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Skip to 0 minutes and 8 secondsHi. My name is Gwynne Richards. I am an associate lecturer here at the University of Warwick and also a supply chain consultant. Logistics is all about the physical movement and storage of goods. So this week, we're going to look at how product is moved, the different modes of transport that we use to transport goods around the world and also, we're going to take a look into some of the warehouses that are used for the storage and dispatch of goods. We're also going to look at the challenges that companies face in terms of their logistics and also look at the innovations that those companies are bringing into logistics in order to overcome those challenges.
Skip to 0 minutes and 48 secondsLearners will have a greater appreciation of the role of logistics within the supply chain. They'll see all the different modes of transportation that are used to transfer goods throughout the world, and also, all of the new technology that's being introduced into both warehousing and transportation. We'll also look at how we can overcome some of the challenges that face companies, especially in the area of e-commerce. During this week, we're going to have a look at the definition and the history of logistics. We're going to see who invented the shipping container, which revolutionised the movement of goods globally.
Skip to 1 minute and 27 secondsWe're then going to go on and look at transport and warehousing and then discuss the challenges that are facing companies in terms of logistics today. We'll also finally look at the innovations that these companies are introducing to overcome some of those challenges. Finally, we'll have a look at other areas of logistics, such as 3D printing, which could potentially do away with warehouses altogether. There are a number of questions that we pose throughout the week and a number of discussion areas that we'd like learners to take part in. We want the learners to bring in their own experiences and expertise into the discussions and hopefully help others then get a greater appreciation of logistics.
Skip to 2 minutes and 18 secondsI hope you enjoy the course and look forward to hearing about your experiences and seeing the discussions.
Welcome to Week 5
During this week we are going to discuss logistics and its role within the supply chain.
This week your tutor is Gwynne Richards. Gwynne has over thirty years’ experience in warehouse management and logistics, and is an Associate Lecturer at the University of Warwick.
He founded his own logistics consultancy and training company in 2003. Gwynne produces and runs Warehouse Management and Transport courses on behalf of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Singapore Institute of Management, The University of Westminster and The University of Warwick where he is a module tutor for the Masters course in Supply Chain.
His book on Warehouse Management was published in 2011 by Kogan Page and has sold over 9,000 copies worldwide. A second book on Logistics and supply chain tools was published in October 2013 and a second edition of Warehouse Management was released in June 2014.
How does this week fit into the overall course?
Logistics is all about the physical aspects of the supply chain. Where we store the goods and how we transport them from place to place.
What will learners be able to do differently at the end this week?
Learners will have a greater understanding of the logistics processes and the challenges facing companies today from e-commerce and the pressure to be more environmentally friendly. These can be very conflicting areas. We will also look at how companies try to overcome these challenges.
How is the week structured?
This week covers an aspect of logistics such as its history, modes of transportation, what warehouses do and how companies are innovating.
How would you like learners to engage?
Each step has either videos or articles which we suggest the learners read and view. We then ask that they get involved in the discussion topics that we have introduced. They may need to do some additional research to get more information.
© University of Warwick
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Helping lift families out of poverty
In 2013, 767 million people – or one in ten people in the world – were estimated to be living below the international poverty line. Dedicated to high-quality poverty research with real societal impact, The University of Manchester is now shaping policy and practice in several countries, helping to alleviate poverty on a massive scale.
Global problem: persistent poverty
Addressing persistent poverty across the world is an urgent issue, but many proposed solutions attempted in the past have failed. Promising ideas can prove unsuccessful in practice, and progress can often be temporary.
Families affected by chronic poverty find it hard to send their children to school and have limited access to markets for goods and services.
Manchester solution: direct cash transfers
Research beacon breakthroughs
Find out how world-class academic research is commercialised by scientists, engineers, medical professionals, business leaders and policymakers at Manchester.
Armando Barrientos, Professor of Poverty and Social Justice at our Global Development Institute, led international research into the scope and effectiveness of direct cash transfers as a means to reduce persistent poverty. These are regular sums of money given by government to families living in extreme poverty to use as they see fit.
The research by Professor Barrientos and his colleagues in Manchester’s Chronic Poverty Research Centre initially examined the impact of tax-financed pension programmes on poverty among older people, before extending its focus to all forms of direct transfer to poor households.
The research demonstrated that direct anti-poverty transfers are a practical, politically sustainable and financially feasible means to address extreme and chronic poverty in low-and middle-income countries.
Professor Barrientos says: “The key findings were that properly designed and implemented anti-poverty transfers strengthen the productive capacity of households, address long-term structural and persistent poverty and allow households to allocate their resources."
“These breakthrough Manchester findings have shaped development policy, influenced national governments and informed practice in several countries, helping to alleviate poverty across the globe."
“Poverty research has a long tradition at Manchester,” he added. “I wanted to conduct my research here because of the critical mass of researchers from a range of disciplines working on poverty and development at an international level.”
Direct results of our research proving the long-term positive impacts of direct cash transfers in tackling persistent poverty include:
- US$2 per month pledged to all children born in South Sudan after the 2006 Peace Accord;
- 40% increase in UK government funding for the Department for International Development’s Chars Livelihood Programme, which aims to improve the livelihoods of more than one million people in chronically poor households in the island Chars of north-western Bangladesh;
- implementation of a pilot anti-poverty transfer programme in Uganda;
- shaping of development policy at a global level, following Professor Barrientos advising the UN High Level Panel Report for the post-2015 development agenda.
Find out more
Read the research papers:
- 'Design and rural context in antipoverty transfers: Implications for programme outcomes', Global Food Security, Vol 12, 2016
- 'Justice-based social assistance', Global Social Policy, Vol 16, 2, 2016
- 'Antipoverty transfers and labour market outcomes: Regression Discontinuity Design findings', The Journal of Development Studies, Vol 51, issue 9, 2015
- 'Is there a role for social pensions in Asia', Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, Vol 2, 1, 2015
Meet the researcher:
- Professor Armando Barrientos, Professor of Poverty and Social Justice
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By Matt Doran
My social media posts typically fall well behind the news cycle (if they even make to publication). Rather than retweeting and linking to articles about the issue du jour, I try to use social media platforms in educative ways that promote contemplation and reflection.
One question many have recently asked: How is it that seemingly decent people justify and rationalize fundamentally deplorable policies and leaders? The psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance helps us understand why individuals will often "explain away" the indefensible. Cognitive dissonance refers the mental discomfort that results from contradictory beliefs, or when our beliefs run contrary to our behaviors (especially in light of new evidence). We seek consistency in our attitudes and perceptions. When what we believe is challenged, something must change in order to reduce the dissonance (lack of agreement).
The need for dissonance reduction is especially acute when it involves beliefs about the self. Everyone wants to believe they are fundamentally good people who make good decisions (about health, finances, politics, etc). But sometimes the evidence mounts against us. In government and politics, this happens when parties and leaders engage in actions and policies that violate clear moral and ethical boundaries. To reduce the dissonance, supporters must change a belief--either I'm not so good at making decisions after all, or the actions/policies are justified.
Aesop's fable, the Fox and the Grapes, helps illustrate cognitive dissonance. The Fox noticed a beautiful bunch of ripe grapes hanging from a high vine. After multiple attempts to jump for the grapes, the Fox fell short. He finally concludes that the sour grapes are not worth it after all. Clearly, the Fox believed two things: the grapes are desirable and he had the ability to reach them. But when the evidence showed the falsity of his belief about himself, the Fox reduces the dissonance by rationalizing that the grapes really aren't so desirable.
Here's a good explanation of cognitive dissonance: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cognitive-dissonance-2795012
From Why Learn History (When It's Already on Your Phone) by Sam Wineburg.
"Wedging a media literacy course into an already crammed curriculum is like slapping a new coat of paint on a house that's teetering on its foundation: it lends to better street appeal but it does little to address the underlying problem.
Making headway will entail more than a four-week media or news literacy course. It will require a fundamental reorientation to the curriculum. . . .
What once fell on the shoulders of editors, publishers, librarians, and subject matter experts now falls on the shoulders of each and every one of us. The big problem with this new reality is that the ill-informed hold just as much power at the polling station as the well-informed. Reliable information is to civic intelligence what clean air and water are to public health. . . .
Jefferson's solution is no less apt today than it was in his era. 'If we think [the people] are not enlightened enough to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education.'"
- Sam Wineburg
By Matt Doran
Especially on patriotic holidays, our propensity is to sanctify the causes of our wars. But clear historical analysis compels a more complex and nuanced narrative.
The back cover of Scars of Independence: America's Violent Birth by Holger Hoock gives us pause for reflection and analysis.
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Pulmonary imaging is important in the diagnosis of the acute lung injury associated with vaping, known as electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), according to a special review article published in the journal Radiology. The report outlines what is currently known about this condition and discusses remaining questions.
Although e-cigarettes have been often marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, EVALI has emerged as a serious and sometimes fatal complication of vaping.
Radiologists play a key role in the evaluation of suspected EVALI. Accurate identification of the condition allows for prompt medical treatment, which may decrease the severity of injury in some patients.
“Rapid clinical and/or radiologic recognition of EVALI allows clinicians to treat patients expeditiously and provide supportive care,” said Seth Kligerman, M.D., associate professor at UC San Diego School of Medicine and division chief of cardiothoracic radiology at UC San Diego Health in San Diego, California. “Although detailed clinical studies are lacking, some patients with EVALI rapidly improve after the administration of corticosteroids. Additionally, making the correct diagnosis may prevent unnecessary therapies and procedures, which themselves can lead to complications.”
Despite ongoing investigations by public health officials, the exact cause of EVALI remains unclear. What is currently known is that most patients are young adult and adolescent men. Over 80% of EVALI patients report vaping tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol CBD containing compounds.
Patients with EVALI typically have a combination of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as general symptoms like fever or fatigue. Chest CT findings in EVALI can be variable but most commonly show a pattern of diffuse lung injury with sparing of the periphery of the lungs. EVALI is a diagnosis of exclusion. The patient must have a history of vaping within 90 days and abnormal findings on chest imaging, but other possible causes for the patient’s symptoms must be eliminated.
Dr. Kligerman also notes that some patients may present to the emergency department with relatively mild symptoms or radiologic findings.
“If EVALI is not diagnosed in a timely manner, patients may continue vaping after leaving the doctor’s office, clinic or emergency department which could lead to worsening lung injury,” he said.
The article cautions that aside from EVALI, vaping may pose long-term health risks. Nicotine and THC addiction, cardiovascular disease and chronic pulmonary injury are all potential consequences of e-cigarette use and are particularly concerning in the predominantly younger population that is associated with vaping.
“Right now, we do not know the long-term effects of vaping, as it is still a relatively new method of nicotine and THC delivery, and there are countless variables involved which further confound our understanding of what is happening on a patient-specific level,” Dr. Kligerman said.
He added that while recent studies have shown an association between vaping and the development of asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, these studies have only shown an association and not causation.
“Although I am hesitant to speculate on specifics as we just do not have the data, I would not be surprised if vaping is directly linked to many of the chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases commonly associated with traditional cigarette smoking,” Dr. Kligerman said.
“The link between vaping and lung cancer is unknown at this point,” he noted.
Studies with long-term follow up will be needed to evaluate EVALI patients for these conditions and others, including malignancies, that may require longer term vaping exposure to develop.
Reference: “Radiologic, Pathologic, Clinical, and Physiologic Findings of Electronic Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-associated Lung Injury (EVALI): Evolving Knowledge and Remaining Questions” by Seth Kligermanwere, M.D.; Costa Raptis, M.D.; Brandon Larsen, M.D., Ph.D.; Travis S. Henry, M.D.; Alessandra Caporale, Ph.D.; Henry Tazelaar, M.D.; Mark L. Schiebler, M.D.; Felix W. Wehrli, Ph.D.; Jeffrey S. Klein, M.D.; and Jeff Kanne, M.D., 28 January 2020, Radiology.
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2 The delegates at the constitutional convention decided to divide the national government into three branches: Legislative Branch, Executive Branch, and Judicial Branch.
3 Separation of Power: The Constitution divides government power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.The separation of power insures that no one branch of government will have too much power.
12 (a group of advisors to the president) Executive BranchPresidentVice-PresidentCabinet(a group of advisors to the president)
13 Powers of the Executive Branch carry out the laws and make people obey themmanage or run the governmentsuggest new lawsappoint Cabinet membersappoint Supreme Court judgesapprove or reject (veto) laws made by Congress
14 PresidentGeorge W. BushVice-PresidentRichard Cheney
15 The Cabinet Secretary of State Secretary of Treasury Secretary of War Secretary of EducationSecretary of Homeland SecurityAttorney General
20 Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the highest court in nation. There are 9 judges (justices) on the Supreme Court.The Supreme Court Justices are appointed by the President and serve for life.Congress must approve the appointments
21 Powers of the Judicial Branch interprets or reviews laws passed by Congressdecide if a law agrees with the Constitution or disagrees with it (unconstitutional)settle arguments between the statesprotect the rights of the people
25 Checks and BalancesThe three branches of government have roles that check, or limit, the others so that no single branch can have too much authority.It prevents any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.The executive checks the legislative and judicial.The legislative checks the executive and judicial.The judicial checks the executive and legislative.
30 Congress can impeach (bring charges against) and remove a president. Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional (against the constitution).
31 President vetoes the bill 1 2 Congress approvesa bill prohibitingflag burningPresident vetoes the bill12Congress overrides thePresident’s vetoCitizen arrested forburning flag and sues34Supreme Courtdeclares lawunconstitutional5
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Learn About Georges Braque in Art History, View His Art and Famous Paintings
"Purple Plums", Braque
Georges Braque,1882-1963, one of France’s famous artists in art history painted >“Musical forms with the Words Fete and Journal”, in 1913; the medium was oil, pencil and charcoal on canvas.
He prepared his canvases very carefully as it was the foundation on which the structure of his artwork was built. Parts of his canvases were purposely left unpainted later worked into the composition unchanged as a textural effect adding to the artistic composition as a whole.
In 1918 Braque painted another of his famous paintings “Musical Forms”, a collage. In this artwork Braque used real textures in found objects seen in the neck of the stringed instrument formed from corrugated cardboard. He used brown wrapping paper, white ribbed paper, pre-printed paper and other textures tying them together in a harmonious composition.
Developing this technique further Braque mixed textures such as sand into his paint. At times he used thick applications of textured paints and in other instances he would scrub the paint to a thin film revealing a texture beneath. Texture became and element in his artwork complement line, form and color.
Defining his creative art process and abilities as not having the skill to paint the natural beauty of a woman in the “Architectural Record, May 1910, quoted by Gelett Burgess in the article “The Wild Men of Paris”, Georges Braque said “I must therefore create a new sort of beauty, the beauty that appears to me in terms of volume of line, of mass of weight, and through that beauty interpret my subjective impression. Nature is a mere pretext for a decorative composition, plus sentiment. It suggests emotion, and I translate that emotion into art”.
Another of Braque’s famous works is “Le Courrier”, 1914, a collage consisting of charcoal, pencil, gouache, paper and cardboard. A synonym for style of artwork is “Synthetic Cubism”, a reconstruction of pre-made forms into an artistic composition.
Georges Braque kept a notebook or sketchpad with him constantly. He made notations putting down ideas for a time when he was strongly motivated to paint but didn’t know what to paint at the moment. Other famous painters of this period in art history are Pablo Picasso and Fernand Leger.
To view the gallery of Georges Braque, click here.
Click on the graphics below to increase graphic sizes. At the same you time can also view an opportunity to purchase a poster or painting reproduction.
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The number of children in the world that have lost their mother or father, are parentless, or have been abandoned, now exceeds 143 million.
In the past hour . . .
- 1,625 children were forced to live on the streets by the death or abuse of an adult
- 1,667 children under the age of five died from malnutrition and vaccine-preventable diseases
- 115 children became prostitutes
- 66 children under 15 years of age were infected with HIV
- 257 children were orphaned because of HIV / AIDS
Most children are under the age of 15 and are . . .
- Sleeping on concrete beds and rancid garbage piles every night in streets, sewers and dumps
- Scavenging amongst human waste and excreta for rotting morsels and scraps to eat
- Huffing glue and other substances in order to numb the cold, hunger, pain and shame
- Prostituting themselves for basic food and shelter
- Trafficked and sold into sexual bondage, even at 5 years old or younger
- Abused and brutalized by sexual predators, local gangs, corrupt police officers, and slum lords
- Victimized by HIV / AIDS infected men who believe that sleeping with young virgins can cure the disease
- Recruited into lives of thievery, smuggling and drug dealing
- Abducted to serve as child soldiers or sex slaves of soldiers
- Exploited as child laborers or slaves in sweatshops
- Executed by local businessmen and officials who view them as dirty pests interfering with trade and commerce
- Sacrificed in occult / witchcraft rituals
- Robbed of childhoods, self-esteem and innocence
- Robbed of hope
Today 45,000 children will become orphans (statistics from www.worldorphans.com)
According to UNICEF, children in Uganda who have lost both parents exceeds 2.3 million, of which one million is due to HIV/AIDS (43%). Uganda, with a population of 31 million, has an estimated one million people infected with HIV/AIDS.
51% of Uganda’s population is children under the age of 15 years. Less than 25% of children who complete primary school go on to enroll in secondary school, and there’s a registered 59% record of early marriages in Ugandan rural areas among girls.
Malaria still remains the number one killer disease in sub-Saharan Africa and claims 320 people everyday in Uganda alone, especially children. Uganda has been a victim of a 23 year-long civil war in the northern region where a resistance army abducted children as child soldiers. Many children have been displaced and families separated. So many lives were lost resulting in the aftermath of war, poverty, despair, and many orphaned children.
The truth from God’s Word
“I will not leave you as orphans. I will come to you.” John 14:18
“Whoever receives a child like this in my name, receives me.” Matthew 18:5
“Speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves…defend the rights of the poor and needy.” Proverbs 31:8
“Whatsoever you do unto the least of these my brethren, you do it unto me.” Matthew 25:40
Please join us in our mission to bring hope to these hopeless children!
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Share This Post
School Bus Safety
Safety Starts at the Bus Stop
Your child should arrive at the bus stop at least five minutes before the bus is scheduled to arrive. Visit the bus stop and show your child where to wait for the bus: at least three giant steps (six feet) away from the curb. Remind your child that the bus stop is not a place to run or play.
Get On and Off Safely
When the school bus arrives, your child should wait until the bus comes to a complete stop, the door opens, and the driver says it’s okay before approaching the bus door. Your child should use the handrails to avoid falling.
Use Caution Around the Bus
Your child should never walk behind a school bus. If your child must cross the street in front of the bus, tell him/her to walk on a sidewalk or along the side of the street to a place at least five giant steps (10 feet) in front of the bus before crossing. Your child should also make eye contact with the bus driver before crossing to make sure the driver can see him/her. If your child drops something near the school bus, like a ball or book, the safest thing is for your child to tell the bus driver right away. Your child should not try to pick up the item, because the driver might not be able to see him/her.
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Imagine an iceberg. The visible part, already humongous, is the web, the “web surface” or “world wide web,” the one you use in particular by going through Google or any other popular search engines. The rest, much more extensive but immersed in darker and darker waters as we sink, is the deep web and the dark web.
What is the dark web?
Also known as darknet, the dark web is a parallel Internet. Its content is not accessible via conventional search engines such as Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, etc.
The dark web does not work with a central server but thanks to peer-to-peer (P2P) networks with hidden IP addresses, which allow several computers to communicate directly with each other.
Networks (Tor, I2P or Freelance) are organized into nodes, successive encrypted layers, like an onion, to make it almost impossible to track Internet users. And communication data flows randomly through these nodes located around the world.
Additional tools allow the user’s IP address and geolocation data to be changed regularly, always to preserve the user’s anonymity.
Is there a difference between dark web and deep web?
Often confused, dark web and deep web do not mean precisely the same thing. The deep web remains a mystery for many, even though it gathers about 95% of the Internet’s content.
The deep web includes unindexed content or content that requires a significant number of clicks to access it. These are invisible pages because they are not very interesting and remain very far away in the search results. But it may also be a choice of some content owners not to reference them on search engines. Thus, to access their pages, you must first know the URL and/or access them with a password.
Thus, if we can consider that deep web includes darknet, the two terms are not synonymous.
How to access the dark web?
There is nothing illegal about sailing on the dark waters of the darknet unless you want to buy humans or illegal drugs.
Tor allows you to browse the referenced web anonymously, but also to access.onion sites. You will need to use a version of Firefox configured for Tor, Tor Browser or Tails. But it is also possible to access the dark web via I2P (Invisible Internet Project) and Freenet.
Once the tools are mastered, all that remains is to access sites visible only on the dark web, and this is probably the most challenging part. Because as mentioned earlier, they are hidden. You must therefore either know the URLs in advance, consult collaborative directories or specific search engines.
Dark web users have different profiles. There are those who do not want to make their data accessible to Gafa (Google, Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, …). It is also used professionally by criminals and offenders, political dissidents, whistleblowers (such as Edward Snowden) to communicate with the media, investigative journalists (The New Yorker or The Guardian have created a SecureDrop on Tor to communicate with whistleblowers and receive documents) and investigators, of course.
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The young bearded vulture which was observed in mid-February in Western Germany (see here) is still in the area. It was now observed near a road close to Hillershausen by Maria Theresia Herbold (see photo). She saw the bearded vulture sitting on a fox carcass and feeding on it. It was harassed by some crows and did not take off when the car stopped. The fox was most likely a roadkill.
The young bearded vulture has probably now learnt that there is food close to roads – this can be dangerous as it may get hit by a car when feeding on roadkill - hence please send us any further observations.
Following this sighting, some local contacts went back to the fox carcass to check for any feathers left behind by the bearded vulture. Feathers are regularly shed and replaced (all from small down feathers and body feathers to the big flight feathers) and if found can be genetically analyzed. Manfred Hölker found 3 feathers and sent us the pictures for us to check if they are indeed from a bearded vulture. One small down feather might originate from the bearded vulture and will be sent to the lab for analysis. We hope to be able to get a DNA fingerprint which we can then compare with the existing genetic database from the Alps to confirm the origin of the bird.
The VCF would like to thank again the local birdwatchers for their great effort to collect the feathers. It is amazing to see how many people are engaging in following the bearded vulture in Germany! It also made it into the local newspaper, see download below (in German).
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On August 31st, 1955, the first solar-powered automobile was introduced. William G, Cobb showed the “Sunmobile” at the General Motors Powerama Auto Show in Chicago, Illinois. The “Sunmobile” has 12 cells made of selenium that produce an electric current that turns a tiny motor. 61 years later, mass-productions of solar-powered cars have not been available yet. Like GM, other car corporations are also trying to master the solar-powered automobile. Toyota plans to create a solar car that will use power from cells on the vehicle and also recharge using solar panels on the roof of the owner’s house.
August 25th through the 28th consists of the largest Corvette event in the world held at Carlisle. This event will represent all generations of this classic sports car. You’ll be able to participate in autocross, burnouts, and a parade through downtown Carlisle. There will also be a huge swap meet with all types of vendors. With more than 5,000 featured Corvettes, you will not want to miss this event!
With the 2016 Olympics underway, most of us had thought that by now there would be self-tying shoes, flying cars, and hover-boards. Well by the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, that might be possible. Japanese engineers say that their flying cars will be in the air by the 2020 Olympics. A team of Japanese engineers are working to develop the first flying car with the goal of launching it for the Tokyo Olympics. This vehicle, called Skydrive, has three wheels and is equipped with a motor and four rotors. The reason behind this futuristic means of transportation is to provide a new way of transport to avoid the destruction of the Japan’s earthquakes. So far the prototype measures a fifth of the final size and was recently tested hovering almost 10 feet off the ground. The new vehicles of the future could be around before we know it.
August 13th through the 14th the New Hope-Solebury Community Association will host the New Hope Automobile Show. Taking place at New Hope-Solebury High School, this show will feature foreign and domestic cars, classics and antiques, and much more. Since 2016 is the 59th year of the show, the celebration will present a 1965 Ford GT40. Proceeds will fund scholarships to the high school seniors. Don’t miss out on this exciting event.
Today, August 6th, in Philadelphia Team Penske will be celebrating their 50th anniversary. Taking place at The Simeone Museum, Karl Kainhofer will make a special appearance along with Gordon Kirby to honor Roger Penske. Penske was awarded Sports Car Club of America Driver of the Year in 1960, the most number of Indianapolis wins for a racing team, and much more. After Kainhofer and Kirby discus Penske’s achievements, there will be a book signing. This exciting event will be one you do not want to miss!
August 14th from 5am to 2pm George Cross & Sons presents the West Coast’s largest Swap Meet. At the Fairplex, you’ll see over 2,400 vendor spaces filled with rare car accessories at low prices. Also thousands of original and restored cars will make an appearance including Corvettes, Porsches, and Volkswagens. Don’t miss out on this fun event.
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Atheneum Books for Young Readers
From the author of Soldier Boys and Search and Destroy comes a thought-provoking, action-packed story based on the little-known history of the Japanese Americans who fought with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team during World War II. Yuki Nakahara is an American. But it's the start of World War II, and America doesn't see it that way. Like many other Japanese Americans, Yuki and his family have been forced into an internment camp in the Utah desert. But Yuki isn't willing to sit back and accept this injustice-it's his country too, and he's going to prove it by enlisting in the army to fight for the Allies. When Yuki and his friend Shig ship out, they aren't prepared for the experiences they'll encounter as members of the "Four-Four-Two," a segregated regiment made up entirely of Japanese-American soldiers. Before Yuki returns home-if he returns home-he'll come face to face with persistent prejudices, grueling combat he never imagined, and friendships deeper than he knew possible.
Family Relationships; Racial Diversity; Military families; Incarceration; Race discrimination; son in military; father in prison; racism; racial prejudice
mother and father
Cybils Awards, 2017, Nominee, Middle Grade Fiction
World War II; soldiers; internment camps; combat; war; army; friendship
Hughes, Dean, "Four-Four-Two" (2017). Diverse Families. 1166.
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Is It Poisonous? Foods to Avoid Giving to Your Pets
Giving your furry friends some table scraps may seem like a good idea but be careful what you give them! Some foods can be quite toxic to dogs and cats. Let’s go over what foods you should keep to yourself, as well as which foods aren’t as toxic as some people think they are. This is not a complete list so regardless, you should do your research before giving your pets something new off of your own plate.
First, let’s talk about xylitol. Xylitol is an artificial sweetener that you will find an innumerable of human foods items. From baked goods to gum, to candy, etc. The big one that people should be aware of that is often given to pets is peanut butter. Not all peanut butters contain xylitol, so just make sure to read the label to ensure it does not contain this toxin. In humans, it is much less of a concern and is safe in quantities consumed normally. However, in dogs it can rapidly decrease blood sugar and can lead to liver failure within a few days of consumption. Common signs of xylitol poisoning signs include, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness.
Next up, grapes and raisins! They may be sweet and delicious, but they can be deadly to our pets. The mechanism of why they are poisonous is unknown, but as few as 4-5 grapes can cause vomiting and lethargy very quickly in dogs and cats. If more are consumed, then symptoms can progress to acute kidney failure. Is it theorized that the toxin is located in the skin of the grape but the exact chemical has not yet been isolated.
Did you know that Macadamia nuts could be a fatal snack for our fur-babies? Side effects can occur with the consumption of as little as 0.7g/kg. This means as few as 6 of these nuts can cause serious side effects in a medium-sized dog, including vomiting, fever, and muscle tremors. It does this due to cyanide-like compounds that attack the nervous system.
Let’s tackle chocolate. People seem to think if their dog eats ANY chocolate, then their dog is going to die immediately. However, for any symptoms to occur a 60lbs dog would need to eat at least 100g of dark chocolate (about 3 regular size chocolate bars of pure chocolate). If they ate this much you would see symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. If your medium-sized dog happened to eat 200g or more they would have severe symptoms including heart problems, tremors, and seizure. The compound that causes the poisoning is called theobromine, a compound in the methylxanthine family. It stops metabolic processes in dogs and results in the symptoms listed above. If you suspect your pet has eaten chocolate and you are worried then you should get them checked at the vet. It is good to know, though, that unless they eat a lot of chocolate, it is not life threatening.
Next I want to mention some foods that are toxic to dogs, but only in very high doses.
Avocados contain a compound persin, which can cause vomiting and diarrhea. However, it must be consumed at a very high concentration and is mostly concentrated in the leaves, bark, skin, and pit of the avocado and its tree. Therefore, if your dog eats some of the flesh of the avocado there is not much to worry about.
Onions, garlic, leeks, and chives are part of the Allium family of plants that contain the compound allicin. This compound is an organosulfoxide that can cause anemia in pets by destroying red blood cells. However, they would have to consume a very high dose in order to have any negative effects.
Foods that are poisonous to people are also poisonous to dogs, so make sure not to feed them items such as apple seeds and peach pits. These contain cyanide and are highly toxic. Alcohol is also a no-no for dogs since the effects it has on dogs is amplified due to their smaller size and can quickly cause liver damage. Marijuana is also a not a good thing to give to your dog. It contains a compound called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. Dogs have a much more sensitive cannabinoid receptor, which makes THC very toxic to them. It can cause inactivity, incoordination, dilated pupils, increased sensitivity to motion, sound or touch, hypersalivation, urinary incontinence, an abnormally slow heart rate, restlessness, aggression, slow breathing, low blood pressure, rapid, involuntary eye movements, and in rare cases, seizures and coma. If you are using marijuana, do NOT give it to your dog.
Like I said before, this is not a complete list, but should give you an idea of what is unsafe for your furry friends. If you are looking to share some food with your pets, meat is always a good option!
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- At least a 2:2 honours degree or equivalent in an area related to subject of study.
- Grade B/Grade 5 in the GCSE examination in any of the following: English Language, English Literature, Welsh Language (First Language), Welsh Literature. Where an equivalent to a grade B in either English Literature or Welsh Literature is achieved, a minimum of a grade C/grade 4 must be achieved in the corresponding GCSE examination in English or Welsh (First) Language.
- Grade B/Grade 5 in the GCSE Examination in Mathematics or Mathematics-Numeracy must also be achieved.
- GCSE grade B equivalency tests in English and mathematics are available to applicants for admission to the teacher education courses for the next academic session at Bangor University. Applicants wishing to undertake the equivalency test must already have a grade C at GCSE standard.
- A willingness and positive attitude towards seeking to improve personal use of the Welsh Language.
Months of entry
Associate Teachers (ATs) will explore and analyse the principles of the new science curriculum enabling them to become effective practitioners who have a sound understanding of theory-based pedagogy. They will be given opportunities to critically reflect on the implication of recent reports into standards of science education in Wales and understand the importance of evidence practice within science.
ATs will study and critically evaluate a wide range of science pedagogies in Biology, Chemistry and Physics, thus enabling them to provide effective learning experiences in a range of educational contexts. The ATs will be provided with the knowledge and skills to develop learners’ thinking through problem based learning and dialogic teaching and to understand the key issue of assessing learners’ understanding of conceptual models and alternative frameworks in ensuring effective progression in learning.
The Secondary PGCE programme is designed to provide you with a deep understanding of how children and adolescents learn, and equip you with the skills and knowledge needed to develop as a creative and innovative teacher. You will learn about adolescent’s development through the Secondary sector and be supported to become an excellent teacher. This PGCE with QTS* is recognised across Wales and England and is often transferable* further afield for entry into the teaching profession. This course is also offered through the medium of Welsh.
Committed schools with well-trained mentors will support Associate Teachers’ progress towards Qualified Teacher Status in accordance with Professional Standards for Teaching and Leadership in Wales.
Experienced tutors and researchers in university and school based staff will provide excellent support and stimulating sessions, and the qualification gained will equip students to teach within and beyond Wales.
Students on this English medium course will be placed in English Medium Schools only and you do not need to speak Welsh, or live in Wales, to apply for the course. However as part of our commitment to bilingualism we will support you in your understanding of Welsh culture and your Welsh language learning, whether you are a complete beginner or a fluent user of the language.
*Those seeking to teach outside Wales and England should check recognition and transferability of Qualified Teacher Status with the respective country’s Teachers’ Professional Body.
Qualification, course duration and attendance options
- full time12 months
- Campus-based learningis available for this qualification
Course contact details
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Over-stayed his welcome
Death of Captain Cook
By James Burney
James Burney, first lieutenant of Cook’s Discovery gives this account of the great navigator’s last days.
Saturday, February 6, 1779. At 4 in the afternoon a fresh breeze suddenly sprang up from the NW. The canoes all left us, making towards the land, which was about ten miles distant. In less than an hour the wind increased to a gale and we lost sight of the Resolution to the northward of us. At midnight were within three leagues of the south side of Mowwlie. Stood backwards and forwards till morning.
Sunday, 7th. At daylight, not seeing the Resolution and the gale continuing, stood back to the SE to get under the lee of Owhyhe. At 1 in the afternoon saw the Resolution. Towards evening the weather moderated. All night standing off and on near NW part of Owhyhe.
Monday, 8th. In the morning, being to windward of the Resolution, took all the sails in and set our rigging up afresh. Afternoon, running to the southward along the west side of Owhyhe, found a current against us. In the night the Resolution hailed us that they had sprung their foremast.
Tuesday, 9th. The Resolution’s boat came on board and informed us the head of their foremast was so badly sprung as to make it necessary to get the mast out, and that their old leak had broken out afresh, on which accounts Captain Cook was bound back to Karacacooa Bay again, there being no certainty of finding a harbor at Mowwhe, and the road at Atoui too exposed a place for getting a mast out….
Wednesday, 10th. At 2 in the morning, the Resolution having made too free with the shore found themselves very near breakers and made signal of danger. Both ships hauled off till near daylight and then ran along shore again. In the forenoon, being moderate weather and in sight of Karacacooa Bay, many canoes came off to us with provisions. The Indians told us that eight men in a double canoe were lost in the bad weather.
Thursday, 11th. At 6 in the morning the Resolution anchored in Karacacooa Bay, as did we two hours after, nearly in our old berth, and moored the ship. The natives flocked about us with hogs, vegetables, curiosities, etc. as formerly.
Friday, 12th. The astronomers’ tents were erected at the same place as before. A great many canoes arrived in the bay from the northward, Kerrioboo with his followers amongst the rest. He was very inquisitive, as were several of the Owhyhe chiefs, to know the reason of our return, and appeared much dissatisfied with it.
Saturday, 18th. The Resolution’s foremast was taken out and hauled up on the beach between the tents and the watering place. All the carpenters of both ships were set to work to repair it.
This morning, an Indian snatched away a pair of tongs from the armorer’s forge, with which he jumped overboard and put them into a canoe. Our boat was so quick after him that he had not time to get in himself but was seized and brought on board, though the canoe escaped. He was severely flogged and kept in irons till the tongs were sent from the shore to procure his release. Our launch watering on shore this forenoon was much disturbed by the Indians, who threw stones and played other mischievous tricks, which made it necessary to have a guard when she was next sent.
In the afternoon the same unlucky tongs were again stolen and in the same manner by an Indian who jumped overboard and got into a canoe with them. They were fired at with muskets from the ship but without execution, whilst Mr. Edgar, our master, in the small cutter pursued them to the shore near the south point of the bay. Parrear, the Indian chief before mentioned, was in Captain Clerke’s cabin when the theft was committed, and immediately left the ship promising to get the tongs restored. At the same time the Resolution’s pinnace, which was at the tent, seeing the bustle, rowed alongshore and joined in the chase. The thief got first on shore and immediately put the tongs with a chisel and the lid of a harness cask, that had been stolen but not missed, into another canoe, which came out and delivered them to the small cutter. Mr. Edgar then thought of returning to the ship, satisfied with what he had got, but seeing the Resolution’s pinnace at hand and Captain Cook walking that way from the tents, he thought he might safely venture to seize the canoe in which the thief had landed. For this purpose he got on shore and was pushing her off, when Parrear, to whom it seems the canoe belonged and who probably was the contriver of the theft, laid hold to prevent him, which was resented by one of the pinnace’s men, striking Parrear with an oar. A crowd of Indians, who had been by the waterside all the time, and till then quiet, immediately began to throw stones. There being no arms in either boat, the pinnace men were so roughly handled that to avoid the stones they all jumped into the water and swam to some rocks at a little distance. Mr. Edgar and one of our midshipmen, Mr. Vancouver, who were on shore, fared very little better, till Parrear ordered the Indians to desist, and told our people to go on board with the boats. This they would gladly have done but all the pinnace’s oars had been taken away. Parrear said he would fetch them, but he was no sooner out of sight than the mob began to throw stones again. Mr. Edgar, on this, attempted to walk towards the tents, expecting to meet Captain Cook, but was prevented by some Indians who said they would lead him to Parrear. He followed these people and soon met Parrear and another man with an oar and a broken one. He was conducted back to the boats and put off, rowing towards the tents.
In their way thither, Parrear overtook them in a canoe and brought Mr. Vancouver’s cap, which had been lost in the fray. He then asked if he might come on board the next morning and whether we should hurt him for what had happened. Being promised he should suffer no harm if he came, he went away paddling towards the town of Kavarooa where Kerrioboo lived. Captain Cook, who at the beginning of the disturbance was at the astronomers’ tents, ran around alongshore towards the boats with Lieutenant King and two of the marines, but was misled by some of the Indian chiefs, and did not know anything of the ill usage of the boats till he returned to the tents, by which time it was dark and too late to take any notice of it.
Sunday, 14th. At daylight our great cutter, which had been moored to the buoy of the small bower anchor, was missing and on examining, the rope which fastened her was found to have been cut. This theft was the more easily committed as the boat was left full of water to preserve her from the sun, making the upper part of her gunwale even with the water’s edge. Captain Clerke having informed Captain Cook of this, orders were given for our launch and small cutter to go armed to the south point of the bay and prevent any of the sailing canoes going out, but not to molest the small ones.
The Resolution’s great cutter was sent in chase of a large sailing canoe that was making off; their small cutter was dispatched to guard the west point, whilst Captain Cook himself prepared to go with his pinnace and launch to the town of Kavarooa with an intention to bring Kerrioboo on board. The canoe chased by the Resolution’s great cutter was not overtaken, but her retreat was cut off in such a manner that she was forced to the nearest shore within the south point of the harbor, where the Indians hauled her up, the cutter not being able to follow for the rocks. Captain Cook, who was then leaving the ship, seeing the canoe ashore, said he was sure she could not escape; and being asked how the cutter was to get her if the natives made resistance, he answered there could be no great difficulty, for he was very positive the Indians would not stand the fire of a single musket. Indeed, so many instances have occurred which have all helped to confirm this opinion that it is not to be wondered at if everybody thought the same.
A little before 8, Captain Cook landed at the town of Kavarooa with Lieutenant Phillips of the Marines, a sergeant, corporal, and seven privates; in all, reckoning himself, eleven. The Indians made a lane for him to march along, having always showed great respect to both captains, however insolent they may have been at times to others. Captain Cook had scarcely got on shore when the boats near the south point of the harbor fired several muskets at some large canoes that were trying to get out, by which an Indian chief named Nooekemar was killed. The first notice we had of this was from two Indians that came off to the ships in a small canoe to complain of it, but finding they were not attended to, they inquired for Captain Cook. Being told he was at the town of Kavarooa, they went thither.
About half an hour after this, we heard the firing of muskets on shore, which was followed by the Resolution’s pinnace and launch firing. With glasses we could see Captain Cook receive a blow from a club and fall off a rock into the water. The ships then fired, but at too great a distance to make certain of any particular mark. The boats soon after came off with an account that Captain Cook and four of the marines were killed and their bodies in possession of the Indians.
The particulars of this misfortune, gathered from those who were on the spot, are as follows. When Captain Cook with his party landed, the Indians made a lane and some of them brought hogs which they offered him. He inquired for Kerrioboo and his two sons; the Indians immediately dispatched messengers and the boys came, who conducted them to Kerrioboo’s house.
Having waited some time without, Captain Cook doubted his being there. Lieutenant Phillips went in to see and found Kerrioboo just awakened. He came out to Captain Cook, who after some inquiries appeared perfectly satisfied that Kerrioboo was innocent of the cutter’s being stolen, and desired he would go on board with him, to which Kerrioboo readily agreed, and they walked down towards the boats. Kaoowa, the youngest of Kerrioboo’s sons, who was a great favorite of Captain Cook, went before and got into the pinnace. When Kerrioboo came near the waterside, two chiefs and an old woman who was crying, stopped him, and made him sit down. He then seemed irresolute and frightened. At this tune our people began to suspect mischief. The marines were stationed on a rock close to the waterside that they might not be surrounded by the natives who were seen to be arming themselves; whilst an old man who seemed to be one of the priesthood was singing to Captain Cook and Kerrioboo, as was thought, to prevent suspicion. Captain Cook then let Kerrioboo go, and said he was not to be forced on board without killing a number of people.
The old chief was immediately taken away and no more seen. Captain Cook likewise was about to give orders for embarking, when he was provoked by the insolence of a man armed with a thick mat and a long spike, at whom he fired with small shot, which neither penetrated the mat nor frightened the Indians as was expected. Another man with an iron spike came near Mr. Phillips, who, suspecting his intentions, drove him back with the butt end of his musket. Two or three stones were then thrown and one of the marines knocked down. Captain Cook, who had a double-barreled gun, immediately fired with ball. The sergeant said he had shot the wrong man, on which he told the sergeant to shoot the right. The Indians gave a general volley of stones and began to close on our people; Captain Cook therefore gave orders for the marines to fire, which they did amongst the crowd and were seconded by the boats. The Indians at first gave back, but directly after, before the marines had time to load again, advanced. Captain Cook called out to take to the boats. The pinnace was near the shore, but ten or twelve yards distant from the rock where the marines stood, and this short space was uneven slippery rocks, so that being pressed upon in their retreat, they were obliged to take to the water. Captain Cook in coming down was struck by an Indian behind him with a staff, on which he turned and beat the man back with his musket. He was again followed and received at the same instant a blow on the head and a stab with a spike in the neck, which tumbled him into the water. Being no swimmer and stunned by the blow, he turned towards the shore again, and a number of Indians surrounded and dragged him on the rocks, where they beat and stabbed him in several places, snatching the daggers from each other out of eagerness to have their share in killing him. Four of the marines were killed, one of them on shore (Thomas Fatchet), whom nobody knew what became of; the other three in the water, James Thomas, corporal, and John Allen and Theophilus Hinks, privates.
The corporal had loaded again, and received a stab in the belly when up to the in middle in the water. He fired at the Indian who gave it and directly after fell dead. They were all dragged on shore.
Of those that escaped, the lieutenant of marines was wounded in the shoulder by a spike, the sergeant received a slight wound, and one of the marines, Jackson, was struck in the face with a stone, by which he is in danger of losing an eye. Being unable to swim he would probably have been drowned or fell into the hands of the Indians, had not Lieutenant Phillips jumped overboard out of the pinnace and assisted him. The people in the boats at first had so little apprehensions of any danger from the Indians that when the firing began on shore, the pinnace put close in to the rocks to let Kaoowa land, as he was much frightened and asked to go.
The whole of this affair, from Captain Cook’s leaving the Resolution to the return of the boats, happened in the short space of one hour. Nine stand of arms with iron ramrods, besides Captain Cook’s double-barreled gun and hanger, fell into the hands of the Indians.
On notice of our defeat, the boats stationed near the points of the harbor were recalled and a strong reinforcement sent to Lieutenant King at the tents, and soon after orders to strike them and get the Resolution’s foremast off. Many Indians being seen assembling to the right of the tents, we kept firing with our great guns to disperse them; and a large party of our people were posted on the marai, which overlooked that part of the beach where the mast lay, to protect those who were busied in launching it.
About everything came off from the shore without any other molestation from the Indians than a few stones, in return for which some of them were shot who ventured nearer than otherwise they would have done, from an idea that their armor (thick mats soaked in water) were musketproof.
The Indians were observed to be very careful of conveying away their dead. Proofs of great courage were shown by two men in carrying off a dead body from within reach of our fire.
At 4 in the afternoon the boats were sent to the town of Kavarooa to demand the dead bodies. On approaching the shore, stones were thrown which fell short. Lieutenant King went in with our small cutter waving a white flag, whilst the other boats lay on their oars. The Indians left off throwing and waved a white flag in return. They had already made a number of little stone breastworks to screen them from our firearms, and during this conference they several times counted our numbers. In answer to the demand, some chiefs said that tomorrow the bodies should be brought, of which word was sent to Captain Clerke. An old man, named Kooaha, whom we have all along taken to be the chief priest, had the confidence to swim off and get into the boat, where he remained some time. He had an iron dagger in his hand. This is the same man who performed the strange ceremonies when Captain Cook landed at our first coming here. The reason given why the bodies were not delivered tonight was that they were carried some distance up into the country.
At another part of the town, however, the Indians made motions which we thought signified they were cut to pieces. And one fellow came to the waterside flourishing Captain Cook’s hanger with many tokens of exultation and defiance. Orders soon after came for the boats to return.
After dark, a guard boat was stationed to row round the ship, lest any of the Indians should swim off and attempt to cut the cables. They were very busy on shore all night, making much noise, running about with lights, and howling, as we supposed, over their dead.
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An inspiring workshop for 7-13 years studying the way light is affected by mirrors and lenses. Through a series of guided experiments, students can discover the angle of reflection, split white light using various prisms, construct a periscope as well as a working camera that uses UV sensitive paper to make photographs outdoors. Workshop is 1 hour.
An exciting new workshop allowing students to work with an artist to see the way light, mirrors and the science of reflection can be used to make creative images. The workshop allows students to experiment with light and mirror materials to explore their properties and to design their own creative installations. Students take documentary photographs of the construction and final designs.
LIGHT LAB EXPLORER
An exciting and inspiring workshop for 6-12 years looking at the creative science of light. Learn about the wonderful nature of light and the way the eye sees through a series of guided experiments designed for scientific learning as well as aesthetic exploration. Experiments include splitting white light into rainbows, making white light from red, green and blue torches, drawing with ultra-violet light and bending light using lenses to make an upside down viewer that you put over your head.
Workshop is 1 hour.
CLOSE-UP LIGHTBOX PHOTOGRAPHY
A workshop for all types of groups, taking a fresh look at familiar landscapes through close-up macro photography. We explore a local park or woodland to uncover natural patterns found in the environment using cameras with a variety of add on filters, mirrors and torches. Natural material is gathered and used on lightboxes to study the transmission of light through natural materials. Patterns are made using natural materials on the light boxes and photographed.
All workshops have been developed for use in schools and science festivals and are run by an experienced artist and science communicator. Light Lab works annually with Falkirk Science Festival and Aberdeen Techfest as well as running arts and science projects with many Scottish local authorities.
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| 0.930212
| 392
| 3.078125
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Basketball was born in Massachusetts. But it grew up in Indiana. The fit was better here.
Dr. James Naismith invented the roundball game in 1891, to give students at the Massachusetts college where he taught an indoor sport to play during the winter, when it was cold and snow was on the ground in that New England state.
Its popularity spread rapidly, and by 1893, just two years later, the first Indiana team was organized, at Crawfordsville. Then 18 years after that, Indiana began its state high school basketball tournament, in 1911.
When the 1925 Hoosier tourney was held, the celebrity invited to present the awards to the winners, was Dr. Naismith. And 11 years later, when he made a return to the Hoosier state, Naismith was quoted as saying publicly, “Basketball really had its beginning in Indiana, which remains today in the center of the sport.”
Wonder why basketball turned into Hoosier Hysteria here in the land of Johnny Appleseed, James Whitcomb Riley, and Cole Porter? As opposed to its maybe becoming identified with Ohio, or Rhode Island, or Utah?
Well, for one thing football seems to have gained an earlier and firmer foothold (no pun intended) in other states than it ever did in Indiana. The gridiron sport requires several people to be played, while Indiana farm boys (and girls) could shoot baskets and practice their dribbling in any spare time they had, after doing their chores, going to school, etc., and all by themselves, if necessary. Indiana was more rural than, say, Ohio or Illinois.
And the hundreds of small high schools once scattered across Indiana were delighted to embrace the roundball sport, in rural areas where opportunities for recreation and entertainment were scarce. And great basketball rivalries began to develop between those schools, either in the same county, or a particular area of the state. “We won the sectional!” Or, “We won the county tourney!”
A win in the regional (the tourney one step up from the sectional, for any non-Hoosiers) was usually not considered much of a chance in the small schools; and anything beyond that, nearly impossible. The “big city schools” always won the semi-state and state, small town and rural Hoosiers were convinced.
Except, not always. Thorntown won “the state” in 1915. In the 1910 census, the population of Thorntown was 1,508. In the 2010 census, it was 1,520. In Indiana, some things change very little in a century.
And in 1954, many years later, the colossal state finals upset of all time left the Milan Indians as a Hoosier legend. The Indians, from a little school in a little town in Ripley County, southeastern Indiana, defeated the mighty Muncie Central Bearcats, 32-30, on a last-second shot by the Indians’ star shooting guard, Bobby Plump, who was later chosen “Mr. Basketball” in Indiana for that year, and earned other honors in his college career. “Mr. Basketball” in Indiana is the Number One player chosen for the post-season state All-Star Team.
For those of you who aren’t from Indiana or never lived here, if you saw the movie “Hoosiers” from 1986, that’s the Milan story, with different names for the town and the characters and some dramatizations added to the plot. The movie’s coach Norman Dale was Milan coach Marvin Wood. Jimmy Chitwood, the troubled star who sank the game-winning shot, was Bobby Plump. And so on.
A team that the Indians defeated in the semi-finals — or “semi-state,” as we Hoosiers call it — was the Crispus Attucks Tigers from Indianapolis, an all-black school in the days before many Indiana schools were integrated. A super-talented sophomore on that team was a boy named Oscar Robertson, born in Tennessee but raised in Indiana. He went on to lead his school to two straight state championships, had a terrific career with the University of Cincinnati, and an even better one with the Cincinnati Royals and Milwaukee Bucks. He was the best Indiana basketball player of all time — up to THAT time. More on that a little later. I met Robertson once after his professional career, when he came to Madison to sign some autographs for fans at a Clifty Drive restaurant. I found him to be business-like and not overly friendly. But that’s neither here nor there.
My own hometown of Madison, Indiana (southeastern also) had a period of considerable accomplishment in basketball from about 1941 to 1950, then another one in the late ’50s and early ’60s. A new coach hired in 1939 at Madison High School, Ray Eddy, took the Madison Cubs to the final game of the state tournament in 1941, although they — sadly — lost to Washington, 39-33. Then in 1949, the Cubs made it to the final game again — only to be edged by Jasper, 62-61. But Madison had its first “Mr. Basketball” that year, a hot shooter named Dee Monroe who scored 36 points in the championship game, a record for the finale at that time.
And the next year — finally — the Madison Cubs became state champions, easily downing the Lafayette Jefferson quintet, 67-44, in the final game. And they did it absent their star center, Spence Schnaitter, for most of the game, as Schnaitter received an injury early on and Eddy had to take him out. Sophomore center Morrie Lorenz came in and subbed for Schnaitter quite capably, and the rest of the starting five took up the slack.
To date, Madison hasn’t won another state championship in basketball, but in the years 1959-’62, the Cubs went undefeated during the season, three straight years. Their coach in those years was a guy named Julius “Bud” Ritter, who had played on the Evansville Bosse Bulldogs state champs of 1944 and 1945.
The key player in that long series of successes was a tall, awkward-looking All-Star named Harold “Buster” Briley.
Briley, an amiable young man, well liked but with a host of funny anecdotes that swirled around him, played forward. And he did things HIS way. Like Frank Sinatra, you might say.
Briley was a top scorer, sinking 1,985 points in four seasons in which he started every varsity game. And don’t forget, there was no 3-point shot in those days.
He had a wonderful shot from the left side, cattie-cornered from the basket (there’s a Hoosierism for you!) It was a one-hand set, although he did sometimes shoot jumpers –usually at the climax of a fast break. On his set shots, the ball would float up toward the basket, and the fan’s first thought might be, “Oh, Buster, it was too soft! It’s going to fall short!” But if you thought that, you obviously hadn’t seen Buster play before. His soft shots kept going, and going, and finally, SWISH! Two points.
And in the era of the late 1950s, when 6-4 forwards didn’t normally dribble the ball very much, Buster often did. And that was something to see. He wasn’t exactly a ballet dancer when it came to grace and agility. I can still see him roaring down the court at full speed, dribbling the ball in his own inimitable way, with his palm instead of his fingers, up high around his waist, glancing from the ball to his path and down to the ball again, constantly. But here’s the thing: You seldom saw anyone steal the ball from Buster Briley. He had it under better control than he appeared to have.
All-Star forward Larry Humes played the second leading role in those Cubs successes, and was chosen Mr. Basketball for the state in his senior year of 1962. Humes was a top-notch scorer and rebounder. All of us Madisonians felt that Briley should have gotten the honor, two years earlier; but instead it went to Ron Bonham, of Muncie Central, which had defeated the Cubs in the semi-state. Briley came in second. Both Briley and Humes starred on the court at Evansville College.
Indiana state basketball, with one path to the state championship for any team in the state, went on through the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s. In the late 1990s, it was changed to a multi-class tournament, as it had been in most states for many years. Lots of Hoosiers were unhappy about that, but it did give the smaller schools more of a chance to win a championship of their own.
From the late ’60s, up to the start of the 21st Century, a number of other outstanding young Hoosier players went on from high school to college and, in some cases, to the NBA as well. George McGinnis and Reggie Miller, both from Indianapolis; Steve Alford of New Castle, and Damon Bailey of Bedford North Lawrence come to mind. Also the Zeller brothers — Tyler, Cody and Luke — from Washington, Indiana.
BUT — and I know that everyone familiar with basketball was waiting for this: The best basketball player ever to come out of Indiana; possibly the best from ANYWHERE — was a working-class Hoosier boy from French Lick.
Larry Bird was his name.
In a basketball world which was already being dominated by black players when he was in high school, this tall, lanky White kid with a typical Hoosier boy grin went from Springs Valley High School (graduating in 1974), to Indiana University for about five days, then over to Indiana State University at Terre Haute, where he had an unbelievable career. Dead-eye shooter, extremely clever passer, strong rebounder, good ball handler who wasn’t afraid to dribble it up the floor. He was a basketball genius who always seemed to be five to 10 seconds ahead of everyone else on the floor in visualizing mentally what was going to happen next, and how to handle it. Basketball commentators liked to say that he was “not very fast,” and “couldn’t jump very well,” but they say that about every White player. It didn’t seem to hamper him any.
If you never saw him play for the Indiana State Sycamores, or the Boston Celtics in the NBA, go on YouTube and google “Larry Bird,” and I think you’ll see what I mean. The Celts won three NBA championships under Bird’s guiding hand. He sometimes seemed to have super-human powers on the court. When warming up for a game in a fieldhouse where he hadn’t played before, he might ask the opposing coach, casually, “What’s the single-game scoring record for this place?” Hearing the answer, he’d say, “Hmm. Think I’ll break it tonight.”
And he would! And in the clutch, if the Sycamores, or the Celtics, were behind by a few points and desperately needed a field goal — or two or three — Bird would say, laconically, “Gimme the ball.” He had ice water in his veins. Nine times out of 10, he’d pull the team across the finish line ahead of the opponents.
He was “The Hick from French Lick.” “Larry Legend.” Indiana’s “real state Bird.”
So, for any of you who aren’t Hoosiers, who never have lived here, that’s a brief rundown on why they call it Hoosier Hysteria. For those of you who ARE from Indiana, hope you’re thinking, “Thanks, Wayne, for the memories!” about now.
And here’s a wind-up that’ll probably make you smile. I stay in touch with several of my Army buddies, from 50-odd years ago. One of them, who is from Massachusetts and now lives in Maine, was talking with me on the phone one day. I told him, “You know, Bob, Indiana’s kind of an odd state. South Bend’s in the north; North Vernon is in the south; and French Lick doesn’t mean what you think it does!”
He cracked up laughing at that, then said, with surprise, “You mean there’s actually a town in Indiana called FRENCH LICK?!”
I answered, “Heck, yeah, man! That’s Larry Bird’s hometown!”
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The deepest parts of the world’s oceans are named for the god of the underworld, Hades. This hadal zone, below 6,000m, includes some of the least visited parts of the planet: until recently, four times as many people had walked on the surface of the moon as had dived to below 10,000m. In May 2019, that number increased from three to five*.
The Five Deeps expedition is a privately funded attempt to dive the deepest parts of five of the world’s oceans: Atlantic; Southern; Indian; Pacific; and Arctic. The number of dives that have so far been undertaken is truly mind-blowing, with an expected total of at least 72,000m vertical depth and over 74,000km of water traversed.
American private equity investor and retired naval officer Victor Vescovo is an explorer. As part of the Explorer’s Grand Slam, he’s summited Everest and reached both Poles. In 2016 he approached Triton Submersibles, asking them to build a vessel that could not only reach the hadal zone, but also carry a passenger. The vessel needed to be a fully functioning research vessel, able to dive multiple times (it’s already made ten dives to below 10,000m), and be capable of withstanding 140MPa of pressure, i.e. c20% greater than the deepest point in the ocean.
The result is the Triton 36000/2 Full Ocean Depth Hadal Exploration System, available to purchase, should you so wish, for $48.7 million.
I must admit, I didn’t even know about Five Deeps until May this year, when Mr Vescovo and Dr. Alan Jamieson of Newcastle University broke the record for deepest manned dive previously held by Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh (in 1960, they reached a maximum depth of 10,911m in the bathyscaphe Trieste**). I noticed that Omega was among the sponsors and set about trying to find out more information about their involvement. Unfortunately, apart from noting Mr Vescovo’s personal watch (see above), no further information was forthcoming.
However, it seems that more than one Omega was worn during the dive – while Mr Vescovo was sporting a Planet Ocean chronograph, the DSV Limiting Factor was also “wearing” a watch***.
According to attendees who flew in for the Omega event at the British Museum last week, the Seamaster Planet Ocean Ultra Deep Professional (or SPUDProf) was designed and built in around six months. Using the same Grade 5 Titanium from which Limiting Factor’s perfectly spherical pressure hull was forged, Omega created a 55mm wide, 28mm thick watch capable of withstanding not just the c11,000m of the Challenger Deep, but an additional 25%, per the ISO for Dive Watches.
The watch is powered by a Master Coaxial movement, the anti-magnetic no-date cal. 8912, and has a 60- hour power reserve (useful, given the unforeseen issues suffered by Lander Skaff (see below)). It also uses Omega’s Liquidmetal (R) technology to bond the massive conical sapphire crystal to the case.
As watches go, this is clearly a behemoth. The three prototype watches (FOD-X, for Full Ocean Depth-eXperimental) may lead to something else in the future, perhaps using the same titanium, or case construction, or manta lugs, but who knows. This watch is interesting, being (probably) the deepest tested mechanical watch to date (15,000m), but it’s also a bit of a dead end. Actually, most deep watches are dead ends (see the ill-fated quartz watches of Beuchat, Sinn, St Moritz, Bell & Ross, et al) but I’m still a fan. As a recreational diver and freediver, I know my limits. I also know that wearing a dive watch and a computer is probably a little pretentious (if I really wanted redundancy, I would carry a second computer) but that doesn’t stop me packing a couple each time I go diving. There’s a certain romanticism, perhaps, in wearing a watch underwater, even if it’s not strictly necessary.
The Seamaster Planet Ocean Ultra Deep Professional commemorates a rather incredible thing – the successful production of a manned research vessel capable of repeated dives to hadal depths. The scientific information that has already been gathered during the four ocean dives is still being analysed, and a Discovery Channel documentary will air later this year. Distressingly, they appear to have found plastic at the world’s deepest point.
The Five Deeps expedition still has a few dives to make – the Arctic Ocean is its final destination, with a visit en route to the wreck of RMS Titanic – although there’s no word from Omega as to whether Limiting Factor will be wearing a watch again.
*Remarkably, the number increased further during the Five Deeps expedition, as John Ramsay (the 36000/2’s structural designer), Jonathan Stuwe and Patrick Lahey were added to the list.
**James Cameron also reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in March 2012, in the one-man Deepsea Challenger
***Three of these watches were “worn” on dives, including one by one the remote Lander vehicles, Skaff, which got stuck in the silt at the bottom of the trench and had to be rescued!
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Table of Contents
What is Binge-Eating Disorder?
Binge-eating disorder (BED) belongs to a family of eating disorders. It generally develops during childhood and varies in severity, risk-level, and outcome.
Signs and Symptoms
Binge-eating disorder (BED) is characterized by the following signs and symptoms:
- Consuming more food than what most people consume, during a specific time period (usually within a 2-hour timeframe), under similar circumstances.
- Experiencing a lack of control over how much and when food is consumed, feeling unable to stop eating, and significant distress, during binge-eating episodes.
Initially, these “episodes” typically occur, on average, at least once-a-week for at least 3 months, and are not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors like those found with bulimia nervosa.
Three or more of the following factors should also be present:
- Rapidly consuming more food than normal
- Consuming large quantities of food until one becomes uncomfortably full
- Communing large amounts of food, when not physically hungry
- Eating alone out of embarrassment due to the amount of food being consumed
- Feeling disgusted, depressed, or guilty after a binge-eating episode
Note: To be diagnosed with BED, the symptoms must occur at minimum twice-a-week for 6-months and at least once-a-week for the preceding 3-months.
Those with a binge-eating disorder often feel ashamed of their eating problems, and as a result, try to hide their symptoms.
Binge-eating is typically associated with feelings of distress and a loss of control.
This condition can be triggered by personal stressors, an negative body image perception, or even boredom.
Repeated binge-eating episodes are often preceded by a trauma or a negative experience. And, over time, binge-eating episodes can become chronic.
Possible Causes of BED
The exact cause of BED varies from person-to-person.
Some researchers believe that the cause stems from the neuropeptide Y compound found in the brain – a compound that is partially responsible for regulating weight. According to these researchers, this compound can cause several regions in the brain to malfunction, leading to binge-eating.
Other researchers believe that an altered brain circuitry is the cause of BED. According to these researchers, an altered circuitry interferes with one’s internal reward system, leading to a binge-eating disorder.
Most researchers, however, believe that increased brain tissue in the region that controls eating urges, can trigger this disorder. Specifically, these researchers believe that an increase in the brain’s gray matter (brain material) can lead to weight gain and an exaggerated response to positive sugar ratings. Moreover, studies suggest that reduced white brain matter is also linked to BED.
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BED involves the over-analyzation, overvaluation, and/or intense examination of one’s own body shape and weight.
It is important to note, however, that one’s body mass index (BMI) alone is not linked to BED, which implies that being over one’s ideal body weight is not always associated with this condition.
On the other hand, body shape and weight does appear to be linked to an altered self-esteem and/or a bias towards one’s body size. Furthermore, negative moods are associated with binge-eating – both before and after it emerges, which trigger a lower self-esteem.
BED Risk Factors
While the exact cause of BED varies, there are some significant risk factors such as gender (females develop it more frequently than males) and dysfunctional family interactions.
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Weight-centered criticism from a parent can place a child at-risk of becoming a binge-eater. This is especially true if that criticism is leveled at the child before he/she turns 10-years-old.
It is important to note that children with BED, over the age of 13, may begin to overeat, gain weight, and voice displeasure with his/her body shape and size.
Moreover, dysfunctional family interactions, especially during meals, may trigger BED in vulnerable children and adolescents.
In fact, a recent study on eye-tracking technology and eating disorders, found that people with eating disorders tend to obsess about the “unattractive areas” (i.e. large buttock, big breasts, wide hips, love-handles, etc.) of their body more often, than those without eating disorders. A preoccupation with “flaws” can lead to distorted thinking and physical distress.
Binge-eating is more common in females, who are overweight, who are depressed, and who smoke marijuana and/or frequently engage in illegal drugs (excluding binge-drinking).
Studies suggest that the frequency of overeating or binge-eating generally peaks (3.2 %) by age 19, with 2.3% to 3.1% of females and 0.3% to 1% of males reporting binge-eating, between ages 16- and 24-years-old.
Asian-Americans are more likely, than Caucasian-Americans to report having a BED, but less likely to seek treatment for it.
Also, homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual males with BED have a higher rate of anxiety and drug abuse than those without an eating disorder. Mood disorders are also more common in lesbian and bisexual females with eating disorders than those without eating disorders.
One study found that African-Americans are more dissatisfied with their bodies and more obese, than their white counterparts. However, it important to note that the number of African-Americans study participants was much lower than the number of Caucasian-Americans participants, and thus, should be interpreted with caution.
Another study found African-American women with BED did better with self-monitoring technology than their Caucasian-American female counterparts.
Lastly, a 2017 study on eating disorders revealed that every socioeconomic class is at-risk for this disorder.
According to researchers, the onset of BED occurs at a later age, than the onset of anorexia or bulimia, leading to a more favorable remission rate for BED. However, the severity, duration, and suicide risk appear to be the same for all three eating-disorders.
Below are some statistics from the National Institute of Mental Health regarding Bing Eating Disorders:
So, What Can You Do?
You should consult your child’s pediatrician, if you suspect that he/she is suffering from an eating disorder. Your child’s doctor will evaluate him/her to determine, if he/she has an eating disorder. This medical professional will also rule out any other physical conditions that could be causing or worsening your child’s BED symptoms. In addition, he/she will supervise your child’s medical care.
Your child’s doctor may order a thyroid test to check for low thyroid levels and a genetic test to rule out Prader-Willi Syndrome (a defect in chromosome-15). Prader-Willi Syndrome can cause a person to over-eat. It is important to note that a variety of genetically-linked disorders and intellectual disabilities resemble BED symptoms or increase your child’s risk of developing BED.
Specialized eating-disorder centers can perform certain procedures such as observing the binge-eater’s eating patterns while with family members. [23,24]
Doctors should take every measure to provide appropriate treatment for a binge-eating disorder by determining if treatment should be inpatient or outpatient.
It is rare for people with BED to be hospitalized, unless there are other issues, such as substance abuse or suicidal tendencies. In severe cases, however, or in the case of loneliness, inpatient therapy may be considered.
Nutritionists, counselors, and cognitive behavioral therapists (CBT) will play a crucial role in the recovery process.
In some cases, medications are needed to help control BED symptoms and aid in the recovery process.
Fluoxetine (Prozac): Fluoxetine is an FDA-approved selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment of conditions like binge-eating disorder (BED), depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, and panic disorder. This medication is beneficial for BED because it helps reduce binging episodes.
However, it is important to note that a common side-effect of Prozac is weight gain, so other serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may be used instead.
lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse): Another drug used to control BED symptoms is lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse). Lisdexamfetamine is an FDA-approved stimulant used to treat ADHD and moderate-to-severe BED.[11,18]
Anti-seizure drugs: these may be used to combat eating disorders like BED. Anti-seizure drugs are often used with anti-obesity drugs, phentermine, lorcaserin, and/or orlistat to curb compulsive-eating by regulating the neuropeptide Y compound.
Keep in mind, however, these drugs can have a wide-variety of side-effects.
Behavior Therapies and Counseling
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is the most effective BED treatment.
A randomized study compared CBT with a placebo to Prozac alone and CBT plus Prozac, and found that CBT alone was just as effective in treating BED as any other treatment regimen.
If family members are deemed “problematic,” family therapy can help reduce triggers and BED behaviors.
Utilizing self-monitoring weight loss strategies, such as keeping a diary of food intake, physical activity, weight-monitoring, and risk-related behaviors like drinking sugar-laden drinks, along with using an electronic tracker or mobile app, can ward-off binging episodes.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Another useful strategy, developed by Dr. Marsha Linehan, is dialectical behavior therapy. This therapy identifies and addresses relationship issues that can trigger unhealthy emotions. It is beneficial for BED because it teaches the binge-eater how to self-soothe, thereby reducing unhealthy eating behaviors. [20,21]
Virtual reality therapy uses modern technology to create awareness and memory and to teach patients to accept their body as normal so they can feel normal as a whole person.
Meditation & Yoga
Mindfulness meditation or insight meditation allows binge-eaters to accurately recognize and acknowledge experiences in a healthy, non-judgmental manner, thus calming fears and impulses.
Yoga has also proved useful helping binge-eaters maintain a stable weight and BMI.
Binge-eating disorder is often (but not always) associated with obesity and/or an elevated body mass index (BMI). In fact, many obese people simply overeat on a regular basis, rather than in spurts. And, according to current research, certain metabolic, endocrine, neurologic, hormonal, and genetic factors can predispose someone for obesity.
In addition, anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder are linked to BED, which increases the risk of developing other maladaptive behaviors.
The good news is that long-term monitoring can ensure the safety of the bing-eater, while improving treatment outcomes.
In comparison to other eating disorders, BED is less likely to lead to serious acute complications.
It also has a more favorable prognosis, especially if weight and BMI can be normalized or maintained, than other eating disorders.
Thus, it is imperative that binge-eaters maintain a healthy diet, reduce their stress, and engage in healthy and reasonable physical activity.
- Stunkard, A. J. (1959). Eating patterns and obesity. Psychiatr Q., 33,284-95.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th Edition.
- Wade, T .D., Treloar, S. A., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2009). An examination of the overlap between genetic and environmental risk factors for intentional weight loss and overeating. Int J Eat Disorder, 42(6),492-497.
- Ahlskog, J. E., & Hoebel, B. G. (1973). Overeating and obesity from damage to a noradrenergic system in the brain. Science, 182(4108), 166-169.
- Flament, M..F., Bissada, H., & Spettigue, W. (2012). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of eating disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 15(2),189-207.
- Schäfer, A., Vaitl, D., & Schienle, A. (2010) Regional grey matter volume abnormalities in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Neuroimage, 50(2), 639-643.
- Pearl, R. L., White, M. A., & Grilo, C. M. (2014). Overvaluation of shape and weight as a mediator between self-esteem and weight bias internalization among patients with binge eating disorder. Eat Behavior, 15(2),259-261.
- Smink, F. R., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 14(4):406-414.
- Sonneville, K. R., Horton, N. J., Micali, N., Crosby, R. D., Swanson, S. A., Solmi, F., et al. (2013). Longitudinal associations between binge eating and overeating and adverse outcomes among adolescents and young adults: Does loss of control matter? JAMA Pediatrics, 167(2),149-155.
- Treasure, J., Claudino, A. M., & Zucker, N. (2010). Eating disorders. Lancet, 375(9714), 583-593.
- Cassels, C. (2015) FDA okays Vyvanse for binge eating disorder. Medscape Medical News.
- Lee-Winn, A., Mendelson, T., & Mojtabai, R. (2014) Racial/ethnic disparities in binge eating: Disorder prevalence, symptom presentation, and help-seeking among Asian Americans and non-Latino whites. American Journal of Public Health, 104(7),1263-1265.
- Feldman MB, Meyer IH. (2011) Comorbidity and age of onset of eating disorders in gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals. Psychiatry Res, 180(2-3),126-131.
- Fernandes, N. H., Crow, S. J., Thuras, P., & Peterson, C. B. (2010). Characteristics of black treatment seekers for eating disorders. Int J Eat Disorder, 43(3),282-285.
- Steinberg, D. M., Levine, E. L., Lane, I., Askew, S., Foley, P. B., Puleo, E., et al. (2014). Adherence to self-monitoring via interactive voice response technology in an eHealth intervention targeting weight gain prevention among Black women: Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res, 16(4),114.
- Steinhausen, H. C. (2009). Outcome of eating disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 18(1), 225-242.
- Franko, D. L., Keshaviah, A., Eddy, K.T, Krishna, M., Davis, M. C., & Keel, P. K. (2013). A longitudinal investigation of mortality in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry, 170(8), 917-925.
- McElroy, S. L., Hudson, J. I., Mitchell, J. E., Wilfley, D., Ferreira-Cornwell, M. C., Gao, J., et al. (2015). Efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine for treatment of adults with moderate to severe binge-eating disorder: An randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry.
- Grilo, C. M., Crosby, R. D., Wilson, G. T., & Masheb, R. M. (2012). A 12-month follow-up of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol,80(6),1108-13.
- Klein, A. S., Skinner, J. B., Hawley, K. M. (2013). Targeting binge eating through components of dialectical behavior therapy: preliminary outcomes for individually supported diary card self-monitoring versus group-based DBT. Psychotherapy (Chic), 50(4),543-552.
- Fischer, S., & Peterson, C. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescent binge eating, purging, suicidal behavior, and non-suicidal self-injury: A pilot study. Psychotherapy (Chic).
- Katzman, D. K., Peebles, R., Sawyer, S. M., Lock, J., & Le Grange, D.(2013). The role of the pediatrician in family-based treatment for adolescent eating disorders: opportunities and challenges. J Adolescent Health, 53(4), 433-440.
- Wilson, G. T. (2011). Treatment of binge eating disorder. Psychiatric Clin North Am, 34(4), 773-783.
- Hay, P. (2012). A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005-. Int J Eat Disorder,46(5), 462-469.
- Riva, G. (2014). Out of my real body: cognitive neuroscience meets eating disorders. Front Hum Neuroscience,8, 236.
- Woolhouse, H., Knowles, A., & Crafti, N. (2012). Adding mindfulness to CBT programs for binge eating: A mixed-methods evaluation. Eating Disorders, 20(4), 321-39.
- Carei, T. R., Fyfe-Johnson, A. L., Breuner, C. C., & Brown, M. A. (2010). Randomized controlled clinical trial of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders. Journal Adolescent Health,46(4),346-351.
- Bauer, A., Schneider, S., Waldorf, M., Braks, K., Huber, T. J., Adolph, D., et al. (2017). Selective visual attention towards oneself and associated state body satisfaction: An eye-tracking study in adolescents with different types of eating disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
- Bulik, C. M., Hebebrand, J., Keski-Rahkonen, A., Klump, K. L., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Mazzeo, S. E., et al. (2007). Genetic epidemiology, endophenotypes, and eating disorder classification. Int J Eat Disorder, 40, 52-60.
- Mulders-Jones, B., Mitchison, D., Girosi, F., & Hay, P. (2017). Socioeconomic correlates of eating disorder symptoms in an Australian population-based sample. PLoS One, 12(1).
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Kudus are members of the tribe of antelopes known as “Tragelaphini.” Males in this tribe all have spiral horns and white vertical stripes, and are much larger than females. Other spiral-horned antelopes in our Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem study area include bushbucks (photo below left) and elands (photo below center).
While kudus are cryptic and difficult to spot as they hide in the bushes, we usually see one or two lesser kudus (Tragelaphus imberbis) during our surveys for hoofed mammals (see photo above right). We were thrilled this past week to see an antelope we have not yet seen – a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). The stunning male greater kudu has the longest horns of any antelope, and differs from the lesser kudu by having a throat beard (see photos below).
We are happy to expand our list of ungulates we are monitoring in our study area to include this magnificent creature.
Science News and Updates From the Field from Wild Nature Institute.
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Make A Donation!
All Photos on This Blog are Available as Frame-worthy Prints to Thank Our Generous Donors.
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Elbow arthritis occurs when the cartilage of the elbow joint becomes worn or damaged. This cartilage normally acts as a cushion between the bone and the joint, and when it is worn away, the direct contact and friction between the bones causes pain, swelling, decreased strength and range of motion. Arthritis of the elbow is often caused by previous trauma or injury to the elbow joint, but can also be the result of aging, as the cartilage within the joint wears down over time.
Symptoms of Elbow Arthritis
The main symptoms of arthritis of the elbow are pain and swelling, which may worsen over time or with movement. Additional symptoms may include:
- Limited range of motion
- Locking of the joint
- Tingling in the elbow
As arthritis of the elbow progresses, some individuals may experience a numbness in their ring and pinky fingers. This may be caused by swelling in the elbow that puts pressure on the ulnar nerve, causing a tingling sensation in the elbow and possible numbness in the fingers.
Diagnosis of Elbow Arthritis
To diagnose arthritis of the elbow, a doctor will review all symptoms and perform a physical examination. X-rays and other imaging tests are often used to assess the amount of damage to the joint.
Treatment of Elbow ArthritisArthritis of the elbow is commonly treated with a combination of methods. Avoiding certain physical activities that place stress on the elbow may be helpful. Medication may also be used to treat pain and may include:
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Prescription pain relievers
- Corticosteroid injections
Physical therapy may be a successful form of treatment for some patients. Severe cases of arthritis of the elbow may require surgery to smooth irregular tissue surfaces, or to reposition or replace the joint through arthroscopy.
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This enriching programme helps kids use their voices and bodies to express themselves through drama, dance and music. In addition to developing artistic talents, kids get to practice language skills and learn to be comfortable in the spotlight in a fun, informal environment.
The skills students learn in the Performing Arts programme give them confidence to perform on the Stafe of Life. Through music, dance and drama, students develop self-discipline, memory concentration, co-operation, imagination, and empathy (through role playing).
Speech & Drama
The Speech & Drama is incorporated into our English lessons for our Primary School. Your child will be taught on body languages, facial expressions, acting, intonation etc to enable him/her to sit for the Trinity College London examinations for Drama.
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“SURVEYS PUBLISHED IN THE GASTROENTEROLOGY LITERATURE HAVE STATED THAT GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS, SUCH AS CHRONIC CONSTIPATION OR DIARRHEA, OCCUR IN 46% TO 85% OF CHILDREN WITH ASDS.” Journal of Pediatrics – Scott M. Myers, MD
The digestive tract is the heart of the innate immune system. The innate immune system is a barrier defence against microbes. This barrier system also plays a key role in regulating inflammation. Digestion and inflammation go hand in hand, and both are essential components of successful biomedical treatment.
Many parents ask “where do we start”? The answer is almost always with the DIGESTIVE TRACT.
Research shows that children with autism have a higher rate of inflammation and immune dysregulation in the digestive tract. These abnormalities cause inflammation. Inflammation plus a genetic predisposition creates a “cloud” in the brain. Clearing that “cloud’ of inflammation creates a tremendous amount of potential for development.
Causes and symptoms of digestive dysfunction include:
- Food allergies and sensitivities
- Enzyme deficiency or dysfunction
- Chronic constipation and/or diarrhea
- Mucous, blood or undigested food in stool
- Pain, cramping or discomfort
- Leaky gut
- Issues with absorption
Addressing digestive issues is the key to successful biomedical treatment
WHAT IS HEALTHY DIGESTION?
Your child should be having 2-3 bowel movements daily. The bowel movements should be formed, easy to pass and uniform in colour. There should be no undigested food (except corn!), mucous or blood in the stool. Although bowel movements usually have an unpleasant odour, sometimes the odour is unhealthy. The smell of the stool can be very helpful in identifying the root cause of digestive symptoms.
Example: yeasty, foul, sweet, like a harbour, and bready smells can all indicate yeast overgrowth
HOW ARE DIGESTION, IMMUNE FUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT?
Research shows that immune system dysregulation is a common feature in autism. The digestive system regulates immune system and inflammatory response. Healing the digestive tract is the first step in enhancing immune function and lowering inflammation levels that impair development.
A study done at Johns Hopkins, by Dr. Pardo and Dr. Vargos, showed neuroinflammation (inflammation in the brain) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Other studies have shown levels of inflammation in autism are higher than those of juvenile RA (rheumatoid arthritis), Crohn’s and other extremely inflammatory disorders. These studies on inflammation also identify another critical problem for autistic children: their high inflammation levels are accompanied by impairments in their ability to REMOVE INFLAMMATION.
Signs of inflammation outside the digestive tract include:
- Inability to focus and/or concentrate
- Cognitive and language delay
- Cradle cap
- Behavioural issues
- Chronic illness
- Sleep disturbance
- Itching or itchy bum
WHAT CAUSES DIGESTIVE IMPAIRMENT THAT LEADS TO INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE PROBLEMS?
This is a very exciting area of research because it begins to gather information that will help prevent autism and other developmental disorders. At a staggering rate of 1 in 150 Canadian children, this issue affects everyone.
- Food allergies and sensitivities and early introduction of allergens
- C-Section and IV antibiotics – don’t allow natural colonization of good bacteria in the intestine
- Vaccinations, metals and environmental toxins – have the ability to shut down enzymes that breakdown food (casein, gluten, soy, corn etc)
- GMO – Genetically modified foods disrupt innate immune function in the digestive tract by introducing genetic material from other organisms.
- Antibiotics – kill good bacteria which protects the body from other microbes, helps to absorb nutrients and regulates inflammation
Article source: http://treatautism.ca/
Although there are many different treatments to rectify digestive health and strengthen the immune system, we always focus on the least disruptive and most simple approach. We recommend a healthy diet (trying to eliminate refined carbohydrates from the diet) and introduce supplements like the Manna GUT Support (with important probiotics, essential digestive enzymes, colostrum and L-Arginine) to help restore the balance in the digestive tract.
We also recommend the Manna Blood Sugar Support with each meal to help reduce the glycemic index of the meal and therefore normalise blood sugar levels, which can help with craving and appetite control.
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The Book of the Duchess is the first major work of the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer (l. c. 1343-1400 CE), best known for his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales, composed in the last twelve years of his life and left unfinished at his death. The Canterbury Tales, first published c. 1476 CE by William Caxton, became so popular that Chaucer’s earlier work was overshadowed, only receiving critical attention much later and popular notice as late as the 19th century CE.
Among these is The Book of the Duchess, composed c. 1370 CE in honor of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster (l. 1342-1368 CE), wife of John of Gaunt (l. 1340-1399 CE), Duke of Lancaster and Chaucer’s best friend. Blanche died in 1368 CE, probably from the plague, at the age of 26, and John of Gaunt mourned her for the rest of his life even though he would remarry. The Book of the Duchess is thought to have been composed on the second anniversary of her death. It may have been commissioned by John of Gaunt and was read at Blanche’s memorial service on the two-year anniversary of her death. The poem was clearly appreciated by John of Gaunt as, afterwards, he rewarded Chaucer with a grant of ten pounds a year for life, at that time equal to almost a year’s salary.
The poem is written in Middle English and belongs to the literary genre known as the high medieval dream vision in which a narrator opens by relating some problem he is experiencing and then falls asleep, has a dream which suggests or clearly reveals a solution to the problem, and wakes feeling at peace or resigned to his situation. Chaucer’s piece deviates from this form in that the narrator never claims to have resolved his problem through the dream; the poem ends simply with him saying he woke and wrote the dream down.
This being so, the entire poem should be understood as having been written after the narrator woke from the dream and so his problem of unrequited love – which he describes as a "sickness" he has suffered from for eight years (lines 36-37) – continues even after the dream. Chaucer would have crafted the piece in this way to highlight the difficulty in moving on from loss. The poem offers no solution to the problem of grief other than a compassionate listener in the form of his narrator. Through a series of questions and by relating stories, the narrator helps the knight relive the joys of his relationship and express his grief over the loss of his wife even though there is nothing he can do to relieve it.
The poem opens with the narrator complaining that he cannot sleep and lives in a kind of apathy where he feels neither joy nor sorrow, does not care about anything, and fears he may die because of his lack of sleep (lines 1-29). In lines 30-42 he says how he does not really know why he is experiencing this but can guess and how there is only one physician who can heal him but will not do so. The poem relies on an audience’s acquaintance with the romantic vision of courtly love, a poetic genre of medieval literature developed in Southern France in the 12th century CE which frequently featured a knight hopelessly in love and devoted to a lady. The lady in these poems is often depicted as a physician who can heal the knight either emotionally, spiritually, or physically, and so the 'physician' the narrator refers to in line 39 is a lady he loves who has either left him or will not return his love.
Since he cannot sleep, the narrator reads a book (Ovid’s Metamorphosis, though the title is never given) containing the story of the lovers Seys (usually given as Ceyx) and Alcyone. Seys goes on a sea voyage and, when he fails to return on the given day, Alcyone begins to worry. She prays to the goddess Juno for a sign of whether Seys still lives and her prayer is answered in the form of Morpheus, god of sleep, appearing as Seys to tell her he is dead. Alcyone dies of grief three days later (lines 62-214). The narrator then marvels at the story and how Alcyone received an answer to her prayer when he has not and so he prays to Juno, almost instantly falls asleep, and begins to dream (lines 215-291).
He finds himself in bed on a May morning with birds singing and quickly gets dressed to join a hunt in progress outside. He is separated from the others in the party and walks alone through the woods until he comes upon a man in black sitting alone (lines 292-445). The man, described as a handsome and noble knight, is writing a poem and completely unaware of the narrator. The poem is a lament for lost love, which the knight recites as he writes, in which he says how the love of his life has died and he will never feel joy again. The narrator is moved by the poem and even more so by the knight’s obvious sorrow and moves to comfort him, but the knight is so deep in despair he does not notice at first (lines 445-514).
The narrator apologizes for disturbing the knight, says how he is obviously depressed and asks what he can do to help. The knight answers that there is nothing anyone can do and then relates how miserable his life has become, how he curses fortune which has stripped him of happiness, and how life is meaningless now whereas once it was bright and joyful (lines 515-709). The narrator then tries to console him by reminding him of the wisdom of Socrates in confronting fate, and how famous lovers have suffered throughout history like Medea with Jason, Dido with Aeneas, Samson with Delilah (lines 710-740).
The knight tells him he does not know what he is talking about because the knight has lost far more than any of the people cited and tells him to sit down and he will make the problem clearer. The knight then tells the narrator of how he met this beautiful woman, fell in love, and married her (lines 741-1041). The narrator interrupts to say how his wife sounds very nice but she could not have been as perfect as the knight is depicting her. The knight replies how everyone saw her in the same way and there was never anyone as beautiful or kind or gentle as she (lines 1042-1111). The narrator still does not grasp the knight’s problem and asks him to tell of their first words with each other and how she came to know he loved her and then asks plainly what has gone wrong with the relationship (lines 1112-1144).
The knight obliges and tells the narrator of the first song he composed for her and then talks about their relationship and how much she meant to him (lines 1145-1297). The narrator asks, "Where is she now?" and the knight replies, "She is dead" at which the narrator exclaims, "Be God, hyt is routhe!" (literally, "it is sorrowful" but better translated as "I am so sorry!") and instantly hears the hunting party returning. He then wakes from the dream to find himself in his bed with the book of Seys and Alcyone in front of him, marvels at the dream he had and says how he knew he had to write it down immediately (lines 1298-1334). The poem ends with the narrator saying how he has done so and now his dream his done.
The Book of the Duchess, like all of Chaucer’s works, is written in Middle English, well before spelling was standardized by the poet, writer, and lexicographer Samuel Johnson (1709-1784 CE) wrote the first English dictionary. Words are spelled as they sound and the poem is written to be read aloud. Read silently, the meaning of a word is not always clear but, out loud, and within the context of the sentence, is better understood. The first line, for example, “I have gret wonder, be this lyght” is clearly “I have great wonder, by this light” when spoken out loud.
The letter 'Y' stands for 'I' but stresses on syllables follow the rhyme of the poem and so the 'Y' is sometimes sounded as 'ee' and sometimes as 'ee-uh'. The word 'quod' or 'quoth' means 'to speak' and a 'sweven' is a 'dream'. Other words, which may at first seem strange, are intelligible within the sentence’s context where the spelling of a previous word, closer to modern English, will make the meaning clear. The following text comes from the online site Libarius.com (cited in the bibliography below) which provides hyperlinks and glossary to Middle English on its site. This is the standard version as found in The Riverside Chaucer edited by scholar Larry D. Benson, 1987 CE.
I have gret wonder, be this lyght,
How that I live, for day ne nyght
I may nat slepe wel nigh noght,
I have so many an ydel thoght
Purely for defaute of slepe 5
That, by my trouthe, I take no kepe
Of nothing, how hit cometh or gooth,
Ne me nis nothing leef nor looth.
Al is ylyche good to me --
Joye or sorwe, wherso hyt be -- 10
For I have felyng in nothyng,
But, as it were, a mased thyng,
Alway in point to falle a-doun;
For sorwful imaginacioun
Is alway hoolly in my minde. 15
And wel ye woot, agaynes kynde
Hit were to liven in this wyse;
For nature wolde nat suffyse
To noon erthely creature
Not longe tyme to endure 20
Withoute slepe, and been in sorwe;
And I ne may, ne night ne morwe,
Slepe; and thus melancolye
And dreed I have for to dye,
Defaute of slepe and hevynesse 25
Hath sleyn my spirit of quiknesse,
That I have lost al lustihede.
Suche fantasies ben in myn hede
So I not what is best to do.
But men myght axe me, why soo 30
I may not slepe, and what me is?
But natheles, who aske this
Leseth his asking trewely.
Myselven can not telle why
The sooth; but trewely, as I gesse, 35
I holde hit be a siknesse
That I have suffred this eight yere,
And yet my boote is never the nere;
For ther is phisicien but oon,
That may me hele; but that is doon. 40
Passe we over until eft;
That wil not be, moot nede be left;
Our first matere is good to kepe.
So whan I saw I might not slepe,
Til now late, this other night, 45
Upon my bedde I sat upright
And bad oon reche me a book,
A romaunce, and he hit me took
To rede and dryve the night away;
For me thoghte it better play 50
Then playen either at ches or tables.
And in this boke were writen fables
That clerkes hadde, in olde tyme,
And other poets, put in ryme
To rede, and for to be in minde 55
Whyl men loved the lawe of kinde.
This book ne spak but of such thinges,
Of quenes lyves, and of kinges,
And many othere thinges smale.
Amonge al this I fond a tale 60
That me thoughte a wonder thing.
This was the tale: There was a king
That highte Seys, and hadde a wyf,
The beste that mighte bere lyf;
And this quene highte Alcyone. 65
So hit befel, therafter sone,
This king wolde wenden over see.
To tellen shortly, whan that he
Was in the see, thus in this wyse,
Soche a tempest gan to ryse 70
That brak hir mast, and made it falle,
And clefte her ship, and dreynte hem alle,
That never was founden, as it telles,
Bord ne man, ne nothing elles.
Right thus this king Seys loste his lyf. 75
Now for to speken of his wyf: --
This lady, that was left at home,
Hath wonder, that the king ne come
Hoom, for hit was a longe terme.
Anon her herte gan to erme; 80
And for that hir thoughte evermo
Hit was not wel he dwelte so,
She longed so after the king
That certes, hit were a pitous thing
To telle hir hertely sorwful lyf 85
That hadde, alas! this noble wyf;
For him she loved alderbest.
Anon she sente bothe eest and west
To seke him, but they founde nought.
'Alas!' quod she, 'that I was wrought! 90
And wher my lord, my love, be deed?
Certes, I nil never ete breed,
I make a-vowe to my god here,
But I mowe of my lord here!'
Such sorwe this lady to her took 95
That trewely I, which made this book,
Had swich pite and swich routhe
To rede hir sorwe, that, by my trouthe,
I ferde the worse al the morwe
After, to thenken on her sorwe. 100
So whan she koude here no word
That no man mighte fynde hir lord,
Ful ofte she swouned, and saide 'Alas!'
For sorwe ful nigh wood she was,
Ne she koude no reed but oon; 105
But doun on knees she sat anoon,
And weep, that pite was to here.
'A! mercy! Swete lady dere!'
Quod she to Juno, hir goddesse;
'Help me out of this distresse, 110
And yeve me grace my lord to see
Sone, or wite wher-so he be,
Or how he fareth, or in what wyse,
And I shal make you sacrifyse,
And hoolly youres become I shal 115
With good wil, body, herte, and al;
And but thou wilt this, lady swete,
Send me grace to slepe, and mete
In my slepe som certeyn sweven,
Wher-through that I may knowen even 120
Whether my lord be quik or deed.'
With that word she heng doun the heed,
And fil a-swown as cold as ston;
Hir women caught her up anon,
And broghten hir in bed al naked, 125
And she, forweped and forwaked,
Was wery, and thus the dede sleep
Fil on hir, or she toke keep,
Through Juno, that had herd hir bone,
That made hir to slepe sone; 130
For as she prayde, so was don,
In dede; for Juno, right anon,
Called thus her messagere
To do her erande, and he com nere.
Whan he was come, she bad him thus: 135
'Go bet,' quod Juno, 'to Morpheus,
Thou knowest hym wel, the god of sleep;
Now understond wel, and tak keep.
Sey thus on my halfe, that he
Go faste into the grete see, 140
And bid him that, on alle thing,
He take up Seys body the king,
That lyth ful pale and no-thing rody.
Bid him crepe into the body,
And do it goon to Alcyone 145
The quene, ther she lyth alone,
And shewe hir shortly, hit is no nay,
How hit was dreynt this other day;
And do the body speke so
Right as hit was wont to do, 150
The whyles that hit was on lyve.
Go now faste, and hy thee blyve!'
This messager took leve and wente
Upon his wey, and never ne stente
Til he com to the derke valeye 155
That stant bytwene roches tweye,
Ther never yet grew corn ne gras,
Ne tree, ne nothing that ought was,
Beste, ne man, ne nothing elles,
Save ther were a fewe welles 160
Came renning fro the cliffes adoun,
That made a deedly sleping soun,
And ronnen doun right by a cave
That was under a rokke y-grave
Amid the valey, wonder depe. 165
Ther thise goddes laye and slepe,
Morpheus, and Eclympasteyre,
That was the god of slepes heyre,
That slepe and did non other werk.
This cave was also as derk 170
As helle pit over-al aboute;
They had good leyser for to route
To envye, who might slepe beste;
Some henge hir chin upon hir breste
And slepe upright, hir heed y-hed, 175
And some laye naked in hir bed,
And slepe whyles the dayes laste.
This messager come flying faste,
And cryed, 'O ho! Awake anon!'
Hit was for noght; ther herde him non. 180
'Awak!' quod he, 'who is, lyth there?'
And blew his horn right in hir ere,
And cryed `awaketh!' wonder hye.
This god of slepe, with his oon ye
Cast up, axed, 'who clepeth there?' 185
'Hit am I,' quod this messagere;
'Juno bad thou shuldest goon' --
And tolde him what he shulde doon
As I have told yow here-tofore;
Hit is no need reherse hit more; 190
And wente his wey, whan he had sayd.
Anon this god of slepe a-brayd
Out of his slepe, and gan to goon,
And did as he had bede him doon;
Took up the dreynte body sone, 195
And bar hit forth to Alcyone,
His wif the quene, ther-as she lay,
Right even a quarter before day,
And stood right at hir beddes fete,
And called hir, right as she het, 200
By name, and sayde, 'My swete wyf,
Awak! Let be your sorwful lyf!
For in your sorwe there lyth no reed;
For certes, swete, I nam but deed;
Ye shul me never on lyve y-see. 205
But good swete herte, look that ye
Bury my body, at whiche a tyde
Ye mowe hit finde the see besyde;
And far-wel, swete, my worldes blisse!
I praye god your sorwe lisse; 210
To litel whyl our blisse lasteth!'
With that hir eyen up she casteth,
And saw noght; 'A!' quod she, 'for sorwe!'
And deyed within the thridde morwe.
But what she sayde more in that swow 215
I may not telle yow as now,
Hit were to longe for to dwelle;
My first matere I wil yow telle,
Wherfor I have told this thing
Of Alcione and Seys the king. 220
For thus moche dar I saye wel,
I had be dolven everydel,
And deed, right through defaute of sleep,
If I nad red and taken keep
Of this tale next before: 225
And I wol telle yow wherfore:
For I ne might, for bote ne bale,
Slepe, or I had red this tale
Of this dreynte Seys the king,
And of the goddes of sleping. 230
Whan I had red this tale wel
And over-loked hit everydel,
Me thoughte wonder if hit were so;
For I had never herd speke, or tho,
Of no goddes that coude make 235
Men for to slepe, ne for to wake;
For I ne knew never god but oon.
And in my game I sayde anoon --
And yet me list right evel to pleye --
'Rather then that I shulde deye 240
Through defaute of sleping thus,
I wolde yive thilke Morpheus,
Or his goddesse, dame Juno,
Or som wight elles, I ne roghte who --
To make me slepe and have som rest -- 245
I wil yive him the alderbest
Yift that ever he abood his lyve,
And here on warde, right now, as blyve;
If he wol make me slepe a lyte,
Of downe of pure dowves whyte 250
I wil yive him a fether-bed,
Rayed with golde, and right wel cled
In fyn blak satin doutremere,
And many a pilow, and every bere
Of clothe of Reynes, to slepe softe; 255
Him thar not nede to turnen ofte.
And I wol yive him al that falles
To a chambre; and al his halles
I wol do peynte with pure golde,
And tapite hem ful many folde 260
Of oo sute; this shal he have,
Yf I wiste wher were his cave,
If he can make me slepe sone,
As did the goddesse Alcione.
And thus this ilke god, Morpheus, 265
May winne of me mo fees thus
Than ever he wan; and to Juno,
That is his goddesse, I shal so do,
I trowe that she shal holde her payd.'
I hadde unnethe that word y-sayd 270
Right thus as I have told hit yow,
That sodeynly, I niste how,
Swich a lust anoon me took
To slepe, that right upon my book
I fil aslepe, and therwith even 275
Me mette so inly swete a sweven,
So wonderful, that never yit
I trowe no man hadde the wit
To conne wel my sweven rede;
No, not Ioseph, withoute drede, 280
Of Egipte, he that redde so
The kinges meting Pharao,
No more than koude the leste of us;
Ne nat scarsly Macrobeus,
(He that wroot al th'avisioun 285
That he mette, Kyng Scipioun,
The noble man, the Affrican --
Swiche marvayles fortuned than)
I trowe, a-rede my dremes even.
Lo, thus hit was, this was my sweven. 290
Me thoughte thus: -- that hit was May,
And in the dawning ther I lay,
Me mette thus, in my bed al naked: --
I loked forth, for I was waked
With smale foules a gret hepe, 295
That had affrayed me out of slepe
Through noyse and swetnesse of hir song;
And, as me mette, they sate among,
Upon my chambre-roof withoute,
Upon the tyles, al a-boute, 300
And songen, everich in his wise,
The moste solempne servyse
By note, that ever man, I trowe,
Had herd; for som of hem song lowe,
Som hye, and al of oon acorde. 305
To telle shortly, at oo worde,
Was never y-herd so swete a steven,
But hit had be a thing of heven; --
So mery a soun, so swete entunes,
That certes, for the toune of Tewnes, 310
I nolde but I had herd hem singe,
For al my chambre gan to ringe
Through singing of hir armonye.
For instrument nor melodye
Was nowher herd yet half so swete, 315
Nor of acorde half so mete;
For ther was noon of hem that feyned
To singe, for ech of hem him peyned
To finde out mery crafty notes;
They ne spared not hir throtes. 320
And, sooth to seyn, my chambre was
Ful wel depeynted, and with glas
Were al the windowes wel y-glased,
Ful clere, and nat an hole y-crased,
That to beholde hit was gret Joye. 325
For hoolly al the storie of Troye
Was in the glasing y-wroght thus,
Of Ector and of king Priamus,
Of Achilles and king Lamedon,
Of Medea and of Iason, 330
Of Paris, Eleyne, and Lavyne.
And alle the walles with colours fyne
Were peynted, bothe text and glose,
Of al the Romaunce of the Rose.
My windowes weren shet echon, 335
And through the glas the sonne shon
Upon my bed with brighte bemes,
With many glade gilden stremes;
And eek the welken was so fair,
Blew, bright, clere was the air, 340
And ful atempre for sothe hit was;
For nother cold nor hoot hit nas,
Ne in al the welken was a cloude.
And as I lay thus, wonder loude
Me thoughte I herde an hunte blowe 345
T'assaye his horn, and for to knowe
Whether hit were clere or hors of soune.
I herde goinge, up and doune,
Men, hors, houndes, and other thing;
And al men speken of hunting, 350
How they wolde slee the hert with strengthe,
And how the hert had, upon lengthe,
So moche embosed,I not now what.
Anon-right, whan I herde that,
How that they wolde on hunting goon, 355
I was right glad, and up anoon;
I took my hors, and forth I wente
Out of my chambre; I never stente
Til I com to the feld withoute.
Ther overtook I a gret route 360
Of huntes and eek of foresteres,
With many relayes and lymeres,
And hyed hem to the forest faste,
And I with hem; -- so at the laste
I asked oon, ladde a lymere: -- 365
'Say, felow, who shal hunten here'
Quod I, and he answerde ageyn,
'Sir, th'emperour Octovien,'
Quod he, `and is heer faste by.'
'A goddes halfe, in good tyme,' quod I, 370
'Go we faste!' and gan to ryde.
Whan we came to the forest-syde,
Every man dide, right anoon,
As to hunting fil to doon.
The mayster-hunte anoon, fot-hoot, 375
With a gret horne blew three moot
At the uncoupling of his houndes.
Within a whyl the hert y-founde is,
Y-halowed, and rechased faste
Longe tyme; and so at the laste, 380
This hert rused and stal away
Fro alle the houndes a prevy way.
The houndes had overshote hem alle,
And were on a defaute y-falle;
Therwith the hunte wonder faste 385
Blew a forloyn at the laste.
I was go walked fro my tree,
And as I wente, ther cam by me
A whelp, that fauned me as I stood,
That hadde y-folowed, and koude no good. 390
Hit com and creep to me as lowe,
Right as hit hadde me y-knowe,
Hild doun his heed and joyned his eres,
And leyde al smothe doun his heres.
I wolde han caught hit, and anoon 395
Hit fledde, and was fro me goon;
And I him folwed, and hit forth wente
Doun by a floury grene wente
Ful thikke of gras, ful softe and swete,
With floures fele, faire under fete, 400
And litel used, hit seemed thus;
For bothe Flora and Zephirus,
They two that make floures growe,
Had mad hir dwelling ther, I trowe;
For hit was, on to beholde, 405
As thogh the erthe envye wolde
To be gayer than the heven,
To have mo floures, swiche seven
As in the welken sterres be.
Hit had forgete the povertee 410
That winter, through his colde morwes,
Had mad hit suffren, and his sorwes;
Al was forgeten, and that was sene.
For al the wode was waxen grene,
Swetnesse of dewe had mad it waxe. 415
Hit is no need eek for to axe
Wher ther were many grene greves,
Or thikke of trees, so ful of leves;
And every tree stood by himselve
Fro other wel ten foot or twelve. 420
So grete trees, so huge of strengthe,
Of fourty or fifty fadme lengthe,
Clene withoute bough or stikke,
With croppes brode, and eek as thikke --
They were nat an inche asonder -- 425
That hit was shadwe overal under;
And many an hert and many an hynde
Was both before me and bihinde.
Of founes, soures, bukkes, does
Was ful the wode, and many roes, 430
And many squirelles that sete
Ful hye upon the trees, and ete,
And in hir maner made festes.
Shortly, hit was so ful of bestes,
That thogh Argus, the noble countour, 435
Sete to rekene in his countour,
And rekene with his figures ten --
For by tho figures mowe al ken,
If they be crafty, rekene and noumbre,
And telle of every thing the noumbre -- 440
Yet shulde he fayle to rekene even
The wondres, me mette in my sweven.
But forth they romed wonder faste
Doun the wode; so at the laste
I was war of a man in blak, 445
That sat and had yturned his bak
To an ook, an huge tree.
'Lord,' thoghte I, 'who may that be?
What ayleth him to sitten here?'
Anoon-right I wente nere; 450
Than fond I sitte even upright
A wonder wel-faringe knight --
By the maner me thoughte so --
Of good mochel, and yong therto,
Of the age of four and twenty yeer. 455
Upon his berde but litel heer,
And he was clothed al in blakke.
I stalked even unto his bakke,
And ther I stood as stille as ought,
That, sooth to saye, he saw me nought, 460
For-why he heng his heed adoune.
And with a deedly sorwful soune
He made of ryme ten vers or twelve
Of a compleynt to himselve,
The moste pite, the moste routhe, 465
That ever I herde; for, by my trouthe,
Hit was gret wonder that nature
Might suffren any creature
To have swich sorwe, and be not deed.
Ful pitous, pale, and nothing reed, 470
He sayde a lay, a maner song,
Withoute note, withoute song,
And hit was this; for wel I can
Reherce hit; right thus hit began. --
'I have of sorwe so grete won, 475
That Joye gete I never non,
Now that I see my lady bright,
Which I have loved with al my might,
Is fro me dedd, and is a-goon.
And thus in sorwe lefte me alone. 480
'Allas, o deeth! What ayleth thee,
That thou noldest have taken me,
'Whan that thou toke my lady swete?
That was so fayr, so fresh, so free,
So good, that men may wel y-see 485
'Of al goodnesse she had no mete!' --
Whan he had mad thus his complaynte,
His sorowful herte gan faste faynte,
And his spirites wexen dede;
The blood was fled, for pure drede, 490
Doun to his herte, to make him warm --
For wel hit feled the herte had harm --
To wite eek why hit was adrad,
By kinde, and for to make hit glad;
For hit is membre principal 495
Of the body; and that made al
His hewe chaunge and wexe grene
And pale, for no blood was sene
In no maner lime of his.
Anoon therwith whan I saugh this, 500
He ferde thus evel ther he sete,
I wente and stood right at his fete,
And grette him, but he spak noght,
But argued with his owne thoght,
And in his witte disputed faste 505
Why and how his lyf might laste;
Him thoughte his sorwes were so smerte
And lay so colde upon his herte;
So, through his sorwe and hevy thoght,
Made him that he ne herde me noght; 510
For he had wel nigh lost his minde,
Thogh Pan, that men clepeth god of kinde,
Were for his sorwes never so wrooth.
But at the laste, to sayn right sooth,
He was war of me, how I stood 515
Before him, and dide of myn hood,
And grette him, as I best koude.
Debonairly, and nothing loude,
He sayde, `I prey thee, be not wrooth,
I herde thee not, to sayn the sooth, 520
Ne I saw thee not, sir, trewely.'
'A! goode sir, no fors,' quod I,
'I am right sory if I have ought
Destroubled yow out of your thought;
Foryive me if I have mistake.' 525
'Yis, th'amendes is light to make,'
Quod he, `for ther lyth noon ther-to;
Ther is nothing missayd nor do,'
Lo! how goodly spak this knight,
As it had been another wight; 530
He made it nouther tough ne queynte
And I saw that, and gan me aqueynte
With him, and fond him so tretable,
Right wonder skilful and resonable,
As me thoghte, for al his bale. 535
Anoon-right I gan finde a tale
To him, to loke wher I might ought
Have more knowing of his thought.
'Sir,' quod I, `this game is doon;
I holde that this hert be goon; 540
Thise huntes conne him nowher see.'
'I do no fors therof,' quod he,
'My thought is theron never a deel.'
'By oure lord,' quod I, `I trowe yow weel,
Right so me thinketh by your chere. 545
But, sir, oo thing wol ye here?
Me thinketh, in gret sorwe I yow see;
But certes, good sir, yif that ye
Wolde ought discure me your wo,
I wolde, as wis god help me so, 550
Amende hit, yif I can or may;
Ye mowe preve hit by assay.
For, by my trouthe, to make yow hool,
I wol do al my power hool;
And telleth me of your sorwes smerte, 555
Paraventure hit may ese your herte,
That semeth ful seke under your syde.'
With that he loked on me asyde,
As who sayth, `Nay, that wol not be.'
'Graunt mercy, goode frend,' quod he, 560
'I thanke thee that thou woldest so,
But hit may never the rather be do,
No man may my sorwe glade,
That maketh my hewe to falle and fade,
And hath myn understonding lorn, 565
That me is wo that I was born!
May noght make my sorwes slyde,
Nought the remedies of Ovyde;
Ne Orpheus, god of melodye,
Ne Dedalus, with playes slye; 570
Ne hele me may phisicien,
Noght Ypocras, ne Galien;
Me is wo that I live houres twelve;
But who so wol assaye himselve
Whether his herte can have pite 575
Of any sorwe, lat him see me.
I wrecche, that deeth hath mad al naked
Of alle blisse that ever was maked,
Y-worthe worste of alle wightes,
That hate my dayes and my nightes; 580
My lyf, my lustes be me looth,
For al welfare and I be wrooth.
The pure deeth is so my fo
Thogh I wolde deye, hit wolde not so;
For whan I folwe hit, hit wol flee; 585
I wolde have hit, hit nil not me.
This is my peyne withoute reed,
Alway deinge and be not deed,
That Sesiphus, that lyth in helle,
May not of more sorwe telle. 590
And who so wiste al, be my trouthe,
My sorwe, but he hadde routhe
And pite of my sorwes smerte,
That man hath a feendly herte.
For who so seeth me first on morwe 595
May seyn, he hath y-met with sorwe;
For I am sorwe and sorwe is I.
'Allas! and I wol telle the why;
My song is turned to pleyning,
And al my laughter to weping, 600
My glade thoghtes to hevynesse,
In travaile is myn ydelnesse
And eek my reste; my wele is wo,
My goode is harm, and ever-mo
In wrathe is turned my pleying, 605
And my delyt into sorwing.
Myn hele is turned into seeknesse,
In drede is al my sikernesse.
To derke is turned al my light,
My wit is foly, my day is night, 610
My love is hate, my sleep waking,
My mirthe and meles is fasting,
My countenaunce is nycete,
And al abaved wherso I be,
My pees, in pleding and in werre; 615
Allas, how mighte I fare werre?
'My boldnesse is turned to shame,
For fals Fortune hath pleyd a game
Atte ches with me, allas, the whyle!
The trayteresse fals and ful of gyle, 620
That al behoteth and nothing halt,
She goth upryght and yet she halt,
That baggeth foule and loketh faire,
The dispitouse debonaire,
That scorneth many a creature! 625
An ydole of fals portraiture
Is she, for she wil sone wryen;
She is the monstres heed ywryen,
As filth over ystrawed with floures;
Hir moste worship and hir flour is 630
To lyen, for that is hir nature;
Withoute feyth, lawe, or mesure.
She is fals; and ever laughinge
With oon eye, and that other wepinge.
That is broght up, she set al doun. 635
I lykne hir to the scorpioun,
That is a fals, flateringe beste;
For with his hede he maketh feste,
But al amid his flateringe
With his tayle he wol stinge, 640
And envenyme; and so wol she.
She is th'envyouse charite
That is ay fals, and seemeth weel,
So turneth she hir false wheel
Aboute, for it is nothing stable, 645
Now by the fyre, now at table;
Ful many oon hath she thus yblent;
She is pley of enchauntement,
That semeth oon and is not so,
The false theef! What hath she do, 650
Trowest thou? By our Lord, I wol thee seye.
Atte ches with me she gan to pleye;
With hir false draughtes divers
She stal on me, and took my fers.
And whan I saw my fers aweye, 655
Alas! I couthe no lenger playe,
But seyde, "Farewel, swete, y-wis,
And farwel al that ever ther is!"
Therwith Fortune seyde, "Chek her!"
And "Mate!" in mid pointe of the chekker 660
With a poune erraunt, allas!
Ful craftier to pley she was
Than Athalus, that made the game
First of the ches: so was his name.
But God wolde I had ones or twyes 665
Y-koud and knowe the jeupardyes
That koude the Grek Pithagores!
I shulde have pleyd the bet at ches,
And kept my fers the bet therby;
And thogh wherto? for trewely, 670
I hold that wish nat worth a stree!
Hit had be never the bet for me.
For Fortune can so many a wyle,
Ther be but fewe can hir begyle,
And eek she is the las to blame; 675
Myself I wolde have do the same,
Before god, hadde I been as she;
She oghte the more excused be.
For this I say yet more therto,
Hadde I be god and mighte have do 680
My wille, whan she my fers caughte,
I wolde have drawe the same draughte.
For, also wis god yive me reste,
I dar wel swere she took the beste!
'But through that draughte I have lorn 685
My blisse; allas! that I was born!
For evermore, I trowe trewly,
For al my wil, my lust hoolly
Is turned; but yet what to done?
Be oure Lord, hit is to deye sone; 690
For nothing I ne leve it noght,
But live and deye right in this thoght.
There nis planete in firmament,
Ne in air, ne in erthe, noon element,
That they ne yive me a yift echoon 695
Of weping, whan I am aloon.
For whan that I avyse me weel,
And bethenke me everydeel,
How that ther lyth in rekening,
In my sorwe for nothing; 700
And how ther leveth no gladnesse
May gladde me of my distresse,
And how I have lost suffisance,
And therto I have no plesance,
Than may I say, I have right noght. 705
And whan al this falleth in my thoght,
Allas! than am I overcome!
For that is doon is not to come!
I have more sorowe than Tantale.'
And whan I herde him telle this tale 710
Thus pitously, as I yow telle,
Unnethe mighte I lenger dwelle,
Hit dide myn herte so moche wo.
'A! good sir!' quod I, 'say not so!
Have som pite on your nature 715
That formed yow to creature,
Remembre yow of Socrates;
For he ne counted nat three strees
Of noght that Fortune coude do.'
'No,' quod he, 'I can not so.' 720
'Why so, good sir! Pardee!' quod I;
'Ne say noght so, for trewely,
Thogh ye had lost the ferses twelve,
And ye for sorwe mordred yourselve,
Ye sholde be dampned in this cas 725
By as good right as Medea was,
That slow hir children for Jason;
And Phyllis als for Demophon
Heng hirself, so weylaway!
For he had broke his terme-day 730
To come to hir. Another rage
Had Dydo, quene eek of Cartage,
That slow hirself for Eneas
Was fals; a whiche a fool she was!
And Ecquo dyed for Narcisus. 735
Nolde nat love hir; and right thus
Hath many another foly don.
And for Dalida died Sampson,
That slow himself with a pilere.
But ther is noon alyve here 740
Wolde for a fers make this wo!'
'Why so?' quod he; 'hit is nat so,
Thou woste ful litel what thou menest;
I have lost more than thow wenest.'
'Lo, sir, how may that be?' quod I; 745
'Good sir, tel me al hoolly
In what wyse, how, why, and wherfore
That ye have thus your blisse lore,'
'Blythly,' quod he, 'com sit adoun,
I telle thee up condicioun 750
That thou hoolly, with al thy wit,
Do thyn entente to herkene hit.'
'Yis, sir.' 'Swere thy trouthe therto.'
'Gladly.' 'Do than holde herto!'
'I shal right blythly, so God me save, 755
Hoolly, with al the wit I have,
Here yow, as wel as I can,'
'A goddes half!' quod he, and began: --
'Sir,' quod he, `sith first I couthe
Have any maner wit fro yowthe, 760
Or kyndely understonding
To comprehende, in any thing,
What love was, in myn owne wit,
Dredelees, I have ever yit
Be tributary, and yiven rente 765
To love hoolly with goode entente,
And through plesaunce become his thral,
With good wil, body, herte, and al.
Al this I putte in his servage,
As to my lorde, and dide homage; 770
And ful devoutly prayde him to,
He shulde besette myn herte so,
That it plesaunce to him were,
And worship to my lady dere.
'And this was longe, and many a yeer 775
Or that myn herte was set o-wher,
That I did thus, and niste why;
I trowe hit cam me kindely.
Paraunter I was therto most able
As a whyt wal or a table; 780
For hit is redy to cacche and take
Al that men wil therin make,
Wherso so men wol portreye or peynte,
Be the werkes never so queynte.
'And thilke tyme I ferde so 785
I was able to have lerned tho,
And to have coud as wel or better,
Paraunter, other art or letter.
But for love cam first in my thought,
Therfore I forgat hit nought. 790
I chees love to my firste craft,
Therfor hit is with me laft.
Forwhy I took hit of so yong age,
That malice hadde my corage
Nat that tyme turned to nothing 795
Through to mochel knowleching.
For that tyme yowthe, my maistresse,
Governed me in ydelnesse;
For hit was in my firste youthe,
And tho ful litel good I couthe, 800
For al my werkes were flittinge,
And al my thoghtes varyinge;
Al were to me yliche good,
That I knew tho; but thus hit stood.
'Hit happed that I cam on a day 805
Into a place, ther I say,
Trewly, the fayrest companye
Of ladies that ever man with ye
Had seen togedres in oo place.
Shal I clepe hit hap other grace 810
That broght me ther? Nay, but Fortune,
That is to lyen ful comune,
The false trayteresse, pervers,
God wolde I coude clepe hir wers!
For now she worcheth me ful wo, 815
And I wol telle sone why so.
'Among thise ladies thus echoon,
Soth to seyn, I saw ther oon
That was lyk noon of al the route;
For I dar swere, withoute doute, 820
That as the someres sonne bright
Is fairer, clere, and hath more light
Than any planete, is in heven,
The mone, or the sterres seven,
For al the worlde so had she 825
Surmounted hem alle of beaute,
Of maner and of comlynesse,
Of stature and wel set gladnesse,
Of goodlihede so wel beseye --
Shortly, what shal I more seye? 830
By God, and by his halwes twelve,
It was my swete, right al hirselve!
She had so stedfast countenaunce,
So noble port and meyntenaunce.
And Love, that had herd my boone, 835
Had espyed me thus soone,
That she ful sone, in my thoght,
As helpe me God, so was ycaught
So sodenly, that I ne took
No maner reed but at hir look 840
And at myn herte; for-why hir eyen
So gladly, I trow, myn herte seyen,
That purely tho myn owne thoght
Seyde hit were bet serve hir for noght
Than with another to be weel. 845
And hit was sooth, for, everydeel,
I wil anoon-right telle thee why.
I saw hir daunce so comlily,
Carole and singe so swetely,
Laughe and pleye so womanly, 850
And loke so debonairly,
So goodly speke and so frendly,
That certes, I trow, that evermore
Nas seyn so blisful a tresore.
For every heer upon hir hede, 855
Soth to seyn, hit was not rede,
Ne nouther yelow, ne broun hit nas;
Me thoghte, most lyk gold hit was.
And whiche eyen my lady hadde!
Debonair, goode, glade, and sadde, 860
Simple, of good mochel, noght to wyde;
Therto hir look nas not asyde,
Ne overthwert, but beset so weel,
Hit drew and took up, everydeel,
Alle that on hir gan beholde. 865
Hir eyen semed anoon she wolde
Have mercy; fooles wenden so;
But hit was never the rather do.
Hit nas no countrefeted thing,
It was hir owne pure loking, 870
That the goddesse, dame Nature,
Had made hem opene by mesure,
And close; for, were she never so glad,
Hir loking was not foly sprad,
Ne wildely, thogh that she pleyde; 875
But ever, me thoght, hir eyen seyde,
"By god, my wrathe is al for-yive!"
'Therwith hir liste so wel to live,
That dulnesse was of hir adrad.
She nas to sobre ne to glad; 880
In alle thinges more mesure
Had never, I trowe, creature.
But many oon with hir loke she herte,
And that sat hir ful lyte at herte,
For she knew nothing of her thoght; 885
But whether she knew, or knew hit noght,
Algate she ne roghte of hem a stree!
To gete hir love no ner was he
That woned at home, than he in Inde;
The formest was alway behinde. 890
But goode folk, over al other,
She loved as man may do his brother;
Of whiche love she was wonder large,
In skilful places that bere charge.
'Which a visage had she therto! 895
Allas! myn herte is wonder wo
That I ne can discryven hit!
Me lakketh bothe English and wit
For to undo hit at the fulle;
And eek my spirits be so dulle 900
So greet a thing for to devyse.
I have no wit that can suffyse
To comprehenden hir beaute;
But thus moche dar I seyn, that she
Was rody, fresh, and lyvely hewed; 905
And every day hir beaute newed.
And negh hir face was alderbest;
For certes, Nature had swich lest
To make that fair, that trewly she
Was hir cheef patron of beautee, 910
And cheef ensample of al hir werke,
And moustre; for, be hit never so derke,
Me thinketh I see hir ever-mo.
And yet more-over, thogh alle tho
That ever lived were not alyve, 915
They ne sholde have founde to discryve
In al hir face a wikked signe;
For hit was sad, simple, and benigne.
'And which a goodly, softe speche
Had that swete, my lyves leche! 920
So frendly, and so wel y-grounded,
Up al resoun so wel y-founded,
And so tretable to alle gode,
That I dar swere by the rode,
Of eloquence was never founde 925
So swete a sowninge facounde,
Ne trewer tonged, ne scorned lasse,
Ne bet coude hele; that, by the masse,
I durste swere, thogh the pope hit songe,
That ther was never yet through hir tonge 930
Man ne woman gretly harmed;
As for hir, ther was al harm hid;
Ne lasse flatering in hir worde,
That purely, hir simple recorde
Was founde as trewe as any bonde, 935
Or trouthe of any mannes honde.
Ne chyde she koude never a deel,
That knoweth al the world ful weel.
`But swich a fairnesse of a nekke
Had that swete that boon nor brekke 940
Nas ther non sene, that missat.
Hit was whyt, smothe, streght, and flat,
Withouten hole; and canel-boon,
As by seming, had she noon.
Hir throte, as I have now memoire, 945
Semed a round tour of yvoire,
Of good gretnesse, and noght to grete.
'And goode faire Whyte she hete,
That was my lady name right.
She was bothe fair and bright, 950
She hadde not hir name wrong.
Right faire shuldres, and body long
She hadde, and armes; every lith
Fattish, flesshy, not greet therwith;
Right whyte handes, and nayles rede, 955
Rounde brestes; and of good brede
Hyr hippes were, a streight flat bake.
I knew on hir non other lak
That al hir limmes nere sewing,
In as fer as I had knowing. 960
'Therto she koude so wel pleye,
Whan that hir liste, that I dar seye,
That she was lyk to torche bright,
That every man may take of light
Ynogh, and hit hath never the lesse. 965
'Of maner and of comlinesse
Right so ferde my lady dere;
For every wight of hir manere
Might cacche ynogh, if that he wolde,
If he had eyen hir to beholde. 970
For I dar sweren, if that she
Had among ten thousand be,
She wolde have be, at the leste,
A cheef mirour of al the feste,
Thogh they had stonden in a rowe, 975
To mennes eyen koude have knowe.
For wher-so men had pleyd or waked,
Me thoghte the felawship as naked
Withouten hir, that saw I ones,
As a coroune withoute stones. 980
Trewely she was, to myn ye,
The soleyn fenix of Arabye,
For ther liveth never but oon;
Ne swich as she ne know I noon.
'To speke of goodnesse; trewly she 985
Had as moche debonairte
As ever had Hester in the bible
And more, if more were possible.
And, soth to seyne, therwithal
She had a wit so general, 990
So hool enclyned to alle gode,
That al hir wit was set, by the rode,
Withoute malice, upon gladnesse;
Therto I saw never yet a lesse
Harmul, than she was in doing. 995
I sey nat that she ne had knowing
What harm was; or elles she
Had coud no good, so thinketh me.
'And trewely, for to speke of trouthe,
But she had had, hit had be routhe. 1000
Therof she had so moche hir del --
And I dar seyn and swere hit wel --
That Trouthe him-self, over al and al,
Had chose his maner principal
In hir, that was his resting-place. 1005
Therto she hadde the moste grace,
To have stedfast perseveraunce,
And esy, atempre governaunce,
That ever I knew or wiste yit;
So pure suffraunt was hir wit. 1010
And reson gladly she understood,
Hit folowed wel she coude good.
She used gladly to do weel;
These were hir maners everydeel.
'Therwith she loved so wel right, 1015
She wrong do wolde to no wight;
No wight might do hir no shame,
She loved so wel hir owne name.
Hir luste to holde no wight in honde;
Ne, be thou siker, she nolde fonde 1020
To holde no wight in balaunce,
By half word ne by countenaunce,
But-if men wolde upon hir lye;
Ne sende men into Walakye,
To Pruyse, and into Tartarye, 1025
To Alisaundre, ne into Turkye,
And bidde him faste, anoon that he
Go hoodles to the drye see,
And come hoom by the Carrenare;
And seye, "Sir, be now right ware 1030
That I may of yow here seyn
Worship, or that ye come ageyn!'
She ne used no suche knakkes smale.
'But wherfor that I telle my tale?
Right on this same, as I have seyd, 1035
Was hoolly al my love leyd;
For certes, she was, that swete wyf,
My suffisaunce, my lust, my lyf,
Myn hap, myn hele, and al my blisse,
My worldes welfare, and my lisse, 1040
And I hires hoolly, everydeel.'
'By our lord,' quod I, 'I trowe yow weel!
Hardily, your love was wel beset,
I not how ye mighte have do bet.'
'Bet? ne no wight so wel!' quod he. 1045
'I trowe hit, sir,' quod I, 'parde!'
'Nay, leve hit wel!' 'Sir, so do I;
I leve yow wel, that trewely
Yow thoghte, that she was the beste,
And to beholde the alderfaireste, 1050
Who so had loked hir with your eyen.'
'With myn? Nay, alle that hir seyen
Seyde and sworen hit was so.
And thogh they ne hadde, I wolde tho
Have loved best my lady fre, 1055
Thogh I had had al the beautee
That ever had Alcipyades,
And al the strengthe of Ercules,
And therto had the worthinesse
Of Alisaundre, and al the richesse 1060
That ever was in Babiloyne,
In Cartage, or in Macedoyne,
Or in Rome, or in Ninive;
And therto also hardy be
As was Ector, so have I Ioye, 1065
That Achilles slow at Troye --
And therfor was he slayn also
In a temple, for bothe two
Were slayn, he and Antilegius,
And so seyth Dares Frigius, 1070
For love of hir Polixena --
Or ben as wys as Minerva,
I wolde ever, withoute drede,
Have loved hir, for I moste nede!
"Nede!" nay, I gabbe now, 1075
Noght "nede", and I wol telle how,
For of good wille myn herte hit wolde,
And eek to love hir I was holde
As for the fairest and the beste.
'She was as good, so have I reste, 1080
As ever was Penelope of Grece,
Or as the noble wyf Lucrece,
That was the beste -- he telleth thus,
The Romayn Tytus Livius --
She was as good, and no-thing lyke, 1085
Thogh hir stories be autentyke;
Algate she was as trewe as she.
'But wherfor that I telle thee
Whan I first my lady say?
I was right yong, the sooth to sey, 1090
And ful gret need I hadde to lerne;
Whan my herte wolde yerne
To love, it was a greet empryse.
But as my wit koude best suffyse,
After my yonge childly wit, 1095
Withoute drede, I besette hit
To love hir in my beste wise,
To do hir worship and servyse
That I tho coude, be my trouthe,
Withoute feyning outher slouthe; 1100
For wonder fayn I wolde hir see.
So mochel hit amended me,
That, whan I saugh hir first a-morwe,
I was warished of al my sorwe
Of al day after, til hit were eve; 1105
Me thoghte nothing mighte me greve,
Were my sorwes never so smerte.
And yit she sit so in myn herte,
That, by my trouthe, I nolde noghte,
For al this worlde, out of my thoght 1110
Leve my lady; no, trewely!'
'Now, by my trouthe, sir,' quod I,
'Me thinketh ye have such a chaunce
As shrift withoute repentaunce.'
'Repentaunce! Nay, fy,' quod he; 1115
'Shulde I now repente me
To love? nay, certes, than were I wel
Wers than was Achitofel,
Or Anthenor, so have I Ioye,
The traytour that betraysed Troye, 1120
Or the false Genelon,
He that purchased the treson
Of Rowland and of Olivere.
Nay, why! I am alyve here
I nil foryete hir never mo.' 1125
'Now, goode sir,' quod I right tho,
'Ye han wel told me here before.
It is no need reherce hit more
How ye sawe hir first, and where;
But wolde ye telle me the manere, 1130
To hir which was your firste speche --
Therof I wolde yow be-seche --
And how she knewe first your thoght,
Whether ye loved hir or noght,
And telleth me eek what ye have lore; 1135
I herde yow telle her-before.'
'Ye,' seyde he,'thow nost what thou menest;
I have lost more than thou wenest.'
'What los is that, sir?' quod I tho;
'Nil she not love yow? Is hit so? 1140
Or have ye oght y-doon amis,
That she hath left yow? Is hit this?
For goddes love, telle me al.'
'Before god,' quod he, 'and I shal.
I saye right as I have seyd, 1145
On hir was al my love leyd;
And yet she niste hit never a deel
Noght longe tyme, leve hit weel.
For be right siker, I durste noght
For al this worlde telle hir my thoght, 1150
Ne I wolde have wratthed hir, trewely.
For wostow why? she was lady
Of the body; she had the herte,
And who hath that, may not asterte.
'But, for to kepe me fro ydelnesse, 1155
Trewely I did my besinesse
To make songes, as I best koude,
And ofte tyme I song hem loude;
And made songes a gret del,
Al-thogh I coude not make so wel 1160
Songes, ne knowe the art al,
As coude Lamekes sone Tubal,
That fond out first the art of songe;
For, as his brothers hamers ronge
Upon his anvelt up and doun, 1165
Therof he took the firste soun;
But Grekes seyn, Pictagoras,
That he the firste finder was
Of the art; Aurora telleth so,
But therof no fors, of hem two. 1170
Algates songes thus I made
Of my feling, myn herte to glade;
And lo! this was the alderfirst,
I not wher that hit were the werst. --
"Lord, hit maketh myn herte light, 1175
Whan I thenke on that swete wight
That is so semely on to see;
And wisshe to god hit might so be,
That she wolde holde me for hir knight,
My lady, that is so fair and bright!" -- 1180
'Now have I told thee, sooth to saye,
My firste song. Upon a daye
I bethoghte me what wo
And sorwe that I suffred tho
For hir, and yet she wiste hit noght, 1185
Ne telle hir durste I nat my thoght.
'Allas!' thoghte I, 'I can no reed;
And, but I telle hir, I nam but deed;
And if I telle hir, to seye sooth,
I am adrad she wol be wrooth; 1190
Allas! what shal I thanne do?"
'In this debat I was so wo,
Me thoghte myn herte braste a-tweyn!
So atte laste, soth to sayn,
I me bethoghte that nature 1195
Ne formed never in creature
So moche beautee, trewely,
And bountee, withouten mercy.
'In hope of that, my tale I tolde,
With sorwe, as that I never sholde; 1200
For nedes, and, maugree my heed,
I moste have told hir or be deed.
I not wel how that I began,
Ful evel rehercen hit I can;
And eek, as helpe me god withal, 1205
I trowe hit was in the dismal,
That was the ten woundes of Egipte;
For many a word I over-skipte
In my tale, for pure fere
Lest my wordes misset were. 1210
With sorweful herte, and woundes dede,
Softe and quaking for pure drede
And shame, and stinting in my tale
For ferde, and myn hewe al pale,
Ful ofte I wex bothe pale and reed; 1215
Bowing to hir, I heng the heed;
I durste nat ones loke hir on,
For wit, manere, and al was gon.
I seyde "mercy!" and no more;
Hit nas no game, hit sat me sore. 1220
'So atte laste, sooth to seyn,
Whan that myn herte was come ageyn,
To telle shortly al my speche,
With hool herte I gan hir beseche
That she wolde be my lady swete; 1225
And swor, and gan hir hertely hete
Ever to be stedfast and trewe,
And love hir alwey freshly newe,
And never other lady have,
And al hir worship for to save 1230
As I best koude; I swor hir this --
"For youres is al that ever ther is
For evermore, myn herte swete!
And never false yow, but I mete,
I nil, as wis God helpe me so!" 1235
'And whan I had my tale y-do,
God woot, she acounted nat a stree
Of al my tale, so thoghte me.
To telle shortly as hit is,
Trewely hir answere, hit was this; 1240
I can not now wel counterfete
Hir wordes, but this was the grete
Of hir answere: she sayde, "nay"
Al outerly. Allas, that day
The sorwe I suffred, and the wo! 1245
That trewely Cassandra, that so
Bewayled the destruccioun.
Of Troye and of Ilioun,
Had never swich sorwe as I tho.
I durste no more say therto 1250
For pure fere, but stal away;
And thus I lived ful many a day;
That trewely, I hadde no need
Ferther than my beddes heed
Never a day to seche sorwe; 1255
I fond hit redy every morwe,
For-why I loved hir in no gere.
'So hit befel, another yere,
I thoughte ones I wolde fonde
To do hir knowe and understonde 1260
My wo; and she wel understood
That I ne wilned thing but good,
And worship, and to kepe hir name
Over al thing, and drede hir shame,
And was so besy hir to serve; -- 1265
And pite were I shulde sterve,
Sith that I wilned noon harm, y-wis.
So whan my lady knew al this,
My lady yaf me al hoolly
The noble yift of hir mercy, 1270
Saving hir worship, by al weyes;
Dredelees, I mene noon other weyes.
And therwith she yaf me a ring;
I trowe hit was the firste thing;
But if myn herte was ywaxe 1275
Glad, that is no need to axe!
As helpe me God, I was as blyve,
Reysed, as fro dethe to lyve,
Of alle happes the alderbeste,
The gladdest and the moste at reste. 1280
For trewely, that swete wight,
Whan I had wrong and she the right,
She wolde alwey so goodely
For-yeve me so debonairly.
In alle my youthe, in alle chaunce, 1285
She took me in hir governaunce.
Therwith she was alway so trewe,
Our joye was ever yliche newe;
Our hertes wern so even a payre,
That never nas that oon contrayre 1290
To that other, for no wo.
For sothe, yliche they suffred tho
Oo blisse and eek oo sorwe bothe;
Yliche they were bothe gladde and wrothe;
Al was us oon, withoute were. 1295
And thus we lived ful many a yere
So wel, I can nat telle how.'
'Sir,' quod I, 'where is she now?'
'Now!' quod he, and stinte anoon.
Therwith he wex as deed as stoon, 1300
And seyde, 'Allas! that I was bore,
That was the los, that here before
I tolde thee, that I had lorn.
Bethenk how I seyde here beforn,
"Thou wost ful litel what thou menest; 1305
I have lost more than thou wenest" --
God woot, allas! Right that was she!'
'Allas! sir, how? What may that be?'
'She is deed!' 'Nay!' 'Yis, by my trouthe!'
'Is that your los? By god, hit is routhe!' 1310
And with that worde, right anoon,
They gan to strake forth; al was doon,
For that tyme, the hert-hunting.
With that, me thoghte, that this king
Gan quikly hoomward for to ryde 1315
Unto a place ther besyde,
Which was from us but a lyte,
A long castel with walles whyte,
Be seynt Johan! on a riche hil,
As me mette; but thus it fil. 1320
Right thus me mette, as I yow telle,
That in the castel was a belle,
As hit had smiten houres twelve. --
Therwith I awook myselve,
And fond me lying in my bed; 1325
And the book that I had red,
Of Alcyone and Seys the king,
And of the goddes of sleping,
I fond it in myn honde ful even.
Thoghte I, 'this is so queynt a sweven, 1330
That I wol, be processe of tyme,
Fonde to putte this sweven in ryme
As I can best, and that anoon.' --
This was my sweven; now hit is doon.
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Sporting a sooty attire from a previous voyage, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket successfully lifted the fourth Dragon mission of 2017 into orbit on Friday to deliver science gear, systems hardware, crew supplies and two external payloads to the Space Station that will study the population of micro-sized debris in Low Earth Orbit and measure a critical climate parameter to continue a decades-long data record of total solar energy input to Earth.
Friday’s Falcon 9 launch was the first to use a flight-proven first stage and previously used Dragon cargo spacecraft as SpaceX continues its drive toward making re-use of rockets and space vehicles routine. Liftoff from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station occurred at 15:36 UTC and Falcon 9 needed ten minutes to dispatch Dragon into orbit for a two-day rendezvous with the International Space Station while the first stage booster only needed eight minutes for its round trip, landing at the Cape’s Landing Zone 1 to become the first Falcon 9 to manage two land-based recoveries.
Friday’s launch marked the 17th successful flight by the Falcon 9 rocket in 2017 including four re-use mission, making Falcon 9 the most-flown launch vehicle with more missions than the Russian Soyuz and China’s Long March family. The successful return of the first stage extended SpaceX’s streak of uninterrupted recovery successes to 16.
Dragon SpX-13 – using the C108 Dragon that spent 37 days in orbit on the SpX-6 mission in 2015 – sets a new record for most Dragon flights in a calendar year, adding to a year that already saw SpaceX shatter its previous record for the number of Falcon 9 missions. Booked for a month-long stay at the orbiting laboratory, Dragon is delivering 2,205 Kilograms of cargo, including 1,560kg of pressurized cargo and 645kg of external hardware riding in the Trunk Section of the vehicle.
In Dragon’s Trunk are two high-profile payloads: TSIS, the Total and Spectral Irradiance Sensor, will take up residence on ISS to measure the total energy input from the sun to extend a vital climate record of what is considered one of the most critical climate variables that has been continuously tracked since 1978.
The Space Debris Sensor, set for installation outside the Columbus laboratory, is a large-area debris tracker combining different detection methods to provide various properties of micro-debris strikes in Low Earth Orbit to help assess a debris population that can not be measured from Earth.
The third Trunk Payload manifested for SpX-13 was the MISSE-FF, Materials on ISS Flight Facility that builds on and expands earlier MISSE materials science experiments that exposed various samples to the unique space environment to inform designers of satellites on how different materials fare in orbit. MISSE-FF could not be readied in time for the SpX-13 and has therefore been de-manifested and will have to queue up for a future flight opportunity.
The pressurized cargo riding on Dragon SpX-13 is also mostly utilization-related, comprising 711kg of science gear, 490kg of crew supplies, 189kg of maintenance hardware and 165kg of EVA hardware in the form of a refurbished space suit as ISS gears up for a series of EVAs in the January/February time frame.
Science riding on Dragon includes the seventh Rodent Research mission, involving forty mice aboard two Rodent Transporter units for a study of a nanochannel drug delivery system for combating muscle atrophy in astronauts on long-duration missions as well as Earth-bound patients.
Dragon is also carrying a plant study attempting to reveal previously unknown pathways for gravity sensing, a novel technology demonstration for the production of optical fibers in microgravity with superior optical qualities than those produced at 1G, a ‘Synthetic Bone’ study evaluates a new bone adhesive that could aid bone repair and augment bone structure in Osteoporosis patients, and new hardware is flying up for the Station’s small-sized SPHERES robots to use them as a test bed for developing algorithms needed when maneuvering defunct satellites as part of future space debris clean-up efforts.
As had been the case with the three previous Dragon missions reaching ISS this year, the SpX-13 mission is heavy on the utilization side as NASA’s makes use of the unique capabilities of its two Commercial Resupply Vehicles.
Cygnus has been used for the heavy-lifting in the supplies department this year, delivering over three metric tons of cargo on each of its missions due to its larger internal volume than Dragon that also allow the craft to serve as a temporary extension to the Station’s laboratory modules and take out plenty of trash when departing.
Dragon’s unique capabilities come in handy for utilization payloads – late cargo loading just 24 hours before launch allows time-critical payloads to be flown, including biology samples in double cold bags and rodents while the return capability of Dragon is readily utilized to fly experiments back to Earth for detailed laboratory analysis.
Friday’s launch marked the grand re-opening of Cape Canaveral’s Space Launch Complex 40 after fifteen months of downtime following the September 1st, 2016 explosion of a Falcon 9 rocket when counting down to its Static Fire Test – caused by a complex failure mechanism that led one of the rocket’s Helium pressure vessels to burst.
SLC-40, SpaceX’s first Falcon 9 launch complex, suffered extensive damage to its above-ground systems in the explosion and ensuing fire. SpaceX began re-build efforts in February after Launch Complex 39A could be activated for service to handle Falcon 9 east coast launch operations while SLC-40 was down.
A new Transporter, Erector, Launcher (TEL) was built and the pad received a number of upgrades as part of the re-build effort including improved automation systems and data handling architecture, a new hold-down system, and additional reinforcements designed to reduce the wear and tear suffered by the pad in order to reduce the turnaround time between launches.
The final push toward returning SLC-40 to service was not without trouble – as one could expect given the majority of cross-country propellant lines, data systems, ground computers and the entire TEL were brand new components. To that end, SpaceX had to slip the Static Fire Test from December 2 to the sixth to provide sufficient time to iron out teething issues of the pad, also causing the launch to slip from an original target of December 4th.
No issues were immediately apparent in data collected at the Static Fire and Falcon 9 returned to the pad on Monday in preparation for launch on Tuesday; however, liftoff was initially delayed to Wednesday and then to Friday when foreign objects were discovered on the rocket’s second stage. Clean-up work was put in motion and analysis began where the particles were introduced since any foreign objects on a space launch vehicle are a potentially fatal problem when occurring in flight.
It had been uncertain whether Friday’s launch could take place until the early morning hours, local time, and press photo opportunities after midnight were canceled since Falcon 9 had not yet gone into its vertical position. To protect the launch opportunity, Dragon had received its late cargo load items by Thursday evening, including forty mousetronauts, powered laboratory freezers, cold stowage samples and, possibly, Christmas presents for the ISS crew.
With Dragon fully loaded and work on Falcon 9 complete just in the nick of time, SpaceX was able to raise the 65-meter tall launcher to its vertical position Friday morning and initiate power-up ops as the first step in the countdown.
A clean bill of health was awarded to Falcon 9 after several hours of checkouts and weather was looking good for the day’s instantaneous launch opportunity – allowing Launch Controllers at the Cape to proceed into the Automated Countdown Sequence at T-70 minutes with Rocket Propellant 1 load, feeding some 155 metric tons of chilled fuel to the two-stage rocket. Liquid Oxygen loading picked up at T-35 minutes on the first stage and 15 minutes later on the second stage as Falcon 9 received around 360 metric tons of the sub-cooled oxidizer.
Propellant load was still in full swing when the final countdown sequence kicked off with the conditioning of the Merlin 1D turbomachinery at T-7 minutes followed by a fast-paced set of operations to transition Falcon 9 to internal power, align the flight control system, put engine actuators and valves through final hydraulic tests and priming the Strongback structure for rapid retract at T-0 – a new feature for SLC-40.
The Autonomous Flight Termination System was armed and final propellant loading milestones were called out inside T-3 minutes when the first and second stage reached flight levels. Falcon 9 assumed control of the count at the one-minute mark, a final GO was voiced by the Launch Director and both stages headed into full pressurization.
Flames erupted from the base of the rocket at T-3 seconds when the nine Merlin 1D engines fired up to soar to a collective launch thrust of nearly 700-metric-ton-force to lift the 550t vehicle off the ground. Liftoff was marked at precisely 15:36:09 UTC, marking the first Falcon 9 blasting off from SLC-40 after 488 days.
Falcon 9 climbed vertically for 15 seconds before pitching over onto a departure path to the north east to boost Dragon into the orbital plane of the International Space Station, burning 2,500 Kilograms of propellant per second to push the vehicle skyward. The ascending rocket passed the speed of sound just over a minute into flight followed by Maximum Dynamic Pressure at T+78 seconds with the engines throttling back briefly to reduce stress before ramping up again for another minute of full throttle.
MECO – Main Engine Cutoff – occurred two minutes and 22 seconds into the flight after Booster #1035 accelerated the vehicle to 1,658 meters per second. Four seconds later, Falcon 9 had reached 65 Kilometers in altitude and four pneumatic pushers sent the two stages on their separate ways with no time wasted on the first stage for its rocket-powered U-turn and the second stage immediately heading into start-up mode.
The 95,000-Kilogram-force MVac engine ignited two minutes and 33 seconds into the flight on a burn of six minutes and 27 seconds to inject the Dragon, weighing over ten metric tons, into Low Earth Orbit. Just over three minutes into the mission, when climbing through 110 Kilometers in altitude, Dragon jettisoned its protective Nose Cover as aerodynamic forces were no-longer a danger to the delicate Common Berthing Mechanism on its top side.
For Booster #1035, the return trip to Cape Canaveral began split seconds after stage separation when it fired the cold gas thrusters on the interstage to pitch up and swing the business end around into a tail-first orientation. The center engine re-ignited two minutes and 38 seconds into the mission to assist in finishing the turn and two outer engines joined in four seconds later when the booster was flying level, pointing its thrust toward the velocity vector. The 54-second boost back successfully reversed the first stage and accelerated it back toward Cape Canaveral, passing its high point around 120 Kilometers in altitude and re-orienting again to prepare for re-entry.
Falling back to Earth at hypersonic speed, the booster re-lit at T+6 minutes and 7 seconds, again firing up its center and outer engines in staggered fashion. The 18-second entry burn slowed the vehicle by over 300 meters per second. After shutdown of the engines, it was up to the four actuated grid fins to keep the booster stable and modify its angle of attack to fly toward Landing Zone 1 just around eight Kilometers south of Falcon’s CCAFS launch pad.
The 47-meter tall booster made its way through the sound barrier in reverse direction and lit up its center Merlin 1D seven minutes and ten seconds into the flight for the final landing burn. Falcon 9 entered a vertical descent toward its concrete landing pad and the four landing legs deployed seconds before the booster made contact with the ground and shut down its engine after a round-trip time of seven minutes and 47 seconds.
This marked SpaceX’s first time landing a Falcon 9 booster on land twice, following B1035’s successful LZ-1 landing back in June. Overall, SpaceX now stands at 20 successful landings out of 25 tries, recovering 16 different boosters (four have launched & landed twice). For land-based recoveries, SpaceX has a perfect 8-of-8 record.
The future for B1035 is not entirely clear, but it would be the best candidate yet for a third flight given its first two missions involved Low Earth Orbit deliveries with relatively benign re-entry environments.
While the first stage aced SpaceX’s 14th recovery of the year, Stage 2 was in the final minute of its burn, continuing to travel north east over the Atlantic and aiming for an orbit around 200 by 355 Kilometers, inclined 51.6°. Shutdown of the MVac engine was confirmed right at the T+9-minute mark and flight controllers noted a nominal orbit was achieved.
Dragon was sent off on its journey exactly ten minutes after taking flight, stabilizing its orientation with its Draco thrusters and jettisoning it its two solar array fairings to initiate the deployment of the power-generating solar arrays. Several hours of functional checks and the deployment of the GNC bay door 140 minutes into flight are the next milestones for Dragon before the spacecraft can begin the process of raising its orbit to link up with ISS for a Sunday capture by the Station’s robotic arm, planned at 11 UTC.
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On September 10, 2017, as Hurricane Irma drowned the Florida Keys with a five-foot storm surge and shredded houses with 130 mph winds, David Vaughan, a 65-year-old marine biologist, and Frank Slifka, a 67-year-old maintenance man, huddled inside the Elizabeth Moore Center for Coral Reef Research and hoped for the best. There were not many places to hide on the tiny spit of sand called Summerland Key, but the research center was one of them. The $7 million facility was built to withstand a Category 5 hurricane and resembles a cinder block on burly concrete stilts. From the second floor, Vaughan peered into the storm to check on his house and boat next door. All he could see was the wind itself, a roaring wall of gray.
When the storm’s eye passed directly overhead, the wind died and the storm surge sucked back out to sea. Vaughan could see that his house’s roof had begun to collapse. His boat had smashed into his Prius. He had 40 minutes to save what he could before the back wall of the hurricane hit and another storm surge rushed in.
He and Slifka rushed downstairs, turned their backs on everything Vaughan owned, and got to work in the laboratory’s ground floor, rescuing thousands of tiny plaster plugs capped by dark dots the size of a pencil tip—genetically hacked coral polyps that the storm threatened to wash away. Without them, Vaughan knew, the Florida Keys might not survive the next century.
When I drove into Summerland Key three months after the storm, debris still lined the main road, piled almost as high as the three-axle trucks rumbling in to retrieve and burn it. Just 20 miles east of bustling Key West, the island remained a ghost town. Boats and trailers sat marooned on front lawns, their carcasses spray painted with the redundant tag “trash.” Many residents hadn’t returned to clean up.
The Elizabeth Moore Center's parking lot, however, was packed with cars. The building had survived the storm. Inside its thick concrete walls, offices and dorm rooms thrummed with the paperwork doldrums of scientific life. Down in the open-air ground floor, the plastic holding tanks that had overturned in the storm once again brimmed with the corals Vaughan and Slifka had saved, plus thousands of others, submerged in bubbling seawater. Grad students slowly circulated among them, staring down into the troughs, gliding suction hoses along their bottoms.
When I wondered aloud about their job, one perked up and removed his headphones. “We’re removing detritus from the bottom,” he said.
“Snail shit,” said another.
Suctioning snail shit is where the rubber meets the road for the facility’s main mission: saving coral from extinction via a groundbreaking technique of genetic modification and cloning.
Corals are strange creatures, invertebrate organisms made up of individual tentacled polyps that, under a microscope, each look like a miniature Sarlacc pit. Inside each polyp are tiny marine plankton that photosynthesize food, giving the polyp enough energy to build a calcium carbonate reef structure around itself and its neighboring polyps.
They’re also fragile. Without grad students to suction up snail shit at this stage of their lives, the polyps would be strangled by too much algae. Without carefully monitored water temperatures, the polyps would overheat and expel all their algae and bleach, a much greater danger that leads to wide-spread die offs.
Vaughan, the executive director of the Elizabeth Moore Center, has a graying castaway’s beard and cloudy blue eyes. He commutes to work every day by paddling a canoe 50 yards across Summerland Key’s canal from the dock at the back of his house, which is still standing. “People say, ‘You’re the best low-carbon-footprint commuter,’” Vaughan said. “They don’t even know that I hold my breath going across, so I’m not emitting anything at all.”
Vaughan giggles—he does that—but he’s getting at something. Since the 1970s, the greenhouse effect from the atmosphere’s absorption of carbon dioxide has raised average ocean temperatures by almost two degrees Fahrenheit. In the next 100 years, that temperature could rise by between two and six degrees more. Worse, the sea has absorbed about half of humanity’s total CO2 output, which has chemically reacted with the main substrate of the ocean, calcium carbonate—a compound that all sea animals with exoskeletons, like crabs, shrimp, clams, and coral, depend on to live—to make oceans 30 percent more acidic than they were in the 19th century. That higher acidity makes it harder for coral to build its reef structure. If ocean acidity continues to increase into the next century, it could mean reefs will begin eroding faster than they are being built—or, literally, start melting away.
The combination of warming and acidification has been devastating to coral. Since the 1970s, scientists estimate 20 to 40 percent of the world’s coral has been killed off by bleaching events caused by high water temperatures. In certain areas, it’s been worse. In 2015, 22 percent of the Great Barrier Reef, one of the world’s largest living structures, died off in a mass bleaching event. A 2008 study estimated that only 2 percent of Florida’s native staghorn and elkhorn corals remain alive. And bleaching events worldwide are happening more often as earth’s average temperature climbs. Florida’s reefs have experienced bleaching events in 12 of the past 14 years.
The effects of this mass extinction are catastrophic. Never mind that reef tourism generates $5 billion annually in Florida and $36 billion worldwide. Across the globe, hundreds of millions of people depend on fish stocks that are supported by the coral reef ecosystem, without which they’ll starve.
What’s more, if reefs disappear, millions of people living in these low-lying coastal regions, including the Keys, could be displaced—or drowned—by megastorms like Irma, which the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) believes will only get stronger in coming years due to warming ocean surface temperatures. These communities depend on fringe and barrier reefs, where corals rise like a wall from the seafloor, beating back the strength of incoming waves like defensive linemen breaking up an oncoming blitz. A study during Hurricane Wilma in 2005 found that barrier reefs attenuated 99 percent of the height of the storm’s 42-foot waves before they hit the shoreline. But the reefs pay a price for their work. Before Irma smashed into the Keys, many of its fringe and barrier reefs had been covered in hard and soft corals. Now, said Robert Nowicki, a postdoc research fellow at the Mote Marine Laboratory, the organization that runs the Elizabeth Moore Center, some of them had been “scoured almost to nothing, like the surface of the moon.” If there’s no new coral to replace the old, life as we know it along the world’s tropical coasts will almost certainly change.
“Twenty-five-to-30-foot waves were hitting our reef during Irma,” Vaughan told me. “If those waves had not been smashed on the reef, then they would have smashed on our island, right here. I think our tallest buildings are 33 feet. So where would anybody run to?”
In the past five years, all these disastrous consequences for reefs have pushed coral reef restoration to the forefront of marine science. The field is expensive and controversial, but today, it’s considered the tip of the spear in the fight to help coral survive into the next century.
Scientists like Ruth Gates, director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, have recently made major strides in identifying and crossbreeding the genotypes, or genetic families, of each coral species that can survive the higher temperatures and acidification we can now expect in the coming years—temperatures and pHs that will kill and then dissolve many of the world’s less-hardy corals. The goal is to create a “super coral” that will survive an increasingly inhospitable ecosystem.
Vaughan and his team are part of this search for genetically superior corals. But their main contribution is what Vaughan calls his microfragmentation program, which both clones corals and hacks the mechanisms for their growth rates. “We can fix things that we thought impossible ten years ago,” Gates told me when I asked her about Vaughan’s work. “Really, his techniques are at the center of the question, ‘How do we build a reef?’”
Vaughan’s technique is absurdly simple: He uses a saw to chop healthy hard coral pieces into much smaller fragments; these grow back extremely quickly atop small concrete plugs and are then replanted in the sea. In essence, he’s created a sea-life version of Mickey Mouse’s broomsticks in the Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Smash them up, then watch them come roaring back with a vengeance.
The technique is a vital one for the field. Coral’s biggest problems might be warming seas and rising acid levels, but those are magnified by a sad fact of life for corals: They aren’t very good breeders. “We actually didn’t know how corals reproduced until the 1980s,” Vaughan said. That’s because, as if adhering to some dirty fairy tale, corals breed only a few days a year, en masse, for around 30 minutes, shortly after the full moon in August, when they simultaneously fill the sea with their white, snowy-looking gametes in a single, very unkinky orgy.
Because of this sex tactic, only one in a million potential baby corals is successfully fertilized and survives to become a juvenile. That means it takes some corals 25 or even 50 years to successfully reproduce. Given the rate of the ocean’s decline, that’s not going to produce the genetically superior corals nearly fast enough. “We’ve probably got 50 to 100 years to act with these resistant strains of coral,” Vaughan said. “If we still don’t change in 100 years, and it keeps getting hotter and hotter—there’s certainly a limit to everything.”
Vaughan stumbled on his procedure five years ago when he accidentally broke a piece of coral in his lab and left it in the bottom of the tank. When he returned two weeks later, it and the other fragments had regrown to their original size. He’s still not sure exactly why this happens, but his closest analogy is our skin cells, which regrow quickly to cover a fresh wound but otherwise lay dormant.
Using jewelry saws, Vaughan and his team started fracturing their lab-fertilized corals. Within three to six months, they could turn a single coral into 60 to 100 new organisms the same size as the original. The fractured corals continued to grow between ten and 40 times faster than coral in the wild, depending on their species.
Then Vaughan made a much more important discovery. Because the polyps were technically all part of a single organism before they were fragmented, they were clones—and they would willingly reconstitute back into a larger organism, skipping ahead into maturity. “Usually, when corals touch each other, they start fighting, and they can kill each other,” Vaughan said. “But when we put 100 of the fragmented pieces next to each other that had come from a single original piece, they didn’t fight. They recognized each other as themselves. And they would actually start to fuse together, like skin grafting.”
A piece of coral the size of a golf ball, fractured into 20 pieces replanted side by side, could produce a single large coral the size of a pizza just four to five years later. It worked in the wild, too. In four years, Vaughan could have a sexually mature coral the size of a football or a table—depending on how many individual pieces of coral he decided to combine—which would have taken a natural coral 25, 50, or even 100 years to grow.
These quick-growing fragmented corals could be planted near one another in the wild to cross-breed and create uber-corals resistant to high water temperature, ocean acidification, and disease. When paired with the work of genetics-focused scientists like Gates, it would be like replanting a rainforest that could continue to proliferate, with offspring that grew bark strong enough to break a logger’s chainsaw.
Vaughan set a goal to plant a million corals before he retired. He and his team grew their coral output exponentially, planted multiple offshore nurseries, began making their reef-growing techniques cost-efficient, and started working to score the major state grants needed to rebuild Florida’s reef industry.
Then the hurricane hit.
Working quickly, Vaughan and Slifka saved the vast majority of the coral plugs outside the Elizabeth Moore Center—some 5,000 out of nearly 7,000. Inside the lab, another 14,000 corals rode out the storm, along with a gene bank holding the most promising genotypes of all 28 coral breeds found in the Keys.
Out in the field, acres of wild corals were sandblasted by the storm’s waves. One of the lab’s field nurseries for lab-fractured elkhorn and staghorn corals—more fragile, branching corals that look like antlers and are endangered in Florida—was almost entirely wiped out. “It was pretty disheartening,” said Erich Bartels, a staff scientist. “That coral was the result of 500 hours of work per person, per year, for seven years.”
But another field nursery for the lab’s elkhorn and staghorn farther south fared much better, with only minimal losses. And the lab’s hardier boulder corals also had a higher survival rate. “All we can do is plant as many good corals as we can," said Nowicki, "use the numbers game, and spread everything out so that a single storm can’t destroy everything we’ve done.”
Vaughan still says he won’t retire until he plants his million corals worldwide. Upscaling the process is beginning to pay off. The cost per coral has dropped from around $1,000 a piece to only $20 a piece, thanks to more efficient methods. The lab already has grants to plant between 25,000 and 50,000 corals in 2018, and by spreading his techniques to local coral restoration labs worldwide, Vaughan hopes to quickly catapult those numbers into the hundreds of thousands per year. He and his team are hoping to change the public’s attitude toward saving reefs, which, since the Great Barrier Reef’s die-off in 2015, has shifted toward hopelessness.
“One of the things that disheartens me the most is people saying, ‘Oh, we’re screwed. Planet’s over. There’s nothing we can do,’” Nowicki said. “There are things we can do. But you have to have the courage and the resources to go out and try.”
On my last day at the lab, I found Frank Slifka, the maintenance man who stayed behind to weather Irma with Vaughan. Slifka was working in the bowels of the facility, where the tidal surge had swept through during the storm, cleaning up and keeping track of diving equipment in metal wire cages.
“People ask why we stayed behind,” Slifka told me, shaking his head. “We weren’t trying to be brave or heroic or anything like that. We just decided that if we were really here to save the coral, then that’s simply what we needed to do.”
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