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Christmas ChallengePublished by lena.bird on Thu, 12/21/2017 - 08:11
We read the book titled How to Catch an Elf by Adam Wallace and Andy Elkerton. The students were then given the challenge to design and create an elf trap. They were able to use supplies such as pipe cleaners, bowls, craft sticks, string, and tape. It was a great opportunity for students to use their engineering skills as well as practice collaborating with groups. The results were spectacular! Each group built a great trap and was beyond excited to try and catch Santa's little helpers. Merry Christmas from Miss Kenison's 4th Grade!
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As we know that gout is a type of disease that is generally felt people, it is characterized by the presence of symptoms such as pain in the joints of the fingers, knees, toes and wrists. Of course you do not have aspirations to be accompanied by this disease, because it can damage the disruption caused concentration to move.
Many ways in which people with the disease in order to cure such terafi, medical and uses natural ingredients. Of the three ways above, the appropriate effective measures is to use natural ingredients, in addition to cheap, fun gag, the material is obtained. The following information:
For the umpteenth time this article show the white water as the main ingredient for the prevention and remedy against various diseases, this can not be avoided. The body requires fluid intake, if the intake of fluids in the body are not met, then it will cause uric acid crystals that cause pain. Therefore, the consumption of water at least 8-10 glasses / day, if you do it regularly every day, you will be protected from gout. The main function of water is to improve and expedite the kidneys whose job is to dispose of uric acid produced by purine substances.
2. Consumption of Honey Vinegar
Vinegar Honey is a material made from honey. Generally vinegar honey has been packed in a place that is often called by the name of propolis. Consuming honey vinegar regularly aims to provide a base level of the body that serves to neutralize the acidity of our body. In addition, honey vinegar will facilitate gunjal function to remove uric acid and destroy the crystals of uric acid in the body. You can obtain propolis at nearby stores with quality and affordable prices.
3. Reduce the type of foods high in purine substance of his
Minimize the types of foods high purinnya substances such as organ meats, seafood, meat extracts (shredded, dried meat) and canned foods.
4. Consumption of foods containing Type Bases
Consuming foods that contain alkaline substances are effective measures to prevent the occurrence of gout, foods that contain alkaline substances can be achieved, such as fruits, fresh vegetables and whole grains, low-fat. These foods befungsi to neutralize the acid that the body and blood and urine will help the kidneys remove uric acid in the body.
5. Lemon juice and vitamin C
Lemon juice is also effective as a natural way to treat gout, it is because the lemon juice serves to stimulate the body to form and produce calcium kabonat who worked as a neutralizing uric acid. In addition to the lemon juice, you can also consume ingredients that are rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C works to reduce uric acid levels in the body so it will not be excessive uric acid.
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When our dogs come in the heat, we may ask ourselves a question: “Why, oh why on earth this is happening to me?” If you don’t know what to do with your dog, when she is in heat, you may become very nervous, as well as your dog, and this may end up a nightmare.
But back to your previous question. Why are dogs in heat?
Heat cycle in dogs ensure they may become pregnant and have babies
Heat cycle is part of a reproductive system in dogs. In short, dogs are in heat, so they can have babies, and do not go extinct.
Heat in dogs is somewhat close to periods in human. Thank god, while women menstruate every month (is it on purpose?), dogs normally are in heat twice yearly.
However, the whole cycle is happening without a stop and consists of four phases: Proestrus and Estrus, when dog is referred as being in heat and Diestrus and Anestrus, when we say the dog is not in heat.
Each part has different hormones influencing your dog, and each part has different tasks in order to make the miracle of the birth to happen… or not to happen.
- Proestrus serves as a preparing reproductive system of your dog to breeding.
- Estrus will be the hardest part of the heat cycle for you, when ovulation occurs, and the uterus is receptive for implantation. In this part the dog is extremely attractive to males, and vice versa, it attracts males the most. Also, this is the phase when your dog is able to become pregnant.
- Diestrus is the part that is responsible for sustaining pregnancy. No matter if a female became pregnant or not, hormone responsible for growth of the fetus has a high level and drops when diestrus is over only.
- Anestrus is the last part of the hat cycle in dogs, in which the reproductive system takes a rest and gains strength to undergo the next heat cycle.
And then it starts again from the top. And if you still have a question, why are dogs in heat, then it’s just how it works. It’s natural.
This post is a part of ongoing series about dogs in heat.
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JOURNALISM--SELECTED RESOURCESKeeley Library Staff Rev. January 23, 2001
also related topics:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT JOURNALISM
|in World Book Encyclopedia.
Americana. Danbury, CT:Grolier, 1999
|Schwarzlose, Richard."Journalism".v.11||Snyder, Lottis L "Journalism".v.16|
J0URNALISM BROWSING GUIDE 070'S
Documentary Media, Educational Media, News Media, Journalism, Publishing
071's Journalism and Newspapers in North America
072's Journalism and Newspapers in British Isles
073's Journalism and Newspapers in Central Europe, in Germany
074's Journalism and Newspapers in France
075's Journalism and Newspapers in Italy and Adacent Territories
076's Journalism and Newspapers in Iberian Peninsula and Adjacent Areas, Spain and Portugal
077's Journalism and Newspapers in Eastern Europe, in Russia
078's Journalism and Newspapers in Scandinavia
079's Journalim and Newspapers in Other Areas
To locate items in our library network, search our New WebCat™using the following subjects.
REPORTERS AND REPORTING
INTERVIEWING IN JOURNALISM
MOTION PICTURE JOURNALISM.
JOURNALISM REFERENCE BOOKS
|UPI Stylebook:a handbook
for writers and editors
"The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and the lighting bug." Mark Twain
|Ref. 808.06607 U7|
|New York Times Everyday Reader's Dictionary of Misunderstood, Misused, Mispronounced Words "Thousands of words that can trip up the best educated people."||Ref. 423 U74|
|Look it Up: a deskbook of American spelling and style Includes common mistakes to avoid.||Ref. 427.973 F611|
|Dictionary of American IdiomsOver 4,000 commonly used American expressions.||Ref. 423.1 D554|
NEAR THE REFERENCE DESK
Contain useful background information for articles about science and social issues.
PERIODICALS AND NEWS ARTICLES ONLINE
|SIRS NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL REPRINTS:||INFOTRAC WEB ONLINE PERIODICALS DATABASE||ELECTRIC LIBRARY|
|BOSTON GLOBE NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES FROM 1980 TO DATE.These and other newespaper archives are available in the Keeley Library and other SAILS libraries.|
This is an excellent site, which includes newsroom, research style and editor tips.
|TIME MAGAZINE ONLINE||INTENET PUBLIC LIBRARY ONLINE NEWSPAPERS|
|Journalism and Mass Communication Resources||
|CrayonNet||The SPOT for Copy Editors|
|Editing and proofing||Karla's Guide to Citations|
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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is like a stroke, producing similar symptoms, but usually lasting only a few minutes and causing no permanent damage.
Often called a ministroke, a transient ischemic attack may be a warning. About 1 in 3 people who have a transient ischemic attack will eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after the transient ischemic attack.
A transient ischemic attack can serve as both a warning and an opportunity — a warning of an impending stroke and an opportunity to take steps to prevent it.
Transient ischemic attacks usually last a few minutes. Most signs and symptoms disappear within an hour. The signs and symptoms of TIA resemble those found early in a stroke and may include sudden onset of:
- Weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body
- Slurred or garbled speech or difficulty understanding others
- Blindness in one or both eyes or double vision
- Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination
You may have more than one TIA, and the recurrent signs and symptoms may be similar or different depending on which area of the brain is involved.
When to see a doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect you've had a transient ischemic attack. Prompt evaluation and identification of potentially treatable conditions may help you prevent a stroke.
A transient ischemic attack has the same origins as that of an ischemic stroke, the most common type of stroke. In an ischemic stroke, a clot blocks the blood supply to part of your brain. In a transient ischemic attack, unlike a stroke, the blockage is brief, and there is no permanent damage.
The underlying cause of a TIA often is a buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits called plaques (atherosclerosis) in an artery or one of its branches that supplies oxygen and nutrients to your brain.
Plaques can decrease the blood flow through an artery or lead to the development of a clot. A blood clot moving to an artery that supplies your brain from another part of your body, most commonly from your heart, also may cause a TIA.
Some risk factors for transient ischemic attack and stroke can't be changed. Others you can control.
Risk factors you can't change
You can't change the following risk factors for transient ischemic attack and stroke. But knowing you're at risk can motivate you to change your lifestyle to reduce other risks.
- Family history. Your risk may be greater if one of your family members has had a TIA or a stroke.
- Age. Your risk increases as you get older, especially after age 55.
- Sex. Men have a slightly higher likelihood of TIA and stroke, but more than half of deaths from stroke occur in women.
- Prior transient ischemic attack. If you've had one or more TIAs, you're 10 times more likely to have a stroke.
- Sickle cell disease. Also called sickle cell anemia, stroke is a frequent complication of this inherited disorder. Sickle-shaped blood cells carry less oxygen and also tend to get stuck in artery walls, hampering blood flow to the brain.
- Race. Blacks are at greater risk of dying of a stroke, partly because of the higher prevalence of high blood pressure and diabetes among blacks.
Risk factors you can take steps to control
You can control or treat a number of factors — including certain health conditions and lifestyle choices — that increase your risk of stroke. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you’ll have a stroke, but your risk particularly increases if you have two or more of them.
- High blood pressure. Risk of stroke begins to increase at blood pressure readings higher than 110/75 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Your doctor will help you decide on a target blood pressure based on your age, whether you have diabetes and other factors.
- High cholesterol. Eating less cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fats, may reduce the plaques in your arteries. If you can't control your cholesterol through dietary changes alone, your doctor may prescribe a statin or another type of cholesterol-lowering medication.
- Cardiovascular disease. This includes heart failure, a heart defect, a heart infection or an abnormal heart rhythm.
- Carotid artery disease. The blood vessels in your neck that lead to your brain become clogged.
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD). The blood vessels that carry blood to your arms and legs become clogged.
- Diabetes. Diabetes increases the severity of atherosclerosis — narrowing of the arteries due to accumulation of fatty deposits — and the speed with which it develops.
- High levels of homocysteine. Elevated levels of this amino acid in your blood can cause your arteries to thicken and scar, which makes them more susceptible to clots.
- Excess weight. A body mass index of 25 or higher and a waist circumference greater than 35 inches (89 centimeters) in women or 40 inches (102 centimeters) in men increase risk.
- Cigarette smoking. Smoking increases your risk of blood clots, raises your blood pressure and contributes to the development of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis).
- Physical inactivity. Engaging in 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days helps reduce risk.
- Poor nutrition. Eating too much fat and salt, in particular, increases your risk of TIA and stroke.
- Heavy drinking. If you drink alcohol, limit yourself to no more than two drinks daily if you're a man and one drink daily if you're a woman.
- Use of illicit drugs. Avoid cocaine and other illicit drugs.
- Use of birth control pills. If you use any hormone therapy, talk to your doctor about how the hormones may affect your risk of TIA and stroke.
A TIA often is diagnosed in an emergency situation, but if you're concerned about your risk of having a stroke, you can prepare to discuss the subject with your doctor at your next appointment.
What you can do
If you want to discuss your risk of stroke with your doctor, write down and be ready to discuss:
- Your risk factors for stroke, such as family history of strokes
- Your medical history, including a list of all medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements, you're taking
- Key personal information, such as lifestyle habits and major stressors
- Whether you think you've had a TIA and what symptoms you experienced
- Questions you might have
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor may recommend that you have several tests to check your risk factors and should tell you how to prepare for the tests, such as fasting before having your blood drawn to check your cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
Because a transient ischemic attack is short-lived, your doctor may diagnose a TIA based just on the medical history of the event rather than on anything found during a general physical and neurological examination. To help determine the cause of your TIA and to assess your risk of stroke, your doctor may rely on the following:
Physical examination and tests. Your doctor may check for risk factors of stroke, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes and high levels of the amino acid homocysteine.
Your doctor may also use a stethoscope to listen for a whooshing sound (bruit) over your arteries that may indicate atherosclerosis. Or your doctor may observe cholesterol fragments or platelet fragments (emboli) in the tiny blood vessels of your retina at the back of your eye during an eye examination using an ophthalmoscope.
- Carotid ultrasonography. A wand-like device (transducer) sends high-frequency sound waves into your neck. After the sound waves pass through your tissue and back, your doctor can analyze images on a screen to look for narrowing or clotting in the carotid arteries.
- Computerized tomography (CT) scanning. CT scanning of your head uses X-ray beams to assemble a composite 3-D look at your brain.
- Computerized tomography angiography (CTA) scanning. Scanning of the head may also be used to noninvasively evaluate the arteries in your neck and brain. CTA scanning uses X-rays similar to a standard CT scan of the head but may also involve injection of a contrast material into a blood vessel.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This procedure, which uses a strong magnetic field, can generate a composite 3-D view of your brain.
- Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). This is a method of evaluating the arteries in your neck and brain. It uses a strong magnetic field similar to MRI.
Echocardiography. Your doctor may choose to perform a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) or transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). A TTE involves moving an instrument called a transducer across your chest. The transducer emits sound waves that echo off of different parts of your heart, creating an ultrasound image.
During a TEE, a flexible probe with a transducer built into it is placed in your esophagus — the tube that connects the back of your mouth to your stomach. Because your esophagus is directly behind your heart, clearer, detailed ultrasound images can be created. This allows a better view of some things, such as blood clots, that might not be seen clearly in a traditional echocardiography exam.
Arteriography. This procedure gives a view of arteries in your brain not normally seen in X-ray imaging. A radiologist inserts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) through a small incision, usually in your groin.
The catheter is manipulated through your major arteries and into your carotid or vertebral artery. Then the radiologist injects a dye through the catheter to provide X-ray images of the arteries in your brain. This procedure may be used in selected cases.
Once your doctor has determined the cause of your transient ischemic attack, the goal of treatment is to correct the abnormality and prevent a stroke. Depending on the cause of your TIA, your doctor may prescribe medication to reduce the tendency for blood to clot or may recommend surgery or a balloon procedure (angioplasty).
Doctors use several medications to decrease the likelihood of a stroke after a transient ischemic attack. The medication selected depends on the location, cause, severity and type of TIA. Two frequently prescribed types of drugs are:
Anti-platelet drugs. These medications make your platelets, one of the circulating blood cell types, less likely to stick together. When blood vessels are injured, sticky platelets begin to form clots, a process completed by clotting proteins in blood plasma.
The most frequently used anti-platelet medication is aspirin. Aspirin is also the least expensive treatment with the fewest potential side effects. An alternative to aspirin is the anti-platelet drug clopidogrel (Plavix).
Your doctor may consider prescribing Aggrenox, a combination of low-dose aspirin and the anti-platelet drug dipyridamole, to reduce blood clotting. The way dipyridamole works is slightly different from aspirin.
Anticoagulants. These drugs include heparin and warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven). They affect clotting-system proteins instead of platelet function. Heparin is used for a short time and warfarin over a longer term.
These drugs require careful monitoring. If atrial fibrillation is present, your doctor may prescribe another type of anticoagulant, dabigatran (Pradaxa).
If you have a moderately or severely narrowed neck (carotid) artery, your doctor may suggest carotid endarterectomy (end-ahr-tur-EK-tuh-me). This preventive surgery clears carotid arteries of fatty deposits (atherosclerotic plaques) before another TIA or stroke can occur. An incision is made to open the artery, the plaques are removed, and the artery is closed.
In selected cases, a procedure called carotid angioplasty, or stenting, is an option. This procedure involves using a balloon-like device to open a clogged artery and placing a small wire tube (stent) into the artery to keep it open.
Knowing your risk factors and living healthfully are the best things you can do to prevent a TIA. Included in a healthy lifestyle are regular medical checkups. Also:
- Don't smoke. Stopping smoking reduces your risk of a TIA or a stroke.
- Limit cholesterol and fat. Cutting back on cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fat, in your diet may reduce buildup of plaques in your arteries.
- Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. These foods contain nutrients such as potassium, folate and antioxidants, which may protect against a TIA or a stroke.
- Limit sodium. If you have high blood pressure, avoiding salty foods and not adding salt to food may reduce your blood pressure. Avoiding salt may not prevent hypertension, but excess sodium may increase blood pressure in people who are sensitive to sodium.
- Exercise regularly. If you have high blood pressure, regular exercise is one of the few ways you can lower your blood pressure without drugs.
- Limit alcohol intake. Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. The recommended limit is no more than one drink daily for women and two a day for men.
- Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight contributes to other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Losing weight with diet and exercise may lower your blood pressure and improve your cholesterol levels.
- Don't use illicit drugs. Drugs such as cocaine are associated with an increased risk of a TIA or a stroke.
- Control diabetes. You can manage diabetes and high blood pressure with diet, exercise, weight control and, when necessary, medication.
June 10, 2014
- TIA (Transient ischemic attack). American Stroke Association. http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/TypesofStroke/TIA/TIA-Transient-Ischemic-Attack_UCM_310942_Article.jsp#. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Transient ischemic attack information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tia/tia.htm. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2014: 5 Books in 1. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2014. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Marx JA, et al. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Furie KL, et al. Etiology and clinical manifestations of transient ischemic attack. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Stroke risk factors. American Stroke Association. http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/UnderstandingRisk/Understanding-Risk_UCM_308539_SubHomePage.jsp#. Accessed Dec. 12, 2013.
- Furie KL, et al. Secondary prevention of stroke: Risk factor reduction. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Assessing your weight and health risk. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/risk.htm. Accessed Dec. 12, 2013.
- Furie KL, et al. Initial evaluation and management of transient ischemic attack and minor stroke. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Adams JG. Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2013. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Swanson JW (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dec. 12, 2013.
- Fulgham JR (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dec. 24, 2013.
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|Product #: OTM1141_TQ|
Timed Multiplication Facts (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 4|Grade 5|Grade 6
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
Strengthen students' speed and accuracy on their multiplication facts. Each drill page concentrates on a specific area. Each level has a daily practice page, a home practice page, an extra practice page and a review test page. 40+ reproducible drill worksheets. The extra practice drill sheet is to be used with students still having difficulty recalling facts quickly and accurately. It is a different approach to the timed drill method. This requires the student to complete the fact with its missing number. This different approach helps the students remember the facts more quickly. Supports Common Core Standards for Mathematics Gr. 3.
Submit a review
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For the past number of years artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been subject to almost unbridled optimism, where despite their current flaws and limitations, their role in the future of healthcare seemed guaranteed.
To date, these technologies have been used for disease forecasting, pattern recognition of disease presentations, diagnosis, cancer screening, emergency triaging, and many more applications – often outperforming clinicians. And yet, amidst the greatest public healthcare crisis in living memory, we have yet to see AI-assisted tools effectively contribute to the fight against COVID-19. What has gone wrong? Or has potential always been overstated?
Healthcare workers from John Hopkins University, in a pre-print publication, examine where, despite the opportunities to improve COVID-19 patient outcomes, AI-based clinical decision support (CDS) systems have yet to demonstrate substantial progress. The applications they consider include improved diagnosis, triaging and prognostication, personalised treatment decision support and automated monitoring tools.
The opportunities of AI
Given how rapidly evolving our knowledge of COVID-19 is, it’s crucial that any AI-based CDS system can address variability and uncertainty in clinical decision making. We have seen already in regions of low testing capacity (for instance most of the U.S.), rapid identification and isolation of positive patients proved a massive challenge.
Delays in identifying and isolating positive infections are accompanied by a higher risk of nosocomial infections, a higher environmental risk to healthcare workers, and the over-use of limited personal protective equipment. Hence the opportunity to move away from largely reactive testing and screening, towards a more proactive model where AI-driven systems help to identify aberrant clinical presentations or patterns in patient data is a priority target.
However, since we have only been acquainted with SARS-CoV-2 a mere few months, we understandably don’t have sufficiently diverse and representative data upon which to train and validate AI/ML algorithms. As stakeholders continue to accrue larger datasets over time that help them to better understand the clinical use case, there should also be a focus on the environment in which the disease is encountered. By embedding this knowledge in the workflows, the systems will be better set to rapidly identify priority clinical needs.
How do we capitalise on the data available?
Not all data is created equal. Only carefully curated datasets, with well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, will provide any confidence when seeking unbiased estimates of the CDS system. This manner of careful data collection is evidently not easy or particularly practical during a pandemic, and as such many recent publications have relied on ‘convenience sampling’ of data, especially those using public repositories. These manuscripts have a high risk of bias or being overly optimistic.
Aside from the challenges of sampling strategy, the highly private nature of patient medical records poses further technical problems, as fully automated anonymisation is not a straightforward process. If not fully anonymised the data must go through the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for consideration, delaying data collection. The authors explain that whilst they support such data trust reviews, the current processes may potentially impede the rapid development of AI. They continue: “To promote AI readiness, we should consider the implementation of IRB sub-committees dedicated to AI algorithm development with specialised study protocol templates that allow for rapid turnaround review of data science-related projects.”
How can we be better prepared?
In their concluding remarks, the authors assess wherein research AI has significantly contributed to COVID-19 efforts, noting the use of natural language processing for mining literature data and the application of AI in computational biology to better understand the virus protein structure.
In looking to the future Unberath et al. believe that everyone involved should seek to identify the “organizational, institutional, or regulatory hurdles that this healthcare crisis has highlighted, as well as the solution paths that emerged to bring AI-based CDS systems for COVID-19 to the bedside.”
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33.1 Tribes Pay Alms Money
Islam spread from Medina in all directions, to the north, to the south, and towards the east. Most of the tribes began to embrace this new religion that was far superior to anything they had known. It spread until it reached the borders of the Roman and the Persian empires, thus covering nearly the whole peninsula. The Arabs who had been disunited warring tribes began to be, for the first time, one united nation with a central authority in Medina and one religion whose sanctuary was in Mecca.
The tribes who had entered into Islam paid willingly the alms tax that was an obligation on the believers. Those who had not entered into Islam paid a defense tax in exchange for security of person and property.
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The former factory of Oskar Schindler (1908-1974), a German businessman and spy who saved the lives of more than a thousand Jews during World War II in the Czech town of Brnenec, and the land of the former adjacent concentration camp, Converted into a new memorial of the Holocaust.
This is reported by the Czech daily Pravo, according to which a foundation has already purchased the land in the center-east of the country, where in 1944 Schindler moved his enamel and ammunition factory in Krakow.
The founder and director of The Endowment Fund Memorial of Shoah and Oskar Schindler, Jaroslav Novak, explains to the newspaper that it already has the support of the local authorities but is still looking for ways to finance the project, which aims to rebuild the whole complex, Including the control towers and the field in which factory workers had been held.
According to a biography of US historian David M. Crowe, Schindler, famous for Steven Spielberg’s hit film “Schindler’s List,” was “a gold-hearted opportunist” who saved the lives of 1,200 Jews during National Socialism.
Thanks to his good contacts with the Nazi authorities in Cracow, he acquired the Deutsche Email Warrenfabrik, called “Emalia”, which had been owned by a Jew and then transferred to Brnenec with the hundreds of Jewish workers he employed and thus saved from being deported to The Nazi extermination camps.
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Definition of Titration curve
Get Babylon's Dictionary & Translation Software Free Download Now!
Titration curve Definition from Science & Technology Dictionaries & Glossaries
General Chemistry Glossary
A plot that summarizes data collected in a titration . A linear titration curve plots moles of analyte (or, some quantity proportional to moles of analyte) on the Y axis, and the volume of titrant added on the X axis. Nonlinear plots use the log of the concentration of the analyte instead. Nonlinear titration curves are often used for neutralization titrations (pH vs. mL NaOH solution). Logs are used to exaggerate the rate of change of concentration on the plot, so that the endpoint can be determined from the point of maximal slope.
Titration curve Definition from Encyclopedia Dictionaries & Glossaries
English Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia
Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the two solutions).
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The Malvinas (Falkland) Current is a branch of the Circumpolar Current and flows northward along the continental shelf of Argentina until it reaches the Brazil Current offshore the Rio de la Plata estuary (Legeckis and Gordon 1982, Garzoli 1993, Vivier and Provost 1999a). Legeckis and Gordon (1982) examined satellite infrared images and described the Malvinas Current as a 100-km wide band of cold water over the continental slope. The western sea surface temperature (SST) boundary of the current was adjacent to continental shelf waters, the northern boundary was marked by the warm Brazil Current, and the eastern boundary lay between the cold Malvinas and the warm water that results from mixing of meanders and warm-core eddies associated with the Brazil Current. The Malvinas Current is strong, relatively fresh, and cold, with mean SST of 6°C (Brandini et al. 2000). Thus, when it meets the weak, warm, southward-flowing Brazil Current at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, a sharp gradient in temperature and salinity can be observed (Goni 1996).
The Malvinas current as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). It is the northward flow component of the S. Atlantic subpolar gyre. The Malvinas current transports cold water along the coast of S. America and this water mixes with warmer waters of the Brazil current in an region known as the Brazil-Malvinas confluence. Click here for example plots of seasonal averages.
Based on hydrographic data, it is believed that the Malvinas Current has a strong barotropic component and that it is well-mixed (Peterson and Stramma 1991, Vivier and Provost 1999a). It is also thought that the current has significant non-zero bottom velocities, a claim that was directly verified by Harkema and Weatherly (1989, as cited in Garzoli 1993). Their bottom current meters measured velocities of up to 10 cm s-1 (Garzoli 1993). Both of these factors must be taken into account when calculating values of transport by using a reference level of no motion.
Estimates of the volume transport of the Malvinas Current vary widely in the literature, depending on the reference level that is chosen (Garzoli 1993). For example, using a reference level of 1000 m at 38°S, Garzoli (1993) obtained a transport of about 24 Sv. Using a reference level of 1400 m at 42°S and 46°S, Gordon and Greengrove (1986) obtained values of 10 Sv at both locations, although they believed that this value represented the lower limit of the real flow. Piola and Bianchi (1990 as cited in Garzoli 1993), using 1000 m as the reference, found 10-12 Sv. With a reference level of 3000 m at 42°S, Peterson (1992) found 60 Sv in the first 2000 m and 75 Sv in total, while at 46°S he found 70 Sv in the first 2000 m and 88 Sv in total. Choosing the bottom as their reference level at 45°S, Saunders and King (1995) calculated 50 Sv in the thermocline and 60 Sv in total (Maamaatuaiahutapu et al. 1998). Vigan et al. (2000) noticed that the transport values decreased from south to north. In particular, observations between 40°S and 38°S plummeted from about 20 ±5 Sv to zero. They attribute this to the fact that the Malvinas Current returns to the south at these latitudes. Thus, the location of the observations, relative to the location and orientation of both the high-velocity core of the Malvinas Current and its return flow, may also account for some of the variability in transport estimates.
Direct measurements of the velocity of the Malvinas Current are scarce. According to Peterson (1992), surface drifters in the Malvinas Current travel at about 40 cm s-1. Garzoli (1993) found geostrophic velocity values of 102 cm s-1 at 36.5°S and -61 to -62 cm s-1 at 36.6°S that were associated with the northward-flowing Malvinas Current and the southward return flow, respectively. The along-shelf flow of the Malvinas Current is highly variable from year to year, and it does not appear to have an annual or even a semi-annual cycle. However, there is a suggestion of significant energy at periods of about 135 days (Vivier and Provost 1999a, 1999b). On the other hand, the cross-shelf flow (perpendicular to the coast) clearly shows an annual cycle that is associated with the position of the subantarcitc front (Vivier and Provost 1999a).
Brandini, F.P., D. Boltovskoy, A. Piola, S. Kocmur, R. Rottgers, P.C. Abreu, and R.M. Lopes, 2000: Multiannual trends in fronts and distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll in the southwestern Atlantic (30-62 ° S). Deep-Sea Research Part I, 47, 1015-1033.
Garzoli, S.L., 1993: Geostrophic velocity and transport variability in the Brazil-Malvinas confluence. Deep Sea Research, 40, 1379-1403.
Goni, G., S. Kamholz, S. Garzoli, and D. Olson, 1996: Dynamics of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence based on inverted echo sounders and altimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 16273-16289.
Gordon, A.L. and C.L. Greengrove, 1986: Geostrophic circulation of the Brazil-Falkland Confluence. Deep Sea Research, 33, 573-585.
Harkema, R. and G.L. Weatherly, 1989: A compilation of moored current meter data in the Argentine Basin: April 25 1987 - March 14 1988. Technical Report CMF-89-01. Florida State University, 64 pp.
Legeckis, R. and A. Gordon, 1982: Satellite observations of the Brazil and Falkland Currents - 1975 to 1976 and 1978. Deep-Sea Research, 29, 375-401.
Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., V. Garcon, C. Provost, and H. Mercier, 1998: Transports of the Brazil and Malvinas currents at their confluence. Journal of Marine Research, 56, 417-438.
Peterson, R.G., 1992: The boundary currents in the western Argentine Basin. Deep-Sea Research, 39, 623-644.
Piola, A. and A.A. Bianchi, 1990: Geostrophic mass transports at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (abstract). EOS, 71, 17, 542.
Saunders, P.M. and B.A. King, 1995: Bottom currents derived from a ship-borne ADCP on WOCE Cruise A11 in the South Atlantic. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25, 329-347.
Vigan, X., C. Provost, and G. Podesta, 2000: Sea surface velocities from sea surface temperature image sequences 2. Application to the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence area. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 19515-19534.
Vivier, F. and C. Provost, 1999a: Direct velocity measurements in the Malvinas Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 21083-21103.
Vivier, F. and C. Provost, 1999b: Volume transport of the Malvinas Current: Can the flow be monitored by TOPEX/POSEIDON ? Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 21105-21122.
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On Wednesday, Sept. 7, the House passed the Safely Ensuring Lives Future Deployment and Research in Vehicle Evolution Act, or SELF DRIVE Act, by a voice vote. The bill establishes new rules for “highly automated vehicles,” excluding commercial motor vehicles.
If passed by the Senate, the SELF DRIVE Act will require the U.S. Department of Transportation to “complete research to determine the most cost-effective method and terminology for informing consumers about the capabilities and limitations of each highly automated vehicle or each vehicle that performs partial driving automation.”
However, the bill defines “highly automated vehicle” as “a motor vehicle, other than a commercial motor vehicle, that is equipped with an automated driving system.” By leaving commercial vehicles out of the equation, the future of self-driving trucks is still in limbo.
The SELF DRIVE Act would allow manufacturers to bypass certain state and federal safety/design regulations for self-driving cars in order to speed up the development of the technology. Automakers will be limited to introduce no more than 100,000 of these vehicles each year.
Manufacturers have complained – and lawmakers have acknowledged – that varying state laws have made it difficult to roll out newer technology. Consumers could find themselves in a predicament during interstate travel when driving into a state that does not allow the same self-driving protections as the driver's home state. This bill gives the federal government the final say, alleviating burden caused by patchwork state regulations.
Consumers will be protected by the bill if passed. According to the bill, automakers will have to communicate to purchasers of highly automated vehicles the capabilities and limitations of the vehicle.
Under the bill, manufacturers will not be able to sell highly automated vehicles without having developed a cybersecurity plan that covers these points:
- A written cybersecurity policy for detecting and responding to cyberattacks, unauthorized intrusions and false/spurious messages or vehicle control commands;
- Establishing an officer as the point of contact with responsibility for the management of cybersecurity;
- A process for limiting access to automated driving systems; and
- A process for employee training and supervision for implementation and maintenance of the cybersecurity plan.
The bill also requires the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to establish a Highly Automated Vehicle Advisory. The advisory council will include business/academia/independent researchers, state and local authorities, 14 safety and consumer advocates, engineers, labor organizations, environmental experts and a NHTSA representative.
To appease safety groups and avoid other complications, commercial vehicles were left out of the SAFE DRIVE Act. Meanwhile, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation is responsible for establishing legislation regarding automated technology in commercial vehicles. The committee is scheduled to have a hearing titled “Transportation Innovation: Automated Trucks and our Nation's Highways” on Wednesday, Sept. 13, to address legislation issues with trucks, buses and other heavy duty vehicles.
Also tucked into the bill is a provision to protect children from being left in cars during extreme heat. If passed, the SELF DRIVE Act will require all new motor vehicles weighing less than 10,000 pounds to be equipped with an alarm system to alert the driver to check the rear seats after the vehicle or engine has been deactivated.
Another provision not related to highly automated vehicles addresses the issue of headlamps. The bill will require the Secretary of Transportation to complete research to update safety standards and performance requirements for headlamps.
Copyright © OOIDA
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When renewable energy advocates talk about phasing out coal-fired power plants in favor of renewables, they'll often use one of a pair of phrases to describe a power plant's output: "base load" and "peaking," a.k.a. "peaker." Some plants, like coal-fired and nuclear power plants, put out base load power. Others, like solar and most gas-fired power plants, generate "peaking" power. You'll sometimes hear statements to the effect that solar panels won't replace coal because coal is base load and solar is peaking.
It almost sounds as though the two are different flavors of electrical power. They're not. Base load and peaker power plants feed the same electrical power into the grid. The difference between base load and peaking power isn't in the power itself: it's in the economics and engineering limitations of the power plant.
Electrical power demand rises and falls during the course of a typical day. We tend to use less power at 2:00 am than we do at 2:00 pm. Even in our 24/7 world, most of us wake up in the morning, turn on our appliances, crank up the air conditioning in mid-afternoon if we're hot, turn on electric lights in the evening for a few hours, then turn them off again and go to sleep. At that point our power demand slows again. We need power for streetlights and traffic lights, hospitals, police and fire stations and businesses with graveyard shifts, a trickle to charge our phones and laptops. Chart out power consumption over the course of the day and you'll see a peak in the afternoon and evening:
As you can see, even when California is on "standby" setting, around 5:00 am or so, we still consume a considerable amount of power. That's the power consumption base load. And then when we start using air conditioning, and to a slightly lesser extent when we start using electricity for lighting in the evening, our power consumption peaks.
Which is a good first-approximation definition of "base load" power -- the minimum amount the grid has to have to run society -- and "peaking" power, which provides a cushion against peaks both anticipated and unanticipated. Like most things electric power related, things are more complicated than that if you look closely. Base load power doesn't stay constant during the day: it increases as demand increases, and so base load actually has peaks and valleys. It gets confusing.
But most of us don't need to examine the confusing details. Base load power is the day-to-day steadfast power we need 24/7, and peaking power is what we fire up when we need more.
Which is where the differences in sources of that power become relevant.
A power plant supplying base load power needs to be able to run for months on end without needing to be taken down for maintenance, and it's best if the fuel costs are relatively low. However, since base load power plants are rarely taken offline, it's not a huge problem if it takes them a while to start up.
A peaking power plant is one we can switch on when we need additional power, which will come online without much delay and start generating power on a moments' notice. As peaker plants are used for less time over the course of a year, it's not as crucial that the cost of fuel be low.
Typical base load power plants are coal-fired, nuclear and hydroelectric. Geothermal can also provide base load power. Base load power plants tend to be expensive to build, and coal and nuclear take days to reach full power once fired up. But fuel costs per kilowatt generated tend to be low, at least if you don't count the ecological costs.
Peaking power plants have traditionally been fueled by either natural gas, diesel oil, or jet fuel. The last two are significantly more expensive than gas, especially since the advent of fracking has pushed natural gas prices through the floor. Most peak power in the US comes from gas-fired plants. Despite gas' low price these days, peak power remains more expensive per kilowatt than base load. Hydro can also be used as a peak power source, as ramping up power production from a hydroelectric dam is generally a matter of letting a bit more water in
Solar power plants, by virtue of using the sun as fuel directly, can only produce power when the sun is shining (or, if expensive storage is added to a solar thermal plant, for a few hours afterward). As sunny afternoon hours more or less coincide with peak electrical demand, solar power plants are peaker plants, and will be until engineers make either thermal or grid storage a reality.
There's also an intermediate kind of power plant, referred to as "load-following" plants, in areas with high electrical demand. Load-following plants supplement the power produced by base load plants, but run for longer periods of time during a typical day -- or 24 hours, but with lower output at night. In the US, load-following plants are generally gas-fired or hydro, though nuclear-heavy Chicago does use nukes as load-following plants as well.
Wind, by the way, is an odd person out. In most places it's not constant enough to be base load, and not reliable enough to provide a secure source of peaking power. If we get to the point where large numbers of wind turbines in widely separated locations are all hooked together through the grid, some of that unpredictability will go away: wind dying down in one place might well be made up for when it picks up somewhere else. For now, wind tends to be a continually moving monkey wrench in the engineers' careful daily planning of power supply and demand.
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P.O. Box 5000
Upton, NY 11973-5000
phone 631 344-2345
fax 631 344-3368
managed for the U.S. Department of Energy
by Brookhaven Science Associates, a company
founded by Stony Brook University and Battelle
Scientists Develop Technique to Determine Molecular Structure of Heterogeneous Surfaces
UPTON, NY - Scientists have refined a technique that uses the very intense light emitted by the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory to determine the structure of chemically heterogeneous surfaces with a submillimeter resolution. The description of the technique and its application to the study of varying densities of surface-bound molecules - each about one thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair - appears as the cover story of the January 13, 2003, issue of Applied Physics Letters.
“Surfaces with gradually varying structures are being investigated by academia and industry for their potential uses in creating cleaner energy sources, designing chemical and biological sensors, and creating molecular patterns,” said Jan Genzer, a chemical engineer at North Carolina State University in Raleigh and the lead author of the study. “By determining the chemical structure of surfaces covered with films as thin as a few billionths of a meter, scientists and engineers can improve their properties and performance.”
Genzer added, “A limited number of techniques can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of chemically heterogeneous materials at the millimeter scale. Most techniques are limited in sensitivity, can damage the samples under study, or require special preparations protocols. This new technique is non-invasive, does not require transparent samples, and provides simultaneous information about the chemical nature and orientation of the molecules on the surface.”
In the original, non-refined technique, called near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, intense ultraviolet light produced by the NSLS interacts with a target material. Electrons emitted by the material are collected with a detector to provide information about the concentration and orientation of the molecules on the surface. When applied to a chemically homogeneous surface, NEXAFS provides the same information from any area on the surface. But for a chemically heterogeneous surface, the technique needs to be applied sequentially at regular small distance intervals to scan the surface from one end to the other.
“Because the size of a typical sample is about 50 millimeters, it would be tedious to apply the technique manually every half-a-millimeter, for example,” said Kirill Efimenko, a senior research associate at North Carolina State and a coauthor of the study. “So we combined the NEXAFS technique with a device called a goniometer, which allows us to automatically move the sample in a vacuum chamber and probe points separated by half-a-millimeter along the surface of the sample where the molecular densities vary.”
The researchers applied the technique, called combinatorial
NEXAFS, to a rectangular silica surface covered with a layer of
molecules, called organosilanes, their concentration being the
highest on the edges of the surface, and decreasing towards the
middle. After probing about 100 points along one length of the
sample, the scientists successfully reconstructed the expected
molecular density profile (see figure).
The scientists also looked at the molecular orientation of the organosilanes on the sample surface. “On the surface edges, as the molecules are very concentrated, they stand straight up like soldiers at attention all squashed together,” explained Daniel Fischer, a physicist from the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology and another coauthor of the study. “Then, as the molecules become less and less populated toward the middle, they become less aligned. We are now studying the unique geometry of this region of the surface to learn more about the nature of the self-assembly of organosilane molecules on a surface.”
The scientists have also used combinatorial NEXAFS to investigate how gold nanoparticles form a pattern of decreasing density by following a similar pattern underneath them (see Brookhaven press release of July 18, 2002).
Genzer and his colleagues expect that the technique will be used to probe a large diversity of heterogeneous materials, such as catalysts, which are used to speed up chemical reactions. “Combinatorial NEXAFS could be used to probe, say, 100 different catalysts at the same time,” Fischer said. “You could align these catalysts on a surface, pass reactive chemicals over them, and compare the amount of final products on the 100. Then you could use combinatorial NEXAFS to probe the sites with the largest number of final products, which reveal which catalysts are the most efficient.”
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Getting Screened for Lung CancerLearn about the low-dose CT scan, insurance information, and eligibility. If you qualify it could save your life.
About the Low-Dose CT Scan
A low-dose CT scan is a special kind of X-ray that takes multiple pictures as you lie on a table that slides in and out of the machine. A computer then combines these images into a detailed picture of your lungs.
A study on early detection of lung cancer found that only the low-dose CT scan can reduce mortality for those at high risk. If you’re a current or former smoker over the age of 50, you could meet the high risk eligibility criteria.
*If you don't see a site listed in your zip code or within traveling distance, there are additional sites that perform lung cancer screenings but are not yet accredited by American College of Radiology. In addition to participation in the American College of Radiology Lung Cancer Screening registry, American College of Radiology accredited sites have American College of Radiology CT accreditation in the chest module and their screening protocol meet minimum technical specifications. You should speak to your doctor to determine what best meets your needs.
Understanding The Results
A “positive” result means that the low-dose CT scan shows something abnormal. This is usually a nodule of a concerning size. You may need to have additional scans or other procedures to find out exactly what it is.
These next steps should be discussed with you by your physician and/or the team of experts at the screening center.
A “negative” result means there were no abnormal findings at this time on this scan. Your doctor should discuss when and if you should be tested again.
There may also be an “indeterminate” result, and your doctor may recommend watchful follow-up and further imaging at a later time.
The best way to prevent lung cancer is to never smoke, or stop smoking now. If you are still smoking, talk to your doctor about ways to help you quit smoking. Visit Lung.org/freedom-from-smoking for quitting support through our online programs and in-person support groups, or call the Lung HelpLine at 1-800-LUNGUSA.
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Your child comes home from school and tells you his teacher is “mean.” Should you believe him and blame the teacher? Not so fast. Teachers establish rules and provide consequences so students can learn in an orderly environment. With direct involvement in your child’s education, you can observe and understand the teacher’s classroom management or discipline plan firsthand. Students with involved parents do better in academic achievement and attendance. They also have better social skills and behavior, according to Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.
Most teachers welcome an extra pair of eyes and ears in the classroom. If you volunteer in your child’s classroom, it’s important to be consistent, warns Christina Mullen, teacher and counseling intern at Lincoln-Edison Elementary School in North Las Vegas, Nevada. The teacher depends on you when you make a commitment to help in the classroom -- classroom management breaks down when there is a missing link. If the teacher is working with a small reading group, she might ask you to manage a handful of students who are completing an art project. You’ll help the class run smoothly; you’ll also get an up-close look at the teacher’s management style.
Even if you don’t have time to volunteer in your child’s classroom on a regular basis, you should visit occasionally. It’s best to let the teacher know you plan to observe in her classroom; however, many schools welcome drop-in parents who have proper identification. Take note of the discipline plan and the procedures the teacher follows when a child repeatedly breaks rules. A typical follow-through might include a warning, a time-out and a letter sent home to inform the parent.
Teachers usually send home information about classroom management at the beginning of the school year, Mullen says. Read and understand the discipline plan. Speak with your child about it. Ask questions if you don’t understand or agree with the teacher’s plan. When your child brings home a letter from the teacher informing you of inappropriate behavior, speak to your child and then set up a conference with the teacher. This sends the message to your child that you are working together with school personnel. Call or email the teacher before a situation gets out of hand. Teachers are typically required to respond to parents within 24 hours.
Parents should have a voice when teachers make decisions that affect children at school. Join school-improvement teams and the parent-teacher organization. If your child’s school doesn’t include parents on most committees, suggest to the administration that they change the policy, advises Mullen. Play an active role -- offer input and share in the decision-making process. When parents hold schools accountable, this can result in positive change.
Support at Home
Your child should understand that you are working as a team with his teachers to promote his best interest. Don’t criticize the teacher. Establish guidelines at home. Expect your child to behave. Make it clear that he has to accept responsibilities both at home and at school. If a child talks back to a parent at home, he will likely repeat that behavior in a school setting. Follow through with consequences at home, so that he learns to manage his behavior, and to exercise self-control.
- Christina Mullen; Teacher and Counseling Intern; Lincoln-Edison Elementary School; North Las Vegas, Nevada
- Association for Middle Level Education: What Research Says -- Varieties of Parent Involvement in Schooling
- U.S. Department of Education: Helping Your Child Succeed in School
- National Center for Education Statistics: Parent Involvement in Children's Education -- Efforts by Public Elementary Schools
- University of Northern Colorado: Classroom Management Guide
- PostBulletin.com: Dealing with Conflict in Your Child's Classroom
- Southwest Educational Development Laboratory: A New Wave of Evidence -- The Impact of School, Family and Coummunity Connections on Student Achievement
- American Psychological Association: Classroom Management
- Jupiterimages, Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images
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Your mouth is uniquely designed for speech and chewing. The upper and lower arch work in tandem with the movements of the jaw. Teeth are a vital part of this system; when a tooth is lost, this instantly compromises the integrity of the arch.
The loss of one tooth leads to the loss of other teeth — without the full arch to provide support, teeth next to an empty space will migrate into it, loosen, and fall out as the bone also melts away below the surface.
Fortunately, several options for replacing missing teeth and restoring function exist. Of these, a dental bridge is one of the simplest.
How Bridges Work
Bridges are attached to the adjacent teeth on either side of the gap (also called abutment teeth). The frame of the bridge spans the space left open by the missing tooth or teeth, and also supports the restoration.
Fixed bridges are cemented to the abutment teeth or to. Removable bridges are attached to the abutment teeth with small metal clasps or precision attachments. Fixed bridges may also be referred to as "fixed partial dentures".
Bridges are made of gold alloys, non-precious alloys, porcelain, or a combination of those materials. Porcelain is often bonded to either precious or non-precious metal. The restoration will be porcelain so it will most accurately mimic the tooth or teeth it is replacing.
The restoration is called a pontic; one or more may be used depending on how many teeth are missing. The pontic is custom made, polished to a natural shine, and installed permanently on the bridge itself. The result is a rehabilitated arch of teeth that allows natural chewing, speech, and aesthetics to be restored.
BENEFITS OF DENTAL BRIDGES
Bridge Creation and Installation
Fitting a bridge typically requires two or three visits to our dental office in Tulsa, OK. Dr. Lebedoff will talk to you about your options and help you select either a removable or fixed bridge.
- Step 1: At your first visit, Dr. Lebedoff will take a mold of your teeth, and carefully remove a tiny portion of enamel and dentin from the abutment teeth in preparation for the bridge attachment.
- Step 2: At the lab, the bridge and restoration will be fabricated according to the mold of your teeth to ensure a good bite. Crowns for the abutment teeth may or may not be part of the design.
- Step 3: At your second visit, the bridge and attached pontic(s) will be installed; either with attachments designed to allow removal, or with cement to create a permanent piece of dental work.
- Step 4: If any adjustments need to be made, a third visit may be needed.
Your new visible tooth will feel and function just like your original tooth, while looking almost indistinguishable from your other teeth. A properly customized and installed bridge can last between 10 and 20 years (permanent bridges tend to last longer).
$59 New Patient Special*
*Restrictions may apply. Call for details. Offer expires in four weeks.
$29 Emergency/ Toothache Exam*
*Offer covers exam only. Offer not to be used in conjunction with any other offer. Expires in 4 weeks.
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Many practitioners are currently using the Phonological Awareness materials to support the development of Phonological Awareness in their classrooms. We’re pleased to announce that the Phonological Awareness assessment which was published earlier this year is now available in Gaelic on the Phonological Awareness page. Many thanks to the staff at Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Inbhir Nis who supported Speech and Language to create the resource.
Phonological Awareness Screen (Gaelic)
CLICK HERE – (Gaelic) Phonological Awareness Screen
CLICK HERE – (Gaelic) Phonological Awareness Picture Booklet
Let us know if you have any suggestions of classroom based activities which can be used to support the development of Emerging Literacy by leaving a comment.
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Over the last two decades, domestic violence has emerged as one of the most serious problem faced by women in Kerala. They are experiencing physical and psychological violence not only from their in-laws but also often from their intimate partner.
This scenario, underlines the need for the effective implementation of Domestic Violence Act 2005, which came into force in October 2006. The definition of DV has been made wide enough to encompass every possibility of abuse/harm to the woman. It has been welcomed by all since it provides for the first time civil remedies to women by way of protection orders, residence orders and orders for monetary relief in the event of a domestic violence incident.
The Act is basically meant to provide protection to the wife or female live in partner from violence at the hands of the husband of male live-in-partner or his relatives. Domestic violence under the Act includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse, whether physical sexual, verbal emotional or economic. Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the women victim, or her relatives would also be covered under the definition of domestic violence.
MAIN FEATURES OF THE ACT
Definition of Domestic Violence - it includes physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse that can harm, cause injury to, endanger the life, limb, health, safety, or wellbeing, either mental or physical of the aggrieved person.
Definition of aggrieved person – covers not just the wife but a woman who is the sexual partner of the male irrespective of whether she is his wife or not.
Any woman residing in the house, mother, widowed relative, daughter who is related in some way to the respondent is also covered by the Act.
Information regarding an act of domestic violence can be lodged by any person who has reason to believe that such an act has been or is being committed and not necessarily by the aggrieved person.
Magistrate has the powers to permit the aggrieved woman to stay in her place of bode and cannot be evicted by the husband even if she has no legal claim or share in the property.
Allows magistrates to impose monetary relief and monthly payments of maintenance.
Penalty of breach of protection order or an interim protection order is punishable with imprisonment of a period which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend upto Rs.20,000 or both.
Act ensures speedy justice as the court has to start proceedings and have the first hearing within 3 days of the complaint being filed
Every case has to be disposed of within a period of 60 days of the first hearing.
For its effective implementation the necessary mechanisms have to be put in place and the modalities of redressal firmed up. A campaign on Domestic Violence Act (2005) has already been initiated by the Social Justice Department, women’s organisations, Kudumbashree, LSGIs and NGOs in Kerala and some domestic incident reports have already been filed.
Role and function of the Central/State Government under the Act has been specified in section 11 of the Act. They are as follows.
To give wide publicity through public media including TV, radio & print media at regular basis.
Periodic sensitization & awareness training on the issues addressed by the Act to the officer including the police officers & members of judicial service.
Effective co-ordination between concerned Minister & Departments.
Publication of protocol for various agencies concerned with the delivery of services.
Complaint can be made against any adult male person or his relation (also women) who have been in a domestic relationship with aggrieved women for example husband or male partner or mother-in-law.
Whom to Complain?
Judicial Magistrate of Fist Class or Metropolitan Magistrate
How to Complain?
Over telephone to the Protection Officer/Service Provider
Written Complaint to Protection Officer, Police Officer, Service Provider, Magistrate
How can you complain?
When the incident of domestic violence has happened
When the incident of domestic violence is happening
When there is a probability that it will happen
Anyone who has the knowledge of the violence happening can give complaint/ information.
Only a woman can file a complaint of Domestic Violence under the Act.
Name and Address of Women Protection Officers Appointed as per the Act to Protect Women from Domestic Violence
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April 1967 | Volume 18, Issue 3
The roads were terrible, and posted badly or not at all; you had to equip yourself against a hundred mishaps, ninety-three of which actually happened--but you were often up to your hubcaps in pleasure.
In 1900 there were some twenty-one million horses in the United States and fewer than four thousand automobiles. It seemed improbable at the time that the generation then living would witness a reversal of roles. Yet within a quarter of a century Americans would see the end of their long dependence upon animal power as a means of movement.
A Sunday-school teacher in 1920 wound up her account of the Creation by asking the class whether there was any animal that man could have done without. “The horse,” said one boy; and the group agreed. Horse history was finished, and Nahum’s prophecy in the Old Testament was fulfilled: “The chariots shall rage in the streets,” the prophet predicted, “they shall justle [yes, justle] one against another in the broad ways: they shall seem like torches, they shall run like the lightnings.”
Lost in the new mobility was the emotional relationship between a man and his horse. But there was a compensating transfer of affection to the sturdy, black, brass-fronted Model T Ford (the “motor car of the people”), to the popular Overland, or to the stylish Packard (“It gets you there and gets you back”). Men of mature years boasted of the mechanical perfection of their cars, while the young, blithe, and unattached expressed their loyalties in nicknames lettered on the body shell, as in “Galloping Gertrude.” Or they decorated the rear with the slogans of the dapper age-- “Chicken, Here’s Your Roost.”
By the second decade of the century the gas auto had won out over the ladylike electric coupe and the slow-starting steamer. The internal combustion engine had been tamed sufficiently to become a practical power plant for a wheeled vehicle steered by a non-professional chauffeur. The family chariot was generally and significantly described in the phrase “pleasure car,” and the pleasure it gave was called by the young in heart a “joy ride.”
In 1906 Woodrow Wilson, then president of Princeton University, termed the motorcar “a picture of the arrogance of wealth,” and declared that “nothing has spread socialistic feeling more than the use of the automobile. …” Yet by 1910 it cost less to drive a Maxwell automobile than a horse and buggy—1.8 cents per passenger mile as against 3.5 cents—and by 1924 a new Ford cost no more than a good buggy horse. Instead of resenting the sponsorship of the new machine by the American elite, ordinary citizens learned with satisfaction that “Automobile Red” was very chic, and that Mrs. O.H.P. Belmont considered the “sport” of automobiling “good form.” Happily, the rising middle class vowed to emulate such celebrities and social figures as John Jacob Astor, Mark Twain, Chauncey M. Depew. the Vanderbilts, Maude Adams (in her curved-dash Oldsmobile), or Theodore Roosevelt, the first President of the United States to take the wheel of his own car.
Reigning actresses who saw a chance to steal a scene by driving their own roadsters included Lillian Russell, Mrs. Leslie Carter, and Maxine Elliott. Anna Held, fascinatingly French, who helped popularize gum-chewing, challenged any American woman to race her from New York to Philadelphia. There is no evidence that anyone ever accepted the challenge.
The theory that women generally would never drive was shattered at an early date in motoring history by the way Miss Alice Roosevelt of the White House went streaking around Washington streets despite the speed limit (twelve miles an hour where there were no trolley tracks, six where there were). Wide attention was focused upon the achievement of Alice Huyler (Mrs. John R.) Ramsey, who in 1909 drove across the continent without a male companion in her thirty-horsepower green Maxwell. And when “two noted suffragists” travelled ten thousand miles in 1914 in their Saxon roadster for the cause of woman’s rights, they were, the Saxon people pointed out, “never late once.”
One can sense the atmosphere surrounding the automobile, in those yeasty days when touring was first becoming a national pastime, by turning the pages of the popular magazines. They were filled with personal-experience narratives recommending the pleasures of vacationing by automobile: sniff the salt air along the rock-bound toast of Maine; see Mount Rainier’s glaciers by moonlight; explore historic Virginia; follow Fremont’s route in California for only $1.60 a day.
Roads were not only next to impassable, they were without signposts; or, at occasional important junctions, there would be a multitude of counsellors, a confusing array of unco-ordinated, pointing wooden fingers. Edmund G. Love, writing of his boyhood in Michigan in his recent book, The Situation in Flushing, recalls that his father got stuck in mud holes eight times in one ten-mile stretch between Lapeer and Imlay City, and that he also became hopelessly lost on a detour to Owosso, only twenty miles from home. Towns were seldom identified, since the local citizens knew where they lived. Strangers complained that even the words “U.S. Post Office,” where they were displayed at all, were not accompanied by the place name. The embattled farmers—politically strong in state legislatures—contemplating the idea of frightened horses, rising taxes, dead chickens, and stolen fruit, fought a stubborn rear-guard action against better roads or any facilities that would make life more agreeable for automobilists.
By contrast, cyclists were most helpful. The wheeling clubs, which earlier had sprung up everywhere, nourished a new appreciation of mobility. The wheelmen’s first tour book, The American Bicycler (1880), anticipated the point-to-point automobile manuals, popularized the courtesies of the road, and furnished a pattern for the organization of effective automobile clubs. The cyclists, moreover, established legal precedents regarding the right of a vehicle to use a public highway without the assistance of a horse, as determined by the courts in various decisions in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine.
In the teens of this century, public pressure for highway improvement became irresistible. “Good Roads” became a slogan—more than that, a “reform.” a “movement,” even a “gospel.” The concept of a continuous, all-weather road across the continent was vigorously promoted by Carl G. Fisher, an Indianapolis manufacturer of carbide-gas lighting equipment for automobiles. The project, known first by the lackluster name of Coast-to-Coast Rock Highway but rechristened in 1913 the Lincoln Memorial Highway, was dramatized by one of the most massive campaigns of publicity the United States had ever seen. For several years the road remained chiefly an abstraction, a line (raced on a map, except tor an occasional “seedling mile.” In 1916, when there were 3,367,889 automobiles rolling, the Federal Road Aid Act was passed to assist all states that desired to build rural post roads.
The amount of equipment which early motor nomads needed for a journey was astonishing. A partial list, cross-checked against various recommendations, included a rubber lap robe, goggles, tow rope, pump and tire-patching outfit, extra rim lugs, choice of either block and tackle or a winch, reserve cans of gasoline and oil, spotlight, compass, two sets of tire chains, a small length of two-inch plank (to support the jack), and a canvas bucket to fetch emergency water for man and car. Hammacher Schlemmer & Company, the hardware merchants in New York, sold an eighteen-pound Tourist Auto Kit, and the C.A.C. Axle Company in Boston advertised their Damascus Hatchet for special circumstances: “When the wheel drops out of sight in the mud, get out the Damascus, cut a pole for a lever, right tilings up, and then on your way again.” (The uses of a piece of string, a can of ether, and a wad of chewing gum are detailed further on.) Pessimists out for a short spin might also take along tent, sleeping bag, and survival kit.
Father, the family chaulleur, wore a linen duster and, perhaps, Saks & Company’s “dignified tourist cap which has attached in the back fold a pair of wide vision goggles cleverly concealed.” Feminine passengers in open-car days met the exposure to wind, rain, heat, cold, dust, and mud in charming fashions--ground-sweeping skirts, sleeves shirred at the wrist with elastic bands, cravenette or pongee motor coats, natty turbans, or wide picture hats tied under the chin with demure crepe dc Chine bows. “Motor chapeaux,” said Outing , the outdoor magazine for gentlemen, “frame a pretty face enchantingly.”
If the motor girl boggled at the goggles she simply shut her eyes when dust and winged insects swirled around her, and breathed daintily through her handkerchief. Or perhaps her protector was the personal wind shield made by the Auto-Lorgnette Company of Grand Rapids, Michigan, a sort of fan with two panels of transparent celluloid, one clear, the other smoked to shield the eyes from glare. The closed car of the mid-twenties put an end, of course, to these adversities and elegancies.
A need for identifying the car and the owner became apparent as auto thievery replaced horse stealing as a profitable pursuit. During the teens, all states adopted license and registration laws. In New York State in the early days it was up to the operator of the car to provide his own plates, which might be simply a set of old house numbers mounted on a shingle; or he could paint the numbers on the body. Ritzy cars sported white patent-leather tags to which metal numbers were attached, with the pad fixed to the rear axle by straps. Many states found the idea of “foreign” visitors wearing out their roads so distasteful that they erected signs at their boundaries saying “STATE LINE. CHANGE TAGS HERE.” Missouri was celebrated for harassment, inhospitality, and red tape. Some counties in the Show-Me state tacked on their own two-dollar fee, while St. Louis charged ten dollars for the use of her streets by Illinoisans. As late as 1914, Maryland still required her neighbors to buy a ticket of admission, and Ohio in 1920 permitted nonresidents to tour the state only if they stayed no longer than a week. Michigan got high marks from the touring public for recognizing out-of-state licenses and allowing speeds of up to twenty-five miles an hour.
Gradually the motor-club movement, brought together in a federalized system of organization under the name of the American Automobile Association, was able to ameliorate the difficulties that harassed the owner of an automobile. The national association was in flourishing condition by the first decade of the century, and projected a vigorous sense of its mission. The A.A.A. concerned itself with such practical matters as better roads, traffic laws, speed traps, reliability runs, and adequate road markers; in addition, it offered its members social activities. Gradually the service concept displaced the socializing. In 1905, to cite a pioneering venture, the Automobile Club of Southern California had a Club Signposting Committee, which was active in marking the roads from Los Angeles to the beach cities. The next year the club began the posting of El Camino Real (“the king’s highway”), the old route of the mission padres between San Diego and San Francisco, with signs depicting large bronze mission bells. Similarly, in 1909, the Chicago Motor Club announced that it had completed installing signs on the roads to Beloit, Lake Geneva, and Milwaukee—except, in the last instance, for fifteen miles that were impassable anyway.
Some manufacturers, too, erected directional signboards at important intersections, each embellished by a discreet advertising notice. Sometimes the advertiser concentrated on his sales message and forgot to supply the information the automobilist needed. A favorite story of the period tells of a motorist lost one rainy night in the wilds of Indiana. Arriving at a fork in the road, he found a sign, but it was placed too high for him to read. He splashed through the sludge, inched up the pole, and tried to light one soggy match after another. The fifth one flared briefly, and by the sputtering light he read, “Chew Red Man Plug.”
At about the beginning of World War I, local chambers of commerce and other promotional groups, appraising the growing importance of the travel dollar, joined in the work for better touring conditions. Associations whose total assets often consisted of a map, a letterhead, a few cans of paint, and the spirit of boosterism were formed to direct traffic to one highway rather than another under such catch phrases as “Tightening the Union” or “See America First.” Highways were endowed with names that sounded like advertising slogans, which in fact they were, e.g., the Dixie Trail. Many a northern investor hit the Trail to Florida to view the glamorous building lots he had purchased in the land of flowers, oranges, sunshine, and, all too often, swamps. Distinctive bands of paint on telephone poles kept the tourist on his route, pleasantly reminding countless dreamers that they were tooling along in the tradition of the frontiersmen who followed blazed trails through the primeval forest. Main arteries, designated by variegated combinations of stripes and symbols, included the Midland, the Alfalfa, the Cornhusker, the Arrowhead, the Rocky Mountain, the Sunshine, and the Red Ball routes.
“Follow the painted poles,” a friendly native would say to a perplexed motorist. “They’ll take you right into Chicago!”
“Follow the painted poles?”
“Yes—a white band, with a red streak around the middle. ‘R’ stands for right turn, ‘L’ stands for left turn, and look out for the cars!” The last was a reference to the sobering fact that in those days there were hardly any railroad over- or underpasses.
In many parts of the West there were no poles to paint. In 1914 one traveller reported finding the information he needed crudely daubed on a five-gallon gasoline can beside the road. In Colorado an auto tourist discovered his directions painted on the bleached skull of a buffalo. An inquirer at Albuquerque, New Mexico, who was headed for Los Angeles, received these instructions: “Follow the mountain range eighty miles south to a stick in the fork of the road with a paper tied to the top. Take the ruts that lead off to the right.”
The big confusion over road markings was removed by a simple expedient. Roads began to be designated by numbers instead of colored rings of paint. In 1917 a beginning was made when Wisconsin adopted the numbering system in use today. Minnesota followed in 1920, and the plan was adopted in 1925 by the United States government for routes of interstate and national significance, the even numbers running east and west, the odd numbers north and south. Thus the famous red, white, and blue rectangles of the Lincoln Highway faded away as that celebrated route, along with all the other “trails,” lost its identity to the numbered U.S. metal shields that tied the new system together.
The motorist’s faithful assistant in shaping his itinerary was one or another of the automobile “tour books.” These guides had been issued since the early years of the century by motor clubs, advertisers, or established publishers such as Rand McNally & Co., most of whom were already sophisticated in the techniques of mapping. An Official Automobile Blue Book (“There’s one in nearly every car”) was distributed by the American Automobile Association from the middle of the first decade until the twenties. A compilation of road information between important points like Rochester, New York, and Buffalo, the Blue Book was perhaps the most famous and widely used specimen of this genre of touring literature, which traced its ancestry back to the modest bicycle map.
A trip into unfamiliar territory required homework. The adventurer studied his manual, debated the choice of routes, weighed data on road surfaces, and noted prominent landmarks. He knew that mechanics were scarce: if the machine broke down, the only resource might well be a village blacksmith who could, hopefully, weld a broken spring or solder a leaky radiator, but who would scarcely be up to penetrating the mysteries of a balky carburetor float. The driver expected to patch his own tires and pump them up with his own hand pump. Gasoline could be looked for at a general store, drug store, or dry-cleaning establishment. It was drawn from a wooden barrel out back somewhere and was poured through a funnel from a one-gallon measure. Windshields were not wiped. Air was not free. The only rest room was the bushes.
With tour book in hand and odometer set at zero, the tourist started out on an itinerary usually measured in the manual from a prominent spot like the courthouse, the post office, or a leading hotel. The operator of the car required the services of a companion who could keep one eye on the mileage figures and landmarks noted in the “motorlogue,” the other checking the printed information against the readings on the odometer. A third eye would often have been helpful. If the navigator missed the white church on the right, while the driver was busy with the clutch or the spark, trouble was sure to overtake the party when the Blue Book and the odometer failed to agree.
Suppose, for illustration, one wished in 1915 to travel by motor from Norwich, Connecticut (“The Rose of New England”), to Willimantic. Starting from in front of the Wauregan Hotel, with odometer adjusted to o.o miles, the machine chugged up the long, terraced hill of Broadway. The surface was “good macadam” and one progressed in this manner:
In addition to providing itineraries, the motor logs also offered interesting background information likely to advance the cause of tourism. For instance, one could read in a tour book sponsored by the Mohawk Rubber Company that Elkhart, Indiana, was the home of the celebrated Dr. Miles’s patent-medicine almanac, issued annually in editions of 12,000,000, and that “52 per cent of band instruments of the world [were] made here. …” Of Spotsylvania, Virginia, a tour book said: “Solomon’s Store; gas,” and added this historical footnote: “Around here in May, 1864, Grant opposed Lee in a series of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Many homes still have cannon balls lodged in the walls.”
Sometimes touring was complicated by poor local directions, the ultimate being the advice of the confused countryman who lives on in automobile folklore for having declared, “You can’t get there from here.” A well-known phenomenon was the Auto Hater. Farm houses displayed hostile signs—“No Water.” Between Buffalo and Cleveland, the Blue Book gave this direction in 1909: “At 11.6 mi., yellow house and barn on rt. Turn left.” But there was no yellow house. The owner had uncharitably repainted his premises green because, as a neighbor explained to an inquirer, “He’s agin’ automobiles.” Scattered tacks and broken glass strewn at prominent intersections were also tried by the anti-auto faction as a means of holding back the swelling motor tide.
The difficulty of handling a bulky book in an open car moving at cruising speed led to the invention of ingenious attachments designed to reveal the correct route mechanically. Both these expensive accessories and the ubiquitous logbooks were superseded by the handy, folded road map. It went far beyond charting just the heavily travelled routes between fixed points —Chicago and South Bend, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. The numbering system made it possible for the road maps to identify all the roads. And a notable feature of the new maps was—they were free.
The give-away maps were introduced by a new facility, the “filling station,” which delivered measured quantities of gasoline from curbside pumps. There is a dispute as to who built the first real filling station and where. Semantics are involved. What constituted a real filling station? The new kind of gasoline merchant appeared almost simultaneously in various regions where competition was keen. Primitive filling stations are reported as existing in St. Louis, Dallas, and Seattle in 1907. Detroit’s first was a crude shed at First and Fort streets, knocked together in 1910 from some old voting booths. Among its customers was Henry Ford. The shape of the future may be discerned in a station built in Memphis in 1912 by the Standard Oil Company of Louisiana. It had thirteen pumps, a ladies’ room, a maid who served ice water.
Many early filling stations, now more often called service stations, looked rather like cracker boxes. With success, however, their architecture grew fanciful, to harmonize with the neighboring real-estate developments; in southern California, mission-style structures were favored. Elsewhere the motorist drove up to pagodas, sea shells, castles, or lighthouses, with illuminated globes on top of the pumps beaming out the brand name of the gasoline sold there.
The man who thought up the free road map was William B. Akin, head of a Pittsburgh advertising agency. Akin was himself an enthusiastic automobilist who knew how it felt to get lost on nameless roads. The whole concept came to Akin while he was driving his 1912 Chalmers along Baum Boulevard. He took the suggestion to the Gulf Oil Company in the fall of 1913. His proposal was that the company prepare, publish, and distribute a map of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as an advertising scheme, with copies to be mailed to all registered car owners in the area and handed out at the company’s new drive-in filling station, another Gulf innovation. The thing was done. It was an instant hit. State maps followed in 1914.
“Gulf was quite cute about all this,” an old-time employee recalled. “We used this map … to persuade the customer to come back for another map for another trip. Hence, not too much territory or information was included in any one map.”
But the whole industry, by the early twenties, was producing easy reference maps in enormous quantities. Oil companies were to the American road what Baedeker was to Europe. While the automobile population exploded, the maps, along with the gas pumps and the courteous men who hand-cranked them, became indigenous to the travel scene. No longer did Dad have to be a spiritual descendant of Henry the Navigator to dream of driving west from the Oranges in New Jersey to spend the winter at Pasadena. One question did remain to be answered: What about food and lodging on the way?
As the inn had developed in response to animal-drawn transportation and the modern hotel had followed the spread of the railroad network, a new social entity known as the “auto tourist camp” came into being. Almost unknown in 1918, well-established by 1923, the camps were located in a field or woodland where motorists pitched their own tents and prepared their own meals. Some camps were free, operated perhaps by a retail dealer who sold oil, gas, and a few groceries. “Camping at garage,” one tour book noted of Fairview, Pennsylvania, in 1923. But the movement was toward modestly priced “pay” camps. Some were located in city parks and provided water, a cookhouse, common dining hall, sanitary facilities, and police protection—all for about fifty cents a day. On the road between Dodge City, Kansas, and Lamar, Colorado, the U-Smile Auto Camp, a privately run place, offered similar facilities for twenty-five cents a day. But whatever the price range, the mood among the auto gypsies was one of fun and release from life’s tedium. Their social atmosphere was more egalitarian than in most areas of American life. Conversations were easily started; one glanced casually at the license tags on a dusty auto and found it natural to inquire, “What part of Iowa are you folks from?”
Just stay two nights at the Santa Barbara auto park, the saying ran, and you would be asked to a party, especially if you could play the violin, read palms, or turn the crank on the ice cream freezer. These holiday-makers constituted a new leisure class who were seeing America’s natural wonders through goggles and side curtains while enjoying the exhilaration of swift movement and new contacts. Theirs was a quest of the spirit, too, as they shared enchanted evenings at the band concert in the park, the fragrance of the summer night around them, and the stars swinging above.
There was a rapid upgrading of facilities, including the innovation of tourist cabins. At Camp Grande, at El Paso, Texas, the gasoline tourists in 1925 found prices ranging from fifty cents to five dollars a day (for a “de luxe bungalette”). There was a central recreation hall furnished “about like a country club,” and electric irons could be rented from the office. Denver’s chief motor camp, called Overland Park, was a veritable metropolis of the thermos bottle and the khaki lean-to; it frequently checked in between five and six thousand open-air guests in one night. The camps expanded to meet the demand. The total of such stopping places for the whole country was estimated in 1925 at between four and five thousand.
But weary travellers tired of pitching tents, of breaking camp every morning, and of generally playing Indian. The preference shifted to a room of one’s own, a real room in a real house. Private homes hung out a sign that became increasingly familiar, “Tourists Accommodated.” Simultaneously, refinements were added to the “cabin” concept with the appearance of specially designed “cottage courts,” which soon spread from the West to the East.
From there it was but a short step to the motel. As far as can be ascertained now, the term originated with a California architect, Arthur S. Heineman, who opened a motor court at San Luis Obispo in 1925 which he called “The Milestone Motor Hotel.” Designed in the mission style, it consisted of a series of detached cabins arranged around a court behind a main building that housed the office. The first motel lacked, it is true, room TV, skeet shooting, saunas, a thirty-two-lane bowling alley, and an indoor swimming pool with fireplace. But the owner did provide a lounge and dining room. According to a possibly apocryphal story, Heineman couldn’t get the full name of his hotel on his roadside sign, and coined the word “motel.”
After World War I, when automobiles had acquired front and rear bumpers and passengers were enclosed in the protective all-steel sedan, the motorist expected as a matter of course to find at every service station free air, free water, free windshield and crankcase service, free comfort conveniences, and an old tire, painted white, advertising FLATS FIXED. On the road he could count upon such amenities as a dog wagon offering red hots, or a pretty tea house with screened porch, ruffled curtains, pottery glazed in apple green, and “Home-Cooked Meals.” More and more tourists gladly exchanged cash for experience, and returned home, like all travellers from time immemorial, with strange tales of marvels seen and heard, and the insignia of high adventure pasted on the windshield—the red deer symbol of Mount Rainier or the green buffalo of Yellowstone Park. As Stephen Vincent Benêt sang in his unfinished epic, Western Star, “I think it must be something in the blood” —and tourism made it a something remembered as land, clouds, history, sounds, smells, people. And, of course, as signs flashing smoothly by: KIWANIS CLUB MEETS EVERY TUESDAY , VISITORS WELCOME … CLEAN REST ROOMS … SEE THE HISTORIC SHRINE … SMOKE BULL DURHAM … HOT FRANKS AND GLADS … DON’T MISS THE CAVERNS … ANTIQUE SHOPPE … WILD SAGE HONEY 100 YARDS AHEAD .
The Open Road was, at last, open.
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Re Hf In Be Co Mg Cr Ni Cd
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Thermal Spray Materials
Thermal spraying techniques are coating processes in which molten (or heated to semi- molten) materials are sprayed onto a surface. Compare to other coating processes, thermal spraying can provide coatings over a large area at high deposition rate. The coating thickness is approximately 20μm to <10mm
Several variations of thermal spraying are distinguished:
Plasma spraying, Detonation spraying, Wire arc spraying, Flame spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying (HVOF), Warm spraying, Cold spraying
The process is: powder or wire form--heated to molten or semi--molten--accelerated towards substrates (in form of micrometer-size particles)—Coating formed. The usual energy source of thermal spaying is combustion or electrical arc discharge.
Thermal spray materials available include metals, alloys, composites, carbides, ceramics and cermets.
-Pure Metals (powder, wire)
-Alloys, Composites (powder, wire)
-Carbides (Mainly in powder)
-Ceramics (Mainly in powder)
|Pure Metal Coatings||Copper, Aluminum, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Zinc, Tin, Silicon, etc.|
|Alloy/Composites Coatings||Nickel-Chrome, Stellite, Aluminum Based, Molybdenum based, Cobalt Based, Copper Based, MCrAIY, etc.|
|Ceramic Coatings||Aluminum Oxide, Titanium Oxide, Zirconium Oxide, Chromium Oxide, Blends of Various Ceramics, etc.|
|Carbides||Tungsten Carbide, Chrome Carbide, etc.|
Liquid Metal powders
Liquid Metal powders for thermal spraying: Iron Based Liquid Metal Powder, Aluminum Based Liquid Metal Powder
Metals & Alloys Wire
Metal wires for Thermal Spraying: Aluminum wire, Zinc Wire, Nickel wire, Tin wire, Al-Mg, Al-Zn, Ni-Al Alloy, Moly wire, etc.
Carbides, Oxides and other ceramics powder for thermal spraying. Alumina, Zirconia, Yttria, Titanium Oxide, Chromium Oxide, ATO, ITO, AZO, etc.
Composites Powder for thermal spray coating: 25NiCr-75Cr3C2, Ni25C, Ni50C, Ni23Al2O3， tungsten carbide-Co, NiCoCrAlY-Y2O3, 20NiCr-80Cr3C2, 30NiCr-70Cr3C2
Metals and Alloys Powder
Thermal Spray Materials: Metal powder and alloy powder. Tungsten, Nickel, Silicon powder, Molybdenum Powder, Titanium Powder, Stainless Steel Powder, Nickel Chromium Alloys Powder, MCrAlY powder
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Support Ethnic Studies Programs
Support Ethnic Studies Programs
Ethnic studies is the interdisciplinary study of race and ethnicity, as understood through the perspectives of major underrepresented racial groups. It draws upon many disciplines to foster cross-cultural understanding -- and help students to value their own cultural identity while appreciating the differences around them. From campaigns to require schools to offer ethnic studies courses, to efforts to change the names of schools honoring Confederate leaders, students and educators around the country are mobilizing to include voices and stories of the diverse ethnicities that have contributed to the history and culture of the United States.
Educator activism makes the promise of ethnic studies policy a reality
By Kate Snyder
One of the great opportunities in education is to find a way to challenge students to critically think about their own experiences and about the experiences of others. One of the main tenets of Ethnic Studies curriculum is to have students understand different systems of oppression, not just race.
“Ethnic Studies and social justice are a critical lens through which we can get a new perspective on history, so we are not doomed to repeat it,” said Ivan Viray Santos, who, with his colleagues from the New Haven Unified School District in California, was instrumental in developing high school curriculum for Ethnic Studies Departments, including an Ethnic Studies/Social Justice pathway with some classes available as early as the 7th grade.Read More
In July 2017, the State Board of Education approved inclusion of the role of Filipinos during WWII in the revised history curriculum framework for state schools, following passage of AB 199 in 2011. Santos and his colleagues have been part of a cohort working to develop this specific curriculum that they will present during the statewide conference of the Filipino American Educators Association of California on September 28-30 in San Diego.
“With passage of recent policy,” said Santos, “it’s an honor to be part of this historic moment as our units and lessons will be among the first to be shared with school districts as examples of how this history can be worked into the U.S. History courses.”
Santos’ colleagues and students shared their thoughts in a student directed video on the value of having an Ethnic Studies department.
“Know Your Roots” video produced by Santos’ former student, Karl Mena
Mexican American student:
Ethnic Studies taught me how to put theory into practice on the days when the world reminds me why Ethnic Studies is so necessary, I know how to navigate through all the rage or hurt in order to heal and build because of what I learned from Ethnic Studies.
Ethnic Studies means learning about the world – the his/herstory of our people and how it has shaped my experiences and identity. It has given me hope and taught me that my narrative matters. I also learned that it takes action in our communities to transform it, and helped me find agency to struggle alongside people in the fight for liberation.
African American student:
Ethnic Studies has taught me selflessness, willingness to give back to my ancestors, my people. It has always grounded me in my actions, it has led me to organize more people and teach more people the root causes of the world. Ethnic Studies has led me to my community, it has made me learn that my identity is bound to the people/collective I serve.
Santos concludes, “Ethnic Studies is a means of critical analysis on the basis of race, gender, sexuality and class. It allows students to see how all these identities shape our lives and teaches students to identify problems, analyze roots causes, and take a critical look at historical and current issues as a means to create solutions for their communities and put them into action. I look forward to sharing our curriculum because I think this approach is exactly what we need to see more of in the world today.”
This article was originally posted on September 22, 2017.
- ‘Teaching for Black Lives’ — a handbook to help all educators fight racism
Washington Post, July 10, 2018
- San Francisco State finds evidence that ethnic studies students do better
InsideHigherEd.com, July 9, 2018
- Stanford study suggests academic benefits to ethnic studies courses
Stanford University, January 12, 2016
- The Value of Ethnic Studies—For All Students
TeachingTolerance.org, January 15, 2015
Students, educators mobilize in support of ethnic studies programs
Irregardless of geography, state-level politics, or opponents who seek to stoke race-based fears, educators and students around the country are finding ways to organize, build strong coalitions, and help establish new ethnic studies programs, or pass legislation requiring schools to offer some ethnic studies courses.
In Arizona, years of hard work by faculty, staff, students and community members paid off in 2017 when Pima Community College launched its Department of Ethnic, Gender & Transborder Studies. The opening of the department coincided with the reversal of a 2012 court ruling which essentially banned as unconstitutional the teaching of Mexican-American Studies in Arizona K-12 classrooms. The federal judge who reversed the ruling found that it violated students’ constitutional rights and that those who worked to end Mexican American Studies were “motivated by racial animus” and “by a desire to advance a political agenda by capitalizing on race-based fears.”Read More
In Indiana, the Indiana State Teachers Association (ISTA) worked closely with the NAACP in supporting a law requiring Indiana high schools to offer ethnic and racial studies as an elective course at least once a year. Its surprising passage by the very conservative Indiana state legislatures was the culmination of a four-year, multi-racial campaign.
In California, social studies teacher and NEA member Jose Lara and a coalition of activists spearheaded the fight for the state’s game-changing ethnic studies bill. The first of its kind in the country, the landmark bill ordered the creation of a model ethnic studies course for high school students statewide.
And in Seattle, the NAACP, inspired by the adoption of ethnic studies programs for the city of Portland and the entire state of California, worked closely with students and a broad coalition of Washington educators to craft a similar resolution for Seattle’s schools. The proposal aims to make ethnic studies a mandatory part of curriculum by 2020.
Advocates point to a Stanford University study which found that attendance increased by 21%, GPA by 1.4 grade points, and earned credits by 23 for San Francisco high school students enrolled in ethnic studies courses.
- Ethnic Studies In Seattle: A look inside the classrooms of antiracist educators
IAmAnEducator.com, May 22, 2018
- Ethnic studies victories in Arizona come at critical time for the state and country
NEAEdjustice.org, October 12, 2017
- Educators and NAACP persuade Hoosiers ethnic studies benefit everyone
NEAEdjustice.org, June 19, 2017
- Resolution 2016-17/17, Supporting Ethnic Studies in Seattle Public Schools
Seattle Public Schools, June 5, 2017
- Students push Seattle school board to support ethnic studies as central to the American experience
NEAEdjustice.org, March 24, 2017
- It’s commonsense! Why California educators took ethnic studies mainstream
NEAEdjustice.org, December 3, 2016
- A Resolution of the Pima County Board of Supervisors in Support of Increasing Ethnic Studies Courses and Programs of Study in Arizona and in Support of the Creation of an Arizona Ethnic Studies Articulation Task Force
Pima County Board of Supervisors, March 23, 2016
- A Education activist expands students’ reach of ethnic studies of an Arizona Ethnic Studies Articulation Task Force
NEAEdjustice.org, January 27, 2016
What's in a school name?
More than 100 schools across the country are still named after Confederate leaders, and over a quarter of those have predominately African American student bodies. In many communities, students, educators, parents and community activists are increasingly challenging whether Americans should continue to honor in public places people who fought to perpetuate human slavery.
These efforts gained momentum in the summer of 2017, as pressure mounted in state after state to remove Confederate monuments. Many students and educators took inspiration from these efforts, and began to look at the names of their schools.
In Jackson, Mississippi, a mother and daughter sparked an effort to change a school name from honoring the president of the Confederacy; students voted overwhelmingly to name the school after Barack Obama. In Minneapolis, students are driving an effort to rename Patrick Henry High School, after learning that the school’s namesake and revolutionary leader was also a slave owner.Read More
In some instances, rather than re-naming an existing school, activists have organized to influence the process for naming a new school. In April 2018, the Montgomery County, Md., Board of Education voted to name a new elementary school after Bayard Rustin, a gay African-American activist who worked alongside Martin Luther King, Jr., making the school the first in the state to be named after an openly gay person.
- Maryland Names New School After Gay African-American Civil Rights Activist
NEAEdJustice.org, June 7, 2018
- Debate brewing over whether to change the name of Patrick Henry High in Minneapolis
Minneapolis Star-Tribune, April 27, 2018
- Inspired by national movement, student organizes school name change campaign
NEAEdJustice.org, January 25, 2018
- Daughter and mother spark change in Mississippi school’s name: The president of the Confederacy’s out and Barack Obama’s in
NEAEdJustice.org, November 3, 2017
- School honoring Confederate icon to be renamed after Barack Obama
CBS Evening News, October 19, 2017
- Whose heritage? A Report on public symbols of the Confederacy
Southern Poverty Law Center
Black Lives Matter at School
As racism and xenophobia become more prevalent and overt in our schools and communities, it is more important than ever to listen to and elevate the voices, experiences, and history of our fellow citizens and communities under attack.
The goal of Black Lives Matter at School is to spark an ongoing movement of critical reflection and honest conversation in school communities for people of all ages to engage with issues of racial justice.
At universities and K-12 schools around the country — from a majority white high school outside of Seattle, to a majority African-American school district in Philadelphia — students and educators are fostering intentional conversations about racism and its impact on classrooms, and standing up for racial equity in education.
View our main Black Lives Matter at School page.Read More
- Talking About Race
A collection of resources curated by NEA, including classroom appropriate lesson plans and guides on how to have tough conversations with peers and students.
- Art and Activism
Art, video, and ideas to engage classrooms and communities to support racial and social justice.
- OneBlair: Students organize for racial unity and end up winning award
NEAEdJustice.org, November 9, 2017
- The case for teaching Black Lives Matter in schools
NEAEdJustice.org, February 8, 2017
- Next for #BlackLivesMatterAtSchool – challenging systemic racism in Seattle schools
NEAEdJustice.org, October 31, 2016
- As racism rears its ugly head on college campuses, black students fight back by organizing
NEAEdJustice.org, October 6, 2017
Historical Inaccuracies Are Barriers To Racial Justice
James Baldwin wrote, “American history is longer, larger, more various, more beautiful, and more terrible than anything anyone has ever said about it.” We can teach it that way!
More than any other topic, history is about us. Our nation is more stratified than any other industrialized country. The average White household has twelve times the wealth of Black or Native households. Nationally, schools are as segregated now as in the 1970s. Our public schools are where students should think about how we got this way.
Textbooks rarely use the past to illuminate the present. Worse, they mystify important topics in our past.
Instead, textbooks rarely use the past to illuminate the present. Worse, they mystify important topics in our past, including the Civil War and Reconstruction, making it harder to think about race relations. Consequently, history courses that should help build community often instead widen gaps by race and class. When asked their favorite subject, students across the U.S. usually rank history last. Students of color typically view history with a special dislike.Read More
This series, Correct(ed), tackles problems in history that we often teach wrong. Hopefully, educators, parents, and communities will find them fascinating and useful, because we all need to be historically literate, so we can help students (and ourselves) make sense of the present.
I hope you will join me on this journey.
James W. Loewen, Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Vermont, is the author of “Lies My Teacher Told Me” and “The Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader.” Each article in this series will come with a short annotated bibliography, often to items Loewen wrote, for educators seeking additional information. For more information and resources see: James W. Loewen’s official web page.
Loewen, James W. “Introduction,” Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 1-9.
Discusses why relying on textbooks won’t do.
Articles in This Series:
- Introducing the Series “Correct(ed)”
- Correct(ed): How To Teach Slavery
- Correct(ed): How To Teach Secession
- Correct(ed): The Confederacy and Race Relations
- Correct(ed): Confederate Public History
- Correct(ed): Reconstruction
- Correct(ed): How to Teach the Nadir of Race Relations
- Correct(ed): Teaching the Civil Rights Movement
Building Power in Our Communities
Ready to get active and be the superhero our students deserve in the fight for racial, social and economic justice in public education? Then join the NEA EdJustice League!
Ethnic Studies Toolkit
Check out the resource toolkit at EthnicStudiesNow.com that was helpful in campaigns to make ethnic studies a graduation requirement at two of the largest school districts in California.
A comprehensive review of research on ethnic studies programs by the NEA Research Department found that diversity courses boost critical thinking, academic achievement and problem-solving skills.
Teaching Tolerance is committed to educating for a diverse democracy. Discover and develop world-class materials with a community of educators committed to diversity, equity and justice.
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People write, draw, or place colored stickers on paper shapes (such as trees, fish, flowers, or lanterns) to share their hopes for the park's future.
Wish Objects capture the unique character of the park and neighborhood and give people a strong visual example of the park's future possibilities.
Wish Objects are also easy to do, make for a fun way to quantify data, and attract participants from ages five to 70.
A how-to sheet to create your own!
More Reasons We Like This Tool
Crafty and Artistic
- Perfect for kids who like to draw and decorate and adults who want to tap into their creative sides.
- Colorful shapes make a great display at community centers, schools, and at future park events to attract interest in the project.
Great Conversation Starter
- Bright and eye-catching, Wish Objects help engage passersby and encourage them to participate in the visioning process.
- Created with the park's character in mind, Wish Objects can resemble everything from fish (waterfront parks) to flowers (parks with a gardening focus).
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a1 University of Glasgow Division of Developmental Medicine, 1st Floor Tower Block QMH, Yorkhill Hospitals' Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
Prevalence of obesity in preschool children has increased dramatically in recent years. The preschool years (age 3–6 years) have been regarded as critical for the programming of energy balance, via the concept of early ‘adiposity rebound’. Children who undergo early adiposity rebound are at increased risk of later obesity. Recent evidence suggests that associations between timing of adiposity rebound and later obesity may not reflect programming, but might denote that ‘obesogenic’ growth trajectories are often established by the preschool period. Studies of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in preschool children show that levels of physical activity are typically low and sedentary behaviour high. The review of evidence presented here is supportive of the hypothesis that physical activity is protective against obesity in the preschool period, and that sedentary behaviour, particularly television viewing, is obesogenic. Definitive evidence on dose–response relationships between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and obesity remain unclear. Dose–response evidence could be obtained fairly readily by intervention and longitudinal observational studies that use accelerometry in preschool children. The generalisability of much of the evidence base is limited and there is a need for research on the influence of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the preschool years in the aetiology of obesity in the developing world.
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On Tuesday, December 8, 2009, just in time for National Computer Science Education Week, the the USC Institute for Creative Technologies and the Museum of Science, Boston introduced “Grace” and “Ada,” two of the most advanced virtual humans ever created to interact with museum visitors. Programmed to find activities in the Museum’s Cahners ComputerPlace that match visitors’ interests, these artificially intelligent digital twins love to talk about themselves and even have a sense of humor!
A group of fourth-graders from Cambridge’s Graham and Parks Alternative School were the first visitors to meet the museum’s new computer-based interpreters—named fittingly after computer pioneers Grace Hopper and Ada Lovelace. The kids’ mission is to help Museum educators and visiting scientists make the twins even “smarter” than they already are.
In the next year, museum visitors will play a key role in “teaching” Ada and Grace even more. Part of a three-year research project, funded by the National Science Foundation, scientists from ICT working with museum educators, integrated some of the latest research in natural language understanding, artificial intelligence (AI), and computer graphics and animation to program the 19-year-old virtual female twins to move, listen, think, and talk just like real people.
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George Grosz: War→Madness→Dada
On the 26th of July 1893, German artist George Grosz was born in Berlin. From an early age, Grosz had passionate ideological views. In January 1919, he was arrested during the Spartakus uprising in Berlin, a general strike accompanied by armed battles, which was being suppressed by the Weimar government, marking the end of the German revolution. Grosz escaped arrest using fake identification and he soon joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In 1921, the artist was accused of insulting the army, which resulted in a 300 German Mark fine and the destruction of a collection of his work entitled Gott mit uns (“God with us”), a satire on German society. Grosz left the KPD in 1922 after having spent five months in Russia and meeting Lenin and Trotsky, because of his antagonism to any form of dictatorial authority. Bitterly anti-Nazi, Grosz left Germany for the USA in 1933 shortly before Hitler came to power but returned to Berlin a few years before his death (caused by a drunken stumble down a flight of stairs). Today, Grosz, a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group, is mostly remembered for his off the wall drawings and oils of Berlin life from the 1920s. One of his better known works from this period (see feature image) is Eclipse of the Sun.(1926) “It represents a scathing critique of the military industrial complex that controlled Weimar Germany where power and greed reigned supreme. Bureaucrats, who are literally “mindless,” attend to the corrupt dealings of the corpulent industrialist and the President of the Reich, Paul von Hindenburg. The sun, a symbol of life, is eclipsed by a dollar sign, a symbol of greed. The donkey, representing the German burgher, has blinders on to signify his ignorance. A small child, representing youth or perhaps a dissident voice, is kept imprisoned below, demonstrating the lack of concern for future generations. The convoluted perspective of the image underscores the instability of Weimar Germany.” (Heckscher Museum of Art, Huntington, N.Y.)
There has been a significant amount of writing about the Dadaists, particularly, George Grosz, his life and art, in relation to psychiatry. Amongst many of these artists, he experienced or simulated mental illness during WWI. The Dada ‘state of mind’ as well as their artistic output has since been connected to mental health conditions such as paranoia or neurasthenia, often resulting from post-traumatic stress following the violence and atrocities of life in wartime as well as on the front. Michael White, author of Generation Dada (2013, Yale University Press) writes that, “there is a substantial body of literature on Grosz that has examined his depiction of sexual violence and murder in the period and located it centrally to an understanding of his work. The common strand to these approaches is to perceive the simulation of trauma in Dada montage or the depiction of sexual violence as attempts to shore up a threatened or damaged masculinity. By analogising Dada montage to the psychiatric procedures of shock treatment, Brigid Doherty specifically casts it as reparative in intent and devised for an audience that was itself ‘traumatophile’, in search of relief from anxiety through shock.” (Michael White, ‘The Grosz case: Paranoia, Self-Criticism and Anti-Semitism’, Oxford Art Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2007).
“The Dadaists were the inventors of the metaphor of madness as a form of war resistance. For instance, Jean Arp, who was discharged from military duty on the grounds of mental illness (which he simulated), wound up in Switzerland where he met the founders of what soon enough would be called Dada. One way of posing the question of origins is the following: when did faking madness start, and when did opposition to the war begin to take the form of simulating insanity? Jean Arp said, ‘We were looking for an elementary art which would be capable of saving humanity from the furious insanity of the times. We aspired to a new order which could restore the equilibrium between heaven and hell.’ Equally, Tristan Tzara was adamant that, ‘Each man must cry: there is a great destructive, negative job to do: sweep away, clean up.’ (from Annette Becker, ‘The Avant-Garde, Madness and the Great War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 1, Special Issue: Shell-Shock, Jan., 2000). The overwhelming Dadaist message was: out with the old, in with the new!
In Berlin, Grosz and John Heartfield organized the first International Dada Fair in 1920. Otto contributed with his canvas entitled War Cripples: A Self-Portrait (1920) which portrayed four war invalids with severely broken bodies and spirits. Many Dada artists and writers actually ended up committing suicide, it somehow was their ultimate stand against war and what was left in its aftermath… Anette Becker wrote of the Dadaist artist: “The war is over; he is still in uniform, and he spins his metaphors like a cinema reel.” From their part, the incoming Nazis wanted to destroy the resulting ‘crude’ or ‘degenerate’ art. In the 1937 catalogue of the censored ‘Degenerate Art’ exhibition, there is a direct quotation from Hitler, who in 1934 said: ‘Those who look for novelty above all can only go mad’. “Modern art, and in particular German expressionism, contradicted root and branch all the aesthetic and social values of Nazism. In Dix, or Grosz or Beckmann, where is respectability, order, security? Their work is a cry of despair of men trapped in a personal and collective drama, one in which the war had played a decisive part. With the exhibition, and with the destruction of a number of works from it, the nazis wanted to prove the moral decadence, the degeneracy of Weimar. Of all their enemies, the nazis chose Otto Dix and George Grosz as exem-plary degenerates in the exhibition. Is it surprising that this was so, given the importance of the war in their art, the place of the disabled and the disfigured, who constituted a veritable ‘imagery of military sabotage’?” (Annette Becker).
Feature Image: George Grosz (1893-1959), Eclipse of the Sun, 1926, Oil on canvas, 81-5/8 x 71-7/8 in, Heckscher Museum of Art, N.Y.
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Many of the towns in the Parkes Shire who have seen their heydays come and go have questionable futures. However Brolgan isn’t one of those, with its site set to play an integral part in the logistics of the nation. While its future is exciting, there is a history that is often overlooked and underappreciated. This blog hope to redress this.
A fascinating part of researching old towns and localities is how they were officially recorded in the Census. The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics – the forerunner to the Australian Bureau of Statistics – did not include Brolgan in its 1947 Census, but Brolgan does feature in the 1954 Census with a population of 55. The CBCS then omitted Brolgan again in the 1961 Census and by 1966 the Acting Commonwealth Statistician, J. P. O’Neill had devised a new way to record results and only Bogan Gate, Parkes, Peak Hill, Trundle and Tullamore are recorded.
A place called Brolgan is first mentioned in 1853 in New South Wales Government Gazette article about CROWN LANDS BEYOND THE SETTLED DISTRICTS where there is also mention of Brolgan Plains (Source: Trove) Newspapers and Government Gazettes of this period also made mention of Brolgan Plains Run and Back Brolgan Station. Often frustrating for modern readers is the lack of consistent spelling in people and place names. Brolgan also experienced this, with a notice for public auction for the station of Thomas Morris, called “Bralgan” or “Brogan” (Source: Trove)
Throughout the latter part of the 19th Century, Brolgan is mentioned at least weekly in either newspapers or NSW Government Gazette. The land was highly prized and Brolgan had a proactive branch of the Farmers & Settlers Association, who campaigned for the release of more land for settlement.
While many towns and localities had small one teacher schools, Brolgan had two. The first was Brolgan Public School, but after the railway line was laid and Brolgan Siding grew it petitioned the NSW Department of Education for a school. Initially it was Brolgan Siding Provisional School, but after more campaigning by the locals it was granted full status becoming Brolgan Siding Public School in 1901.
In 1972 a British film company came to the Parkes district to film most of the Australian scenes for the Harry Secombe-led Sunstruck. While the Parkes Champion Post of the time reported the locations as being “near Nelungaloo”, both current and former residents of Brolgan will highlight that it was their town, not Nelungaloo, as the actual location.
Braeside, the home of Joe Venables, is located in Brolgan. The Venables allowed the film company to temporarily use the house, turning into the fictional Kookaburra Springs’ Mayfair Hotel.
Gwenda Chester is the daughter of Joe Venables and remembers the filming occuring on her parents’ property. Her dads horses, Spin and Jenny, were also used in the film. Gwenda recalls that Spin was a particularly flighty horse and the one that Maggie Fitzgibbon had to ride. However the actress demonstrated her horse-riding prowess and handlded Spin really well. Wilf Norris of Eugowra supplied the main horse, with Dobbin playing Old Nell in the film. Dobbin died a week before the film’s world premiere in Parkes.
The future of Brolgan
Many towns and localities have a great past but their futures are in doubt. The same cannot be said for Brolgan, due to its location it is poised to plan an integral part of 21st Century Australian business.
Parkes Shire Library would like to thank the following people and organisations for their assistance in making this post possible:
If you have stories, photographs or memories that you are willing to share about Brolgan (or the film Sunstruck) please contact Parkes Shire Library via firstname.lastname@example.org so that they can be shared and kept for posterity on this blog. Alternatively you may leave comments on this page.
News from the Colonial Fields. (The latest information concerning mining shares will be found in our Telegraphic and Commercial Reports.) NEW SOUTH WALES. (May 13, 1882). Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1870 – 1907), p. 22. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70968993
TENDERS FOR WORKS IN CONNECTION WITH PUBLIC SCHOOLS. (June 29, 1886). New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW : 1832 – 1900), p. 4338. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221686557
Gunningbland and Brolgan & Warrigal Joint Meeting. (June 1, 1900). Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder (NSW : 1899 – 1952), p. 10. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213241221
Gwenda Chester (June 30, 2020). [Map generated from information on Gwenda Chester’s sketch map of Brolgan including Sunstruck filming locations]. Unpublished raw data.
“Kookaburra Springs” Pub Takes Shape. (January 5, 1972). Parkes Champion Post, p. 3.
Harry Secombe with Sunstruck children (n.d.). photograph. Used with permission, from the Sharryn Cunningham personal collection
‘SUPERSTAR’ IS A WARM, FRIENDLY HUMAN BEING. (January 19, 1972). Parkes Champion Post, p.10
The Harry Secombe Coach House Trophy. (January 24, 1972). Parkes Champion Post, p.3
New South Wales. Department of Lands. (1963). Parish of Brolgan, County of Ashburnham Land District of Parkes, Goobang Shire, Central Division N.S.W Retrieved June 29, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-233726965
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Job roles get altered from time to time to meet modern business demands, and so do the software that organizations depend on. In recent years, collaboration software has completely revolutionized the workplace by streamlining workflow and keeping everyone on the same page. What is collaborative software? In simple terms, collaborative software is a solution that helps people to participate in a joint task or work together on a certain project. Businesses in just about any industry have adopted this software as it has proved to be highly functional, highly intuitive and easy to use.
What is the Purpose of Collaborative Software?
For a business to achieve great success, everything boils down to one thing – collaboration, which is people working together towards a common goal. The purpose of collaborative software, therefore, is to make it possible for people to work together. Once put in place, this software facilitates the following:
- Communication between people
Good communication is essential for efficient decision making and the management of day-to-day processes. Collaborative software facilitates communication between colleagues, allowing tasks to be accomplished on time and cost-effectively. Team leaders and managers can utilize this software to relay objectives, assign specific tasks and reason with their juniors in a brief and logical manner.
- Sharing of information
Collaboration software is also a tool that facilitates sharing of information. Using the software, people involved in a joint project or task can be able to share information in form of documents, audio and video files, and other forms of media even across geographical distances.
- Working together on data/information
As businesses strive to remain on the competitive edge of their respective markets, it has become extremely vital to encourage creativity in the workplace so as to promote healthy employee relationships and boost productivity. Collaborative software enables people to work together on information by sharing their ideas and skills. The software also allows for brainstorming, whereby people get to offer different perspectives to provide practical solutions.
- Coordination of efforts and activities
This software enables team members to team up on a common platform and work towards the attainment of a common objective. Collaboration gives each one of them equal opportunities to put in their efforts and partake in group activities, giving them a strong sense of purpose.
Benefits of Collaboration Software
There are different ways in which teams can benefit from utilizing collaborative software in their workplaces. The benefits include:
- It stores information in the cloud so it can be viewed, tagged and shared among team members.
- Helps in proper task management, as it split tasks up and enables team member to keep track of their to-do lists.
- Promotes self-analysis as it enables teammates to take a glimpse of both their weaknesses and strengths.
- It promotes pooling of skills, thus creates a more competent, able and productive team.
- It helps in timely problem solving as it facilitates real-time discussions within teammates.
- Since collaboration helps to add meaning to how teammates perceive their job, workers tend to stay with a business longer. This extra satisfaction and definition results in employee retention.
Popular Collaboration Tools for Businesses
The most popular and commonly used collaboration tools for businesses include:
- Social networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, etc.
- CRM workflow
- Instant messengers such as Whatsapp, Messenger, etc.
- Telephony and voicemail
- Video conferencing
When choosing collaboration software, it’s important for companies to consider flexibility and the usability of the tool. Also to be noted is the software’s ability to integrate with any 3rd-party tools. Important questions should also be answered when choosing a collaborative tool, i.e. who will oversee the governance of the tool? Who will teach the employees how to utilize the software? Are all data and conversations safe from both external and internal hacks? What will happen if and when the software will need upgrading? Addressing these aspects beforehand will help in choosing the ideal collaborative software to use.
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Are your eyeglasses streaky and smudged no matter how often you clean them? Try these tips to help keep them clear and smudge-free.View Article
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Nearsightedness (Myopia) and Vision Therapy
This is a brief description of the condition, how it arises, evolves and how it is usually treated. Alternative treatment methods, principally vision therapy, are also introduced. Such alternative methods are primarily aimed at myopia reduction or myopia control. More and more people are looking for myopia reduction methods and no professional is better equipped to provide myopia reduction options than behavioral optometry. Not all behavioral optometrists provide myopia reduction specifically, but most will provide a level of care that tends to be more likely to control the factors that contribute to the increase of myopia that standard eye care generally accepts as normal and unavoidable. For more in-depth reading visit the Articles section – particularly: What’s So Great About 20/20? and Myopia Reduction:A View From The Inside. You might also want to order Dr. Gallop’s book “Looking Differently at Nearsightedness and Myopia.”
Nearsightedness, often referred to as myopia, is the most common reason for people under the age of 40 to visit the eye doctor. Typically, a child who fails the eye screening at school goes to the eye doctor. This visit usually results in glasses. These glasses are called “corrective” although this term is inaccurate. A corrective device should correct something. Typical glasses merely mask the problem. When the glasses are removed, things still look blurry in the distance. In fact, most people undergo continuing deterioration once they start wearing such “corrective” lenses.
Most people become dependent on these lenses. Like other dependencies, there is a tendency to need something stronger as time goes by. These lenses are compensating rather than corrective devices. They compensate for an inability to see clearly in the distance. They do not address the actual cause. The nearsightedness can be eliminated in many cases when the cause is properly addressed. The condition can be improved and stabilized in those cases where total elimination is not possible. The same holds true for farsightedness and astigmatism.
A nearsighted individual is unable to see clearly in the distance without artificial lenses. A large segment of the population is nearsighted. Very few are born nearsighted. In fact, most people are born slightly farsighted. Behavioral optometrists regard this small amount of farsightedness as a protective cushion. This cushion provides a margin of safety in the event that there is too much stress placed on the visual system. Modern culture, with all of its near work, all but guarantees there will be considerable stress on the visual system. Some people are better able to weather the storm than others. The visual system can and should be protected whenever possible. The things that can protect this cushion are proper visual hygiene, preventive/vision enhancing lenses and vision therapy/visual training.
Many visual problems, including nearsightedness, arise because the visual demands of our culture run contrary to the original nature of the way the visual process was meant to be used. We spend most of our time indoors, and much of that time reading or at the computer. Throughout most of the history of human beings we spent most of our time outdoors. Our visual demands were more varied. They generally involved a broader range of physical activity, and consisted of much more distance viewing. In order to see far away, we must relax the lenses inside our eyes. Near focusing requires work to flex the muscles inside the eyes. More people of all ages are becoming nearsighted. In the past it was unusual for people over the age of 16 to begin a nearsighted progression. It is fairly common today. This is due to the true nature of most nearsightedness, which is improper or inefficient use of the visual system.
The process of becoming nearsighted is often an adaptation to visual difficulty. The primary problem is typically what behavioral optometrists refer to as “nearpoint stress,” that is, the continual demands for focusing, seeing, and performing at near. Prolonged work utilizing close, flat surfaces is visually stressful. Our two eyes placed as they are (facing forward in the front of the head) allows for a three-dimensional perception of the world. A flat surface restricts the freedom of the visual system to flex and relax within three-dimensional space. Also, prolonged visual activity in the absence of movement is stressful. The visual process is one of action. Prolonged sedentary activity is similar to prolonged two-dimensional viewing in its negative effects. Just as the eyes were designed for three-dimensional flexing, the body is designed for movement. Prolonged stillness can be stressful. The fact is, most people are not able to use their eyes with maximum efficiency and comfort while reading or working at the computer.
Vision-enhancing lenses should be worn for all prolonged near activities. Vision-enhancing lenses help to keep the visual system relaxed. They also reduce the strain on the entire visual system during these activities. It is always best to have the right tool. This is similar to using a hammer to drive a nail. We would never think of doing this with our bare hands. Our hands are not designed to do this task even though it is a task that is often necessary to do. Since the visual system was not designed for the stress our culture places on it, we must use an appropriate tool for the job. Lenses that are worn to see clearly in the distance do not accomplish the goal of seeing comfortably and efficiently close up. In fact, distance lenses put added stress on the visual system when worn for near work. Specially prescribed near lenses are required. These lenses will increase comfort, productivity, and endurance during close work. They will if worn appropriately, in many cases, permanently increase distance clarity as well.
There are numerous options for dealing with nearsightedness. By far, the most common is compensating lenses (glasses or contact lenses). Such lenses will simply mask the problem allowing, and will cause things to worsen in the majority of cases. More recently, surgical procedures have emerged that achieve the same effect. These procedures permanently alter the shape of the cornea, changing the way light focuses inside the eye. However, surgery is simply a more permanent way of masking the surface problem without addressing the actual causes. Therefore, the nearsightedness can return, which does in fact occur after these surgeries at least 20% of the time. This is particularly true for people under the age of thirty and may be one the reasons that these procedures are not performed on younger people. It is also important to note that there is no guarantee that the need for glasses will be eliminated by such surgery. There also remain unanswered questions as to the long-term effects on the physical health of the eye itself after surgery.
Orthokeratology is a safer way of masking nearsightedness. This approach requires wearing special contact lenses that gradually change the shape of the cornea. In some cases these lenses are only worn during sleep, and the eye retains its modified shape throughout the day. Therefore, compensating lenses need not be worn during waking hours.
Since 1920 the work of Dr. W.H. Bates (and later, others) has inspired many people to try doing without their glasses. Bates advocated going without glasses and doing various exercises to “strengthen the eyes” and promote relaxation. His ideas were completely at odds with his peers, but he certainly helped break the rigid pattern of thinking of his day. Bates may have been the first to think in terms of myopia reduction.
In the late 1920s A.M. Skeffington and others began the thinking and hard work that led to what is now known as Developmental or Behavioral Optometry. Behavioral optometry has developed countless techniques to prevent, stabilize, or reverse the symptoms and effects of nearsightedness (as well as many other visual problems). Vision-enhancing lenses are an important part of the process of improving vision. Vision therapy is another excellent means of improving vision.
Vision therapy is a program of activities that help people observe, learn about, and change how they are using their visual process. Although often referred to as “eye exercises” vision therapy is much more than that. It is important to understand that we do not really see with our eyes – we see with our brains. And vision therapy is a means of retraining the brain. By setting up the proper conditions, and using the appropriate language, equipment, and lenses it is possible to retrain the brain. This is an important point. The eyes and their supporting muscles can only do what the brain tells them to do. When the visual process is not working properly it is because there is confusion in the brain. That is, the brain is not processing visual information accurately. This can be improved with therapeutic lenses and vision therapy in most cases. Myopia reduction is best achieved by working with a behavioral optometrist who offers vision therapy and therapeutic lenses.
Standard, medically oriented approaches to eye care will not usually provide comprehensive information on the causes and possible treatment options available. These standard approaches are limited to compensating for the surface issues, using compensating lenses or surgery. There is no room for creative thinking and treatment options in these approaches. You must seek creative solutions for yourself. Developmental/behavioral optometry offers more in-depth philosophies of visual care, more comprehensive diagnostic techniques and truly corrective treatment options.
There are also a number of do-it-yourself myopia reduction programs available claiming to help people reduce or eliminate myopia. While many of these programs come from well-intentioned people and philosophies of vision care, none of them address the full-scope of issues that are important to long-term improvement of visual function. It is best to find a trained, dedicated professional to properly address these issues and provide the most comprehensive care for myopia reduction and all other visual conditions.
Contact Dr. Gallop for more information about behavioral optometry, vision therapy or your own nearsightedness.
Optometric Extention Program Foundation www.OEPF.org
College of Optometrists in Vision Development www.COVD.org
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File Sharing @ UND
PEER TO PEER FILE SHARING
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing technology allows users to make files available for other users to download and use. File sharers store files on their computers and the file-sharing software enables other users to download the files onto their computers. Examples of P2P file sharing networks include FastTrack (KaZaA), Gnutella, BitTorrent, and FreeNet, among others.
How you use P2P software may violate federal copyright law and University Policy. If you use P2P software, you may receive notices of copyright infringement and or be subject to other legal action.
P2P FILE SHARING CAN VIOLATE UNIVERSITY POLICY
University Policy prohibits the use of the UND computer network to violate copyright law (see the UND Student Acceptable Use Policy and NDUS Procedure 1901.2) . P2P software can undermine network security and expose your computer to threats, such as viruses, malware, password and identity theft, spyware, and other threats that can incapacitate computers. P2P software can also unintentionally expose your sensitive personal and University data to others on the P2P network.
University policy covering use of the UND network extends to any computers you connect to the UND network. Furthermore, activity that occurs on a wireless router that you have connected to the UND network, such as in a residence hall or apartment, may be tracked back to you.
P2P FILE SHARING CAN BE ILLEGAL
Using P2P file-sharing software that copies and distributes music, videos, software, games, or other copyrighted works without permission of the copyright holder is a violation of US copyright law. If you have P2P file-sharing applications installed on your computer, you may be sharing copyrighted works illegally without even realizing it. Even if you do not intend to engage in infringing activity, installing P2P software on a computer can easily end up sharing unintended files (copyrighted music or even sensitive documents) with other P2P users, and you may then be personally responsible for the legal and financial consequences of illegal file sharing on your computer.
Content owners, such as the recording industry, movie studios, and game and software companies, are specifically targeting illegal file sharing on university networks. The RIAA has employed aggressive legal strategies to address illegal file sharing, such as forwarding the University “early settlement letters” for alleged infringers and filing infringement lawsuits. Since September 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has filed suits against more than 20,000 individuals using P2P software worldwide, and UND students have been among those threatened with lawsuits.
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A trust is a legal arrangement in which a person names another to hold an estate on behalf of a third person until certain conditions are met for those assets to be released to their intended owner. The person who grants the trust is called the ‘settlor’ or ‘grantor,’ the one who protects the assets is the ‘trustee,’ and the intended recipient of the trust is often referred to as the ‘beneficiary.’ In most cases, the grantor will set specific instructions and qualifying expectations that the trustee must meet in order to fulfill their legal obligations.
In some circumstances, however, one of the parties involved in the trust might feel the need to dispute the conditions set by the trust. In order for an established trust to be amended or terminated, the person contesting for change must have proper standing. In the majority of circumstances, the individual usually has to be the beneficiary in order to contest the trust, though there are many different reasons why someone might want to contest the grantor’s wishes.
1. Inaccurate reflection of the grantor’s wishes
In some circumstances, the beneficiary might feel that the details laid out by the trust might not accurately represent the wishes of the settlor. There could be a variety of reasons for this, such as if there are allegations that the grantor was unduly influenced by someone else when setting the terms of the trust. It could even be claimed that the details of the trust where set under duress or forged under fraudulent circumstances.
2. The trust doesn’t serve it’s intended purpose
It is possible that the circumstances of the individuals involved in the trust were different when the trust was conceived to where they stand at the time of the trust’s enforcement, and this could mean that terms are enforced that are no longer relevant.
For example, in some instances, a trust can actually cost more to administer than the beneficiaries are able to receive, which undermines the purpose of the trust is to profit the beneficiary.
In most cases, the nature of a trust is to avoid financial disputes altogether, which can make it all the more difficult when parties are forced into a situation where they feel they have to contest the terms set out by the trust. In order to deal with delicate matters like this sensitively, it is important to seek the counsel of The Inheritance Experts who can help you protect your rights while preserving relationships with those involved.
3. Ambiguity within the terms of the trust
Sometimes the documents writing out the terms and conditions of the trust can be quite ambiguous when it comes to the language used or the instructions laid out.
In these instances, the beneficiary may make a claim for the court to declare a judgment of what the grantor’s intent was for the instructions, and to modify the terms of the agreement accordingly. In some instances, this could also provide grounds for the trust to be terminated altogether.
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Neurologists from Germany and Spain, writing in the journal Lancet Neurology, have summarised new developments in MS in 2011.
They note that new research adds weight to the likely central role of the immune system in the development of MS, that gut bacteria may play a bigger part than previously thought, and that new diagnostic criteria allow for a diagnosis of MS to be made on the first attack for up to half of people with their first episode of demyelination.
In relation to gut bacteria, we have long heard theories about the 'leaky gut' in MS; new animal research shows that our normal gut bacteria probably play a major role in the development of MS.
This may have implications for treatment in the future. As far as diagnosis goes, new criteria mean that if there is evidence of both old and new lesions on the first MRI scan, neurologists can now make the diagnosis at the first attack.
For many people, there is now no need to wait for a second attack before a firm MS diagnosis can be made. This is important as it allows people to start early with lifestyle modification to facilitate recovery.
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New Autism Diagnosis to Leave Millions of Children without Medical Attention
Agence France Presse
Febraury 6, 2012
A proposal to use new diagnostic criteria for autism has roiled the US medical community, with many experts concerned that the move could exclude children affected by some forms of the disorder.
The American Psychiatric Association recommended last month that a new category called “autism spectrum disorder” be established to incorporate several forms of autism which were previously considered separately.
These include autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder.
Under this new approach, all four would be considered a variation of autism.
But critics are concerned that this may deprive patients of access to welfare, educational and health services that are based on the old definition set by the APA.
The APA defended its decision, saying that the new criteria establishes degrees of severity for the disorder and would help provide more targeted treatment for patients.
“The proposed criteria will lead to more accurate diagnosis and will help physicians and therapists design better treatment interventions for children who suffer from autism spectrum disorder,” argued Doctor James Scully, medical director of the association.
But Fred Volkmar, head of the Children’s Psychiatry Department at Yale University, believes this revision would exclude up to 60 percent of children now suffering from Asperger’s disorder.
Volkmar said he came to this conclusion by applying the new criteria to a study he conducted in 1993 on children suffering from Asperger’s and other forms of autism.
“We went back to the old data, and we looked at the new definition, and we were worried, actually,” he told AFP.
“In our work we looked at our preliminary data in high functioning children, Asperger children, and about 60 percent lose their diagnostic. It’s huge!”
“They (American Psychiatric Association) say it’s not true. I hope it’s not true, but they are now in a position of having to respond to this.”
According to Geraldine Dawson, chief science officer of Autism Speaks, the largest private foundation in the world dedicated to research of the disorder, it is too early to know “whether there will be or not excluding people who do really have autism spectrum.”
But she said her foundation is “committed to funding research that will explore whether or not the criteria are excluding people, and our goal is to insure that ultimately no one is excluded or is denied services.”
The proposed changes have been in the works for the past 15 years because studies “show well now that Asperger’s disorder is a form of autism,” noted Eric Fombonne, chair of the Children’s Psychiatry Department at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
And if the APA decided in 1994 to consider Asperger’s separately, it was simply because “at that point we did not know if it was different or just a variation of autism.”
Therefore, it was necessary to categorise it separately to study it, he said.
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What Is a Black Box?
We’ve been hearing a lot in the news lately about black boxes, otherwise known as event data recorders (EDRs). But what exactly do they do?
Like the black box on an airplane, an EDR helps police or investigators reconstruct what happened in an accident by recording key information such as vehicle speed, throttle position, airbag deployment and brake pressure.
According to information from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, all new cars now have some kind of EDR, but those devices are far from uniform. That’s why in 2006 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration mandated that all vehicles not only be equipped with EDRs by 2013, but that the information be standardized and accessible by investigators.
NHTSA estimates it will cost only 17 cents per car to do this.
The need for more standardized and accessible EDRs came to light in the Toyota recalls when Toyota said during congressional testimony that the company had only one laptop that could download EDR data from its vehicles in the entire U.S.
The coming regulations will require EDRs to record at least 15 specific data points, but more advanced systems will be able to log things such as steering input, sideways acceleration and functionality of electronic stability control and antilock braking systems. Also, information about how to download the data quickly and easily must be made available to authorities and be in the owner’s manual.
Some privacy advocates have raised concerns about how the data could be used and who has lawful access to it. For the record, the recorded information is the property of the car owner. The only way law enforcement can access it is with the owner’s consent or a court order if the owner refuses.
Interestingly, NHTSA says its field studies have found that EDRs actually make drivers safer when they take stock of the data. The agency says its commercial fleets have seen crash reductions of as much as 30% for EDR-equipped vehicles.
And for 17 cents, that’s not too bad a deal.
Black Box 101: The Basics of Event Data Recorders (Consumer Reports)
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NGS Preschool has a three year programme. Children join the Playgroup at the age of 2+. They go on to the Reception class at 3+ and finally complete the preschool programme in the Preparatory class at the age of around 5.
Number work and literacy is introduced in the Reception class and developed further in the Preparatory class where Urdu is also introduced. By the end of the Preparatory class, children are comfortable with number work and are able to read and write small paragraphs both in English and Urdu.
A portion of each day is given to the children to work independently or in small groups at their chosen task. The teachers make the tasks challenging and interesting with clear learning objectives.
Daily “circle time”, singing and story telling ensures participation of each child.
The curriculum covers the following areas:
Exercises in Practical Life
Intended to help the 3 to 5 year olds care for themselves independently and to create awareness of the environment. The children enjoy the activities and at the same time are building their motor skills, coordination and concentration.
Sensorial-Motor Education aids in the development and refinement of the child’s senses.
The Language materials include pre-reading activities and games, and phonic instruction for reading and writing.
The Mathematics activities, as with all Montessori materials, involve the use of hands-on rather than abstract materials to develop a genuine understanding of concepts.
The Cultural areas include Geography, Botany, Science and History .
Much of the emphasis is on language development through an introduction to the correct terminology for the things in the child’s environment.
The children are encouraged to develop their innate creative potential by being exposed to a wide variety of Art and Craft materials.
Music, Creative Movement , Baking, Role Play and various other activities are also offered.
The preschool curriculum introduces children to a wide variety of these daily activities that focus on the importance of sharing, strengthen listening /comprehending skills while developing large and fine motor skills.
Focus on such attention to detail ensures that our students develop well rounded personalities, a characteristic associated with only the best nursery schools in Lahore.
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This Light Bulb Has Been Burning For More Than 100 Years—Seriously
Meet the Centennial Bulb, the million-hour light bulb.
Sometimes it seems like light bulbs burn out just a few minutes after you change them. And then, at the other end of the spectrum, there’s the Centennial Bulb in California, which has been burning since 1901.
The light bulb hangs from the ceiling of the Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department’s Fire Station #6, about an hour east of San Francisco.
The nondescript station doesn’t exactly seem like a tourist destination, according to Mental Floss’s loving homage to the bulb. Visitors looking for the famous Centennial Bulb simply have to ring the bell at the back door and wait to be let in. Engines and fire equipment line the path to where the bulb hangs, near a row of less impressive fluorescent lights. One camera pointed at the bulb for its livestream is the only indication you’re in the presence of a legend.
Plenty of people still find their way there, though, so the firefighters have added tour guide skills to their resumés. The only time visitors aren’t welcome is when an emergency call comes in and the firefighters have to politely ask them to leave so they can suit up. Sometimes, tourists will even wait at the firehouse until the firefighters return to let them back in.
A Brief Bulb History
According to anyone’s best guess, the magical bulb came from the Shelby Electric Company, in Shelby, Ohio, back in 1898.
The filament (the part that lights up) is made of carbon, the result of a “secret process” that’s still a mystery. From below, the filament looks like the word “no” in cursive—some kind of a clue, perhaps?
Experts think the bulb is about a 60-watt model. In its old age, it’s only burning at about four watts—still more than enough to keep it officially alive.
The bulb didn’t achieve fame until sometime in the early 1970s, when local reporter Mike Dunstan started investigating its history. Through a series of interviews, Dunstan discovered it had already been burning for 71 years, and a star was born.
As far as locals can recall, the Livermore light bulb has only been turned off four times in its life. The first time was in 1906, when it moved to a new fire house. Thirty-one years later, it went off again for about a week, as the station went through some renovations. In 1976, it moved again to its current home in Fire Station #6.
Most recently, early in the morning of May 20, 2013, a power supply malfunction caused it to go out suddenly. An Australian man who was watching the live stream noticed and contacted the station to alert them about the emergency. About nine hours later, after some electrical tinkering, power was restored once again.
The Centennial Bulb’s Secret To Longevity
Nobody really knows why the bulb has managed to stay alive for so many years. The Livermore firefighters have a few different theories, though. Some think it’s consistency: The bulb has been turned off so rarely that the filament never has to cool down or heat up again, so it just keeps going. Others describe it as a “perfect accident”—just one of those things nobody can really explain.
A few years ago, the fire station finally decided to take advantage of its status as a tourist attraction and publish a book about its most famous resident. Most of the public information about the bulb (including everything in this article) comes from “A Million Hours of Service,” a book about the bulb by Thomas Bramell, Livermore’s retired Deputy Fire Chief and chief bulb historian.
The book is on sale at the fire station, along with other bulb merch. Proceeds from book sales go to the Livermore-Pleasanton Firefighters Foundation, a nonprofit organization for injured and fallen firefighters.
When the bulb reached its millionth hour of life in June 2015, locals threw a party to celebrate. Partygoers danced and ate barbecue, and local officials gave short speeches in the bulb’s honor. Meanwhile, the Centennial Bulb just kept on burning, like it always has.
[h/t: Mental Floss]
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While we really don’t think that you should need systems to monitor the health of plants and let you know when they are in need of water or light, companies like Koubachi want you to add a technological brain to your potted plants. The company has come up with a system called the Wi-Fi Sensor that can you stuck into the potted plant, from where it gets connected with a web or an iOS app to monitor the needs of the plant.
A single sensor along with the app can track the conditions of up to 27 plants. However, though it sounds a lot interesting, the actual monitoring process takes a lot of hard work. First of all you have to stick the sensor in the first pot and then tell the app what kind of a plant is it and water it for the first time. Then you have to wait for a week’s time and then tell the sensor about the condition the plant is in after a week. The app then figures out the care routine to keep your plant healthy. Now if you have more plants, you have to repeat the process with each potted plant. Even after you’ve spend a lot of weeks in gathering the data for each of the plant, you still have to stick the sensor in each plant for a month for more specific care data.
The idea is definitely silly. Obviously these kind of products are made for individuals who want to grow plants, but don’t usually have any time (even a few minutes each day) to take care of them. We cannot expect these highly busy people to spend months just gathering the data, all of which is used to tell them that their plants need water and light. Instead of spending $89 for the sensor and waiting for months, it would be better if we spend just a minute every day to check the soil for moisture and water the plant when the soil looks dry.
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The breeding population of norther pintails (Anas acuta) in 1996 was 39% below the long-term average. Because winter habitat quality may influence subsequent breeding population size in pintails, identification of habitats used by wintering pintails and factors influencing use of habitats may be important for managing for population increase. We examined variation in diel use of habitats by radiotagged female pintails (n = 272) in southwestern Louisiana in relation to age (imm and ad), winter (1991-92 and 1992-93), and time period within winters (pre-hunting season, first hunting season, time between split hunting seasons, second hunting season, and post-hunting season). Diurnal use of refuges was significantly greater during hunting seasons than during immediately preceding or succeeding nonhunting seasons. Consequently, we reject Tamissier's (1976) hypothesis that high diurnal use of refuges by pintails in southwestern Louisiana occurs later in winters. Time-period differences in diurnal and nocturnal use of habitats (large permanent pools, marsh, rice, fallow [idle], and other agriculture [primarily soybeans]) were not consistent between winters. Diel use of refuges or habitats did not differ in relation to female age. Females used fallow and ice agriculture extensively, particularly at night, and these habitats collectively accounted for 68-93% of nocturnal use. Differential use of habitats between winters was related to annual differences in relative abundance of rice and fallow agriculture. Proximity of refuges to agricultural areas should be an important management consideration for wintering pintails and other waterfowl.
Additional publication details
Use of habitats by female norther pintails wintering in southwestern Louisiana
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Nutrition: Medical Team
A registered dietitian (RD) is an expert in food and nutrition. Dietitians help promote good health through proper eating. The term "nutritionist" is also widely used; however, the term nutritionist is not regulated as the term dietitian is. People may call themselves nutritionists without the educational and professional requirements of registered dietitians.
At a minimum all registered dietitians have a bachelor's degree. The majority of Palo Alto Medical Foundation (PAMF) dietitians have a master's degree. In addition to advanced education, 900 hours of supervised practice and a national exam are required. Continuing education is also required to maintain a registered dietitian certification.
Nutrition and diet play an important role in helping people with certain diseases manage their health. For example, for people with illnesses such as diabetes or renal diseases, proper diet and nutrition can help prevent and reduce complications from their conditions. Your physician can refer you to a registered dietitian for medical nutrition therapy (MNT) that involves managing nutrition using prescription-based formulas and developing a personalized treatment plan to help you effectively treat and manage your disease. MNT is usually covered by health insurance plans. Check with your insurance provider to find out about reimbursement.
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You should understand that this academic essay is your personal composition that doesn’t have any rigid structure, but make sure that every paragraph contains a clear topic sentence and try to maintain their unity. There are certain expectations for any media reaction paper, so you need to follow specific guidelines when writing it.
- It should contain no more than five pages.
- Evaluate it for enough clarity and thoughtfulness because the better the paper, the higher the grade.
- The main purpose of response papers is to encourage your thinking skills and active engagement with academic readings and another important target is to provide the necessary foundation for different class discussions.
- A media reaction paper is designed as a special writing exercise, because all students should get used to expressing their own ideas in written.
- It must address a specific question you choose.
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The Globe Wellness Organization defines health and wellness as complete physical, mental, as well as social health. It is the absence of disease and also imperfection. Nevertheless, the word health is utilized in various means. Here are some basic definitions. Listed here are a few of the most typical interpretations of wellness. And do not forget to share your very own definitions of health and wellness. They make sure to trigger some discussion! The Globe Wellness Organization’s meaning is one of the most commonly accepted.
According to the Charter of Human Rights and the United Nations, health is a source that makes it possible for people to live their lives to the greatest. The interpretation of wellness that we utilize to evaluate the quality of our wellness differs depending upon the location we live in. If we stay in the ocean, we may have heart attacks, while mountaineers might have lack of breath or anemia. Wellness is a source that sustains us to operate as a participant of society.
The WHO’s Global Fund to combat AIDS was produced in collaboration with major UN agencies and significant donors. Using this fund, the number of kids dying prior to the age of 5 declined listed below 10 million for the very first time in background. The WHO Member States likewise set international targets for health and wellness, including reducing the variety of roadway deaths. Every one of these health measures have a wide variety of effect on human wellness and the lifestyle of our neighborhoods.
Today, that has actually taken on three interpretations of health and wellness. One is wellness as the absence of disease, while one more is a state of balance in an individual’s life. Equilibrium in one’s life is an important part of health, as well as the WHO’s founding constitution highlights this importance. The term health and wellness must be specified in a holistic and interdisciplinary way. The word “health and wellness” must be defined as the complete wellness of the individual and their environment.
The WHO’s definition of wellness was a clarion ask for worldwide action. In 1950, worldwide life expectancy was 48 for men and also fifty-three for women. Infant death prevailed, and polio and also diphtheria were widespread. Health has actually transformed dramatically since then, and the definition of health and wellness must reflect that. In addition to avoiding chronic illness, healthy and balanced lifestyles as well as regular physical activity improve people’s capacity to deal. It is an effective clarion contact us to action.
Physical as well as mental health are connected. Persistent health problem can decrease an individual’s quality of life, make it hard to complete daily jobs, as well as even influence the person’s total function. A healthy and balanced way of living is the essential to general wellness. It aids us cope with stress as well as lead an active, pleasurable life. Nonetheless, psychological health and wellness as well as mental disorder commonly go hand-in-hand. The latter can raise the opportunities of creating a health problem, which detrimentally impacts the person’s physical health.
Historically, individuals of color have encountered health disparities. This has actually happened for decades, and the variations have only expanded in the past couple of decades. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, information exposed that Black individuals experienced worse health outcomes than Whites. These differences were evident in baby mortality, pregnancy-related deaths, and also total physical and psychological wellness. In 1990, Black individuals had the most affordable life span, while White people had the greatest.
The interrelationships in between these variables play a considerable role in population wellness. In order to influence multiple determinants of health and wellness, treatments that target all of these elements are one of the most efficient. While public health care are one of the most common industries that deal with these variables, other fields such as education can be vital allies in boosting populace health. These aspects additionally influence the physical and social setting. Raising cigarette tax obligations and also other environmental factors, for example, can aid people lead much healthier lives.
The clinical field has been working with specifying health since the early 19th century. Although it may not be easy to discover precise interpretations of health and wellness, one significant distinction in between disease as well as health and wellness is the method we gauge it. The medical profession defines wellness as a set of conditions that permit a body to operate. For instance, in a severe allergy, an individual can suffer anaphylactic shock or coma. By comparison, health is a lot more evasive and difficult to define.
Global health and wellness specialists have actually criticised the W.H.O. standards for declaring public health emergency situations, and also claim that the debates are politically encouraged scare strategies focused on parents. Worldwide wellness experts have suggested that the effects of carrying out the brand-new guidelines will certainly have an unfavorable impact on trainees, which would aggravate disparities and harms. Nevertheless, global wellness specialists are enthusiastic that the new guidelines will certainly assist the globe’s pupils, so the discussion deserves seeing.
The World Health and wellness Company specifies health as the state of overall physical, mental, as well as social wellness. Health is also a state of being without illness and imperfection. However, there are several other meanings of wellness. Below are simply a couple of:
The interpretation of health can vary considerably depending upon the setting. In water level, for instance, somebody struggling with anaphylactic shock from heavy shovelling may be thought about healthy, while an individual living in the hills could be struggling with shortness of breath as well as anemia. It is necessary to consider this when specifying health and wellness, due to the fact that it will transform in time. As a result, it is vital to be versatile adequate to readjust our interpretation of good health. For example, a healthy and balanced person in a cold environment might experience a mild allergy to a chilly, but a healthy and balanced individual in a warm, moist environment could suffer a cardiovascular disease from the heavy lifting.
The 3rd definition of health and wellness need to consider the demands and also aspirations of people. The concept of ‘total health’ is overly idealistic. Couple of individuals will ever experience overall wellbeing. Moreover, it is disadvantageous, as it fails to account for specials needs and chronic diseases. This is a problematic version of health and wellness as well as contributes to our overmedicalisation of our society. Our definition of wellness need to be updated to mirror the truths of our lives and our values. Click here for more info
The Globe Wellness Organization defines wellness as a resource that sustains culture. A healthy and balanced way of life enables people to live a life loaded with definition and also objective. In addition to the physical elements of health and wellness, scientists in The Lancet journal have actually defined health as the capacity to stand up to new hazards as well as infirmities. These brand-new interpretations are based upon the evolution of modern-day science. They stress the relevance of nourishment and exercise in maintaining health. Healthy living can be achieved in lots of means.
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Much of New England’s history is deeply connected to changes in nature and in particular to its geology. On this journey by foot and canoe through the forested landscape of New Hampshire and Vermont we will uncover treasures of the past hidden deep in the woods and mountains. We will experience sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous geological phenomena and its effect on patterns of human settlement, organization of society and even the political and social orientation of different states. We will climb mountain vistas, visit abandoned mines and find cool, beautiful caves. We will learn about patterns of colonization, history and legacy of natural resource extraction in the region. As we examine many nuances of the past we will begin imagine the sustainable future of humans living in balance with nature.
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New Zealand has both the world’s tallest species of Fuchsia, Fuchsia excorticata (which can exceed heights of 12m (40 ft.)) and some of the world’s smallest species, like Fuchsia procumbens. Although the naturally-occurring hybrid Fuchsia × colensoi is considered to have the tall Fuchsia excorticata as one of its parents, individuals rarely exceed 3m (10 ft.).
The other parent species is thought to be scrambling fuchsia, Fuchsia perscandens–and indeed, Fuchsia × colensoi can be somewhat leggy in habit. This may explain the difficulty I am having in finding a photograph of a mature entire plant online.
The range of Fuchsia × colensoi does not always overlap with its parent species. For example, it occurs on New Zealand’s Stewart Island, where Fuchsia perscandens is absent. At some sites, it seems to form a hybrid swarm with its parent species, backcrossing and interbreeding such that a wide range of morphological variation can be found.
NZFlora has additional photographs (but none of the entire plant!): Fuchsia × colensoi.
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Enrique Pena Nieto was elected in July of 2012 and took office as President of Mexico on December 1st, 2012. The Mexican presidency is a six-year term with no reelection, so Pena Nieto’s term lasts until 2018.
Under the past three Mexican presidents—Ernesto Zedillo, Vicente Fox and Felipe Calderon—the Mexican government has actively meddled in U.S. immigration policy, campaigned for amnesty and non-compliance with immigration law, and has claimed jurisdiction over American citizens of Mexican ancestry.
What’s particularly disturbing is that, despite this open meddling, no U.S. politicians at the national level show much interest in this subject.
For the entire article, click here.
Article by Allan Wall, published January 26th, 2013, on VDARE.COM.
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On Saturday, the Marine Corps suspended its combat exercises just long enough for the scientists to make a three-hour helicopter survey of the immediate quake zone, but the Marines refused to allow a plane carrying Jet Propulsion Laboratory earthquake experts to fly over the base.
Two Marine ordinance experts accompanied Hudnut's USGS team to ensure that when they landed periodically to scramble on foot along the new rupture, they did not step on mines or unexploded shells.
Before being allowed to begin their survey, Hudnut, USGS research geologist Katherine Kendrick and Tom Rockwell, a San Diego State University earthquake expert, were briefed about the unusual man-made hazards in the quake zone, like materials that could look like rocks but blow off a hand.
Their flight--often skimming only a hundred yards above the rupture as it snaked across alluvial fans and then swooping up to several thousand feet to clear the nearby Bullion Mountains--was guided by base air traffic control.
"We had tremendous help from the Marines," Hudnut said.
But they forgot the daunting survival warnings in the excitement of spotting the rupture from the air.
The 7.0 Hector Mine temblor Saturday ripped a gash in the Mojave Desert almost 25 miles long on an obscure fault that had been universally considered inactive, not even worth naming on state hazard maps.
On a wild helicopter ride across the rugged, bomb-blasted terrain of the Twentynine Palms Marine Base late Saturday, federal earthquake experts discovered that the quake exerted so much muscle that it displaced the desert floor on either side of the strike-slip fault up to 15 feet. The fourth largest earthquake in Southern California this century etched a spider's web of new cracks that ran for miles through ancient lava flows, creekbeds and ridges.
The rupture appeared to be centered on the dry bed of Lavic Lake, earthquake experts said Sunday.
When it struck at 2:46 a.m. Saturday, it caught thousands of U.S. Marines in the middle of three weeks of live-fire combat maneuvers in this remote region of the Mojave Desert. The quake tossed heavy artillery pieces like toys and bounced automatic weapons helter-skelter across the desert hardscrabble.
Kenneth Hudnut, a geophysicist at the U.S. Geological Survey who led the inspection team through the quake zone, said Sunday the surface rupture was beyond his "wildest expectations"--twice as extensive as he would have anticipated from a quake of this magnitude.
"Suddenly all at once we saw this big set of fractures running across the desert. All of us realized we were right on it and it was big," Hudnut said.
The fault--now unofficially christened the Lavic Lake fault--was a sobering discovery, several earthquake experts said.
It means that for the second time in less than a decade a major earthquake in or near the metropolitan Los Angeles region has occurred along faults that were overlooked or thought to pose no danger.
The 1994 Northridge earthquake occurred on a hidden blind thrust fault that had not entered into official hazard estimates until it revealed itself in a brutal 6.7 shock that killed 57 people and caused $40 billion in damages.
On Saturday, an officially inactive fault suddenly came to life.
"We have to consider faults to be a potential hazard even if it appears to us to be inactive," Hudnut said.
Younger Fault Than Most
Based on a preliminary analysis, the fault appears to be much younger than many of the more well-known fractures that help the mammoth San Andreas fault vent the titanic tectonic stresses building up in Southern California. It showed almost no evidence of activity in the past several thousand years.
"Here we have a minor fault producing a major quake, which is disturbing," said USGS seismologist Ross Stein in Menlo Park. "But it occurred on a relatively young fault. This has got to be a very rare earthquake."
Thomas Henyey, director of the Southern California Earthquake Center at USC, said: "It is not a fault one would have suspected. This one at this magnitude in this area was a bit surprising," in part because it was in the same region rocked by the powerful Landers earthquake in 1992.
It has some scientists wondering about the pattern of major Southern California earthquakes in recent years. Some of the largest quakes appear to cluster together as if--across many miles and many years--they may trigger each other.
Effects of Landers Quake
Like major quakes at Big Bear and Joshua Tree in 1992, the Hector Mine quake struck in a zone of elevated seismic stress caused by the 7.3 Landers earthquake. It is not considered an aftershock of the Landers quake, however, but a separate temblor that is triggering a cascade of aftershocks on its own.
"This triggering from one earthquake to the next is important in understanding earthquake behavior," said Stein. "Seven years after Landers, another quake pops off and it pops off in a region brought closer to failure by the Landers quake."
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Pay attention to inconsistencies. This tells people that you are happy or in a good mood. The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication, or body language, is a powerful tool that can help you connect with others, express what you really mean, and build better relationships. Do nonverbal responses come too quickly or too slowly?
Nonverbal communication advice contact Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication.
And the harder you try, the more unnatural your signals are likely to come across. Pounding the table, for example, can underline a message.
Look at nonverbal communication signals as a group. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.
Are shoulders tense and raised, or relaxed? Timing and place — Is there an easy flow of information back and forth? Take a moment to calm down before you jump back into the conversation. Speak softly and calmly. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction.
For example, swinging your leg back and forth while sitting in a meeting tells others you are impatient, bored and uninterested.
Harvard Business Review Using Body Language — Learn about various nonverbal message clusters that indicate things such as aggression, attention, boredom, defensiveness, and attraction. The sad thing is that they are unaware of the nonverbal messages they communicate.
These smart, well-intentioned people struggle in their attempt to connect with others. Consider all of the nonverbal signals you are receiving, from eye contact to tone of voice and body language. Facial expressions are typically universal, which means they convey the same message globally.
If you receive directions from a manager and immediately grunt, you are showing your manager that you do not agree with what he said.
Taken together, are their nonverbal cues consistent—or inconsistent—with what their words are saying?
It tell them that you are confident in what you are presenting. Arlene has a lot going for her that is undercut by the discomfort she evokes in others.
Her shoulders and eyebrows are noticeably raised, her voice is shrill, and her body is stiff.Jun 29, · Nonverbal communication is important in the workplace because it affects the work environment. What you communicate nonverbally can expose how you feel.
If your nonverbal communications skills are poor, you may be communicating. In reality, you can build this skill by paying careful attention to nonverbal behavior and practicing different types of nonverbal communication with others. By noticing nonverbal behavior and practicing your own skills, you can dramatically improve your communication abilities.
Non-verbal communication is an extremely complex yet integral part of overall communication skills. However, people are often totally unaware of their non-verbal behaviour.
A basic awareness of non-verbal communication strategies, over and above what is. Understanding body language is essential in order to improve nonverbal communication. In conversation, being able to present and read nonverbal communication is really helpful.
The mnemonic SOLER is a reminder which contains five tips for making a really great start with positive communication and good listening. Types of nonverbal communication and body language. The many different types of nonverbal communication include: Facial expressions.
The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal.
Nonverbal communication is the single most powerful form of communication. More than the voice or even words, nonverbal communication cues you into what is on another person’s mind. More than the voice or even words, nonverbal communication cues you into what is on another person’s mind.Download
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Connor Paton, 11, wants to be a contractor who builds bridges when he grows up.
A program through the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station and the U.S. Navy is helping the Meadowbrook Elementary School fifth-grader get a head start on his dream. Connor, along with other fifth-grade students at three local school districts, is building his own bridge for a prosperous adulthood, learning skills that last a lifetime, organizers say.
Calallen, Flour Bluff and Corpus Christi independent school districts have teamed up with the base, using its tools to link the students' classroom curriculum to real-world experiences.
Starbase-Atlantis is a U.S. Navy program that offers students an opportunity to participate in a variety of learning experiences designed to increase interest in math, science and technology - areas in which students previously may have lacked interest.
Fifth-graders visit the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station one day each week for a five-week period, participating in activities that help them develop positive self-esteem, set goals and live a positive lifestyle.
The curriculum, which aligns with each school's, emphasizes teamwork and working with students outside their circle of friends, according to Crystal Trujillo, director of the program at the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station.
"We're striving to demystify science," Trujillo said. "We want them to understand the concept behind science and math. You can't separate one from the other."
what they've learned
The program exposes children and their teachers to real-world applications of math and science through experiential learning, simulations, experiments in aviation and space-related fields, interaction with Navy personnel and tours of Navy activities.
To fully grasp the concept, each class builds their own rocket, using what they've learned as a guide. At the end of the five weeks, the class gets to blast off the rockets as a learning experience and reward for their hard work.
"If the air is too high when you're flying, it's bad for flying," Connor said, simplifying what he has learned about how science, technology and math play a key role in the careers of Navy personnel.
Other Meadowbrook students said they were impressed to know that learning can be fun.
"They made science seem more interesting than kids think it is," said Halie Johnson, 10. "I thought it was really boring at first, but they taught me science is fun and showed me how to make my dreams a reality."
One student, Felix Gonzalez, 12, whose father is in the Air Force, said the unique classroom setting equipped him with knowledge about airplanes, bringing him closer to his father.
"'Who taught you that?'" Felix said his father asks when Felix talks about air molecules and air pressure.
How it started here
Established in 1994 at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Fla., the Starbase-Atlantis program has been successful because it gives students hands-on learning experience, taking them outside the classroom and allowing them to apply what they've learned, Trujillo said.
"It felt good because we have to stay in the classroom all day," Jonathan Contreras, 10, said about the class's weekly field trips.
Starbase-Atlantis is funded by the Department of Defense and managed by Honor Bell, director of community service and outreach for Naval Education and Training Command in Pensacola.
A Michigan elementary teacher, Barbara Koscak, spearheaded the program in 1989, when she met with Air National Guard fighter Pilot Richard Racosky and Air Force Brigadier Gen. David Arendts to talk about her vision of a program that would allow her students to visit the local base to see the practical application of what her students were learning about math, science and technology.
Racosky and Koscak created the STARS program, which was well received by and struck interest with Congress, which in 1993 established a pilot program to test the possibility of taking the program nationwide.
Now known as Starbase-Atlantis, the program exists in 31 states.
Originally, Congress allowed for only two sites per state. Houston and San Antonio first received funding for the program in Texas. A Navy captain, who is a former commander at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, thought the program would benefit students in Corpus Christi as well, especially because the Naval Air Station exists only a short distance from school campuses.
Capt. Paula Hinger asked the community to become involved, seeking help in asking Congress for an exception to their rule.
Congress allowed it, and the program began Oct. 27 in Corpus Christi.
School administrators already are praising the program.
"They were like sponges on their trips," said Meadowbrook Principal LaTricia Johnson, adding that administrators often have to go over behavioral expectations during off-campus trips. "We didn't even have to cover those bases, though. They were so involved."
Alicia Needham, director of instruction at Flour Bluff ISD, shared Johnson's excitement about the program.
"The students are so fired up about it, their motivation has escalated," Needham said.
Contact Barbara Ramirez at 886-3792
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NOTE: In this version of the Newsletter, the links are not clickable.
and you can't see the fancy graphics.
To see a version with clickable links and images, go here:
April 2011 Newsletter
Hi ~ We have some important dates coming up this month.
April 22, will be Earth Day and April 24 is Easter Sunday.
Last day to file Federal Taxes in the USA without penalty is
April 18, but let's forget about that!
1. Easter and Spring Songs on KIDiddles
See the following printable SongSheets for Easter and Spring:
1. Hurray It's Easter Day
2. Easter Eggs
3. On Easter Morn
4. Song of the Easter Bunny
5. The Easter Bunny's Eggs
6. Dear Old Easter Bunny
7. Hot Cross Buns
8. Big Grizzly Bear
9. Let's Plant a Garden
The first level of sixty lessons have now been completed. The
program teaches all forty-four phonemes in easy to follow
step-by-step lessons. You can also download 52 decodable
"I See Sam" books to help with fluency and comprehension.
And best of all --everything in the program is free:
3. Easy Learning Books
The Easy Learning Books are dedicated to meeting the specific
requirements of teachers, parents, care givers and others
involved in educating children with special needs. Working
closely with classroom teachers and specialists across the
United States, the creators of this new website have created
a unique series of themed books that serve as the basis for
each teaching unit on the site.
You can see an sample of a book that I think will particularly
interest you. It's called The Orchestra. It's a terrific
animated book with excellent music and commentary. You can
also sample a quiz for the Orchestra book.
Go to the link below and click on the violin.
4. Sites for Teachers
Hundreds of websites aimed at teachers, rated by popularity.
You'll always find something interesting on this site:
5. Earth Day
Earth Day is a day that is intended to inspire awareness and
appreciation for the Earth's natural environment. The recent
tragic earthquake and tsunami in Japan reminds us of Mother
Nature's power. Reading A-Z has developed an impressive
package that includes books on earthquakes, tsunamis, and
plate tectonics, as well resource sheets on earthquakes, the
disaster in Japan, and helping children cope with disasters.
They are making the book "Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis"
available free of charge. Here's the link:
6. Free Songs for Earth Day!
Get six Earth Friendly songs FREE from popular multicultural
children's performer Daria. How do you do it? Just send her
a suggestion of one thing that you can do to love the Earth.
There's also a wonderful poster give-away and recycled art
and musical crafts. You can find out all about it on Daria's
Or check out the new 1,000 Ways To Love The Earth blog here:
I'll be in touch next month.
Keep on Singing!
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One of those questions you got in physics lessons at school
Friday, July 13, 2012
A cat weighing 12 pounds leaps from a chair 2.6 ft from the ground at twice the speed of gravity in the attempt to get into the kitchen first.
Q. What will the pound per square inch impact of this furry feline missile be on the shins of his human slave, a middle aged morbidly obese female?
Q. What is the likelihood of the cat sustaining damage himself?
Q. If the cat sustains no damage, what is the probably that he will hit the kitchen
a. before the human
b. before the other resident cat which was asleep in the next room at the time of the incident.
Since cats do not have opposable thumbs and cannot open tins of Whiskas, why do you think the cat was so keen to get to the kitchen first?
What would be the likely effect on the psyche of the human, given that the passage where the impact occurred is dark and she 'didn't see the moggy coming'?
Would any language used during or shortly after the impact be of linguistic significance?
To which charitable organisations might you refer her for counselling/what medication might a doctor prescribe for shock.
Would YOU give THIS cat a home?
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In 1787 during the Constitutional Convention, tension rose out of the new addition to the Constitution. After the founders wrote the Constitution, they needed nine states to ratify it before it became law. George Mason, who was the author of Virginia Declaration of Rights, wanted the Constitution to include guarantees for fundamental liberties that reflect on the development of a new nation after the Revolutionary War. Federalists such as James Madison of Virginia supported the Constitution and wanted states to ratify it. Anti-Federalists did not support the Constitution because they wanted stronger limits on the national government’s power. The debates changed the mind of James Madison. Madison thought that by adding the amendments, which would later be known as the Bill of Rights, the new amendments would meet the objections of some who would oppose ratification in its previous form.
Congress wrote twelve amendments but the states only passed ten. Originally, the Bill of Rights applied only to limiting the power of the government of the United States and not state governments. The Bill of Rights prohibits the federal government from abridging the freedoms of religion, speech, and press and the right to petition the government for redress of grievances; the right to keep and bear arms; the right of the people not to have troops quartered in their homes; the right to protection against unreasonable government searches and seizures; the right to jury trials in civil and criminal cases and of a grand jury in criminal cases; the right to due process of law in court; a prohibition on government taking private property without just compensation; a prohibition on excessive bail and fines and on cruel and unusual punishments; and two amendments defining rights of people and of the states: "the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the People"; and "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the People."
The Library of Virginia owns one of the twelve surviving original copies of the Bill of Rights. The Commonwealth of Virginia became the eleventh state to approve the third through twelfth amendments, which became the first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly known as the Bill of Rights. The second of the amendments proposed in 1789 was ratified in May 1992 and became the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution.
Citation: Records of the General Assembly, Executive Communications, Record Group 78, Library of Virginia.
Analyze: Compare and Contrast the Bill of Rights to the Virginia Declaration of Rights
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Why the hedge apple trend is sweeping the Midwest
Have you heard about the latest hedge apple trend? You might recognize some of its other names such as the horse apple, monkey ball, bois d’arc, bodark, bodock or Osage orange. If you are in the Midwest, then you probably know about the hedge apples. They grow prolifically in the area, and they are popular for their health and wellness benefits.
What is a hedge apple?
Hedge apples are the fruit of the Osage orange tree. It is a small to medium size tree with a short trunk and a rounded shape to its branches. Similar to a plum tree, the Osage orange has spiny branches and twigs that protect it from climbers, birds and predators.
In May or June, the female Osage orange trees will begin to grow green fruit known as hedge apples. By September, the fruit will have grown to between four and six inches in diameter and will fall to the ground.
Although you will find some of these trees in the deep South, they grow naturally and best in a small pocket in the Midwest. You may also see them in eastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. However, the trees are perfect for the Midwest because they can grow easily in poor soil, withstand very strong winds and resist insects and disease. Due to their durability and thick, dense branches, farmers will often plant rows of the Osage orange trees to serve as fences for their livestock.
The hedge apple’s impact on health
Midwesterners have known for years that the hedge apple is useful for much more than creating a fence for livestock. They have also found that it can contribute to better health and household help. Many have found that the hedge apple is excellent for driving away spiders and insects. Some have even found that spiders and insects disappear completely with the use of this fruit.
It is not clear why these fruits seem to be able to drive away pests. The fruit is not toxic, but people claim that when you place hedge apples around the foundation or along the windowsill of the home, they will eliminate pest infestations. Many people prefer to use them for this purpose instead of other remedies because the green fruit makes an attractive addition to the windowsill.
Ridding the home of insects can improve the overall health of the occupants. Insect and spider infestations can contaminate food, carry diseases and cause infections.
Babies and young children are especially susceptible to the bites of spiders and insects, but chemicals and other over-the-counter remedies for eliminating pests can be just as harmful.
This is one of the main reasons hedge apples are so popular. They are one of the most natural, safe methods for protecting against the spread of illness and disease from insects because you do not have to use harmful chemicals.
You cannot always predict if a pest is carrying a threatening disease that could put your family at risk. If you are looking for a natural way to keep your home free from dangerous diseases and infestations, then hedge apples and other alternative pest control remedies could be your solution.
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European scientists on Wednesday said they had uncovered how the influenza virus is able to take over human cells and use them as machinery to replicate itself.
In a paper published in the British-based journal Nature, the researchers said they had identified a tiny piece of a viral enzyme that does the stealth work and may now become a blocking target for drug designers.
They zoomed in on an enzyme called polymerase, which steers the cell's own organs to crank out viral proteins.
To do this, the polymerase has to slice off a genetic tag, called a cap, from the cell's molecules.
The cap, whose job is to act like an authorisation key, to start the protein-making machinery in motion, is then added to the polymerase.
The cap-stealer is a polymerase sub-unit called PA, according to the study.
"These new insights make PA a promising antiviral target," said Stephen Cusack, head of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Grenoble, France, one of several labs who took part in the probe.
"Inhibiting the cleaving of the cap is an efficient way to stop infection, because the virus can no longer multiply. Now we know where to focus drug design efforts."
Annual epidemics of flu result in between three and five million cases of severe illness and between 250,000 and 500,000 deaths every year, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) website.
These outbreaks are caused by a slight, seasonal drift in the virus' genes.
A more alarming change, though, is when the virus picks up novel genes, becoming a pathogen to which no one has immunity.
This happened in the 1918-9 pandemic of so-called Spanish flu, in which tens of millions of people were killed.
It also drives the anxiety for H5N1 avian influenza, or "bird flu," a new strain that can be transmitted to humans from poultry but, at present, is hard to be handed on from human to human.
Health watchdogs have called for new drugs to combat the threat, as there are only four frontline treatments in the antiviral arsenal.
Last year, the same European team identified another key part of polymerase, a subunit called PB2 that recognises the "cap" and then binds to it. The cap is then chopped off.
"Taken together, the two findings provide a close-to-complete picture of the cap-snatching mechanism that allows the influenza virus to take control over human cells," EMBL said in a press release.
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|Pages/Publication Date:||160 / 2017|
Used for thousands of years as a form of written communication and divination, runes have in recent decades again become objects of great interest. In this accessible, illustrated guide, astrologer Kim Farnell delves into how runes were used by the Etruscans, Germans, and Scandinavians, and explains how this system has come to reflect Norse culture and mythology in particular. Farnell discusses each letter of the runic alphabet in detail, and explains how to tap into their energy. Here too is guidance on making your own runes—including a look at the deep symbolism of the various types of wood historically used to create them—as well as tips on reading the ancient alphabet, casting the runes, and interpreting the spread.
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In a way, palm oil is the “other tropical oil”, after coconut oil. While coconut oil has become extremely popular in recent years, a lot of people still don’t know about palm oil.
The Fat Profile
Like coconut oil, palm oil contains mostly saturated fats, followed by monounsaturated fats and only a small amount of polyunsaturated fats (PUFA). This is great news because saturated and monounsaturated fats are much more stable than PUFAs, which means they are less likely to oxidize when exposed to heat and light. This makes palm oil an excellent cooking oil, and indeed, outside of the U.S., it’s one of the most widely-used oils to cook with.
Different Versions of Palm Oil
Palm oil comes in a few different varieties, namely palm oil, palm kernel oil, and red palm oil. Palm oil is just a refined version of red palm oil. As long as that refining process doesn’t involve hydrogenating the oil, it’s perfectly safe to consume, but red palm oil is probably still the better option. Red palm oil still has all of the nutrients (such as vitamins A and E, and CoQ10) and antioxidants. This doesn’t make palm oil a bad choice, it just makes red palm oil a better choice.
Palm Kernel Oil
Whereas palm oil and red palm oil are both made from the flesh of the palm fruit, palm kernel oil comes from the seed of that same fruit. Palm kernel oil tends to be higher in saturated fat and lower in PUFAs than other forms palm oil, so while the conventional health-conscious shoppers are avoiding it, we can take advantage of what they’re missing out on.
Mark Sisson addressed the the differences between the various palm oils in this post.
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Phylum: Magnoliophyta - Class: Equisetopsida - Order: Lamiales - Family: Lamiaceae
This robust-looking shrub can be seen throughout southern Portugal and central and southern Spain. It is an evergreen that flowers from April to June and can be found in dry and stony habitats, on roadsides and in field margins.
The pictures shown here were taken in April in the Algarve region of southern Portugal .
Please Help Us: If you have found this information interesting and useful, please consider helping to keep First Nature online by making a small donation towards the web hosting and internet costs.
Any donations over and above the essential running costs will help support the conservation work of Plantlife, the Rivers Trust and charitable botanic gardens - as do author royalties and publisher proceeds from books by Pat and Sue.
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To support the National Curriculum for English from Year 1 and the EYFS Development Matters, we follow a whole school mastery approach to writing through the programme Pathways to Write. Units of work are delivered using high-quality texts and children in all year groups are given varied opportunities for writing. Skills are built up through repetition within the units, and children apply these skills in the writing activities provided. Many opportunities for widening children’s vocabulary are given through the Pathways to Write approach and this builds on the extensive work we do in school to provide our children with a rich and varied vocabulary.
An Overview of Pathways to Write
Pathways to Write is designed to equip pupils with key skills to move them through the writing process towards their final outcome. It is built around units of work that follow a mastery approach to the teaching of writing. To support this approach, clear detailed lesson plans and resources are linked to a high-quality text. Pathways to Write ensures engaging and purposeful English lessons. The units can be used thematically to encourage a whole school approach to writing with the opportunity for topics to link across all year groups.
Each unit covers a range of areas in the national curriculum:
- Mastery of vocabulary, grammar and punctuation skills
- Writing a range of genres across a year
- Vocabulary development
- Using a wider range of reading comprehension strategies as a whole class
- Spoken language activities including drama and presentations
- Opportunities for practising previously taught genres
- An extended, independent piece of writing
This process follows three stages:
The Gateway (1-2 lessons)
- Begin at the Gateway with a ‘hook’ session to intrigue and enthuse young writers
- Use objects, people, images or role-play to stimulate questions about the chosen text
- Give pupils the opportunity to predict the text
- Establish the purpose and audience of the writing
- Revisit previous mastery skills and ongoing skills
The Pathway (10 lessons)
- Introduce pupils to three new writing skills from their year group curriculum
- Provide opportunities to practise and apply the skill they have learnt through short and extended writing tasks including character descriptions, poetry, dialogue between characters, fact files or diary entries in role
- Provide opportunities to re-cap and apply previously taught skills
- Challenge greater depth writers through a wider range of tasks e.g. changes to form, viewpoint and audience
Writeaway (4 lessons)
- Section and sequence texts independently or collaboratively
- Create extended pieces of writing over time
- Opportunity to apply mastery skills
- Time for planning, writing, checking, editing, redrafting and publishing
- A fiction or non-fiction outcome will be written (covering a wide range of genres and themes over the year)
English Overview 2022-23
Read Write Inc
Developing reading skills through Read, Write Inc at Bickerstaffe School
Children who read regularly or are read to regularly have the opportunity to open the doors to so many different worlds! More importantly, reading will give your child the tools to become independent life-long learners.
We can achieve this together through:
- Read Write Inc, a program to help to your child read at school
- Encouraging children to develop a love of books by reading to them daily, at home and at school
- Giving children access to a wide range of books at school and at home
At Bickerstaffe CE Primary we use Read Write Inc Phonics (RWInc) to give your child the best possible start with their literacy.
Mrs Hunter is our Read Write Inc lead teacher, so if you have questions about RWInc, contact school who can refer you to her. Please take the time to read the information as it will provide invaluable information as to how you can help and support your child in reading.
What is Read Write Inc?
Read Write Inc (RWInc) is a phonics complete literacy programme which helps all children learn to read fluently and at speed so they can focus on developing their skills in comprehension, vocabulary and spelling. The programme is designed for children aged 4-7. RWInc was developed by Ruth Miskin and more information on this can be found at https://ruthmiskin.com/en/find-out-more/parents/.
How will RWInc be taught?
All children are assessed regularly by our RWInc lead teacher so they work with children at the same level. This allows complete participation in lessons.
To follow on from Read Write Inc we use Read Write Inc. Spelling from Years 2 to 6. Using a proven approach underpinned by phonics, fast–paced lessons and an online subscription, Read Write Inc. Spelling ensures spelling success for children who are fluent readers.
At Bickerstaffe School, we believe in the importance of developing children’s discrete word-reading skills and comprehension and the need to engage their love of books and reading.
We recognise that the two are intertwined; each relies on the other if the children are to become life-long readers.
Class 3 visit Liverpool Library March 2022
How to help foster a love of reading
As a parent, you are your child's first and most important teacher. When you help your child learn to read, you are opening the door to a world of books and learning.
Reading aloud to children is the best way to get them interested in reading. Before long they will grow to love stories and books. Eventually they will want to read on their own.
With the help of parents, children can learn how to read and can practise reading until they can read for their own enjoyment. Then they will have a whole world of information and knowledge at their fingertips!
Reading can be a family activity. Spending time with word games, stories, and books will help your child to:
- gather information and learn about the world
- learn how stories and books work – that they have beginnings, endings, characters, and themes
- build a rich vocabulary by reading and talking about new words
- learn how to listen and how to think
- learn the sounds of language and language patterns
- fall in love with books
When we hear children read in school alongside their phonic skills we also support their comprehension skills.
Below you will find a list of possible questions to help you with conversations about your child’s reading. They are not intended to be used all at once or every time you read with your child. Use them at your discretion and where they are appropriate. Happy Reading !!
Questions to ask before you read
- Can you look at the pictures and predict what you think will happen in this book?
- What makes you think that?
- What characters do you think might be in our story?
- Do you think there will be a problem in this story? Why or why not?
- Does the topic/story relate to you or your family? How?
Questions to ask during the reading
- What do you think will happen next?
- What can you tell me about the story so far?
- Can you predict how the story will end?
- Why do you think the character did _______?
- What would you have done if you were the character?
- How would you have felt if you were the character? (use different characters)
- As I read____________, it made me picture________ in my head. What pictures do you see in your head?
- As you read, what are you wondering about?
- Can you put what you’ve just read in your own words?
Questions to ask after reading
- Can you remember the title?
- In your opinion, was it a good title for this book? Why or why not?
- Were your predictions about the story correct?
- If there was a problem, did it get solved?
- What happened because of the problem?
- Why do you think the author wrote this book?
- What is the most important point the author is trying to make in his writing?
- What was your favorite part of the story?
- If you could change one thing in the story, what would it be?
- Can you retell the story in order?
- If you were __________, how would you have felt?
- What is the most interesting situation in the story?
- Is there a character in the story like you? How are you alike?
- Why did you like this book?
“DID YOU KNOW...
Children who read for pleasure are LIKELY TO DO SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER AT SCHOOL than their peers?”
“DID YOU KNOW...
Children who are read to regularly by their parents at age 5 PERFORM BETTER IN TESTS AT AGE 16 than those who were not?”
“DID YOU KNOW...
Children who read for pleasure make more progress in MATHS, VOCABULARY AND SPELLING between the ages of 10 and 16 than those who rarely read?”
World Book Day 2022.mp4
“DID YOU KNOW...
Reading for pleasure has the STRONGEST EFFECT ON CHILDREN’S VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT , but the impact on spelling and maths is also significant?”
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JANUARY 29, 2019 BY ANGELO NASIOS
Hekate is a deeply important goddess in the Greek tradition and in other paths that honor her. For this reason, I have translated the entry on Hekate from the rare Greek collection from the 19th century titled Gr. Ὠγυγία ἤ Ἀρχαιολογία (En. Ogygia or Archeology). Written in 1815 by the Greek scholar Athanasios Stagiritis (1780 – 1840). The five-volume set contains the religious history, mythology, and customs of the ancient Greek tradition. The original editions are rare to find. After nearly two hundred years Ogygia was made available once again along with a demotic version that updates the text from the original Katharevousa. Ogygia, to this day, remains untranslated.
The text that follows is my translation of Hekate’s entry from the second volume of Ogygia or Archeology. Stagiritis gives a concise summary of the goddess; her genealogies, symbols, qualities, etc. Please excuse any awkwardness in the translation; I aimed to translate the Greek word for word with minimal changes to the Greek text.
Hekate, according to many writers, was the daughter of Zeus and Asterias. Asterias was impregnated by Zeus when she married Perses and gave birth to Hekate; though Perses was her husband. Of some of these [writers] they say Hekate was the daughter of Perses and Asterias. Some say [she was conceived] from Zeus and Demeter, or from Hera, or the daughter of the Aeolus [Melanippe?]. To others, from Aristaios or Tartaros or from Nyx. Others say she was [conceived] from Perses and a local woman or Nymph.
Those who say that she was the daughter of Zeus and Hera, give her the name aggelo and was given to the Nymphs to be nurtured. When she grew older, she stole her mother’s box of blush and perfumes. Her face glowed, she gave the box to Zeus’ mistress Europa. When Hera learned about this she was outraged and wanted to reprimand her. Hekate left and hid in the house of a woman who had recently given birth. From there through contact with men who were transporting the dead to their tombs, Hera stopped her pursuit because she [Hekate] had approached the dead and was polluted. Zeus ordered the Kabeiri to cleanse Hekate. They descended to Hades and [Hekate] was bathed in the river Acheron. That is how she was cleansed. This is how Hekate remained in Hades and became [the] goddess governing the dead.
Of those that say she was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter, they say she was very brave and tall. Zeus sent her to Hades to ask for Persephone’s return. Instead, Hekate remained there with Persephone and was named Artemis, Guardian, Torchbearer, Lightbringer, Kathonia.
According to some, she was the daughter of Zeus and Pharaea. She gave birth to Hekate in secret because she was a child of an affair. She was left at the crossroads. There she was found by the shepherds of Pheres; they took her and raised her. Therefore, the crossroads where dedicated to her.
According to some that she was the daughter of Perses and Asterias or a local woman or Nymph, they say like Hesiod, that she was allied with Zeus in the Τitanomachy. For this she was given large glory by Zeus and gave her power over the sky, earth, sea and in Hades. Whoever honors and invokes her enjoy whatever they ask for: riches, glory, honor, victory, etc.
Others write that Aetis and Perses were siblings, sons of Helios, heirs to the paternal kingdom and reigned. Aetis was ruler from Colchis to the Mastitis lake. Perses was ruler of Hersonissos of Taurica and married Asterias or some other local woman or Hekate was born of a Nymph. Hekate is brave, barbarous, and possessed with hunting, that if she could not find animals to hunt, she would shoot people.
She enjoyed tricks, and after researching the influences of botanicals she found the combination of deadly poison, she discovered wolf’s bane. She mixed the poison in food and offered it to foreigners ignorant of her cunning, they ate it. Gaining experience, she poisoned her father [Perses] and took over his kingdom. After this she built a temple to Artemis and sacrificed foreigners to Artemis. Her cruelty became well known everywhere. She married her uncle Aetis and gave birth to Circe, Medea, and a son Aigalea. From all of this she became the goddess of magic and poisons.
In Hades, she protects the dead that are waiting 100 years outside of the underworld because they were not properly buried. Also, she sends dreams and makes ghosts and sends them to people dreams and ghosts, wild and scary. Theses dreams are called Hekatia. Odysseus built her a temple in Sicily to be freed of such dreams and ghosts.
On Earth, she was protector of kingdoms, councils, courts, wars, assemblies, fishermen, horse riders, and all human activities, above all magic and goetia. She is also protector of houses, and nurturer of children. That’s why each house had a statue of her outside the front door. She was involved with all sacrifices to gods because she was so powerful. It was believed that Hekate, Selene, Artemis, and Persephone were the same. She was called Selene when she was in the sky, Artemis on earth, Hecate and Persephone in Hades. That is why she had so much power. She was called Brimo ‘the terrible one’ because one time she argued with Hermes and exchanged harsh words when he competed with her on a hunt.
They drew her three headed with the right head as a dog and the left head a horse and the middle a wild boar. Sometimes as a one headed woman with a crown of oak branches. She wore black or white clothing, holding a spear or a staff in her hand. In other drawings, she was followed by black dogs and in others with a lit torch. Others drew her with three faces and six hands holding torches, keys, or baskets. In others, three headed with a crescent moon on one head, on the other a ‘hat’, and on the third a crown of Daphne. Some say that her body was so tall she was half a stadium and her hair was of snakes. Some of the snakes were coiled around her body, others around her shoulders, others on her feet. Therefore, she appeared like a freakish monster. They never drew her in this form.
She was three headed because she had trice power, in the sky, earth and underworld. Or from the three phases of moon. Her clothing holds similar meaning, she has trice power over humans, as Selene, patroness of pregnancy, as Artemis patroness of life and as Hekate or Persephone patroness of death. For that reason, the ‘protectors of birth’ are torchbearers signifying how they bring the born into the light. The dragons and those monsters symbolize the Hekatia. The spear symbolizes the protection of houses, the staff symbolizes magic. It is believed she rose from Hades riding on dogs. In practicality the protectors of the houses are the dogs.
Hekate and Magic
Hekate is called “goddess of magic and poisons.” This requires explanation as magic appears after Hekate had “researched” the influences of botanicals and ‘discovered’ wolf’s bane. What is magic and why is it appearing here? Etymology will help to clarify.
Magic comes from the Greek μαγεια (mageia). As per, Liddell-Scott-Jones, μαγεια is, according to Plato:
· Theology of the Magians.
Magians were the Persian Magis. Magi, Greek Μάγος (Magos) meanings:
· Magian, one of a Median tribe: hence, as belonging to this tribe.
· One of the priests and wise men in Persia who interpreted dreams.
· Enchanter, wizard, esp. in bad sense, impostor, charlatan.
Additionally, Magos can derived from Old Iranian, possibly Old Median/Old Persian maγu- and Avestan moġu, but both are of uncertain meaning. It is also traced back to the Proto-Indo-European *magh (capable, skillful, powerful, mighty, helpful).
These definitions and etymologies give us a clearer understanding of magic and the magi. The Magi were Zoroastrian wise men/sages who studied the natural world (astrology/astronomy). The etymology indicates that the Magi were more likely originally seen as powerful and great. Their power and greatness were due to their great knowledge in theology and science. It does not indicate supernatural powers; the attempt to control and or manipulate nature or spirits through incantations.
For these reasons, in the Greek tradition, when Hekate is called ‘goddess of magic’ it describes her greatness of knowledge and capabilities. In myth, this is expressed by her ‘discovery’ through ‘researching’ botanicals. Hekate’s great knowledge is also alluded to when she takes over her father’s kingdom. Perses, her father, is described by Hesiod as “conspicuous among all for his intelligence.” In the myth, Hekate behaves in a scientific manner. This is why in ignorant times, science is demonized as magic because science seeks to explain the unexplainable and bring to us knowledge from the hidden and unseen. As such, it is my opinion that there is nothing supernatural implied here with Hekate as ‘goddess of magic’ as popularly understood today. It is perfectly fine that Hekate has taken on new significances in other paths, and represents something different in other paths. All I wish to communicate is that the understanding from the Greek tradition does not resonate with later changes. I hope these insights are useful for those who desire to activate it in their path only if they see it as beneficial.
1 Katharevousa is a 18th century conservative form of Greek that is a compromise between Ancient Greek and the Demotic Greek of the time.
2 ἄγγελος, messenger, envoy (2) Title of Artemis at Syracuse. LSJ: The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon.
3 The Greek word used here is Βασανίσει meaning to torture/ investigate/ examine. LSJ: The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon. We should not think Hera meant to harm Hekate by torture – Hera probably wanted to punish her in the manner a mother does to a child. I translated the word as “reprimand” as it feels appropriate for the context in English.
4 Within the last forty days.
5 Οι Κάβειροι (the Kabeiri) divinities worshipped especially in Lemnos, Samothrace, and Boeotia. LSJ: The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon.
6 Άρτεμις, Φύλαξ, Δαδούχος, Φωσφόρος και Χθόνια.
7 Once such type of ghost that are sent by Hekate is the Empousa (Ἔμπουσα) which appear to the ill-fated and can change shape between human and animal.
8 Βριμώ is an epithet shared by Hekate and Persephone.
9 Hesiod, Theogony (Loeb Translation)
HEKATE (Hecate) was the goddess of magic, witchcraft, the night, moon, ghosts and necromancy. She was the only child of the Titanes Perses and Asteria from whom she received her power over heaven, earth, and sea.
Hekate was usually depicted in Greek vase painting as a woman holding twin torches. Sometimes she was dressed in a knee-length maiden's skirt and hunting boots, much like Artemis. In statuary Hekate was often depicted in triple form as a goddess of crossroads.
Great post. Thank you SunKat.
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On Monday, Denver set a new record for the earliest date to ever hit 100 degrees. In addition to the heat wave, high winds and low humidity have stoked a series of wildfires along the state’s heavily populated Front Range. Since erupting Tuesday, the fires have already destroyed scores of homes and forcing the evacuation of thousands of residents as federal firefighters and air tankers were rushed to the state.
The most destructive and worrisome fire broke out north of Colorado Springs, where last year the Waldo Canyon Fire — the worst in state history — consumed 346 homes and caused $353 million in damage. The Black Forest Fire broke out shortly after noon Tuesday, and had burned about 8,000 acres by this morning, damaging or destroying at least 100 homes and forcing the evacuation of about 2,500 homes and businesses, encompassing more than 7,000 people across a 24,000 acre area.
To the south, near Cañon City, the 3,800-acre Royal Gorge fire is threatening a popular tourist attraction, the Royal Gorge Bridge over the Arkansas River, and has prompted state corrections officials to evacuate about 800 prisoners from a prison facility.
Other smaller fires were burning in Rocky Mountain National Park and in southern Colorado.
Federal assets were being deployed, including a heavy air tanker based in Albuquerque, and helicopters from military bases in Colorado including Fort Carson outside of Colorado Springs.
The past decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of acres burned by wildfires. In 2012, 2007 and 2008 more than 9 million acres were burned, and the half dozen worst fire years since 1960 have taken place since 2000. A recent Department of Agriculture report predicts that the acreage burned by wildfires will double by 2050 to about 20 million acres annually.
The report’s findings are in line with previous studies on climate change’s relation to fire risk: a 2012 study found that wildfire burn season is two and a half months longer than it was 40 years ago, and that for every one degree Celsius temperature increase the earth experiences, the area burned in the western U.S. could quadruple.
At a briefing this morning on the Black Forest Fire, El Paso County Sheriff Terry Maketa said the blaze was at zero percent containment. “It’s still a very hot and active fire area,” he said, adding that a federal firefighting incident command team would take charge of the fire today.
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The product is described as containing "natural" herbal extracts. YOU do your own exercise and see how many toxic chemicals you can find in your products that are listed below. Remember this is just a partial list of the tens of thousands of synthetic chemicals in common everyday use!
A very drying and irritating solvent and dehydrator that strips your skin's natural acid mantle, making us more vulnerable to bacteria, moulds and viruses. It is made from propylene, a petroleum derivative. It may promote brown spots and premature aging of skin.
Anionic refers to the negative charge these surfactants have. They may be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic. Surfactants can pose serious health threats. They are used in car washes, as garage floor cleaners and engine degreasers - and in 90% of personal-care products that foam.
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): MATERIAL IS HIGHLY TOXIC VIA ORAL ROUTE.
EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE: MISTS CAN CAUSE IRRITATION TO THE SKIN, EYES, NOSE, THROAT AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES. AVOID DIRECT CONTACT. SYMPTOMS: MUSCULAR PARALYSIS, LOW BLOOD PRESSURE, CNS DEPRESSION AND WEAKNESS.
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES
EYES: CORROSIVE! IMMEDIATELY WASH EYES WITH PLENTY OF WATER.
INHALATION: REMOVE PERSON TO FRESH AIR. GIVE OXYGEN (IF BREATHING IS DIFFICULT). CALL PHYSICIAN.
INGESTION: IF CONSCIOUS, IMMEDIATELY DRINK LARGE QUANTITIES OF FLUID TO DILUTE AND INDUCE VOMITING. CALL PHYSICIAN.
These chemicals have a positive electrical charge. They contain a quaternary ammonium group and are often called "quats". These are used in hair conditioners, but originated from the paper and fabric industries as softeners and anti-static agents. In the long run they cause the hair to become dry and brittle. They are synthetic, irritating, allergenic and toxic, and oral intake of them can be lethal.
Often used in cosmetics to adjust the pH, and used with many fatty acids to convert acid to salt (stearate), which then becomes the base for a cleanser. TEA causes allergic reactions including eye problems, dryness of hair and skin, and could be toxic if absorbed into the body over a long period of time.
These chemicals are already restricted in Europe due to known carcinogenic effects. Dr. Samuel Epstein (Professor of Environmental Health at the University of Illinois) says that repeated skin applications . . . of DEA-based detergents resulted in a major increase in the incidence of liver and kidney cancer.
Established as a primary cause of contact dermatitis (American Academy of Dermatology). Contains formaldehyde, a carcinogenic chemical, is toxic by inhalation, a strong irritant, and causes contact dermatitis.
Ethoxylated surfactants are widely used in cosmetics as foaming agents, emulsifiers and humectants. As part of the manufacturing process the toxic chemical 1,4-dioxane, a potent carcinogen, is generated.
On the label, they are identified by the prefix "PEG", "polyethylene", "polyethylene glycol", "polyoxyethylene", "-eth-", or "-oxynol-".
Synthetic colours made from coal tar. Contain heavy metal salts that deposit toxins onto the skin, causing skin sensitivity and irritation. Animal studies have shown almost all of them to be carcinogenic.
Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen (causes cancer). Causes allergic, irritant and contact dermatitis, headaches and chronic fatigue. The vapour is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat (mucous membranes).
Fragrance on a label can indicate the presence of up to four thousand separate ingredients, many toxic or carcinogenic. Symptoms reported to the USA FDA include headaches, dizziness, allergic rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing and vomiting, and skin irritation. Clinical observation proves fragrances can affect the central nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, and irritability.
Both cause cosmetic allergies and potential dangerous neuro-toxic effects.
"While more research is needed to determine what effect MIT would have in rodent models, both at the cellular level and to a developing nervous system, our results thus far suggest there is potential that everyday exposure to the chemical could also be harmful to humans. I would be particularly concerned about occupational exposure in pregnant women and the possibility of risk to the fetus," senior author Elias Aizenman,professor of neurobiology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, said.
"As an antimicrobial agent, or biocide, MIT and related compounds kill harmful bacteria that like to grow near moisture or water and hence, often are found in personal care products, as well as in water-cooling systems, however, the research has now revealed that even a 10-minute exposure at a high concentration was lethal to the nerve cells."
"This chemical is being used more and more extensively, yet there have been no neurotoxicity studies in humans to indicate what kind and at what level exposure is safe. I realize it's a big leap to suggest there may be a parallel between environmental exposure and the noticeably higher rates of diagnosed childhood developmental disabilities, but I would caution, that based on our data, there very well could be neuro-developmental consequences from MIT. Clearly, more study is needed, with both scientists and government regulators equally engaged," Dr. Aizenman added.
Petroleum by-product that coats the skin like plastic, clogging the pores. Interferes with skin's ability to eliminate toxins, promoting acne and other disorders. Slows down skin function and cell development, resulting in premature aging. Used in many products (baby oil is 100% mineral oil!) Any mineral oil derivative can be contaminated with cancer causing PAH's (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons). Manufacturers use petrolatum because it is unbelievably cheap.
Liquidum paraffinum (also known as posh mineral oil!)
The following chemicals can cause nitrosamine contamination, which have been determined to form cancer in laboratory animals. There are wide and repeated concerns in the USA and Europe about the contamination of cosmetics products with nitrosamines.
Hydrolysed Animal Protein
Quaternium-7, 15, 31, 60, etc
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate
Sodium Laureth Sulfate
Ammonium Laureth Sulfate
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate
Paraben preservatives (methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl)
Toxic gender bending chemical used as a plasticizer in food wraps and many pliable plastics and containers. Also used in hairsprays and some cosmetics including nail varnishes from where it is readily absorbed into the system. All 289 people in a recent test for body load of chemicals tested positive for phthalates. Phthalates are implicated with low sperm counts and also causing sexual abnormalities and deformities. An in depth article on phthalates can be found on the www.health-report.co.uk website
Potentially carcinogenic petroleum ingredient that can alter and reduce the skin's natural moisture factor. This could increase the appearance of aging and leave you more vulnerable to bacteria. Used in cleansers to dissolve oil and grease. It adjusts the melting point and thickens products. Also used in caustic spray-on oven cleaners. See Ethoxylated surfactants
Propylene glycol (PG) is a petroleum derivative. It penetrates the skin and can weaken protein and cellular structure. Commonly used to make extracts from herbs. PG is strong enough to remove barnacles from boats! The EPA considers PG so toxic that it requires workers to wear protective gloves, clothing and goggles and to dispose of any PG solutions by burying them in the ground. Because PG penetrates the skin so quickly, the EPA warns against skin contact to prevent consequences such as brain, liver, and kidney abnormalities. But there isn't even a warning label on products such as stick deodorants, where the concentration is greater than in most industrial applications.
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): Health Hazard Acute And Chronic
INHALATION: May cause respiratory and throat Irritation, central nervous system depression, blood and kidney disorders. May cause Nystagmus, Lymphocytosis.
SKIN: Irritation and dermatitis, absorption.
EYES: Irritation and conjunctivitis.
INGESTION: Pulmonary oedema, brain damage, hypoglycaemia, intravascular hemolysis. Death may occur.
Toxic, causes skin rashes and allergic reactions. Formaldehyde releasers. Dr Epstein reports in his book Unreasonable Risk "Substantive evidence of casual relation to leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers"
Natural oils used in cosmetics should be cold pressed. The refined vegetable oils found on supermarket shelves and many health food stores which lack colour, odour and taste are devoid of nutrients, essential fatty acids, vitamins and unsaponifiables - all valuable skin conditioning agents! They also contain poisonous "trans" fatty acids as a result of the refining process.
Another important factor to consider with creams made from plant oil is the use-by date. The most beneficial plant oils (like rosehip, borage and evening primrose oils) are polyunsaturated, which means they oxidise and go rancid fairly quickly (about 6 months). Most off-the-shelf cosmetics have a shelf life of three years. Rancid oils are harmful, they form free-radicals, which damage and age your skin.
Silicone emollients are occlusive - that is they coat the skin, trapping anything beneath it, and do not allow the skin to breathe (much like plastic wrap would do.)
Recent studies have indicated that prolonged exposure of the skin to sweat, by occlusion, causes skin irritation. Some synthetic emollients are known tumour promoters and accumulate in the liver and lymph nodes. They are also non-biodegradable, causing negative environmental impact.
Silicone was and still is used as breast implants. Tens of thousands of women with breast implants have complained of debilitating symptoms. Anecdotal evidence indicates silicone to be toxic to the human body. For more detailed information on the dangers of silicone simply key "silicone toxicity" into the Google search engine
Also known as caustic soda. A powerful alkali used in industry for cleaning drains and pipe lines also used in oven cleaners. Workers exposed to steam containing sodium hydroxide have suffered lung damage and an increased risk of throat cancer. Used in toothpastes and as a pH adjuster in skin creams. Causes contact dermatitis and may sensitize individuals to other chemicals.
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): POISON! DANGER! CORROSIVE. MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED. CAUSES BURNS TO ANY AREA OF CONTACT. REACTS WITH WATER, ACIDS AND OTHER MATERIALS Ingestion: Corrosive! Swallowing may cause severe burns of mouth, throat, and stomach. Severe scarring of tissue and death may result. Symptoms may include bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, fall in blood pressure. Damage may appears days after exposure. Skin Contact: Corrosive! Contact with skin can cause irritation or severe burns and scarring with greater exposures. Eye Contact: Corrosive! Causes irritation of eyes, and with greater exposures it can cause burns that may result in permanent impairment of vision, even blindness. Chronic Exposure: Prolonged contact with dilute solutions has a destructive effect upon tissue. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders or eye problems or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of the substance.
When combined with other chemicals, SLES and ALES can create nitrosamines, a potent class of carcinogens. It is frequently disguised in semi-natural cosmetics with the explanation "comes from coconut".
See Anionic Surfactants See Ethoxylated surfactants See Nitrosating agents
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): WARNING! CAUSES SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION! AVOID CONTACT WITH EYES, SKIN AND CLOTHING. THE MATERIAL WAS CLASSIFIED AS A MODERATE TO SEVERE EYE IRRITANT.
Used in car washes, garage floor cleaners and engine degreasers - and in 90% of products that foam.
Animals exposed to SLS and ALS experience eye damage, central nervous system depression, laboured breathing, diarrhoea, severe skin irritation, and even death.
Young eyes may not develop properly if exposed to SLS and ALS because proteins are dissolved. SLS and ALS may also damage the skin's immune system by causing layers to separate and inflame. It is frequently disguised in semi-natural cosmetics with the explanation "comes from coconut".
A chemical used in hair conditioners and creams. Causes allergic reactions. Stearalkonium chloride was developed by the fabric industry as a fabric softener, and is a lot cheaper and easier to use in hair conditioning formulas than proteins or herbals, which do help hair health. Toxic.
Synthetic emulsifier. Highly acidic. Over 40% of cosmetics containing Triethanolamine (TEA), have been found to be contaminated with nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens.
From Material Safety Data Sheet Special Hazard Precautions: PRODUCT IS SEVERELY IRRITATING TO BODY TISSUES AND POSSIBLY CORROSIVE TO THE EYES. HANDLE WITH CARE. AVOID EYE & SKIN CONTACT. AVOID BREATHING VAPORS IF GENERATED. IF THERE IS DANGER OF EYE CONTACT, WEAR A FACE SHIELD.
Explanation Carcinogenicity: AMINES REACT WITH NITROSATING AGENTS TO FORM NITROSOAMINES, WHICH ARE CARCINOGENIC.
From Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): POISON! DANGER! HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED OR ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN.
VAPOR HARMFUL. FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR. MAY AFFECT LIVER, KIDNEYS, BLOOD SYSTEM, OR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT.
INHALATION: INHALATION MAY CAUSE IRRITATION OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. SYMPTOMS OF OVEREXPOSURE MAY INCLUDE FATIGUE, CONFUSION, HEADACHE, DIZZINESS AND DROWSINESS. PECULIAR SKIN SENSATIONS (E. G. PINS AND NEEDLES) OR NUMBNESS MAY BE PRODUCED. VERY HIGH CONCENTRATIONS MAY CAUSE UNCONSCIOUSNESS AND DEATH.
INGESTION: SWALLOWING MAY CAUSE ABDOMINAL SPASMS AND OTHER SYMPTOMS THAT PARALLEL OVER-EXPOSURE FROM INHALATION. ASPIRATION OF MATERIAL INTO THE LUNGS CAN CAUSE CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS, WHICH MAY BE FATAL. SKIN CONTACT: CAUSES IRRITATION. MAY BE ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN.
EYE CONTACT: CAUSES SEVERE EYE IRRITATION WITH REDNESS AND PAIN. CHRONIC EXPOSURE: REPORTS OF CHRONIC POISONING DESCRIBE ANEMIA, DECREASED BLOOD CELL COUNT AND BONE MARROW HYPOPLASIA. LIVER AND KIDNEY DAMAGE MAY OCCUR. REPEATED OR PROLONGED CONTACT HAS A DEFATTING ACTION, CAUSING DRYING, REDNESS, AND DERMATITIS.
EXPOSURE TO TOLUENE MAY AFFECT THE DEVELOPING FOETUS.
Description: Too many of the toiletries and cosmetics we use are carcinogenic cocktails of hazardous synthetic chemical compounds. Most of the chemicals which go into our toiletries and skin care products are no different from the harsh toxic chemicals used in industry. Far from enhancing our health they pose a daily threat to it and have the potential to accelerate the onset of cancer when toxic chemicals accumulate in the body.
You have probably found this website using one or more of the following keyword terms: toxic ingredients skin care products, toxic ingredients skin care cosmetics, toxic ingredients skin care mineral oil, toxic ingredients skin personal care products, toxic ingredients skin care shampoos, toxic ingredients skin care SLS, toxic ingredients skin care Propylene Glycol, toxic chemicals cosmetics phthalates, toxic chemicals cosmetics industry, chemical ingredients in cosmetics, adverse effect of chemical ingredients in cosmetics, adverse effect of chemical ingredients in cosmetics on skin, adverse effect of chemical ingredients in cosmetics skin care, skin cancer chemicals, skin cancer chemicals melanoma, skin cancer chemicals moles, chemicals breast cancer, cancer Common Chemicals, cancer chemicals exposure, cancer synthetic chemicals, cancer chemicals carcinogenic, cancer causing chemicals in cosmetics, list of cancer causing chemicals, list of cancer causing chemicals human carcinogens, list of cancer causing chemicals substances, list of cancer causing chemicals exposure, list of cancer causing chemicals substances, list of cancer causing chemicals risk, toxic toiletries what doctors don't tell you, toxic toiletries what doctors don't tell you risk, toxic toiletries what doctors don't tell you shampoos, toiletries toxic chemicals, toxic toiletries ingredients, toxic toiletries carcinogenic, toxic toiletries shampoo, toxic toiletries toothpaste, toxic toiletries Propylene Glycol,
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Apart from enzyme-free self-templated amplification systems currently under development (Dong et al., 2012; Michaelis et al., 2014; Jung and Ellington, 2014), a variety of different methods for isothermal enzymatic in vitro DNA amplification have been developed over the past 20 years (see reviews by Gill and Ghaemi, 2008; Fakruddin et al., 2013; Yan et al., 2014; Li and Macdonald, 2015). Most isothermal amplification systems have the advantage of being easily operated with simple equipment since no thermal cycling is necessary as in PCR. Moreover, they are useful tools in point-of- care (POC) applications in clinical settings making them highly attractive for the diagnostic industry. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an approach to nucleic acid amplification that is especially suitable due to its high specificity, rapidness, user friendliness and low price. Niessen (2015) reviewed its application for the diagnosis of filamentous fungi and yeasts. The method has been applied for the species-specific diagnosis of Fusarium graminearum (Niessen and Vogel, 2010) and F. tricinctum (Niessen et al., 2012) in wheat and barley as well as for the group-specific detection of gushing-inducing Fusarium spp. (Denschlag et al., 2012, 2013) and producers of trichothecene mycotoxins (Denschlag et al., 2014) in cereals and malt. Moreover, is has been applied to the detection and identification of Saccharomyces brewing yeasts and wild yeasts in beer and other sources (Hayashi et al., 2007, 2009).
The method relies on auto-cycling strand displacement DNA synthesis performed by thermophilic DNA polymerases under isothermal conditions with a set of four specifically designed primers. These hybridize to six different parts of the target DNA sequence (Notomi et al., 2000). A comprehensive explanation of the reaction mechanisms involved can be found in the literature (Notomi et al., 2000; Tomita et al., 2008; Niessen, 2015). Fig. 8.2 shows a schematic representation of the different reaction steps leading to DNA synthesis during LAMP. The method basically makes use of the large fragment of the Bst DNA polymerase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The large fragment of the enzyme contains the 5' * 3' polymerase activity but lacks 5'-* 3' exonuclease activity. Similar enzymes (Bsm, GspM, GsM 2.0, GspSSP) from other bacterial hosts as well as optimized versions of the original Bst polymerase (Bst 2.0, Bst warmstart) are now commercially available (Chander et al., 2014; Wozniakowski and Samorek-Salamonowicz, 2014; Kang et al., 2014). The Bst DNA polymerase large fragment displaces third-strand DNA with high efficiency during primer-initiated polymerization of new DNA, leaving a double-stranded product and a single-stranded DNA strand, which can act as the matrix for further primer annealing and DNA polymerization.
Since Bst DNA polymerase has a very high activity, vast amounts of high-molecular-weight DNA are produced within a short time. The exceptionally high specificity of LAMP is because a set of four primers with six binding sites must hybridize correctly to their target sequence before DNA biosynthesis occurs. A third pair of primers (loop primers) can be added optionally to the reaction in order to further amplify the amount of DNA produced during LAMP (Nagamine et al., 2002). One of the primer pairs is constructed in such a way that the reverse complement of a binding site downstream of the F2c/B2c binding site (F1c/ B1c) is attached to the 5'-end of a primer binding to that site. These composite primers are essential for the specificity of the amplification reaction and thus have to be chosen very carefully. Both parts of each FIP/BIP primer should be checked for cross-reactivity by in silico analysis (e.g. BLAST) prior to application in LAMP reactions. A pair of outer primers (F3/B3) anneals upstream of the F2c/B2c binding site to displace the initial LAMP product strand from the DNA matrix. Specificity of outer primers can be regarded as being of lower importance since they are not involved in any of the following amplification reactions and a low number of base mismatches will not prevent amplification. The process is initiated by attachment of primers to the DNA target. Primers are elongated and the second matrix strand is displaced from the target DNA. The newly synthesized product itself is displaced from the matrix strand by the F3/B3 product strand. Primers F3 and B3 have no further function once the amplification process has been initiated. As the final product of the amplification initiation step, a dumbbell-structured, singlestranded DNA is formed by hybridization of both
Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of the LAMP reaction. A, Primers, binding sites, and reaction conditions. B, Initiation of the LAMP reaction resulting in production of a double-loop stem structure (dumbbell structure). C, Autocycling enzymatic DNA amplification during LAMP resulting in multimers of different size of the monomeric double-loop stem structure. Redrawn from Niessen (2015), with kind permission of Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
ends of the molecule to complementary downstream sequences, forming two loops. Starting from this structure, primers FIP and BIP continuously hybridize to newly generated binding sites and are elongated, displaced and refolded while forming ever-longer multimers of the basic dumbbell structure. Loop primers are designed to hybridize to the single-stranded loop structures present in the dumbbell structures as well as in the multimeric DNA formed during autocycling DNA amplification. They prime the production of novel template DNA to which FIP/BIP primers can bind to initiate synthesis of even higher concentrations of DNA. Addition of loop primers therefore does not increase the sensitivity of amplification but rather enables earlier detection of a LAMP signal as compared with a reaction run without loop primers.
Direct detection of amplification in LAMP can be done by addition of DNA intercalating dyes (SYTO 9, SYBR Green 1, ethidium bromide) or fluorescent hybridization probes. Indirect detection is accomplished via Mg-pyrophosphate turbidity or calcein fluorescence (see reviews by Niessen etal., 2013; Niessen, 2015). Quantification of template DNA concentrations is possible but not very accurate due to the autocycling nature of the amplification reaction (Denschlag et al., 2013; Niessen, 2015). Beside its speed and ease of use, robustness is another major advantage of LAMP assays over PCR. It has been demonstrated that the reaction is quite insensitive against inhibitors from the sample matrix (Kaneko et al., 2007; Francois et al., 2011). Simple procedures for sample preparation are therefore sufficient in many cases to obtain a signal after addition of mycelia or fungal spores just washed off cereal or malt grains directly to the LAMP reaction mix (Luo et al., 2012, 2014; Denschlag et al., 2014). Application of the LAMP method for the analysis of brewing cereals and malt was demonstrated by Denschlag et al. (2012, 2013) who designed primers that detected the hyd5 gene coding for the class 2 hydrophobin Hyd5p in Fusar- ium spp., which have been associated with gushing in beer. The assay detected F. cerealis, F. culmorum, and F. graminearum and had a detection limit of three Fusarium-contaminated grains in 200 g. Analysis of gushing-positive and gushing-negative malts revealed good correlation with gushing-test results (modified Carlsberg's test) and showed that the latter test seems to overestimate gushing potential.
The same authors developed another LAMP-based assay detecting tox5 and tox6, two genes involved in the production of trichothecene mycotoxins in Fusarium spp. (Denschlag et al., 2014). The assay was applied to the analysis of wheat. LAMP results corresponded well with the presence of DON in respective samples at threshold values of 163 ppb and 1000 ppb when DNA extraction or a simple lavage of the samples was used for sample preparation, respectively. Niessen et al. (2012) demonstrated the usefulness of LAMP for the detection of F. tricinctum in barley samples and in single barley grains by immersing single seeds into the LAMP master mix prior to the reaction.
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Scott Farver doesn’t have anything against cats.
When he found a box of abandoned kittens on his north Texas property a few years ago, he nursed them back to health and took them to a local no-kill shelter. But he also understands the dangers that adult free-roaming cats pose to native wildlife. That’s why, prior to 2007, when the Texas Legislature made the practice illegal, his rural community shot feral cats like any other invasive species.
“I thought having cats around would be good to keep the mice down,” Farver told MeatEater. “But we saw that the cats would kill the rabbits, and we could see the impact on the wildlife. Since we haven’t seen any cats in a while, we’ve seen a lot more rabbits.”
Farver’s story illustrates both sides of the feral cat controversy: housecats (Felis catus) are at once a lovable pet and a predatory, invasive pest.
The stalemate should sound familiar to conservationists. Both sides of the debate claim to have science on their side, and it remains unclear which government agency is responsible for fixing the problem. Meanwhile, the divisions grow larger and the threat remains.
This debate was reignited last year by a bombshell report published in Science. Researchers estimated that North America has seen the cumulative loss of three billion birds since 1970—a 30% reduction in the total avian population.
“I think it’s reasonable to conclude that cat predation is a contributing factor, especially as it is the top source of direct, human-caused bird mortality in the U.S. and Canada,” Grant Sizemore told MeatEater.
Sizemore is the director of invasive species programs at the American Bird Conservancy. He views the free-roaming cat issue as one of the most serious conservation crises in North America.
An estimated 60 million unowned cats roam the United States, along with another 60 to 88 million owned cats. A 2013 study determined that free-ranging cats account for 1.3 to 4 billion bird deaths and 6.3 to 22.3 billion mammal deaths every year. Since the year 1500, free-roaming cats have contributed to the extinction of 63 species worldwide, according to a separate 2016 study.
“Domestic cats are an invasive species just like any other invasive—Burmese pythons or feral pigs or kudzu,” Sizemore said. “They disrupt the ecosystem in which they’re introduced. They do so through a variety of mechanisms, only one of which is direct predation of wildlife.”
But Peter Wolf, research and policy analyst at the Best Friends Animal Society, believes that the true threat cats pose to native wildlife has been “badly exaggerated.”
“Other than on small oceanic islands, there’s very little evidence, if any, that free-roaming cats have population-level impacts,” Wolf told MeatEater.
Wolf argues that, given the wide variety of threats to birds and small mammals, it’s impossible to prove that cats are responsible for population losses of any particular species. While native animals on oceanic islands are susceptible to invasive predators, the situation in the continental U.S. is much more complex.
Sizemore of the American Bird Conservancy admits that teasing out a single factor is difficult. Still, he finds ample evidence that free-roaming cats have a negative effect on native populations, as anyone whose cat has brought home a dead mouse can attest.
Others argue that cats should be aggressively controlled regardless of their population-level effects.
“It doesn’t matter whether the population is going extinct. It’s the fact that we’re losing the environmental services of those animals,” Stephen M. Vantassel, owner of Wildlife Control Consultant, told MeatEater.
Birds, for example, control insect populations, help with pollination, transport seeds, and are enjoyed by legions of birdwatchers and hunters nationwide. Since cats are an invasive, Vantassel argues that we should not be protecting them at the expensive of native animals and ecosystems.
Threats to Hunters and Game Species
Sizemore is careful to point out that there hasn’t been much research on the threat that cats pose to game species. The largest concentrations of free-roaming cats are found in urban and suburban environments, which reduces their potential impact on game animals.
But Kelly Simon, urban wildlife biologist at Texas Parks and Wildlife, told MeatEater that she’s found domestic cat tracks in some “very remote areas,” and she cited a study from 1974 which found that about one-third of feral cats live on rural landscapes.
These cats can prey on game species, and both Sizemore and Simon mentioned the threat to bobwhite quail, whose populations have declined precipitously since the 1960s.
A 2004 study found that California quail were not observed in locations set up to be “cat areas” for research. Quail were seen or heard “almost daily” in the “no-cat areas,” while they were “never seen or heard in the cat areas,” according to the study’s authors.
Another 2016 study reported that a wildlife hospital in Virginia admitted ruffed grouse, wild turkey, American woodcock, mourning dove, eastern fox squirrel, eastern gray squirrel, and eastern cottontail rabbit with cat-inflicted injuries between 2000 and 2010. Cat interaction was the second-leading cause of small mammal admission and the second-leading cause of bird mortality (abandon or orphaned young accounted for the most admissions of both mammals and birds).
Eastern cottontail rabbits, for example, accounted for the highest number of admissions over the course of the 10 years (4,134), and cat interactions were responsible for 26% of those admissions (1,079).
A similar 2017 study of 82 wildlife rescue centers found that between 2011 and 2015, three of the top four victims of cat attacks were game animals: 1) eastern cottontail, 2) American robin (non-game), 3) eastern grey squirrel, 4) mourning dove.
Hunters should also be aware of a cat-specific parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii, Sizemore said. It reproduces only in felines, including domestic cats, bobcats, lynx, mountain lions, and jaguars. It is excreted in fecal matter and native animals like whitetail deer can become infected when they ingest contaminated vegetation or water.
“From an ecological standpoint, we’re seeing the results of widespread, free-ranging cats on the landscape being illustrated by large numbers of wildlife testing positive for this parasite. In some cases, it actually kills the wildlife,” Sizemore said.
A 2020 study found that 36% of whitetail deer nationwide were infected with the parasite. In suburban areas, that number jumps to 49.5% and in urban areas it can reach 66.1%, according to a separate 2019 report.
Toxoplasmosis is the second-leading cause of death by foodborne illnesses in the U.S. Humans can become infected by eating undercooked, infected meat. The parasite does not always cause severe symptoms, but it can cause fever or infect any organ. It also presents a real danger to unborn children, which is why pregnant women are advised to not change a cat’s litter box.
Wolf isn’t convinced that the parasite poses a real threat to humans.
“The risks associated with the T. gondii parasite are often overstated—it seems to have overtaken rabies in recent years as the go-to bogeyman,” he said.
He pointed out that the parasite’s life cycle can be perpetuated not only by domestic cats but by bobcats and mountain lions as well, which makes it difficult to quantify the role that free-roaming cats play in the equation. In addition, a 2014 study found that between 1988 and 2010 the rate of infection among people aged 12 to 49 years has actually dropped from 14.1% to 6.6%.
If the domestic cat problem is difficult to untangle, the solution is like a Rubik’s cube from hell. While folks like Wolf question the threat that cats pose to animals and wildlife, they still advocate programs that reduce the population of unowned cats in the U.S.
The most popular of these methods is known as Trap-Neuter-Return, which is exactly what it sounds like. Volunteers working with organizations like Best Friends Animal Society and Alley Cat Allies trap free-roaming, unowned cats, neuter or spay them, vaccinate them, and return them to where they were found. Often these cats are living in “cat colonies,” which are cared for by volunteers and community residents.
It’s unclear whether these programs can really knock back cat populations. Two notable studies from Florida and North Carolina demonstrated a decrease in local feral cat populations by 66% and 36%, respectively. But those results may be outliers. Sizemore argues that while some cat colonies may be reduced or stabilized, cats breed too quickly to make Trap-Neuter-Return an effective strategy on a broader scale.
“At a population management level, TNR is neither effective nor humane,” Sizemore said. “The ‘colony attrition’ that occurs is the result of cats being run over by cars, ingesting poisons, being attacked by dogs or coyotes, etc. Furthermore, even if TNR reduced cat populations—which the science shows it doesn’t—these cats would continue to kill wildlife, spread infectious pathogens, and cause a nuisance for surrounding communities.”
The alternative is a combination of education to encourage cat owners to keep their pets away from wildlife and eradication efforts that utilize both euthanasia and rehoming.
“For strays and feral cats, we just need to remove them. Trap, remove, and then do whatever the outcome is that’s feasible in your location. That may be euthanasia, it may be placement in a cat sanctuary, it may be adoption. But under no circumstances should they be left back outside,” Sizemore said.
But Wolf and other TNR advocates argue that while TNR may not be perfect, it is the only feasible solution given the current social and political environment (read: people don’t like killing cats).
“How would we scale up impoundment/killing to a level that would make a difference when the current, relatively modest level is considered unacceptable by so much of the public?” Wolf asked. “TNR is generally the only truly feasible option available, no matter the challenges.”
Who’s in Charge Here?
Unfortunately, the relative costs and benefits of either approach may not matter. As with many conservation issues, it’s unclear who is responsible for fixing the problem.
“Wildlife are getting absolutely massacred by these cats, but wildlife agencies typically do not have jurisdiction over cat management,” Sizemore said. “It’s unclear who, if anyone, has responsibility for the unowned cats.”
Representatives from Texas Parks and Wildlife and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission told MeatEater that their agencies do not regulate domestic cats, and they do not endorse TNR programs. Wolf could not name a single state agency that implements TNR.
Local municipalities can prohibit feeding unowned animals or abandoning pets, but it takes political capital to spend the time and money required to implement either of the two strategies on a large scale.
“If you’re a city councilman, you have to worry about the police force, school districts, etc. Do you really think the cats are going to be high on your list if the cat lobby will light up your phone lines with people screaming about ‘why are you persecuting my cat?’” Vantassel asked.
Vantassel co-wrote a report for the University of Nebraska that illustrates the no-man’s land in which feral cats often fall:
As with most conservation issues, politicians are unlikely to act without a push from their constituents. And because this issue is localized, sportsmen and conservationists should start by investigating the feral and free-roaming cat issue in their communities.
Cat owners may be best positioned to make a dent in the problem. Sizemore encourages owners to microchip, vaccinate, sterilize, and most importantly, keep cats away from wildlife.
“I think it’s important to understand that there is a common goal here: the various stakeholders—animal welfare advocates, conservationists, public health officials, etc.—all want to see fewer free-roaming cats,” Wolf said. “This point is often lost in the debate.”
Ultimately, winning the war on (and over) feral cats will take cooperation.
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Hearst Caricatures Collection (circa 1900-1910)
Title: Hearst Caricatures Collection (circa 1900-1910)
Dates: circa 1900-1910
Collection Number: MS 069
Creator/Collector: Puck (literary magazine) Harper's Weekly (journal) Judge (magazine)
Extent: 3 flat file boxes
Repository: California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo
Abstract: Published caricatures and illustrations of William Randolph Hearst, an American newspaper publisher. Sources include illustrations published in Puck, Harper’s Weekly, and Judge.
Language of Material: English
Collection is open to qualified researchers by appointment only. For more information on access policies and to obtain a copy of the Researcher Registration form, please contact staff. Unprocessed collections are subject to review by Archives staff before access is granted. Researchers are encouraged to give 10-business days advance notice if they wish to view unprocessed collections.
All associated rights are retained by the creators of the records. For permissions to reproduce or to publish, please contact Special Collections staff.
Hearst Caricatures Collection (circa 1900-1910). California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo
Hearst became the target of caricature artists as his circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer II escalated. When Hearst's political ambitions were revealed during the 1900 presidential campaign, caricaturists went into overdrive. Pulitzer's paper the New York World and Hearst's New York Journal changed the content of newspapers adding more sensationalized stories and increasing the use of drawings and cartoons. As more cartoons were being published in newspapers, Pulitzer began to publish a cartoon of his own that he titled "The Yellow Kid" in 1896. The cartoon was created by R.F. Outcault and became one of many objects fought over between Hearst and Pulitzer during their rivalry. Hearst later took Outcault and his cartoon from Pulitzer by offering him an outrageous salary. Pulitzer published another version of the cartoon very similar to "The Yellow Kid" to continue competing with Hearst.
The Hearst Caricature Collection contains published caricatures and illustrations of William Randolph Hearst, an American newspaper publisher. Sources include illustrations published in PUCK Harper’s Weekly,and Judge. The collection is unarranged. A preliminary inventory available upon request.
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Course DescriptionAfro-Latin music's distinctive percussion sound is the conga; percussionists may perform with just about anyone! Students will understand the Puerto Rican bomba and plena and the fundamental Cuban tumbao pattern utilized in son or salsa (including cha cha and mambo). Harper will loan djembes to all students who register for the course.
Lesson 1. Intro to the program
What will students be doing for eight weeks
Each student will receive a djembe
Lesson 2. Introduction to Congas and Interactive using djembes, other students clapping, and maintaining tempo
Lesson 3. How to maintain a djembe
Lesson 4. Djembe intervals
Lesson 5. Detune heads
Lesson 6. Djembe Sounds and Techniques
Lesson 7. Open Tone, Closed Tone, Open Slap and Closed Slap
Lesson 8. Open Tone, Closed Tone, Open Slap and Closed Slap
Lesson 9. Bass Tone, Heel Stroke, Toe Stroke, and touch
Lesson 10. Warm-up Exercises
Lesson 11. Coordination Exercises (pic of the band)
Lesson 12. Permutation - (Lesson 7,8, 9) Tone, Slap, Mute, Bass
Lesson 13. Warm-up Exercises
Lesson 14. Coordination Exercises -Syncopation using other instruments with the conga
Lesson 15. Coordination Exercises-Syncopation using other instruments with the conga
Lesson 16. Mano Secreta-technique
Lesson 17. Rhythm and patterns
Lesson 18. Traditional rhythms
Lesson 19: Traditional rhythms
Lesson 20. Salsa, Hip-Hop and Pop
Lesson 21. Salsa, Hip-Hop and Pop
Lesson 22. Playing with clave
Lesson 23. Rhythms with clave
Lesson 24. Playing as a group
Students Showcase: Students will form a circle. Some will hold clave sticks, others tambourine, clapping hands to tempo through synchronization.
Click here for information about private music lessons for adults.
Click here for our homepage.
Click here for a list of our percussion instructors.
Related Course Recommendations
LMU0030 - Guitar I
LMU0039 - Banjo 1
LMU0006 - Ukulele Pleasure
LMU0008 - Blues Harmonica
LMU0106 - Back Porch Revue Clinic
LMU0013 - Harper's Back Porch Revue Ensemble
LMU0016 - World Music Ensemble
LMU0014 - R&B Ensemble
Make every day count. Discover your passions. Advance your career. Play and learn.
I started a new job as a graphic and web designer and the digital badge I got was part of the reason they chose to hire me. I couldn't have done it without you!
David is a truly amazing teacher who makes learning the harmonica lots of fun. His enthusiasm is contagious and he has a heart of gold.
The Writing Salon was so much more than a writing class. The experience was energetic, enthusiastic and supportive. I highly recommend this class for anyone who wants to develop their skills as a writer!
As always, your Spanish classes are packed with new information about the language. You make it easy to learn Spanish and keep it very interesting. Thank you!
I have participated in many LLI classes over the past two years. Gary is a terrific discussion facilitator and brings excellent background knowledge to our classes. I'm learning so much about Foreign Policy.
Just want to let you know how much I enjoyed your class. Hope you will have more classes since I am a novice in the wine area and am anxious to learn.
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Jump to navigation Jump to search
Chicle is the name for the gummy sap and the wood of the evergreen sapodilla plum tree (Achras zapota) native to Central and South America. The Aztecs mixed the chicle latex with Asphalt and used it as a Chewing gum called txixtle. Chicle is now primarily sent to the United States for manufacture in chewing gum. The latex gum is tapped from the trees during the rainy season, then pressed into blocks for export. In processing, chewing gum is mixed with Wax, Polyvinyl acetate, sugars, and flavoring. The gum is a thermoplastic material that hardens and becomes less tacky below 32 C.
Synonyms and Related Terms
Achras zapota; chicle (Esp.); chewing gum; txixtle; sapodilla plum
- Ingestion should be avoided.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Soluble in most organic solvents. Insoluble in water.
|Melting Point||32.3 C (softens)|
Resources and Citations
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 185
- Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
- F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2098
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Usually translated as “Chapters of the Fathers”, Pirkei Avot is a Mishnaic tractate that comprises aphorisms on the topic of ethics. Among the celebrated sayings of Pirkei Avot is: “Hillel would say, ‘If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And when I am for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?’” (1:14).
Avot literally means “fathers”, but in Mishnaic Hebrew, it also refers to fundamental principles, as in the four avot nezikin — the four principle categories of civil damages. In this light, Pirkei Avot can also be translated as “Chapters on Fundamental (Ethical) Principles”.
One might be surprised to find Pirkei Avot at the end of the Order of Civil Damages (Seder Nezikin). Why conclude a Mishnaic order that deals with the technicalities of theft, assault, and oxen gone wild with six chapters on morality? What does the everyday reality of crime have to do with the quest for moral improvement? Everything.
The Maharal of Prague explains that Nezikin involves the perfection of one’s relations with the other — the state of never harming another — while Pirkei Avot involves the perfection of one’s self, one’s moral character.
It is customary to study Pirkei Avot on Shabbat afternoon at this time of year. In what seems a very English explanation, the Maharal states that the mild weather of these spring months were ideal for study.
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|Celtic||And a Day||Holly||Hazel||Vine||Ivy||Reed||Elder|
7 December - 3 January
To the Druids, the Birch represented renewal and rebirth as it was the first tree in leaf after winter. Birch people are determined, resilient and ambitious. Good organizers, leaders and strategists, they are not deterred by setbacks, believing hard work, patience and persistence will triumph. They are loyal but reserved in showing affection.
The Ruling Deity - The Celtic Warrior God Lugh, inventor of all arts and crafts, rules this sign.
The Druic Animal - The white stag symbolizes high ideals and aspirations - Birch people need a goal in life or they become depressed and pessimistic.
Planetary Ruler - Sun
Ogham Word - Beithe
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Urticaria, commonly known as hives, usually strikes suddenly. First the skin itches, and then it erupts into red welts. The itching may be severe, keeping people from working or sleeping. It's a distressing disorder that affects an estimated 20 percent of the population at one time or another in their lives.
Most cases of urticaria are acute, lasting from a few hours to less than six weeks. Some cases are chronic, lasting more than six weeks. The welts may appear in one place, disappear after a short time, then erupt at another spot, then another. They are made worse by scratching. Each individual hive lasts no more than 24 hours.
What kinds of things can trigger attacks of urticaria?
Bouts of urticaria have been traced to such triggers as infections, drugs (including aspirin), certain foods and additives, cold, sun exposure, insect stings, alcohol, exercise, endocrine disorders and emotional stress. In some people, pressure caused by belts and constricting clothing causes eruption. Urticaria may be a response to infection including the common cold, strep throat and infectious mononucleosis.
In the urticaria-prone person, these triggers cause the body to release chemical mediators, including histamine, from cells. Histamine (which causes itchy, runny noses and watery eyes in hay fever sufferers) dilates the walls of blood vessels, allowing fluids to leak out into the surrounding tissues. Swelling and itching are the result.
How are urticaria "triggers" identified?
In some cases, the trigger is obvious—a person eats strawberries or shrimp, and then develops urticaria within a short time. But because there are so many possible causes for urticaria, other cases require determined detective work on the part of the patient and physician. In some cases, the cause is never identified.
A single episode of uncomplicated acute urticaria probably does not need formal evaluation. For patients with recurrent episodes of acute urticaria, with chronic urticaria, or with urticaria complicated by swelling, trouble breathing or other serious problems, an evaluation is recommended. See your regular physician first, in order to evaluate for non-allergic causes of urticaria. If allergy is suspected, keep a diary of foods eaten, any unusual exposures, and when you have hives. Bring the diary with you to the allergist's office.
To unravel the urticaria puzzle, your allergist-immunologist will take a detailed history, looking for clues in your lifestyle that will help pinpoint the cause of your symptoms. You'll be asked about the frequency and severity of your symptoms, your family's medical history, medications you're taking, your work and home environment, and miscellaneous matters.
The allergist will want to review your diary for further clues.
In some cases you may require tests to analyze blood and urine, and other procedures such as x-rays. Skin tests may provide useful information in some cases. Your allergist-immunologist will decide which tests to order based on the different types of urticaria and the suspected cause.
What are the different types of urticaria?
They can be classified into two categories: allergic and non-allergic. Allergic urticaria is the least common form, although it is somewhat more common in children than adults. It is caused by the immune system's overreaction to foods, drugs, infection, insect stings, blood transfusions or other substances. Foods such as eggs, nuts and shellfish, and drugs such as penicillin and sulfa are common causes of allergic or immunologic urticaria. Recent studies also suggest that some cases of chronic urticaria are caused by autoimmune mechanisms, when the patient develops immune reactions to components of his or her skin.
Non-allergic urticaria are those types of urticaria where a clear-cut allergic basis cannot be proven. These take many forms:
- Dermographism is urticaria that develops when the skin is stroked with a firm object.
- Cold-induced urticaria appears after a person is exposed to low temperatures—for example, after a plunge into a swimming pool or when an ice cube is placed against the skin.
- Cholinergic urticaria, which is associated with exercise, hot showers and/or anxiety, is a form of hives that is related to release of certain chemicals from parts of the nervous system that controls such body functions as blood pressure and heart rate.
- Pressure urticaria develops from the constant pressure of constricting clothing such as sock bands, bra straps, belts or other tight clothing.
- Solar urticaria arises on parts of the body exposed to the sun; this may occur within a few minutes after exposure.
Some cases of non-allergic urticaria may be caused by reactions to aspirin and, possibly, certain food dyes, sulfites, and other food additives. In many cases, particularly in chronic urticaria, the trigger for the problem can't be found; in this instance it is called idiopathic urticaria.
Certain types of urticaria are more painful than itchy, may go away leaving a bruise on the skin, and individual hives may last more than 24 hours. In such cases, and selected other situations, a biopsy of the skin may be necessary for diagnosis.
How is urticaria treated?
Your allergist first will prescribe medications, such as antihistamines to alleviate the discomfort. Severe attacks of urticaria can be temporarily relieved by injections of epinephrine; rarely in these cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed for a short period. Other drugs may be required for specific types of urticaria.
If the cause can be identified, the best course of treatment is avoidance of the substance that triggers urticaria. If a problem with a specific food is strongly suspected, then it should be avoided. This may require a careful reading of packaged food labels and inquiry about ingredients in restaurant meals. Persons with solar urticaria should wear protective clothing and apply sunscreen lotions when outdoors. Loose-fitting clothing will help relieve pressure urticaria. Avoid harsh soaps and frequent bathing to reduce the problem of dry skin, which can cause itching and scratching that can aggravate urticaria. Vigorous toweling after a bath may precipitate hives.
Although success of identifying the cause of chronic urticaria varies from clinic to clinic according to patient populations, it usually is no higher than 20 percent of cases. Chronic urticaria may last for months or for years and burn itself out, never to bother the sufferer again. If you have any more questions, your allergist-immunologist will be happy to answer them.
Written by Thomas Scott, MD and Chrishana Ogilvie-McDaniel, MD, board-certified allergists with Via Christi Clinic in Wichita, Kan.
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The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (formerly known as JCAHO), is a nonprofit organization that sets standards by which medical facilities operate. Although Joint Commission accreditation is strictly voluntary, medical facilities often have trouble maintaining their reputations if they can't pass reviews or lose their accreditation. Medical facilities applying for or trying to maintain their accreditation must allow Joint Commission auditors to review their patient care, record-keeping, financial administration, nursing standards, ethical policies and any important incidents or regulatory problems a facility may have experienced.
Medical facilities most benefit from a Joint Commission accreditation because of its prestige. An accreditation tells patients and the community at large that a facility operates at a standard they can trust. Although the Joint Commission looks at other aspects of a facility's operation, consumers can take comfort in knowing that accreditation involves an extensive investigation of a hospital or skilled nursing facility's nursing care, medication management, patient privacy protocols and safety standards. Typically, the Joint Commission holds a higher standard than state departments of health.
Because of the Joint Commission's high standards and respected work, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has given the Joint Commission the ability to audit hospitals for Medicare compliance. CMS accepts Joint Commission accreditation as proof of a hospital's compliance with federal Medicare regulations. Hospitals that fail to obtain accreditation or choose to not apply must instead undergo a direct compliance audit by CMS.
Hospitals handle sensitive personal and financial information. Not only does the Joint Commission concern itself with hospitals' ethical standards in dealing with these sensitive materials, but it looks into billing procedures and accuracy. The Joint Commission audits for intentional and accidental billing errors. In turn, this saves patients, insurance companies and taxpayers money. The Joint Commission advises facilities on how to tighten up systems to avoid errors and prevent fraud.
To legally operate, medical facilities need licensing and accreditation from their state departments of health. Although state standards are designed to protect the public, they aren't usually as stringent as Joint Commissions. Additionally, most states don't have the resources to afford audits as lengthy and involved as those of the Joint Commission. By focusing on meeting Joint Commission standards, medical facilities also ensure they will pass state inspections. This is why hospital management teams tend to encourage their employees to achieve and maintain Joint Commission standards at all times.
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As we celebrate Refugee Week, we look to the patron saint of refugees, Saint Alban. His story takes us back to Roman Britain at a time of great persecution for Christians. Alban met a Christian priest who was fleeing from the authorities and agreed to give him shelter. The priest is said to have made such an impression on Alban during his time in his home, that he converted to Christianity. Word soon got out that Alban had been hiding the priest and Roman soldiers came to search the home. Alban dressed himself as the priest and was taken by the soldiers to the judge who, upon realising what Alban had done, ruled that he should be given the punishment that was reserved for the priest. As he would not reject his newfound Christian faith, he was tortured and beheaded.
There are many embellishments and fantastical details that can be found in various accounts of Saint Alban’s life but it is surely the bravery and kindness of Alban that is at the heart of the story which has led to his veneration by so many around the world.
We can never know why exactly Alban acted the way he did but the openness he showed to one in need is truly breathtaking. His actions speak of someone who did not see differences in his fellow man but who recognised the common bond of humanity he shared with this priest of a different religion. Not only did he open himself up to danger at a time of state led persecution, he opened himself to another, creating the opportunity for encounter and interaction that would change his life.
Unfortunately, when it comes to those seeking sanctuary in today’s world such openness is often in short supply. We are frequently bombarded with a narrative that seeks to have us focus on what divides us, be it nationality, religion, race or immigration status, rather than the common humanity through which we are all united. Pope Francis has repeatedly challenged us all live out a different call: one that would see us seek to build bridges not walls. In this, Saint Alban’s example of openness can be our guide.
For me, this is what Refugee Week is all about. Being open to our brothers and sisters who are forced to flee their homes and recognising in them their God-given human dignity. We celebrate people for who they are and the great gifts they bring to our society. It encourages us to learn about their lives and to put ourselves into someone else’s shoes. It creates the opportunity to meet new friends and create lasting bonds.
I hope that in celebrating Refugee Week we may open our hearts and minds to others and through these encounters we might find ourselves, like Saint Alban, inspired to act with bravery and kindness towards those who come to us looking for a place of safety.
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Did you know about the time when Singapore saved the people in Sarawak by air-dropping cats? The operation cat drop happened in March 1960, when Singapore was still a British colony.
Singapore did not have its own Armed Forces then, so, the airdrop was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF). The cats were however not local Singapore ones, but from Kuching, Sarawak. The 23 cats which were air-dropped were a gift to the people of Bario, whose crops were being ravaged by rats.
The airdrop which besides the cats included over 3,000 kilograms of equipments and supplies, were parachuted into Bario which is in the Kelabits Highlands. Among the supplies were 4 cartons of stout for the recovering village chieftain.
The RAF did several test runs before using a Beverly transport plane to carry out the operation. The cats were pushed out from a height of 400 feet and all of them landed safely.
The Straits Times reported that hundreds of local natives looked on with excitement. at the big operation by the RAF which took more than an hour to carry out. A declassified British ‘secret’ document records a native of Bario as saying: “Many thanks to R.A.F and all responsible for the airdrop arrangements; also to cat donors and cat basket makers. All cats safe and much appreciated (?). Very accurate dropping but unfortunately parachute which was dropping wheels failed to open. All other stores received safely including heavy roller.”
Unverifiable rumours suggest that rats multiplied in Bario after the World Health Organisation (WHO) sprayed DDT to control malaria carrying mosquitoes there. The mosquitoes died and malaria declined, but it also killed other insects, including wasps which fed on caterpillars. Without its natural predators, the caterpillars multiplied, destroying the thatched roof in the Bario village.
The British gave the Bario people sheetmetal to be used as roof, but in an area with heavy tropical rain, the tin roof were unhelpful, as it kept the villagers awake whenever rain fell at night.
The DDT-poisoned insects were also eaten by lizards, which in turn were eaten by the cats in the village.
All the cats in Bario died, and the disruption in the food chain meant that rats multiplied, threatening the village with outbreaks like typhus and plague. This was when WHO sought the help of RAF to conduct Operation Cat Drop.Follow us on Social Media
Send in your scoops to email@example.com
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|Long-term changes in the meroplankton of the North Sea|
|Lindley, J.A.; Kirby, R.R. (2007). Long-term changes in the meroplankton of the North Sea. Council Meeting - International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, CM 2007(A:16). ICES: Copenhagen. 10 pp.|
|Part of: ICES Council Meeting - International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. ICES: Copenhagen. ISSN 1015-4744, more|
Document type: Meeting report|
Abundance; Larvae; Long-term variations; Meroplankton; Plankton surveys; Decapoda [WoRMS]; Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) [WoRMS]; Echinodermata [WoRMS]; ANE, North Sea [gazetteer]; Marine
Data from the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) survey collected in the late-1940s to early-1960s indicated that the abundance of decapod larvae was low and the seasonal peak of abundance was late following cold winters. The phenological effect of temperature was shown to be consistent with relationships between both geographical and interannual patterns of variation. Analyses of CPR data collected from the 1940s to the present day reveal large-scale long-term changes in the abundance and phenology of the North Sea meroplankton. Echinoderm larvae, whose peak abundance has advanced by 47 days, show the greatest shift in timing. Echinoderm larvae have also increased in abundance to become the most abundant taxon in North Sea CPR samples. Genetic and morphological analyses of CPR samples show that the variations in echinoderm larvae are mainly attributable to an increasing abundance and earlier occurrence of the larvae of a resident species, Echinocardium cordatum, rather than a change in species composition. The remarkable scale of the changes in abundance and phenology of the meroplankton, which are greater than those seen in the holoplankton, has stimulated the development of further research into the causes and effects of these changes.
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MONCTON, N.B. — Despite pleas from dentists to restore fluoride to the water supply in Moncton, N.B., at least one city councillor says he’ll vote against it when council meets to make a decision next week.
Moncton ended fluoride use in 2011, and local dentist Suzanne Drapeau-McNally says she has seen a dramatic increase in tooth decay among young children ever since.
“Children who previously had no cavities, all of a sudden come in and have a higher number of decays,” Drapeau-McNally said.
Moncton city council was supposed to make a decision this spring, but Coun. Shawn Crossman asked that the decision be delayed until Sept. 18 to gather more information.
Crossman said he spent the last seven months reading studies and listening to the public, and hasn’t seen any evidence to prove that fluoride prevents tooth decay.
“There’s nothing there that says fluoride is stopping tooth decay, absolutely nothing,” he said.
“There’s a much bigger picture here. Sugar is a factor, what do our diets look like, what is the person’s overall health? There are other factors that contribute. Fluoride is not going to solve everybody’s problems.”
Crossman said in fact he has seen information that fluoride can be harmful to very young children.
Drapeau-McNally said fluoride is a natural element that protects tooth enamel against the acids that cause tooth decay, and she’s seen no studies to show negative impact of 0.7 parts per million of fluoride in public water supplies.
“We have public health across the world and none have found evidence that community water fluoridation is harmful to health,” Drapeau-McNally said.
“I remain solid that the scientific studies show the results are conclusive — it is a win situation to add fluoride to our Moncton water,” she said.
Last year, New Brunswick’s chief medical officer of health and the New Brunswick Dental Society’s board both came out in support of fluoridation.
“The value of water fluoridation should not be underestimated. The studies are clear and unequivocal and the benefits of fluoridation are well documented for all individuals in the community regardless of age, education, or socio-economic status,” they wrote in a joint statement.
While federal and provincial governments set guidelines for fluoridation, the decision to use fluoride is left up to municipalities.
Brantford, Ont., became the first Canadian community to add fluoride in 1945, and many others followed. Health Canada reported in 2009, the last time it counted, that about 45 per cent of the population was drinking fluoridated water.
Big cities including Toronto, Hamilton, Ottawa, Halifax and Winnipeg fluoridate. Montreal, Calgary and Vancouver don’t, along with Waterloo and Windsor in southern Ontario.
City council in Saint John, N.B., voted against fluoride in 2014.
Crossman said he hasn’t done a poll of other councillors, but believes most will support his decision when council meets on Monday.
*Original article online at http://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/moncton-council-to-decide-on-whether-to-restore-water-fluoridation-1.3587842
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Forms of Energy
Identify the forms of energy through definition and example.
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Students identify examples of potential and kinetic energy and their strength level
Learn the vocabulary associated with the structure of an atom
Spin to WIN! Physics is FUN!
Heat Transfer Wheel
Spin the wheel and guess the letters and the answers to score points.
Explore Heat and Energy
Find different kinds of heat and energy with this fun crossword puzzle!
Heat transfer, Vocab, Matchup
a fun way to learn your vocab words
Heat Transfer Crossword
Heat transfer crossword edition.
Energy and Physics Crossword
its just a game about energy and physics
Matching: Exploring Heat
A Grade 8 Physical Science Thermal Energy Review
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Adults can sometimes suffer from dangerous symptoms that resemble a coronavirus-related syndrome in children, researchers from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who call it Adult Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, or MIS-A, said Friday. and they say it is similar to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children or MIS-C. Like MIS-C, MIS-A is obviously not linked to the coronavirus and sufferers may not exhibit other symptoms that would indicate a COVID-19 infection, but MIS-A has killed at least three patients and, similarly to COVID-19, it disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, the CDC team said. A black man living in Florida suffered from ringing in his ears, vomiting and chest pain. He tested negative for COVID-1
Adults can sometimes suffer from dangerous symptoms that resemble a coronavirus-related syndrome in children, researchers from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday.
They call it multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults, or MIS-A, and they say it’s similar to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children or MIS-C. Like MIS-C, MIS-A is obviously not linked to the coronavirus, and sufferers may not show other symptoms that would indicate a COVID-19 infection.
But MIS-A has killed at least three patients and, similar to COVID-19, disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, the CDC team said.
A black man living in Florida suffered from ringing in his ears, vomiting and chest pain. He tested negative for COVID-19 when he was hospitalized, but died despite treatment. He was 46.
A 22-year-old black woman in New York City was in good health until she developed a fever and chills, but she spent 19 days in the hospital before she was well enough to go home, the CDC team said.
MIS-C has affected several hundred children around the world and, if treated promptly, children recover. It causes general inflammation but patients don’t usually show classic coronavirus symptoms. Blood tests indicate that MIS-C can develop weeks after a child has recovered from a coronavirus infection, usually a case that caused mild or no symptoms.
Video: Child dies of coronavirus, MIS-C, Mississippi official says
The CDC team described cases of 27 adults between the ages of 21 and 50 who had similar syndromes. Most had extreme inflammation throughout their body and organ malfunction, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, but not the lungs. “Although hyperinflammation and extrapulmonary organ dysfunction have been described in hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19, these conditions are generally accompanied by respiratory failure,” they wrote in the CDC’s weekly report on death and illness, the MMWR.
“In contrast, the patients described here had minimal respiratory symptoms, hypoxemia (low oxygen content in the blood) or radiographic abnormalities in accordance with the working case definition, which was intended to distinguish MIS-A from severe Covid-19; only eight out of 16 patients had documented respiratory symptoms prior to the initiation of MIS-A. “
One third of the 27 patients tested negative for active coronavirus infection but tested positive for antibodies, which indicated they had been infected in the past. “All but one of the MIS-A patients described in this report belonged to ethnic or racial minority groups,” the researchers wrote.
“Physicians and health departments should consider MIS-A in adults with compatible signs and symptoms,” the team advised. “These patients may not have positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR or antigen test results, and antibody tests may be needed to confirm a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
Symptoms include a fever that lasts 24 hours or more; chest patient and irregular heartbeats; evidence of cardiac dysfunction; gastrointestinal symptoms and skin rashes. X-rays can show lung inflammation even if patients have no symptoms.
The CDC said 10 of the 27 patients required intensive care; three were intubated and three died. In two young adults, the first symptoms were major strokes.
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||Autumn (flowerbulb planting time)
The many yellow and purple flowers of Fritillaria michailovskyi make it a stunner. Fritillaria michailovskyi is not the easiest of bulbs. She’s winter hardy but can’t stand wet conditions, especially in the winter. Plant her therefore in a well-drained spot, such as in a raised bed, a rock garden, or in a terracotta pot. Fritillaria michailovskyi doesn't actually mind a little shade.
Fritillaria michailovskyi was discovered and recorded in 1904 by Michailovski, and is native to the mountains of northeastern Turkey.
The loose bulb of Fritillaria michailovskyi is prone to drying out: after receiving your order please plant directly.
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This article will help you to understand the intricacies of azeotropic distillation and give you an overview of the process and its applications.
Fractional Distillation Vs. Simple Distillation
Distillation is the standard process used for separation of chemical mixtures. In this article, a comparison between fractional and simple distillation has been presented, which will identify the prime differences between the two processes.
If you are planning to major in chemistry, be ready to spend long hours in the laboratory. It’s a hands on science, which involves the study of chemical properties and their reactions. Among the many laboratory techniques, which form a necessary part of a chemist’s training, one of the most important ones is the process of distillation. Two primary types of distillation processes are fractional and simple distillation. Both techniques are used in industries and research departments devoted to production and analysis of chemicals.
What is Distillation?
Right at the outset, let me explain what is distillation, before we get into the comparison of two of its specific types. A mixture is an assortment of two or more substances. Most substances in nature occur in the form of a mixture and there are an array of techniques in chemistry to separate these mixtures into their component parts. Distillation is a process which separates the components of a mixture with different boiling points, through application of heat.
It’s a process which has been in use since ancient times and continues to be used even today in modern refineries and chemical laboratories. It is mostly used to separate components from liquid solutions. Purification of water through distillation is an example. Depending on the nature and boiling points of the components, different distillation techniques are employed.
What is Simple Distillation?
This technique is generally used to separate substances in a mixture, whose boiling points differ largely. It is generally used in the separation of volatile components of the mixture from the other non-volatile components with higher boiling points. In a simple distillation process, the mixture is placed in a flask and heated. As the temperature rises and reaches a boiling point threshold, the volatile component separates out in vapor form and passes through the long neck of a retort (a flask with a long tapering glass snout) to condense at its bottom, back to liquid form. Thus, the volatile component is separated out from the mixture. If there are more than one volatile components in the mixture, they are all bound to get separated in vapor form simultaneously, making the process useless. Hence, it’s important that this technique should only be used when boiling temperature of components is greater than 20 to 25°C.
What is Fractional Distillation?
This is a process which is used to separate out components with boiling points that are very close to each other. The apparatus for fractional distillation consists of a fractionating column, through which the vaporized components pass and go through repeated cycles of condensation and vaporization, until all the components have separated out.
The column consists of a series of ladder like glass plates where the various components, depending on their boiling points, condense at different heights, after going through repetitive cycles of vaporization. The most volatile substance with the lowest boiling point reaches the top of the column and then passes through a condenser to regain liquid form. Thus, fractionally, each mixture component is separated out. This is the most widely used distillation method used in petroleum refineries and chemical factories to separate out various chemicals from their mixtures.
Difference Between Simple and Fractional Distillation
When the substances in a mixture have boiling points which differ largely, simple distillation is the first choice. When that isn’t the case, fractional distillation is used. This process uses a fractionating column. Simple distillation cannot guarantee high purity of the separated component but fractional distillation can provide separated chemicals with a high degree of purity.
Based on the same principle, the two techniques differ in procedure. To summarize the differences, fractional distillation is used in separating mixtures, whose components have boiling points that are too close to each other, while simple distillation is used in case of mixtures whose components have boiling points that are substantially far apart. Of the two types, fractional distillation is more widely used in industries and laboratories.
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By definition, experimental biology is actually a branch of science that investigates the trigger and impact relationship amongst genetic expression, molecular and cellular structure, and developmental context.
Experimental biology is actually a significant field of study inside genetics, with applications towards the whole spectrum of human biology.
With this definition, that you are now well conscious of what it is that experimental biology is, but, did you also know that you can find four levels of experimental approaches? Two of these levels consist of the proliferation, mutation, choice, and hybridization of cells in the germ line. The remaining two levels are the differentiation, transduction, and expression of genes in living organisms.
Gene expression is a term used to describe the capability of a cell to permit genetic information and academic writing facts to be transmitted in between cells. In scientific literature, gene expression is often referred to as protein synthesis or translation. The conversion of mRNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) is actually a vital step in experimental applications.
Developmentally, experimenters to study the effects of interaction among the environment as well as the DNA sequence. Molecular and cellular structure play a vital function in this aspect of your field. Interactions between environmental signals and genetic components are recorded, monitored, and interpreted by biologists. These experiments test the relevance of theories regarding the inheritance of quantitative traits and developmental expression.
The richness definition defines experimental biology as follows: “the science that offers with genotype do my essay for me and phenotype at the degree of cellular, molecular, and physiological systems. In the amount of experimental design and style, the value of realizing the origin of genotypes and phenotypes should be incorporated.”
Geneology is definitely the field of research and application that studies the relationships amongst genetics as well as the genes that happen inside living organisms. The study in the molecular components of gene expression patterns inside living organisms includes the sequencing of genomes of cells and organisms. Genome sequencing enables researchers to determine and ascertain the genetic basis of, gene expression patterns, which can then be further classified by specificity, specificity diversity, and haploid or diploid genotypes.
Gene mapping is the study of the genetic structures that define the connection among genes and tissues or organs. It is actually also known as microarray analysis.
Gene mapping uses arrays of fluorescently labeled probes that enable for a direct reading of the transcriptomes, where gene expression patterns are study. By comparing the pattern essay service of transcriptomes with reference sequences from other organisms, researchers can uncover what makes up the genomes of other organisms.
Transduction could be the term made use of to describe the transfer of genes from one particular cell sort to a further. It is a process of gene expression which will be defined as “expressing” with out the use of the word “transcript”gene.” It could be performed in living organisms by introducing DNA sequences that can not be read by the host cell’s machinery.
Transcription is definitely the process of converting the mRNA in the mRNA processing center with the cell into a type which can be translated by the host cell’s machinery. Host cellular machinery will translate the mRNA into proteins, within the identical manner that cells in the physique express proteins. Transcription will be the mechanism that facilitates the exchange of mRNA in between cells and organs.
Knockdown with the transducer makes it possible for it to not transduce transcription. Transducer expression is utilized to examine the transcription of genes in adult mammalian brains. Knockdown of your transducer can then be tested in genetically engineered mice.
If you need to have an understanding of the richer definition of experimental biology, read on. When you learn the importance of lab personnel and laboratories, as well as their gear, they’re going to assist you fully grasp the richer definition of experimental biology. There are lots of procedures available that make it much easier to consider experimental biology.
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The first thing to know about securing your website (and in my opinion, the most important thing) is that you are not doing this as an absolute guarantee against malicious attackers.
In the worst-case scenario, their sites make their users’ Personally Identifiable Information (PII) become vulnerable due to cross site scripting.
What I’m saying is, the security that you enable for your website is more of a sieve than an umbrella. You can deflect big, obvious, and clumsy attacks — the kind comprising up to 97 percent of cyberattacks — but there will always be someone clever and subtle enough to penetrate your defenses. A good cyber-defense will always include a plan for when (not if) your defenses fail.
That being said, here are some of the most common attacks against websites — cross site scripting, information leakage, and DDOS attacks — and how to deflect them.
Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
Cross-site scripting is a dangerous problem to have. Unlike vandalism or a DDOS attack, cross-site scripting attacks turn your website into a malware vector, and can compromise your users’ personal information.
A common example is this: let’s say that you have a contact form on your website.
Instead of putting in their name, email, and message, an attacker would write some arcane code-string, and then hit the ‘submit’ button.
If you’re unlucky or un-careful, that string of code then worms its way into your website’s database — it becomes a part of your site.
When a user visits your site, their browser renders all of your content right alongside the attacker’s code. This allows the attacker to do things like record every single one of the user’s keystrokes, thus eventually capturing their username, password, SSN, credit card numbers, and so on.
How do you defend against cross-site scripting?
Much has been written on the subject of preventing cross-site scripting, and the good news is that it doesn’t require buying an expensive security solution.
Your website developer can bake in protection against XSS as they build or modify your site.
Essentially, you need to treat all user input into your site as ‘untrusted.’ It could be someone genuinely reaching out to you, or it could be malicious code.
Therefore, this data needs to be encoded, or transformed into the sort of text that doesn’t render in a browser, before being added to your database.
For example, a user might put a comment on your site consisting of some text between these two characters: <text>.
Unfortunately ‘<’ and ‘>’ usually mean <executable code goes here> in HTML — it could be a trap!
With encoding, ‘<’ and ‘>’ get transformed into ‘<’ and ‘>’ — which are gibberish to both you and your HTML renderer.
If you’re in search of more information, OWASP has put together a comprehensive cheat sheet for preventing XSS.
There are also companies who will, for a fee, scan your website for XSS vulnerabilities — which aren’t all as obvious as an unprotected comment-box — and suggest remediation.
This is one of the most common causes of attacks against websites, and it isn’t even based on a specific software vulnerability.
Do me a favor — when you’re reading this on a desktop, quickly hit F12 on your keyboard. If that doesn’t work, you may need to right-click and hit ‘view source.’ Either way, you’ll end up seeing something like this:
You probably already know what this is, if you’re a developer — it’s the HTML source code for a given webpage. You also know that as you develop a page or a web application, you’re likely to leave comments in that code, indicating the presence of a bug, for example.
Here’s the million-dollar question:
Do you always take those comments out once the page goes live?
This is where information leakage lives: in the leftovers from the software development cycle.
Leftover comments from the dev process can reveal things like server configuration, software version numbers, exploitable bugs, and so on — all things that an attacker would be happy to exploit.
Of course, the solution is head-breakingly simple: don’t do this.
That’s an easy answer in theory, but in practice, software developers routinely work 80-hour weeks in order to get products out the door. Mistakes get made.
In an environment where time-to-market is rewarded above all else, security very often goes by the wayside.
If you’re having your webpage developed by a third party, it may be best to have a penetration tester take a look at your finished page in order to sniff out these and other insecurities.
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDOS)
I’ve written extensively about DDOS attacks in the past, and they are the worst.
They work on the principle that it’s very easy to crash a website by sending a lot of illegitimate web traffic to it at the same time.
A single user can generate a DDOS attack by spamming DNS traffic. Other times, a hacker uses one or more infected computers that are being controlled remotely in order to accomplish the same task.
A lot of companies pay up.
After all, what’s easier to give up — $10,000, or several days’ worth of revenue?
Unlike the attacks mentioned above, you might not be able to secure your website against DDOS attacks with sensible development practices alone.
You can, however, mitigate these attacks.
The first step is to monitor your DNS server using its built-in software (usually BIND). If traffic is higher than normal, then you might be in trouble.
If you suspect you may be vulnerable to a DDOS attack, your next step might be to adjust the volume of queries your servers can handle.
This takes money, so the extent by which you provision your servers should take the form of a cost-benefit analysis.
Lastly, a tool called Anycast allows users to host servers using the same IP address across multiple locations.
If an attacker attacks your server in one location, you can use this tool to route traffic to servers in other parts of the world, allowing most legitimate users to query your site without experiencing latency issues.
Many of you reading this will have blogs or websites on the WordPress platform. WordPress sites are pretty much vulnerable to the same types of attacks seen above.
For example, the company recently released a patch to fix a vulnerability that made its millions of users vulnerable to cross-site scripting.
Hopefully, for most of you, the biggest security threat you’ll ever have to worry about will be the occasional spam comment.
A lot of basic security revolves around keeping the WordPress client up to date. The organization is commendably bullish on security, and constantly released automatic updates that increase security for the everyday user.
That being said, updating the core WordPress software won’t protect you if you use an insecure custom theme.
Assuming your theme is secure, hackers might be able to steal your login credentials by attacking the computer(s) you use to control and edit your site. If you run a firewall and antivirus (for home users) or enterprise-level system monitoring, you’ll mitigate this risk.
There are plugins that purport to offer the full suite of security services, including a firewall, intrusion detection, and error-logging.
I’ll say about this what I say about all security tools — simply having it on your system is not going to make you any safer. You need to use it, understand what it’s telling you, identify a baseline that represents ordinary traffic on your site, and only then will you be able to understand if you’re coming under attack.
VPNs as a Component of Website Security
Most of us think about VPNs as a way to get around the restrictions on region-locked videos, or as a way to log in securely to your company’s intranet while abroad.
If your website provides things like cloud-hosted software or data, VPN is also very important to have.
This secure connection prevents bad actors from listening in while someone is accessing resources that you want to place security around — credit card numbers, health records, and other PII. However, if you have a VPN portal on your website, you need to take some important steps to make sure that the portal is secure.
Securethoughts.com has a fairly comprehensive list of VPN services on offer, with accompanying reviews.
TLS, not SSL
Due to an exploit called POODLE (very similar to Heartbleed), SSL VPN is in fact obsolete. If your VPN portal still uses SSL, your visitors might see that as a red flag.
The secure replacement for SSL is Transport Layer Security (TLS). This is the one you want to use. It’s important to note that for the sake of familiarity, many security professionals call TLS by the old, incorrect name of SSL — this can get confusing. You’ll also want to be sure that you’re using the latest version of TLS, as it offers significant improvements over the original.
When All Else Fails
As I’ve explained, most of the common attacks against websites can be deflected by using practices that don’t require expensive tools.
There is, however, always the possibility that black-hats will get the better of you.
The good news is that responding to the breach efficiently will reduce your overall costs, and restrain customers from departing your business.
For example, in response to its 2014 breach, Evernote fully detailed what was taken, reset all its customers’ passwords, and sent out prompt and comprehensive notifications.
The company was generally lauded for exercising transparency and an abundance of caution.
My best advice is this: invest intelligently in security. Use sound practices, and well trained employees, while minimizing your reliance on tools.
You may not be able to deflect every attack every time, but when the hammer finally drops, no one should be able to say that you weren’t prepared.
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Are you tired of serving the same chicken nuggets and French fries for dinner? Maybe you feel like your child has no variety in their diet. We are here to help! It is very common for children to prefer bland and neutral-colored foods such as bread, crackers, chicken nuggets, and fries. Children also like these foods because they taste the same every single time. Foods like fruits and vegetables can vary in taste and texture depending on how ripe they are or how they are prepared. This can be a deterrent for some children. Below are some ways to expand the foods in your child’s diet.
Keep Meals Free from Pressure
This means putting new food on their plate might cause them distress, but it is our job as caregivers to remain calm. It is important to reassure your child that they “don’t have to eat it”. This will allow them to remain at the table with a sense of control. The child gets to decide what and how much food they will eat. Even though they “liked” food last time it was served they may not like it the following time and that is okay! We as adults have preferences too.
Serve New Foods Often
It can give your child many exposures to a non-preferred food before they take a bite. Also keep in mind that this exposure can be a very small amount such as a tablespoon or one small piece. The more times they are served this food the less intimidating it will be.
Always Include a Preferred Food
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Over the past seven weeks, many of us have been focused on the nitty-gritty of starting school — from determining class schedules to buying school supplies, from setting up homework spots at home to setting up entire classrooms at school sites. But now that we’re mostly settled in, I’d like to talk about the district’s strategic goals for this year. Our school district faces challenges and opportunities in 2013-14; I’d like everyone to understand what’s coming and how we can work together to move forward.
Goal 1: Implement the New State Funding System. The state Legislature has passed an entirely new way of funding California’s public schools. Under the new “Local Control Funding Formula” (LCFF), students who are low-income, English language learners (ELL) or foster children receive extra money from the state.
Districts with a high percentage of such children also receive “supplemental grants” to further help cover the expense of educating these vulnerable students. Like other districts across the state, we don’t yet know exactly how LCFF will affect our funding levels.
We do know that LCFF requires more accountability, transparency and community engagement around how we spend the extra funds. Once the state’s guidelines become clearer, our goal is to implement the new system through a collaborative process that includes teachers, PTA groups, district staff, administrators and community members. One bit of good news: our district has already implemented a “zero-based budgeting” system, through which we publicly report not just on our annual revenues and expenditures but on those by unit, site and categorical dollars. We believe this commitment to transparency and accountability has prepared us well for LCFF’s new requirements.
Goal 2: Implement Common Core State Standards. California — like 45 other states across the country — also has adopted new standards for its public schools.
Called “Common Core,” the new standards emphasize depth over breadth, critical thinking over rote memorization and test taking and team-building projects over individual work. The standards are aligned with college and work expectations and include rigorous content and skills. They also were developed in consultation with teachers and parents from across the country, so they are also realistic and practical for the classroom.
We plan to train all of our teachers for Common Core by January 2015 and provide ongoing support to teachers after that. However, we’re fortunate because over the past five years, we’ve adopted innovative practices and curriculum already aligned with Common Core, including Inquiry By Design (for English Language Arts) and our Math Initiative (for which we received the Golden Bell Award from the California School Boards Association in 2011). Familiarity with these programs will make the transition to Common Core easier for our teachers and students. Our goal this year is to both implement the new standards by collaborating with teachers and educate our community members about what the standards are and how we can support our teachers and students in this transition.
Goal 3: Engage the Community to Create a Facilities Master Plan. In 2010. the Board of Education passed a five-year strategic Master Plan.
Created after seven months of community meetings, that plan set eight goals for our school district, including maintaining neighborhood schools; retaining excellent teachers by avoiding salary cutbacks; setting up more choice in our secondary schools; strengthening our enrichment programs; and passing a parcel tax to make up for sharply decreased state funding for schools.
Our school district has met the vast majority of the Master Plan’s targets. We have more work to do, including creating satisfaction surveys for our parents, students, teachers, and employees; setting 21st century classroom technology standards; and implementing strong sequential music and arts programs taught by highly qualified visual and performing arts teachers.
We also need to address the state of our facilities by creating a Facilities Master Plan for improving our schools. Deeply informed by community feedback and guided by the Board of Education, this plan will create a blueprint for how we will renovate, modernize, and, in some cases, replace our aging school facilities. Once the plan is complete, it will hopefully provide a launching point for putting a facilities bond measure on the November 2014 ballot.
We will be updating the community frequently about the progress of this plan (as well as our other strategic goals). Your involvement in these exciting processes is critical, so please stay tuned and get involved!
We have made great progress over the last few years; I know we can maintain that momentum for the changes ahead. As Frederick B. Wilcox so wisely noted, “Progress always involves risks. You can’t steal second base and keep your foot on first.” One of our strongest assets is good people working hard with strong community engagement, feedback, and support. Let’s all pledge, this year, even more deeply, to take the next steps together, as a team.
Kirsten Vital is superin- tendent of the Alameda Unified School District.
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A UK government body on Thursday called for urgent action to tackle race inequality, warning new figures showed the country's reputation for tolerance was under threat following the Brexit vote.
In a broad overview of life in Britain for black people and ethnic minorities, the Equality and Human Rights Commission report found the situation has worsened on numerous fronts over the past five years.
Race was the motive in 82 percent of hate crimes recorded in England and Wales, while the two nations saw an "unprecedented spike" in hate crimes since Britain voted on June 23 to leave the European Union.
Black people were found to be more than twice as likely than white people to be murdered in England and Wales than white people, and three times more likely to be prosecuted and sentenced.
Overall, white people are more likely to be employed, better paid and in positions of power, the commission said.
"Following the Brexit vote, these issues should be of even greater concern.”
"Our nation’s hard-worn reputation for tolerance is arguably facing its greatest threat for decades, as those who spread hate use the leave result to legitimise their views," the report said.
Researchers found black workers with degrees are paid on average 23.1 percent less than their white counterparts.
The unemployment rates for white British people was recorded as 6.3 percent, compared to 12.9 percent for ethnic minorities.
The parliamentary commission said, there had been some progress, with an increase in the number of people from ethnic minorities gaining degree-level qualifications.
Last year's national elections further saw the proportion of MPs from ethnic minorities increase from 4.2 to 6.3 percent, although the commission said, much more progress was needed.
"The combination of the post-Brexit rise in hate crime and deep race inequality in Britain is very worrying and must be tackled urgently," said commission chair David Isaac.
"If you are black or an ethnic minority in modern Britain, it can often still feel like you’re living in a different world, never mind being part of a one nation society," he added.
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If your life is in danger or you know someone’s life is in danger DIAL 911 EMERGENCY NOW – DO NOT HESITATE! You can click here for Emergency services in your area.
When clicking links throughout this website, you will be redirected to websites not affiliated with The LifeLine Canada Foundation but recognized by TLC in full support.
Suicidal thinking is usually associated with problems that can be treated.
Clinical depression, anxiety disorders, chemical dependency, and other disorders produce profound emotional distress. They also interfere with effective problem-solving. But you need to know that studies show that the vast majority of people who receive appropriate treatment improve or recover completely. Even if you have received treatment before, you should know that different treatments work better for different people in different situations. Several tries are sometimes necessary before the right combination is found.
If you are unable to think of solutions other than suicide, it is not that solutions don’t exist, only that you are currently unable to see them.
Therapists and counselors (and sometimes friends) can help you to see solutions that otherwise are not apparent to you.
Suicidal crises are almost always temporary.
Although it might seem as if your unhappiness will never end, it is important to realize that crises are usually time-limited. Solutions are found, feelings change, unexpected positive events occur. Suicide is sometimes referred to as “a permanent solution to a temporary problem.” Don’t let suicide rob you of better times that will come your way when you allow more time to pass.
Problems are seldom as great as they appear at first glance.
Job loss, financial problems, loss of important people in our lives – all such stressful events can seem catastrophic at the time they are happening. Then months or years later, they usually look smaller and more manageable. Sometimes, imagining ourselves “five years down the road” can help us to see that a problem that currently seems catastrophic will pass and that we will survive.
Reasons for living can help sustain a person in pain.
A famous psychologist once conducted a study of Nazi concentration camp survivors, and found that those who survived almost always reported strong beliefs about what was important in life. You, too, might be able to strengthen your connection with life if you consider what has sustained you through hard times in the past. Family ties, religion, love of art or nature, and dreams for the future are just a few of the many aspects of life that provide meaning and gratification, but which we can lose sight of due to emotional distress.
Do not keep suicidal thoughts to yourself!
Help is available for you, whether through a friend, therapist, or member of the clergy. Find someone you trust and let them know how bad things are. This can be your first step on the road to healing.
Source: American Association for Suicidology, www.suicidology.org
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We Feel Fine is divided into six discrete movements, each illuminating a different aspect of the chosen population. These movements are represented in the We Feel Fine applet.
To navigate between movements in the applet, the viewer should scroll over the heart at the bottom left corner of the applet and click on the desired movement.
Madness, the first movement, opens with a wildly swarming mass of around 1,500 particles, emanating from the center of the screen and then careening outwards, bouncing off walls and reacting to the behavior of the mouse. Each particle represents a single feeling, posted by a single individual. The color of each particle corresponds to the tone of the feeling inside – happy positive feelings are bright yellow, sad negative feelings are dark blue, angry feelings are bright red, calm feelings are pale green, and so on. The size of each particle represents the length of the sentence contained within. Circular particles are sentences. Rectangular particles contain pictures.
Any particle can be clicked at any time, revealing the sentence and/or photograph inside, along with any information about the sentence's author. As the particles careen around the screen, they lose speed and eventually freeze as they approach the mouse cursor, allowing them to be captured and clicked. As the particles approach the We Feel Fine heart in the bottom left corner of the screen, they become attracted to the heart and swarm around it, drawing the eye. As the mouse passes over the heart, a menu appears, revealing access to the other five movements of We Feel Fine.
The Madness movement, with its network of many tiny colorful particles,
was designed to echo the human world. Seen from afar, Madness presents
a massive number of individual particles, each colored and sized
uniquely, each flying wildly around the screen, proclaiming its
own individuality. At this level, Madness presents a bird's eye
view of humanity – like standing atop a skyscraper and peering down
at the street. People bustle to and fro, darting in and out of shops,
hailing taxis, falling in love, laughing, handling personal crises.
From the skyscraper, the people below are like ants – their words
cannot be heard, their facial features cannot be seen, and the notion
of individuality is hard to recognize. At this level, each particle
seems insignificant. Were one particle to disappear, one would hardly
notice. However, once a particle is clicked, it explodes into its
constituent letters, which then form its sentence, and that particle
becomes the center of attention. At this moment, the viewer sees
the open sentence as the only one that matters. Like people first
seen from afar and then encountered in person, the open particles
attain an individuality and depth of character that is striking when
compared to their relative insignificance in the skyscraper view.
Murmurs, the second movement, presents a highly structured environment in which to view human feelings. As this movement begins, every particle on screen gently floats upwards, eventually bouncing off the ceiling several times before settling. Then, one by one, the particles are excused from their attraction to the ceiling in order to join a simple scrolling list of human feelings, organized in reverse chronological order. The sentences appear letter by letter, as if being typed by their author, and fade to black as new sentences appear. At any one time, around ten sentences can be seen on screen. The strict formal constraints of Murmurs help to emphasize the gaping polarities in the types of feelings present in the world. Some are incredibly mundane, some are hilarious, some are poignant, others are quite shocking. As they march along, the feelings begin to strike a common chord. We are reminded that no matter what we feel, there are likely a number of other people around the world who feel the same.
Montage, the third movement, was created to answer questions like: what does sadness look like? Happiness? Loneliness?
Montage presents the feelings from a given population that contain photographs, and displays these photographs in a simple grid of variable size, depending on the number of photographs available. Any photograph in the grid can be clicked, causing it to zoom in to the size of the screen.
When zoomed, a photograph's associated sentence is revealed, along with any information about the sentence's author. When zoomed, a small white heart appears in the bottom left corner, and clicking this heart allows viewers to save montage compositions they particularly admire. Saved montages produce 800x570 pixel JPEG images, which can then be downloaded, emailed to friends, or printed as postcards.
There exists a gallery of montages that viewers have saved, allowing anonymous viewers of We Feel Fine to collaboratively curate an exhibit of especially beautiful, surprising, or otherwise interesting images..
Mobs, the fourth movement, consists of five smaller movements, each of which utilizes a self-organizing particle system to configure its shape, color, distribution and physics to best express the different zeitgeists of: feeling, gender, age, weather, and geographical location.
Mobs (Feeling) displays the most common feelings in the sample population. In this movement, the particles self-organize into rows of shared feelings. The rows are sorted by the number of particles they contain, and the particles within each row are sorted by the length of the sentence that each particle contains. The rows are colored to inherit the chosen color of the feeling they represent. Any particle can be clicked to reveal the sentence within.
Mobs (Gender) displays the gender breakdown of the sample population. The male particles turn blue and form a giant male symbol. The female particles turn pink and form a giant female symbol. The particles with unknown gender retain their assigned feeling color and form a giant question mark.
Mobs (Age) displays the age breakdown, in ten year increments, of the sample population. The particles form a standard bar chart, showing the number of feelings from each age range. The particles with unknown age form a giant question mark.
Mobs (Weather) displays the weather breakdown of the sample population. All weather conditions are pared down to four weather types: sunny, cloudy, rainy, and snowy. The screen divides into four columns, each representing a single weather type. The particles move to the appropriate column, and assume the color and motion behavior that best expresses their weather. Sunny particles turn yellow, and swirl around quickly in a thick circle, reminiscent of the sun. Cloudy particles turn light blue, and float along gently, as if on a breezy day. Rainy particles turn gray and fall down fast as if in a thunder storm. Snowy particles turn white and tumble around as if in a snow flurry. Any particle can be clicked to reveal the sentence inside. The particles with unknown weather form a giant question mark.
Mobs (Location) displays the geographical breakdown of the sample population. A world map appears, colored dark gray. The particles then move to the point on the map that corresponds to the geographical location of their author. The particles with unknown location form a giant question mark.
Metrics, the fifth movement, consists of five smaller movements. Whereas Mobs expresses the notion of “Most Common”, Metrics expresses the notion of “Most Salient”. A full discussion of the difference between “Most Common” and “Most Salient” is here. Essentially, the traits listed in Metrics are those that best distinguish the sample population from the global average (i.e. how is this population different?). Metrics displays the most representative traits of the sample population, along five axes: feeling, gender, age, weather, and location.
Metrics (Feeling) displays the most representative feelings of the sample population, along with some statistical data indicating the significance of the findings. The feelings themselves are listed along the left edge of the screen, ranked by the number of times their frequency in the sample population exceeds the global average. A large red circle holds this number. On the right side of the screen are a series of bar charts showing the number of times each feeling occurred in the sample population, and the number of times each feeling typically occurs.
Metrics (Gender) displays a comparison between men and women for the sample population, indicating whether either gender is particularly salient (i.e. do women feel happy more than men?). The labeling and graphing follow the same conventions of Metrics (Feeling).
Metrics (Age) displays the most representative ages (in ten year increments) of the sample population, indicating whether a given age range is particularly salient (i.e. do 40 year olds feel old more than most people?). The labeling and graphing follow the same conventions of Metrics (Feeling).
Metrics (Weather) displays a comparison between the four weather types (sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy) for the sample population, indicating whether a given weather type is particularly salient (i.e. do people feel depressed more often when it's rainy?). The labeling and graphing follow the same conventions of Metrics (Feeling).
Metrics (location) displays the most representative locations (countries, states, and cities) of the sample population, indicating whether a given location is particularly salient (i.e. do Canadians feel cold more than most people?). The labeling and graphing follow the same conventions of Metrics (Feeling).
Mounds, the sixth and final movement, is independent of the sample population, always displaying every feeling in our database, scaled and sorted in order of frequency. Each feeling is portrayed as a large bulbous mound, colored to correspond to the feeling it represents. The mounds jiggle slightly when undisturbed, and bend away as the mouse cursor approaches their perimeter. Clicking the screen caused the mounds to jiggle wildly.
A small scrollbar below the mounds represents the entire database of feelings, and allows the viewer to jump to a specific point in the list. The viewer can also position the mouse near the left or right edge of the screen to cause the mounds list to self-scroll. Above each mound is listed its feeling, along with the rank of that feeling, and the total number of occurrences of that feeling contained in our database. Clicking the feeling above a mound retrieves feelings from people who feel that way.
The Panel allows the viewer to control the sample population on screen at any one time. At all times, the red bar atop the screen presents a concise summary of the current sample population. Clicking that red bar causes the panel to open, and within the panel, viewers can constrain the population along any combination of the following axes:
- Feeling (happy, sad, depressed, etc.)
- Age (in ten year increments - 20s, 30s, etc.)
- Gender (male or female)
- Weather (sunny, cloudy, rainy, or snowy)
- Location (country, state, and/or city)
- Date (year, month, and/or day)
When satisfied, the viewer can press “Find Feelings” and We Feel Fine will retrieve any matching feelings from our database. Because of web browser limitations (the applet is highly CPU intensive), we limit the maximum number of feelings returned at any one time to 1,500 (on PCs) and 1,000 (on Macs). This means that searching for a very specific population (e.g. males from Afghanistan in their 20s when it is cloudy), will yield few or no feelings, and the feelings that are returned will likely stretch back several weeks or months in time. On the other hand, searching for a more general population (e.g. people who feel sad), will likely return the maximum number of 1,000 or 1,500 feelings, and those feelings will likely stretch back only hours or days.
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The debate on climate change often gets into the chalenging of data sets and the way these are interperated.
The "consensus" is often quoted.
This consensus has to be the IPCC's report(s), surely. There are many other articles which get sighted as some sort of authority on what the consensus is but lets stick to the actual IPCC one.
They (the IPCC) say that the worste case scenarion is that we have a 6.4 degree temperature rise by 2100 which will give us a 59cm sea level rise.
Since making that prediction the temperature rise has been lowered to a worste case of 3.2 degrees. So that would be halving of the sea level rise (less really but..) to less than knee high. Last centuary the sea rose by 18cm. This one may be twice as bad. So expect twice as many cities to disapear below the waves.....
The actual climate has in fact not warmed at all since they made this prediction.
The other predictions are mostly about exteme weather.
Sorry but that's easy to predict. There will always be extreme weather. The increasing accuracy of our data gatering will acomplish the logging of such events without any change in actual weather patterns which will in any case change so producing extremes as always.
Weather and climate always change. There thus will always be new "extremes". Such predictions are useless as they will be true whatever happens.
When the central, much shouted about, prediction of a group falls down they have lost credibility. Flat temperatures for 15 years have done this.
The next problem for thise who wish to panic is that as we see all over the place new inventions such a cheap solar power will be here very shortly, certainly before 2030. As soon as they happen we will nolonger be producing all that CO2. Thus if ther eever was a proble it will vanish very soon.
How risk averse are you? There is no problem really, if ther eever was it will be vanishing soon and the future looks bright.
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Bed Wetting is known as Nocturnal enuresis in medical term. It is very common problem seen in children until they are 5 or even older.
Enuresis means repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes at least twice per week for at least three consecutive months in a child who is 5 years old or more than that. It is seen that some children sleep too deeply or take longer to learn bladder control. Reason behind bed wetting is that a child’s bladder might be too small, or it the amount of urine produced overnight can be more than the bladder can hold.
Enuresis is also seen when frequency or duration is less. It is sometimes associated with distress or functional impairment. There is more chances of bed wetting in a child who has at least one sibling, parent or extended family member such as aunt, uncle or grandparent who also wet the bed after the age of 5.
True bedwetters do not waken after wetting. Bed wetting has nothing to do with dreaming. Wetting the bed is quite unconscious. Child has no memory that he has pass urine in bed.
Some children who wet bed at night also have some trouble in working of bladder works through the day. They may go to the toilet too few or too many times. They need to rush to the toilet in a hurry. They have trouble emptying out all the urine or have bowel problems.
Diurnal enuresis means child wetting while awake.
Types of Bedwetting
- Monosymptomatic enuresis (MNE) means child has enuresis without lower urinary tract symptoms and without a history of bladder dysfunction.
- Non-symptomatic enuresis (NMNE) means child has enuresis with lower urinary tract symptoms.
Enuresis can be classified as-
- Primary enuresis: when child who are never been dry in night.
- Secondary enuresis: When child has resumption of wetting after at least 6 months of dryness.
Occurrence of disease:
Nocturnal incontinence occurs in 12% to 25% of 4-year-old children, 7% to 10% of 8-year-old children, and 2% to 3% of 12-year-old children It may be problematic even in late teenage years (1% to 3%) and if untreated enuresis (especially if severe) can persist indefinitely with prevalence rates of 2%-3% in adulthood.
Primary enuresis is twice as common as secondary enuresis. It is more common in boys 2:1. It is seen that this problem is more difficult to treat in boys. Majority of children has primary nocturnal enuresis. Those who have secondary enuresis may be due to following reason-
- Stress in life like parental divorce, birth of sibling
- School trauma
- Sexual abuse
Causes of Bed Wetting
Genetics: It is seen more when either of parents or both parents are enuretic their child can also have a problem of enuresis.
Sleep pattern: Children with severe enuresis were light sleeper, but they did not wake before voiding. The arousal centre may be suppressed in these children. Also, in these children overactive bladder is also seen. Enuresis is also associated with snoring.
Maturational delay: Sometimes it is seen delayed maturation of a normal developmental process. In children who have late in walking and talking can have problem of enuresis. Bladder capacity at birth is only around 60 ml and thereafter increases with age. Children with nocturnal enuresis have been noted to have a smaller bladder capacity (functional rather than anatomical) even when there are no day time concerns.
- Bedwetting occurs when children fails to wake up when their bladder is full at night and the bladder automatically releases the urine.
- It is caused by laziness or a desire to get attention.
- Nocturnal polyuria: Child with increased fluid intake before will have increase urination.
- Children who wet produce more urine at night than others. This is because they have low level of a hormone which controls how much urine is made. It is controlled by brain.
- Sometimes bed wetting is seen when child sleeps in a strange place. They may be bit worried when sleeping away from home.
Warning Signs Along with Bedwetting
- Child is ill or feverish.
- Urine dribbles day and night.
- Pain along with urination.
- Help of a doctor should be taken when child reaches 5 and half.
- If child who has been dry suddenly starts wetting at night.
- The wetting is frequent after school age.
- Wetting bothers the child or makes them upset or angry.
- The child wants to become dry.
How to Prevent Bed Wetting
- Parent should encourage their child to awake in order to void during the night.
- Lifting: Involves taking the child to the toilet during the night usually before the time that bedwetting is expected, without necessarily waking the child.
- Bladder training program is good habit: In this training child learns to a be a good drinker and to empty their bladder well when they need to go to the toilet. This prevents sudden urges that may cause bed wetting.
- Use of drugs or sprays: These drugs can be used to help the bladder work better at night.
- Waking: Involves waking the child to allow him/her to get up and urinate.
- Reward systems (e.g., star charts): The child might receive a star for every dry night, and a reward after a preset number of stars have been earned.
- Bladder-stretching exercises to increase functional bladder capacity have been used without consistent evidence of effectiveness.
- Retention control training: Attempting to increase the functional bladder capacity by delaying urination for extended periods of time during the day.
- Stop-start training: Teaching children to interrupt their stream of urine in order to strengthen their pelvic floor muscles.
- The impact of bedwetting can be reduced by using bed protection and washable/disposable products; using room deodorizers; thoroughly washing the child before dressing; and using emollients to prevent chafing.
- Make sure that there is adequate protection on bed sheet. This protection can be a waterproof cover.
- Make sure the bed is warm and comfortable.
- Try to use pull ups ( A type of nappy) on your child.
- Always keep a low-powered night bulb on.
- Encourage an adequate and regular fluid intake throughout the day.
- Avoid use of caffeine as it causes more urine to be produced.
Homeopathic Management of Nocturnal Enuresis
It is given to patient who lives in a world of his own world. He has spectres and visions and does not relate to surrounding realities. It cures various type of hallucinations in which he sees monsters, hideous faces. It cures delirium in which patient has frightful images, rages, bites, strikes and desire to escape. It is given when urine is dark and turbid. It is very good remedy for incontinence where there is no control on urination. Urination is freqeuent and profuse. Sometimes urine is scanty.
- Worse: Patient is worse from touch, noise, in after noon , from lying down.
- He feels better by semi:erect position.
Dosage: 30, 4 pellets every 4:6 hours per day for 15 days.
It is very important remedy for urinary complaints. Child has fear of going sleep. Child is confused, full and dislikes sympathy, it makes her angry. It is given when patient constant desire to pass urine at night. It is very good remedy for nocturnal enuresis. Child has difficulty in passing urine.
Dosage: Q 10:20 drops 2:3 times a day for 10 days.
It is given to patient who has indifference to those who loved him. They cannot do any work with interest. Child is irritable and easily offended. He dreads to be alone. He is very sad. It is very good remedy for nocturnal enuresis, during first sleep. It is very good remedy when patient has red urine.
- Patient is worse in forenoon and evening, from washing, laundry work, from dampness, after sweat.
- Patient is better by exercise, pressure, warmth of bed, by hot application, after sleep.
Dosage: 200, 4 pellets 2 times a day, 10 days.
It is good remedy when patient has difficulty in passing urine. It is given when patient has frequent urging with severe pain at the close of urination. Urine flows only drop by drop. It is very good remedy for incontinence in children with dreams or night mares when passing urine.
Dosage: Q 10 drops, mix in hot water , 2 times a day for 10 days.
It is given to patient who weeps easily. It is given to children like fuss and caresses. He is easily discouraged. Child is timid. He fears in the evening of being alone and ghosts. It is given when patient has increased desire which is worse when patient lies down. It cures involuntary urination at night while coughing or passing flatus.
- Patient is worse from heat, by eating fatty food, after eating, towards the evening, in warm room.
- Patient is better by motion, cold application, cold food.
Dosage: 200, 3-4 times a day for 15 days.
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February 3, 2010
Honoring Senator “Mac” Mathias
We are still absorbing the loss of Senator Charles “Mac” Mathias, who passed away on January 25. His legacy is one that will last a very long time.
Those of us who love the Chesapeake remember his well-publicized journey around the Bay in 1973 — a remarkable example of leadership. It was not just that he advocated for the Bay on Capital Hill. Mathias listened. He traveled to small Bayside towns to hear what people had to say, including farmers and watermen. He listened to scientists, scores of them. And because he was a U.S. senator, he brought public attention with him. By the end of his journey he had rallied broad support — not just from one advocacy group, but from a large swath of the region’s citizenry. He helped us understand that something was wrong with the Bay, and that we had to do something about it.
In recognition of his pivotal role in focusing our best energies on restoring the Chesapeake, two decades ago the Sea Grant programs of Maryland and Virginia and the Chesapeake Research Consortium came together to create the Mathias Medal. This medal honors researchers who have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the Bay — special individuals whose work has affected policy as well as science. Since 1990, the award has been given only five times.
Each time it’s awarded, it honors the legacy of “Mac” Mathias.
Mathias was happy to give his name to this award. In an interview we did with him years ago, he said he was especially pleased to see it bestowed on researchers he had come to respect. Researchers like Eugene Cronin, a leading expert on crabs but also a general advocate for science in service of policy — called by some the Grandfather of the Chesapeake.
When we conceived of this award, we did not consider whether Senator Mathias was a Republican or a Democrat or an Independent. Frankly, it didn’t matter. He was a leader. He was the person who walked the extra mile to rally all of us around the challenges that confronted us — especially civil rights and the abuse of the Chesapeake Bay.
His leadership is a reminder of a less polarized time. A reminder of the skill it takes to cross the aisle, to get the job done. For that skill, and for so much more, we are deeply grateful.
Tags: Bay Leaders
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Getting ready for a new school year can be overwhelming and intimidating to prepare for the new school year after a few months away. It is sometimes difficult to adjust to the routine of the school week after spending the summer relaxing or working. You can boost your confidence as you start the new year by making some adjustments to your personal habits, mentally preparing, and organizing your supplies.
Review what you learned last year
Taking a look back at what you studied last year and reading summaries of the books you read can serve as starting points. Getting your mind ready for study with a quick refresher will help make the first weeks of class easier as you will see them as continuation of the progress you have already made.
Take a look at your notes again. Your class notes will help you remember the materials you covered previously, along with your initial reactions to them. You do not have to worry if you do not understand all of the concepts that you review: reexamining and discovering specific ideas is part of the learning process.
List the things you have learned. Make a list of the subjects that you studied last year if you did not take notes or did not save them. Underneath each subject, list key points that were discussed.
Establish new routines and build good habits
Make a list of all the new good habits you will adopt to replace any bad habits you may have developed.
Throughout the holidays, you might have slept late and checked your friends’ Instagrams and Facebooks. Make sure you get a good night’s sleep so you can wake up well-rested the next morning. There has been a growing body of research showing that sleep quality and regular sleeping patterns improve performance in school. Adjust your sleep cycle gradually over the next few days, so that you’re used to waking up early before the first day of class.
Depending on the teacher and the educational level, you might get homework at the beginning of the school year or a week later if you’re lucky. Don’t wait until the day before the assignment is due to complete your homework. Making a list of tasks might help!
You might also want to set goals for yourself, and set aside a certain amount of time for reading up on materials before class. Plan to do your homework regularly. If you don’t have homework, spend some time working on additional practice questions to strengthen your understanding.
Ensure that you’ve got school supplies sorted out
Before school starts, schools provide a supply list that students must purchase.
Make sure you are adequately prepared for the new school year. Be sure you have the necessary textbooks, workbooks, and assessment books, as well as a good supply of stationery. Complement your classroom learning by buying the latest guidebooks. Reinforcement learning helps you to retain concepts for a longer period of time.
Make sure you contact your school bookstore if any titles you need are out of stock and ask them to notify you when they become available. Teachers may also recommend additional reading materials and study guides on the first day of school.
Take a look at the textbooks and assessment books that you have bought, particularly some of the more introductory ones. Look for introductory texts that are divided into topics. Take a look at the first chapter or two to get a sense of what you will be studying next year.
No matter how prepared you are for the new school year, you should keep an open mind. Remember these three tips to start your new school year successfully!
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Copper Nickel Alloys
Due to their naturally occurring resistance to seawater corrosion and intrinsic biofouling properties copper-nickel alloys have long been widely used in the components of seawater systems. From offshore oil and gas platforms to power and desalination plants and from commercial shipping to naval shipping, copper-nickel fittings have performed superbly in a host of marine applications.
Now, a comprehensive body of information and engineering data, compiled by a team of subject-matter experts on the use of copper-nickel alloys in seawater applications resides in Copper Nickel section. The content is provided by the Copper-nickel Task Group, a team of representatives from manufacturers of copper-nickel products as well as various specialists in the field metallurgy and marine corrosion.
- Go to Copper Nickel section
Nickel Aluminum Bronze
Alloys of copper and aluminum are known as aluminum bronze and, together with other alloying additions, produce a range of properties that are beneficial to a diverse range of industries. Of these, the nickel aluminum bronze group of alloys is the most widely used. They have been adapted with time to optimise performance and can provide a combination of properties that offer an economic alternative to other types of alloy systems.
Nickel aluminum bronzes are available in both cast and wrought product forms and have a unique combination of properties including:
- Excellent wear and galling resistance
- High strength
- High corrosion resistance.
Papers on Other Copper Alloys
Below are some papers of interest on the other copper alloys, such as nickel aluminum bronze:
- Copper Alloys for Marine Environments (CDA UK Publication 206, Second Revision, 2013) [PDF]
- Materials Selection for High Reliability Copper Alloy Seawater Systems
Seawater systems are used by many industries such as shipping, offshore oil and gas production, power plants and coastal industrial plants. The main use of seawater is for cooling purposes but it is also used for fire-fighting, oil field water injection and for desalination plants. This paper examines the use of copper alloys to provide high reliability systems covering piping valves, pumps, water boxes and strainers.
- Guidelines for the Use of Copper Alloys in Seawater
Copper alloys are widely utilized in the design of seawater systems for their excellent resistance to corrosion and biofouling and many other excellent properties. This paper discusses general guidelines that should be considered when choosing copper alloys for service in a marine environment. Topics discussed include: protective film formation, effects of velocity, seawater cavitation, effects of sulfides, marine biofouling, stress corrosion cracking, galling and sizing resistance, and use in desalination environments.
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She thought that chopping down buckthorn on the Green Bay Trail would be a wonderful thing for the earth. After felling plenty of the invasive trees, Betsy Leibson discovered that clearing buckthorn was just the germination of a project that began to blossom like native plants in restored habitat.
“We thought it would be a couple of weekends worth of work,” Betsy Leibson says about the early days of restoring the trail with a group of friends. “But the more we did, the more we learned. We discovered that it’s not just about cutting buckthorn and leaving because you really haven’t done a good service for the environment or the community if you stop there.”
That was Act One, explains Betsy, founder of Friends of the Green Bay Trail, a five-year-old local nonprofit. Act Two pulled the curtain back on reintroducing native plants, pulling in professional habitat restoration partners, inviting student and Boy Scout volunteers, and calling on interested community organizations to join hands in opening the trail not only to recreational bikers, runners, and walkers, but also to native songbirds, butterflies and other insects that support a healthy habitat.
In the late 1800s, Buckthorn was imported here to act as a hedge. But it’s been a habitat disaster on the North Shore. “It’s so dense that it doesn’t let sunlight reach the ground so that oak trees, hickory trees, or wildflowers can grow,” Betsy says. “This results in bare ground, which is bad for erosion. Buckthorn also deposits chemicals into the ground which keeps other plants from germinating.”
After getting her certification as an herbicide applicator through the University of Illinois, Betsy says that persistence pays off when it comes to banishing buckthorn once and for all. “You have to be willing to go back year after year,” she says.
Betsy and Friends of the Green Bay Trail want everyone living nearby to learn that we can beckon butterflies and birds to our gardens. “We buy pretty plants from our landscaper or nursery that might come from China or India,” she explains. “But we have to think about putting back the plants that native animals need to live near us. Who doesn’t like butterflies? Who doesn’t like songbirds? They need to eat the insects that can only live on the plants that they evolved with in Illinois.”
When it comes to planting native species, Betsy says community partners pitch in. “A volunteer goes out in the fall with us and collects native seeds to keep the cost down,” she says. “Right now in the green house in the Glencoe Park District, we’re growing a couple thousand plants from seed we collected.”
As Betsy considers what she loves about Friends of the Green Bay Trail, she talks about the group effort and camaraderie. “There are many people who’ve given a lot of hours and elbow grease, as well as donors and supporters who’ve been very generous in helping us,” she says.
Friends of the Green Bay Trail has sponsored three Eagle Scout projects and handed garden tools to numerous scout groups and high school students to use working on the trail. “We have two different classes from New Trier, students from middle school as well as a Stanford alumni group coming out this season. We encourage as many people to volunteer as we can,” she says.
Elbow grease and long hours pay off in many ways. The Volunteer Center in Winnetka recently recognized Betsy with an Award for Exceptional Service. “It was very generous of the Volunteer Center to recognize our efforts,” Betsy says. “It really helps raise awareness with another community audience. It generates donations. It’s great to know that somebody noticed.”
Even though so much has been accomplished over the last five years, Betsy knows the future is right around the corner and she’s got a vision for it. “Pizzo and Associates is an ecological Restoration Company in Leland,” she says. “My dream would be to take the restoration plan that they donated to the Village of Glencoe and win support of local individuals, foundations, or grants. That would enable us to implement the plan along the trail and make it sustainable. There’s so much opportunity.”
Friends of the Green Bay Trail celebrated Arbor Day on April 25 (at the corner of Harbor Street and Green Bay Road). The Green Bay Trail was home to Indian trail marker trees and later the North Shore Electric Line. In partnership with other community organizations, Friends unveiled a new sign describing the Trail’s historic moments and the Trail’s new Trail Marker Tree.
– Holly Marihugh writes a blog on Facebook called Winnetka60093. Visit her page for more great stories.
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Sometimes we let life get in the way of taking care of ourselves. If you’ve developed that habit, it is about time for you to stop. You may not realize it, but you are destroying your health, and you are the last person you need to harm your body. Self-care is more than just something that makes you feel good. It is an essential part of life, and without it, the quality of it will suffer.
Top Ways Self-Care Impacts Your Health
You might be surprised to learn precisely how self-care can impact your quality of life, but it already is whether you realize it or not. Read the following information and see how your decisions every day impact the long-term quality of life you will live.
- Improved Self-Esteem
One of the biggest things that impact us in unseen ways every day with each interaction we have is our self-esteem. You have probably seen someone who was naturally competent before, who seems to magnetically attract everyone as soon as they walked into a room. You may have even wished you were a little more like that yourself. The chances are that person was practicing self-care. Self-care boosts self-esteem and people who have high self-esteem are often described as having a magnetic aura when they are in social situations.
- Healthier Skin
One of the biggest reasons for people’s skin ages is more quickly than it has to is related to a lack of self-care.
When you take better care of yourself, your skin’s appearance and health will improve. It will become more elastic and will not wrinkle as easily. This has to do with a decrease in your perception of anxiety, which has a real impact on health.
- Lower Cortisol Levels
Cortisol is the hormone that the body uses to communicate stress signals primarily. It is related to adrenaline and is an integral part of many metabolic processes. We could not survive without it, but in modern society, most humans live with excessive amounts of it chronically.
Chronically high levels of cortisol are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including but not limited to: an advanced rate of aging, early signs of mental decline, lower life expectancy, and even more.
Taking better care of yourself will limit the production of cortisol and make sure that it stays within healthy levels.
- Better Immune System Function
One significant effect of the production and cortisol on your body is an improvement in your immune system is functioning. Cortisol has a dampening effect on your immune system. The body is receiving a signal that says we have an external threat; we need to prepare for not an internal one, and it shifts resources away from your immune system so you can better prepare for a threat that will be outside of your body.
Unfortunately, many of the threats we perceived to exist outside of ourselves are really all met in our heads anyway. This thought can harm your immune system dysfunction, but taking better care of yourself should help to limit the impacts.
- Better Sleep Quality
The quality of your sleep is primarily related to the quality of your life and how well you are taking care of yourself. If you are having a difficult time falling asleep, then it means that there is something out of balance in your life.
Humans need sleep, and if you suddenly experience an increased or decreased need for sleep, then it should alert you that something significant has changed, and it needs your attention. If you are having trouble with sleeping you may want to check out some of these tips:
- Upgrading your mattress: If your mattress is more than 10 years old it is probably time to upgrade
- Upgrading your sheets: Not all sheets are made equally – if you are a hot sleep you may want to buy sheets that are a lower thread count because they tend to be cooler
- No electronics in bed: Train your brain that your bed is designated for sleeping
- Hygiene: While it may not seem like much, a proper hygiene routine is important for restful sleep
- Lights out: Eliminate outside lights by adding blackout curtains to your room, this will block any lights as well as keep your room insulated which can help keep your room comfortable and keep your Northshore Gas utility bill down as well.
However, only you know your self, but as soon you begin to suspect that something is negatively impacting your sleep quality, you need to track it down and eliminate it as quickly as possible.
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Origin of XMLEx(tensible) M(arkup) L(anguage).
xml - Computer Definition
A language used by Web developers and designers for creating declarative markup languages like Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), only more flexible in that documents written in XML can be shared across different information systems, particularly the Internet, and can adapt to different presentation style sheets and applications. A condensed form of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML is published and maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). See also W3C and Web. G.992.3, G.992.4 (2002) Max RateUpstreamMax RateDownstreamITU-T Standard
(EXtensible Markup Language) The most widely used semi-structured format for data, introduced by the W3C in 1998. XML files contain only tags and text similar to HTML. However, whereas HTML defines how elements are displayed and printed, XML assigns meaning to the elements. HTML uses predefined tags, but XML requires the developer of the content to define most of the tags. Thus, just like database records, virtually any data items, such as "product," "sales rep" and "amount due," can be specified. By providing a common method for identifying data, XML supports business-to-business transactions and has become "the" format for electronic data interchange and Web services. XML Is Only a Format When introduced, XML was hyped as the panacea for e-commerce, but it was only a first step. The human-readable XML tags provide a simple format, but the intelligent defining of these tags to serve business needs properly and everyone's compliance in using the same tags determine XML's real value. Countless vocabularies have been developed for vertical applications; so many in fact, that a universal language was developed to provide a standard for interoperability between them (see UBL). See XML vocabulary, Web services, SOA and EDI). XML Documents Can Define Themselves An XML document can include a self-describing set of rules that identify the tags and their relationships; for example, only one XYZ tag is allowed within an ABC tag, or there must be one XYZ tag within every ABC tag and so forth. See XML schema. More Rigid than HTML Unlike HTML, which uses a rather loose coding style and is more tolerant of coding errors, XML pages have to be "well formed" and comply with the rules. See XSLT, DTD, DOM, XHTML, JSON, HTML, SGML, SMIL and XML-RPC.
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H. Holmes Ellis, Research Assistant at the Ohio Historical Society’s Lithic Laboratory for the Eastern United States, in his annual report of the Lab’s activities for “the year April, 1941 — April, 1942, described one of their most important achievements for the year: “The Lithic Laboratory discovered a remarkably able flint chipper, Don E. Crabtree of Twin Falls, Idaho, and acquired his services for two months in the early summer of 1941. Mr. Crabtree, during his stay in Columbus, contributed largely to the rediscovering of two elusive ‘lost arts,’ Folsom fluting and the manufacture of flake knives. Achieving either one of these difficult techniques would have been worth his trip east; we had not hoped for both successes.” Don Crabtree would go on to become the “Dean of American Flintknapping.” His 1972 publication An Introduction to Flintworking, is still a useful reference for anyone who wants to understand what is involved in making stone tools. Crabtree taught many archaeologists, including my mentor, the late Rob Bonnichsen, the art of flintknapping. Rob tried to pass some of that knowledge along to me in a lithic technology workshop, but I am afraid I never got much beyond the Acheulean stage of craftsmanship. Nevertheless, the insights I did manage to glean from knocking rocks together have helped me immeasurably in my understanding of ancient stone tools. Don Crabtree and the OHS Lithic Laboratory were pioneers in bringing those valuable insights to the attention of the discipline of archaeology.
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This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
glossary:premenstrual_syndrome [2012/10/16 14:40] (current)
|Line 1:||Line 1:|
|+||A combination of physical and mood disturbances that occur in the last half of a woman's menstrual cycle after ovulation and normally end with the onset of the menstrual flow. Physical features of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include breast tenderness and bloating ([[glossary:edema]]). Psychological changes include anger and depression. |
|+||Monthly chemical changes may be responsible for PMS. The chemical changes may involve sex hormones, neurotransmitters, and opioid peptides. |
|+||PMS can be mimicked and must be distinguished from other disorders. The most helpful diagnostic tool for PMS is a menstrual diary. Treatment of PMS includes exercise, dietary changes, emotional support of family and friends, and medications. The medications for PMS include diuretics, pain killers, oral contraceptives, drugs that suppress ovarian function and antidepressants. Abbreviated PMS.|
|+||Common Misspellings: premenstrual syndrone |
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420 pages, diagrams
Positive interactions and interdependence in plant communities offers a new look at an old problem - the nature of the communities. This book marshals ecological literature from the last century on facilitation to make the case against the widely accepted "individualistic" notion of community organization. Clearly, many species in many communities would not be present without the ameliorating effects of other species. In other words, communities are not produced only by summing the population ecology of species. Concepts covered include the idea that positive interactions are more prevalent in physically stressful conditions, species specificity in facilitative interactions, indirect facilitative interactions, how facilitation contributes to diversity-ecosystem function relationships, and potential evolutionary aspects of positive interactions.
From the reviews: "In many ways, this book is a tour-de-force. In its 415 pages, it has 176 devoted to references. These cover almost a century of work on interactions between plants in communities, an area in which the author has wide experience. ! The text is clearly written with plenty of diagrams, mostly taken from the literature. ! I recommend this book for its timely assessment of the history and progress in the study on plant interactions within communities and a great introduction to the literature." (British Ecological Society, March, 2008) "Callaway writes clearly on the subject of positive interactions, with humor and authority. ! this book is well written, and the images (taken primarily from the published studies) are clear and effective in highlighting the main points. ! Overall, I find this book to be a valuable addition to my bookcase. The extensive references provide a wonderful entry point for anyone who wants to learn more about positive interactions." (James F. Cahill, Ecology, Vol. 89 (6), 2008) "Positive Interactions and Interdependence in Plant Communities is very readable and interesting ! . the book is a detailed, comprehensive treatise on positive interactions in plant communities that will be of particular interest not only to plant ecologists but also to those ecologists involved with environmental restoration and management. Callaway's book is a fabulous resource and it contains much food for thought and lively discussion." (Scott L. Collins, BioScience, Vol. 59 (5), May, 2009) "In this book, Ragan Callaway argues persuasively that ecologists have vastly underestimated the influence of facilitation and positive interactions among species in plant communities. ! We read this book as part of a graduate-level seminar course ! . the target audience for this book should be narrowed to scientists primarily interested in pursuing facilitation-oriented research or to community ecologists who are firmly rooted in the dogma of competition as the driving force in communities." (Plant Science Bulletin, Vol. 55 (3), 2009)
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product!
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From: NASA Astrobiology Institute
Posted: Tuesday, April 1, 2014
Presenter: Paula Welander (Stanford University)
When: April 7th, 2014 11AM PDT
The majority of life's history has been dominated by microbes whose metabolic inventions have significantly altered the Earth's surface environment and, in turn, impacted the evolution of life on Earth.
Because unicellular microorganisms do not readily leave diagnostic morphological fossils, alternative strategies are necessary for studying microbial communities in the context of the Earth's distant past. One predominant strategy is to correlate organic compounds deposited by ancient microbes and preserved in sedimentary rock with lipid molecules produced by modern microorganisms.
One such class of molecular fossils are the hopanes, pentacyclic triterpenoid lipids that are clearly the diagenetic products of bacterial hopanoid lipids. However, very little is known about the biosynthesis and physiological function of hopanoids in extant bacteria and this in turn has made it difficult to properly interpret the occurrence of hopane signatures in the rock record.
To address this problem, we have begun to decipher the biosynthesis and function of hopanoids in methanotrophic bacteria. Using comparative genomics and gene deletion analysis, we have identified genes involved in hopanoid biosynthesis. Bioinformatics analyses of these biosynthesis genes have demonstrated that the taxonomic distribution of hopanoid producing bacteria is much more diverse than previously thought. Phenotypic analysis of hopanoid biosynthesis mutants revealed a role for these molecules in maintaining outer membrane impermeability as well as a potential role in late stationary phase survival. Taken together, these results suggest that the occurrence of hopanoids in ancient environments may better reflect a certain bacterial response (i.e. bacterial stress) rather than a specific bacterial taxa or metabolism.
How to Participate in this Virtual Seminar
To join using a web browser:
The slides and audio/video for this meeting will be presented using Adobe Connect. To join the meeting, connect to: http://connect.arc.nasa.gov/npp-alumni/
If you are having problems connecting, you can try joining http://connect.arc.nasa.gov/npp-alumni/?launcher=false, rebooting your computer, or try joining from another network.
To join using a videoconferencing system:
Please RSVP to Mike Toillion (email@example.com) ONLY if you will be joining by videoconference.
To view the slides, connect to http://connect.arc.nasa.gov/npp-alumni/
// end //
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After all, if the zoos really have the animals’ best interests at heart, they would close their elephant exhibits. In 2005 the Detroit Zoo became the first to give up its elephants solely on ethical grounds. Spending so much time in close quarters—and waiting out the harsh Michigan winters indoors—left their two Asian elephants physically and mentally ill. Wanda and Winky were moved to the Performing Animal Welfare Society's (PAWS) 930-hectare sanctuary in San Andreas, Calif. A handful of zoos have followed suit, but they are in the minority. Ed Stewart, president and co-founder of PAWS, thinks that even his massive haven is not adequate to keep the elephants as healthy as they would be in the wild. "Elephants should not be in captivity— period," he says. "It doesn’t matter if it’s a zoo, a circus or a sanctuary.
The social structure isn't correct, the space is not right, the climate is not right, the food is not right. You can never do enough to match the wild. They are unbelievably intelligent. With all of that brainpower—to be as limited as they are in captivity—it's a wonder they cope at all. In 20 years I hope we will look back and think, 'Can you believe we ever kept those animals in cages?'" Ferris Jabr
Ferris Jabr is a contributing writer for Scientific American and contributing editor to Scientific American Mind. He has also written for the New York Times Magazine, the New Yorker and Outside. Credit: Nick Higgins
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Florida Guide > Florida History
Hillsborough to High Springs: what's in a name?
Hillsborough River was formerly known as Locktsapopka by the Native American. In Muskogee, Papka is a place where you would eat and Lokchia means acorns. So thus Locktsapopka ia place where you would eat acorns. It is in Hillsborough County.
Belle Glade is ib Palm Beach County. The original name was a rather uninspiring Hillsborough Canal Settlement.
When they were ude to get a post office it was demanded that the city gave it a new name. Remembering that a holidaymaker had described the city as The Belle of the Glades they adapted it to Belle Glades and so it is now.
Rather closer to home is Haines City and this was formerly known as Clay Cut. Subsequently it was changed to Haines City after a railway official. Railways were a vital part of Florida' s economy.
This sounds like a Native American name and it is. Stolen from the name of a river in Georgia, Chato is Muskogee for rock and huchi means marked.
Apalachicola is in Frankland County. It is thought that this was named by the Native Americans known as Hitchiti and broken down Okli is people and Apalahchi means on the other side, So put together it is the folk that live on the other side.
Fort Myers is on the Gulf Coast of Florida and many of us have visited or stayed there. It is simply named after General Abraham Myers who was an officer in the army. Fort Myers is in Lee County.
Aripeka is in Pasco County and is the first one we have looked at that are named by the Native Americans known as the Miccosukee. There was a chief who was named Aripeka and he took the name from from the Muskogee for heap at the base at the root. This pile would have been a pile of scalps; a badge of honour for this tribe.
Boca Ciega is in Pinellas County. The literal translation for this is Blind Mouth. One of the theories is that the Spanish so named it since this is what it looks like at the entrance top the river.
High Springs is in Aluchua County. This is rather intriguing since ther is not a spring there. However there once was a spring at the top of the hill and though that no longer exists, the name lives on.
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In Russia, the Chukchi are known as folk characters — the heroes of jokes about naive natives. In reality, this is a nation of brave hunters and reindeer herders, freedom-loving people whom the
tsarist forces have unsuccessfully tried to conquer for more than a hundred years.
Where guns were powerless, alcohol and Soviet forced education in orphanages played a fatal role. Now the Chukchi nation is on the verge of extinction. This is not even assimilation, since they do not become Russian. Loss of language and culture leads to alcoholism and untimely death.
This process is slowed down in the communities engaged in traditional activities — such as hunting for sea animals — seals, walruses and whales. To minimize negative impact on the environment, it is regulated by Russian norms and international agreements — for example, residents of 14 Chukchi villages are allowed to catch a total of 140 gray whales per year. Hunters use modern boats, but the principle of the hunt and the construction of the harpoon have remained almost unchanged for more than two thousand years. Sometimes community members fall in icy water and die. But this hunt is the only way to supply fellow villagers with fresh meat.
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Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary has released information about the most recent season of archaeology at Tel Gezer here.
This summary of the most recent season was written by Steven Ortiz and Samuel Wolff.
The excavations at Gezer are sponsored by the Tandy Institute of Archaeology at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary with several consortium schools. The excavations are directed by Steven Ortiz of the Tandy and Samuel Wolff of the Israel Antiquities Authority.
In this, the sixth season of excavation, one goal was to remove a portion of the city wall built in the Iron IIA period (10th century BCE) in order to investigate a Late Bronze age destruction level (ca. 1400 BCE) that lay below it. To the surprise of the team, in the process of excavating the city wall, an earlier wall system dating to the Iron Age I (1200-1000 BCE) was discovered. This wall was one meter thick with several rooms attached to it. These rooms were filled by a massive destruction, nearly one meter in height,that included Canaanite storage jars, Philistine pottery and other items. A fragment of a Philistine figurine was also found this season. The biblical text record that the king of Gezer organized a Canaanite coalition against Joshua and David had a battle with the Philistines where he chased them “all the way to Gezer.” Perhaps the biblical accounts retain a memory of the importance of Gezer and its close relations to the Philistines during this period.
Beneath this city was an earlier city that was destroyed in a fierce conflagration. This city was functioning during the Egyptian 18th Dynasty’s rule over the southern Levant. Within the destruction debris were several pottery vessels along with a cache of cylinder seals and a large Egyptian scarab with the cartouche of Amenhotep III. This pharaoh was the father of the heretic King Akenaton and grandfather of the famous Tutankhamun (King Tut). This destruction corresponds to other destructions of other cities in the region, a reflection of the internecine warfare that was occurring between the Canaanite cites as reflected in the well-known Tell el-Amarna correspondence.
The archaeology of Solomon has been controversial, fueled by various theories over the dating of the archaeological record. The dating of the Gezer Iron Age Gate is at issue. The Gezer expedition is slowly stripping away layers of public and domestic structures of the 8th and 9th centuries BCE in order to reveal the 10th century city plan adjacent to the City Gate. This summer the tops of the 10th century walls began to poke out, making the archaeologists optimistic that in future seasons more of the Solomonic city will be exposed.
For more information see www.telgezer.com.
For earlier posts about Gezer, see the following: aerial photo with a view toward the hill country, boundary stones, and the water system.
HT: Joseph Lauer
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Since birth, you’ve watched your child grow and develop. You’ve noted his height and weight, when he crawled, stood, and walked, even when he spoke his first words – and perhaps compared all of these milestones of his infant and toddler years to the “norms.” The preschool and early school years are also full of changes. From three to five your child’s motor skills, language, thinking, and social development change dramatically.
Knowing what to expect as your child grows can reassure you that your child is on track with his peers or alert you to potential concerns. Below are some milestones to watch for.
Motor Development: Gross Motor Skills
- Walks with an agile, almost adult style
- Runs around obstacles
- Catches large balls and throws overhead
- Climbs ladders; uses slide independently
- Rides a tricycle
- Alternates feet when climbing stairs
Motor Development: Fine Motor Skills
- Assembles simple puzzles
- Manipulates clay; finger paints
- Copies simple shapes, such as a cross or circle
- Stacks blocks up to nine high
Language and Thinking Development
- Understands most of what is said and 75 percent of speech is understandable
- Speaks in complete sentences of three to five words
- Matches pictures to objects
- Learns by doing and through the senses
- Understands concepts of “now,” “soon,” and “later”
- Begins to recognize cause-and-effect relationships
Social and Emotional Development
- Follows simple directions; enjoys helping with household tasks
- Begins to recognize own limits – asks for help
- Likes to play alone, but near other children
- Does not cooperate or share well
- Able to make choices between two things
- Begins to notice other people’s moods and feelings
Tips for Parenting 3-Year-Olds
No longer a toddler, your 3-year-old takes in knowledge about himself and the world around him.
- Transitions are difficult at this age. Provide warning of changes so your child has time to shift gears: “We’re leaving in 10 minutes.”
- Rituals are important. Household routines and schedules give your 3-year-old a sense of security.
- Point out colors and numbers in the course of everyday conversation: “You’re wearing your blue shirt” or “We made six cupcakes.”
- Encourage independent activity to build self-reliance.
- Provide lots of sensory experiences for learning and developing coordination – sand, mud, finger paints, puzzles.
Remember that these milestones represent averages, not rigid developmental deadlines. Children move through these changes at varying rates, some sooner, others later. You’re the best judge of your child’s development and what is “normal” for him, but if you have any concerns, discuss them with your child’s pediatrician. Just when you think you’ve figured out your child, something changes. Today he demands constant attention; six months from now he may be pushing you away. You may find strategies that once worked no longer have any impact on him. Don’t worry, this is normal!
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