. DJH4484@RIGEL.TAMU.EDU
"No representative government need fear it's armed citizens"
"Death to Tyrants!"
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Log onto SuperMac's BBS (408) 773-4500 and download the Drive 7 Manager
software you will find there. If you can't or don't want to call their BBS,
call their Tech Support number, (408) 245-0646.
Lynn
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|
This response originally fell into a bit bucket. I'm reposting it
just so Bill doesn't think I'm ignoring him.
Bill,
I'm sorry to have been busy lately and only just be getting around to
this.
Apparently you have some fundamental confusions about atheism; I think
many of these are well addressed in the famous FAQ. Your generalisms
are then misplaced -- atheism needn't imply materialism, or the lack
of an absolute moral system. However, I do tend to materialism and
don't believe in absolute morality, so I'll answer your questions.
An atheist judges value in the same way that a theist does: according
to a personal understanding of morality. That I don't believe in an
absolute one doesn't mean that I don't have one. I'm just explicit,
as in the line of postings you followed up, that when I express
judgment on a moral issue I am basing my judgment on my own code
rather than claiming that it is in some absolute sense good or bad.
My moral code is not particular different from that of others around
me, be they Christians, Muslims, or atheists. So when I say that I
object to genocide, I'm not expressing anything particularly out of
line with what my society holds.
If your were to ask why I think morality exists and has the form it
does, my answer would be mechanistic to your taste -- that a moral
code is a prerequisite for a functioning society, and that humanity
probably evolved morality as we know it as part of the evolution of
our ability to exist in large societies, thereby achieving
considerable survival advantages. You'd probably say that God just
made the rules. Neither of us can convince the other, but we share a
common understanding about many moral issues. You think you get it
from your religion, I think I get it (and you get it) from early
childhood teaching.
I think you've been reading the wrong sort of comic books, but in
prying through the gobbledygook I basically agree with what you're
saying. I do believe that my mental reactions to stimuli such as "God
commanded the genocide of the Canaanites" is mechanistic, but of
course I think that's true of you as well. My reaction has little to
do with whether God exists or even with whether I think he does, but
if a god existed who commanded genocide, I could not consider him
good, which is supposedly an attribute of God.
Hmm. Yes, I think some heavy FAQ-reading would do you some good. I
have as much place discussing values etc. as any other person. In
fact, I can actually accomplish something in such a discussion, by
framing the questions in terms of reason: for instance, it is clear
that in an environment where neighboring tribes periodically attempt
to wipe each other out based on imagined divine commands, then the
quality of life will be generally poor, so a system that fosters
coexistence is superior, if quality of life is an agreed goal. An
absolutist, on the other hand, can only thump those portions of a
Bible they happen to agree with, and say "this is good", even if the
act in question is unequivocally bad by the standards of everyone in
the discussion. The attempt to define someone or a group of people as
"excluded from discussion", such that they "cannot participate", and
their opinions given "no weight whatsoever" is the lowest form or
reasoning (ad hominem/poisoning the well), and presumably the resort
of someone who can't rationally defend their own ideas of right,
wrong, and the Bible.
--
Jim Perry perry@dsinc.com Decision Support, Inc., Matthews NC
These are my opinions. For a nominal fee, they can be yours.
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Hi Stephen
Ear wax is a healthy way to help prevent ear infections, both by preventing
a barrier and also with some antibiotic properties. Too much can block the
external auditory canal (the hole in the outside of the ear) and cause some
hearing problems. It is very simple, and safe, to remove excess wax on your
own, or at your physician's office. You can take a syringe (no needles!) and
fill it with 50% warm water (cold can cause fainting) and 50% OTC hydrogen
peroxide. Then point the ear towards the ceiling ( about 45 degrees up)
and insert the tip of the syringe (helps to have someone else do this!) and
firmly expell the solution. Depending on the size of the syringe and the
tenacity of the wax, this could take several rinses. If you place a bowl
under the ear to catch the water, it will be much drier :-). You can buy
a syringe with a special tip at your local pharmacy, or just use whatever
you may have. If wax is old, it will be harder, and darker. You can try
adding a few drops of olive oil into the ear during a shower to soften up
the wax. Do this for a couple days, then try syringing again. It is also
safe to point your ear up at the shower head, and allow the water to rinse
it out.
Good Luck
-heather
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: >
: > On Tuesday, when it was raining in Chicago, ESPN provided
: >bonus hockey coverage. Now it seems as though some fans are ticked off
: >that the NY-Wash OT was replaced with the Angels-?? game. People must
: >realize that there are more baseball fans instead of hockey fans in the U.S
: >The baseball game was scheduled to air and advertisers money was paid so
: >they can't skip the baseball game. Why don't you people CHILL OUT
: >and enjoy whatever coverage you can get.
Well, partly because I, as an ardent fan of both sports, would rather
see Game 3 of the NHL playoffs than Game 3 of 162 of the MLB
season (even if the bb game involves the Red Sox).
ESPN may have had contractual obligations. I understand that part.
But it's a bit inaccurate to call us "selfish" just because we want
to watch the watch the game we love. Am I, as a baseball fan, "selfish"
when I get pissed a CBS for showing approximately one game per month?
I don't think so.
While, ESPN may have contractual obligations, we, as their consumers,
have a right to voice our displeasure with how they are serving us.
There's certainly nothing wrong with that.
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|
Hey man! -
Having spent the past season learning to skate and having played a
couple of sessions of mock hockey, I'm ready to invest in hockey
equipment (particularly since I will be taking summer 'hockey
lessons'). However, I am completely and profoundly ignorant when it
comes to hockey equipment. I've checked out local stores and looked
at catalogs, but I was hoping to solicit opinions/suggestions before
actually plunking down any money. Having played football in high
school and college I at least have that equipment as a basis for
comparison. But for example what are the advantages/disadvantages to
different kinds of shoulder pads and pants/girdles? Are there any
notoriously bad or unsafe brands or styles? etc. So any suggestions
or comments would be greatly appreciated.
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I keep my 13" apple trinitron and IIsi on for months at a time...doesn't
seem to cause any problems.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
/~~~~~~~\
\_____ |
| | TTTTTT EEEEE VV VV EEEEE |
| | TT EE VV VV EE |
/---/ | TT EEEE VV VV EEEE | Steve Liu |
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Any lock including the Kyptonite utypes are EASY to break into if the person has
the proper supplies and/or motivation. 3 minutes and your bike is gone!
I would be glad to explain but I dont want to contribute to any unlawful
activities. Especially since I have a bike that I would hate to see ripped off
by such a trival tactic. WARNING NO lock alone is a safe deterent against theft,
the thief doesnt need to be a locksmith or a lock-picker to walk away with your
property! I personally think motion alarms in combination to a lock
of this type is the way to go if in fact you are that concerned.
| 0
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I'm having a slight problem with the POV raytracer. I'm not sure if
this is the correct group to post to or not. I create .tga files on
a unix machine using pov. Then when i download them to display on my pc,
they're listed as bad files. But when I create the file on my pc, it displays
fine. Are unix .tga's incompatible with the pc? An easy solution to this
problem would be a unix targa->gif converter. Anyone know where I could
find one? Any help on this subject is appreciated.
| 7
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|
Keywords: Polk Sansui Akai Stereo
FOR SALE:
Polk RTA 12 speakers
Sansui 4900Z - 60 watt Rx
Akai CSM 40 RM
$500 or best offer.
A friend asked me to post this for him. If you are interested
or want more information, call him; do not reply to me. Thanks.
Call Carl
609 466-9490
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|
I see it as the camel's nose.
I'm willing to take my chances on winning the whole thing, personally.
-Ekr
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|
According to my *Glossary of Astronomy and Astrophysics*:
"parsec (abbreviation for parallax second) The distance at which
one astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. 1 pc =
206,265 AU = 3.086 X 10^13 km = 3.26 lt-yr."
George
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> Bruins have never come back to win after falling behind 2-0 in
> their entire 68-year history.
Which doesn't mean much since the statistics are mostly based on
the 5-game playoff format. But, yes, it looks dark for the B's. What a
disappointment.
Still, I think the problem is mental. They needed the saves Blue
came up with, perhaps he can offer something to mentally rally around.
Who do you think gets the start in game three? I hope it is going
to be Blue. If the team can rally around him, maybe Moog can too.
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It isn't. ;-)
Use tar on the Un*x box and gtak110.zip on the DOS box. Needs ASPI driver.
Ralf
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4,617
| 12
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4,618
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I have for sale 2 (TWO) x 1 MEG (70ns) SIMMS for the Macintosh aka fastones.
If you are interested, please email an offer.
| 1
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|
I don't mean to sound disrespectful, but since the majority
of the contributors (and may be even readers) of this newsgroup seem
to be muslims, christians and jews, my question could be of some
interest to any of them.
It's my impression that both Islam and Christianity pay great
respect to an obscure 1st century jewish lad from Judea/Galilee. Why
they chose this particular jew among all possible jews is a mystery
to me (personally, I prefer Woody Allen - his stories are much juicier)
- but perhaps it's an accident of history.
Anyway, it seems that they may be talking about two different
jews. According to the New Testament his father's name was Joseph,
while in Qur'an he appears as Zachariah.
Who's right and why the name difference? I'm really curious.
David.
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|
I noticed you post in comp.graphics and know a person with your name. I was
wondering if you used to live in Paxton Mass. If so, I have a friend that
would like to say HI.
Sorry for the inconvience if this isn't who I think it is.
| 7
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SETRA SYSTEMS, 4 Nagog Park, Acton, MA 01720, Ph: (617) 263 - 1400
Schaevitz Engineering, US Rt. 130 & Union Ave., Pennsauken, NJ 08110
Ph: (710) 892 - 0714
Accelerometers are not cheap, mainly because the outputs are fairly linear
with respect to acceleration. You don't say what the range of acceleration
you want to measure is, and there are other ways in which to measure it
other than using an accelerometer. Additional information would be helpful
to anyone who may respond.
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Is it possible to have xdm put up a multi-line greeting? If so, how do
I specify such a thing in the Xresources file? I don't have much
(anything) for X books, so I can't look it up. Thanks.
--
Mark Van Overbeke Systems Software Programmer
Computing Services BITNET: Mark@UMNMOR.BITNET (VMS)
University of Minnesota, Morris INTERNET: Mark@caa.mrs.umn.edu (VMS)
Morris, MN 56267 1-612-589-6378 mark@cda.mrs.umn.edu (Ultrix)
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| 3
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I like this statement, though for my own reasons. Cost comparisons depend
a lot on whether the two options are similar, and *then* it becomes very
revealing to consider what their differences are. Can Soyuz launch the
Long Exposure Facility? Course not. Will the Shuttle take my television
relay to LEO by year's end? Almost certainly not, but the Russians are
pretty good about making space accessible on a tight schedule.
Comparing S and SS points up that there are TWO active space
launcher-and-work-platform resources, with similarities and differences.
Where they are in direct competition, we may get to see some market
economics come into play.
tombaker
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|
You have clearly demonstrated that you do not even know
what my religion is in order to make that assumption.
How I can present any argument when you put your hands over your
eyes and devise new irrevelant excuses each time? The fact remains,
you want to argue about something that you do not know anything about.
Do you not have to learn a topic first before you can reasonably debate
the topic?
Which brings us about to the start of this thread. You began
perverting Bible verses, interpreting them without investigation.
For if you desired to investigate, you would have changed your
tune immediately. Thus it is clear to me. You do not believe
what I am saying because "you don't want to" check it out.
Then you must have also ignored every other post I have written
to you. This would seem to go along with your character.
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u920496@daimi.aau.dk (Hans Erik Martino Hansen) writes
Arthur C. Clarke was way ahead of you on this one... he wrote a short story
(title?) in the 1950s describing exactly your proposal!
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|
Bill James is, however, very closely tied to STATS.
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|
I'm waiting for June first to roll around when I can then get my
hands on PC-Solaris...Unix for the Intel chip! I know that there
are many of other unix possibilities out there, but this includes
the Wabi (Windows API Binary Interface...I think) technology that wil
run Windows apps straight outta da box. If this flies in enhanced mode,
then here's another contender to look out for in the corporate/education
market.
Too big and complex for the home front...Windows 4/Mac Sys7 will take those
while Win4Wkgrps - NT - OS/2 will fight it out for the small-to-mid businesses.
However, once the PowerPC becomes available (especially in laptop/notebook form)
then these will migrate into all markets....the ability to connect up to a unix
machine at work and yet still run Windows/Mac apps at home is going to be real
attractive to alot of people!!!
Just my predictions.
Mike
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Nah, Cherry will only spew if Ulf was nailing "a good Canadian boy".
What an idiot... if this is the heart and soul of Canadian patriotism,
then someone needs a new hobby...
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|
I am currently in the throes of a hay fever attack. SO who certainly
never reads Usenet, let alone Sci.med, said quite spontaneously "
There are a lot of mushrooms and toadstools out on the lawn at the
moment. Sure that's not your problem?"
Well, who knows? Or maybe it's the sourdough bread I bake?
After reading learned, semi-learned, possibly ignorant and downright
ludicrous stuff in this thread, I am about ready to believe anything :-)
If the hayfever gets any worse, maybe I will cook those toadstools...
| 9
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Everything we need to know about the seven seals is already
in the bible. There is no "knowledge" of the seals that
Koresh could have.
Unless the FBI were to kill all publishers of the bible, it
would seem the story of the seven seals would be bound to
leak out.
| 8
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Always has been??????
Even before he was even conceived of? That's a neat trick.
Always will be??????
We leave a lot of room for error don't we.
Hopefully I missed an earlier post that this was with regard to otherwise ...
well I leave that to the individual to fill in but I will say what about
Gehrig! (shortened and not capitalized for the ease of the reader)
| 11
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|
Unless the patient has a very short life expectancy, the possible complications
from a hernia that hasn't been repaired far outweigh the risks of surgery.
The risks of surgery, anyway, are minimal. Unless they are exceedingly large,
hernias can be fixed under local anesthesia.
Don't forget that hernias are one the leading causes of small bowel obstruction.
And the smaller the hernia is, the higher the chances that a loop of bowel will
become incarcerated or strangulated.
===============================
| 9
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|
And he pitched many not-so-outstanding ballgames, too.
Jack essentially pitched a lot of .500 ball last year. This certainly
isn't irrelevant, and iif you replace Morris with replacement level quality
the Blue Jays might not win.
Re leadership, I don't see it. If the leadership effect is there for
a starting pitcher, you would expect to see its primary effect on the
pitching staff. You would expect to see the rest of the staff improve.
Instead, the rest of the staff declined.
You can make a reasonable argument for Winfield providing leadership;
the offense picked up considerably from its effectiveness the previous
year. I'm not saying I buy that, but at least that argument makes
internal sense.
Greg
| 11
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|
Well, the best thing to do is to read the book "Parallel Universes"
by Dr. Fred Wolf.
In essence, Dr. Wolf says that one interpretation of the sub-atomic
particle/wave duality is that what we perceive as a wave is actually
an infinate number of parallel universes overlaid, and in each of
these universes there is a particle in a different location. When we
do something to make a particle "appear," we are actually causing
all the parallel universes to collapse into one. Apparently this is
one line of thought on the nature of QM, that is going through some
of the scientific community.
Dr. Wolf (and many others) claim that somehow the collapse is caused
by the mental effort of observing the particle. This implys that
mind is more than merely a biological phenomenon. He then extrapolates
that if mind is an integral part of the universe, then perhaps consciousness
is the element that gives order and form to the universe(s) it/themself(s).
It all gets rather interesting, but what I find facinating is that
this would explain the phenomenon of "magick" as practiced in my
religion. Dr. Wolf speculates that the ordering functionality of mind
could be caused by the selection of a future from an infinite number of
possible futures; he says that this might be done by some sort of
communication between ones current, and possible future selves.
I have long speculated that if magick is not merely a form of self
delusion then perhaps it could be caused by some sort of a selection
of one of many possible futures.
I realize that this gets pretty bizarre, but it never hurts to keep
an open mind and at least file it all away as another possibile
explaination of the world in which we find ourselves. After all, the
more we learn about the universe in which we live, the more we learn
that it is truly a very strange place.
| 8
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>I'm afraid this doesn't work either. We can pick up laptop screens without any
>problem. [...]
I heard somewhere (can't name the source) that TEMPEST does not necessarily
pick-up just CRTs, but it can pick up emissions from almost any chip. If
that is true, the kind monitor would not make any difference becuase everything
on the screen can be picked-up from the video controller. Can anybody verify
or refute this?
Yes, that's true. TEMPEST is nothing magic, it's just listening to any
available electromagnetic emissions and using all the analysis techniques
you know to separate out the interesting stuff.
The nice thing about old CRTs is that they used to put out LOTS of
signal, so they're easy to detect, and if you do your sync carefully,
you can watch the output on the monitor in your deceptively-marked
Chevy Step-Van. Some brands of electric typewriters were even worse.
In both cases, it's especially nice because it gets you the data the
user is looking at, rather than whatever stuff the paging algorithm is
paging out to disk, etc.
With newer, quieter equipment, there isn't as much signal, and it's harder to
isolate the fun parts. TEMPEST-rated equipment has much lower signal levels.
But "Everything has vibrations", as Master Chuan said.
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|
On the subject of ghostscript, it will also solve the earlier request
of converting postscript to HPGL to filter into Interleaf.
| 6
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|
Think!
It's the SCSI card doing the DMA transfers NOT the disks...
The SCSI card can do DMA transfers containing data from any of the SCSI devices
it is attached when it wants to.
An important feature of SCSI is the ability to detach a device. This frees the
SCSI bus for other devices. This is typically used in a multi-tasking OS to
start transfers on several devices. While each device is seeking the data the
bus is free for other commands and data transfers. When the devices are
ready to transfer the data they can aquire the bus and send the data.
On an IDE bus when you start a transfer the bus is busy until the disk has seeked
the data and transfered it. This is typically a 10-20ms second lock out for other
processes wanting the bus irrespective of transfer time.
| 5
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|
I may be misreading you here. Are you saying the American Revolution
wasn't a good idea because it was bad odds?
I kind of doubt that any revolution, armed or otherwise, was ever started
without vast amounts of failed "working within a system". A good sign of
a system being not worth preserving would probably be that very inability
to work within it productively.
| 3
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|
This is almost certainly a MacBinary file which is an encoded version
of a mac file so the Resource fork and Data fork get preserved.
You need a program that converts this to a regular file. If this is a
macbinary file, you may have downloaded it in Text mode and is probably
corrupt (if you did). If you're using FTP to transfer it at any point make sure
you type "binary" first.
If you can open the file with a text editor and find
(This file must be converted with Bin....
at the top, it is a BinHex file and can be decoded with
BinHex 4.0 (among other programs).
| 7
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I will take $375 for the whole package. Original post follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article: 61358 of misc.forsale
Newsgroups: misc.forsale,misc.forsale.computers
From: wgs1@Isis.MsState.Edu (Walter G. Seefeld)
Subject: SyQuest internal 44 drive with 8 cartridges: sale or trade
Summary: Will trade 350Mb for ~300Mb IDE, or sell for $450
Organization: Mississippi State University
Distribution: na
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 1993 18:48:06 GMT
This drive is less than one year old. The cartridges have all been bought
since then. All is in excellent condition and still under warranty.
Due to a change in system use, I now need a large, contiguous drive.
Offer includes:
SyDos 44i internal drive
SCSI adapter card and cables
All original documentation
Software
All original packaging
8 cartridges totalling over 350Mb (no bad sectors or defects)
The installation was a breeze on my 386 clone.
I will trade for something near 300Mb IDE, or sell for $450.
I will also consider trading for 4 4Mx9 30 pin SIMMs at 70ns.
--
Walter G. Seefeld | By the dawn's early light,
940 N. Jackson St. #1A | By all I know is right,
Starkville, MS 39759 | We're going to reap what we have sown.
N5QXR | -Jackson Brown
| 1
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|
Here is how I modified my Quadra 700 for higher speed. Previously I
had been using a Variable Speed Overdrive for accelerating my CPU
but this modification is testing out as more stable at higher speeds.
Your mileage may vary. The top speed you achieve cannot be predicted
before hand. My personal Q700 has tested fine up to 32 mhz thus far.
I didn't have higher speed clock oscillators on hand to test higher
speeds.
Parts
Clock Oscillators (4 pin TTL variety) You will need a selection of
speeds beginning at 50 mhz on up. The CPU will run at 1/2 the
oscillator speed. The original one is a 50 mhz unit. I recommend
getting a 50 mhz clock in case you damage the existing one.
I obtained my clock oscillators from DigiKey 1-800-344-4539 for
less than $5.00 each. Some of their part numbers are:
50 mhz TTL Clock Oscillator (part # X121)
62 mhz TTL Clock Oscillator (part # X136)
66 mhz TTL Clock Oscillator (part # CTX137)
Don't get the half size clock oscillators. They won't fit.
There are also CMOS clock oscillators. I haven't tried one in a
Quadra. (They work fine in IIsi's)
Socket: Obtain a 4 pin socket which is in the same form factor as
a 14 pin DIP package. Alternatively, use 4 machined socket pins
from an Augat style socket. Just cut them out of the socket.
Cooling Fan: A very small 12 volt fan to keep the CPU cool is a
must. My VSO came with a specially modified heatsink which had
a fan built onto it. It had a pass-through connector which
tapped into the hard drive power cable. You should rig up
something similar or risk frying your CPU.
Procedure
1) Insert usual disclaimer and antistatic warnings here.
2) Remove the top lid of the machine. You will see the floppy disk and
hard drive mounted in a plastic tower. Follow the usual anti-static
precautions and of course make sure the machine is OFF when you do
this. Unplug ALL cables, wall and monitor power supply cords from
the back of the mac.
3) Remove the power supply by pulling the plastic interlocking tab on the
tower forward and simultaneously pulling the power supply straight up.
The tab is a piece of plastic from the left posterior aspect of the
tower which extends downward to hook on to the power supply. You may
also feel a horseshoe shaped piece at the right portion of the power
supply. Leave that alone. The plastic tab from the tower is all you
need release.
4) Look at the rear of the tower assembly. You will see the flat ribbon
SCSI connector to the hard drive, a power cable and a flat ribbon cable
leading to the floppy drive. Disconnect all these from the motherboard.
The hard drive power cable connector has a tab which must be squeezed
to release it.
5) Unplug the drive activity LED from its clear plastic mount
6) Look down the posterior, cylindrical section of the plastic tower. A
phillips head screw is at the base. Remove it, taking care not to drop
it into the case. A bit of gummy glue on your screwdriver is helpful
here.
7) Remove the tower assembly by pulling medially the plastic tab on the
right side of the tower. This tab prevents the tower from sliding
posteriorly. Slide the entire tower assembly 1 cm posteriorly then
lift the tower assembly straight up and out of the case.
8) Remove the interrupt switch assembly. It is a strangely shaped plastic
device at the left, front edge of the motherboard. Pull the middle,
rear plastic prong up and forward. The entire device will release.
9) Unplug the speaker cable. Squeeze the plastic tab on the speaker to
free it then swing it backwards to free it from the case.
10) Remove the motherboard form the case. Lift the front right corner of
the motherboard about 1 mm. This allows it to clear the clear plastic
Power light guide. Slide the motherboard forward about 1 cm. The
motherboard then comes directly out.
11) Locate the 50 mhz clock crystal. It is a small metal box near the
CPU chip. Note and remember its orientation. The new clock oscillators
must be aligned with pin 1 in the same orientation.
Very carefully desolder and remove the old clock oscillator. Some of
the pins may be bent over. Simply desolder then unbend them. Be sure
your desoldering iron is hot enough before heating the board.
I used a suction desoldering iron to accomplish this task. This is
NOT appropriate for a first soldering experience. The motherboard is
a multi-layer design with very fine traces - easily damaged without
proper care.
12) Install your socket or socket pins where the old oscillator once was.
13) Put a 50 mhz clock oscillator into the new socket. You could use the
old clock but it has solder on its pins. This may come of inside the
socket and cause corrosion problems later. I suggest using a new
50 mhz clock.
14) Install your cooling fan system to complete the modification.
14) Reinsert the motherboard and slide it into place.
15) Snap in the interrupt switch assembly and speaker to lock the mother
board firmly. Plug the speaker wire back into the motherboard.
16) Reinstall the tower assembly by first placing the right wall of the
tower against the right wall of the case with the tower assembly about
1 cm posterior of its intended position. Lower the tower assembly into
place while maintaining contact with the right wall of the case.
Once fully down, slide the tower assembly anteriorly until it clicks
into place.
17) Reconnect the motherboard ends of the cables. DONT'T FORGET THE FLOPPY
DRIVE CABLE.
18) Replace the phillips head screw
19) Drop the power supply straight down into place until it clicks in.
20) Plug the hard drive activity light back into its clear plastic mount.
21) Reattach your cables and power cords. Cross your fingers and turn
on the Mac. It should make the usual power on chord. If it doesn't,
something is amiss. Immediately turn of the power and recheck your
handiwork. If all is not well, you have my sincere condolences.
Hopefully, all will work normally. Turn the machine back off and
replace the 50 mhz clock oscillator with a faster one. Reboot and
be astounded.
You will need to fully test the machine for many hours before deciding
a particular speed is truly usable. With my VSO, a machine lock-up
might take 8 hours of operation to occur. In the brief time since
modifying my clock oscillator (36 hours) I have not had a single
problem.
Good Luck to all who attempt this modification. There is a small but real
risk, but you could well reach Quadra 950 speeds or higher with less than
$50 in parts.
| 10
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Can someone tell me which of the files that come with DW-3.1 go where
and for what purpose? What can be left out, for instance, if
you don't want to do background printing?
| 10
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|
What are people's opinions about laser detectors? Escort makes a
laser detector, the Passport 1000, and claims it works fine. However,
I've talked to some people who have said that it will only work if you
are lucky - i.e. if the cop happens to point his laser at a car in
front of you, and the laser beam happens to reflect back to your
detector. Otherwise it won't work. Regular radar, of course, travels
in all directions; hence it is more detectable. Any comments?
Escort has a deal (till the end of April, I think), where if you buy
their wideband (Passport 3200 - X, K, Ka) and laser detectors, you'll
save $60 off of buying them separately. In this case, the addition of
the laser detector over the Passport 3200 is only $40 (i.e. Passport
1000 normally costs $100).
--
Eddie Gornish
University of Illinois - Center for Supercomputing Research & Development
| 15
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4,645
|
Just a side note, squid/octopi made their way to the ice in Buffalo.
I still don't understand why Buffalo, but maybe it's lucky. :-) btw,
they shovel them up from the ice here, using the shovel used to scoop
up the snow the zamboni leaves as it leaves the ice. Although Blue
did give some technical directions on its removal, motioning with his
stick.
| 16
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|
There it is. The Constitution isn't for "sociopaths", only "normal"
people, eh? We mustn't allow our Constitution to be cheapened by applying
it to everybody, eh?
You disgust me.
| 19
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4,647
|
Can anybody tell me anything about the availibility of non-Roman fonts
for X-Windows? Especially Unicode and/or han idiographic fonts.
Also, how about conversion tools for getting PC/Macintosh fonts into a
format suitable for X? I would assume it is not too difficult for
bitmap fonts.
The FAQ's for this group and comp.fonts are not very helpful on these
questions.
| 6
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4,648
|
Is there anyone out there with a copy of the driver for Turtle
Beach's Samplevision program that allows you to use a Always Tech
IN-2000 SCSI card to do SMDI dumps between your PC and your
Peavey DPM-SP / SX / SX2 ???
This is normally only available directly from Turtle Beach but I
was just wondering if there was someone who got it and couldn't
find a use for it..
If you have a copy let me know!
| 1
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4,649
|
[ This would make me a bit suspect of Mr. Ramsey's qualifications
as a self-styled "expert", in fact, when I read about anybody
using virtual memory regularly I kind of wonder ... ;-) ]
Yes, one can sometimes get away with running a newer ROM (of the
correct size, obviously) in an older machine, but one should be
prepared for problems if running software that checks for machine
type rather than ROM trap availability and then draws incorrect
conclusions when special-casing - especially timing-dependent
and driver-related stuff.
In this particular case I see no reason to go to the trouble
of ROM-swapping. The Apple 32-bit enabler has problems, but
MODE32 works just fine with 7.0, 7.0.1, and 7.1.
Sure. Buy a used IIci motherboard. Call Pre-Owned Electronics,
Shreve, or other parts dealers (see the back of Computer Shopper
or one of the Mac trades for phone numbers) and ask for a price
on a IIci ROM. Everything has a price. If you happen to find
somebody who salvaged a IIci with a dead motherboard, you might
get a decent price. There is probably a market for used mother-
boards as well, so they might sell a ROM anyway.
Ask for a quote and then try offering less? Pre-Owned and
Shreve have been known to dicker. Their ads in various trade
magazines often list considerably different prices for the
same items, and their phone quotes tend to vary as well.
Still, I'm not aware of any technical reason for upgrading
the ROM in a IIx.
| 10
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4,650
|
No. Do this.
Have the DC-X1, make an unscheduled landing at teh 50 yard
line during the halftime show of This years Superbowl.
ABC will have more reporters there for that, then at
any news event.
| 12
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4,651
| 10
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|
4,652
|
To the media, "religion" and "cult" have about the same relative
connotations as "government" and "terrorist group".
| 14
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|
[sorry, had to take out tx.motorcycles because
my news server rejected it. -- hesh]
: it would be a shame to split boxer riders between different lists
: unless, of course, the existing list failed to meet the readers'
: needs.
you presumed you needed to "split" out a GS list.
by implication of your "split", a plain ol' bmw
list wouldn't meet the GS riders' needs.
for the sake of not forcing the split issue,
how about changing the charter and renaming
your list from bmw-gs to just bmw? would that
make everybody happy?
i think you'd get better participation this way.
and joe wouldn't have to burden his 286. :-)
| 0
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4,654
|
I'm looking for the following article:
``The War Within: an Anatomy of Lust''
Leadership 3 (1985), pp 30-48
I've looked in the libraries of 3 UK Bible Colleges, but none of them subscribe
to the Magazine (its a US publication, btw). If anyone has access to this
article and would be willing to post me a photocopy (I presume that copyright
restrictions will allow this?), please e-mail me. Thanks,
| 18
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|
I am looking at getting a laptop for work and I was trying to decide
between the Toshibas and Gateway's Nomad. The price is about the same,
but the Gateway has significantly better performance (200MB vs. 120MB
hard drive, 50Mhz 486DX2 vs. 25Mhz 486SL) and much cheaper accessories
(extra batteries, modem...)
The concern I have about Gateway is the durability and reliability.
Does anyone out there have any experience with the Gateway Nomad?
Thanks,
| 5
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4,656
|
Well lets see - a long haired nut case with sexual hangups surrounded
by a lot of gulible losers without a brain between them with a miserable
and meaningless death to boot
Sounds like he fits the bill to me!
Joseph 'Remember David Koresh fried for you' Askew
| 8
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4,657
|
Remember that the UNIX versions of PoV don't create TGA but QRT file
format output by default. +ft is needed to make TGA.
| 7
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4,658
|
try cd'ing to
publications/May_93_online
on siggraph.org
It's there!
| 7
|
4,659
|
You're blowing smoke. Qualcomm wants to sell to nice, lucrative overseas
markets like Japan and the EC. The government told them "don't do encryption
if you ever hope to export this technology". The reason that CDMA doesn't
have encryption is NOT because the G-men came a'knocking at Qualcomm's door.
It's because Qualcomm doesn't think that the US market for digital cellular
is big enough for them. This is just the International Traffic in Arms
Regulations all over again.
If you don't believe me, call Qualcomm and ASK THEM. Don't just throw
out conspicracy theories. At least, don't do it on sci.crypt--there are
whole other newsgroups devoted to this kind of uninformed claptrap.
Hah. They're not that much more expensive. Besides, if a drug dealer
can afford a Rolex and a Mercedes, he can darn well afford Cylink phones.
No, Cylink sells their phones because they're willing to make different
stuff for domestic use vs. export. Qualcomm isn't. So Cylink makes
money--that's capitalism, comrade.
"Someone" this and "someone" that. If you think it's so easy, why are
you whining on the net instead of getting your butt in gear and writing
it? Your name would become known and loved by dozens! But no, that would
require actual EFFORT.
| 3
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|
[...deleted...]
At least you're consistent. I'm sure the highly propagandized Germans
tended to believe their government's version too in the thirties and
forties as those "different" highly demonized Jewish "cultists" met
their fate. Always trust your government.
| 19
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|
No wonder he became confused! With so many drugs, it is almost impossible
to know which one is causing the problem. And because some drugs
potentiate the effect of each other, they can make the side effects
all the worse, and even dangerous. (kinda like mixing alcohol and
antihistamines!)
Unfortunately, doctors prescribe drugs to treat the side effects of
the drugs a patient is receiving. If one drug they are taking causes
the patient's blood pressure to go up, many times an antihypertensive
is prescribed instead of re-evaluating the need for the original drug.
This is why many older adults are trying to take a dozen or so drugs
at home!!!!
| 9
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4,662
|
I am posting for my brother, but please reply to this account and I will
forward the messages.
The Powerbook is in excellent shape, five months old, and was purchased abroad.
(I haven't seen it)
For details, send e-mail.
| 1
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|
I know it's only wishful thinking, with our current President,
but this is from last fall:
"Is there life on Mars? Maybe not now. But there will be."
-- Daniel S. Goldin, NASA Administrator, 24 August 1992
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
| 12
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|
I like what Mr. Joseph Biden had to say yesterday 5/11/93 in the senate.
Condemening the european lack of action and lack of support to us plans
and calling that "moral rape".
He went on to say that the reason for that is "out right religious BIGOTRY"
| 2
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4,665
|
C'mon you guys.
Motorcycles & booze don't mix.
Nuff said.
| 0
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4,666
|
Hello Gang,
There have been some notes recently asking where to obtain the DARWIN fish.
This is the same question I have and I have not seen an answer on the
net. If anyone has a contact please post on the net or email me.
Thanks,
| 14
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|
****UNIX****UNIX****UNIX****UNIX****UNIX****UNIX****UNIX****
FORSALE:
ESIX UNIX System V Release 4 - NEW!
2 user license system - $400
Unlimited user license system - $450
2 user license system with dev kit - $500
Unlimited user license system with dev kit - $550
The above systems include all of the floppies or tapes and
instalation manuals. They are new and have never been
installed before. Market value for the above systems is
about $1500 US! If you are interested, please contact me
at 416-233-6038.
| 1
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4,668
|
Wrong about what? I think they are correct in thinking that a
well-placed bomb or six would get headlines, but I think they are
wrong if they think that you can set off bombs and still be a
Buddhist.
Maybe what we are seeing here is that Chinese cultural genocide
against the Tibetans has worked well enough that some Tibetans
are now no longer Buddhist and are instead willing to behave like
the Chinese occupiers. Every action is its own reward.
On the other hand, people who are aware of the occupation are mostly
full of admiration for the peaceful way that Tibetans have put up
with it. And what does it cost us to admire them? Zip.
Yes they are, and whether this serves them well or not depends on
whether they want Buddhist principles or political independence.
And without political independence can they preserve their cultural
and religious traditions?
The Chinese would certainly refer to them as terrorists, just as
the Hitler regime used to refer to European resistance movements
as terrorists.
Better off in what way? As proponents of pacifism or as
proponents of political autonomy?
And better off in what time-scale? The Soviet Empire practised
cultural genocide against something like a hundred small minorities,
some of which resisted violently, and some of which did not, but
in the end it was the Soviet Empire that collapsed and at least
some of the minorities survived.
Now some of the minorities are fighting one another. Is that
because they have to, or because violent resistance to an oppressive
Empire legitimized violence?
| 8
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|
Since neither side would be particularly interested in telling the truth,
you have to weigh the 'facts' given by each yourself, and weigh it with
the newsreporting if you care.
Many cult members will probably side with the attorney, and if he
is lying, change their stories to match his. And if the Feds also
lie, the cult members who become disillusioned will change their
stories to match the Feds.
Neither sides are interested in the truth. The Media is more interested,
but usually either don't have the time to get it straight or tie themselves
to the ratings and deliberately distort.
For me, though, the black soot billowing outside the compound added with
how fast the fire spread ponted to *someone* dousing large parts of the
compound with some sort of gasoline or fire-starter. I doubt the Feds
did that as they were more interested in arresting Vernon. The real
unbalanced one (at least the one that lost his cool) was Vernon, so
I figured that he was more likely to do it (after all he was Jesus
being persecuted by the authorities, and had followers to hold onto,
so made the decision. He and his followers also probably felt that they
were rocketing to heaven by doing this stuff). Thsi conclusion, I came
to after umpteen million hours of listening to NPR and other radio
shows (I always have the radio going when I am in my office on some
innocuous talk-show or news program as background noise).
| 19
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|
Need nice furnishings for your apartment or house?
We have glass topped wood (sides) and chrome (edging) (1)coffee and (2)end
tables for sale.
The (1)coffee tables are approximately five feet in length and two feet
wide.
The (2)end tables are 2.5 ft. X 2.5 ft.
All the glass is clear (no scratches).
First $50.00 takes all!
Thanks for reading!
Art
| 1
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|
Sure,
Edmund Scientific Company
101 E. Glouchester Pike
Barrington, NJ, 08007-1380
(609) 573-6250
The card is on page 15 of the last catalog I got. The cost ranges
from $19.00US to $80.00US, depending on size and range of wavelengths
the card responds to.
| 15
|
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|
I am in the market for (4) 1 megabyte SIMMS. These must
be of the 9-chip variety, and also must be 60 nanoseconds.
Email: bitzm@columbia.dsu.edu
Thanks
| 1
|
4,673
|
Well, I know one person who is ready to kill. Me. And the victim is
this whole topic, damnit.
PLEASE STOP COPYING ALL THIS CRAP TO comp.org.acm. PLEASE?
--
| 3
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|
Today Rush was criticizing Clinton for not claiming responsibility for the
actions and decisions of Janet Reno and the FBI early enough to suit
Rush.
About 2 months ago Rush was chortling over the fact that Reagan has stumped
"special persecutor Walsh" with his croaking of "I don't remember" when
asked about Ollie North.
If Rush's criticism of Clinton were to be applied to Reagan and North...
Reagan would have been impeached while North was convicted (and overturned on
a technicality).
Gosh, Rush sure wants to have it both ways... Clinton MUST be held
responsible, but Reagan was clever by using the "amnesia defense".
| 19
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| 19
|
|
4,676
|
They did last world cup and eventually lost tp Sweden in the final!
| 16
|
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|
1993 World Championships in Germany:
====================================
Group A results:
RUSSIA - SWITZERLAND 6-0 (2-0,1-0,3-0)
1st: RUS 1-0 Alexei Yashin 1 5:23
RUS 2-0 Alexei Yashin 2 16:45
2nd: RUS 3-0 Ilia Biakin 1 7:13
3rd: RUS 4-0 Andrei Khomutov 3 3:47
RUS 5-0 Ilia Biakin 2 4:13
RUS 6-0 Sergei Sorokin 1 13:50
Penalties: RUS 7*2min 1*5min game penalty, SWI 9*2min
Referee: Rob Hearn, USA
Attendance: 3,500
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CANADA - AUSTRIA 11-0 (6-0,2-0,3-0)
1st: CAN 1-0 Shayne Corson 1 9:51
CAN 2-0 Rod Brind'Amour 2 10:24
CAN 3-0 Paul Kariya 1 12:42
CAN 4-0 Gerry Galley 1 18:23
CAN 5-0 Eric Lindros 2 19:11
CAN 6-0 Rod Brind'Amour 3 19:46
2nd: CAN 7-0 Eric Lindros 3 0:31
CAN 8-0 Eric Lindros 4 8:50
3rd: CAN 9-0 Brian Savage 1 13:37
CAN 10-0 Brian Benning 1 16:26
CAN 11-0 Geoff Sanderson 3 17:55
Penalties: CAN 2*2min, AUT 2*2min
Attendance: 7,500
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USA - FRANCE 6-1 (3-1,1-0,2-0)
1st: FRA 0-1 Antoine Richer 1 5:02
USA 1-1 Adam Burt 1 8:32
USA 2-1 Rob Gaudreau 1 18:15
USA 3-1 Jeff Lazaro 1 18:29
2nd: USA 4-1 Adam Burt 2 10:54
3rd: USA 5-1 Shjon Podein 1 8:03
USA 6-1 Rob Gaudreau 2 16:25
Penalties: USA 3*2min, FRA 2*2min
Referee: Darren Loraas, Canada
Attendance: 1,511
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
FINLAND - NORWAY 2-0 (0-0,0-0,2-0)
1st:
2nd:
3rd: FIN 1-0 Juha Riihijarvi 1 4:16
FIN 2-0 Kari Harila 1 12:37
Penalties: FIN 5*2min, NOR 7*2min
Referee: Sven-Erik Sold, Sweden
Attendance: 3,600
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The best goal scorers:
Eric Lindros CAN 4
Rod Brind'Amour CAN 3
Dieter Hegen GER 3
Andrei Khomutov RUS 3
Geoff Sanderson CAN 3
Ilia Biakin RUS 2
Adam Burt USA 2
Viacheslav Bykov RUS 2
Jiri Dolezal CZE 2
Mike Gartner CAN 2
Rob Gaudreau USA 2
Patrik Juhlin SWE 2
Frank Pajonkowski FRA 2
Bernd Truntschka GER 2
Jarkko Varvio FIN 2
Alexei Yashin RUS 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some WC stats:
* Fastest goal in a WC game after first face-off:
10 seconds: Steve Larmer, Canada 1991 in a game vs Sweden (ended 3-3)
Boris Michailov, USSR 1978
* Most consecutive WC games without a loss:
47: USSR 1978-85
38: USSR 1963-68
37: Canada 1937-49
35: USSR 1985-90
27: Canada 1950-54
| 16
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|
All,
During my attempts to find out how the AT harddisk controller
works I stumbled across I/O port 376h. The "normal" controller
ports are in the 1F0h-1F7h range, so what does this port do???
The only information I have upto now about this port is that it
is a write only port and the information you have to write in it
is related to the number of heads on the disks.
Could somebody shed some light on this and give me the missing info.
Thanks,
| 5
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|
: >But if entertainment (company) sell computer programs saying they are virus
: >safe. Doesn`t they have burden of proof that viruses don`t exist in their
: >floppies ?
: I don't think so. The assumption is there. If it turns out that
: their software has a virus, then it is up to you to prove that fact
: to a court to get any damages. You are theoretically suppossed to
: be able to get damages for that, but you have to give some evidence
: that the virus came from that software. But since the computer
: company is the defendent, they are uninvolved until proven guilty.
All right. I'm not and won't be lawyer. What about doctors?
I going to fly aeroplane (or drive car). Doctors have to look for different
kind of illnesses in me before I get permission to fly an aeroplane.
They have burden of proof that "harmful illnesses don't exist in me",
do they ?
(I'm just questioning my belief that believers have the burden of proof.)
: Please, not Pascal! NOOOOO!! ;)
Oh! Are you those bug-generator C-programmers ? :-)
Turbo Pascal is the BEST and FASTEST for edit-run-edit-run cycles !
----------------------- ktikkane@phoenix.oulu.fi -------------------
Kari Tikkanen ! . . -#- ! b ! begin
| 8
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| 18
|
|
4,681
|
Sorry, gotta disagree with you on this one Maddi (not the
resemblence to Bill. The nickname).
I prefer "Half" Bake'd Timmons
/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\
Bob Beauchaine bobbe@vice.ICO.TEK.COM
They said that Queens could stay, they blew the Bronx away,
and sank Manhattan out at sea.
| 14
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|
I have an Altos 2000 System V.3 Unix system for sale (I actually have two,
but one's for me). Several years ago these well-known machines sold for
$30,000 for the base configuration. This particular one has much more than the
base configuration, depending on what you want:
- 386 16 MHZ CPU.
- 8 meg of ram.
- Fifteen (15) serial ports (or more if you want)!
- A multidrop port for up to 256 more serial ports!
- Ethernet.
- 5.25" floppy drive.
- QIC 24 cartridge tape drive.
- 170 meg ESDI hard drive (either Micropolis or CDC, or both if you want).
- Unix System V.3 installation.
- Networking software package (TCP/IP).
- Development system software package (C compiler and libraries).
I am asking only $700 (firm) for the system! If you want another Ethernet or
serial card, add $50. Additional disks are $100 each (I can install a total of
three ESDI drives). I would consider a trade for a SCSI DAT tape drive.
This box would make a great BBS system or terminal server. It was originally
designed to service 40 active users, and up to 70 moderately active users.
This is NOT a PC! It was designed to be a Unix box from the start, and it's
very fast and exceptionally reliable.
It's dimensions are approximately 2.5' high (tower), 8" wide and 2" deep.
I am only interested in dealing with someone local enough to come pick it up.
Shipping is way too much hassle. Call if you wish, or send email.
Steve Scherf
(408) 736-2093 home
(408) 559-5616 work
steve@moonsoft.com
scherf@swdc.stratus.com
Newsgroups: ba.market.misc,ba.market.computers,misc.forsale,misc.forsale.computers,misc.forsale.computers.other
Subject: FOR SALE: Altos 2000 Unix machine
Summary:
Expires:
References:
Distribution:
Organization: Moondog Software, Sunnyvale, CA.
Keywords:
I have an Altos 2000 System V.3 Unix system for sale (I actually have two,
but one's for me). Several years ago these well-known machines sold for
$30,000 for the base configuration. This particular one has much more than the
base configuration, depending on what you want:
- 386 16 MHZ CPU.
- 8 meg of ram.
- Fifteen (15) serial ports (or more if you want)!
- A multidrop port for up to 256 more serial ports!
- Ethernet.
- 5.25" floppy drive.
- QIC 24 cartridge tape drive.
- 170 meg ESDI hard drive (either Micropolis or CDC, or both if you want).
- Unix System V.3 installation.
- Networking software package (TCP/IP).
- Development system software package (C compiler and libraries).
I am asking only $700 (firm) for the system! If you want another Ethernet or
serial card, add $50. Additional disks are $100 each (I can install a total of
three ESDI drives). I would consider a trade for a SCSI DAT tape drive.
This box would make a great BBS system or terminal server. It was originally
designed to service 40 active users, and up to 70 moderately active users.
This is NOT a PC! It was designed to be a Unix box from the start, and it's
very fast and exceptionally reliable.
It's dimensions are approximately 2.5' high (tower), 8" wide and 2" deep.
I am only interested in dealing with someone local enough to come pick it up.
Shipping is way too much hassle. Call if you wish, or send email.
Steve Scherf
(408) 736-2093 home
(408) 559-5616 work
steve@moonsoft.com
scherf@swdc.stratus.com
Newsgroups: ba.market.misc,ba.market.computers,misc.forsale,misc.forsale.computers,misc.forsale.computers.other
Subject: FOR SALE: Altos 2000 Unix machine
Organization: Moondog Software, Sunnyvale, CA.
I have an Altos 2000 System V.3 Unix system for sale (I actually have two,
but one's for me). Several years ago these well-known machines sold for
$30,000 for the base configuration. This particular one has much more than the
base configuration, depending on what you want:
- 386 16 MHZ CPU.
- 8 meg of ram.
- Fifteen (15) serial ports (or more if you want)!
- A multidrop port for up to 256 more serial ports!
- Ethernet.
- 5.25" floppy drive.
- QIC 24 cartridge tape drive.
- 170 meg ESDI hard drive (either Micropolis or CDC, or both if you want).
- Unix System V.3 installation.
- Networking software package (TCP/IP).
- Development system software package (C compiler and libraries).
I am asking only $700 (firm) for the system! If you want another Ethernet or
serial card, add $50. Additional disks are $100 each (I can install a total of
three ESDI drives). I would consider a trade for a SCSI DAT tape drive.
This box would make a great BBS system or terminal server. It was originally
designed to service 40 active users, and up to 70 moderately active users.
This is NOT a PC! It was designed to be a Unix box from the start, and it's
very fast and exceptionally reliable.
It's dimensions are approximately 2.5' high (tower), 8" wide and 2" deep.
I am only interested in dealing with someone local enough to come pick it up.
Shipping is way too much hassle. Call if you wish, or send email.
Steve Scherf
(408) 736-2093 home
(408) 559-5616 work
steve@moonsoft.com
scherf@swdc.stratus.com
Newsgroups: ba.market.misc,ba.market.computers,misc.forsale,misc.forsale.computers,misc.forsale.computers.other
Subject: FOR SALE: Altos 2000 Unix machine
Summary:
Expires:
References:
Sender:
Followup-To:
Distribution:
Organization: Moondog Software, Sunnyvale, CA.
Keywords:
I have an Altos 2000 System V.3 Unix system for sale (I actually have two,
but one's for me). Several years ago these well-known machines sold for
$30,000 for the base configuration. This particular one has much more than the
base configuration, depending on what you want:
- 386 16 MHZ CPU.
- 8 meg of ram.
- Fifteen (15) serial ports (or more if you want)!
- A multidrop port for up to 256 more serial ports!
- Ethernet.
- 5.25" floppy drive.
- QIC 24 cartridge tape drive.
- 170 meg ESDI hard drive (either Micropolis or CDC, or both if you want).
- Unix System V.3 installation.
- Networking software package (TCP/IP).
- Development system software package (C compiler and libraries).
I am asking only $700 (firm) for the system! If you want another Ethernet or
serial card, add $50. Additional disks are $100 each (I can install a total of
three ESDI drives). I would consider a trade for a SCSI DAT tape drive.
This box would make a great BBS system or terminal server. It was originally
designed to service 40 active users, and up to 70 moderately active users.
This is NOT a PC! It was designed to be a Unix box from the start, and it's
very fast and exceptionally reliable.
It's dimensions are approximately 2.5' high (tower), 8" wide and 2" deep.
I am only interested in dealing with someone local enough to come pick it up.
Shipping is way too much hassle. Call if you wish, or send email.
Steve Scherf
(408) 736-2093 home
(408) 559-5616 work
steve@moonsoft.com
scherf@swdc.stratus.com
Newsgroups: ba.market.misc,ba.market.computers,misc.forsale,misc.forsale.computers,misc.forsale.computers.other
Subject: FOR SALE: Altos 2000 Unix machine
Organization: Moondog Software, Sunnyvale, CA.
I have an Altos 2000 System V.3 Unix system for sale (I actually have two,
but one's for me). Several years ago these well-known machines sold for
$30,000 for the base configuration. This particular one has much more than the
base configuration, depending on what you want:
- 386 16 MHZ CPU.
- 8 meg of ram.
- Fifteen (15) serial ports (or more if you want)!
- A multidrop port for up to 256 more serial ports!
- Ethernet.
- 5.25" floppy drive.
- QIC 24 cartridge tape drive.
- 170 meg ESDI hard drive (either Micropolis or CDC, or both if you want).
- Unix System V.3 installation.
- Networking software package (TCP/IP).
- Development system software package (C compiler and libraries).
I am asking only $700 (firm) for the system! If you want another Ethernet or
serial card, add $50. Additional disks are $100 each (I can install a total of
three ESDI drives). I would consider a trade for a SCSI DAT tape drive.
This box would make a great BBS system or terminal server. It was originally
designed to service 40 active users, and up to 70 moderately active users.
This is NOT a PC! It was designed to be a Unix box from the start, and it's
very fast and exceptionally reliable.
It's dimensions are approximately 2.5' high (tower), 8" wide and 2" deep.
I am only interested in dealing with someone local enough to come pick it up.
Shipping is way too much hassle. Call if you wish, or send email.
Steve Scherf
(408) 736-2093 home
(408) 559-5616 work
steve@moonsoft.com
scherf@swdc.stratus.com
Newsgroups: ba.market.misc,ba.market.computers,misc.forsale,misc.forsale.computers,misc.forsale.computers.other
Subject: FOR SALE: Altos 2000 Unix machine
Summary:
Expires:
References:
Sender:
Followup-To:
Distribution:
Organization: Moondog Software, Sunnyvale, CA.
Keywords:
I have an Altos 2000 System V.3 Unix system for sale (I actually have two,
but one's for me). Several years ago these well-known machines sold for
$30,000 for the base configuration. This particular one has much more than the
base configuration, depending on what you want:
- 386 16 MHZ CPU.
- 8 meg of ram.
- Fifteen (15) serial ports (or more if you want)!
- A multidrop port for up to 256 more serial ports!
- Ethernet.
- 5.25" floppy drive.
- QIC 24 cartridge tape drive.
- 170 meg ESDI hard drive (either Micropolis or CDC, or both if you want).
- Unix System V.3 installation.
- Networking software package (TCP/IP).
- Development system software package (C compiler and libraries).
I am asking only $700 (firm) for the system! If you want another Ethernet or
serial card, add $50. Additional disks are $100 each (I can install a total of
three ESDI drives). I would consider a trade for a SCSI DAT tape drive.
This box would make a great BBS system or terminal server. It was originally
designed to service 40 active users, and up to 70 moderately active users.
This is NOT a PC! It was designed to be a Unix box from the start, and it's
very fast and exceptionally reliable.
It's dimensions are approximately 2.5' high (tower), 8" wide and 2" deep.
I am only interested in dealing with someone local enough to come pick it up.
Shipping is way too much hassle. Call if you wish, or send email.
Steve Scherf
(408) 736-2093 home
(408) 559-5616 work
steve@moonsoft.com
scherf@swdc.stratus.com
| 1
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4,683
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I recently sold my Nighthawk in order to upgrade to a zippy little sport
bike. I am, however, partial to the bigger zippy bikes like the GSX-R 750.
There is only one in my town for sale, and he is not sure whether he wants
to part with it or not!
Please send me email if you would like to sell yours, know of one for sale,
or could just offer details on the performance of yours even if you wouldn't
sell.
I appreciate any help!
THE HYPEMAN
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I need quotes from Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison, or any of the other founders,
that support the idea that the Second Amendment was written into the
Constitution so that the populace could protect itself it the government
began to degenerate into tyrrany. If you have any (with sources), please
mail them to me. Thanks.
| 19
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|
Hosfelt
T-1 stock # 25-214
T-1-3/4 # 25-213
Both $1.29 - Vf 3.0..3.4, 470nm, 3mcd @ 10ma, Mfg Liton
Call 1-800-524-6464
Disclaimer - dont know these guys from a bar of soap, but the price
looks reasonable.
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As will I, and the Ultimate Lurker.
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In my opinion, the limited tort option is the best thing Casey has ever
done. Basically, limited tort means that you give up your right to sue
for pain and suffering, unless one of the following conditions is met:
1. Your medical bills resulting from the accident exceed $X (where X is
some number like 50,000 -- I'm not sure of the exact number)
2. The accident was caused by a drunk driver (I mean, the OTHER driver
was drunk)
3. You get a good lawyer and have a good case (basically, you can appeal
to regain your right to sue, but there's almost no chance of this ever
happening).
You are only giving up your right to sue for pain and suffering; you can
still sue for medical costs, actual damages, etc. By agreeing to limited
tort, you are essentially giving up your right to be an asshole who
treats every accident as an entry into the litigation lottery. In
exchange, you get a substantial reduction in your rates. I save
$150/year.
| 4
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|
My first encounter with a dog chasing after my bike was on my first poker run.
A big german shepard ran out into the pack of bikes I was riding with and tried
to bite the right leg of the guy riding in front of me. He kicked the dog a
couple of times (we were all only going about 10-15mph) and just made the dog
angrier and got away by applying WFO and outrunning the dog who then started
after yours truly. At the time, I had open drag pipes (obnoxiously loud as hell)
and as soon as the dog was about 2 feet away from the right side of my bike, I
pulled in the clutch and revved the motor up to about 5000rpm and the roar of
the pipes frightened the dog away (probably made the dog's ears hurt like hell)
and he didn't come back for the rest of the bikers behind me either.
My second encounter was with an already deceased road-kill dog. I wasn't paying
very close attention to the pavement when the car in front of me straddled the
carcass. I looked down just in time to see what I was about to run over so I
just held onto the handlebars and freaked out. Both wheels went squarely over
the dog's belly with a thump-thump just like running over a piece of a 4x4
lumber. The bike didn't lose any stability at all and I kept on going. After
I got to my destination, I found bits of fur, meat, and blood stuck to
the bottom of my motor and frame...... gross.
| 0
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4,689
| 18
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4,690
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Janet Reno, the FBI, et al were nothing but pawns in Koresh's game.
He was a madman who was going to hurt the children, and everyone
else in the compound no matter what the FBI did.
Such a hostage situation has taken place on numerous occasions
with the result of the police trying to take the place by
force and the result being the death of the hostages and the
gunmen. However, this is the first time I've heard of
the blame landing squarely on the police.
In this country we have a policy of not negotiating a back down
from terrorists and hostage takers since that only encourages
other terrorists and hostage takers.
| 13
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Yes, that's him. Was I not specific enough?
Just because someone consistently pulls the ball does not mean that
they have a quick bat. Dawson's release is slow, and he *IS* 38, after
all. He may swing early, and rotate his hips so that he hits the ball to
the left side all the time, but he swings slowly.
As for me disagreeing with Peter Gammons... Whoa! That's never happened
before! Next thing you know, I'll probably believe Dave Campbell is the
biggest imbecile even to come near a mic, and that Ray Knight has
the IQ of drained crankcase oil.
| 11
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|
WinFax Pro provides you with OCR. It is the OCR from OmniPage.
Although it is not as customizable it does the job and is auto
matic (if you want) and much cheaper than the same package
(Omni Page Professional = $700) sold separatly.
| 17
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|
These are comics I want to sell that are X-comic/Mutant related. All
prices are at least 30% off the Overstreet price. All are NM-M
condition, bagged and backed. If you don't like these prices, make an
offer!
TITLE PRICE
--------------------------------------------------------------
Alpha Flight 13 (Wolverine appears) $ 8.40
Avengers 263 (1st Appearance X-Factor) $ 3.50
Daredevil 196 (Wolverine appears) $ 8.40
Fantastic Four 347 (Art Adams art, Wolverine) $ 3.50
Fantastic Four 348 (Wolverine & Ghost Rider appear) $ 2.10
Fantastic Four 349 (Wolverinr & Ghost Rider appear) $ 2.10
Havok and Wolverine: Meltdown 1 (Epic Comics) $ 2.80
Marvel Comics Presents 1 (Wolverine, Silver Surfer) $ 7.00
2 (Wolverine, Master of KungFu) $ 3.50
3 (Wolverine, Master of KungFu) $ 3.50
4 (Wolverine, Master of KungFu) $ 3.50
5 (Wolverine, Daredevil) $ 3.50
6 (Wolverine, Hulk) $ 2.80
7 (Wolverine, Submariner) $ 2.80
10 (Wolverine, Man-Thing) $ 2.80
11 (Man-Thing, Ant-Man) $ 1.40
12 (Man-Thing, Colossus) $ 1.40
13 (Black Panther, Shanna) $ 1.40
14 (Black Panther, Nomad) $ 1.40
17 (Ron Lim art, Black Panther) $ 1.40
18 (Ron Lim art, Black Panther) $ 1.40
19 (Rob Liefeld art, Cyclops) $ 1.40
20 (Ron Lim art, Black Panther) $ 1.40
21 (Ron Lim art, Black Panther) $ 1.40
22 (Ron Lim art, Black Panther) $ 1.40
25 (Nth Man, Havok, Blk Panther) $ 1.40
26 (Black Panther, Havok, Hulk) $ 1.40
27 (Black Panther, Havok) $ 1.40
28 (Black Panther, Havok) $ 1.40
29 (Black Panther, Havok) $ 1.40
30 (Black Panther, Havok) $ 1.40
31 (Erik Larsen, Excalibur) $ 1.40
52 (Rob Liefeld, Wolverine) $ 2.10
60 (Wolverine, Hulk) $ 4.20
62 (Jackson Guice, Deathlok) $ 5.60
63 (Poison, Thor, Scarlet Witch) $ 2.80
64 (Mark Texiera, Ghost Rider) $ 3.15
65 (Mark Texiera, Ghost Rider) $ 3.15
66 (Mark Texiera, Ghost Rider) $ 3.15
67 (Mark Texiera, Ghost Rider) $ 3.15
72 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 5.60
73 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 2.80
75 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 2.10
76 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 2.10
77 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X,Dracula) $ 2.10
80 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 2.10
81 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 1.75
82 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 1.75
83 (B.W.Smith, Weapon X) $ 1.75
84 (B.W. Smith, Weapon X) $ 1.75
85 (1st Keith art and Jae Lee) $ 4.20
97 (Ghost Rider, Cable) $ 1.40
104 (Wolverine, Ghost Rider) $ 1.05
106 (Wolverine, Ghost Rider) $ 1.05
Marvel Fanfare 4 (X-Men/Ka-Zar team-up, Deathlok app) $ 4.20
Marvel Team-Up 100 (1st Karma by Miller, Byrne X-men) $ 5.60
117 (Wolverine cover/story) $ 8.40
New Mutants 18 (Intro new Warlock, Magus) $ 6.30
88 (Rob Liefeld, 2nd Cable) $14.00
89 (Rob Liefeld, 3rd Cable) $10.50
90 (Rob Liefeld, Sabretooth appears) $ 8.40
91 (Rob Liefeld, Sabretooth appears) $ 8.40
93 (Rob Liefeld, Wolverine vs Cable) $10.50
94 (Rob Liefeld, Wolverine vs Cable) $10.50
98 (1st app Deadpool, Gideon, Domino) $ 8.40
100 (1st app X-Force) $ 6.30
Annual 4 (Evolutionary War) $ 2.10
Annual 5 (1st Liefeld art on New Mutants) $12.60
Annual 6 $ 1.40
Annual 7 (2nd app X-Force) $ 8.40
Summer Special 1 (Art Adams art) $ 2.10
Power Pack 27 (Wolverine and Sabretooth appear) $ 7.00
Spider-Man 16 (McFarlane/Liefeld art, X-Force appears) $ 3.00
Thor 374 (Mutant Massacre, X-Factor, Sabretooth app) $ 5.60
Wolverine 10 (Before claws, 1st battle with Sabretooth) $16.80
41 (Sabretooth claims to be Wolverine's dad) $ 7.00
42 (Sabretooth proven not to be his dad) $ 3.50
43 (Sabretooth/Wolverine saga concludes) $ 2.80
Wolverine 1 (1982 mini-series, Miller art) $21.00
X-Factor 47 $ 1.05
51 (Sabretooth appears) $ 3.50
52 (Sabretooth appears) $ 3.50
53 (Sabretooth appears) $ 3.50
57 $ 1.00
62 (X-Tinction Agenda, Jim Lee cover) $ 4.20
63 (Whilce Portacio art begins) $ 4.20
69 (Whilce Portacio art) $ 1.40
70 (Last "Old Team" issue) $ 1.40
Annual 6 (New Warriors, X-Force appear) $ 1.75
X-Force 1 (Signed by Liefeld, Bagged, X-Force card) $25.00
1 (Signed by Liefeld, Bagged, Shatterstar card) $15.00
1 (Signed by Liefeld, Bagged, Deadpool card) $15.00
1 (Signed by Liefeld, Bagged, Sunspot/Gideon) $15.00
1 (Bagged, Cable card) $ 4.20
X-Men 226 (Fall of the mutants) $ 5.60
239 (Inferno) $ 2.80
245 (Rob Liefeld art) $ 2.10
267 (Jim Lee art series begins) $ 8.40
276 (Jim Lee art) $ 1.05
277 (Last Jim Lee art) $ 1.05
280 $ 1.05
281 (New X-Men team, 1st printing) $ 4.20
All comics are in near mint to mint condition, are bagged in shiny
polypropylene bags, and backed with white acid free boards. Shipping is
$1.50 for one book, $3.00 for more than one book, or free if you order
a large enough amount of stuff. I am willing to haggle.
I have thousands and thousands of other comics, so please let me know what
you've been looking for, and maybe I can help. Some titles I have posted
here don't list every issue I have of that title, I tried to save space.
| 1
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On 21-Apr-93 in Re: ABORTION and private he..
Not so in PA. Recently the gender inequity in auto insurance was
removed. Just a point.
| 8
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------------
Shaft: Bamboozle, beat, beguile, burn (or flame), deceive, hoax,
hoodwink.
Drive: Campaign, crusade, push.
So, 'shaft drive' may be a campaign to decieve or a crusade of beguile,
efforts where are true to the spirit of this list.
Wheel: revolution, swing
Crusaders of beguile are innefective in revolutions and they cannot
swing, either, therefore shaft drives cannot do wheelies.
| 0
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THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF
THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
Volume 4, Number 9 - April 1993
###########################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
###########################
* ASA Membership and Article Submission Information
* The Soviets and Venus, Part 3 - Larry Klaes
###########################
ASA MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
The Electronic Journal of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
(EJASA) is published monthly by the Astronomical Society of the
Atlantic, Incorporated. The ASA is a non-profit organization dedicated
to the advancement of amateur and professional astronomy and space
exploration, as well as the social and educational needs of its members.
ASA membership application is open to all with an interest in
astronomy and space exploration. Members receive the Journal of the
ASA (hardcopy sent through United States Mail - Not a duplicate of this
Electronic Journal) and the Astronomical League's REFLECTOR magazine.
Members may also purchase discount subscriptions to ASTRONOMY and
SKY & TELESCOPE magazines.
For information on membership, you may contact the Society at any
of the following addresses:
Astronomical Society of the Atlantic (ASA)
c/o Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA)
Georgia State University (GSU)
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
U.S.A.
asa@chara.gsu.edu
ASA BBS: (404) 321-5904, 300/1200/2400 Baud
or telephone the Society Recording at (404) 264-0451 to leave your
address and/or receive the latest Society news.
ASA Officers and Council -
President - Eric Greene
Vice President - Jeff Elledge
Secretary - Ingrid Siegert-Tanghe
Treasurer - Mike Burkhead
Directors - Becky Long, Tano Scigliano, Bob Vickers
Council - Bill Bagnuolo, Michele Bagnuolo, Don Barry, Bill Black,
Mike Burkhead, Jeff Elledge, Frank Guyton, Larry Klaes,
Ken Poshedly, Jim Rouse, Tano Scigliano, John Stauter,
Wess Stuckey, Harry Taylor, Gary Thompson, Cindy Weaver,
Bob Vickers
ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS
Article submissions to the EJASA on astronomy and space exploration
are most welcome. Please send your on-line articles in ASCII format to
Larry Klaes, EJASA Editor, at the following net addresses or the above
Society addresses:
klaes@verga.enet.dec.com
or - ...!decwrl!verga.enet.dec.com!klaes
or - klaes%verga.dec@decwrl.enet.dec.com
or - klaes%verga.enet.dec.com@uunet.uu.net
You may also use the above addresses for EJASA back issue requests,
letters to the editor, and ASA membership information.
When sending your article submissions, please be certain to include
either a network or regular mail address where you can be reached, a
telephone number, and a brief biographical sketch.
Back issues of the EJASA are also available from the ASA anonymous
FTP site at chara.gsu.edu (131.96.5.29). Directory: /pub/ejasa
DISCLAIMER
Submissions are welcome for consideration. Articles submitted,
unless otherwise stated, become the property of the Astronomical
Society of the Atlantic, Incorporated. Though the articles will not
be used for profit, they are subject to editing, abridgment, and other
changes. Copying or reprinting of the EJASA, in part or in whole, is
encouraged, provided clear attribution is made to the Astronomical
Society of the Atlantic, the Electronic Journal, and the author(s).
Opinions expressed in the EJASA are those of the authors' and not
necessarily those of the ASA. This Journal is Copyright (c) 1993
by the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic, Incorporated.
THE SOVIETS AND VENUS
PART 3
Copyright (c) 1993 by Larry Klaes
The author gives permission to any group or individual wishing
to distribute this article, so long as proper credit is given,
the author is notified, and the article is reproduced in its
entirety.
To the North Pole!
On June 2 and 7, 1983, two of the Soviet Union's mighty PROTON
rockets lifted off from the Tyuratam Space Center in the Kazakhstan
Republic. Aboard those boosters were a new breed of VENERA probe
for the planet Venus.
Designated VENERA 15 and 16, the probes were meant not for landing
yet more spherical craft on the Venerean surface but to radar map the
planet in detail from orbit. To accomplish this task, the basic
VENERA design was modified in numerous areas. The central bus core
was made one meter (39.37 inches) longer to carry the two tons of
propellant required for braking into orbit, double the fuel carried by
the VENERA 9 and 10 orbiters eight years earlier. Extra solar panels
were added on to give the vehicles more power for handling the large
amounts of data which would be created by the radar imaging. The
dish-shaped communications antennae were also made one meter larger
to properly transmit this information to Earth.
Atop the buses, where landers were usually placed, were installed
the 1.4 by 6-meter (4.62 by 19.8-foot), 300-kilogram (660-pound)
POLYUS V side-looking radar antennae. The radar system, possibly a
terrain-imaging version of the nuclear-powered satellites used by
the Soviets for Earth ocean surveillance, would be able to map Venus'
surface at a resolution of one to two kilometers (0.62 to 1.2 miles).
The Soviet probes' imaging parameters were a vast improvement over
the United States PIONEER VENUS Orbiter, which could reveal objects
no smaller than 75 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter. And while the
VENERAs' resolution was comparable to that of similar observations
made by the 300-meter (1,000-foot) Arecibo radio telescope on the
island of Puerto Rico, the orbiters would be examining the northern
pole of Venus. This region was unobtainable by either Arecibo or
PIONEER VENUS and appeared to contain a number of potentially
interesting geological features worthy of investigation.
On October 10, 1983, after an interplanetary journey of 330
million kilometers (198 million miles) and two mid-course corrections,
VENERA 15 fired its braking rockets over Venus to place itself in a
polar orbit 1,000 by 65,000 kilometers (600 by 39,000 miles) around
the planet, completing one revolution every twenty-four hours. VENERA
16 followed suit four days later. The twin probes thus became Venus'
first polar-circling spacecraft.
Radar operations began on October 16 for VENERA 15 and October 20
for VENERA 16. For up to sixteen minutes every orbit over the north
pole, the probes would make a radar sweep of the surface 150 kilometers
(ninety miles) wide and nine thousand kilometers (5,400 miles) long.
The craft would then head out to the highest part of their orbits over
the south pole to recharge their batteries and transmit the data back
to two large Soviet antennae on Earth. Each strip of information took
eight hours to process by computer. By the end of their main missions
in July of 1984, the VENERAs had mapped 115 million square kilometers
(46 million square miles), thirty percent of the entire planet.
VENERA 15 and 16 revealed that Venus has a surface geology more
complex than shown by PIONEER VENUS in the late 1970s. Numerous hills,
mountains, ridges, valleys, and plains spread across the landscape,
many of them apparently formed by lava from erupting volcanoes in the
last one billion years. In planetary terms this makes the Venerean
surface rather young. Hundreds of craters were detected as well, the
largest of which had to have been created by meteorites (planetoids
would be a better term here) at least fourteen kilometers (8.4 miles)
across, due to Venus' very dense atmosphere.
There were some disagreements between U.S. and Soviet scientists
on the origins of certain surface features. For example, the probes'
owners declared that the 96-kilometer (57.6-mile) wide crater at the
summit of 10,800-meter (35,640-foot) high Maxwell Montes, the tallest
mountain on the planet, was the result of a meteorite impact. American
scientists, on the other hand, felt the crater was proof that Maxwell
was a huge volcano sitting on the northern "continent" of Ishtar Terra.
In any event, the U.S. decided to wait on making verdicts about
Venus until the arrival of their own radar probe, scheduled for later
in the decade. Originally named the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
(VOIR), its initial design was scaled back and the craft was redesig-
nated the Venus Radar Mapper (VRM). Eventually the machine would be
called MAGELLAN, after the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan
(circa 1480-1521). This vehicle would map the entire planet in even
finer detail than the VENERAs. For the time, however, the Soviet
probes maintained that distinction.
Radar imaging was not the only ability of the VENERAs. Bolted
next to the POLYUS V radar antenna were the Omega altimeter and the
Fourier infrared spectrometer, the latter for measuring the world's
temperatures. The majority of the areas covered registered about
five hundred degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit), but a few
locations were two hundred degrees hotter, possibly indicating
current volcanic activity. The probes also found that the clouds
over the poles were five to eight kilometers (three to 4.8 miles)
lower than at the equator. In contrast, the polar air above sixty
kilometers (thirty-six miles) altitude was five to twenty degrees
warmer than the equatorial atmosphere at similar heights.
When the main mapping mission ended in July of 1984, there were
plans for at least one of the VENERAs to radar image the surface at
more southernly latitudes. Unfortunately this idea did not come to
pass, as the orbiters may not have possessed enough attitude-control
gas to perform the operation.
VENERA 15 and 16 ceased transmission in March of 1985, leaving
the Soviet Institute of Radiotechnology and Electronics with six
hundred kilometers (360 miles) of radar data tape to sort into an
atlas of twenty-seven maps of the northern hemisphere of Venus.
Venus by Balloon
For years the thick atmosphere of Venus had been a tempting
target to scientists who wished to explore the planet's mantle of
air with balloon-borne instruments. Professor Jacques Blamont of
the French space agency Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
had proposed such an idea as far back as 1967, only to have a joint
French-Soviet balloon mission canceled in 1982. Nevertheless,
late in the year 1984, such dreams would eventually come true.
When two PROTON rockets were sent skyward on December 15 and 21,
the Soviet Union provided Western observers with the first clear, full
views of the booster which had been launching every Soviet Venus probe
since 1975. This was but one of many firsts for the complex mission.
The unmanned probes launched into space that December were named
VEGA 1 and 2, a contraction of the words VENERA and GALLEI - Gallei
being the Russian word for Halley. Not only did the spacecraft
have more than one mission to perform, they also had more than one
celestial objective to explore, namely the comet Halley.
This famous periodic traveler was making its latest return to
the inner regions of the solar system since its last visit in 1910.
Since it was widely believed that comets are the icy remains from
the formation of the solar system five billion years ago, scientists
around the world gave high priority to exploring one of the few such
bodies which actually come close to Earth.
Most comets linger in the cold and dark outer fringes of the solar
system. Some, like Halley, are perturbed by various forces and fall
in towards the Sun, where they circle for millennia spewing out ice
and debris for millions of kilometers from the warmth of each solar
encounter.
The Soviet Union, along with the European Space Agency (ESA) and
Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), did not
wish to miss out on this first opportunity in human history to make a
close examination of Halley. The ESA would be using the cylindrical
GIOTTO probe to make a dangerously close photographic flyby of the
comet, while Japan's first deep space craft - SAKIGAKE (Pioneer) and
SUISEI (Comet) - would view Halley from a much safer distance.
Scientists in the United States also desired to study the comet
from the vantage of a space probe, at one time envisioning a vessel
powered by solar sails or ion engines. However, government budget
cuts to NASA canceled the American efforts. The U.S. would have to
make do primarily with Earth-based observations and the sharing of
data from other nations, though an instrument named the Dust Counter
and Mass Analyzer (DUCMA), designed by Chicago University Professor
John Simpson, was added on the Soviet mission in May of 1984.
The Soviets' answer to Halley were the VEGAs. Instead of building
an entirely new craft for the mission, the Soviets decided to modify
their VENERA bus design to encounter the comet while performing an
advanced Venus mission along the way. As VEGA 1 and 2 reached Venus,
the buses would drop off one lander/balloon each and use the mass of
the shrouded planet to swing them towards comet Halley, much as the
U.S. probe MARINER 10 used Venus to flyby Mercury eleven years earlier.
The Soviet craft would then head on to Halley, helping to pinpoint the
location of the comet's erupting nucleus for the GIOTTO probe to dive
in only 605 kilometers (363 miles) away in March of 1986.
As planned, the two VEGAs arrived at Venus in June of 1985. VEGA
1 released its payload first on the ninth day of the month, the lander
making a two-day descent towards the planet. The craft touched the
upper atmosphere on the morning of June 11. Sixty-one kilometers
(36.6 miles) above the Venerean surface a small container was released
by the lander, which produced a parachute at 55 kilometers (33 miles)
altitude. Thus the first balloon probe ever to explore Venus had
successfully arrived.
One kilometer after the opening of the parachute, helium gas was
pumped into the Teflon-coated plastic balloon, inflating it to a
diameter of 3.54 meters (11.68 feet). Dangling on a tether thirteen
meters (42.9 feet) below was the instrument package, properly known as
an aerostat. The top part of the 6.9-kilogram (15.18-pound) aerostat
consisted of a cone which served as an antenna and tether attachment
point to the balloon. Beneath it was the transmitter, electronics,
and instruments. Connected at the bottom was a nephelometer for
measuring cloud particles. The aerostat was painted with a special
white finish to keep at bay the corroding mist of sulfuric acid which
permeated the planet's atmosphere.
The VEGA 1 balloon was dropped into the night side of Venus just
north of the equator. Scientists were concerned that the gas bag
would burst in the heat of daylight, so they placed it in the darkened
hemisphere to give the craft as much time as possible to return data.
This action necessitated that the landers come down in the dark as
well, effectively removing the camera systems used on previous missions.
The author wonders, though, if they could have used floodlights similar
to the ones attached to VENERA 9 and 10 in 1975, when Soviet scientists
had thought the planet's surface was enshrouded in a perpetual twilight
due to the permanently thick cloud cover.
The first balloon transmitted for 46.5 hours right into the day
hemisphere before its lithium batteries failed, covering 11,600
kilometers (6,960 miles). The threat of bursting in the day heat did
not materialize. The VEGA 1 balloon was stationed at a 54-kilometer
(32.4-mile) altitude after dropping ballast at fifty kilometers
(thirty miles), for this was considered the most active of the three
main cloud layers reported by PIONEER VENUS in 1978. Indeed the
balloon was pushed across the planet at speeds up to 250 kilometers
(150 miles) per hour. Strong vertical winds bobbed the craft up and
down two to three hundred meters (660 to 990 feet) through most of the
journey. The layer's air temperature averaged forty degrees Celsius
(104 degrees Fahrenheit) and pressure was a mere 0.5 Earth atmosphere.
The nephelometer could find no clear regions in the surrounding clouds.
Early in the first balloon's flight, the VEGA 1 lander was already
headed towards the Venerean surface. Both landers were equipped with
a soil drill and analyzer similar to the ones carried on VENERA 13
and 14 in 1982. However, VEGA 1 would become unable to report the
composition of the ground at its landing site in Rusalka Planitia, the
Mermaid Plain north of Aphrodite Terra. While still ten to fifteen
minutes away from landing, a timer malfunction caused the drill to
accidentally begin its programmed activity sixteen kilometers (9.6
miles) above the surface.
There was neither any way to shut off the instrument before
touchdown nor reactivate it after landing. This was unfortunate not
only for the general loss of data but also for the fact that most of
Venus was covered with such smooth low-level lava plains and had never
before been directly examined. Nevertheless, the surface temperature
and pressure was calculated at 468 degrees Celsius (874.4 degrees
Fahrenheit) and 95 Earth atmospheres respectively during the lander's
56 minutes of ground transmissions. A large amount of background
infrared radiation was also recorded at the site.
As had been done when the drills and cameras on VENERA 11 and
12 had failed in December of 1978, the Soviets focused on the data
returned during the lander's plunge through the atmosphere. The
French-Soviet Malachite mass spectrometer detected sulfur, chlorine,
and possibly phosphorus. It is the sulfur - possibly from active
volcanoes - which gives the Venerean clouds their yellowish color.
The Sigma 3 gas chromatograph found that every cubic meter of air
between an altitude of 48 and 63 kilometers (28.8 and 37.8 miles)
contained one milligram (0.015 grain) of sulfuric acid.
The VEGA 1 data on the overall structure of the cloud decks
appeared to be at odds with the information from PIONEER VENUS.
The case was made even stronger by the fact that VEGA 2's results
nearly matched its twin. The VEGAs found only two main cloud layers
instead of the three reported by the U.S. probes. The layers were
three to five kilometers (1.8 to 3 miles) thick at altitudes of 50
and 58 kilometers (30 and 34.8 miles). The clouds persisted like a
thin fog until clearing at an altitude of 35 kilometers (21 miles),
much lower than the PV readings. One possibility for the discrepan-
cies may have been radical structural changes in the Venerean air
over the last seven years.
When the lander and balloon finally went silent, the last
functioning part of the VEGA 1 mission, the flyby bus, sailed on
for a 708 million-kilometer (424.8 million-mile) journey around
the Sun to become the first probe to meet comet Halley. On March
6, 1986, the bus made a 8,890-kilometer (5,334-mile) pass at the
dark and icy visitor before traveling on in interplanetary space.
The Soviets had accomplished their first mission to two celestial
bodies with one space vessel.
On June 13, VEGA 2 released its lander/balloon payload for
a two-day fall towards Venus. Like its duplicate, the VEGA 2
balloon radioed information back to the twenty antennae tracking
it on Earth for 46.5 hours before battery failure on the morning
side of the planet. During its 11,100-kilometer (6,660-mile)
flight over Venus, the second balloon entered in a rather still
environment which became less so twenty hours into the mission.
After 33 hours mission time the air became even more turbulent
for a further eight hours. When the balloon passed over a five-
kilometer (three-mile) mountain on the "continent" of Aphrodite
Terra, a powerful downdraft pulled the craft 2.5 kilometers (1.5
miles) towards the surface.
Temperature sensors on the VEGA 2 balloon reported that the air
layer it was moving through was consistently 6.5 degrees Celsius
(43.7 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than the area explored by the VEGA 1
balloon. This was corroborated by the VEGA 2 lander as it passed
through the balloon's level. No positive indications of lightning
were made by either balloon, and the second aerostat's nephelometer
failed to function.
The VEGA 2 lander touched down on the northern edge of Aphrodite
Terra's western arm on the fifteenth of June, 1,500 kilometers (900
miles) southeast of VEGA 1. The lander's resting place was smoother
than thought, indicating either a very ancient and worn surface or a
relatively young one covered in fresh lava. The soil drill was in
working order and reported a rock type known as anorthosite-troctolite,
rare on Earth but present in Luna's highlands. This rock is rich in
aluminum and silicon but lacking in iron and magnesium. A high degree
of sulfur was also present in the soil. The air around VEGA 2 measured
463 degrees Celsius (865.4 degrees Fahrenheit) and 91 Earth atmospheres,
essentially a typical day (or night) on Venus.
Far above the VEGA 2 lander, its carrier bus sped past Venus at
a distance of 24,500 kilometers (14,700 miles) and followed its twin
to comet Halley, making a closer flyby on March 9, 1986 at just 8,030
kilometers (4,818 miles). Both probes helped to reveal that the comet
is a very dark and irregular-shaped mass about fourteen kilometers
(8.4 miles) across, rotating once every 53 hours, give or take three
hours.
Since both VEGA craft were still functioning after their Halley
encounters, Soviet scientists considered an option to send the
probes to other celestial objects. One prime target was the near-
Earth planetoid 2101 Adonis, which VEGA 2 could pass at a distance
of six million kilometers (3.6 million miles). Sadly, the Soviets
had to back out on the opportunity to become the first nation to fly
a spacecraft past a planetoid when it was discovered that there was
not enough maneuvering fuel in the probe to reach Adonis as planned.
VEGA 1 and 2 were quietly shut down in early 1987.
Future Plans Diverted
The impressive VEGA mission had given some scientists numerous
ideas and hope for even more ambitious expeditions to the second
world from the Sun. One example was the VESTA mission, planned for
the early 1990s.
This Soviet-French collaboration called for the launch of multiple
probes on a single PROTON rocket in either 1991 or 1992. The craft
would first swing by Venus and drop off several landers and balloon
probes. The aerostats would be designed to survive in the planet's
corrosive atmosphere for up to one month, a large improvement over
the VEGA balloons' two days. The mission would then head out to
investigate several planetoids and comets, including a possible
landing on Vesta (thus the mission name), the most reflective Main
Belt planetoid as seen from Earth.
Unfortunately for Venus exploration, plans began to change in
the Soviet Union. In 1986 the Soviets decided to reroute the VESTA
mission to the red planet Mars instead of Venus, keeping the comet
and planetoid aspects intact. By this time in the Soviet space
program interest was focusing on Mars. Already under construction
was an entirely new probe design called PHOBOS. Two members of this
class were planned to leave Earth in 1988 and orbit Mars the next
year. PHOBOS 1 and 2 would then place the first instruments on
Mars' largest moon, Phobos.
All this was a prelude to even more advanced Mars expeditions,
including balloon probes, rovers, soil sample return craft, and
eventually human explorers in the early Twenty-First Century.
The environment of Venus was just too hostile for any serious
consideration of human colonization in the near future.
But things began to look bleak for Soviet Venus and Mars
exploration. Both PHOBOS probes failed to complete their missions,
one losing contact on the way to the Red Planet in 1988 and the other
going silent in Mars orbit just one week before the planned moon
landing in March of 1989.
In 1989 a plan was devised for a Venus orbiter to drop eight to
ten penetrators around the planet in 1998. Several years later the
mission launch date was moved to the year 2005 and has now been put
on indefinite hold. No other official Soviet missions to Venus have
since been put forth, a sad commentary after twenty-five years of
continuous robotic exploration of the planet.
During the late 1980s a drastic political and economic change
was taking over the Soviet Union. President Mikhail Gorbachev began
to "open up" his nation to the benefits of increased cooperation with
the rest of the nations, particularly those in the West. While the
culture became less oppressive than in the past, the economy was taking
a very rough ride as it also underwent the effects of a "free market".
These effects hit everywhere, including the space program.
Missions at all levels were cut back. The Soviets began making
almost desperate attempts to cooperate with other space-faring
nations either to keep their remaining programs alive or just to
make money.
In early 1992 it was reported that the Soviets were offering for
sale several fully-equipped VENERAs they had in storage for the price
of 1.6 million dollars each, an incredibly low price for any planetary
probe. No nation took them up on the bargain. Meanwhile the United
States was gearing up for new Venus missions of their own.
MAGELLAN and GALILEO
The U.S. reactivated their long-dormant planetary exploration
with the launch of the Space Shuttle ATLANTIS on May 4, 1989.
Aboard the Shuttle was the MAGELLAN spacecraft, a combination of
spare parts from other U.S. probes designed to make the most
detailed and complete radar-mapping of Venus in history. When
MAGELLAN reached the second world in August of 1990, it would be
able to map almost the entire planet down to a resolution of 108
meters (360 feet), surpassing the abilities of VENERA 15 and 16.
In the interim another American probe was launched from a Space
Shuttle which would make a quick flyby of Venus on its way to orbit
the giant planet Jupiter in 1995. On October 18, 1989, the Shuttle
ATLANTIS released its second unmanned planetary probe into space,
named GALILEO after the famous Italian astronomer who discovered the
probe's primary target's major moons in 1610.
In the absence of a powerful enough booster to send GALILEO on
a direct flight to the Jovian planet, the probe was sent around
Venus and Earth several times to build up enough speed to reach
Jupiter. As a result, Venus became GALILEO's first planetary
goal in February of 1990. The probe radioed back images of the
planet's swirling clouds and further indications of lightning in
that violent atmosphere.
On the Drawing Boards
With the incredible success of MAGELLAN in the last few years,
new plans have been laid out for further journeys to Venus. Scien-
tists in the U.S. have talked to space scientists in the former Soviet
Union - now the Commonwealth of Independent States since January 1,
1992 - of a cooperative effort to launch new VENERA lander missions
within in the next decade. Japan, India, and the ESA have also
considered their own Venus missions in the next few decades.
In February of 1993 NASA came up with several new Venus projects
as part of their Discovery Program for launching inexpensive probes
throughout the solar system. For Venus two missions were selected
for further study: A Venus Multiprobe Mission involving the landing
of fourteen small probes over one hemisphere to measure winds, air
temperature, and pressure; and the Venus Composition Probe, designed
to study Venus' atmosphere while descending through the thick air
with the aid of a parachute, much as the Soviets had done since 1967.
Final project decisions will be made in 1994.
Humans on Venus
Will a human ever be able to stand on the surface of Venus?
At present the lead-melting temperatures and crushing air pressure
would be threatening to any Earth life not protected in something
even tougher than a VENERA lander. Plans have been looked into
changing the environment of Venus itself into something more like
Earth's. However, it should be noted that any such undertaking
will require the removal of much of the thick carbon dioxide
atmosphere, a major reduction in surface heat, and the ability
to speed up the planet's rotation rate to something a bit faster
than once every 243 Earth days. Such a project may take centuries
if not millennia.
In the meantime efforts should be made to better understand
Venus as its exists today. We still have yet to fully know how
a world so seemingly similar to Earth in many important ways became
instead such a deadly place. Will Earth ever suffer this fate?
Perhaps Venus holds the answers. Such answers may best be found
through international cooperation, including the nation which
made the first attempts to lift the cloudy veils from Venus.
Bibliography -
Barsukov, V. L., Senior Editor, VENUS GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND
GEOPHYSICS: RESEARCH RESULTS FROM THE U.S.S.R., University of
Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992
Beatty, J. Kelly, and Andrew Chaikin, Editors, THE NEW SOLAR
SYSTEM, Cambridge University Press and Sky Publishing Corp.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990
Burgess, Eric, VENUS: AN ERRANT TWIN, Columbia University Press,
New York, 1985
Burrows, William E., EXPLORING SPACE: VOYAGES IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM AND BEYOND, Random House, Inc., New York, 1990
Chaisson, Eric, and Steve McMillan, ASTRONOMY TODAY, Prentice-
Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993
Gatland, Kenneth, THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY,
Salamander Books, New York, 1989
Greeley, Ronald, PLANETARY LANDSCAPES, Allen and Unwin, Inc.,
Winchester, Massachusetts, 1987
Hart, Douglas, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOVIET SPACECRAFT, Exeter
Books, New York, 1987
Hartmann, William K., MOONS AND PLANETS (Third Edition), Wadsworth
Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 1993
Harvey, Brian, RACE INTO SPACE: THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMME,
Ellis Howood Limited, Chichester, England, 1988
Henbest, Nigel, THE PLANETS: PORTRAITS OF NEW WORLDS, Viking
Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1992
Johnson, Nicholas L., SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS 1980-1985, Volume
66 Science and Technology Series, American Astronautical
Society, Univelt, Inc., San Diego, California, 1987
Johnson, Nicholas L., THE SOVIET YEAR IN SPACE 1989/1990,
Teledyne Brown Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado,
1990/1991
Lang, Kenneth R., and Charles A. Whitney, WANDERERS IN SPACE:
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 1991
MAGELLAN: THE UNVEILING OF VENUS, JPL 400-345, March 1989
Murray, Bruce, Michael C. Malin, and Ronald Greeley, EARTHLIKE
PLANETS: SURFACES OF MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MOON, MARS, W. H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 1981
Murray, Bruce, JOURNEY INTO SPACE: THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF
SPACE EXPLORATION, W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1989
Newcott, William, "Venus Revealed", NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE,
Volume 183, Number 2, Washington, D.C., February 1993
Nicks, Oran W., FAR TRAVELERS: THE EXPLORING MACHINES, NASA
SP-480, Washington, D.C., 1985
Oberg, James Edward, NEW EARTHS: RESTRUCTURING EARTH AND OTHER
PLANETS, A Meridian Book, New American Library, Inc., New
York, 1983
Robertson, Donald F., "Venus - A Prime Soviet Objective" (Parts
1/2), SPACEFLIGHT, Volume 34, Numbers 5/6, British Interplanetary
Society (BIS), London, England, May/June 1992
Smith, Arthur, PLANETARY EXPLORATION: THIRTY YEARS OF UNMANNED
SPACE PROBES, Patrick Stephens, Ltd., Wellingborough, Northamp-
tonshire, England, 1988
VOYAGE THROUGH THE UNIVERSE: THE NEAR PLANETS, By the Editors
of Time-Life Books, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, 1990
Wilson, Andrew, JANE'S SOLAR SYSTEM LOG, Jane's Publishing, Inc.,
New York, 1987
About the Author -
Larry Klaes, EJASA Editor, is the recipient of the ASA's 1990
Meritorious Service Award for his work as Editor of the EJASA since
its founding in August of 1989. Larry also teaches a course on
Basic Astronomy at the Concord-Carlisle Adult and Community
Education Program in Massachusetts.
Larry is the author of the following EJASA articles:
"The One Dream Man: Robert H. Goddard, Rocket Pioneer" - August 1989
"Stopping Space and Light Pollution" - September 1989
"The Rocky Soviet Road to Mars" - October 1989
"Astronomy and the Family" - May 1991
"The Soviets and Venus, Part 1" - February 1993
"The Soviets and Venus, Part 2" - March 1993
THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
April 1993 - Vol. 4, No. 9
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Please take this thread out of "tx.politics.talk.politics.guns" which does
not exist. How about "tx.politics,talk.politics.guns" instead, eh?
--
Ed McGuire 1603 LBJ Freeway, Suite 780
Systems Administrator/ Dallas, Texas 75234
Member of Technical Staff 214/620-2100, FAX 214/484-8110
Intellection, Inc. <ed@intellection.com>
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The top 11 teams of this tournament will play in the Olympics next year.
The last team of this tournament, top two of pool B (Great Britain and
Poland) and the winner of pool C (Latvia) will play for the last Olympic
spot next fall.
However, if next year's hosts Norway were to finish 12th (which would be
no surprise), then it's the 11th team of pool A that will have to play in
the qualification tournament.
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Sorry 'bout that - Mine is a '91 model non-turbo 2.0. (with ABS and revised
suspension (whatever revised means)). I'm in Australia, so we always seem to
get the versions without extras which the Europeans and Americans get as
standard.
My query is, - why does the noise get noticeably LOUDER about 2-3 months after
an oil change. I just find it a bit wierd that this happens. Is it the oil I'm
using (Mobil 1) or is it the engine (the 3S-GE version/model) ie. gets
noiser the older the oil is (I'm only guessing).
Its not annoyingly distressing or anything, but just slightly puzzling.
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