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What was the name of Dorrie Nossiter's exhibition?
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Dorrie Nossiter (29 June 1893 – 1977) was an English jeweller and jewellery designer from Aston, near Birmingham.
Nossiter crafted precious jewellery of her own designs in the English Arts and Crafts Tradition in both sterling silver and gold. Her work is known for her use of colour and floral and curvature lines using gemstones in motifs. She was predominantly active during the 1930s.
Nossiter was educated at the Municipal School of Art in Birmingham from 1910 to 1914. Nossiter married Ernest Guy Robinson in 1922. By 1935 she was living in London where her work was shown in the "Art by Four Women" exhibition at Walker's Gallery, London. Nossiter would go on to exhibit there from 1935 to 1939.
Nossiter's work is often confused with that of another female jeweller and jewellery designer of the same period, Sibyl Dunlop.
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Dorrie Nossiter showed her work in the "Art by Four Women" exhibition at the Walker's Gallery in London, England.
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summarization
|
Please give me a short bulleted list of key points about Ethiopia?
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Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa, the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. Due to migration and imperial expansion, it grew to include many other primarily Afro-Asiatic-speaking communities, including Amhara, Oromos, Somalis, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw and Harari, among others. One of the first kingdoms to rise to power in the territory was the kingdom of D'mt in the 10th century BC, which established its capital at Yeha. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea, subjugating Yemen and Meroe. In the early fourth century, during the reign of Ezana, Christianity was declared the state religion. Ezana's reign is also when the Aksumites first identified themselves as "Ethiopians", and not long after, Philostorgius became the first foreign author to call the Aksumites Ethiopians. The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. It eventually became isolated, its economy slumped and Aksum's commercial domination of the region ended. The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of Africa. Portuguese missionaries arrived at this time
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- Ethiopia is one of the older countries in Africa.
- In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum
- During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion
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summarization
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Give this paragraph abount Battle of Adwa between Ethiopia and Italy, who were the commanders on Ethiopian side.
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Estimates for the Ethiopian forces under Menelik range from a low of 73,000 to a high of over 100,000 outnumbering the Italians by an estimated five times. The forces were divided among Emperor Menelik, Empress Taytu Betul, Ras Wale Betul, Ras Mengesha Atikem, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Alula Engida (Abba Nega), Ras Mikael of Wollo, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael,Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, Fitawrari[nb 3] Gebeyyehu, and Negus[nb 4] Tekle Haymanot Tessemma. In addition, the armies were followed by a similar number of camp followers who supplied the army, as had been done for centuries. Most of the army consisted of riflemen, a significant percentage of whom were in Menelik's reserve; however, there were also a significant number of cavalry and infantry only armed with lances (those with lances were referred to as "lancer servants"). The Kuban Cossack army officer N. S. Leontiev who visited Ethiopia in 1895, according to some sources, led a small team of Russian advisers and volunteers. Other sources assert that Leontiev did not in fact participate in the battle, rather he visited Ethiopia first unofficially in January 1895, and then officially as a representative of Russia in August 1895, but then left later that year, returning only after the Battle of Adwa
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Emperor Menelik, Empress Taytu, Ras Makonnen, Ras Wale Betul, Tekle Haymanot Tessemma, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Mikael were the top commanders and leaders.
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closed_qa
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Based on the passage provided, what does Brene Brown's research focus on?
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Casandra Brené Brown (born November 18, 1965) is an American professor, lecturer, author, and podcast host. Brown is known in particular for her research on shame, vulnerability, and leadership, and for her widely viewed TEDx talk in 2010. Since then she has written six number-one New York Times bestselling books, hosts two podcasts, and has filmed a lecture for Netflix as well as a series about her latest book, Atlas of the Heart on HBO Max.
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Brene Brown's research focuses on shame, vulnerability, and leadership.
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information_extraction
|
What college did David Gilhooly go to?
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He enrolled in University of California, Davis (UC Davis) initially studying biology, followed by anthropology, and ending with a focus on fine art. While attending UC Davis, Gilhooly served as artist Robert Arneson's assistant starting in 1963. He graduated from UC Davis with a BA degree in 1965, and an MA degree in 1967.
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David Gilhooly went to the University of California, Davis (UC Davis).
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closed_qa
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What are the big four accounting organizations as per the given passage? List the names in bulleted format.
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KPMG International Limited (or simply KPMG) is a multinational professional services network, and one of the Big Four accounting organizations, along Ernst & Young (EY), Deloitte, and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC). The name "KPMG" stands for "Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler". The initialism was chosen when KMG (Klynveld Main Goerdeler) merged with Peat Marwick in 1987.
Headquartered in Amstelveen, Netherlands, although incorporated in London, England, KPMG is a network of firms in 145 countries, with over 265,000 employees and has three lines of services: financial audit, tax, and advisory. Its tax and advisory services are further divided into various service groups. Over the past decade various parts of the firm's global network of affiliates have been involved in regulatory actions as well as lawsuits.
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KPMG International Limited
Ernst & Young
Deloitte
PricewaterhouseCoopers
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information_extraction
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Given this paragraph, which two US interstates were not originally continuous? Have they now been made continuous?
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The system was proclaimed complete in 1992, but two of the original Interstates—I-95 and I-70—were not continuous: both of these discontinuities were due to local opposition, which blocked efforts to build the necessary connections to fully complete the system. I-95 was made a continuous freeway in 2018, and thus I-70 remains the only original Interstate with a discontinuity.
I-95 was discontinuous in New Jersey because of the cancellation of the Somerset Freeway. This situation was remedied when the construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project started in 2010 and partially opened on September 22, 2018, which was already enough to fill the gap.
However, I-70 remains discontinuous in Pennsylvania, because of the lack of a direct interchange with the Pennsylvania Turnpike at the eastern end of the concurrency near Breezewood. Traveling in either direction, I-70 traffic must exit the freeway and use a short stretch of US-30 (which includes a number of roadside services) to rejoin I-70. The interchange was not originally built because of a legacy federal funding rule, since relaxed, which restricted the use of federal funds to improve roads financed with tolls. Solutions have been proposed to eliminate the discontinuity, but they have been blocked by local opposition, fearing a loss of business.
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The two discontinuous interstates were the I-95 and the I-70. The I-95 was discontinuous up until September 22, 2018 when the construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate was completed. The I-70, however, remains discontinuous.
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closed_qa
|
Given a reference text about Georg Friedrich Parrot, tell me when and where he was born as well as what he studied.
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Georg Friedrich Parrot (15 July 1767 – 8 July 1852) was a German scientist, the first rector of the Imperial University of Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia) in what was then the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire.
Education
Georges-Frédéric Parrot was born in Mömpelgard (now Montbéliard) (then part of the Duchy of Württemberg, from 1806 in France). His father, a surgeon by profession and the local duke's physician in ordinary, had a respectable position in the society becoming the mayor of his hometown. As the family was Protestants, they sent Georg Friedrich to study physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart in Stuttgart, the capital of the Duchy (1782–1786).
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Georg Friedrich Parrot was born on July 15, 1767 in Mömpelgard. He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Stuttgart.
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closed_qa
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Extract the venues of each Phish concert referenced in this paragraph and list in bulleted format.
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On October 1, 2008, the band announced on their website that they had officially reunited, and would play their first shows in five years in March 2009 at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia. The three reunion concerts were held on March 6, 7, and 8, 2009, with "Fluffhead" being the first song the band played onstage at the first show. Approximately 14,000 people attended the concerts over the course of three days, and the band made the shows available for free download on their LivePhish website for a limited time, in order to accommodate fans who were unable to attend. When the band decided to reunite, the members agreed to limit their touring schedule, and they have typically performed about 50 concerts a year since. Following the reunion weekend, Phish embarked on a summer tour which began in May with a concert at Fenway Park in Boston. The Fenway show was followed by a 25-date tour which included performances at the 2009 edition of the Bonnaroo Music Festival in Tennessee and a four date stand at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado. At Bonnaroo, Phish was joined by Bruce Springsteen on guitar for three songs. Phish's fourteenth studio album, Joy, produced by Steve Lillywhite, was released September 8, 2009. In October, the band held Festival 8, their first multi-day festival event since Coventry in 2004, at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California. In March 2010, Anastasio inducted Genesis, one of his favorite bands, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the museum's annual ceremony in New York City. In addition to Anastasio's speech, Phish performed the Genesis songs "Watcher of the Skies" and "No Reply at All" at the event. Phish toured in the summer and fall of 2010, and their concerts at Alpine Valley Music Theatre in East Troy, Wisconsin and the Utica Memorial Auditorium in Utica, New York were issued as CD/DVD sets in 2010 and 2011 respectively.
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-Hampton Coliseum
-Fenway Park
-Red Rocks Ampitheatre
-Bonnaroo Music Festival
-Empire Polo Club
-New York City (venue for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ceremony is not specified)
-Alpine Valley Music Theatre
-Utica Memorial Auditorium
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information_extraction
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Extract the different ways of dealing with underfitting mentioned in the text
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Resolving underfitting
There are multiple ways to deal with underfitting:
1) Increase the complexity of the model: If the model is too simple, it may be necessary to increase its complexity by adding more features, increasing the number of parameters, or using a more flexible model. However, this should be done carefully to avoid overfitting.
2) Use a different algorithm: If the current algorithm is not able to capture the patterns in the data, it may be necessary to try a different one. For example, a neural network may be more effective than a linear regression model for some types of data.
3) Increase the amount of training data: If the model is underfitting due to lack of data, increasing the amount of training data may help. This will allow the model to better capture the underlying patterns in the data.
4) Regularization: Regularization is a technique used to prevent overfitting by adding a penalty term to the loss function that discourages large parameter values. It can also be used to prevent underfitting by controlling the complexity of the model.
5) Ensemble Methods: Ensemble methods combine multiple models to create a more accurate prediction. This can help to reduce underfitting by allowing multiple models to work together to capture the underlying patterns in the data.
6) Feature engineering: Feature engineering involves creating new model features from the existing ones that may be more relevant to the problem at hand. This can help to improve the accuracy of the model and prevent underfitting.
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The different ways of deal with underfitting mentioned in the text are:
- Increase the complexity of the model
- Use a different algorithm
- Increase the amount of data
- Regularization
- Ensemble Methods
- Feature engineering
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information_extraction
|
From the passage note down the valuation of NFT trade for the year 2020 and 2021. List the results in format ‘Year: Value‘.
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A non-fungible token (NFT) is a unique digital identifier that cannot be copied, substituted, or subdivided, that is recorded in a blockchain, and that is used to certify ownership and authenticity. The ownership of an NFT is recorded in the blockchain and can be transferred by the owner, allowing NFTs to be sold and traded. NFTs can be created by anybody, and require few or no coding skills to create. NFTs typically contain references to digital files such as photos, videos, and audio. Because NFTs are uniquely identifiable assets, they differ from cryptocurrencies, which are fungible.
Proponents of NFTs claim that NFTs provide a public certificate of authenticity or proof of ownership, but the legal rights conveyed by an NFT can be uncertain. The ownership of an NFT as defined by the blockchain has no inherent legal meaning and does not necessarily grant copyright, intellectual property rights, or other legal rights over its associated digital file. An NFT does not restrict the sharing or copying of its associated digital file and does not prevent the creation of NFTs that reference identical files.
The NFT market grew dramatically from 2020 to 2021: the trading of NFTs in 2021 increased to more than $17 billion, up by 21,000% over 2020's total of $82 million. NFTs have been used as speculative investments and they have drawn increasing criticism for the energy cost and carbon footprint associated with validating blockchain transactions as well as their frequent use in art scams. The NFT market has also been compared to an economic bubble or a Ponzi scheme. In 2022, the NFT market suffered a major collapse, with prices sharply falling; a May 2022 estimate was that the number of sales was down over 90% compared to its 2021 peak.
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2020: $82million
2021: $17billion
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information_extraction
|
Extract and list the names of characters a player can control in The Last of Us mentioned in the paragraph. Also describe relationships between those characters.
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The Last of Us is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player traverses post-apocalyptic environments such as towns, buildings, forests, and sewers to advance the story. The player can use firearms, improvised weapons, hand-to-hand combat, and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. For most of the game, the player takes control of Joel, a man tasked with escorting a young girl, Ellie, across the United States. The player also controls Ellie throughout the game's winter segment and briefly controls Joel's daughter, Sarah, in the opening sequence.
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In the Last of Us, a player can control Joel, Ellie (who is being escorted by Joel across the United States), and Sarah (who is Joel's daughter).
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information_extraction
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Write a funny and whimsical horoscope reading
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The stars say you should be patient, and that it can't last for ever. They didn't say what they're talking about, though
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creative_writing
|
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From the passage provided, extract the difference in caffeine between a light roast and a dark roast.
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Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process, and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at 205 °C (401 °F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 °C (392 °F), which is largely responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor. The difference of caffeine content between a light roast and a dark roast is only about 0.1%.
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The difference of caffeine content between a light roast and a dark roast is about 0.1%.
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information_extraction
|
When are storms most common in the North Indian basin?
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Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather. In Mediterranean climates, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places (particularly in Eastern Asia because of the monsoon) it is associated with rainy weather. The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the savanna climate regime. Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds, it is known as a monsoon.
In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November. The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar timeframe to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November. In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone season runs from the start of November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.
Thunderstorm season in the United States and Canada runs in the spring through summer but sometimes can run as late as October or even November in the fall. These storms can produce hail, strong winds and tornadoes, usually during the afternoon and evening.
|
In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November.
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information_extraction
|
What are the primary grapes in a red Bordeaux?
|
Red Bordeaux is generally made from a blend of grapes. Permitted grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère. Today Carménère is rarely used, with Château Clerc Milon, a fifth growth Bordeaux, being one of the few to still retain Carménère vines. As of July 2019, Bordeaux wineries authorized the use of four new red grapes to combat effects of climate change on viticulture in Bordeaux. These newly approved grapes are Marselan, Touriga Nacional, Castets, and Arinarnoa.
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Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Malbec
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information_extraction
|
What is transistor technology?
|
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing.
Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber",, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.
Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges
In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs. In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862.
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life.
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels.
The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor.
Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.
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Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.
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information_extraction
|
Road Trip to Vegas via Death Valley, example guide
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While Vegas the sin city doesn't need reason a trip to Death valley does make the visit exiting.
1-It is advisible to leave early morning when travelling from LA Suggested route is Hwy 14; it gets you out of the metro area earliest.
2-Furnace Creek Ranch is about 260 miles .its one of the key places to stop on road.
3-Visit Devil’s Golf Course, Badwater, it is a good detour.
4-A stop at Zabriskie Point when you get back on 190, and the mesmerizing ride up to
Dante’s View,
5-The direct way from Furnace Creek to Las Vegas is 190 to Death Valley Junction, take turn
to east on Stateline Road for Pahrump.
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creative_writing
|
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Tell me some key points about IITs from given text.
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The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are prestigious central government owned public technical institutes located across India. Known for their excellence in education, they are under the ownership of the Ministry of Education of the Government of India. They are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961, declaring them as Institutes of National Importance and laying down their powers, duties, and framework for governance as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology.The act currently lists twenty-three IITs. Each IIT has autonomy and is linked to others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Education of India is the ex officio Chairperson of the IIT Council.
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1. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are renowned public technical institutions owned by the Central government and located across India.
2. IITs are known for excellence in education owned by ministry of education of government of India.
3. The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961, which established them as Institutes of National
Importance and established their authority, accountability, and governing structure as the
nation's top technological institutions.
4. The act currently list 23 IITs. Each IIT is autonomous and linked with other via IIT council.
5. The ex officio Chairperson of the IIT Council is minister of education.
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summarization
|
When was Galaga released?
|
Galaga is a 1981 fixed shooter arcade video game developed and published by Namco. In North America, it was released by Midway Manufacturing. It is the sequel to Galaxian (1979), Namco's first major video game hit in arcades. Controlling a starship, the player is tasked with destroying the Galaga forces in each stage while avoiding enemies and projectiles. Some enemies can capture a player's ship via a tractor beam, which can be rescued to transform the player into a "dual fighter" with additional firepower.
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Galaga was released in 1981 as a fixed shooter arcade video game developed and published by Namco.
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closed_qa
|
Based on the given text, List some aspects of the pearl.
|
A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as fossil conulariids. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite) in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as baroque pearls, can occur. The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries. Because of this, pearl has become a metaphor for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable.
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1. Pearl is a sparkling and hard object which is produced inside mollusk shell or other shells.
2. Just like the shells pearls are also composed of calcium carbonate.
3. The Ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but it can come in different shapes like baroque pearls.
4. The best quality natural pearls are valued as gemstones.
5. Since pearls are fine, rare and valuable it has become a metaphor.
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summarization
|
Where are oysters found?
|
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all oysters are in the superfamily Ostreoidea.
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Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.
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closed_qa
|
What are the main impacts to the earth as a result of climate change.
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Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common.Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct.Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.
Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result.
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More intense storms and droughts; Heat waves and wild fires are more common; Extinction of animal species; Increased food and water scarcity
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summarization
|
How can I ask my aging father-in-law to see the cardiologist when he doesn't want to go?
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Papa, I was concerned yesterday when you started getting shortness of breath and your chest started to hurt you. It made me really concerned for you.
Papa, I want to tell you something, I know your daughter would want to say to you, but it is really hard for her to say. You are a strong man. Your daughter has always seen you as a strong man. Asking you to do something you wouldn't want to do is something she couldn't picture herself asking you to do. Yesterday, she wanted to beg you to go see the cardiologist to check on your heart. She knows you hate to go to the doctor.
She didn't want you to see the cardiologist because she thinks you are no longer a strong man. It is because she loves you. She wants you around for many years. She wants you to be part of seeing our kids grow up. She wants you to come to your grandkids sporting events.
As your son-in-law, I am asking you to come with me to the cardiologist. I'll respect your privacy. I can come in with you or I can wait out in the family room. You can take it one step at a time. They will give you a few tests. You'll get the results. The doctor will talk to you about the results and discuss any recommendations they may have. It is in your control to take those recommendations. You will never loose control.
What do you think, Papa. Can I take you to the doctor?
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creative_writing
|
|
Where is Hoober Stand located?
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Hoober Stand is a 30-metre-high (98 ft) tower and Grade II* listed building on a ridge in Wentworth, South Yorkshire in northern England. It was designed by Henry Flitcroft for the Whig aristocrat Thomas Watson-Wentworth, Earl of Malton (later the 1st Marquess of Rockingham) to commemorate the quashing of the 1745 Jacobite rebellion. It lies close to his country seat Wentworth Woodhouse. Its site is approximately 157 metres (515 ft) above sea level and from the top there are long-distance views on a clear day. Hoober Stand is one of several follies in and around Wentworth Woodhouse park; the others include Needle's Eye and Keppel's Column. Sidney Oldall Addy, the Sheffield author calls the structure Woburn Stand in his 1888 book, A glossary of words used in the neighbourhood of Sheffield.
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Wentworth, South Yorkshire in northern England
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closed_qa
|
Given a reference text about the Driftwood River, tell me what main river it is part of.
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The Driftwood River is a 15.5-mile-long (24.9 km) tributary of the East Fork of the White River in central Indiana in the United States. Via the White, Wabash and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. It is a short river, formed by the confluence of two longer streams a short distance upstream of its mouth.
Course
The Driftwood River is formed in southeastern Johnson County, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Edinburgh, by the confluence of Sugar Creek and the Big Blue River. It flows generally southwardly through northwestern Bartholomew County to Columbus, where it joins the Flatrock River to form the East Fork of the White River.
Near Edinburgh, IN, Driftwood River has a mean annual discharge of 1,210 cubic feet per second.[
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The Driftwood River is part of the Mississippi River.
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closed_qa
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What is the main difference between a nuclear bomb and a nuclear power generator?
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Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by the German nuclear chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in Berlin.
An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.
If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat. It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.
For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons. If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy.
In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion. The amount of energy released in the explosion is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).
In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat. The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.
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The nuclear chain reaction that creates the explosion of a nuclear bomb as well as the power generation in a nuclear reactor differ in the speed of the reaction. In a bomb, it happens very quickly and causes a big explosion. In the reactor, it is slowed down so the power can be contained and used to fuel a steam turbine.
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summarization
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What is the Wessex Football League
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The 1996–97 Wessex Football League was the 11th season of the Wessex Football League. The league champions for the second time in their history were AFC Lymington, after remaining unbeaten for the whole season. There was no promotion to the Southern League, but Petersfield Town finished bottom and were relegated.
For sponsorship reasons, the league was known as the Jewson Wessex League.
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The 1996–97 Wessex Football League was the 11th season of the Wessex Football League. The league champions for the second time in their history were AFC Lymington, after remaining unbeaten for the whole season. There was no promotion to the Southern League, but Petersfield Town finished bottom and were relegated.
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summarization
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From the passage provided, extract the name of the first female recipient of Turing award
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The ACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science and is colloquially known as or often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing".
The award is named after Alan Turing, who was a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the key founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by an additional prize of US$250,000, with financial support provided by Intel and Google. Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize of US$1 million, with financial support provided by Google.
The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006. The latest recipient, in 2022, is Robert Metcalfe for inventing Ethernet.
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The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006
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information_extraction
|
What is the population density of Germany?
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; it covers an area of 357,022 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi), with a population of over 84 million within its 16 constituent states. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr.
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The population density of Germany is over 235 people per square kilometer, or over 600 people per square mile
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information_extraction
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Extract the club that Corinthians defeated in the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup.
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On 4 July, after reaching the final of the 2012 Copa Libertadores undefeated, Corinthians won its first title after a two-match final against 6-time champions Boca Juniors by drawing 1–1 in Argentina and winning 2-0 at the Estádio do Pacaembu in São Paulo, becoming the ninth Brazilian side to win the Copa Libertadores. The club won the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup after defeating English club Chelsea 1–0 on 16 December 2012.
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Chelsea
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information_extraction
|
What's the "Bean" in Chicago?
|
Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. Constructed between 2004 and 2006, the sculpture is nicknamed "The Bean" because of its shape, a name Kapoor initially disliked, but later grew fond of. Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet (10 by 20 by 13 m), and weighs 110 short tons (100 t; 98 long tons).
Kapoor's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture's surface reflects and distorts the city's skyline. Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate's 12-foot (3.7 m) high arch. On the underside is the "omphalos" (Greek for "navel"), a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections. The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor's artistic themes, and it is popular with tourists as a photo-taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties.
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The "Bean" is a nickname for a public sculpture installed in Millennium Park in Chicago during 2004 and 2006. The formal name for the sculpture is "Cloud Gate." The sculpture is fluid-looking with a highly polished exterior and no visible seams. It's design was inspired by liquid mercury and it's reflective surface is a popular photo opportunity for visiting tourists.
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information_extraction
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Where are the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and which islands are a part of the BVI?
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The British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands, are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.
The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada and Jost Van Dyke, along with more than 50 other smaller islands and cays. About 16 of the islands are inhabited. The capital, Road Town, is on Tortola, the largest island, which is about 20 km (12 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide. The islands had a population of 28,054 at the 2010 Census, of whom 23,491 lived on Tortola; current estimates put the population at 35,802 (July 2018).
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The British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands, are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.
The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada and Jost Van Dyke, along with more than 50 other smaller islands and cays.
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closed_qa
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Given this text about the Major League Baseball, where do Major League Baseball teams play spring training games and why.
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Spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Teams hold training camps in the states of Arizona and Florida, where the early warm weather allows teams to practice and play without worrying about the late winter cold. Spring training allows new players to compete for roster and position spots and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play. The teams that hold spring training in Arizona are grouped into the Cactus League, while teams that hold camp in Florida are known as the Grapefruit League. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students. Autograph seekers also find greater access to players during spring training.[citation needed]
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Spring training games are played in the states of Arizona or Florida due to the warm weather, even early in the year.
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closed_qa
|
The album the ways to love a man by Tammy Wynette
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The Ways to Love a Man is a studio album by American country artist, Tammy Wynette. It was released on January 26, 1970 via Epic Records and was the seventh studio album in Wynette's career. The disc consisted of 11 tracks which included both original material and cover recordings. Its title track was the album's only single included. It became a number one song on the North American country charts while also reaching chart positions in other musical genres as well. The album itself also reached chart positions on the country albums chart following its release. Critics and journalists gave the album a positive reception in the years that followed.
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The Ways to Love a Man is a studio album by American country artist, Tammy Wynette. It was released on January 26, 1970 via Epic Records and was the seventh studio album in Wynette's career. The disc consisted of 11 tracks which included both original material and cover recordings.
Its title track was the album's only single included. It became a number one song on the North American country charts while also reaching chart positions in other musical genres as well. The album itself also reached chart positions on the country albums chart following its release. Critics and journalists gave the album a positive reception in the years that followed.
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summarization
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How large is the Gull Harbour and where exactly is it located
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Gull Harbour (former names States Harbour, Great Harbour) is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands. It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is centred at 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″WCoordinates: 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″W. The principal settlement of the island, Weddell Settlement, is situated at the head of the bay. Until the mid-nineteenth century Gull Harbour was known as Great Harbour.
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Gull Harbour, that has been formerly named as States Harbour or Great Harbour is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands.
It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is centred at 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″W. The principal settlement of the island, Weddell Settlement, is situated at the head of the bay. Until the mid-nineteenth century Gull Harbour was known as Great Harbour.
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closed_qa
|
Extract the names of the stage shows Dixie Violet Egerickx starred in and the role she played in them. List them using bullets in the format {Stage} - {Role}
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Dixie Violet Egerickx (born 31 October 2005) is an English actress. Egerickx has appeared three times on the London stage, as Iphigenia in Robert Icke's adaptation of Oresteia, Rosalind in Alexi Kay Campbell's Sunset at the Villa Thalia at the National Theatre and as Jenny Caroline 'Qui Qui' Marx in Richard Bean and Clive Coleman's Young Marx at The Bridge Theatre, directed by Sir Nicholas Hytner. She appeared in the 2017 National Geographic series Genius and the 2018 television series Patrick Melrose making her feature film debut in the 2018 film The Little Stranger. Egerickx was named in Screen International's Screen Stars of Tomorrow list in 2019 at the age of 13. She starred as Edie in the 2020 drama film Summerland, and portrayed Mary Lennox in the 2020 film The Secret Garden. In 2019 she filmed HBO's Unaired Game of Thrones Prequel Pilot and most recently has completed filming the role of Jo Ransome in the Apple TV miniseries of The Essex Serpent, directed by Clio Barnard.
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Oresteia - Iphigenia
Sunset at the Villa Thalia - Rosalind
Young Marx - Jenny Caroline 'Qui Qui' Marx
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information_extraction
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Given the following text, what is Mýrdalsjökull, which country is it located in, how much rain or snow does it receive each year?
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Mýrdalsjökull (pronounced [ˈmirˌtalsˌjœːkʏtl̥] (listen), Icelandic for "(the) mire dale glacier" or "(the) mire valley glacier") is an ice cap in the south of Iceland. It is to the north of Vík í Mýrdal and to the east of the smaller ice cap Eyjafjallajökull. Between these two glaciers is Fimmvörðuháls pass. Its peak reaches 1,493 m (4,898 ft) in height and in the year 1980 it covered an area of approximately 595 km2 (230 sq mi).
The icecap of the glacier covers an active volcano called Katla. The caldera of the volcano has a diameter of 10 km (6 mi) and the volcano erupts usually every 40–80 years. The last eruption took place in 1918. Scientists are actively monitoring the volcano, particularly after the eruption of nearby Eyjafjallajökull began in April 2010. Since the year 930, 16 eruptions have been documented.
The Eldgjá, a volcanic eruption fissure about 30 km (19 mi) long, which erupted in the year 936, is part of the same volcanic system.
Before the Hringvegur (the main ring road round the island) was built, people feared traversing the plains in front of the volcano because of the frequent jökulhlaups (glacial floods) and the deep rivers to be crossed, although the road is still vulnerable to major events. Especially dangerous was the glacial flood after the eruption of 1918 when the coastline was extended by 5 km (3.1 mi) by laharic flood deposits.
Mýrdalsjökull is an exceedingly wet location, with models suggesting it receives more than 10 metres of precipitation annually.
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What: an ice cap
Country: Iceland
rain or snow per year: 10 meters annually
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information_extraction
|
What is grep used for?
|
grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search for a regular expression and print matching lines), which has the same effect. "grep" was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9.
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grep is a popular Unix command that is used to search plain-text data sets for lines that match a pattern or regular expression. grep (global regular expression print) was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems.
An example of using the grep command to search for a keyword in a file: grep keyword file.txt
You can pipe the output of other commands into grep. For example, grep can be used to search a directory for a file: ls ~/Desktop | grep keyword
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closed_qa
|
Based on the given passage tell me who masked cultists are?
|
Aloy (Ashly Burch) is cast out from the Nora tribe at birth and raised by a fellow outcast named Rost (JB Blanc). As a child (Ava Potter), Aloy obtains a Focus, an augmented reality device that gives her special perceptive abilities. Aloy becomes curious about her origins and is told by Rost that if she wins the Proving, a competition to earn the right to become a member of the Nora, the tribe's Matriarchs might concede this information. Aloy spends some years training in combat and survival under Rost's instruction. After coming of age, Aloy participates in the Proving; she wins the competition, but masked cultists attack the Nora. Rost sacrifices himself to save Aloy from their leader, Helis (Crispin Freeman). When Aloy awakens, the Matriarchs explain that Aloy was found as an infant before a sealed door within the Nora's sacred mountain and that these suspicious origins were the reason for her being an outcast. The Matriarchs name Aloy a "Seeker," allowing her to leave their lands in pursuit of the cultists. Aloy eventually learns that the cultists are part of a splinter Carja faction called the Eclipse and that Aloy was targeted due to her resemblance to an Old World scientist named Elisabet Sobeck (also voiced by Burch). Aloy locates the ruined corporate campus of Faro Automated Solutions and discovers that the Old World was destroyed nearly a thousand years ago after Faro lost control of its automated peacekeeper military robots. The robots, which could self-replicate and consume biomass, overran the planet and engulfed the biosphere, stripping Earth of life. Zero Dawn, a project spearheaded by Sobeck, was initiated to create an automated terraforming system to deactivate the robots and restore life to Earth.
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The masked cultists attacked the Nora when Aloy won the proving competition. Their leader was named Helis. The cultists were part of a splinter Carja faction called the Eclipse and wanted to kill Aloy due to her resemblance to an Old World scientist named Elisabet Sobeck.
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closed_qa
|
What is the timeline for the band Level 42?
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Level 42 is an English jazz-funk band formed on the Isle of Wight in 1979. They had a number of UK and worldwide hits during the 1980s and 1990s.
Their highest-charting single in the UK was "Lessons in Love", which reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, and number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, upon its release in 1986. An earlier single, "Something About You", was their most successful chart-wise in the United States, reaching number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
After much success as a live and studio band in the 1980s, Level 42's commercial profile diminished during the early 1990s following a series of personnel changes and musical shifts. Disbanding in 1994, the band reformed in 2001.
|
Level 42 formed on 1979. They enjoyed success throughout the 1980s but had disbanded by 1994. The band reformed in 2001.
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information_extraction
|
Briefly explain what are I frames, B frames, and P frames?
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In the field of video compression a video frame is compressed using different algorithms with different advantages and disadvantages, centered mainly around amount of data compression. These different algorithms for video frames are called picture types or frame types. The three major picture types used in the different video algorithms are I, P and B. They are different in the following characteristics:
I‑frames are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode.
P‑frames can use data from previous frames to decompress and are more compressible than I‑frames.
B‑frames can use both previous and forward frames for data reference to get the highest amount of data compression.
Three types of pictures (or frames) are used in video compression: I, P, and B frames.
An I‑frame (Intra-coded picture) is a complete image, like a JPG or BMP image file.
A P‑frame (Predicted picture) holds only the changes in the image from the previous frame. For example, in a scene where a car moves across a stationary background, only the car's movements need to be encoded. The encoder does not need to store the unchanging background pixels in the P‑frame, thus saving space. P‑frames are also known as delta‑frames.
A B‑frame (Bidirectional predicted picture) saves even more space by using differences between the current frame and both the preceding and following frames to specify its content.
P and B frames are also called Inter frames. The order in which the I, P and B frames are arranged is called the Group of pictures.
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I frames, B frames, and P frames are video frame types used in video codecs. I frames can be decoded without reference to any other frames. They are self-contained descriptions of one frame of the video. P frames and B frames on the other hand reference other frames and must be decoded after the frames they reference have been decoded. P frames only reference frames from earlier in the video whereas B frames can reference frames from earlier or later. Decoding B frames therefore requires decoding the video frames in an order different from the playback order.
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summarization
|
As a 16-year old high school student, write a short summary of your visit to the Vermeer exhibition in the Rijksmuseum.
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My friends and I went to the Rijksmuseum the other day to see the Vermeer exhibition. I have to say, I wasn't too excited about it at first, but it turned out to be pretty cool. Vermeer was a Dutch painter from the 1600s and he was known for his realistic paintings of everyday life. We saw a lot of his paintings and they were really impressive, especially when you consider the time period they were from. My favorite painting was definitely the Girl with a Pearl Earring. The colors and lighting were amazing, and it was kind of mesmerizing to look at. We also saw some other paintings from different artists, like Rembrandt and Frans Hals, and they were all really cool too. It was a nice break from all the usual teenage stuff and I actually learned something new.
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creative_writing
|
|
Who built the Eiffel Tower
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The Eiffel Tower (/ˈaɪfəl/ EYE-fəl; French: tour Eiffel [tuʁ ɛfɛl] (listen)) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022, up by 197 percent from 2021, when numbers dropped due to the COVID virus. The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:[citation needed] 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a monument historique in 1964, and was named part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991.
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The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. An important designer was the Swiss Maurice Koechlin.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.
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summarization
|
Write about a sport which is always interesting and can be enjoyed alone or with people.
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Looking for the perfect sport can be difficult. Running or swimming can be an easy stress relieving work out but it can get tedious eventually. Team sports like basketball or soccer can be great to tire oneself out without the boredom but it requires a lot of coordination between groups of people to be able to play. Skiing however, is never boring and can be enjoyed both with friends or alone. Once you're getting off the lift, there is no going back, you have to go down the mountain. With the exhilaration of trying to hit 50 miles per hour on your skis or taking a break on a quiet part of the mountain in the middle of the trees, skiing allows one to experience nature, adventure, and excitement all in one sport.
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creative_writing
|
|
What does the distribution of isobars indicate?
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An isobar is a line of equal or constant pressure on a graph, plot, or map; an isopleth or contour line of pressure. More accurately, isobars are lines drawn on a map joining places of equal average atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level for a specified period of time. In meteorology, the barometric pressures shown are reduced to sea level, not the surface pressures at the map locations. The distribution of isobars is closely related to the magnitude and direction of the wind field, and can be used to predict future weather patterns. Isobars are commonly used in television weather reporting.
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The distribution of isobars is closely related to the magnitude and direction of the wind field, and can be used to predict future weather patterns.
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summarization
|
Given these paragraphs about battery storage power stations, how much was able to store and dispatch the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility?
|
As of 2021, the power and capacity of the largest individual battery storage power plants is an order of magnitude less than that of the largest pumped storage power plants, the most common form of grid energy storage. For example, the Bath County Pumped Storage Station, the second largest in the world, can store 24GWh of electricity and dispatch 3GW while the first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW. Grid batteries do not however have to be large, and smaller ones can be deployed widely across a grid for greater redundancy.
As of 2019, battery power storage is cheaper than open cycle gas turbine power for use up to two hours, and there was around 365 GWh of battery storage deployed worldwide, growing extremely rapidly. Levelized cost of electricity from battery storage has fallen rapidly, halving in two years to US$150 per MWh as of 2020.
|
The first phase of Vistra Energy's Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility can store 1.2GWh and dispatch 300MW.
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closed_qa
|
Based on this paragraph, list the schools Ted attended as a child, separated by bullets.
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As a child, Ted was frequently uprooted by his family's moves among Bronxville, New York; Hyannis Port, Massachusetts; Palm Beach, Florida; and the Court of St. James's, in London, England. His formal education started at Gibbs School in Kensington, London. He had attended ten schools by the age of eleven; these disruptions that interfered with his academic success. He was an altar boy at the St. Joseph's Church and was seven when he received his First Communion from Pope Pius XII in the Vatican. He spent sixth and seventh grades at the Fessenden School, where he was a mediocre student, and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School; both schools located in Massachusetts. He was the youngest child and his parents were affectionate toward him, but they also compared him unfavorably with his older brothers. Between the ages of eight and sixteen, Ted suffered the traumas of his sister Rosemary's failed lobotomy and the deaths of two siblings: Joseph Jr. in World War II and Kathleen in an airplane crash. Ted's affable maternal grandfather, John F. Fitzgerald, was the Mayor of Boston, a U.S. Congressman, and an early political and personal influence. Ted spent his four high-school years at Milton Academy, a preparatory school in Milton, Massachusetts, where he received B and C grades. In 1950, he finished 36th in a graduating class of 56. He did well at football there, playing on the varsity in his last two years; the school's headmaster later described his play as "absolutely fearless ... he would have tackled an express train to New York if you asked ... he loved contact sports". Kennedy also played on the tennis team and was in the drama, debate, and glee clubs.
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-Gibbs School
-Fessenden School
Cranwell Preparatory School
-Milton Academy
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information_extraction
|
Extract all the names of people in this paragraph on the twelves apostles of Jesus, in a bullet point list.
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The three Synoptic Gospels record the circumstances in which some of the disciples were recruited, Matthew only describing the recruitment of Simon, Andrew, James, and John.
Despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, they are all described as immediately consenting and abandoning their nets to do so. The immediacy of their consent has been viewed as an example of divine power, although this is not stated in the text. Another explanation is that some of the disciples may have heard of Jesus beforehand, as implied by the Gospel of John, which states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, and that he and his brother started following Jesus as soon as Jesus had been baptized.
Matthew describes Jesus meeting James and John, also fishermen and brothers, very shortly after recruiting Simon and Andrew. Matthew and Mark identify James and John as sons of Zebedee. Luke adds to Matthew and Mark that James and John worked as a team with Simon and Andrew. Matthew states that at the time of the encounter, James and John were repairing their nets, but readily joined Jesus without hesitation.
This parallels the accounts of Mark and Luke, but Matthew implies that the men have also abandoned their father (since he is present in the boat they abandon behind them), and Carter feels this should be interpreted to mean that Matthew's view of Jesus is one of a figure rejecting the traditional patriarchal structure of society, where the father had command over his children; most scholars, however, just interpret it to mean that Matthew intended these two to be seen as even more devoted than the other pair, or that Jesus expected the imminent coming of the kingdom.
The Synoptic Gospels go on to describe that later in Jesus' ministry he noticed a tax collector in his booth. The tax collector, called Matthew in Matthew 9:9, and Levi in Mark 2:14 and Luke 5:27, is asked by Jesus to become one of his disciples. Matthew/Levi is stated to have accepted and then invited Jesus for a meal with his friends. Tax collectors were seen as villains in Jewish society, and the Pharisees are described as asking Jesus why he is having a meal with such disreputable people. The reply Jesus gave is now well known: "it is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance."
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- Matthew
- Simon
- Andrew
- James
- John
- Jesus
- John the Baptist
- Mark
- Zebedee
- Luke
- Carter
- Levi
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information_extraction
|
Based on the following passage, extract recorded instructions for housekeepers from around 100 BC.
|
Traditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness.
The earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.
The date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.
Figs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine, Israel, and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.
Grape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.
From the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.
Having dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: "She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year."
Figs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.
Plums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices.
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Having dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: "She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year."
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information_extraction
|
What are the lightweight weight requirements at the collegiate level in the United States?
|
At the collegiate level in the United States, the lightweight weight requirements can be different depending on competitive season. For fall regattas (typically head races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 165.0 lb. and 135.0 lb. for women. In the spring season (typically sprint races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 160.0 lb., with a boat average of 155.0 lb. for the crew; for women, the lightweight cutoff is 130.0 lb.
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In the United States, the lightweight weight requirements differ based on the season. In the spring season, the lightweight cutoff for men is 160 pounds with a boat average of 155 pounds. The lightweight cutoff for women is 130 pounds.
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summarization
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Given this paragraph, who was the first person to run the Western States 100 in under 24 hours?
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The Western States Trail Ride was first completed on foot by seven soldiers from Fort Riley, Kansas during the 1972 event, proving that the mountain course could be marched in less than two days. In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours. Ainsleigh had finished the Western States Trail Ride (Tevis Cup) in 1971 and 1972 on horseback, but in 1973 his new horse was pulled with lameness at the 29-mile checkpoint. In 1974, with the inspiration and encouragement of Drucilla Barner, the first woman to win the Tevis Cup and Secretary of the Western States Trail Foundation, Gordy joined the horses of the Western States Trail Ride to see if he could complete the course on foot in under 24 hours. Twenty-three hours and forty-two minutes later Gordy arrived in Auburn, proving that a runner could cover the Western States trail in a day. However, he did not run 100 miles. The course was at most 89 miles until 1980 when it was extended to 93.5 miles and in 1985 finally to 100 miles. Running 100 miles in a day was nothing new. About 1,000 runners worldwide had run or walked 100 miles in a day prior to 1974 on tracks, roads, and trails.
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In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours.
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closed_qa
|
How to get entrance to Istanbul from US?
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To travel to Istanbul, Turkey, from the US, you will need an e-visa, even for a US citizen. Turkey is not a Schengen country. To obtain the e-visa, visit https://www.evisa.gov.tr/en/, and fill out your personal information, including the expected entry date. You will then pay $50 per visa on the website. At the end of the process, it will get a download link for the e-visa pdf file, so you can print it out.
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creative_writing
|
|
Given a reference text bout the Tampa Convention Center, when did it open and how big is it?
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The Tampa Convention Center is a mid-sized convention center located in downtown Tampa, Florida at the mouth of the Hillsborough River. It has both waterfront views of Tampa Bay and views of the city's skyline. Harbour Island is across the eponymous bridge on the other side of the Garrison Channel. The center is connected to the neighboring Channelside District and Ybor City via the TECO Line Streetcar, which has a station across the street. The center opened in 1990 and encompasses 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) in total. It has a 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) exhibit hall, a ballroom capable of accommodating over 2,000 guests, and 36 meeting rooms that can be adjusted to various sizes. The facility hosts over 300 events per year.
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The Tampa Convention Center opened in 1990 and is about 600,000 square feet.
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closed_qa
|
How was Netflix able to overcome Blockbuster’s industry dominance in home video rentals?
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Blockbuster, at its peak, was raking in $6 billion in revenues when Netflix entered the market as a disruptor with mail-in-DVD service. When Netflix arrived, Blockbuster was already a mature offering with no innovation. It had 6000 stores nationwide, and the customer service could have been better, especially with late fees. Blockbuster collected customers' $800 million in late fees in 2006 alone.
Netflix’s mail-in-DVD service offered a lower performance for the customers as they had to pick titles on their portal pre- and wait for 2 to 3 days before they arrived in their mailbox. However, disgruntled customers from Blockbuster’s late fees switched to Netflix, which was the initial trigger. At first, Netflix's beachhead audience was the dissatisfied customers from Blockbuster.
Netflix is led by Reed Hastings, a visionary who made a bet on video streaming on the internet. With scarce resources spent on technology, Reed Hastings incorporated a “Freedom and responsibility” culture within Netflix. This propelled Netflix into the new era of winning in the subscription video streaming business model. Blockbuster meanwhile had expensive operations with 6000 stores and 25000 staff, while Netflix operated with two data centers and a few warehouses with less than 500 staff. Blockbuster eventually launched its online business. However, the 2008 financial crisis and the mounting debt they incurred for their investments in their online business was too much for the company, and they eventually filed for bankruptcy.
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creative_writing
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Given a reference text about Richard Brandon Morris, tell me what when and where he was born as well as the different colleges and universities he attended.
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Richard Brandon Morris (July 24, 1904 – March 3, 1989) was an American historian best known for his pioneering work in colonial American legal history and the early history of American labor. In later years, he shifted his research interests to the constitutional, diplomatic, and political history of the American Revolution and the making of the United States Constitution.
Background
Richard Brandon Morris was born on July 24, 1904, in New York City. He attended high school at Towsend Harris Hall in New York City. In 1924, he received a BA degree from City College. In 1925, he received an MA from Columbia University, and in 1930 he received a PhD in history at the university with Evarts Boutell Greene as his dissertation advisor. Morris' dissertation, published by Columbia University Press as Studies in the History of American Law, with Special Reference to the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1930), still defines the research agenda for historians working on early American law, though at the time it attracted bitter denunciations from law school practitioners of legal historym, including Julius Goebel, Jr. and Karl Llewellyn, both then Columbia Law School faculty members.
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Richard Brandon Morris was born on July 24, 1904. He attended City College and Columbia University.
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closed_qa
|
What is Penguin Books?
|
Penguin Books is a British publishing house. It was co-founded in 1935 by Allen Lane with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head, only becoming a separate company the following year. Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive paperbacks, sold through Woolworths and other stores for sixpence, bringing high-quality fiction and non-fiction to the mass market. Its success showed that large audiences existed for serious books. It also affected modern British popular culture significantly through its books concerning politics, the arts, and science.
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Penguin Books is a publishing house of inexpensive fiction and non-fiction paperbacks. It was founded by the Lane brothers in 1935 as a line of the publishers The Bodley Head. It became a separate publisher in 1936.
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summarization
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Write a letter to my mom to convince her that I should be able to get a cat.
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Dear Mom, I would like to get a cat because it has been shown that having a companion animal leads to lower stress levels and higher empathy in humans who have cats. Cats do not require as much active daily management as dogs do (so when we need to be out of the house for part of the day, the cat will be able to be alone for a number of hours). I've prepared a schedule on how often I will feed the cat and empty the little box so that you will not need to take on that responsibility. Also, I've already asked my friend Hannah if she would come and take care of the cat when we are away on vacation. I have saved up enough money to buy the items necessary for owning a cat and I plan on using my allowance to buy food for the cat. I think you'll enjoy having a cat too! They are fun to play with, love affection/petting and they have such fun personalities.
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creative_writing
|
|
What is a common nickname to the Olivella rehderi?
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Olivella rehderi is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the subfamily Olivellinae, in the family Olividae, the olives. Species in the genus Olivella are commonly called dwarf olives.
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The Olivella rehderi are commonly called dwarf olives.
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summarization
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Is the Wetmorena agasepsoides a lizard
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Wetmorena agasepsoides, the serpentine four-toed galliwasp, is an endangered species of lizard of the Diploglossidae family endemic to the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
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Yes, the Wetmorena agasepsoides, the serpentine four-toed galliwasp, is an endangered species of lizard of the Diploglossidae family endemic to the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
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summarization
|
Given this reference paragrah, who directed "The Man in the Saddle?"
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The Man in the Saddle (German: Der Mann im Sattel) is a 1945 German film directed by and starring Harry Piel.
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Harry Piel
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closed_qa
|
Given this paragraph about Nicaraguan nationality law, with which countries can Nicaraguan citizens obtain dual citizenship?
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Nicaragua has a large diaspora that make significant contributions to the economy. Recognizing that forcing them to give up Nicaraguan nationality to acquire a different nationality would impact the country, changes were made to eliminate the possibility that birthright Nicaraguans could lose their nationality. Nicaragua has dual nationality treaties with Argentina, the nations of Central America, Italy and Spain. Children born abroad who obtain nationality by birth in another place are also accepted as dual nationals. In the case that their parents are naturalized Nicaraguans, they must ratify their choice of Nicaraguan citizenship upon attaining the age of 16.
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Nicaraguan nationals can obtain dual citizenship through joint-treaty with Argentina, Central American nations, Italy, and Spain. Children with parents who are Nicaraguan citizens that are born abroad will receive dual citizenship.
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closed_qa
|
Based on the reference text, how did the United States implement separation of powers?
|
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the drafting of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. The American form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States, such as Alexander Hamilton, who participated in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which drafted the Constitution.
Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The president of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
|
The United states implemented separation of powers by creating three distinct branches of government in the United States Constitution. The three branches of government are the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive branches.
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summarization
|
When and where was Lyubomir Nikolov Vladikin born?
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Vladikin was born on September 3, 1891 in the village of Golyamo Belovo, Pazardzhik area. His mother, Maria Morfova, sister of the opera singer Hristina Morfova and the composer Aleksandar Morfov, studied French Philology in Geneva. His father, Nikola Yonkov Vladikin, was a well-known journalist, scholar, writer, publicist, historian and political activist. Over the period from 1890 to 1912 he was an MP for three consecutive terms. He was a nephew of the Bishop of South Bulgaria (from Ohrid to Edirne), known under the church name Evstatiy Pelagoniyski.
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Vladikin was born on September 3, 1891 in the village of Golyamo Belovo, Pazardzhik
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closed_qa
|
Given the following paragraph about the history of tallest buildings, which was the first skyscraper and when was it build?
|
Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3800 years until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building until 1874.
The first skyscraper was pioneered in Chicago with the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building in 1885. The United States would remain the location of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2010. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction
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The first skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago. It was build in 1885.
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closed_qa
|
Given a reference text about In the House, when was it originally on TV and what channel played it?
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In the House is an American television sitcom that originally aired on NBC from April 10, 1995 and moved to UPN after its second season. The show starred LL Cool J as Marion Hill a former professional football player with the Oakland Raiders. Because of his financial predicament, he is forced to rent out most of the rooms in his house to newly divorced single mother Jackie Warren (Debbie Allen) and her two children, Tiffany (Maia Campbell) and Austin (Jeffery Wood). In the third season, Jackie and Austin move to Nashville, leaving Tiffany to stay with Marion in order to finish school in Los Angeles; Marion purchases a sports rehabilitation facility with the boisterous Tonia (Kim Wayans) and the pompous Maxwell (Alfonso Ribeiro), leading to the trio's attempts to work together despite their clashing personalities.
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In the House was aired on NBC on April 10, 1995
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closed_qa
|
Who is Frank Lloyd Wright, and why is he famous?
|
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator.
He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century, influencing architects worldwide through his works and hundreds of apprentices in his Taliesin Fellowship. Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and the environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was exemplified in Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture".
Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture and also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City, his vision for urban planning in the United States. He also designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums, and other commercial projects. Wright-designed interior elements (including leaded glass windows, floors, furniture and even tableware) were integrated into these structures. He wrote several books and numerous articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all time". In 2019, a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.
Raised in rural Wisconsin, Wright studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin and then apprenticed in Chicago, briefly with Joseph Lyman Silsbee, and then with Louis Sullivan at Adler & Sullivan. Wright opened his own successful Chicago practice in 1893 and established a studio in his Oak Park, Illinois home in 1898. His fame increased and his personal life sometimes made headlines: leaving his first wife Catherine Tobin for Mamah Cheney in 1909; the murder of Mamah and her children and others at his Taliesin estate by a staff member in 1914; his tempestuous marriage with second wife Miriam Noel (m. 1923–1927); and his courtship and marriage with Olgivanna Lazović (m. 1928–1959).
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Frank Lloyd Wright continues to be an inspiration in architecture around the United States and many of his originally designed buildings and structures stand today.
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closed_qa
|
Tell me some important points about AICF from the given passage.
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The All India Carrom Federation (AICF) (Hindi: अखिल भारतीय कैरम फेडरेशन) is India's national sport federation for the indigenous game of carrom, sanctioning six to seven national-level tournaments per year. It is India's representative body in the International Carrom Federation. The AICF has 15 regional and 28 state subnational affiliate institutions, the largest of which is the Maharashtra Carrom Association, further subdivided into local organisations.
|
1. India's national sports federation for the traditional game of carrom, the All India Carrom Federation (AICF), annually approves six to seven national-level competitions.
2. It serves as the International Carrom Federation's representative for India.
3. The AICF has 28 state-level affiliate institutions, 15 regional affiliate institutions, and 15 local affiliate institutions, the largest of which is the Maharashtra Carrom Association.
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summarization
|
What two colors are used in the Canadian flag?
|
The National Flag of Canada (French: le Drapeau national du Canada), often simply referred to as the Canadian flag or, unofficially, as the maple leaf flag or l'Unifolié (French: [l‿ynifɔlje]; lit. 'the one-leafed'), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured a stylized, red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the centre. It is the first flag to have been adopted by both houses of Parliament and officially proclaimed by the Canadian monarch as the country's official national flag. The flag has become the predominant and most recognizable national symbol of Canada.
|
The Canadian flag colors are red and white.
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information_extraction
|
Extract the names of the original songs Sandler performed on Saturday Night Live and list them in bullet format.
|
In 1987, Sandler played Theo Huxtable's friend Smitty on The Cosby Show and the Stud Boy or Trivia Delinquent on the MTV game show Remote Control. After his film debut in Going Overboard in 1989, Sandler performed in comedy clubs, having first taken the stage at his brother's urging when he was 17. He was discovered by comedian Dennis Miller, who caught Sandler's act in Los Angeles and recommended him to Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels. Sandler was hired as a writer for SNL in 1990, and became a featured player the following year. He made a name for himself by performing amusing original songs on the show, including "The Thanksgiving Song" and "The Chanukah Song". Sandler told Conan O'Brien on The Tonight Show that NBC fired him and Chris Farley from the show in 1995. Sandler used his firing as part of his monologue when he returned in 2019 to host the show.
|
-The Thanksgiving Song
-The Chanukah Song
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information_extraction
|
Who are the parents of Vivek Oberoi?
|
Vivek Oberoi was born in Hyderabad, Telangana, to a Punjabi father, Suresh Oberoi, an actor. In 1974, Suresh married Yashodhara, from a Punjabi business family settled in the south, in Chennai. Because of his mother’s family being assimilated in the region, Oberoi is himself fluent in Tamil.
Oberoi went on to study at Mayo College, Ajmer and Mithibai College, Mumbai. At an actors' workshop in London, he was spotted by the director of New York University who took Oberoi to New York, where he completed his master's degree in film acting.
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Suresh Oberoi and Yashodhara.
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information_extraction
|
Write a short story about a person who gets fired from his job, but ends up having the best day of his life.
|
On March 3rd 1974, Jim was fired from his job as a janitor at Elmhurst Elementary School. While officially, Jim was let go due to "budgetary constraints", it was quite clear to him that it had more to do with his age than any financial strain on the school district. See, Jim was born in 1899, he had just turned 75 years old in January and was starting to "slow down" on the job. He could no longer do some of the highly intensive labor that his profession often entailed, and it became noticeable.
After his last day of work, Jim walked to his home, which conveniently was only three blocks south of the school. On his walk, he couldn't help but feel sad and slightly embarrassed. He knew that his wife, Miriam, would understand, but he felt like he let her and himself down. For nearly 40 years, Jim worked at Elmhurst Elementary School and was beloved by the thousands of students that came through those doors. While he wasn't going to miss cleaning up student's throw-up or a cafeteria that resembled more of a war zone than a public eating space, he was going to miss the children. Watching them learn, play, and grow was always what made the job worth it to him.
When Jim walked through the door of his one story home, Miriam was there to greet him. She could tell what had happened by the look on his face. Particularly, she could tell by his eyes. Jim's eyes were a portal into his soul and, as such, a window into his emotions.
As Jim walked through the living room and into the kitchen, he saw two people, a man and a woman, sitting at the table, and in the woman's arms was a baby. This man was his son, Tommy, who he had not seen since he deployed for the Vietnam War three years prior. Up until this moment, Jim wasn't even sure if his son was alive. Jim's eyes opened wide with sheer elation at the sight, and a tear slowly formed in the corner of his left eye.
Over the next few hours, Jim sat with his son and his family and discussed all that had happened since the last time they had seen each other. Tommy spoke about how he had been designated as MIA by the US government after a particularly brutal ambush during one of his morning patrols. After many months of hiding from the enemy and searching for his unit, Tommy eventually stumbled across one of the final remaining US camps stationed in South Vietnam. It was at this camp that Tommy met his now wife, Sara. She was the nurse who oversaw his recovery. They fell in love immediately, got married, and Sara became pregnant, all before even leaving Vietnam for the United States. Tommy and Sara had returned to the US only a month ago, and their baby was born two weeks later.
While Jim laid in bed that night, he couldn't believe all the change that one day could bring. He woke up a janitor, and went to bed a grandfather. He knew his new job, and he looked forward to it. This was the best day of his life.
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creative_writing
|
|
Do you get scared?
|
Ofcourse! Everyone feels scared of something or the other. It is only the intensity that makes it different. I mean, I may be scared of heights, but I can chose to not let it get to me even when I am at a height, by say singing a rhyme and distracting my mind. Fear is in your head. So be fearless.
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creative_writing
|
|
Extract which animals Waddell played with and which ones he fought with from the text. Separate them with a comma, putting the ones he played with first.
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Waddell's career wound through a number of teams. He was notably unpredictable; early in his career, he once left in the middle of a game to go fishing. He also had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks and ran off the field to chase after them during games on multiple occasions. He would disappear for months at a time during the offseason, and it was not known where he went until it was discovered that he was wrestling alligators in a circus. He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies, which caused him to run over to play with them, and shiny objects, which seemed to put him in a trance. An alcoholic for much of his short life, he reportedly spent his entire first signing bonus on a drinking binge; as a pun of the baseball term "southpaw" denoting a left-handed pitcher, the Sporting News dubbed him a "sousepaw". His eccentric behavior led to constant battles with his managers and scuffles with bad-tempered teammates.
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puppies, alligators
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information_extraction
|
From the given text, list some of the accomplishments of pitcher Mariano Rivera in his baseball career, in a comma-separated list.
|
Mariano Rivera (born November 29, 1969) is a Panamanian-American former professional baseball pitcher who played 19 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, from 1995 to 2013. Nicknamed "Mo" and "Sandman", he spent most of his career as a relief pitcher and served as the Yankees' closer for 17 seasons. A thirteen-time All-Star and five-time World Series champion, he is MLB's career leader in saves (652) and games finished (952). Rivera won five American League (AL) Rolaids Relief Man Awards and three Delivery Man of the Year Awards, and he finished in the top three in voting for the AL Cy Young Award four times. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame as part of its class of 2019 in his first year of eligibility, and was the first and to date only player ever to be elected unanimously by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA).
Raised in the modest Panamanian fishing village of Puerto Caimito, Rivera was an amateur player until he was signed by the Yankees organization in 1990. He debuted in the major leagues in 1995 as a starting pitcher, before permanently converting to a relief pitcher late in his rookie year. After a breakthrough season in 1996 as a setup man, he became the Yankees' closer in 1997. In the following seasons, he established himself as one of baseball's top relievers, leading the major leagues in saves in 1999, 2001, and 2004. Rivera primarily threw a sharp-moving, mid-90s mile-per-hour cut fastball that frequently broke hitters' bats and earned a reputation as one of the league's toughest pitches to hit. With his presence at the end of games, signaled by his foreboding entrance song "Enter Sandman", Rivera was a key contributor to the Yankees' success in the late 1990s and early 2000s. An accomplished postseason performer, he was named the 1999 World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) and the 2003 AL Championship Series MVP, and he holds several postseason records, including lowest earned run average (ERA) (0.70) and most saves (42).
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All-Star, World Series champion, MLB's career leader in saves, MLB's career leader in games finished, AL Rolaids Relief Man Award, Delivery Man of the Year Award, Baseball Hall of Fame, World Series Most Valuable Player, AL Championship Series MVP, postseason lowest earned run average, postseason most saves
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information_extraction
|
Based on this passage, how many siblings did Hearst have?
|
Hearst was born near present-day Sullivan, Missouri, to William G. Hearst and Elizabeth Collins, who were of Scots-Irish ancestry. Hearst, one of three children — two boys and a girl – was raised in a log cabin on his family's farm in rural Franklin County. His father operated three small farms, all of which were mortgaged. William Hearst sold his products in his own local general store. George Hearst grew up before public education was widely available in Missouri, meaning his elementary education was inconsistent and fragmented. Becoming interested in mining, Hearst supplemented the gaps in his formal education by observing the local mines, reading information about minerals from books owned by his family doctor, Silas Reed, and mining in his free time.
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Hearst had one brother and one sister.
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information_extraction
|
When should I take vitamin D?
|
The UK National Health Service (NHS) recommends that people at risk of vitamin D deficiency, breast-fed babies, formula-fed babies taking less than 500 ml/day, and children aged 6 months to 4 years, should take daily vitamin D supplements throughout the year to ensure sufficient intake. This includes people with limited skin synthesis of vitamin D, who are not often outdoors, are frail, housebound, living in a care home, or usually wearing clothes that cover up most of the skin, or with dark skin, such as having an African, African-Caribbean or south Asian background. Other people may be able to make adequate vitamin D from sunlight exposure from April to September. The NHS and Public Health England recommend that everyone, including those who are pregnant and breastfeeding, consider taking a daily supplement containing 10 μg (400 IU) of vitamin D during autumn and winter because of inadequate sunlight for vitamin D synthesis.
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If you live in England, NHS recommends that people with vitamin D deficiency take supplements, other people should get vitamin D directly from the sun from April to September and take a supplement containing 10 μg (400 IU) of vitamin D during autumn and winter.
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summarization
|
Was the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth described in the 20th or 21st century?
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Macroglossum insipida, the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875.
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Neither. It was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875, which is in the 19th century.
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closed_qa
|
What are the 3 laws of motion that Newton defined?
|
Newton's laws of motion are three basic laws of classical mechanics that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws can be paraphrased as follows:
A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by a force.
When a body is acted upon by a force, the time rate of change of its momentum equals the force.
If two bodies exert forces on each other, these forces have the same magnitude but opposite directions.
The three laws of motion were first stated by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), originally published in 1687. Newton used them to investigate and explain the motion of many physical objects and systems, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics. In the time since Newton, the conceptual content of classical physics has been reformulated in alternative ways, involving different mathematical approaches that have yielded insights which were obscured in the original, Newtonian formulation. Limitations to Newton's laws have also been discovered; new theories are necessary when objects move at very high speeds (special relativity), are very massive (general relativity), or are very small (quantum mechanics).
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1. A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by a force.
2. When a body is acted upon by a force, the time rate of change of its momentum equals the force.
3. If two bodies exert forces on each other, these forces have the same magnitude but opposite directions
|
information_extraction
|
Based on this paragraph, tell me who was responsible for the discovery of nuclear fission.
|
Nuclear fission of heavy elements was discovered on Monday 19 December 1938 in Berlin, by German chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in cooperation with Austrian-Swedish physicist Lise Meitner. Hahn understood that a "burst" of the atomic nuclei had occurred. Meitner explained it theoretically in January 1939 along with her nephew Otto Robert Frisch. Frisch named the process by analogy with biological fission of living cells. In their second publication on nuclear fission in February of 1939, Hahn and Strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process, opening up the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction.
|
Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann achieved nuclear fission in the laboratory, but could not explain what had happened. It was Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch that interpreted the laboratory results and discovered that nuclear fission had occurred.
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summarization
|
What are Canada’s three largest metropolitan areas?
|
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's second-largest country by total area, with the world's longest coastline. It is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions. The country is sparsely inhabited, with the vast majority residing south of the 55th parallel in urban areas. Canada's capital is Ottawa and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and culminating in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
|
Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
|
information_extraction
|
Tell me a few flaws of the Human Development Index from this passage
|
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office.
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there were no inequality."
The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Mahbub ul Haq, anchored in Amartya Sen's work on human capabilities, and often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include – being: well fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is central – someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when fasting for religious reasons) is quite different from someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is in a famine.
The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the G7 members and others.
|
Human Development Index has been revised in 2010 owing to a few limitations. HDI is believed to estimate the 'potential' human development that could be achieved if there were no inequality. The revised Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality). Secondly, HDI does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking of some of the most developed countries, such as the G7 members and others.
|
summarization
|
What is considered as Emma Edmondson's best work as an actress?
|
Emma Edmondson (born 15 March 1984 in Rochdale, Greater Manchester) is a British television actress, best known for playing Mel Morton in Coronation Street. She joined the soap in March 2007. Prior to this she had a small role in the first series of BBC drama The Street. In 2008, it was announced that the Morton family had been axed from Coronation Street as part of a revamp by the new producer and they would no longer feature as of August.
Emma also appeared in the music video for Deadmau5's 2008/2009 hit single "I Remember". She appears in a club with red makeup around her eyes. The single peaked at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart in May 2009.
|
Emma Edmondson is known for a variety of roles that she played in British Television, she is most notably known for playing Mel Morton in Coronation Street
|
information_extraction
|
Based on the passage list the four companies apart from Apple which are part of Big Five American information technology companies. Present the result in a comma separated manner.
|
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, totaling US$394.3 billion in 2022. As of March 2023, Apple is the world's biggest company by market capitalization. As of June 2022, Apple is the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales and second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (known for Google), Amazon, Meta (known for Facebook), and Microsoft.
Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977. The company's second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company developed computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces, including the 1984 original Macintosh, announced that year in a critically acclaimed advertisement. By 1985, the high cost of its products, and power struggles between executives, caused problems. Wozniak stepped back from Apple amicably and pursued other ventures, while Jobs resigned bitterly and founded NeXT, taking some Apple employees with him.
|
Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft
|
information_extraction
|
Extract a list of all countries sharing a border with Germany from this passage.
|
Germany is the seventh-largest country in Europe; bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 348,672 km2 (134,623 sq mi) of land and 8,350 km2 (3,224 sq mi) of water.
Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality Neuendorf-Sachsenbande, Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.
|
Following countries share a border with Germany:
- Denmark
- Poland
- Czech Republic
- Austria
- Switzerland
- France
- Luxembourg
- Belgium
- Netherlands
|
summarization
|
Given this paragraph about the dimensions of a volleyball court, is there a difference between the hight of the net for men's competitions vs women's competitions?
|
A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 m (29.5 ft × 59.1 ft), divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of one meter (39.4 in). The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11+11⁄16 in) above the centre of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4+3⁄16 in) for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.
|
The net is 19 cm higher for men's competitions (243 cm) than for women's competitions (224 cm).
|
closed_qa
|
Make a poem about color and style
|
Why is the sky blue? It makes me sad
A new color wouldn't be so bad
I change it to yellow.
That will surely make me a jolly good fellow.
Why is the grass green?
It looks and dirty and mean
It should be pink
That will make people think
I look at the trees
With nests full of bees
The trunk is brown
That makes me frown
Purple would look best
It would be different from the rest
I admire the newly colored town
No sad colors like blue or brown
People stare at me
They all disagree
"Change it back!" They say
"We want it to look how it was yesterday"
"It may not be to your liking but that's how it goes"
They are right I suppose
I change it to how it was before
They all like that more
I realize it's okay
It looks perfect this way
|
creative_writing
|
|
When was the french revolution
|
The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799.
|
The French revolution started in 1789 and ended in November 1799
|
closed_qa
|
Who is the company Sonova
|
Sonova Holding AG (Phonak Holding AG before 1 August 2007) is an internationally active Swiss group of companies headquartered in Stäfa that specializes in hearing care (hearing instruments, cochlear implants, wireless communication). The Sonova group operates through its core business brands Phonak, Unitron, Hansaton, Advanced Bionics, AudioNova and Sennheiser. It is one of the largest providers in the sector worldwide. The group and its brands hold 24% of the global hearing aid market in sales. As of 11 September 2022, Sonova is a component of the Swiss Market Index.
|
Sonova Holding AG (Phonak Holding AG before 1 August 2007) is an internationally active Swiss group of companies headquartered in Staefa that specializes in hearing care (hearing instruments, cochlear implants, wireless communication).
The Sonova group operates through its core business brands Phonak, Unitron, Hansaton, Advanced Bionics, AudioNova and Sennheiser. It is one of the largest providers in the sector worldwide. The group and its brands hold 24% of the global hearing aid market in sales. As of 11 September 2022, Sonova is a component of the Swiss Market Index.
|
summarization
|
List the number of warehouses Costco has. Segregate based on location in a descending order. Use the format ‘ Number of warehouse : Location’.
|
Costco Wholesale Corporation (doing business as Costco Wholesale and also known simply as Costco) is an American multinational corporation which operates a chain of membership-only big-box retail stores (warehouse club). As of 2022, Costco is the fifth largest retailer in the world and is the world's largest retailer of choice and prime beef, organic foods, rotisserie chicken, and wine as of 2016. Costco is ranked #11 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.
Costco's worldwide headquarters are in Issaquah, Washington, an eastern suburb of Seattle, although its Kirkland Signature house label bears the name of its former location in Kirkland. The company opened its first warehouse (the chain's term for its retail outlets) in Seattle in 1983. Through mergers, however, Costco's corporate history dates back to 1976, when its former competitor Price Club was founded in San Diego, California. As of February 2023, Costco has 848 warehouses worldwide: 584 in the United States, 107 in Canada, 40 in Mexico, 31 in Japan, 29 in the United Kingdom, 18 in South Korea, 14 in Taiwan, 14 in Australia, four in Spain, two each in France and China, and one each in Iceland, New Zealand and Sweden.
|
584 : United States
107 : Canada,
40 : Mexico,
31 : Japan,
29 : the United Kingdom
18 : South Korea,
14 : Taiwan,
14 : Australia,
4 : Spain,
2 : France
2 : China
1 : Iceland
1 : New Zealand
1 : Sweden
|
information_extraction
|
How did Frank Stagg die?
|
Upon conviction, Stagg was given a ten-year sentence and Fell twelve years. (Stagg would later die on a hunger strike.) Thomas Gerald Rush was given seven years and Anthony Roland Lynch, who was also found guilty of possessing articles with intent to destroy property, namely nitric acid, balloons, wax, and sodium chlorate, was given ten years. Fell never admitted IRA membership
|
Frank Stagg was sentenced to ten years and prison. During his sentence, he went on a hunger strike and died as a result.
|
summarization
|
Provide instructions on making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich
|
Making the perfect peanut butter and jelly sandwich is part art and part science. One must must be judicious in the quantity of ingredients while ensuring proper coverage to ensure each bite is equal to the one before and after it. Here, both measurement and distribution of ingredients serves as the scientific aspect of constructing your delicious and timeless lunchtime meal. Jars of peanut utter suggest a serving size as 2 tablespoons, which, when applied to the critical soft white bread, may prove too much to hold and cause soak through or tearing of the bread. We think 1.5 tablespoons is the proper amount to ensure there is coverage of the bread slice to the crust without compromising the integrity of the bread. Jelly application is even more precarious, as it holds more fluid and can soak through the bread quicker; equally, jelly has a tendency to congeal. To ensure proper application, heat the jar of jelly closer to room temperature if refrigerated, then apply using a clean butter knife or small spatula. Again, one must ensure it reaches to the crust and is evenly distributed. Once you have complete coverage of peanut butter on one slice and jelly on the other, place the peanut butter side of the first slice on top of the upward-facing jelly slice. This ensure none of the jelly slips or drips. Once together, gently compress the sandwich. Slice delicately from one corner to the opposite corner. Gently press the crust edge of each triangle, and plate for serving.
|
creative_writing
|
|
Write a motivating note to a friend who wants to lose weight
|
There are three parts to achieving any goal you set for yourself:
1. Vision : Visualize your ideal end goal (lose 25 pounds!)
2. Action : Set up a daily plan of action (walk every day for 60 minutes, give up ice cream)
3. Celebration : Plan an amazing celebration when you reach your goal (and yes, with ice cream!)
|
creative_writing
|
|
Given this article about the NSA's ANT catalog, Which hacking tools are used to infect the BIOS of computers or networking devices?
|
The ANT catalog (or TAO catalog) is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures since 2013. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software.
Background
The Tailored Access Operations unit has existed since the late 90s. Its mission is to collect intelligence on foreign targets of the United States by hacking into computers and telecommunication networks.
In 2012, Edward Snowden organized a CryptoParty together with Runa Sandvik, a former colleague of Jacob Appelbaum at The Tor Project. In June 2013, Snowden took internal NSA documents which he shared with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, resulting in the global surveillance disclosures. It has been speculated for years before that capabilities like those in the ANT catalog existed.
Publication
Jacob Appelbaum co-authored the English publication in Der Spiegel with Christian Stöcker and Judith Horchert, which was publicized on 29 December 2013. The related English publication on the same day about the TAO by Der Spiegel was also authored by the same people, and including Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark. On December 30, Appelbaum gave a lecture about "the militarization of the Internet" at the 30th Chaos Communication Congress in Hamburg, Germany. At the end of his talk, he encouraged NSA employees to leak more documents.
Apple denied the allegations that it collaborated on the development of DROPOUTJEEP in a statement to journalist Arik Hesseldahl from All Things Digital (part of the Wall Street Journal's Digital Network). The Verge questioned how the program developed in later years, since the document was composed in the early period of the iPhone and smartphones in general. Dell denied collaborating with any government in general, including the US government. John Stewart, senior vice president and chief security officer of Cisco stated that they were "deeply concerned and will continue to pursue all avenues to determine if we need to address any new issues." Juniper stated that they were working actively to address any possible exploit paths. Huawei stated they would take appropriate audits to determine if any compromise had taken place and would communicate if that had taken place. NSA declined to comment on the publication by Der Spiegel.
Source
The source who leaked the ANT catalog to the press is unknown as of 2023.
Author James Bamford, who is specialized in the United States intelligence agencies, noted in a commentary article published by Reuters that Appelbaum has not identified the source who leaked the ANT catalog to him, which led people to mistakenly assume it was Edward Snowden. Bamford got unrestricted access to the documents cache from Edward Snowden and could not find any references to the ANT catalog using automated search tools, thereby concluding that the documents were not leaked by him. Security expert Bruce Schneier has stated on his blog that he also believes the ANT catalog did not come from Snowden, but from a second leaker. Officials at the NSA did not believe that the web crawler used by Snowden touched the ANT catalog and started looking for other people who could have leaked the catalog.
Content
The published catalog pages were written between 2008 and 2009. The price of the items ranged from free up to $250,000.
Capabilities in the ANT catalog
Page Code name Description Unit price in US$
NSA CANDYGRAM.jpg CANDYGRAM Tripwire device that emulates a GSM cellphone tower. 40,000
NSA COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg COTTONMOUTH-I Family of modified USB and Ethernet connectors that can be used to install Trojan horse software and work as wireless bridges, providing covert remote access to the target machine. COTTONMOUTH-I is a USB plug that uses TRINITY as digital core and HOWLERMONKEY as RF transceiver. 20,300
NSA COTTONMOUTH-II.jpg COTTONMOUTH-II Can be deployed in a USB socket (rather than plug), and, but requires further integration in the target machine to turn into a deployed system. 4,000
NSA COTTONMOUTH-III.jpg COTTONMOUTH-III Stacked Ethernet and USB plug 24,960
NSA CROSSBEAM.jpg CROSSBEAM GSM communications module capable of collecting and compressing voice data 4,000
NSA CTX4000.jpg CTX4000 Continuous wave radar device that can "illuminate" a target system for recovery of "off net" information. N/A
NSA CYCLONE Hx9.jpg CYCLONE-HX9 GSM Base Station Router as a Network-In-a-Box 70,000
NSA DEITYBOUNCE.jpg DEITYBOUNCE Technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). 0
NSA DROPOUTJEEP.jpg DROPOUTJEEP "A software implant for the Apple iPhone that utilizes modular mission applications to provide specific SIGINT functionality. This functionality includes the ability to remotely push/pull files from the device. SMS retrieval, contact list retrieval, voicemail, geolocation, hot mic, camera capture, cell tower location, etc. Command, control and data exfiltration can occur over SMS messaging or a GPRS data connection. All communications with the implant will be covert and encrypted." 0
NSA EBSR.jpg EBSR Tri-band active GSM base station with internal 802.11/GPS/handset capability 40,000
NSA ENTOURAGE.jpg ENTOURAGE Direction finding application for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and FRS signals 70,000
NSA FEEDTROUGH.jpg FEEDTROUGH Software that can penetrate Juniper Networks firewalls allowing other NSA-deployed software to be installed on mainframe computers. N/A
NSA FIREWALK.jpg FIREWALK Device that looks identical to a standard RJ45 socket that allows data to be injected, or monitored and transmitted via radio technology. using the HOWLERMONKEY RF transceiver. It can for instance create a VPN to the target computer. 10,740
NSA GENESIS.jpg GENESIS GSM handset with added software-defined radio features to record the radio frequency spectrum 15,000
NSA GODSURGE.jpg GODSURGE Software implant for a JTAG bus device named FLUXBABBITT which is added to Dell PowerEdge servers during interdiction. GODSURGE installs an implant upon system boot-up using the FLUXBABBITT JTAG interface to the Xeon series CPU. 500
NSA GINSU.jpg GINSU Technology that uses a PCI bus device in a computer, and can reinstall itself upon system boot-up. 0
NSA GOPHERSET.jpg GOPHERSET GSM software that uses a phone's SIM card's API (SIM Toolkit or STK) to control the phone through remotely sent commands. 0
NSA GOURMETTROUGH.jpg GOURMETTROUGH User-configurable persistence implant for certain Juniper Networks firewalls. 0
NSA HALLUXWATER.jpg HALLUXWATER Back door exploit for Huawei Eudemon firewalls. N/A
NSA HEADWATER.jpg HEADWATER Persistent backdoor technology that can install spyware using a quantum insert capable of infecting spyware at a packet level on Huawei routers. N/A
NSA HOWLERMONKEY.jpg HOWLERMONKEY A RF transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction with digital processors and various implanting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely. 750
NSA IRATEMONK.jpg IRATEMONK Technology that can infiltrate the firmware of hard drives manufactured by Maxtor, Samsung, Seagate, and Western Digital. 0
NSA IRONCHEF.jpg IRONCHEF Technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. IRONCHEF includes also "Straitbizarre" and "Unitedrake" which have been linked to the spy software REGIN. 0
NSA JUNIORMINT.jpg JUNIORMINT Implant based on an ARM9 core and an FPGA. N/A
NSA JETPLOW.jpg JETPLOW Firmware that can be implanted to create a permanent backdoor in a Cisco PIX series and ASA firewalls. 0
NSA LOUDAUTO.jpg LOUDAUTO Audio-based RF retro-reflector listening device. 30
NSA MAESTRO-II.jpg MAESTRO-II Multi-chip module approximately the size of a dime that serves as the hardware core of several other products. The module contains a 66 MHz ARM7 processor, 4 MB of flash, 8 MB of RAM, and a FPGA with 500,000 gates. It replaces the previous generation modules which were based on the HC12 microcontroller. 3,000
NSA MONKEYCALENDAR.jpg MONKEYCALENDAR Software that transmits a mobile phone's location by hidden text message. 0
NSA NEBULA.jpg NEBULA Multi-protocol network-in-a-box system. 250,000
NSA NIGHTSTAND.jpg NIGHTSTAND Portable system that installs Microsoft Windows exploits from a distance of up to eight miles over a wireless connection. N/A
NSA NIGHTWATCH.jpg NIGHTWATCH Portable computer used to reconstruct and display video data from VAGRANT signals; used in conjunction with a radar source like the CTX4000 to illuminate the target in order to receive data from it. N/A
NSA PICASSO.jpg PICASSO Software that can collect mobile phone location data, call metadata, access the phone's microphone to eavesdrop on nearby conversations. 2,000
NSA PHOTOANGLO.jpg PHOTOANGLO A joint NSA/GCHQ project to develop a radar system to replace CTX4000. 40,000
NSA RAGEMASTER.jpg RAGEMASTER A concealed device that taps the video signal from a target's computer's VGA signal output so the NSA can see what is on a targeted desktop monitor. It is powered by a remote radar and responds by modulating the VGA red signal (which is also sent out most DVI ports) into the RF signal it re-radiates; this method of transmission is codenamed VAGRANT. RAGEMASTER is usually installed/concealed in the ferrite choke of the target cable. The original documents are dated 2008-07-24. Several receiver/demodulating devices are available, e.g. NIGHTWATCH. 30
NSA SCHOOLMONTANA.jpg SCHOOLMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based (FreeBSD-variant) J-series routers/firewalls. N/A
NSA SIERRAMONTANA.jpg SIERRAMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based M-series routers/firewalls. N/A
NSA STUCCOMONTANA.jpg STUCCOMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based T-series routers/firewalls. N/A
NSA SOMBERKNAVE.jpg SOMBERKNAVE Software that can be implanted on a Windows XP system allowing it to be remotely controlled from NSA headquarters. 50,000
NSA SOUFFLETROUGH.jpg SOUFFLETROUGH BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. 0
NSA SPARROW II.jpg SPARROW II A small computer intended to be used for WLAN collection, including from UAVs. Hardware: IBM Power PC 405GPR processor, 64 MB SDRAM, 16 MB of built-inflash, 4 mini PCI slots, CompactFlash slot, and 802.11 B/G hardware. Running Linux 2.4 and the BLINDDATE software suite. Unit price (2008): $6K. 6,000
NSA SURLYSPAWN.jpg SURLYSPAWN Keystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected. 30
NSA SWAP.jpg SWAP Technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows. 0
NSA TAWDRYYARD.jpg TAWDRYYARD Radio frequency retroreflector to provide location information. 30
NSA TOTECHASER.jpg TOTECHASER Windows CE implant for extracting call logs, contact lists and other information. N/A
NSA TOTEGHOSTLY.jpg TOTEGHOSTLY Software that can be implanted on a Windows mobile phone allowing full remote control. 0
NSA TRINITY.jpg TRINITY Multi-chip module using a 180 MHz ARM9 processor, 4 MB of flash, 96 MB of SDRAM, and a FPGA with 1 million gates. Smaller than a penny. 6,250
NSA TYPHON HX.jpg TYPHON HX Network-in-a-box for a GSM network with signaling and call control. N/A
NSA WATERWITCH.jpg WATERWITCH A portable "finishing tool" that allows the operator to find the precise location of a nearby mobile phone. N/A
NSA WISTFULTOLL.jpg WISTFULTOLL Plugin for collecting information from targets using Windows Management Instrumentation 0
Follow-up developments
Security expert Matt Suiche noted that the software exploits leaked by the Shadow Brokers could be seen as genuine because it matched with names from the ANT catalog. John Bumgarner has stated to IEEE Spectrum that US government suspicion of Huawei is based on its own ability to add backdoors as shown in the ANT catalog.
NSA Playset
The NSA Playset is an open-source project inspired by the NSA ANT catalog to create more accessible and easy to use tools for security researchers. Most of the surveillance tools can be recreated with off-the-shelf or open-source hardware and software. Thus far, the NSA Playset consists of fourteen items, for which the code and instructions can be found online on the project's homepage. After the initial leak, Michael Ossman, the founder of Great Scott Gadgets, gave a shout out to other security researchers to start working on the tools mentioned in the catalog and to recreate them. The name NSA Playset came originally from Dean Pierce, who is also a contributor (TWILIGHTVEGETABLE(GSM)) to the NSA Playset. Anyone is invited to join and contribute their own device. The requisites for an addition to the NSA Playset is a similar or already existing NSA ANT project, ease of use and a silly name (based on the original tool's name if possible). The silly name requisite is a rule that Michael Ossman himself came up with and an example is given on the project's website: "For example, if your project is similar to FOXACID, maybe you could call it COYOTEMETH." The ease of use part stems also from the NSA Playset's motto: "If a 10 year old can't do it, it doesn't count!"
Name Description
TWILIGHTVEGETABLE a boot image for GSM communication monitoring.
LEVITICUS a hand held GSM frequency analyzer disguised as a Motorola phone; named after GENESIS.
DRIZZLECHAIR a hard drive with all the needed tools to crack A5/1 including the rainbow tables.
PORCUPINEMASQUERADE a passive Wi-Fi reconnaissance drone.
KEYSWEEPER a keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM).
SLOTSCREAMER a PCI hardware implant, which can access memory and IO.
ADAPTERNOODLE a USB exploitation device.
CHUKWAGON uses a pin on a computer's VGA port to attack via the I²C bus accessing the computer's operating system.
TURNIPSCHOOL a hardware implant concealed in a USB cable which provides short range radio frequency communication capability to software running on the host computer.
BLINKERCOUGH a hardware implant that is embedded in a VGA cable which allows data exfiltration.
SAVIORBURST a hardware implant exploiting the JTAG interface for software application persistence; named after GODSURGE. FLUXBABBIT is replaced by SOLDERPEEK.
CACTUSTUTU Portable system that enables wireless installation of Microsoft Windows exploits; covers NIGHTSTAND.
TINYALAMO software that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection.
CONGAFLOCK Radio frequency retroreflector intended for experimentation. Intended use would be the implantation into a cable and data exfiltration based on radio reflectivity of the device.(FLAMENCOFLOCK (PS/2), TANGOFLOCK (USB), SALSAFLOCK (VGA) are retroreflectors with specific interfaces to test data exfiltration.)
See also
Cyberwarfare in the United States
Equation Group
MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer
Stuxnet
WARRIOR PRIDE
Explanatory notes
Whether ANT stands for Advanced Network Technology or Access Network Technology is not known.
The article from Der Spiegel notes that it is a "50-page document" and that "nearly 50 pages" are published. The gallery contains 49 pages. Der Spiegel also noted that the document is likely far from complete.
If the price is listed in bulk, a calculation is made to get the unit price
For two months
Including installation costs
When ordering 25 units, the price per item is US$1000
Up to 4,000
Varies from platform to platform
Data Network Technologies, a division of the Tailored Access Operations
100 units for 625,000
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DEITYBOUNCE, IRONCHEF, SOUFFLETROUGH, and SWAP are hacking tools that can be used to infect servers, computers, and networking devices.
DEITYBOUNCE is technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s).
IRONCHEF is technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS.
SOUFFLETROUGH is BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls.
SWAP is technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows.
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closed_qa
|
What is Venezuela?
|
Venezuela (/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/; American Spanish: [beneˈswela] (listen)), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
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Venezuela (/ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/; American Spanish: [beneˈswela] (listen)), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and its population was estimated at 29 million in 2022. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba. Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.
The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American territories to declare independence from the Spanish and to form part, as a department, of the first federal Republic of Colombia (historiographically known as Gran Colombia). It separated as a full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional military dictators until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to major political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. The government's populist social welfare policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices, temporarily increasing social spending, and reducing economic inequality and poverty in the early years of the regime. However, poverty began to increase in the 2010s. The 2013 Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed leading to widespread protest, which triggered another nationwide crisis that continues to this day. Venezuela has experienced democratic backsliding, shifting into an authoritarian state. It ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties and has high levels of perceived corruption.
Venezuela is a developing country and ranks 113th on the Human Development Index. It has the world's largest known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Previously, the country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, but oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire economy. The country struggles with record hyperinflation, shortages of basic goods, unemployment, poverty, disease, high child mortality, malnutrition, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the Venezuelan migrant crisis where more than three million people have fled the country. By 2017, Venezuela was declared to be in default regarding debt payments by credit rating agencies. The crisis in Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating human rights situation, including increased abuses such as torture, arbitrary imprisonment, extrajudicial killings and attacks on human rights advocates. Venezuela is a charter member of the UN, Organization of American States (OAS), Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), ALBA, Mercosur, Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) and Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI).
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information_extraction
|
Extract the pupils of Abraham van Strij from the text. Separate them with a comma.
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Van Strij was born and died in Dordrecht. According to the RKD he was the son of Leendert and the brother of Jacob. Both he and his brother were pupils of his father, and after taking lessons from Joris Ponse, Abraham joined his father's workshop. He was a member of the Dordrecht Guild of St. Luke and later its director. His son Abraham II also became a painter, and besides his son, he and his brother took on pupils after taking over their father's workshop. Their pupils were Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, and Gillis Smak Gregoor.
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Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, Gillis Smak Gregoor.
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information_extraction
|
Say that you take 1 step left, then 2 forward, then 4 right, then 3 right, then 3 forward, then 5 back. Take me through the process of determining how far you end up from your starting position.
|
First, we find the displacement from the starting position, which we will use to calculate the distance. To do this, collect the steps into groups by direction.
Left: we take 1 step left
Right: we take 4 + 3 = 7 steps right
Forward: we take 2 + 3 = 5 steps forward
Back: we take 5 steps back
We can subtract step counts in opposite directions to get our final displacement
Left/Right: we take 1 step left and 7 right, so we take a total of 1 - 7 = -6 steps left. This is equivalent to 6 steps right.
Forward/Back: we take 5 steps forward and 5 steps back, so we take a total of 5 - 5 = 0 steps forward.
This means we end up 5 steps to the right and 0 steps forward from where we started, which is a distance of 5 steps.
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creative_writing
|
|
Propose a text about young boy that wanted to fly his kite over the skyscrapers. Make this a very positive story with a twist
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Bob is a fun a loving kid that spends lots of his free time outdoors. Whenever there is a good wind he takes his kite, a gift from his dad, and goes out to play and fly. One day his dad was going to a very big city to talk with some of his partners. Bob got immediately very excited. It was his dream to take his kite and fly it from one of the very big and tall buildings. His dad made this all happen. Together with his son they went on the roof and played with the kite.
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creative_writing
|
|
According to this paragraph, how many NCAA championships has UVA won?
|
In the 21st century alone, UVA teams have won seventeen NCAA championships. The men's teams have won recent NCAA titles in basketball (2019); lacrosse (2003, 2006, 2011, 2019, and 2021); baseball (2015); soccer (2009 and 2014); and tennis (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2022). UVA women have won recent NCAA titles in rowing (2010 and 2012) and swimming & diving (2021 and 2022). The Cavaliers rank first in the ACC (a power conference) with 22 men's NCAA Championships, and rank second in the conference with nine women's NCAA Championships.
|
UVA has won 17 NCAA championships.
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closed_qa
|
Given a reference text about Connie Passalacqua Hayman, tell me when and where taught journalism.
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Connie Passalacqua Hayman is an American journalist and educator. Passalacqua Hayman has written on a number of topics, but is noted for her reporting and critical analysis of daytime soap operas.
Career
Passalacqua Hayman started her soap journalism career in 1980 as an assistant to newspaper columnist Jon-Michael Reed, "the first soap journalist to review soaps as theater and edit soap magazines for intelligent readers." She has since written about the daytime industry for various publications and news organizations, including Newsday, United Features Syndicate, The New York Times, Variety, the New York Daily News, TV Guide and USA Today. She was the editor of Afternoon TV magazine from 1980 to 1983, an editor for Soap Opera World and a contributor for Soap Opera Digest, Soap Opera People and others.
Between 1995 and 2001, Passalacqua Hayman was an adjunct professor of journalism at New York University, and in 2001 she left writing full-time to earn a master's degree in education at NYU. She taught journalism at Marymount Manhattan College as an adjunct professor in the Communications Department from 2007 to 2014.
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Connie Passalacqua Hayman taught journalism at New York University from 1995 to 2001 and at Marymount Manhattan College from 2007 to 2014.
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closed_qa
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