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There will also be more advanced sections for people who have stronger backgrounds. Take advantage. OK, you guys can sit down. Leaving them standing there awkwardly for hours afterward. Take advantage of the sections.
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If you don't know what synapses are, don't panic at this point. There are ways brain cells connect with each other. OK, normal psychic life depends on the good functioning of brain synapses, and mental disorders appear as a result of synaptic derangements.
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going to be is think about this big complex issue of the biology behavior without falling into thinking in categories.
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And there's all these different categories that we can use to explain what's going on. All of these different buckets. All of these different buckets which begin to pull you towards all of the problems we just saw. Having trouble telling how different or similar two facts are, having trouble seeing big pictures, over emphasizing the importance of the bucket you happen to live inside of.
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Can you pass it back to me? Just hit it on back. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Yay. So you get New Yorkers, and while everybody else is thinking logical things like 43 and 41 and 45 and 7 billion and all of that, you've got this whole world of dividing numbers by subway stops.
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May 3rd for the midterm. Yes, 7 .30. 7 .30 in the evening. It is a Monday. June 4th. June 4th for the final. OK, more questions. Yeah. What's the format of the midterm and the final? In an ideal world, given the whole emphasis here on no buckets, blah, blah, et cetera, it would be long essays and requirements of sonnets and sensitive haikus about the hypothalamus.
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All of these have been used successfully in courts of law to explain the behavior of a murderer. In the first case, In the first case, a number of cases where the fact that a woman was having her period at the time of killing someone was part of what a jury said led them to exonerate the person, a literature showing that a disproportionate share of female aggression comes around the time of menses.
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So we stopped doing that. So first, first she did that, and then weapons of mass destruction. So it's a five unit class at the moment. Say hi for me if you run into her on campus. So five units, the workload, I think, will be commensurate with that.
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That being a crude example of just how wrong this guy was, you cannot have all the control over the environment and turn somebody into whatever you want. Here's a guy living pathologically in this bucket that behavior could be explained solely by understanding reward and punishment.
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Here's an example. Why should you do this? Where did the example go? Here's one of the classic continua that we ever deal with, which is the continua of color, the varying wavelengths that take the rainbow from violet to red.
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Finally, anabolic steroids, any number of cases of people having uncontrolled violence arguing because they were weight lifters in a wildly abusive range of taking this stuff had something to do with violence. Put all four of these together and we get the first of the two points of this entire course, which is sometimes the stuff that's going on in your body can dramatically influence what goes on in your brain.
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And if you really think about it, it is going to force a change in everything else that you bring to thinking about the subject. In addition, at this moment, there is not a reader because I'm trying to avoid having to get you guys to have to buy a reader.
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They have either taken the course before. In some cases, they've TA'd the course before. They are grad students in various of the bucket specialties. I would strongly suggest taking advantage of the sections. What will evolve after the first few weeks is there will be the regular sections going over the course material sort of in the usual way.
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And you will have just seen the second key thing in this course, which is sometimes what's going on in your head will affect every single outpost in your body. And what this course is about is the intertwining, the interconnections between your physiology and your behavior, the underlying emotions, thoughts, memories, all of that and the capacity of each to deeply influence the other under all sorts of circumstances.
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And in response to that, the female picks up and goes running over to the rooster. And thus, we have our first behavioral biology question here. Why did that chicken cross the road? Did it get to that rooster? So you could answer that like an endocrinologist and say, well, the female had certain levels of estrogen in her bloodstream, which made this key hypothalamic areas responsive to the stimulus.
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Obviously, when people are thinking about stuff like behavior, and they do this professionally, professional biologist, biology behavior type, yes, they understand also. This is just this straw man, ooh, we're going to be more sophisticated in our thinking than endocrinologists and geneticists and all of those.
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Utterly strange. Things are quiet. Three months later, his wife with 15 years happy marriage discovers he's having an affair with a 16 year old checkout kid down at the Safeway. Really weird.
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For example, somebody give me an estimate on how long this line is. A foot, okay, people who said a foot, what is it that went through your head to figure it out? You imagined how long a ruler is. This is 11 and 1 half inches because it's 11 inches, and 8 and 1 half by 11.
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And as part of his remarkably successful defense for a double murderer that led to a remarkably short jail sentence was the famed Twinkie defense. The argument that his addiction to junk food caused wild fluctuations in his blood sugar levels, which caused him to do that.
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In some cases, we are gonna be out there on our own trying to understand what's up. Okay, so that will be the general strategy for the course. We will resist categorical thinking over and over and over, not just because that's cool and nuanced and subtle, all of that, but fall into categorical thinking, and you can do unspeakable damage in a realm of science that makes a difference.
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Okay, now what that exercise is ... no that did not count towards the grade, what that will show I am sure in some obsessive -burst of procrastination, I actually look through the answers tonight, what it is going to show is the accuracy is going to tank the second, you go from the phone number pattern of three digits followed by four, break up that pattern and suddenly we all get screwed up because we are saying wait a second I thought it was a phone number that was one digit, now two digits I can't and it's gone and you are on to the next one and what we see there is the third example which is when you pay too much attention to boundaries you don't see the big picture, all you see are categories, all you see are wait a second phone numbers are supposed to come with three digits followed by four, another example of where we use categorical thinking, okay I am putting up a number series here, okay what's, oh my God, what is this, what is this, what is this, what is this, okay what is the next number in this series and why, 42, how come, okay so we are kind of oscillating all over the place there, okay so that's as valid as anybody else's, who is 45, how come, okay are you going to take that, 45 that's very, okay what else, let me make it a little bit easier here, okay so what's the next number in that series and what I am telling you is if you think about the world with a certain set of categories in your head you will know the next number in the sequence, so what's the next one, 7 billion, okay that one, 7 billion, okay so what's the next one, 7 billion, okay so what's OK, $7 billion.
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OK, now I want to impress you with another friend of mine, who's a painter. And this person is such a great painter that they paint with 11 different colors. That doesn't work, because that's not a category that we have. We don't classify the quality of the art.
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Apparently, you could go to a 7 -Eleven somewhere in Iowa and you could buy a can of pig ovulatory synchronization spray Powered by and take it home and just run... I have no idea why you would want to do that. But nonetheless, that's how you...
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Good, even more specific than that. Something they all have in common. Oh, come on, somebody wanna guess. I see these brief movements of hands. There is people change their mind. Okay, it all has to do with hormones.
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This is another realm where the physiology of the response, the empathy, the emotional bonding, all of that, it's the same boring physiology as every other animal out there. And we are using it in a way that is unrecognizable. Now some of the time the challenge is the third category, which is when we are doing something that no other animal out there has anything remotely similar to.
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Behaviorism that sort of reached its apogee with this guy, B .F. Skinner, in the 1950s, this notion that if you could control the rewards, the punishments, the positive, the negative reinforcements, you could turn anybody into anything you want, whether doctor, lawyer, beggar, or thief.
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Let me give you an example here, a shocking example. You have a couple, they live together. They come back at the end of the day from work. They talk, they eat dinner, they talk some more. They go to bed, and they have sex.
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Which is the world of what's going on with neurons. What's going on with circuitry? Where's the explanation for the behavior? Aha, this behavior happened because this part of the brain got activated. But just as we're about to settle and happily into that bucket, we push back a bit and say, well, what smell, what sound, what sensory stimulation in the environment caused those neurons to get activated and produce that behavior?
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And the whole point here is to be able to do this even if you don't have a science background because the obvious argument I would make is everybody has to learn behavioral biology because we're being behavioral biologists every time we serve on a jury.
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You know, either practice on a bear or an apple. Oh, here we see the dangers of making mistakes about differences between B and P under certain circumstances. So we see one of the dangers there, which is when you are paying too much attention to categories you can't differentiate two facts that fall within the same category.
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OK, good. Good. A social contract comes through. Yeah. Do you schedule midterm or final days yet? What's that? Do you schedule midterm or final days? Yes. I don't remember. May 3rd.
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And over the subsequent month or so, what happens is both of you will begin to lengthen your cycles and eventually synchronize them, so that you are both ovulating the same afternoon on a regular basis. Amazing, this actually works this way.
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These people are going through thousands of calories a day, doing nothing more than thinking. And this is outrageous, because you look at one of these chess grandmasters who's just taken down an opponent and took their queen or whatever, and they will have the exact same physiology as some male baboon on the savannah who's just ripped the stomach open of his worst rival.
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Powered by But that's not what we want to understand. We don't want to understand why birds migrate and don't get lost. We want to understand human behavior. Worse than that, harder than that, human social behavior. And hardest of all in some cases, some grossly abnormal human behavior.
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And what's even more remarkable is you put the two females together and it's not random who synchronizes the other one. The dominant female synchronizes the subordinate one. Totally understood, people have been working on this for years, and it works this way in like goats and sheep and dogs and cats and pigs.
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A strategy to make things easier. Which is that we think in categories. We think in categories, we take things that are continuous and we break them into categories and we label those categories. And we do that in various settings because it could be extremely useful.
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And people are going to be far more accurate with this than whether they saw this or not. Because we don't have a word for it. We don't have a word that's at all sort of analytical, that's some squiggly whatever. We don't have a clear cut category.
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So the first half of the course is gonna be the introduction to the bucket. And I will tell you right off the bat, it is a total pain in the rear. Because what we're gonna be doing is, like every two and a half lectures, just when you are getting the vocabulary down, we're gonna jump to a completely different bucket.
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One of them picks up their hand and moves a little piece of wood on the table. And if these happen to be the right two individuals in the middle of a chess grandmaster tournament, these people are maintaining blood pressure for six hours running that you only see in a marathon runner.
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It's a sub -4 minute mylar. It's a line that's almost the length. That's about the length of a ruler. It's the color orange. How do you know that's the case? Because go and take people from other language groups where their language arbitrarily divides the rainbow at other points with completely different color terms. Powered by
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Hopefully, it won't be quite as mindless as that, but that's the main function of the midterm. OK, more questions? Yeah? No, it's a PMA to get ketchup section on evolution this week. Is there any other questions?
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Because often that takes a lot more objectivity than we initially assume. What does the behavior look like? Then we will say, well, what went on in that organism a half second before that behavior occurred to occur, to cause it to occur?
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And once you understand the little pieces and put it back together, you will understand the complex thing. And what chaos as an entire field is about, and this was pretty much the first book that was meant for the lay public, about it, what chaos shows is that's how you fix clocks.
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The studies tend to show is the individual who is more socially outgoing, extroverted, dominating is the one who synchronizes the other one. And this is well enough understood that when I went in college, people would sit around at the dinner table and say stuff like, oh, when we room together this summer, I had her synchronized by August 1st.
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And thus, again, our goal is going to be to not fall for that. To think about human behaviors, and in some cases, to think about some of the most disturbing, some of the most frightening damaged human behaviors, and resist the temptation to think inside a bucket and find the explanation.
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They all have hormones in common, I say, trying to facilitate somebody making the next guess. Oh, come on, they all have something. Okay, we gotta get outta here at some point. These all have four things in common.
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Powered by So that's gonna be the strategy for the course. Something critical about how the course was designed is, it's got no prerequisites. Because I really think this is a subject that everybody on earth should be forced to learn about at gunpoint.
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OK, this is a complicated subject, and we're smart, so we're going to try to think about that smartly. That's great, but maybe this is just an irritating song and dance here of, ooh, we're not going to fall for categorical thinking like people out there.
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Women who had olfactory deficits didn't synchronize with their roommates. They would synchronize unless they were having close intimate relationships with a male, in which case they desynchronized, and what's most cool of all is it's not random who synchronizes to who.
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He's incredibly fast. In fact, he's one of the best runners in the country at this point. How fast does he have to have run the mile or better for you to be deeply impressed? Under four minutes.
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Then you already have the course under control. Okay, so we start off trying to find something in common. Look at these four events here. We're not in terms of being scraped out there, but these are four circumstances that have something surprising in common.
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Interesting factoid, this John Watson guy, shortly after that, he was driven out of academia for a wild scandal, but he was involved in, and he spent the rest of his career apparently as an extremely successful advertising executive.
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Having your period, having a brain tumor, eating a lot of junk food, taking anabolic steroids. Those of you who are not oriented to it, that's the ones that build up your muscle, like testosterone derivatives. Okay, these all have something in common.
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Okay, how many think that there is a valid way of using biology to understand who's religious and who isn't? Yeah, you're not quite as many hands there. Okay, as long as we're in that terrain, how many people believe in God?
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44, how come? Well, it's looking like you're just kind of going up like plus 10 in the 10th column. But then you're doing two fourths, OK, but remember, it's got to be 44th. What's that?
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And all we're going to be doing is working our way back all the way through early development, fetal life, the genetic makeup of an individual, the genetic makeup of entire population, species, the evolutionary pressure on, all the way back to there.
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We may and we must rely on the healthy instincts of the best of our people for the extermination of elements of the population loaded with drigs. Anybody want to guess who that was? Hitler, nah, Hitler, that behavioral biologist, he was a little bit busy at the time. This was instead one of Hitler's main scientific propagandists.
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That's another possibility. Although presumably it would be $7 billion. Anything else? Any other guesses here as to what happens next? Fourth, 14th, 23rd, 34th. What's the next one in the sequence? Yes?
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Conrad Lorenz discovered imprinting in birds, and he'd be going around, he was this little Austrian guy with this churubic white beard, and he'd always have these little Austrian shorts and suspenders, and there would be a whole bunch of duckies following him because they thought he was mom and he was totally charming and irresistible of this sort of old imprinting with his ducky kids, and he also happened to be a rabid Nazi propagandist who went to his grave saying that there was nothing wrong with what he did.
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What do I mean in this regard, thinking categorically about a subject like this? There's some chicken, and the chicken is standing somewhere, and there's some rooster over there that does some sexually solicited, exciting thing for the female. Powered by
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Powered by What other stuff? There's going to be a huge amount of information online. The coursework is going to be set up for the class. There will be copies of the handouts. There will be lecture notes.
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Any other guesses? Yeah. Frontal loboties. You want to adjust somebody's synapses, so you just slice off the front third of their brain or so. This was agos monies. A Portuguese neurologist who invented frontal lobotomies.
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Powered by Having your period, having a brain tumor, eating a lot of junk food, and taking a lot of anabolic steroids. Anybody wanna fathom a guess? What's the commonality amongst the four of them? Yeah? Hormones, good, okay, we're often running with hormones.
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This is what happens if you hang out with biologists, but we're exactly the same. The challenge there is recognizing there's nothing fancy about us. At various points in the class, we will look at comparisons between the human and the chimp genome, and it's virtually the same.
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And we're doing it there just with thought. And some of the time what's remarkable about us is we have absolutely typical boring physiology, but we use it in ways that no other animal could. We get stressed by the inevitability of our mortality.
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When you think in categories, you overestimate how different they are when there happens to be a boundary in between them. And when you pay attention to categorical boundaries, you don't see big pictures. Now, what our goal in this class is going to be is think about this big complex issue of the biology behavior without falling into thinking in categories.
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These are people whose influence led to the brains being destroyed of hundreds of thousands of people who had nothing wrong with them. These are the people who led to the notion that you fix up a problem that doesn't exist by exterminating nine million people.
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1. Introduction to Human Behavioral Biology Mon, 08/28 15:55PM · 58mins. A lecture by Robert Sapolsky in Stanford from a course Human Behavioral Biology.
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In some cases, it will be to understand what's happening in the paper in detail. In some cases, this is an example of how people in this bucket think about this problem. Just read the abstract. So all of that will be assigned and made clear.
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The first one is recognizing circumstances where there is nothing fancy about us whatsoever. We are just like every other animal out there. And where the challenge is to accept that. Let me give you an example. You are a hamster, you are a female hamster.
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Ordinal, cardinal, whatever it is. What? How come? You were right. You were right. Anybody who is a New Yorker will know what the next one is. These are the subway stops. And you get a bagel with cream cheese.
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Stanford University. This is Bio 150, isn't it? Okay, just wanted to make sure. Okay, so we start off with a scenario. 40 year old guy, quiet suburban life, married 15 year, two kids, three and a half dogs, everything's standard, everything's going wonderfully.
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And thus, we have another categorical boundary there. There's an infinite variety of speeds with which you can run a mile, yet we have in our heads this boundary. People who are under four minute milers, you are very impressed with.
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And I discovered this one day a number of years ago, where for reasons I don't even understand, I found myself needing to take testicular biopsies on baboons. Not having sort of learned that in junior high how you do that, I called up this guy Deerology at the med school who happened to be Finnish and I explained to him what I wanted to do and he sort of took me through the paces and told me what thingy I needed to buy and that sort of stuff and holiday packages of those where you can get a dozen and sort of telling me how to do that and once we went through he said, what I want you to do, the thing to do at this point is get some practice, I want you to practice on a bear.
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They obviously know that these things interact, and there's not just one explanation, and it's just the area they focus on. They understand that. Let me read you a few quotes to show just how much some of these folks don't understand that.
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Third possibility, he has a mutation in one gene in his head. And what we'll be seeing is this is exactly the profile that you get in a certain neurological disease where it's one gene that's out of whack. First demonstration of that.
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Think about your lips turning blue after the, think about the blood flow slowing down, think about your feet and your toes getting cold. And at that point, you will probably be increasing the rate at which that heart beats.
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And you never even see the person's face. You just see the car. We get stressed reading about something awful happening to a character in a novel. This is a whole realm of things that we could do that nobody else does.
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And thus, suddenly, everything about this behavior is explained by A gene, a neurotransmitter, a childhood trauma, A, a living inside one bucket. What we are going to be doing over and over in here is the main point of the course is looking at how what goes on in your body influences behavior, emotions, memories, how what goes on there influences your body, looping over, and at every one of those points, resisting the pull to think categorically.
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And on the flip side, we can feel compassion and empathy for a loved one, but we can also do the same for someone on the Powered by other side of the planet in a refugee camp. We can feel compassion for a member of another species. We feel badly when our pets are injured.
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Really greatly skilled TA's. OK, so that's basically what we got going here. Are there any questions? Units. OK, somebody emailed about units. The class is five units, and it's because we are meeting for so many hours a week.
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Chaos year after year after year in this class provokes the strongest opinions. A quarter of the people decided it was the most irritating, irrelevant thing that could possibly have been assigned in the class and hate it.
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But simply because of the numbers in here, we are reduced to sort of like lowest common denominator, a lot of multiple choice questions, just to make things saner for the TAs. Because it is an unbelievable job to try to grade this many papers that quickly.
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There will be a Q &A. There will be course logistics. Some of the slides will be put up in there. Make use of that. There will be announcements about time changing for office hours and things like that.
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Midterm will be in an evening rather than during a class time. And if we're on schedule the class time that day, it will be used for review. And anything else? Oh, a very good suggestion just now, given that the class before here is humongous and thus we have the impossible problem of a lot of people trying to get out of that.
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And in the past, it is work to be able to get the stuff up online. So that will be advantageous for some folks. OK, question. Yes, there was a question up there. OK, you take it back. OK, any other questions? Bagel, guys. Did you get your bagel or did somebody eat it?
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We get stressed by reading something awful that has happened to a child on the other side of the planet. We get stressed by somebody zooming past us in some sports car and we decide that we are now economically inadequate.
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And each case do the strategy of what does the behavior look like, what happened a second before, the world of neurons, what happened with the sensory stimuli that trigger those neurons, et cetera, all the way back to the evolutionary selective pressures.
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Next example, remember back at various points of anxiety during exams and such back when there was a world of difference between getting a 65 on a test and a 66 on a test. Not particularly different, but because there is this boundary Powered by drawn there between passing and failing, there is this dramatic differentiating we make when you put a boundaries, you have trouble seeing how similar things are on either side of it.
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Okay, who thinks it's all explained by nature? Who thinks it's all explained by nurture? Who think there's a magnificent, fascinating, nuanced interaction between nature and nature? Yay, okay, well, everybody's gonna get an A plus there.
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OK, TAs, did you guys decide to videotape the ketchup section? Probably audio. Audio. OK. Or you could go to the section of the office hours and ask questions there. OK, either office hours or it's going to be taped and put up online on courseworks.
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But everybody in here has this category in their head, things that are kind of the same length as a ruler, a continuum of lengths. And there's a category for that. Suppose I'm telling you I have some friend who's a runner. He runs the mile.
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Final thing is we have a team of TAs here. And they are great. Here they are. TAs, stand up and be embarrassed. OK, stand up guys. There they are. There's all but one of them who is in transit. There they are. These guys are great.
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And one day out of nowhere, he punches somebody in the face at work. Totally bizarre out of character. The guy is standing there by the water cooler and makes some comment on some baseball team, takes exception to it, punches him in the face.
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Lecture notes that I have that will be about five to 10 pages covering each lecture, which we'll get to about the middle of the course. And I suspect I will run out of steam by then. So they won't curve for the second half. There will be commonly asked questions.
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Synaptic adjustments will then modify the corresponding ideas and force them into different channels. Using this approach, we obtain cures and improvements, but no failures. Synaptic adjustments. What do you suppose those little old synaptic adjustments are that this guy is referring to?
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I found this to be the most influential book in my thinking about science since college, so that is a sign. There will also be a bunch of lectures in the second half of the course covering these fields of chaos and complexity.
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Let me give you an example here. You have two humans, two individuals, who are going through a ritual. They are sitting at a table. They are absolutely silent. They're making no eye contact, and they do nothing more physically taxing than every now and then.
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So what we all decided was to find ways every single sleazy trick we could do to puff up the number of units we were supposedly teaching. So for a while, the five unit class here, so we'd get you six units. But eventually, they caught us.
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About half the people never quite figured out what's up with it. And a quarter of the people, their life is transformed. They no longer have to meditate. They no longer have to have a... Just they are at peace. At peace, I tell you.
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