| { | |
| "original_study": { | |
| "claim": { | |
| "hypothesis": "Countries with younger populations tend to exhibit higher rates of entrepreneurial activity, implying an inverse relationship between median age and entrepreneurship.", | |
| "hypothesis_location": "The Effect of Age on Entrepreneurship & Country-Level Aggregation and Summary of Empirical Predictions sections, where the authors argue that population age structure shapes aggregate entrepreneurship.", | |
| "statement": "The empirical estimates indicate that countries with lower median ages have higher entrepreneurship rates. A decline in median age is associated with a sizable increase in entrepreneurship.", | |
| "statement_location": "Results (Table 2) section discussing the baseline cross-country regressions and the standardized effect of median age on entrepreneurship rates.", | |
| "study_type": "Observational" | |
| }, | |
| "":{ | |
| "data": { | |
| "source": "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) individual-level survey data collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA); Flash Eurobarometer Survey on Entrepreneurship (FESE) for robustness checks; population statistics from the US Census Bureau’s International Data Base (IDB); macroeconomic and institutional controls from the Penn World Table (version 7.1), World Bank databases, Barro and Lee (2010) education attainment data, and the Property Rights Alliance.", | |
| "wave_or_subset": "GEM surveys conducted in multiple waves between 2001 and 2010 across 82 countries; FESE surveys conducted in overlapping years starting in 2002; demographic data matched annually to country-year observations.", | |
| "sample_size": "More than 1.3 million individuals aged 15–60 from the GEM; 82 countries; 393 country-year cells; and 17,554 country-age-year cells. FESE sample sizes vary by country-year and are reported separately in the appendix.", | |
| "unit_of_analysis": "Individual respondents in the GEM and FESE surveys, aggregated to country-year or country-age-year cells for analysis.", | |
| "access_details": "not stated", | |
| "notes": "Entrepreneurship is primarily defined as owning and managing a business up to 42 months old that pays wages. Alternative definitions include all new businesses (including recent failures), start-ups without paid wages, and total early-stage entrepreneurship; results are robust across definitions." | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "method": { | |
| "description": "The study estimates cross-country regression models to assess how demographic structure, particularly median age, is associated with national entrepreneurship rates.", | |
| "steps": [ | |
| "Assemble country-level measures of entrepreneurship rates.", | |
| "Collect demographic indicators including median age.", | |
| "Standardize median age in selected specifications.", | |
| "Estimate regression models relating entrepreneurship rates to median age.", | |
| "Interpret coefficients in both raw and standardized terms to assess economic magnitude." | |
| ], | |
| "models": "Linear regression models estimated at the country level.", | |
| "outcome_variable": "Entrepreneurship rate.", | |
| "independent_variables": "Median age of the population.", | |
| "control_variables": "GDP growth rate, college enrolment rate, start-up cost, property rights index, military service, percentage of agriculture in GDP.", | |
| "tools_software": "not stated" | |
| }, | |
| "results": { | |
| "summary": "Countries with younger median ages have higher entrepreneurship rates. The magnitude of the association implies that demographic differences can account for a substantial share of cross-country variation in entrepreneurship.", | |
| "numerical_results": [ | |
| { | |
| "outcome_name": "Entrepreneurship rate", | |
| "value": "2.5", | |
| "unit": "percentage-point change in entrepreneurship rate associated with a one-standard-deviation decrease in median age", | |
| "effect_size": "standardized regression effect", | |
| "confidence_interval": { | |
| "lower": "not stated", | |
| "upper": "not stated", | |
| "level": "not stated" | |
| }, | |
| "p_value": "<0.01", | |
| "statistical_significance": 1, | |
| "direction": "negative" | |
| } | |
| ] | |
| }, | |
| "metadata": { | |
| "original_paper_id": "not stated", | |
| "original_paper_title": "Demographics and Entrepreneurship", | |
| "original_paper_code": "not stated", | |
| "original_paper_data": "not stated" | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |