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50,606
Roe v. Wade
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18
70-18
1971
Jane Roe
Henry Wade
<p>In 1970, Jane Roe (a fictional name used in court documents to protect the plaintiff’s identity) filed a lawsuit against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, Texas, where she resided, challenging a Texas law making abortion illegal except by a doctor’s orders to save a woman’s life. In her lawsuit, Ro...
501
7
2
true
majority opinion
reversed
null
1
50,613
Stanley v. Illinois
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-5014
70-5014
1971
Peter Stanley, Sr.
Illinois
<p>Joan Stanley had three children with Peter Stanley. The Stanleys never married, but lived together off and on for 18 years. When Joan died, the State of Illinois took the children. Under Illinois law, unwed fathers were presumed unfit parents regardless of their actual fitness and their children became wards of t...
757
5
2
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
2
50,623
Giglio v. United States
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-29
70-29
1971
John Giglio
United States
<p>John Giglio was convicted of passing forged money orders. While his appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit was pending, Giglio’s counsel discovered new evidence. The evidence indicated that the prosecution failed to disclose that it promised a key witness immunity from prosecution in exchange fo...
495
7
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Due Process
3
50,632
Reed v. Reed
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-4
70-4
1971
Sally Reed
Cecil Reed
<p>The Idaho Probate Code specified that "males must be preferred to females" in appointing administrators of estates. After the death of their adopted son, both Sally and Cecil Reed sought to be named the administrator of their son's estate (the Reeds were separated). According to the Probate Code, Cecil was appointed...
378
7
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
4
50,643
Miller v. California
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-73
70-73
1971
Marvin Miller
California
<p>Miller, after conducting a mass mailing campaign to advertise the sale of "adult" material, was convicted of violating a California statute prohibiting the distribution of obscene material. Some unwilling recipients of Miller's brochures complained to the police, initiating the legal proceedings.</p>
305
5
4
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
First Amendment
5
50,644
Kleindienst v. Mandel
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-16
71-16
1971
Richard G. Kleindienst, Attorney General of the United States; William P. Rogers, Secretary of State
Ernest E. Mandel, et al.
<p>Ernest E. Mandel was a Belgian professional journalist and editor-in-chief of La Guache, a Belgian Left Socialist weekly publication. He described himself as a revolutionary Marxist, advocating the economic, governmental, and international doctrines of world Communism. Previously, the United States twice allowed Man...
2,282
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
6
50,655
Sarno v. Illinois Crime Investigating Commission
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-7
70-7
1971
Sarno
Illinois Crime Investigating Commission
<p>The Illinois Crime Investigating Commission was created to investigate organized crime in Illinois. Albert Sarno and Chris Cardi were police officers. The Commission wanted the officers to testify pursuant to an investigation of a "juice loan" or "loan shark" racket.</p> <p>On February 8, 1968, the presiding judge i...
1,424
5
2
false
per curiam
null
Criminal Procedure
7
50,656
Argersinger v. Hamlin
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-5015
70-5015
1971
Argersinger
Hamlin
<p>Jon Argersinger was an indigent charged with carrying a concealed weapon, a misdemeanor in the State of Florida. The charge carried with it a maximum penalty of six months in jail and a $1,000 fine. During the bench trial in which he was convicted and sentenced to serve ninety days in jail, Argersinger was not repre...
347
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
8
50,657
Eisenstadt v. Baird
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-17
70-17
1971
Eisenstadt
Baird
<p>William Baird gave away Emko Vaginal Foam to a woman following his Boston University lecture on birth control and over-population. Massachusetts charged Baird with a felony, to distribute contraceptives to unmarried men or women. Under the law, only married couples could obtain contraceptives; only registered doctor...
420
6
1
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Privacy
9
50,663
Gooding v. Wilson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-26
70-26
1971
Gooding
Wilson
<p>A Georgia state court convicted Johnny Wilson of violating a state statute. The statute provided that "[a]ny person who shall, without provocation, use to or of another, and in his presence . . . opprobrious words or abusive language, tending to cause a breach of the peace . . . shall be guilty of a misdemeanor." On...
612
5
2
false
majority opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
10
50,671
Furman v. Georgia
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/69-5030
69-5003
1971
Furman
Georgia
<p>Furman was burglarizing a private home when a family member discovered him. He attempted to flee, and in doing so tripped and fell. The gun that he was carrying went off and killed a resident of the home. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death (Two other death penalty cases were decided along with Furman:...
477
5
4
true
per curiam
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
11
50,683
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-75
70-75
1971
Moose Lodge No. 107
Irvis
<p>K. Leroy Irvis, a black man who was a guest of a white member of the Moose Lodge No. 107, was refused service at the club's dining room because of his race. The bylaws of the Lodge limited membership to white male Caucasians. Irvis challenged the club's refusal to serve him, arguing that the action of the Pennsylvan...
415
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
12
50,688
Branzburg v. Hayes
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-85
70-85
1971
Branzburg
Hayes
<p>After observing and interviewing a number of people synthesizing and using drugs in a two-county area in Kentucky, Branzburg, a reporter, wrote a story which appeared in a Louisville newspaper. On two occasions he was called to testify before state grand juries which were investigating drug crimes. Branzburg refused...
745
5
4
false
majority opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
13
50,689
Kirby v. Illinois
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-5061
70-5061
1971
Thomas Kirby
Illinois
<p>William Shard reported to the Chicago police that two men stole his wallet. The wallet contained traveler’s checks and his social security card, among other things. The next day, two police officers stopped Thomas Kirby and his friend, Ralph Bean. When asked for identification, Kirby produced Shard’s wallet. The...
897
5
4
false
plurality opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
14
50,692
Wisconsin v. Yoder
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-110
70-110
1971
Wisconsin
Yoder
<p>Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller, both members of the Old Order Amish religion, and Adin Yutzy, a member of the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church, were prosecuted under a Wisconsin law that required all children to attend public schools until age 16. The three parents refused to send their children to such schools a...
424
7
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
15
50,695
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-162
71-162
1971
Board of Regents of State Colleges
David Roth
<p>David Roth was hired under a one-year contract to teach political science at Wisconsin State University-Oshkosh. He was informed that he would not be rehired at the end of his contract. No reasons were given for this decision. Roth brought suit against the university claiming that (1) the real reason for his non-ret...
635
5
3
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Due Process
16
50,707
United States v. Mississippi Chemical Corporation
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-52
70-52
1971
United States
Mississippi Chemical Corporation, Costal Chemical Corp
<p>Mississippi Chemical Corp. and Costal Chemical Corp. were “cooperate associations” within the meaning of the Agricultural Marketing Act. The associations qualified for membership in a “bank for Cooperatives”, which allowed them to borrow money. The Farm Credit Act of 1955 required that the associations buy Class “...
678
8
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Federal Taxation
17
50,709
Santobello v. New York
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-98
70-98
1971
Rudolph Santobello
State of New York
<p>In 1969, the State of New York indicted Rudolph Santobello on two felony counts. After Santobello pled not guilty to both counts, the prosecutor offered him a plea deal. In order to receive a lighter sentence, Santobello could plead guilty to a lesser offense. The prosecutor further agreed not to recommend a sentenc...
899
4
3
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
Criminal Procedure
18
50,715
Morrissey v. Brewer
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-5103
71-5103
1971
Morrissey
Brewer
<p>On January 4, 1967, John J. Morrissey entered a guilty plea to an information charging him with false uttering of a check. After serving part of his seven-year sentence, the Iowa Board of Parole granted Morrissey parole, and he was released from Iowa State Penitentiary on June 20, 1968. On January 24, 1969, however,...
2,281
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Due Process
19
50,719
Younger v. Gilmore
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-9
70-9
1971
Evelle J. Younger, et al.
Robert O. Gilmore, Jr., et al.
<p>Several indigent California state prisoners filed complaints attacking the constitutionality of the regulations which forbade California prisons from having more than twelve law books in a prison library. On January 10, 1967, the district court consolidated the multiple cases because they contained common questions...
796
7
0
false
per curiam
affirmed
Due Process
20
50,721
Gravel v. United States
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-1017
71-1017
1971
Gravel
United States
<p>In 1971, Senator Mike Gravel received a copy of the Pentagon Papers: a set of classified documents concerning U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war. Gravel then introduced the study, in its entirety, into the record of a Senate Subcommittee meeting. Gravel also arranged for the private publication of the papers by the...
487
5
4
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
First Amendment
21
50,722
Adams v. Williams
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-283
70-283
1971
Frederick E. Adams
Robert Williams
<p>During the early morning hours of October 30, 1966, an individual approached a police officer in a gas station parking lot in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and informed him that another individual in a nearby vehicle was carrying narcotics and had a gun at his waist. The officer approached the vehicle on foot and asked t...
1,336
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
22
50,723
Lloyd Corporation, Ltd. v. Tanner
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-492
71-492
1971
Lloyd Corp. Ltd.
Donald Tanner et al.
<p>Donald Tanner was a Vietnam War protestor who was distributing anti-war handbills inside Lloyd Center Mall in Portland, Oregon. The handbills were unrelated to the operations of Lloyd Center. Lloyd Center was privately owned by Lloyd Corporation, which prohibited the distribution of handbills inside the mall. While ...
799
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
First Amendment
23
50,724
Police Department of the City of Chicago v. Mosley
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-87
70-87
1971
Police Department of the City of Chicago
Mosley
<p>Chicago adopted an ordinance prohibiting picketing within 150 feet of a school during school hours; the law made an exception for peaceful labor picketing. Mosley had been picketing near a public high school; he was protesting "black discrimination." Mosley sought a declaration that the ordinance was unconstitutiona...
327
9
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
24
50,725
Chevron Oil Company v. Huson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-11
70-11
1971
Chevron Oil Company
Huson
<p>Gaines Ted Huson suffered a back injury while working on a fixed oil rig, owned by Chevron Oil Company, off the coast of Louisiana. More than two years after the injury, Huson sued Chevron for damages in United States District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, New Orleans Division. Huson alleged that it took sev...
1,139
7
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Economic Activity
25
50,745
Flood v. Kuhn
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-32
71-32
1971
Curtis C. Flood
Bowie K. Kuhn, Commissioner of Baseball, et al.
<p>Curtis C. Flood was a professional baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals of the National League. Flood was a consistent, above-average hitter and a well-regarded outfielder, playing one full season without an error in 1966, an unusual achievement. Flood played twelve seasons for the Cardinals, participating in...
1,656
5
3
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Economic Activity
26
50,742
Gelbard v. United States
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-110
71-110
1971
David Gelbard
United States
<p>Perry Paul, an alleged bookmaker, and Jerome Zarowitz, a former executive of a Las Vegas casino, had their telephones tapped by federal agents. The agents recorded conversations between Paul and David Gelbard and between Zarowitz and Sidney Parnas. Gelbard and Parnas were called before a federal grand jury convened ...
1,403
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
27
50,749
Haines v. Kerner
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-5025
70-5025
1971
Francis Haines
Otto J. Kerner, former Governor of Illinois
<p>Francis Haines was placed in solitary confinement for 15 days because he hit another inmate over the head with a shovel during a confrontation. Haines was 66 years old and suffered from a foot disability. He claimed his foot disability worsened due to being kept in solitary confinement, where he had to sleep on the ...
1,156
7
0
true
per curiam
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
28
50,753
Kastigar v. United States
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-117
70-117
1971
Kastigar
United States
<p>Kastigar cited his Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination in refusing to testify before a grand jury, even though prosecutors had granted him immunity from the use of his testimony in subsequent criminal proceedings. He was found in contempt of court for failing to testify.</p>
297
5
2
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
29
50,754
D. H. Overmyer Company, Inc., of Ohio v. Frick
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/69-5
69-5
1971
D. H. Overmyer Company, Inc., of Ohio
Frick
<p>In 1966, D.H. Overmyer Co. entered into a contract with Frick Co. for the manufacture and installation of a $223,000 automatic refrigeration system for a warehouse under construction in Toledo, Ohio. The agreement established a promissory note with monthly payment obligations. Overmyer began to fall behind on the mo...
1,848
7
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
30
50,756
Barker v. Wingo
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/71-5255
71-5255
1971
Willie Mae Barker
John W. Wingo, Warden
<p>On July 20, 1958, intruders beat an elderly couple to death in Christian County, Kentucky. Shortly afterward, police arrested Silas Manning and Willie Barker for the crime. Both were indicted on September 15 and assigned counsel on September 17. Barker’s trial was scheduled to begin on September 21, but the state be...
1,163
9
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
31
50,775
Dunn v. Blumstein
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-13
70-13
1971
Dunn
Blumstein
<p>A Tennessee law required a one-year residence in the state and a three-month residence in the county as a precondition for voting. James Blumstein, a university professor who had recently moved to Tennessee, challenged the law by filing suit against Governor Winfield Dunn and other local officials in federal distric...
333
6
1
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
32
50,779
United States v. Generes
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-28
70-28
1971
United States
Allen H. Generes and Edna Generes
<p>In 1954, Allen Generes and his son-in-law William Kelly formed Kelly-Generes Construction Co., Inc. Generes and Kelly each owned 44% of the stock, with the remaining 12% owned by Generes’ son and another son-in-law. Generes was the president of the corporation and did not deal with the day-to-day running of the busi...
1,543
6
1
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Federal Taxation
33
50,783
Sierra Club v. Morton
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-34
70-34
1971
Sierra Club
Roger C. B. Morton, Secretary of the Interior of the United States
<p>The Mineral King Valley was an undeveloped part of the Sequoia National Forest that was mostly used for mining until the 1920s. In the late 1940s, developers began to make bids on the land for recreational developments. Walt Disney Enterprises won a bid to start surveying the valley in the hopes of developing an 80-...
1,289
4
3
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Economic Activity
34
50,784
United States v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-153
70-153
1971
United States
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
<p>Investigating three people it suspected of conspiring to destroy government property and bombing a Central Intelligence Agency office, officials used electronic surveillance to record suspects' conversations. The wiretapping was conducted without a search warrant.</p>
272
8
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
35
50,786
Murel v. Baltimore City Criminal Court
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-5276
70-5276
1971
Albert Delanor Murel, et al.
Baltimore City Criminal Court, et al.
<p>Maryland trial courts convicted Albert Murel and the other petitioners of various crimes and sentenced them to fixed terms of imprisonment. The petitioners were “defective delinquents,” so each was committed to the Patuxent Institution, a mental health facility, pursuant to the Maryland Defective Delinquency Law. </...
801
8
1
false
per curiam
null
Judicial Power
36
50,790
Perry v. Sindermann
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-36
70-36
1971
Charles R. Perry et al.
Robert P. Sindermann
<p>Robert Sindermann had been a professor at Odessa Junior College for four years, working under one-year contracts. After his election as president of the Texas Junior College Teachers Association, he had several public disagreements with the Odessa Junior College Board of Regents. In May 1969, after the expiration of...
1,353
5
3
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Due Process
37
50,805
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-732
71-732
1972
Merle R. Schneckloth
Robert Clyde Bustamonte
<p>A police officer stopped a car that had a burned out license plate light and headlight. There were six men in the car, including Robert Clyde Bustamonte. Only one passenger had a drivers license, and he claimed that his brother owned the car. The officer asked this man if he could search the car. The man said, “S...
1,079
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
38
50,808
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-507
71-507
1972
Keyes
School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado
<p>Petitioners proved that for nearly ten years since 1960 the Denver, Colorado school system implemented an unconstitutional policy of racial discrimination by operating a segregated school system. The defense argued, and the District Court held, that even though one part of the Denver system was guilty of segregation...
391
7
1
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
Civil Rights
39
50,816
Frontiero v. Richardson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1694
71-1694
1972
Sharron Frontiero
Elliot Richardson, Secretary of Defense
<p>Sharron Frontiero, a lieutenant in the United States Air Force, sought a dependent's allowance for her husband. Federal law provided that the wives of members of the military automatically became dependents; husbands of female members of the military, however, were not accepted as dependents unless they were depende...
452
8
1
true
plurality opinion
reversed
Civil Rights
40
50,821
Mahan v. Howell
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-364
71-364
1972
Mahan
Howell
<p>In 1971, the Virginia legislature reapportioned itself. The plan for the House of Representatives provided for 100 representatives from 52 districts with each House member representing an average of 46,485 constituents(with a variance between largest and smallest being 16.4 percent, compared to the ideal 3.89 percen...
577
5
3
true
majority opinion
reversed in-part
Civil Rights
41
50,834
United States v. Ash
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1255
71-1255
1972
United States
Charles J. Ash Jr.
<p>Charles J. Ash Jr. was indicted for robbing the American Trust &amp; Security Company in Washington, D.C. Before his trial, almost three years after the robbery, an FBI agent and a prosecutor showed five color mug shot photographs to potential witnesses to make sure they would be able to make an in court identificat...
857
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
42
50,844
Neil v. Biggers
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-586
71-586
1972
William S. Neil, Warden of the Tennessee State Penitentiary
Archie Nathaniel Biggers
<p>A Tennessee state court convicted Archie Biggers in the rape of Margaret Beamer. The only major evidence against him was Ms. Beamer’s identification several weeks after the incident at a police station “show up”. The “show up” was similar to a line up, but contained the suspect alone. The police officer also had ...
922
8
0
true
majority opinion
reversed in-part/remanded
Criminal Procedure
43
50,842
In re Griffiths
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1336
71-1336
1972
Fre Le Poole Griffiths
State Bar Examining Committee of Connecticut
<p>Fre Le Poole Griffiths, a citizen of the Netherlands, came to the United States in 1965 as a visitor. In 1967, she married a U.S. citizen and became a resident of Connecticut. She then attended Yale Law School and applied to take the Connecticut Bar in 1970. Despite the County Bar Association finding her qualified i...
781
7
2
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
44
50,847
Pittsburgh Press Company v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/72-419
72-419
1972
Pittsburgh Press Company
Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations
<p>To prevent gender discrimination, the Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (the Commission) created an ordinance that forbids newspapers to advertise employment opportunities in gender-designated column. The National Organization for Women, Inc. filed a complaint with the Commission alleging that the Pittsburgh ...
773
5
4
false
majority opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
45
50,877
Gottschalk v. Benson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-485
71-485
1972
Gottschalk
Benson
<p>Engineers Gary Benson and Arthur Tabbot invented a faster and more efficient mathematical procedure for transforming the normal "decimal" type of numbers (base 10) into true "binary" numbers (base 2) which are simpler to process within computers. Their mathematical procedure was somewhat akin to long division, albei...
1,128
6
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
Economic Activity
46
50,900
United States v. Russell
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1585
71-1585
1972
United States
Russell
<p>At the conclusion of an undercover drug investigation, Richard Russell was arrested by Washington police and eventually convicted in a district court for drug manufacturing crimes. Russell challenged his conviction as the result of unconstitutional entrapment practices, since an undercover agent supplied him with an...
489
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
47
50,931
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1225
71-1225
1972
John R Gagnon
Gerald Scarpello
<p>After pleading guilty to armed robbery in Wisconsin, Gerald Scarpelli, was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment, which was later reduced to probation. Scarpelli signed an agreement allowing him to reside in Illinois and was supervised by the Adult Probation Department of Illinois. Shortly after, Scarpelli was caught ...
1,098
8
1
true
majority opinion
reversed in-part/remanded
Criminal Procedure
48
50,940
California v. LaRue
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-36
71-36
1972
California, et al.
Robert LaRue, et al.
<p>After receiving reports of the type of sexual activity occurring on the premises of licensed liquor sellers, the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control promulgated a series of regulations pertaining to the conduct on such licensed premises. The appellees, a group of holders of various liquor licenses, s...
470
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
49
50,941
Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/72-694
72-694
1972
Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty
Ewald B. Nyquist, Commissioner of Education of New York
<p>New York enacted Chapter 414 of its Education and Tax Laws, which created aid programs for nonpublic elementary and secondary schools. These amendments included Section 1, which provided a grant for the maintenance and repair of schools that served many low-income students; Section 2, which provided tuition reimburs...
861
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
50
50,944
Sugarman v. Dougall
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1222
71-1222
1972
Jule M. Sugarman, Administrator, New York City Human Resources Administration et al.
Patrick McL. Dougall et al.
<p>Patrick Dougall was a federally registered resident alien. He was employed by a nonprofit organization that was absorbed into the Manpower Career and Development Agency (MCDA) of New York City's Human Resources Administration. He was ineligible for employment by the city under Section 53 of the New York Civil Servic...
638
8
1
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
51
50,946
Chambers v. Mississippi
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-5908
71-5908
1972
Leon Chambers
Mississippi
<p>Leon Chambers was charged with murdering a policeman. Another man, Gable McDonald, confessed to the murder, in addition to confession to third parties, and was taken into custody. One month later, McDonald denied the confession and was released from custody. At trial, Chambers tried to prove McDonald admitted to the...
792
8
1
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
52
50,949
Lemon v. Kurtzman
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1470
71-1470
1972
Lemon
Kurtzman
<p>The Pennsylvania legislature passed Act 109, which reimbursed nonpublic religious schools for certain secular educational services. On June 28, 1971, the Supreme Court held that Act 109 violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The case was remanded, and on remand the district court entered an order ...
749
5
3
false
plurality opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
53
50,954
United States Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/72-534
72-534
1972
U.S. Department of Agriculture et al.
Jacinta Moreno et al.
<p>Jacinta Moreno lived with Ermina Sanchez, who was not related, and Sanchez's three children. Sanchez provided care to Moreno, who contributed to household living expenses. Moreno satisfied the income requirements for the federal food stamp program, but was denied under Section 3 of the Food Stamp Act of 1964, amende...
761
7
2
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
54
50,961
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1051
71-1051
1972
Paris Adult Theatre I
Slaton
<p>State officials in Georgia sought to enjoin the showing of allegedly obscene films at the Paris Adult Theatre. The Theatre clearly warned potential viewers of the sexual nature of the films and required that patrons be at least 21 years of age. The Georgia Supreme Court held that the films were "hard core" pornograp...
360
5
4
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
First Amendment
55
50,979
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-834
71-834
1972
Rosalind McClanahan
Arizona State Tax Commission
<p>Rosalind McClanahan was a member of the Navajo Indian nation who lived on the Navajo Reservation in Apache County, Arizona. Her employer withheld $16.20 in 1967 for Arizona state income taxes. McClanahan sought the return of her withheld income. She claimed that since she was a Navajo Indian residing on the reservat...
664
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
Civil Rights
56
50,985
McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/72-490
72-490
1972
McDonnell Douglas Corporation
Percy Green
<p>Percy Green, a black civil rights activist, was a mechanic working for the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, a St. Louis-based aerospace and aircraft manufacturer, from 1956 until August 28, 1964, when he was laid off. Green protested his discharge by saying that the company’s hiring and firing practices were racially ...
1,717
9
0
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
Civil Rights
57
50,984
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1972/71-1332
71-1332
1972
San Antonio Independent School District
Rodriguez
<p>In addition to being funded through a state-funded program designed to establish a minimum educational threshold in every school, Texas public elementary and secondary schools rely on local property taxes for supplemental revenue. Rodriguez, acting on behalf of students whose families reside in poor districts, chall...
621
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed
Civil Rights
58
50,993
United States v. Giordano
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1057
72-1057
1973
United States
Dominic Nicholas Giordano et al.
<p>In October 1970, an Assistant United States Attorney filed an application for a wiretap with a federal judge. According to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Act), every application for the interception of wire or oral communications had to be authorized by the Attorney General or by an Assistan...
1,376
5
4
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
59
50,995
United States v. Nixon
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-1766
73-1766
1973
United States
Richard M. Nixon, et al.
<p>A grand jury returned indictments against seven of President Richard Nixon's closest aides in the Watergate affair. The special prosecutor appointed by Nixon and the defendants sought audio tapes of conversations recorded by Nixon in the Oval Office. Nixon asserted that he was immune from the subpoena claiming "exec...
566
8
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
60
51,007
Milliken v. Bradley
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-434
73-434
1973
Milliken
Bradley
<p>A suit charging that the Detroit, Michigan public school system was racially segregated as a result of official policies was filed against Governor Milliken. After reviewing the case and concluding the system was segregated, a district court ordered the adoption of a desegregation plan that encompassed eighty-five o...
617
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
61
51,017
United States v. Matlock
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1355
72-1355
1973
United States
William Earl Matlock
<p>Police arrested William Earl Matlock, a bank robbery suspect, in the front yard of the house where he lived. Police did not ask Matlock which room he occupied in the house or whether they could conduct a search. A woman, who gave them permission to search the house, including the bedroom where Matlock lived, let t...
966
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
62
51,026
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1040
72-1040
1973
Communist Party of Indiana, et al.
Edgar D. Whitcomb, etc., at al.
<p>In 1972, the Communist Party of Indiana, a new political party, wished to place its candidates for President and Vice President of the United States on the ballot. The Indiana State Election Board rejected its application to do so until the officers of the party had filed an affidavit stating that the party did not ...
912
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
63
51,029
Wolff v. McDonnell
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-679
73-679
1973
Wolff
McDonnell
<p>An inmate of a Nebraska state prison started a class action lawsuit, on behalf of himself and other inmates, alleging that prison disciplinary proceedings violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The suit also objected to the prison's inspection of privileged mail between inmates and their attorn...
769
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed in-part/remanded
Due Process
64
51,031
Geduldig v. Aiello
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-640
73-640
1973
Geduldig, Director, Department of Human Resources Development
Carolyn Aiello et al.
<p>Carolyn Aiello experienced disability as a result of complications during her pregnancy. She was ineligible for benefits from California's Disability Fund under Section 2626 of California's Unemployment Insurance Code. Section 2626 denied benefits to women whose disabilities resulted from pregnancy. Aiello and other...
631
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
Civil Rights
65
51,033
United States v. Calandra
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-734
72-734
1973
United States
John P. Calandra
<p>A federal grand jury questioned John P. Calandra in connection with loan sharking activities. The questions were based on evidence obtained during a search of Calandra’s business, Royal Machine and Tool Company. Calandra refused to answer any questions, arguing that the search of Royal Machine unlawfully violated ...
828
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
66
51,035
United States v. Richardson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-885
72-885
1973
United States
Richardson
<p>Richardson, a taxpayer interested in activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, sued the government to provide records detailing the CIA's expenditures.</p>
164
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed
Judicial Power
67
51,039
Jenkins v. Georgia
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-557
73-557
1973
Jenkins
Georgia
<p>An Albany, Georgia theater manager was convicted under a Georgia obscenity law when he showed the critically acclaimed film "Carnal Knowledge." The film explored social conceptions of sexuality and starred Jack Nicholson and Ann Margaret.</p>
246
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
68
51,062
Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-777
72-777
1973
Cleveland Board of Education, Chesterfield County School Board, Dr. Robert F. Kelly
Jo Carol LaFleur, Ann Elizabeth Nelson, Susan Cohen
<p>Carol Jo LaFleur was a teacher at Patrick Henry Junior High School in Cleveland, Ohio. She was forced to discontinue her duties on March 12, 1971 because the Cleveland School Board required every teacher to take maternity leave without pay five months before the expected date of birth. The board also ruled that a te...
2,138
7
2
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
69
51,071
Kahn v. Shevin
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-78
73-78
1973
Mel Kahn, etc.
Robert L. Shevin, et al.
<p>Since 1941, Florida has granted a $500 property tax exemption for widows but no similar exemption for widowers. Widower Mel Kahn applied to the Dade County Tax Assessor’s Office for the property tax exemption, which was denied. He sued in circuit court and sought a declaratory judgment. The circuit court held that t...
580
6
3
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
70
51,075
Steffel v. Thompson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-5581
72-5581
1973
Richard Guy Steffel
John R. Thompson, et al.
<p>On October 8, 1970, Richard Guy Steffel and other individuals were distributing flyers protesting American involvement in the Vietnam War on the exterior sidewalk of the North DeKalb Shopping Center. Employees asked them to stop, but they did not, so the employees called the police. The police informed them that the...
986
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Judicial Power
71
51,081
Mitchell v. W. T. Grant Company
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-6160
72-6160
1973
Mitchell
W. T. Grant Company
<p>Lawrence Mitchell purchased a refrigerator, range, stereo, and washing machine from W. T. Grant Company and fell behind on payments. W. T. Grant sued Mitchell in state court to recover the $574.17 balance. Pursuant to Louisiana law, W. T. Grant offered proof that it had a vendor's lien on the property and that Mitch...
1,039
5
4
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
72
51,084
Morton v. Mancari
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-362
73-362
1973
Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary of the Interior et al.
C. R. Mancari et al.
<p>Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934. The Act included a provision in 25 U.S.C. Section 472 that gave hiring preference Native Americans for positions in the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Congress then passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, which prohibited racial discrimination in f...
901
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
73
51,096
American Pipe & Construction Company v. Utah
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1195
72-1195
1973
American Pipe and Construction Company, et al
State of Utah, et al
<p>In 1964, the federal government sued several corporations for rigging prices of concrete and steel pipes in violation of the Sherman Act. That case reached a final judgment in May 1968, when all parties agreed to terms that prevented the companies from engaging in future violations of anti-trust laws. Eleven days sh...
1,922
9
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Judicial Power
74
51,107
Davis v. United States
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1454
72-1454
1973
Joseph Anthony Davis
United States
<p>Joseph Anthony Davis was classified as I-A by a draft board and ordered to report for a physical examination. He failed to report several times. The draft board declared him a delinquent, and issued an order that he be inducted into the Armed Forces. Under 32 CFR Section 1631.7, a draftee could only be ordered to re...
1,928
7
2
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Criminal Procedure
75
51,114
Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Tornillo
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-797
73-797
1973
Miami Herald Publishing Company
Pat Tornillo
<p>Pat Tornillo was Executive Director of the Classroom Teachers Association and a candidate for the Florida House of Representatives in Dade County, Florida. The <em>Miami Herald</em> published two editorials criticizing Tornillo and his candidacy. He demanded that the <em>Herald</em> publish his responses to the edit...
796
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
76
51,113
Spence v. Washington
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1690
72-1690
1973
Harold Omond Spence
Washington
<p>Harold Omand Spence displayed an American flag with a peace symbol made out of removable tape on it outside of his home in Seattle, WA. When officers came to his house he offered to take the flag down, but was arrested, charged, and convicted under a Washington statute that forbade the display of an American flag t...
720
6
3
true
per curiam
reversed
First Amendment
77
51,121
Gertz v. Robert Welch Inc.
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-617
72-617
1973
Gertz
Robert Welch Inc.
<p>Gertz was an attorney hired by a family to sue a police officer who had killed the family's son. In a magazine called American Opinion, the John Birch Society accused Gertz of being a "Leninist" and a "Communist-fronter" because he chose to represent clients who were suing a law enforcement officer. Gertz won a jury...
646
7
2
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
First Amendment
78
51,130
Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-191
73-191
1973
Village of Belle Terre, et al.
Bruce Boraas, et al.
<p>The Village of Belle Terre in New York had an ordinance restricting land use to one-family dwellings. The statute’s meaning of “family” was one or more related persons or not more than two unrelated people. The appellees owned a house and leased it to unrelated people, in violation of the Village’s ordinance. When t...
987
7
2
true
majority opinion
reversed
Economic Activity
79
51,132
United States v. Robinson
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-936
72-936
1973
United States
Robinson
<p>A police officer pulled over and arrested Robinson for operating an automobile without a valid permit. The officer then frisked Robinson and discovered a crumpled cigarette package containing fourteen vials of heroin in his pocket.</p>
239
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
80
51,142
Gerstein v. Pugh
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-477
73-477
1973
Richard E. Gerstein, State Attorney for the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida
Robert Pugh, Nathaniel Henderson, Thomas Turner, Gary Faulk on their own behalf and on behalf of other similarly situated
<p>Robert Pugh and Nathanial Henderson were arrested in Florida and charged with felony and misdemeanor charges not punishable by death. Pugh was denied bail and Henderson was unable to post a $4,500 bond, so both remained in custody. Florida law only required indictments for capitol offenses, so Pugh and Henderson wer...
1,358
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed in-part/remanded
Criminal Procedure
81
51,145
Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-328
73-328
1973
Harry Lehman
City of Shaker Heights
<p>Harry Lehman was running for the Ohio House of Representatives in the 56th District, which included the city of Shaker Heights. Lehman wanted to have his campaign advertisements placed on the side of Shaker Heights' streetcars. Metromedia, Inc. was designated by the city to manage that advertising space. Metromedia'...
767
5
4
false
plurality opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
82
51,143
Procunier v. Martinez
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1465
72-1465
1973
Raymond K. Procunier, Director, California Department of Corrections, et al.
Robert Martinez, et al.
<p>Robert Martinez was a prisoner in the California State Prison in San Quentin, California. The California Department of Corrections had regulations which censored mail and which prohibited law students and legal paraprofessionals from conducing interviews with the inmates. </p> <p>Martinez and other prisoners in the ...
633
9
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
First Amendment
83
51,150
Lau v. Nichols
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-6520
72-6520
1973
Kinney Kinmon Lau, et al.
Alan H. Nichols, et al.
<p>In 1971, the San Francisco, California school system was integrated. As a result, the San Francisco school system absorbed over 2,856 students of Chinese ancestry who were not proficient in English. Of these students, the school system only provided about 1,000 with supplemental English language courses. Classes wer...
1,085
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Civil Rights
84
51,151
Arnett v. Kennedy
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1118
72-1118
1973
Arnett
Kennedy
<p>Wayne Kennedy was a nonprobationary employee of the federal Office of Economic Opportunity. He was dismissed from his position after allegedly making recklessly false and defamatory statements about other OEO employees. Though he had the right under federal regulations to reply to the charges, he chose instead to su...
488
5
4
true
plurality opinion
reversed/remanded
Due Process
85
51,152
Old Dominion Branch No. 496, National Association of Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO v. Austin
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/72-1180
72-1180
1973
Old Dominion Branch No. 496, National Association of Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO
Henry M. Austin, et al.
<p>In the spring of 1970, Old Dominion Branch No. 496 of the National Association of Letter Carriers was recognized by postal authorities as the exclusive local collective-bargaining representative of the letter carriers of the Richmond, Virginia, area. Although already representing the majority of letter carriers, the...
1,308
6
3
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
86
51,161
DeFunis v. Odegaard
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1973/73-235
73-235
1973
DeFunis
Odegaard
<p>DeFunis was denied admission to the University of Washington Law School despite test scores that were higher than some of the minorities admitted. DeFunis then successfully asked a trial court to require the school to admit him. On appeal, the Washington Supreme Court reversed, upholding the school's decision to den...
438
5
4
true
per curiam
vacated/remanded
Civil Rights
87
51,163
Lascaris v. Shirley
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1016
73-1016
1974
John Lascaris, Commissioner, Dept. of Social Services of Onondaga County
Sylvia Shirley, Elizabeth Anderson, Jane Doe
<p>Respondents alleged that a section the New York welfare statute was unconstitutional because it conflicted with the Social Security Act. The New York statute required recipients to cooperate in a support action against a missing parent or they would not receive benefits. The Social Security Act contained no such r...
501
6
3
false
per curiam
affirmed
Civil Rights
88
51,167
Cox Broadcasting Corporation v. Cohn
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-938
73-938
1974
Cox Broadcasting Corporation
Cohn
<p>Martin Cohn was the father of a seventeen-year old girl who was raped and killed in Georgia. After obtaining information from the public record, a television station broadcast the name of Cohn's daughter in connection with the incident. This violated a Georgia privacy statute which prevented members of the media fro...
379
8
1
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
89
51,171
Colonial Pipeline Company v. Traigle
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1595
73-1595
1974
Colonial Pipeline Company
Joseph N. Triagle, Collector of Revenue of Louisiana
<p>Colonial Pipeline Company is a Delaware corporation that operates a pipeline running from Texas to New York carrying petroleum. Colonial challenged a Louisiana corporation franchise tax, stating that all of their business in Louisiana was interstate. Colonial maintained no offices in Louisiana and delivered no pet...
640
7
1
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Economic Activity
90
51,170
Bigelow v. Virginia
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1309
73-1309
1974
Bigelow
Virginia
<p>A Virginia statute made it a misdemeanor for "any person, by publication, lecture, advertisement, or by the sale or circulation of any publication, or in any other manner, [from encouraging] or [prompting] the procuring of abortion or miscarriage." Bigelow, director and managing editor of the Virginia Weekly, was co...
468
7
2
true
majority opinion
reversed
First Amendment
91
51,172
National League of Cities v. Usery
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/74-878
74-878
1974
National League of Cities
Usery
<p>In 1974, Congress passed amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. The purpose of the amendments was to regulate minimum wage and overtime pay for state and local government employees. The National League of Cities, as well as several states and cities, challenged the constitutionality of the amendments.</...
323
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Unions
92
51,173
Murphy v. Florida
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/74-5116
74-5116
1974
Jack Roland Murphy
Florida
<p>In 1970, Jack Roland Murphy was convicted of breaking and entering a dwelling with intent to commit robbery while armed and/or assault, and was sentenced to life in prison. Murphy filed for change of venue because of media coverage of his previous crimes. Murphy was made famous by his involvement in the 1964 jewel h...
1,209
8
1
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
93
51,175
Faretta v. California
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-5772
73-5772
1974
Anthony Pasquall Faretta
California
<p>Anthony Pasquall Faretta was charged with grand theft. He filed a request to represent himself in the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. The judge initially accepted the request, but later called Faretta back in to question him about his knowledge of the hearsay rule and other court procedures. Based on Faretta’s...
692
6
3
true
majority opinion
vacated/remanded
Criminal Procedure
94
51,192
Breed v. Jones
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1995
73-1995
1974
Allen F. Breed, Director of California Your Authority
Gary Steven Jones
<p>A juvenile court found 17-year-old Gary Jones guilty of acts that would constitute robbery if he were tried as an adult. After the hearing, the court determined that Jones should be prosecuted as an adult. Jones filed for habeas corpus, arguing that the criminal trial put him in double jeopardy. The trial court, ...
979
9
0
true
majority opinion
affirmed
Civil Rights
95
51,196
Maness v. Meyers
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-689
73-689
1974
Michael Anthony Maness
The Honorable James R. Meyers
<p>Michael Maness, a lawyer, represented a client convicted of selling obscene magazines in violation of a city ordinance. The city attorney requested a subpoena to produce 52 such magazines in order to obtain an injunction to prevent their further sale. Maness advised his client not to produce the magazines and invo...
1,394
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed
Criminal Procedure
96
51,202
Vella v. Ford Motor Company
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1994
73-1994
1974
Julian Vell
Ford Motor Company
<p>Julian Vella, a seaman on the SS Robert MacNamara, suffered a severe head injury while doing a repair on the ship. This caused damage to Vella’s inner ear, making it difficult for him to balance. Doctors ruled the condition permanent and incurable. A jury awarded Vella maintenance and cure for his injury. The ...
547
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Economic Activity
97
51,203
United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/74-114
74-114
1974
United States
Felix Humberto Brignoni-Ponce
<p>On March 11, 1973, border patrol agents stopped Felix Humberto Brignoni-Ponce’s car based on the fact that the occupant’s appeared to be of Mexican descent. Upon questioning the passengers, the agents determined that they were illegal immigrants. The agents arrested everyone, and Brignoni-Ponce was charged with two ...
985
9
0
false
majority opinion
affirmed
Criminal Procedure
98
51,210
Saxbe v. Bustos
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-300
73-300
1974
William B. Saxbe, United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
Robert Bustos, et al.
<p>These are two consolidated cases involving the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) practice of allowing aliens from Canada and Mexico to immigrate daily or seasonally to the U.S. to work. The practice granted the aliens “special immigrant” status and authorized them to be “lawfully admitted for permanent r...
835
5
4
true
majority opinion
reversed
Civil Rights
99
51,212
Bowman Transportation, Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc.
https://api.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1055
73-1055
1974
Bowman Transportation, Inc., et al.
Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc. et al.
<p>These are five consolidated cases involving 13 motor carriers who filed for certificates with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in order to conduct business between the southwestern and southeastern United States. The ICC rejected all but three applications. Bowman Transportation, Inc., one of the approved ...
773
9
0
true
majority opinion
reversed/remanded
Economic Activity