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Christmas ChallengePublished by lena.bird on Thu, 12/21/2017 - 08:11
We read the book titled How to Catch an Elf by Adam Wallace and Andy Elkerton. The students were then given the challenge to design and create an elf trap. They were able to use supplies such as pipe cleaners, bowls, craft sticks, string, and tape. It was a great opportunity for students to use their engineering skills as well as practice collaborating with groups. The results were spectacular! Each group built a great trap and was beyond excited to try and catch Santa's little helpers. Merry Christmas from Miss Kenison's 4th Grade!
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As we know that gout is a type of disease that is generally felt people, it is characterized by the presence of symptoms such as pain in the joints of the fingers, knees, toes and wrists. Of course you do not have aspirations to be accompanied by this disease, because it can damage the disruption caused concentration to move.
Many ways in which people with the disease in order to cure such terafi, medical and uses natural ingredients. Of the three ways above, the appropriate effective measures is to use natural ingredients, in addition to cheap, fun gag, the material is obtained. The following information:
For the umpteenth time this article show the white water as the main ingredient for the prevention and remedy against various diseases, this can not be avoided. The body requires fluid intake, if the intake of fluids in the body are not met, then it will cause uric acid crystals that cause pain. Therefore, the consumption of water at least 8-10 glasses / day, if you do it regularly every day, you will be protected from gout. The main function of water is to improve and expedite the kidneys whose job is to dispose of uric acid produced by purine substances.
2. Consumption of Honey Vinegar
Vinegar Honey is a material made from honey. Generally vinegar honey has been packed in a place that is often called by the name of propolis. Consuming honey vinegar regularly aims to provide a base level of the body that serves to neutralize the acidity of our body. In addition, honey vinegar will facilitate gunjal function to remove uric acid and destroy the crystals of uric acid in the body. You can obtain propolis at nearby stores with quality and affordable prices.
3. Reduce the type of foods high in purine substance of his
Minimize the types of foods high purinnya substances such as organ meats, seafood, meat extracts (shredded, dried meat) and canned foods.
4. Consumption of foods containing Type Bases
Consuming foods that contain alkaline substances are effective measures to prevent the occurrence of gout, foods that contain alkaline substances can be achieved, such as fruits, fresh vegetables and whole grains, low-fat. These foods befungsi to neutralize the acid that the body and blood and urine will help the kidneys remove uric acid in the body.
5. Lemon juice and vitamin C
Lemon juice is also effective as a natural way to treat gout, it is because the lemon juice serves to stimulate the body to form and produce calcium kabonat who worked as a neutralizing uric acid. In addition to the lemon juice, you can also consume ingredients that are rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C works to reduce uric acid levels in the body so it will not be excessive uric acid.
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When our dogs come in the heat, we may ask ourselves a question: “Why, oh why on earth this is happening to me?” If you don’t know what to do with your dog, when she is in heat, you may become very nervous, as well as your dog, and this may end up a nightmare.
But back to your previous question. Why are dogs in heat?
Heat cycle in dogs ensure they may become pregnant and have babies
Heat cycle is part of a reproductive system in dogs. In short, dogs are in heat, so they can have babies, and do not go extinct.
Heat in dogs is somewhat close to periods in human. Thank god, while women menstruate every month (is it on purpose?), dogs normally are in heat twice yearly.
However, the whole cycle is happening without a stop and consists of four phases: Proestrus and Estrus, when dog is referred as being in heat and Diestrus and Anestrus, when we say the dog is not in heat.
Each part has different hormones influencing your dog, and each part has different tasks in order to make the miracle of the birth to happen… or not to happen.
- Proestrus serves as a preparing reproductive system of your dog to breeding.
- Estrus will be the hardest part of the heat cycle for you, when ovulation occurs, and the uterus is receptive for implantation. In this part the dog is extremely attractive to males, and vice versa, it attracts males the most. Also, this is the phase when your dog is able to become pregnant.
- Diestrus is the part that is responsible for sustaining pregnancy. No matter if a female became pregnant or not, hormone responsible for growth of the fetus has a high level and drops when diestrus is over only.
- Anestrus is the last part of the hat cycle in dogs, in which the reproductive system takes a rest and gains strength to undergo the next heat cycle.
And then it starts again from the top. And if you still have a question, why are dogs in heat, then it’s just how it works. It’s natural.
This post is a part of ongoing series about dogs in heat.
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JOURNALISM--SELECTED RESOURCESKeeley Library Staff Rev. January 23, 2001
also related topics:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT JOURNALISM
|in World Book Encyclopedia.
Americana. Danbury, CT:Grolier, 1999
|Schwarzlose, Richard."Journalism".v.11||Snyder, Lottis L "Journalism".v.16|
J0URNALISM BROWSING GUIDE 070'S
Documentary Media, Educational Media, News Media, Journalism, Publishing
071's Journalism and Newspapers in North America
072's Journalism and Newspapers in British Isles
073's Journalism and Newspapers in Central Europe, in Germany
074's Journalism and Newspapers in France
075's Journalism and Newspapers in Italy and Adacent Territories
076's Journalism and Newspapers in Iberian Peninsula and Adjacent Areas, Spain and Portugal
077's Journalism and Newspapers in Eastern Europe, in Russia
078's Journalism and Newspapers in Scandinavia
079's Journalim and Newspapers in Other Areas
To locate items in our library network, search our New WebCat™using the following subjects.
REPORTERS AND REPORTING
INTERVIEWING IN JOURNALISM
MOTION PICTURE JOURNALISM.
JOURNALISM REFERENCE BOOKS
|UPI Stylebook:a handbook
for writers and editors
"The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and the lighting bug." Mark Twain
|Ref. 808.06607 U7|
|New York Times Everyday Reader's Dictionary of Misunderstood, Misused, Mispronounced Words "Thousands of words that can trip up the best educated people."||Ref. 423 U74|
|Look it Up: a deskbook of American spelling and style Includes common mistakes to avoid.||Ref. 427.973 F611|
|Dictionary of American IdiomsOver 4,000 commonly used American expressions.||Ref. 423.1 D554|
NEAR THE REFERENCE DESK
Contain useful background information for articles about science and social issues.
PERIODICALS AND NEWS ARTICLES ONLINE
|SIRS NEWSPAPER AND PERIODICAL REPRINTS:||INFOTRAC WEB ONLINE PERIODICALS DATABASE||ELECTRIC LIBRARY|
|BOSTON GLOBE NEWSPAPER ARCHIVES FROM 1980 TO DATE.These and other newespaper archives are available in the Keeley Library and other SAILS libraries.|
This is an excellent site, which includes newsroom, research style and editor tips.
|TIME MAGAZINE ONLINE||INTENET PUBLIC LIBRARY ONLINE NEWSPAPERS|
|Journalism and Mass Communication Resources||
|CrayonNet||The SPOT for Copy Editors|
|Editing and proofing||Karla's Guide to Citations|
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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is like a stroke, producing similar symptoms, but usually lasting only a few minutes and causing no permanent damage.
Often called a ministroke, a transient ischemic attack may be a warning. About 1 in 3 people who have a transient ischemic attack will eventually have a stroke, with about half occurring within a year after the transient ischemic attack.
A transient ischemic attack can serve as both a warning and an opportunity — a warning of an impending stroke and an opportunity to take steps to prevent it.
Transient ischemic attacks usually last a few minutes. Most signs and symptoms disappear within an hour. The signs and symptoms of TIA resemble those found early in a stroke and may include sudden onset of:
- Weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body
- Slurred or garbled speech or difficulty understanding others
- Blindness in one or both eyes or double vision
- Dizziness or loss of balance or coordination
You may have more than one TIA, and the recurrent signs and symptoms may be similar or different depending on which area of the brain is involved.
When to see a doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect you've had a transient ischemic attack. Prompt evaluation and identification of potentially treatable conditions may help you prevent a stroke.
A transient ischemic attack has the same origins as that of an ischemic stroke, the most common type of stroke. In an ischemic stroke, a clot blocks the blood supply to part of your brain. In a transient ischemic attack, unlike a stroke, the blockage is brief, and there is no permanent damage.
The underlying cause of a TIA often is a buildup of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits called plaques (atherosclerosis) in an artery or one of its branches that supplies oxygen and nutrients to your brain.
Plaques can decrease the blood flow through an artery or lead to the development of a clot. A blood clot moving to an artery that supplies your brain from another part of your body, most commonly from your heart, also may cause a TIA.
Some risk factors for transient ischemic attack and stroke can't be changed. Others you can control.
Risk factors you can't change
You can't change the following risk factors for transient ischemic attack and stroke. But knowing you're at risk can motivate you to change your lifestyle to reduce other risks.
- Family history. Your risk may be greater if one of your family members has had a TIA or a stroke.
- Age. Your risk increases as you get older, especially after age 55.
- Sex. Men have a slightly higher likelihood of TIA and stroke, but more than half of deaths from stroke occur in women.
- Prior transient ischemic attack. If you've had one or more TIAs, you're 10 times more likely to have a stroke.
- Sickle cell disease. Also called sickle cell anemia, stroke is a frequent complication of this inherited disorder. Sickle-shaped blood cells carry less oxygen and also tend to get stuck in artery walls, hampering blood flow to the brain.
- Race. Blacks are at greater risk of dying of a stroke, partly because of the higher prevalence of high blood pressure and diabetes among blacks.
Risk factors you can take steps to control
You can control or treat a number of factors — including certain health conditions and lifestyle choices — that increase your risk of stroke. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you’ll have a stroke, but your risk particularly increases if you have two or more of them.
- High blood pressure. Risk of stroke begins to increase at blood pressure readings higher than 110/75 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Your doctor will help you decide on a target blood pressure based on your age, whether you have diabetes and other factors.
- High cholesterol. Eating less cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fats, may reduce the plaques in your arteries. If you can't control your cholesterol through dietary changes alone, your doctor may prescribe a statin or another type of cholesterol-lowering medication.
- Cardiovascular disease. This includes heart failure, a heart defect, a heart infection or an abnormal heart rhythm.
- Carotid artery disease. The blood vessels in your neck that lead to your brain become clogged.
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD). The blood vessels that carry blood to your arms and legs become clogged.
- Diabetes. Diabetes increases the severity of atherosclerosis — narrowing of the arteries due to accumulation of fatty deposits — and the speed with which it develops.
- High levels of homocysteine. Elevated levels of this amino acid in your blood can cause your arteries to thicken and scar, which makes them more susceptible to clots.
- Excess weight. A body mass index of 25 or higher and a waist circumference greater than 35 inches (89 centimeters) in women or 40 inches (102 centimeters) in men increase risk.
- Cigarette smoking. Smoking increases your risk of blood clots, raises your blood pressure and contributes to the development of cholesterol-containing fatty deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis).
- Physical inactivity. Engaging in 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days helps reduce risk.
- Poor nutrition. Eating too much fat and salt, in particular, increases your risk of TIA and stroke.
- Heavy drinking. If you drink alcohol, limit yourself to no more than two drinks daily if you're a man and one drink daily if you're a woman.
- Use of illicit drugs. Avoid cocaine and other illicit drugs.
- Use of birth control pills. If you use any hormone therapy, talk to your doctor about how the hormones may affect your risk of TIA and stroke.
A TIA often is diagnosed in an emergency situation, but if you're concerned about your risk of having a stroke, you can prepare to discuss the subject with your doctor at your next appointment.
What you can do
If you want to discuss your risk of stroke with your doctor, write down and be ready to discuss:
- Your risk factors for stroke, such as family history of strokes
- Your medical history, including a list of all medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements, you're taking
- Key personal information, such as lifestyle habits and major stressors
- Whether you think you've had a TIA and what symptoms you experienced
- Questions you might have
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor may recommend that you have several tests to check your risk factors and should tell you how to prepare for the tests, such as fasting before having your blood drawn to check your cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
Because a transient ischemic attack is short-lived, your doctor may diagnose a TIA based just on the medical history of the event rather than on anything found during a general physical and neurological examination. To help determine the cause of your TIA and to assess your risk of stroke, your doctor may rely on the following:
Physical examination and tests. Your doctor may check for risk factors of stroke, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes and high levels of the amino acid homocysteine.
Your doctor may also use a stethoscope to listen for a whooshing sound (bruit) over your arteries that may indicate atherosclerosis. Or your doctor may observe cholesterol fragments or platelet fragments (emboli) in the tiny blood vessels of your retina at the back of your eye during an eye examination using an ophthalmoscope.
- Carotid ultrasonography. A wand-like device (transducer) sends high-frequency sound waves into your neck. After the sound waves pass through your tissue and back, your doctor can analyze images on a screen to look for narrowing or clotting in the carotid arteries.
- Computerized tomography (CT) scanning. CT scanning of your head uses X-ray beams to assemble a composite 3-D look at your brain.
- Computerized tomography angiography (CTA) scanning. Scanning of the head may also be used to noninvasively evaluate the arteries in your neck and brain. CTA scanning uses X-rays similar to a standard CT scan of the head but may also involve injection of a contrast material into a blood vessel.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This procedure, which uses a strong magnetic field, can generate a composite 3-D view of your brain.
- Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). This is a method of evaluating the arteries in your neck and brain. It uses a strong magnetic field similar to MRI.
Echocardiography. Your doctor may choose to perform a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) or transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). A TTE involves moving an instrument called a transducer across your chest. The transducer emits sound waves that echo off of different parts of your heart, creating an ultrasound image.
During a TEE, a flexible probe with a transducer built into it is placed in your esophagus — the tube that connects the back of your mouth to your stomach. Because your esophagus is directly behind your heart, clearer, detailed ultrasound images can be created. This allows a better view of some things, such as blood clots, that might not be seen clearly in a traditional echocardiography exam.
Arteriography. This procedure gives a view of arteries in your brain not normally seen in X-ray imaging. A radiologist inserts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) through a small incision, usually in your groin.
The catheter is manipulated through your major arteries and into your carotid or vertebral artery. Then the radiologist injects a dye through the catheter to provide X-ray images of the arteries in your brain. This procedure may be used in selected cases.
Once your doctor has determined the cause of your transient ischemic attack, the goal of treatment is to correct the abnormality and prevent a stroke. Depending on the cause of your TIA, your doctor may prescribe medication to reduce the tendency for blood to clot or may recommend surgery or a balloon procedure (angioplasty).
Doctors use several medications to decrease the likelihood of a stroke after a transient ischemic attack. The medication selected depends on the location, cause, severity and type of TIA. Two frequently prescribed types of drugs are:
Anti-platelet drugs. These medications make your platelets, one of the circulating blood cell types, less likely to stick together. When blood vessels are injured, sticky platelets begin to form clots, a process completed by clotting proteins in blood plasma.
The most frequently used anti-platelet medication is aspirin. Aspirin is also the least expensive treatment with the fewest potential side effects. An alternative to aspirin is the anti-platelet drug clopidogrel (Plavix).
Your doctor may consider prescribing Aggrenox, a combination of low-dose aspirin and the anti-platelet drug dipyridamole, to reduce blood clotting. The way dipyridamole works is slightly different from aspirin.
Anticoagulants. These drugs include heparin and warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven). They affect clotting-system proteins instead of platelet function. Heparin is used for a short time and warfarin over a longer term.
These drugs require careful monitoring. If atrial fibrillation is present, your doctor may prescribe another type of anticoagulant, dabigatran (Pradaxa).
If you have a moderately or severely narrowed neck (carotid) artery, your doctor may suggest carotid endarterectomy (end-ahr-tur-EK-tuh-me). This preventive surgery clears carotid arteries of fatty deposits (atherosclerotic plaques) before another TIA or stroke can occur. An incision is made to open the artery, the plaques are removed, and the artery is closed.
In selected cases, a procedure called carotid angioplasty, or stenting, is an option. This procedure involves using a balloon-like device to open a clogged artery and placing a small wire tube (stent) into the artery to keep it open.
Knowing your risk factors and living healthfully are the best things you can do to prevent a TIA. Included in a healthy lifestyle are regular medical checkups. Also:
- Don't smoke. Stopping smoking reduces your risk of a TIA or a stroke.
- Limit cholesterol and fat. Cutting back on cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fat, in your diet may reduce buildup of plaques in your arteries.
- Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. These foods contain nutrients such as potassium, folate and antioxidants, which may protect against a TIA or a stroke.
- Limit sodium. If you have high blood pressure, avoiding salty foods and not adding salt to food may reduce your blood pressure. Avoiding salt may not prevent hypertension, but excess sodium may increase blood pressure in people who are sensitive to sodium.
- Exercise regularly. If you have high blood pressure, regular exercise is one of the few ways you can lower your blood pressure without drugs.
- Limit alcohol intake. Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. The recommended limit is no more than one drink daily for women and two a day for men.
- Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight contributes to other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Losing weight with diet and exercise may lower your blood pressure and improve your cholesterol levels.
- Don't use illicit drugs. Drugs such as cocaine are associated with an increased risk of a TIA or a stroke.
- Control diabetes. You can manage diabetes and high blood pressure with diet, exercise, weight control and, when necessary, medication.
June 10, 2014
- TIA (Transient ischemic attack). American Stroke Association. http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/TypesofStroke/TIA/TIA-Transient-Ischemic-Attack_UCM_310942_Article.jsp#. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Transient ischemic attack information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/tia/tia.htm. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2014: 5 Books in 1. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2014. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Marx JA, et al. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2014. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Furie KL, et al. Etiology and clinical manifestations of transient ischemic attack. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Stroke risk factors. American Stroke Association. http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/AboutStroke/UnderstandingRisk/Understanding-Risk_UCM_308539_SubHomePage.jsp#. Accessed Dec. 12, 2013.
- Furie KL, et al. Secondary prevention of stroke: Risk factor reduction. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Assessing your weight and health risk. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/risk.htm. Accessed Dec. 12, 2013.
- Furie KL, et al. Initial evaluation and management of transient ischemic attack and minor stroke. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Adams JG. Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2013. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Dec. 9, 2013.
- Swanson JW (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dec. 12, 2013.
- Fulgham JR (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dec. 24, 2013.
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|Product #: OTM1141_TQ|
Timed Multiplication Facts (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 4|Grade 5|Grade 6
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
Strengthen students' speed and accuracy on their multiplication facts. Each drill page concentrates on a specific area. Each level has a daily practice page, a home practice page, an extra practice page and a review test page. 40+ reproducible drill worksheets. The extra practice drill sheet is to be used with students still having difficulty recalling facts quickly and accurately. It is a different approach to the timed drill method. This requires the student to complete the fact with its missing number. This different approach helps the students remember the facts more quickly. Supports Common Core Standards for Mathematics Gr. 3.
Submit a review
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For the past number of years artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been subject to almost unbridled optimism, where despite their current flaws and limitations, their role in the future of healthcare seemed guaranteed.
To date, these technologies have been used for disease forecasting, pattern recognition of disease presentations, diagnosis, cancer screening, emergency triaging, and many more applications – often outperforming clinicians. And yet, amidst the greatest public healthcare crisis in living memory, we have yet to see AI-assisted tools effectively contribute to the fight against COVID-19. What has gone wrong? Or has potential always been overstated?
Healthcare workers from John Hopkins University, in a pre-print publication, examine where, despite the opportunities to improve COVID-19 patient outcomes, AI-based clinical decision support (CDS) systems have yet to demonstrate substantial progress. The applications they consider include improved diagnosis, triaging and prognostication, personalised treatment decision support and automated monitoring tools.
The opportunities of AI
Given how rapidly evolving our knowledge of COVID-19 is, it’s crucial that any AI-based CDS system can address variability and uncertainty in clinical decision making. We have seen already in regions of low testing capacity (for instance most of the U.S.), rapid identification and isolation of positive patients proved a massive challenge.
Delays in identifying and isolating positive infections are accompanied by a higher risk of nosocomial infections, a higher environmental risk to healthcare workers, and the over-use of limited personal protective equipment. Hence the opportunity to move away from largely reactive testing and screening, towards a more proactive model where AI-driven systems help to identify aberrant clinical presentations or patterns in patient data is a priority target.
However, since we have only been acquainted with SARS-CoV-2 a mere few months, we understandably don’t have sufficiently diverse and representative data upon which to train and validate AI/ML algorithms. As stakeholders continue to accrue larger datasets over time that help them to better understand the clinical use case, there should also be a focus on the environment in which the disease is encountered. By embedding this knowledge in the workflows, the systems will be better set to rapidly identify priority clinical needs.
How do we capitalise on the data available?
Not all data is created equal. Only carefully curated datasets, with well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, will provide any confidence when seeking unbiased estimates of the CDS system. This manner of careful data collection is evidently not easy or particularly practical during a pandemic, and as such many recent publications have relied on ‘convenience sampling’ of data, especially those using public repositories. These manuscripts have a high risk of bias or being overly optimistic.
Aside from the challenges of sampling strategy, the highly private nature of patient medical records poses further technical problems, as fully automated anonymisation is not a straightforward process. If not fully anonymised the data must go through the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for consideration, delaying data collection. The authors explain that whilst they support such data trust reviews, the current processes may potentially impede the rapid development of AI. They continue: “To promote AI readiness, we should consider the implementation of IRB sub-committees dedicated to AI algorithm development with specialised study protocol templates that allow for rapid turnaround review of data science-related projects.”
How can we be better prepared?
In their concluding remarks, the authors assess wherein research AI has significantly contributed to COVID-19 efforts, noting the use of natural language processing for mining literature data and the application of AI in computational biology to better understand the virus protein structure.
In looking to the future Unberath et al. believe that everyone involved should seek to identify the “organizational, institutional, or regulatory hurdles that this healthcare crisis has highlighted, as well as the solution paths that emerged to bring AI-based CDS systems for COVID-19 to the bedside.”
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33.1 Tribes Pay Alms Money
Islam spread from Medina in all directions, to the north, to the south, and towards the east. Most of the tribes began to embrace this new religion that was far superior to anything they had known. It spread until it reached the borders of the Roman and the Persian empires, thus covering nearly the whole peninsula. The Arabs who had been disunited warring tribes began to be, for the first time, one united nation with a central authority in Medina and one religion whose sanctuary was in Mecca.
The tribes who had entered into Islam paid willingly the alms tax that was an obligation on the believers. Those who had not entered into Islam paid a defense tax in exchange for security of person and property.
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The former factory of Oskar Schindler (1908-1974), a German businessman and spy who saved the lives of more than a thousand Jews during World War II in the Czech town of Brnenec, and the land of the former adjacent concentration camp, Converted into a new memorial of the Holocaust.
This is reported by the Czech daily Pravo, according to which a foundation has already purchased the land in the center-east of the country, where in 1944 Schindler moved his enamel and ammunition factory in Krakow.
The founder and director of The Endowment Fund Memorial of Shoah and Oskar Schindler, Jaroslav Novak, explains to the newspaper that it already has the support of the local authorities but is still looking for ways to finance the project, which aims to rebuild the whole complex, Including the control towers and the field in which factory workers had been held.
According to a biography of US historian David M. Crowe, Schindler, famous for Steven Spielberg’s hit film “Schindler’s List,” was “a gold-hearted opportunist” who saved the lives of 1,200 Jews during National Socialism.
Thanks to his good contacts with the Nazi authorities in Cracow, he acquired the Deutsche Email Warrenfabrik, called “Emalia”, which had been owned by a Jew and then transferred to Brnenec with the hundreds of Jewish workers he employed and thus saved from being deported to The Nazi extermination camps.
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Definition of Titration curve
Get Babylon's Dictionary & Translation Software Free Download Now!
Titration curve Definition from Science & Technology Dictionaries & Glossaries
General Chemistry Glossary
A plot that summarizes data collected in a titration . A linear titration curve plots moles of analyte (or, some quantity proportional to moles of analyte) on the Y axis, and the volume of titrant added on the X axis. Nonlinear plots use the log of the concentration of the analyte instead. Nonlinear titration curves are often used for neutralization titrations (pH vs. mL NaOH solution). Logs are used to exaggerate the rate of change of concentration on the plot, so that the endpoint can be determined from the point of maximal slope.
Titration curve Definition from Encyclopedia Dictionaries & Glossaries
English Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia
Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the two solutions).
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The Malvinas (Falkland) Current is a branch of the Circumpolar Current and flows northward along the continental shelf of Argentina until it reaches the Brazil Current offshore the Rio de la Plata estuary (Legeckis and Gordon 1982, Garzoli 1993, Vivier and Provost 1999a). Legeckis and Gordon (1982) examined satellite infrared images and described the Malvinas Current as a 100-km wide band of cold water over the continental slope. The western sea surface temperature (SST) boundary of the current was adjacent to continental shelf waters, the northern boundary was marked by the warm Brazil Current, and the eastern boundary lay between the cold Malvinas and the warm water that results from mixing of meanders and warm-core eddies associated with the Brazil Current. The Malvinas Current is strong, relatively fresh, and cold, with mean SST of 6°C (Brandini et al. 2000). Thus, when it meets the weak, warm, southward-flowing Brazil Current at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence, a sharp gradient in temperature and salinity can be observed (Goni 1996).
The Malvinas current as represented by the Mariano Global Surface Velocity Analysis (MGSVA). It is the northward flow component of the S. Atlantic subpolar gyre. The Malvinas current transports cold water along the coast of S. America and this water mixes with warmer waters of the Brazil current in an region known as the Brazil-Malvinas confluence. Click here for example plots of seasonal averages.
Based on hydrographic data, it is believed that the Malvinas Current has a strong barotropic component and that it is well-mixed (Peterson and Stramma 1991, Vivier and Provost 1999a). It is also thought that the current has significant non-zero bottom velocities, a claim that was directly verified by Harkema and Weatherly (1989, as cited in Garzoli 1993). Their bottom current meters measured velocities of up to 10 cm s-1 (Garzoli 1993). Both of these factors must be taken into account when calculating values of transport by using a reference level of no motion.
Estimates of the volume transport of the Malvinas Current vary widely in the literature, depending on the reference level that is chosen (Garzoli 1993). For example, using a reference level of 1000 m at 38°S, Garzoli (1993) obtained a transport of about 24 Sv. Using a reference level of 1400 m at 42°S and 46°S, Gordon and Greengrove (1986) obtained values of 10 Sv at both locations, although they believed that this value represented the lower limit of the real flow. Piola and Bianchi (1990 as cited in Garzoli 1993), using 1000 m as the reference, found 10-12 Sv. With a reference level of 3000 m at 42°S, Peterson (1992) found 60 Sv in the first 2000 m and 75 Sv in total, while at 46°S he found 70 Sv in the first 2000 m and 88 Sv in total. Choosing the bottom as their reference level at 45°S, Saunders and King (1995) calculated 50 Sv in the thermocline and 60 Sv in total (Maamaatuaiahutapu et al. 1998). Vigan et al. (2000) noticed that the transport values decreased from south to north. In particular, observations between 40°S and 38°S plummeted from about 20 ±5 Sv to zero. They attribute this to the fact that the Malvinas Current returns to the south at these latitudes. Thus, the location of the observations, relative to the location and orientation of both the high-velocity core of the Malvinas Current and its return flow, may also account for some of the variability in transport estimates.
Direct measurements of the velocity of the Malvinas Current are scarce. According to Peterson (1992), surface drifters in the Malvinas Current travel at about 40 cm s-1. Garzoli (1993) found geostrophic velocity values of 102 cm s-1 at 36.5°S and -61 to -62 cm s-1 at 36.6°S that were associated with the northward-flowing Malvinas Current and the southward return flow, respectively. The along-shelf flow of the Malvinas Current is highly variable from year to year, and it does not appear to have an annual or even a semi-annual cycle. However, there is a suggestion of significant energy at periods of about 135 days (Vivier and Provost 1999a, 1999b). On the other hand, the cross-shelf flow (perpendicular to the coast) clearly shows an annual cycle that is associated with the position of the subantarcitc front (Vivier and Provost 1999a).
Brandini, F.P., D. Boltovskoy, A. Piola, S. Kocmur, R. Rottgers, P.C. Abreu, and R.M. Lopes, 2000: Multiannual trends in fronts and distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll in the southwestern Atlantic (30-62 ° S). Deep-Sea Research Part I, 47, 1015-1033.
Garzoli, S.L., 1993: Geostrophic velocity and transport variability in the Brazil-Malvinas confluence. Deep Sea Research, 40, 1379-1403.
Goni, G., S. Kamholz, S. Garzoli, and D. Olson, 1996: Dynamics of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence based on inverted echo sounders and altimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 16273-16289.
Gordon, A.L. and C.L. Greengrove, 1986: Geostrophic circulation of the Brazil-Falkland Confluence. Deep Sea Research, 33, 573-585.
Harkema, R. and G.L. Weatherly, 1989: A compilation of moored current meter data in the Argentine Basin: April 25 1987 - March 14 1988. Technical Report CMF-89-01. Florida State University, 64 pp.
Legeckis, R. and A. Gordon, 1982: Satellite observations of the Brazil and Falkland Currents - 1975 to 1976 and 1978. Deep-Sea Research, 29, 375-401.
Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., V. Garcon, C. Provost, and H. Mercier, 1998: Transports of the Brazil and Malvinas currents at their confluence. Journal of Marine Research, 56, 417-438.
Peterson, R.G., 1992: The boundary currents in the western Argentine Basin. Deep-Sea Research, 39, 623-644.
Piola, A. and A.A. Bianchi, 1990: Geostrophic mass transports at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (abstract). EOS, 71, 17, 542.
Saunders, P.M. and B.A. King, 1995: Bottom currents derived from a ship-borne ADCP on WOCE Cruise A11 in the South Atlantic. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25, 329-347.
Vigan, X., C. Provost, and G. Podesta, 2000: Sea surface velocities from sea surface temperature image sequences 2. Application to the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence area. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 19515-19534.
Vivier, F. and C. Provost, 1999a: Direct velocity measurements in the Malvinas Current. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 21083-21103.
Vivier, F. and C. Provost, 1999b: Volume transport of the Malvinas Current: Can the flow be monitored by TOPEX/POSEIDON ? Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 21105-21122.
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On Wednesday, Sept. 7, the House passed the Safely Ensuring Lives Future Deployment and Research in Vehicle Evolution Act, or SELF DRIVE Act, by a voice vote. The bill establishes new rules for “highly automated vehicles,” excluding commercial motor vehicles.
If passed by the Senate, the SELF DRIVE Act will require the U.S. Department of Transportation to “complete research to determine the most cost-effective method and terminology for informing consumers about the capabilities and limitations of each highly automated vehicle or each vehicle that performs partial driving automation.”
However, the bill defines “highly automated vehicle” as “a motor vehicle, other than a commercial motor vehicle, that is equipped with an automated driving system.” By leaving commercial vehicles out of the equation, the future of self-driving trucks is still in limbo.
The SELF DRIVE Act would allow manufacturers to bypass certain state and federal safety/design regulations for self-driving cars in order to speed up the development of the technology. Automakers will be limited to introduce no more than 100,000 of these vehicles each year.
Manufacturers have complained – and lawmakers have acknowledged – that varying state laws have made it difficult to roll out newer technology. Consumers could find themselves in a predicament during interstate travel when driving into a state that does not allow the same self-driving protections as the driver's home state. This bill gives the federal government the final say, alleviating burden caused by patchwork state regulations.
Consumers will be protected by the bill if passed. According to the bill, automakers will have to communicate to purchasers of highly automated vehicles the capabilities and limitations of the vehicle.
Under the bill, manufacturers will not be able to sell highly automated vehicles without having developed a cybersecurity plan that covers these points:
- A written cybersecurity policy for detecting and responding to cyberattacks, unauthorized intrusions and false/spurious messages or vehicle control commands;
- Establishing an officer as the point of contact with responsibility for the management of cybersecurity;
- A process for limiting access to automated driving systems; and
- A process for employee training and supervision for implementation and maintenance of the cybersecurity plan.
The bill also requires the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to establish a Highly Automated Vehicle Advisory. The advisory council will include business/academia/independent researchers, state and local authorities, 14 safety and consumer advocates, engineers, labor organizations, environmental experts and a NHTSA representative.
To appease safety groups and avoid other complications, commercial vehicles were left out of the SAFE DRIVE Act. Meanwhile, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation is responsible for establishing legislation regarding automated technology in commercial vehicles. The committee is scheduled to have a hearing titled “Transportation Innovation: Automated Trucks and our Nation's Highways” on Wednesday, Sept. 13, to address legislation issues with trucks, buses and other heavy duty vehicles.
Also tucked into the bill is a provision to protect children from being left in cars during extreme heat. If passed, the SELF DRIVE Act will require all new motor vehicles weighing less than 10,000 pounds to be equipped with an alarm system to alert the driver to check the rear seats after the vehicle or engine has been deactivated.
Another provision not related to highly automated vehicles addresses the issue of headlamps. The bill will require the Secretary of Transportation to complete research to update safety standards and performance requirements for headlamps.
Copyright © OOIDA
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When renewable energy advocates talk about phasing out coal-fired power plants in favor of renewables, they'll often use one of a pair of phrases to describe a power plant's output: "base load" and "peaking," a.k.a. "peaker." Some plants, like coal-fired and nuclear power plants, put out base load power. Others, like solar and most gas-fired power plants, generate "peaking" power. You'll sometimes hear statements to the effect that solar panels won't replace coal because coal is base load and solar is peaking.
It almost sounds as though the two are different flavors of electrical power. They're not. Base load and peaker power plants feed the same electrical power into the grid. The difference between base load and peaking power isn't in the power itself: it's in the economics and engineering limitations of the power plant.
Electrical power demand rises and falls during the course of a typical day. We tend to use less power at 2:00 am than we do at 2:00 pm. Even in our 24/7 world, most of us wake up in the morning, turn on our appliances, crank up the air conditioning in mid-afternoon if we're hot, turn on electric lights in the evening for a few hours, then turn them off again and go to sleep. At that point our power demand slows again. We need power for streetlights and traffic lights, hospitals, police and fire stations and businesses with graveyard shifts, a trickle to charge our phones and laptops. Chart out power consumption over the course of the day and you'll see a peak in the afternoon and evening:
As you can see, even when California is on "standby" setting, around 5:00 am or so, we still consume a considerable amount of power. That's the power consumption base load. And then when we start using air conditioning, and to a slightly lesser extent when we start using electricity for lighting in the evening, our power consumption peaks.
Which is a good first-approximation definition of "base load" power -- the minimum amount the grid has to have to run society -- and "peaking" power, which provides a cushion against peaks both anticipated and unanticipated. Like most things electric power related, things are more complicated than that if you look closely. Base load power doesn't stay constant during the day: it increases as demand increases, and so base load actually has peaks and valleys. It gets confusing.
But most of us don't need to examine the confusing details. Base load power is the day-to-day steadfast power we need 24/7, and peaking power is what we fire up when we need more.
Which is where the differences in sources of that power become relevant.
A power plant supplying base load power needs to be able to run for months on end without needing to be taken down for maintenance, and it's best if the fuel costs are relatively low. However, since base load power plants are rarely taken offline, it's not a huge problem if it takes them a while to start up.
A peaking power plant is one we can switch on when we need additional power, which will come online without much delay and start generating power on a moments' notice. As peaker plants are used for less time over the course of a year, it's not as crucial that the cost of fuel be low.
Typical base load power plants are coal-fired, nuclear and hydroelectric. Geothermal can also provide base load power. Base load power plants tend to be expensive to build, and coal and nuclear take days to reach full power once fired up. But fuel costs per kilowatt generated tend to be low, at least if you don't count the ecological costs.
Peaking power plants have traditionally been fueled by either natural gas, diesel oil, or jet fuel. The last two are significantly more expensive than gas, especially since the advent of fracking has pushed natural gas prices through the floor. Most peak power in the US comes from gas-fired plants. Despite gas' low price these days, peak power remains more expensive per kilowatt than base load. Hydro can also be used as a peak power source, as ramping up power production from a hydroelectric dam is generally a matter of letting a bit more water in
Solar power plants, by virtue of using the sun as fuel directly, can only produce power when the sun is shining (or, if expensive storage is added to a solar thermal plant, for a few hours afterward). As sunny afternoon hours more or less coincide with peak electrical demand, solar power plants are peaker plants, and will be until engineers make either thermal or grid storage a reality.
There's also an intermediate kind of power plant, referred to as "load-following" plants, in areas with high electrical demand. Load-following plants supplement the power produced by base load plants, but run for longer periods of time during a typical day -- or 24 hours, but with lower output at night. In the US, load-following plants are generally gas-fired or hydro, though nuclear-heavy Chicago does use nukes as load-following plants as well.
Wind, by the way, is an odd person out. In most places it's not constant enough to be base load, and not reliable enough to provide a secure source of peaking power. If we get to the point where large numbers of wind turbines in widely separated locations are all hooked together through the grid, some of that unpredictability will go away: wind dying down in one place might well be made up for when it picks up somewhere else. For now, wind tends to be a continually moving monkey wrench in the engineers' careful daily planning of power supply and demand.
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P.O. Box 5000
Upton, NY 11973-5000
phone 631 344-2345
fax 631 344-3368
managed for the U.S. Department of Energy
by Brookhaven Science Associates, a company
founded by Stony Brook University and Battelle
Scientists Develop Technique to Determine Molecular Structure of Heterogeneous Surfaces
UPTON, NY - Scientists have refined a technique that uses the very intense light emitted by the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory to determine the structure of chemically heterogeneous surfaces with a submillimeter resolution. The description of the technique and its application to the study of varying densities of surface-bound molecules - each about one thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair - appears as the cover story of the January 13, 2003, issue of Applied Physics Letters.
“Surfaces with gradually varying structures are being investigated by academia and industry for their potential uses in creating cleaner energy sources, designing chemical and biological sensors, and creating molecular patterns,” said Jan Genzer, a chemical engineer at North Carolina State University in Raleigh and the lead author of the study. “By determining the chemical structure of surfaces covered with films as thin as a few billionths of a meter, scientists and engineers can improve their properties and performance.”
Genzer added, “A limited number of techniques can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of chemically heterogeneous materials at the millimeter scale. Most techniques are limited in sensitivity, can damage the samples under study, or require special preparations protocols. This new technique is non-invasive, does not require transparent samples, and provides simultaneous information about the chemical nature and orientation of the molecules on the surface.”
In the original, non-refined technique, called near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, intense ultraviolet light produced by the NSLS interacts with a target material. Electrons emitted by the material are collected with a detector to provide information about the concentration and orientation of the molecules on the surface. When applied to a chemically homogeneous surface, NEXAFS provides the same information from any area on the surface. But for a chemically heterogeneous surface, the technique needs to be applied sequentially at regular small distance intervals to scan the surface from one end to the other.
“Because the size of a typical sample is about 50 millimeters, it would be tedious to apply the technique manually every half-a-millimeter, for example,” said Kirill Efimenko, a senior research associate at North Carolina State and a coauthor of the study. “So we combined the NEXAFS technique with a device called a goniometer, which allows us to automatically move the sample in a vacuum chamber and probe points separated by half-a-millimeter along the surface of the sample where the molecular densities vary.”
The researchers applied the technique, called combinatorial
NEXAFS, to a rectangular silica surface covered with a layer of
molecules, called organosilanes, their concentration being the
highest on the edges of the surface, and decreasing towards the
middle. After probing about 100 points along one length of the
sample, the scientists successfully reconstructed the expected
molecular density profile (see figure).
The scientists also looked at the molecular orientation of the organosilanes on the sample surface. “On the surface edges, as the molecules are very concentrated, they stand straight up like soldiers at attention all squashed together,” explained Daniel Fischer, a physicist from the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology and another coauthor of the study. “Then, as the molecules become less and less populated toward the middle, they become less aligned. We are now studying the unique geometry of this region of the surface to learn more about the nature of the self-assembly of organosilane molecules on a surface.”
The scientists have also used combinatorial NEXAFS to investigate how gold nanoparticles form a pattern of decreasing density by following a similar pattern underneath them (see Brookhaven press release of July 18, 2002).
Genzer and his colleagues expect that the technique will be used to probe a large diversity of heterogeneous materials, such as catalysts, which are used to speed up chemical reactions. “Combinatorial NEXAFS could be used to probe, say, 100 different catalysts at the same time,” Fischer said. “You could align these catalysts on a surface, pass reactive chemicals over them, and compare the amount of final products on the 100. Then you could use combinatorial NEXAFS to probe the sites with the largest number of final products, which reveal which catalysts are the most efficient.”
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Getting Screened for Lung CancerLearn about the low-dose CT scan, insurance information, and eligibility. If you qualify it could save your life.
About the Low-Dose CT Scan
A low-dose CT scan is a special kind of X-ray that takes multiple pictures as you lie on a table that slides in and out of the machine. A computer then combines these images into a detailed picture of your lungs.
A study on early detection of lung cancer found that only the low-dose CT scan can reduce mortality for those at high risk. If you’re a current or former smoker over the age of 50, you could meet the high risk eligibility criteria.
*If you don't see a site listed in your zip code or within traveling distance, there are additional sites that perform lung cancer screenings but are not yet accredited by American College of Radiology. In addition to participation in the American College of Radiology Lung Cancer Screening registry, American College of Radiology accredited sites have American College of Radiology CT accreditation in the chest module and their screening protocol meet minimum technical specifications. You should speak to your doctor to determine what best meets your needs.
Understanding The Results
A “positive” result means that the low-dose CT scan shows something abnormal. This is usually a nodule of a concerning size. You may need to have additional scans or other procedures to find out exactly what it is.
These next steps should be discussed with you by your physician and/or the team of experts at the screening center.
A “negative” result means there were no abnormal findings at this time on this scan. Your doctor should discuss when and if you should be tested again.
There may also be an “indeterminate” result, and your doctor may recommend watchful follow-up and further imaging at a later time.
The best way to prevent lung cancer is to never smoke, or stop smoking now. If you are still smoking, talk to your doctor about ways to help you quit smoking. Visit Lung.org/freedom-from-smoking for quitting support through our online programs and in-person support groups, or call the Lung HelpLine at 1-800-LUNGUSA.
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Your child comes home from school and tells you his teacher is “mean.” Should you believe him and blame the teacher? Not so fast. Teachers establish rules and provide consequences so students can learn in an orderly environment. With direct involvement in your child’s education, you can observe and understand the teacher’s classroom management or discipline plan firsthand. Students with involved parents do better in academic achievement and attendance. They also have better social skills and behavior, according to Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.
Most teachers welcome an extra pair of eyes and ears in the classroom. If you volunteer in your child’s classroom, it’s important to be consistent, warns Christina Mullen, teacher and counseling intern at Lincoln-Edison Elementary School in North Las Vegas, Nevada. The teacher depends on you when you make a commitment to help in the classroom -- classroom management breaks down when there is a missing link. If the teacher is working with a small reading group, she might ask you to manage a handful of students who are completing an art project. You’ll help the class run smoothly; you’ll also get an up-close look at the teacher’s management style.
Even if you don’t have time to volunteer in your child’s classroom on a regular basis, you should visit occasionally. It’s best to let the teacher know you plan to observe in her classroom; however, many schools welcome drop-in parents who have proper identification. Take note of the discipline plan and the procedures the teacher follows when a child repeatedly breaks rules. A typical follow-through might include a warning, a time-out and a letter sent home to inform the parent.
Teachers usually send home information about classroom management at the beginning of the school year, Mullen says. Read and understand the discipline plan. Speak with your child about it. Ask questions if you don’t understand or agree with the teacher’s plan. When your child brings home a letter from the teacher informing you of inappropriate behavior, speak to your child and then set up a conference with the teacher. This sends the message to your child that you are working together with school personnel. Call or email the teacher before a situation gets out of hand. Teachers are typically required to respond to parents within 24 hours.
Parents should have a voice when teachers make decisions that affect children at school. Join school-improvement teams and the parent-teacher organization. If your child’s school doesn’t include parents on most committees, suggest to the administration that they change the policy, advises Mullen. Play an active role -- offer input and share in the decision-making process. When parents hold schools accountable, this can result in positive change.
Support at Home
Your child should understand that you are working as a team with his teachers to promote his best interest. Don’t criticize the teacher. Establish guidelines at home. Expect your child to behave. Make it clear that he has to accept responsibilities both at home and at school. If a child talks back to a parent at home, he will likely repeat that behavior in a school setting. Follow through with consequences at home, so that he learns to manage his behavior, and to exercise self-control.
- Christina Mullen; Teacher and Counseling Intern; Lincoln-Edison Elementary School; North Las Vegas, Nevada
- Association for Middle Level Education: What Research Says -- Varieties of Parent Involvement in Schooling
- U.S. Department of Education: Helping Your Child Succeed in School
- National Center for Education Statistics: Parent Involvement in Children's Education -- Efforts by Public Elementary Schools
- University of Northern Colorado: Classroom Management Guide
- PostBulletin.com: Dealing with Conflict in Your Child's Classroom
- Southwest Educational Development Laboratory: A New Wave of Evidence -- The Impact of School, Family and Coummunity Connections on Student Achievement
- American Psychological Association: Classroom Management
- Jupiterimages, Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images
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Your mouth is uniquely designed for speech and chewing. The upper and lower arch work in tandem with the movements of the jaw. Teeth are a vital part of this system; when a tooth is lost, this instantly compromises the integrity of the arch.
The loss of one tooth leads to the loss of other teeth — without the full arch to provide support, teeth next to an empty space will migrate into it, loosen, and fall out as the bone also melts away below the surface.
Fortunately, several options for replacing missing teeth and restoring function exist. Of these, a dental bridge is one of the simplest.
How Bridges Work
Bridges are attached to the adjacent teeth on either side of the gap (also called abutment teeth). The frame of the bridge spans the space left open by the missing tooth or teeth, and also supports the restoration.
Fixed bridges are cemented to the abutment teeth or to. Removable bridges are attached to the abutment teeth with small metal clasps or precision attachments. Fixed bridges may also be referred to as "fixed partial dentures".
Bridges are made of gold alloys, non-precious alloys, porcelain, or a combination of those materials. Porcelain is often bonded to either precious or non-precious metal. The restoration will be porcelain so it will most accurately mimic the tooth or teeth it is replacing.
The restoration is called a pontic; one or more may be used depending on how many teeth are missing. The pontic is custom made, polished to a natural shine, and installed permanently on the bridge itself. The result is a rehabilitated arch of teeth that allows natural chewing, speech, and aesthetics to be restored.
BENEFITS OF DENTAL BRIDGES
Bridge Creation and Installation
Fitting a bridge typically requires two or three visits to our dental office in Tulsa, OK. Dr. Lebedoff will talk to you about your options and help you select either a removable or fixed bridge.
- Step 1: At your first visit, Dr. Lebedoff will take a mold of your teeth, and carefully remove a tiny portion of enamel and dentin from the abutment teeth in preparation for the bridge attachment.
- Step 2: At the lab, the bridge and restoration will be fabricated according to the mold of your teeth to ensure a good bite. Crowns for the abutment teeth may or may not be part of the design.
- Step 3: At your second visit, the bridge and attached pontic(s) will be installed; either with attachments designed to allow removal, or with cement to create a permanent piece of dental work.
- Step 4: If any adjustments need to be made, a third visit may be needed.
Your new visible tooth will feel and function just like your original tooth, while looking almost indistinguishable from your other teeth. A properly customized and installed bridge can last between 10 and 20 years (permanent bridges tend to last longer).
$59 New Patient Special*
*Restrictions may apply. Call for details. Offer expires in four weeks.
$29 Emergency/ Toothache Exam*
*Offer covers exam only. Offer not to be used in conjunction with any other offer. Expires in 4 weeks.
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Many practitioners are currently using the Phonological Awareness materials to support the development of Phonological Awareness in their classrooms. We’re pleased to announce that the Phonological Awareness assessment which was published earlier this year is now available in Gaelic on the Phonological Awareness page. Many thanks to the staff at Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Inbhir Nis who supported Speech and Language to create the resource.
Phonological Awareness Screen (Gaelic)
CLICK HERE – (Gaelic) Phonological Awareness Screen
CLICK HERE – (Gaelic) Phonological Awareness Picture Booklet
Let us know if you have any suggestions of classroom based activities which can be used to support the development of Emerging Literacy by leaving a comment.
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Over the last two decades, domestic violence has emerged as one of the most serious problem faced by women in Kerala. They are experiencing physical and psychological violence not only from their in-laws but also often from their intimate partner.
This scenario, underlines the need for the effective implementation of Domestic Violence Act 2005, which came into force in October 2006. The definition of DV has been made wide enough to encompass every possibility of abuse/harm to the woman. It has been welcomed by all since it provides for the first time civil remedies to women by way of protection orders, residence orders and orders for monetary relief in the event of a domestic violence incident.
The Act is basically meant to provide protection to the wife or female live in partner from violence at the hands of the husband of male live-in-partner or his relatives. Domestic violence under the Act includes actual abuse or the threat of abuse, whether physical sexual, verbal emotional or economic. Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the women victim, or her relatives would also be covered under the definition of domestic violence.
MAIN FEATURES OF THE ACT
Definition of Domestic Violence - it includes physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse that can harm, cause injury to, endanger the life, limb, health, safety, or wellbeing, either mental or physical of the aggrieved person.
Definition of aggrieved person – covers not just the wife but a woman who is the sexual partner of the male irrespective of whether she is his wife or not.
Any woman residing in the house, mother, widowed relative, daughter who is related in some way to the respondent is also covered by the Act.
Information regarding an act of domestic violence can be lodged by any person who has reason to believe that such an act has been or is being committed and not necessarily by the aggrieved person.
Magistrate has the powers to permit the aggrieved woman to stay in her place of bode and cannot be evicted by the husband even if she has no legal claim or share in the property.
Allows magistrates to impose monetary relief and monthly payments of maintenance.
Penalty of breach of protection order or an interim protection order is punishable with imprisonment of a period which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend upto Rs.20,000 or both.
Act ensures speedy justice as the court has to start proceedings and have the first hearing within 3 days of the complaint being filed
Every case has to be disposed of within a period of 60 days of the first hearing.
For its effective implementation the necessary mechanisms have to be put in place and the modalities of redressal firmed up. A campaign on Domestic Violence Act (2005) has already been initiated by the Social Justice Department, women’s organisations, Kudumbashree, LSGIs and NGOs in Kerala and some domestic incident reports have already been filed.
Role and function of the Central/State Government under the Act has been specified in section 11 of the Act. They are as follows.
To give wide publicity through public media including TV, radio & print media at regular basis.
Periodic sensitization & awareness training on the issues addressed by the Act to the officer including the police officers & members of judicial service.
Effective co-ordination between concerned Minister & Departments.
Publication of protocol for various agencies concerned with the delivery of services.
Complaint can be made against any adult male person or his relation (also women) who have been in a domestic relationship with aggrieved women for example husband or male partner or mother-in-law.
Whom to Complain?
Judicial Magistrate of Fist Class or Metropolitan Magistrate
How to Complain?
Over telephone to the Protection Officer/Service Provider
Written Complaint to Protection Officer, Police Officer, Service Provider, Magistrate
How can you complain?
When the incident of domestic violence has happened
When the incident of domestic violence is happening
When there is a probability that it will happen
Anyone who has the knowledge of the violence happening can give complaint/ information.
Only a woman can file a complaint of Domestic Violence under the Act.
Name and Address of Women Protection Officers Appointed as per the Act to Protect Women from Domestic Violence
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April 1967 | Volume 18, Issue 3
The roads were terrible, and posted badly or not at all; you had to equip yourself against a hundred mishaps, ninety-three of which actually happened--but you were often up to your hubcaps in pleasure.
In 1900 there were some twenty-one million horses in the United States and fewer than four thousand automobiles. It seemed improbable at the time that the generation then living would witness a reversal of roles. Yet within a quarter of a century Americans would see the end of their long dependence upon animal power as a means of movement.
A Sunday-school teacher in 1920 wound up her account of the Creation by asking the class whether there was any animal that man could have done without. “The horse,” said one boy; and the group agreed. Horse history was finished, and Nahum’s prophecy in the Old Testament was fulfilled: “The chariots shall rage in the streets,” the prophet predicted, “they shall justle [yes, justle] one against another in the broad ways: they shall seem like torches, they shall run like the lightnings.”
Lost in the new mobility was the emotional relationship between a man and his horse. But there was a compensating transfer of affection to the sturdy, black, brass-fronted Model T Ford (the “motor car of the people”), to the popular Overland, or to the stylish Packard (“It gets you there and gets you back”). Men of mature years boasted of the mechanical perfection of their cars, while the young, blithe, and unattached expressed their loyalties in nicknames lettered on the body shell, as in “Galloping Gertrude.” Or they decorated the rear with the slogans of the dapper age-- “Chicken, Here’s Your Roost.”
By the second decade of the century the gas auto had won out over the ladylike electric coupe and the slow-starting steamer. The internal combustion engine had been tamed sufficiently to become a practical power plant for a wheeled vehicle steered by a non-professional chauffeur. The family chariot was generally and significantly described in the phrase “pleasure car,” and the pleasure it gave was called by the young in heart a “joy ride.”
In 1906 Woodrow Wilson, then president of Princeton University, termed the motorcar “a picture of the arrogance of wealth,” and declared that “nothing has spread socialistic feeling more than the use of the automobile. …” Yet by 1910 it cost less to drive a Maxwell automobile than a horse and buggy—1.8 cents per passenger mile as against 3.5 cents—and by 1924 a new Ford cost no more than a good buggy horse. Instead of resenting the sponsorship of the new machine by the American elite, ordinary citizens learned with satisfaction that “Automobile Red” was very chic, and that Mrs. O.H.P. Belmont considered the “sport” of automobiling “good form.” Happily, the rising middle class vowed to emulate such celebrities and social figures as John Jacob Astor, Mark Twain, Chauncey M. Depew. the Vanderbilts, Maude Adams (in her curved-dash Oldsmobile), or Theodore Roosevelt, the first President of the United States to take the wheel of his own car.
Reigning actresses who saw a chance to steal a scene by driving their own roadsters included Lillian Russell, Mrs. Leslie Carter, and Maxine Elliott. Anna Held, fascinatingly French, who helped popularize gum-chewing, challenged any American woman to race her from New York to Philadelphia. There is no evidence that anyone ever accepted the challenge.
The theory that women generally would never drive was shattered at an early date in motoring history by the way Miss Alice Roosevelt of the White House went streaking around Washington streets despite the speed limit (twelve miles an hour where there were no trolley tracks, six where there were). Wide attention was focused upon the achievement of Alice Huyler (Mrs. John R.) Ramsey, who in 1909 drove across the continent without a male companion in her thirty-horsepower green Maxwell. And when “two noted suffragists” travelled ten thousand miles in 1914 in their Saxon roadster for the cause of woman’s rights, they were, the Saxon people pointed out, “never late once.”
One can sense the atmosphere surrounding the automobile, in those yeasty days when touring was first becoming a national pastime, by turning the pages of the popular magazines. They were filled with personal-experience narratives recommending the pleasures of vacationing by automobile: sniff the salt air along the rock-bound toast of Maine; see Mount Rainier’s glaciers by moonlight; explore historic Virginia; follow Fremont’s route in California for only $1.60 a day.
Roads were not only next to impassable, they were without signposts; or, at occasional important junctions, there would be a multitude of counsellors, a confusing array of unco-ordinated, pointing wooden fingers. Edmund G. Love, writing of his boyhood in Michigan in his recent book, The Situation in Flushing, recalls that his father got stuck in mud holes eight times in one ten-mile stretch between Lapeer and Imlay City, and that he also became hopelessly lost on a detour to Owosso, only twenty miles from home. Towns were seldom identified, since the local citizens knew where they lived. Strangers complained that even the words “U.S. Post Office,” where they were displayed at all, were not accompanied by the place name. The embattled farmers—politically strong in state legislatures—contemplating the idea of frightened horses, rising taxes, dead chickens, and stolen fruit, fought a stubborn rear-guard action against better roads or any facilities that would make life more agreeable for automobilists.
By contrast, cyclists were most helpful. The wheeling clubs, which earlier had sprung up everywhere, nourished a new appreciation of mobility. The wheelmen’s first tour book, The American Bicycler (1880), anticipated the point-to-point automobile manuals, popularized the courtesies of the road, and furnished a pattern for the organization of effective automobile clubs. The cyclists, moreover, established legal precedents regarding the right of a vehicle to use a public highway without the assistance of a horse, as determined by the courts in various decisions in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine.
In the teens of this century, public pressure for highway improvement became irresistible. “Good Roads” became a slogan—more than that, a “reform.” a “movement,” even a “gospel.” The concept of a continuous, all-weather road across the continent was vigorously promoted by Carl G. Fisher, an Indianapolis manufacturer of carbide-gas lighting equipment for automobiles. The project, known first by the lackluster name of Coast-to-Coast Rock Highway but rechristened in 1913 the Lincoln Memorial Highway, was dramatized by one of the most massive campaigns of publicity the United States had ever seen. For several years the road remained chiefly an abstraction, a line (raced on a map, except tor an occasional “seedling mile.” In 1916, when there were 3,367,889 automobiles rolling, the Federal Road Aid Act was passed to assist all states that desired to build rural post roads.
The amount of equipment which early motor nomads needed for a journey was astonishing. A partial list, cross-checked against various recommendations, included a rubber lap robe, goggles, tow rope, pump and tire-patching outfit, extra rim lugs, choice of either block and tackle or a winch, reserve cans of gasoline and oil, spotlight, compass, two sets of tire chains, a small length of two-inch plank (to support the jack), and a canvas bucket to fetch emergency water for man and car. Hammacher Schlemmer & Company, the hardware merchants in New York, sold an eighteen-pound Tourist Auto Kit, and the C.A.C. Axle Company in Boston advertised their Damascus Hatchet for special circumstances: “When the wheel drops out of sight in the mud, get out the Damascus, cut a pole for a lever, right tilings up, and then on your way again.” (The uses of a piece of string, a can of ether, and a wad of chewing gum are detailed further on.) Pessimists out for a short spin might also take along tent, sleeping bag, and survival kit.
Father, the family chaulleur, wore a linen duster and, perhaps, Saks & Company’s “dignified tourist cap which has attached in the back fold a pair of wide vision goggles cleverly concealed.” Feminine passengers in open-car days met the exposure to wind, rain, heat, cold, dust, and mud in charming fashions--ground-sweeping skirts, sleeves shirred at the wrist with elastic bands, cravenette or pongee motor coats, natty turbans, or wide picture hats tied under the chin with demure crepe dc Chine bows. “Motor chapeaux,” said Outing , the outdoor magazine for gentlemen, “frame a pretty face enchantingly.”
If the motor girl boggled at the goggles she simply shut her eyes when dust and winged insects swirled around her, and breathed daintily through her handkerchief. Or perhaps her protector was the personal wind shield made by the Auto-Lorgnette Company of Grand Rapids, Michigan, a sort of fan with two panels of transparent celluloid, one clear, the other smoked to shield the eyes from glare. The closed car of the mid-twenties put an end, of course, to these adversities and elegancies.
A need for identifying the car and the owner became apparent as auto thievery replaced horse stealing as a profitable pursuit. During the teens, all states adopted license and registration laws. In New York State in the early days it was up to the operator of the car to provide his own plates, which might be simply a set of old house numbers mounted on a shingle; or he could paint the numbers on the body. Ritzy cars sported white patent-leather tags to which metal numbers were attached, with the pad fixed to the rear axle by straps. Many states found the idea of “foreign” visitors wearing out their roads so distasteful that they erected signs at their boundaries saying “STATE LINE. CHANGE TAGS HERE.” Missouri was celebrated for harassment, inhospitality, and red tape. Some counties in the Show-Me state tacked on their own two-dollar fee, while St. Louis charged ten dollars for the use of her streets by Illinoisans. As late as 1914, Maryland still required her neighbors to buy a ticket of admission, and Ohio in 1920 permitted nonresidents to tour the state only if they stayed no longer than a week. Michigan got high marks from the touring public for recognizing out-of-state licenses and allowing speeds of up to twenty-five miles an hour.
Gradually the motor-club movement, brought together in a federalized system of organization under the name of the American Automobile Association, was able to ameliorate the difficulties that harassed the owner of an automobile. The national association was in flourishing condition by the first decade of the century, and projected a vigorous sense of its mission. The A.A.A. concerned itself with such practical matters as better roads, traffic laws, speed traps, reliability runs, and adequate road markers; in addition, it offered its members social activities. Gradually the service concept displaced the socializing. In 1905, to cite a pioneering venture, the Automobile Club of Southern California had a Club Signposting Committee, which was active in marking the roads from Los Angeles to the beach cities. The next year the club began the posting of El Camino Real (“the king’s highway”), the old route of the mission padres between San Diego and San Francisco, with signs depicting large bronze mission bells. Similarly, in 1909, the Chicago Motor Club announced that it had completed installing signs on the roads to Beloit, Lake Geneva, and Milwaukee—except, in the last instance, for fifteen miles that were impassable anyway.
Some manufacturers, too, erected directional signboards at important intersections, each embellished by a discreet advertising notice. Sometimes the advertiser concentrated on his sales message and forgot to supply the information the automobilist needed. A favorite story of the period tells of a motorist lost one rainy night in the wilds of Indiana. Arriving at a fork in the road, he found a sign, but it was placed too high for him to read. He splashed through the sludge, inched up the pole, and tried to light one soggy match after another. The fifth one flared briefly, and by the sputtering light he read, “Chew Red Man Plug.”
At about the beginning of World War I, local chambers of commerce and other promotional groups, appraising the growing importance of the travel dollar, joined in the work for better touring conditions. Associations whose total assets often consisted of a map, a letterhead, a few cans of paint, and the spirit of boosterism were formed to direct traffic to one highway rather than another under such catch phrases as “Tightening the Union” or “See America First.” Highways were endowed with names that sounded like advertising slogans, which in fact they were, e.g., the Dixie Trail. Many a northern investor hit the Trail to Florida to view the glamorous building lots he had purchased in the land of flowers, oranges, sunshine, and, all too often, swamps. Distinctive bands of paint on telephone poles kept the tourist on his route, pleasantly reminding countless dreamers that they were tooling along in the tradition of the frontiersmen who followed blazed trails through the primeval forest. Main arteries, designated by variegated combinations of stripes and symbols, included the Midland, the Alfalfa, the Cornhusker, the Arrowhead, the Rocky Mountain, the Sunshine, and the Red Ball routes.
“Follow the painted poles,” a friendly native would say to a perplexed motorist. “They’ll take you right into Chicago!”
“Follow the painted poles?”
“Yes—a white band, with a red streak around the middle. ‘R’ stands for right turn, ‘L’ stands for left turn, and look out for the cars!” The last was a reference to the sobering fact that in those days there were hardly any railroad over- or underpasses.
In many parts of the West there were no poles to paint. In 1914 one traveller reported finding the information he needed crudely daubed on a five-gallon gasoline can beside the road. In Colorado an auto tourist discovered his directions painted on the bleached skull of a buffalo. An inquirer at Albuquerque, New Mexico, who was headed for Los Angeles, received these instructions: “Follow the mountain range eighty miles south to a stick in the fork of the road with a paper tied to the top. Take the ruts that lead off to the right.”
The big confusion over road markings was removed by a simple expedient. Roads began to be designated by numbers instead of colored rings of paint. In 1917 a beginning was made when Wisconsin adopted the numbering system in use today. Minnesota followed in 1920, and the plan was adopted in 1925 by the United States government for routes of interstate and national significance, the even numbers running east and west, the odd numbers north and south. Thus the famous red, white, and blue rectangles of the Lincoln Highway faded away as that celebrated route, along with all the other “trails,” lost its identity to the numbered U.S. metal shields that tied the new system together.
The motorist’s faithful assistant in shaping his itinerary was one or another of the automobile “tour books.” These guides had been issued since the early years of the century by motor clubs, advertisers, or established publishers such as Rand McNally & Co., most of whom were already sophisticated in the techniques of mapping. An Official Automobile Blue Book (“There’s one in nearly every car”) was distributed by the American Automobile Association from the middle of the first decade until the twenties. A compilation of road information between important points like Rochester, New York, and Buffalo, the Blue Book was perhaps the most famous and widely used specimen of this genre of touring literature, which traced its ancestry back to the modest bicycle map.
A trip into unfamiliar territory required homework. The adventurer studied his manual, debated the choice of routes, weighed data on road surfaces, and noted prominent landmarks. He knew that mechanics were scarce: if the machine broke down, the only resource might well be a village blacksmith who could, hopefully, weld a broken spring or solder a leaky radiator, but who would scarcely be up to penetrating the mysteries of a balky carburetor float. The driver expected to patch his own tires and pump them up with his own hand pump. Gasoline could be looked for at a general store, drug store, or dry-cleaning establishment. It was drawn from a wooden barrel out back somewhere and was poured through a funnel from a one-gallon measure. Windshields were not wiped. Air was not free. The only rest room was the bushes.
With tour book in hand and odometer set at zero, the tourist started out on an itinerary usually measured in the manual from a prominent spot like the courthouse, the post office, or a leading hotel. The operator of the car required the services of a companion who could keep one eye on the mileage figures and landmarks noted in the “motorlogue,” the other checking the printed information against the readings on the odometer. A third eye would often have been helpful. If the navigator missed the white church on the right, while the driver was busy with the clutch or the spark, trouble was sure to overtake the party when the Blue Book and the odometer failed to agree.
Suppose, for illustration, one wished in 1915 to travel by motor from Norwich, Connecticut (“The Rose of New England”), to Willimantic. Starting from in front of the Wauregan Hotel, with odometer adjusted to o.o miles, the machine chugged up the long, terraced hill of Broadway. The surface was “good macadam” and one progressed in this manner:
In addition to providing itineraries, the motor logs also offered interesting background information likely to advance the cause of tourism. For instance, one could read in a tour book sponsored by the Mohawk Rubber Company that Elkhart, Indiana, was the home of the celebrated Dr. Miles’s patent-medicine almanac, issued annually in editions of 12,000,000, and that “52 per cent of band instruments of the world [were] made here. …” Of Spotsylvania, Virginia, a tour book said: “Solomon’s Store; gas,” and added this historical footnote: “Around here in May, 1864, Grant opposed Lee in a series of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Many homes still have cannon balls lodged in the walls.”
Sometimes touring was complicated by poor local directions, the ultimate being the advice of the confused countryman who lives on in automobile folklore for having declared, “You can’t get there from here.” A well-known phenomenon was the Auto Hater. Farm houses displayed hostile signs—“No Water.” Between Buffalo and Cleveland, the Blue Book gave this direction in 1909: “At 11.6 mi., yellow house and barn on rt. Turn left.” But there was no yellow house. The owner had uncharitably repainted his premises green because, as a neighbor explained to an inquirer, “He’s agin’ automobiles.” Scattered tacks and broken glass strewn at prominent intersections were also tried by the anti-auto faction as a means of holding back the swelling motor tide.
The difficulty of handling a bulky book in an open car moving at cruising speed led to the invention of ingenious attachments designed to reveal the correct route mechanically. Both these expensive accessories and the ubiquitous logbooks were superseded by the handy, folded road map. It went far beyond charting just the heavily travelled routes between fixed points —Chicago and South Bend, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. The numbering system made it possible for the road maps to identify all the roads. And a notable feature of the new maps was—they were free.
The give-away maps were introduced by a new facility, the “filling station,” which delivered measured quantities of gasoline from curbside pumps. There is a dispute as to who built the first real filling station and where. Semantics are involved. What constituted a real filling station? The new kind of gasoline merchant appeared almost simultaneously in various regions where competition was keen. Primitive filling stations are reported as existing in St. Louis, Dallas, and Seattle in 1907. Detroit’s first was a crude shed at First and Fort streets, knocked together in 1910 from some old voting booths. Among its customers was Henry Ford. The shape of the future may be discerned in a station built in Memphis in 1912 by the Standard Oil Company of Louisiana. It had thirteen pumps, a ladies’ room, a maid who served ice water.
Many early filling stations, now more often called service stations, looked rather like cracker boxes. With success, however, their architecture grew fanciful, to harmonize with the neighboring real-estate developments; in southern California, mission-style structures were favored. Elsewhere the motorist drove up to pagodas, sea shells, castles, or lighthouses, with illuminated globes on top of the pumps beaming out the brand name of the gasoline sold there.
The man who thought up the free road map was William B. Akin, head of a Pittsburgh advertising agency. Akin was himself an enthusiastic automobilist who knew how it felt to get lost on nameless roads. The whole concept came to Akin while he was driving his 1912 Chalmers along Baum Boulevard. He took the suggestion to the Gulf Oil Company in the fall of 1913. His proposal was that the company prepare, publish, and distribute a map of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as an advertising scheme, with copies to be mailed to all registered car owners in the area and handed out at the company’s new drive-in filling station, another Gulf innovation. The thing was done. It was an instant hit. State maps followed in 1914.
“Gulf was quite cute about all this,” an old-time employee recalled. “We used this map … to persuade the customer to come back for another map for another trip. Hence, not too much territory or information was included in any one map.”
But the whole industry, by the early twenties, was producing easy reference maps in enormous quantities. Oil companies were to the American road what Baedeker was to Europe. While the automobile population exploded, the maps, along with the gas pumps and the courteous men who hand-cranked them, became indigenous to the travel scene. No longer did Dad have to be a spiritual descendant of Henry the Navigator to dream of driving west from the Oranges in New Jersey to spend the winter at Pasadena. One question did remain to be answered: What about food and lodging on the way?
As the inn had developed in response to animal-drawn transportation and the modern hotel had followed the spread of the railroad network, a new social entity known as the “auto tourist camp” came into being. Almost unknown in 1918, well-established by 1923, the camps were located in a field or woodland where motorists pitched their own tents and prepared their own meals. Some camps were free, operated perhaps by a retail dealer who sold oil, gas, and a few groceries. “Camping at garage,” one tour book noted of Fairview, Pennsylvania, in 1923. But the movement was toward modestly priced “pay” camps. Some were located in city parks and provided water, a cookhouse, common dining hall, sanitary facilities, and police protection—all for about fifty cents a day. On the road between Dodge City, Kansas, and Lamar, Colorado, the U-Smile Auto Camp, a privately run place, offered similar facilities for twenty-five cents a day. But whatever the price range, the mood among the auto gypsies was one of fun and release from life’s tedium. Their social atmosphere was more egalitarian than in most areas of American life. Conversations were easily started; one glanced casually at the license tags on a dusty auto and found it natural to inquire, “What part of Iowa are you folks from?”
Just stay two nights at the Santa Barbara auto park, the saying ran, and you would be asked to a party, especially if you could play the violin, read palms, or turn the crank on the ice cream freezer. These holiday-makers constituted a new leisure class who were seeing America’s natural wonders through goggles and side curtains while enjoying the exhilaration of swift movement and new contacts. Theirs was a quest of the spirit, too, as they shared enchanted evenings at the band concert in the park, the fragrance of the summer night around them, and the stars swinging above.
There was a rapid upgrading of facilities, including the innovation of tourist cabins. At Camp Grande, at El Paso, Texas, the gasoline tourists in 1925 found prices ranging from fifty cents to five dollars a day (for a “de luxe bungalette”). There was a central recreation hall furnished “about like a country club,” and electric irons could be rented from the office. Denver’s chief motor camp, called Overland Park, was a veritable metropolis of the thermos bottle and the khaki lean-to; it frequently checked in between five and six thousand open-air guests in one night. The camps expanded to meet the demand. The total of such stopping places for the whole country was estimated in 1925 at between four and five thousand.
But weary travellers tired of pitching tents, of breaking camp every morning, and of generally playing Indian. The preference shifted to a room of one’s own, a real room in a real house. Private homes hung out a sign that became increasingly familiar, “Tourists Accommodated.” Simultaneously, refinements were added to the “cabin” concept with the appearance of specially designed “cottage courts,” which soon spread from the West to the East.
From there it was but a short step to the motel. As far as can be ascertained now, the term originated with a California architect, Arthur S. Heineman, who opened a motor court at San Luis Obispo in 1925 which he called “The Milestone Motor Hotel.” Designed in the mission style, it consisted of a series of detached cabins arranged around a court behind a main building that housed the office. The first motel lacked, it is true, room TV, skeet shooting, saunas, a thirty-two-lane bowling alley, and an indoor swimming pool with fireplace. But the owner did provide a lounge and dining room. According to a possibly apocryphal story, Heineman couldn’t get the full name of his hotel on his roadside sign, and coined the word “motel.”
After World War I, when automobiles had acquired front and rear bumpers and passengers were enclosed in the protective all-steel sedan, the motorist expected as a matter of course to find at every service station free air, free water, free windshield and crankcase service, free comfort conveniences, and an old tire, painted white, advertising FLATS FIXED. On the road he could count upon such amenities as a dog wagon offering red hots, or a pretty tea house with screened porch, ruffled curtains, pottery glazed in apple green, and “Home-Cooked Meals.” More and more tourists gladly exchanged cash for experience, and returned home, like all travellers from time immemorial, with strange tales of marvels seen and heard, and the insignia of high adventure pasted on the windshield—the red deer symbol of Mount Rainier or the green buffalo of Yellowstone Park. As Stephen Vincent Benêt sang in his unfinished epic, Western Star, “I think it must be something in the blood” —and tourism made it a something remembered as land, clouds, history, sounds, smells, people. And, of course, as signs flashing smoothly by: KIWANIS CLUB MEETS EVERY TUESDAY , VISITORS WELCOME … CLEAN REST ROOMS … SEE THE HISTORIC SHRINE … SMOKE BULL DURHAM … HOT FRANKS AND GLADS … DON’T MISS THE CAVERNS … ANTIQUE SHOPPE … WILD SAGE HONEY 100 YARDS AHEAD .
The Open Road was, at last, open.
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Re Hf In Be Co Mg Cr Ni Cd
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Thermal Spray Materials
Thermal spraying techniques are coating processes in which molten (or heated to semi- molten) materials are sprayed onto a surface. Compare to other coating processes, thermal spraying can provide coatings over a large area at high deposition rate. The coating thickness is approximately 20μm to <10mm
Several variations of thermal spraying are distinguished:
Plasma spraying, Detonation spraying, Wire arc spraying, Flame spraying, High velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying (HVOF), Warm spraying, Cold spraying
The process is: powder or wire form--heated to molten or semi--molten--accelerated towards substrates (in form of micrometer-size particles)—Coating formed. The usual energy source of thermal spaying is combustion or electrical arc discharge.
Thermal spray materials available include metals, alloys, composites, carbides, ceramics and cermets.
-Pure Metals (powder, wire)
-Alloys, Composites (powder, wire)
-Carbides (Mainly in powder)
-Ceramics (Mainly in powder)
|Pure Metal Coatings||Copper, Aluminum, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Zinc, Tin, Silicon, etc.|
|Alloy/Composites Coatings||Nickel-Chrome, Stellite, Aluminum Based, Molybdenum based, Cobalt Based, Copper Based, MCrAIY, etc.|
|Ceramic Coatings||Aluminum Oxide, Titanium Oxide, Zirconium Oxide, Chromium Oxide, Blends of Various Ceramics, etc.|
|Carbides||Tungsten Carbide, Chrome Carbide, etc.|
Liquid Metal powders
Liquid Metal powders for thermal spraying: Iron Based Liquid Metal Powder, Aluminum Based Liquid Metal Powder
Metals & Alloys Wire
Metal wires for Thermal Spraying: Aluminum wire, Zinc Wire, Nickel wire, Tin wire, Al-Mg, Al-Zn, Ni-Al Alloy, Moly wire, etc.
Carbides, Oxides and other ceramics powder for thermal spraying. Alumina, Zirconia, Yttria, Titanium Oxide, Chromium Oxide, ATO, ITO, AZO, etc.
Composites Powder for thermal spray coating: 25NiCr-75Cr3C2, Ni25C, Ni50C, Ni23Al2O3， tungsten carbide-Co, NiCoCrAlY-Y2O3, 20NiCr-80Cr3C2, 30NiCr-70Cr3C2
Metals and Alloys Powder
Thermal Spray Materials: Metal powder and alloy powder. Tungsten, Nickel, Silicon powder, Molybdenum Powder, Titanium Powder, Stainless Steel Powder, Nickel Chromium Alloys Powder, MCrAlY powder
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Support Ethnic Studies Programs
Support Ethnic Studies Programs
Ethnic studies is the interdisciplinary study of race and ethnicity, as understood through the perspectives of major underrepresented racial groups. It draws upon many disciplines to foster cross-cultural understanding -- and help students to value their own cultural identity while appreciating the differences around them. From campaigns to require schools to offer ethnic studies courses, to efforts to change the names of schools honoring Confederate leaders, students and educators around the country are mobilizing to include voices and stories of the diverse ethnicities that have contributed to the history and culture of the United States.
Educator activism makes the promise of ethnic studies policy a reality
By Kate Snyder
One of the great opportunities in education is to find a way to challenge students to critically think about their own experiences and about the experiences of others. One of the main tenets of Ethnic Studies curriculum is to have students understand different systems of oppression, not just race.
“Ethnic Studies and social justice are a critical lens through which we can get a new perspective on history, so we are not doomed to repeat it,” said Ivan Viray Santos, who, with his colleagues from the New Haven Unified School District in California, was instrumental in developing high school curriculum for Ethnic Studies Departments, including an Ethnic Studies/Social Justice pathway with some classes available as early as the 7th grade.Read More
In July 2017, the State Board of Education approved inclusion of the role of Filipinos during WWII in the revised history curriculum framework for state schools, following passage of AB 199 in 2011. Santos and his colleagues have been part of a cohort working to develop this specific curriculum that they will present during the statewide conference of the Filipino American Educators Association of California on September 28-30 in San Diego.
“With passage of recent policy,” said Santos, “it’s an honor to be part of this historic moment as our units and lessons will be among the first to be shared with school districts as examples of how this history can be worked into the U.S. History courses.”
Santos’ colleagues and students shared their thoughts in a student directed video on the value of having an Ethnic Studies department.
“Know Your Roots” video produced by Santos’ former student, Karl Mena
Mexican American student:
Ethnic Studies taught me how to put theory into practice on the days when the world reminds me why Ethnic Studies is so necessary, I know how to navigate through all the rage or hurt in order to heal and build because of what I learned from Ethnic Studies.
Ethnic Studies means learning about the world – the his/herstory of our people and how it has shaped my experiences and identity. It has given me hope and taught me that my narrative matters. I also learned that it takes action in our communities to transform it, and helped me find agency to struggle alongside people in the fight for liberation.
African American student:
Ethnic Studies has taught me selflessness, willingness to give back to my ancestors, my people. It has always grounded me in my actions, it has led me to organize more people and teach more people the root causes of the world. Ethnic Studies has led me to my community, it has made me learn that my identity is bound to the people/collective I serve.
Santos concludes, “Ethnic Studies is a means of critical analysis on the basis of race, gender, sexuality and class. It allows students to see how all these identities shape our lives and teaches students to identify problems, analyze roots causes, and take a critical look at historical and current issues as a means to create solutions for their communities and put them into action. I look forward to sharing our curriculum because I think this approach is exactly what we need to see more of in the world today.”
This article was originally posted on September 22, 2017.
- ‘Teaching for Black Lives’ — a handbook to help all educators fight racism
Washington Post, July 10, 2018
- San Francisco State finds evidence that ethnic studies students do better
InsideHigherEd.com, July 9, 2018
- Stanford study suggests academic benefits to ethnic studies courses
Stanford University, January 12, 2016
- The Value of Ethnic Studies—For All Students
TeachingTolerance.org, January 15, 2015
Students, educators mobilize in support of ethnic studies programs
Irregardless of geography, state-level politics, or opponents who seek to stoke race-based fears, educators and students around the country are finding ways to organize, build strong coalitions, and help establish new ethnic studies programs, or pass legislation requiring schools to offer some ethnic studies courses.
In Arizona, years of hard work by faculty, staff, students and community members paid off in 2017 when Pima Community College launched its Department of Ethnic, Gender & Transborder Studies. The opening of the department coincided with the reversal of a 2012 court ruling which essentially banned as unconstitutional the teaching of Mexican-American Studies in Arizona K-12 classrooms. The federal judge who reversed the ruling found that it violated students’ constitutional rights and that those who worked to end Mexican American Studies were “motivated by racial animus” and “by a desire to advance a political agenda by capitalizing on race-based fears.”Read More
In Indiana, the Indiana State Teachers Association (ISTA) worked closely with the NAACP in supporting a law requiring Indiana high schools to offer ethnic and racial studies as an elective course at least once a year. Its surprising passage by the very conservative Indiana state legislatures was the culmination of a four-year, multi-racial campaign.
In California, social studies teacher and NEA member Jose Lara and a coalition of activists spearheaded the fight for the state’s game-changing ethnic studies bill. The first of its kind in the country, the landmark bill ordered the creation of a model ethnic studies course for high school students statewide.
And in Seattle, the NAACP, inspired by the adoption of ethnic studies programs for the city of Portland and the entire state of California, worked closely with students and a broad coalition of Washington educators to craft a similar resolution for Seattle’s schools. The proposal aims to make ethnic studies a mandatory part of curriculum by 2020.
Advocates point to a Stanford University study which found that attendance increased by 21%, GPA by 1.4 grade points, and earned credits by 23 for San Francisco high school students enrolled in ethnic studies courses.
- Ethnic Studies In Seattle: A look inside the classrooms of antiracist educators
IAmAnEducator.com, May 22, 2018
- Ethnic studies victories in Arizona come at critical time for the state and country
NEAEdjustice.org, October 12, 2017
- Educators and NAACP persuade Hoosiers ethnic studies benefit everyone
NEAEdjustice.org, June 19, 2017
- Resolution 2016-17/17, Supporting Ethnic Studies in Seattle Public Schools
Seattle Public Schools, June 5, 2017
- Students push Seattle school board to support ethnic studies as central to the American experience
NEAEdjustice.org, March 24, 2017
- It’s commonsense! Why California educators took ethnic studies mainstream
NEAEdjustice.org, December 3, 2016
- A Resolution of the Pima County Board of Supervisors in Support of Increasing Ethnic Studies Courses and Programs of Study in Arizona and in Support of the Creation of an Arizona Ethnic Studies Articulation Task Force
Pima County Board of Supervisors, March 23, 2016
- A Education activist expands students’ reach of ethnic studies of an Arizona Ethnic Studies Articulation Task Force
NEAEdjustice.org, January 27, 2016
What's in a school name?
More than 100 schools across the country are still named after Confederate leaders, and over a quarter of those have predominately African American student bodies. In many communities, students, educators, parents and community activists are increasingly challenging whether Americans should continue to honor in public places people who fought to perpetuate human slavery.
These efforts gained momentum in the summer of 2017, as pressure mounted in state after state to remove Confederate monuments. Many students and educators took inspiration from these efforts, and began to look at the names of their schools.
In Jackson, Mississippi, a mother and daughter sparked an effort to change a school name from honoring the president of the Confederacy; students voted overwhelmingly to name the school after Barack Obama. In Minneapolis, students are driving an effort to rename Patrick Henry High School, after learning that the school’s namesake and revolutionary leader was also a slave owner.Read More
In some instances, rather than re-naming an existing school, activists have organized to influence the process for naming a new school. In April 2018, the Montgomery County, Md., Board of Education voted to name a new elementary school after Bayard Rustin, a gay African-American activist who worked alongside Martin Luther King, Jr., making the school the first in the state to be named after an openly gay person.
- Maryland Names New School After Gay African-American Civil Rights Activist
NEAEdJustice.org, June 7, 2018
- Debate brewing over whether to change the name of Patrick Henry High in Minneapolis
Minneapolis Star-Tribune, April 27, 2018
- Inspired by national movement, student organizes school name change campaign
NEAEdJustice.org, January 25, 2018
- Daughter and mother spark change in Mississippi school’s name: The president of the Confederacy’s out and Barack Obama’s in
NEAEdJustice.org, November 3, 2017
- School honoring Confederate icon to be renamed after Barack Obama
CBS Evening News, October 19, 2017
- Whose heritage? A Report on public symbols of the Confederacy
Southern Poverty Law Center
Black Lives Matter at School
As racism and xenophobia become more prevalent and overt in our schools and communities, it is more important than ever to listen to and elevate the voices, experiences, and history of our fellow citizens and communities under attack.
The goal of Black Lives Matter at School is to spark an ongoing movement of critical reflection and honest conversation in school communities for people of all ages to engage with issues of racial justice.
At universities and K-12 schools around the country — from a majority white high school outside of Seattle, to a majority African-American school district in Philadelphia — students and educators are fostering intentional conversations about racism and its impact on classrooms, and standing up for racial equity in education.
View our main Black Lives Matter at School page.Read More
- Talking About Race
A collection of resources curated by NEA, including classroom appropriate lesson plans and guides on how to have tough conversations with peers and students.
- Art and Activism
Art, video, and ideas to engage classrooms and communities to support racial and social justice.
- OneBlair: Students organize for racial unity and end up winning award
NEAEdJustice.org, November 9, 2017
- The case for teaching Black Lives Matter in schools
NEAEdJustice.org, February 8, 2017
- Next for #BlackLivesMatterAtSchool – challenging systemic racism in Seattle schools
NEAEdJustice.org, October 31, 2016
- As racism rears its ugly head on college campuses, black students fight back by organizing
NEAEdJustice.org, October 6, 2017
Historical Inaccuracies Are Barriers To Racial Justice
James Baldwin wrote, “American history is longer, larger, more various, more beautiful, and more terrible than anything anyone has ever said about it.” We can teach it that way!
More than any other topic, history is about us. Our nation is more stratified than any other industrialized country. The average White household has twelve times the wealth of Black or Native households. Nationally, schools are as segregated now as in the 1970s. Our public schools are where students should think about how we got this way.
Textbooks rarely use the past to illuminate the present. Worse, they mystify important topics in our past.
Instead, textbooks rarely use the past to illuminate the present. Worse, they mystify important topics in our past, including the Civil War and Reconstruction, making it harder to think about race relations. Consequently, history courses that should help build community often instead widen gaps by race and class. When asked their favorite subject, students across the U.S. usually rank history last. Students of color typically view history with a special dislike.Read More
This series, Correct(ed), tackles problems in history that we often teach wrong. Hopefully, educators, parents, and communities will find them fascinating and useful, because we all need to be historically literate, so we can help students (and ourselves) make sense of the present.
I hope you will join me on this journey.
James W. Loewen, Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Vermont, is the author of “Lies My Teacher Told Me” and “The Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader.” Each article in this series will come with a short annotated bibliography, often to items Loewen wrote, for educators seeking additional information. For more information and resources see: James W. Loewen’s official web page.
Loewen, James W. “Introduction,” Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 1-9.
Discusses why relying on textbooks won’t do.
Articles in This Series:
- Introducing the Series “Correct(ed)”
- Correct(ed): How To Teach Slavery
- Correct(ed): How To Teach Secession
- Correct(ed): The Confederacy and Race Relations
- Correct(ed): Confederate Public History
- Correct(ed): Reconstruction
- Correct(ed): How to Teach the Nadir of Race Relations
- Correct(ed): Teaching the Civil Rights Movement
Building Power in Our Communities
Ready to get active and be the superhero our students deserve in the fight for racial, social and economic justice in public education? Then join the NEA EdJustice League!
Ethnic Studies Toolkit
Check out the resource toolkit at EthnicStudiesNow.com that was helpful in campaigns to make ethnic studies a graduation requirement at two of the largest school districts in California.
A comprehensive review of research on ethnic studies programs by the NEA Research Department found that diversity courses boost critical thinking, academic achievement and problem-solving skills.
Teaching Tolerance is committed to educating for a diverse democracy. Discover and develop world-class materials with a community of educators committed to diversity, equity and justice.
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People write, draw, or place colored stickers on paper shapes (such as trees, fish, flowers, or lanterns) to share their hopes for the park's future.
Wish Objects capture the unique character of the park and neighborhood and give people a strong visual example of the park's future possibilities.
Wish Objects are also easy to do, make for a fun way to quantify data, and attract participants from ages five to 70.
A how-to sheet to create your own!
More Reasons We Like This Tool
Crafty and Artistic
- Perfect for kids who like to draw and decorate and adults who want to tap into their creative sides.
- Colorful shapes make a great display at community centers, schools, and at future park events to attract interest in the project.
Great Conversation Starter
- Bright and eye-catching, Wish Objects help engage passersby and encourage them to participate in the visioning process.
- Created with the park's character in mind, Wish Objects can resemble everything from fish (waterfront parks) to flowers (parks with a gardening focus).
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a1 University of Glasgow Division of Developmental Medicine, 1st Floor Tower Block QMH, Yorkhill Hospitals' Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
Prevalence of obesity in preschool children has increased dramatically in recent years. The preschool years (age 3–6 years) have been regarded as critical for the programming of energy balance, via the concept of early ‘adiposity rebound’. Children who undergo early adiposity rebound are at increased risk of later obesity. Recent evidence suggests that associations between timing of adiposity rebound and later obesity may not reflect programming, but might denote that ‘obesogenic’ growth trajectories are often established by the preschool period. Studies of objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in preschool children show that levels of physical activity are typically low and sedentary behaviour high. The review of evidence presented here is supportive of the hypothesis that physical activity is protective against obesity in the preschool period, and that sedentary behaviour, particularly television viewing, is obesogenic. Definitive evidence on dose–response relationships between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and obesity remain unclear. Dose–response evidence could be obtained fairly readily by intervention and longitudinal observational studies that use accelerometry in preschool children. The generalisability of much of the evidence base is limited and there is a need for research on the influence of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the preschool years in the aetiology of obesity in the developing world.
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On Tuesday, December 8, 2009, just in time for National Computer Science Education Week, the the USC Institute for Creative Technologies and the Museum of Science, Boston introduced “Grace” and “Ada,” two of the most advanced virtual humans ever created to interact with museum visitors. Programmed to find activities in the Museum’s Cahners ComputerPlace that match visitors’ interests, these artificially intelligent digital twins love to talk about themselves and even have a sense of humor!
A group of fourth-graders from Cambridge’s Graham and Parks Alternative School were the first visitors to meet the museum’s new computer-based interpreters—named fittingly after computer pioneers Grace Hopper and Ada Lovelace. The kids’ mission is to help Museum educators and visiting scientists make the twins even “smarter” than they already are.
In the next year, museum visitors will play a key role in “teaching” Ada and Grace even more. Part of a three-year research project, funded by the National Science Foundation, scientists from ICT working with museum educators, integrated some of the latest research in natural language understanding, artificial intelligence (AI), and computer graphics and animation to program the 19-year-old virtual female twins to move, listen, think, and talk just like real people.
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George Grosz: War→Madness→Dada
On the 26th of July 1893, German artist George Grosz was born in Berlin. From an early age, Grosz had passionate ideological views. In January 1919, he was arrested during the Spartakus uprising in Berlin, a general strike accompanied by armed battles, which was being suppressed by the Weimar government, marking the end of the German revolution. Grosz escaped arrest using fake identification and he soon joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). In 1921, the artist was accused of insulting the army, which resulted in a 300 German Mark fine and the destruction of a collection of his work entitled Gott mit uns (“God with us”), a satire on German society. Grosz left the KPD in 1922 after having spent five months in Russia and meeting Lenin and Trotsky, because of his antagonism to any form of dictatorial authority. Bitterly anti-Nazi, Grosz left Germany for the USA in 1933 shortly before Hitler came to power but returned to Berlin a few years before his death (caused by a drunken stumble down a flight of stairs). Today, Grosz, a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group, is mostly remembered for his off the wall drawings and oils of Berlin life from the 1920s. One of his better known works from this period (see feature image) is Eclipse of the Sun.(1926) “It represents a scathing critique of the military industrial complex that controlled Weimar Germany where power and greed reigned supreme. Bureaucrats, who are literally “mindless,” attend to the corrupt dealings of the corpulent industrialist and the President of the Reich, Paul von Hindenburg. The sun, a symbol of life, is eclipsed by a dollar sign, a symbol of greed. The donkey, representing the German burgher, has blinders on to signify his ignorance. A small child, representing youth or perhaps a dissident voice, is kept imprisoned below, demonstrating the lack of concern for future generations. The convoluted perspective of the image underscores the instability of Weimar Germany.” (Heckscher Museum of Art, Huntington, N.Y.)
There has been a significant amount of writing about the Dadaists, particularly, George Grosz, his life and art, in relation to psychiatry. Amongst many of these artists, he experienced or simulated mental illness during WWI. The Dada ‘state of mind’ as well as their artistic output has since been connected to mental health conditions such as paranoia or neurasthenia, often resulting from post-traumatic stress following the violence and atrocities of life in wartime as well as on the front. Michael White, author of Generation Dada (2013, Yale University Press) writes that, “there is a substantial body of literature on Grosz that has examined his depiction of sexual violence and murder in the period and located it centrally to an understanding of his work. The common strand to these approaches is to perceive the simulation of trauma in Dada montage or the depiction of sexual violence as attempts to shore up a threatened or damaged masculinity. By analogising Dada montage to the psychiatric procedures of shock treatment, Brigid Doherty specifically casts it as reparative in intent and devised for an audience that was itself ‘traumatophile’, in search of relief from anxiety through shock.” (Michael White, ‘The Grosz case: Paranoia, Self-Criticism and Anti-Semitism’, Oxford Art Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2007).
“The Dadaists were the inventors of the metaphor of madness as a form of war resistance. For instance, Jean Arp, who was discharged from military duty on the grounds of mental illness (which he simulated), wound up in Switzerland where he met the founders of what soon enough would be called Dada. One way of posing the question of origins is the following: when did faking madness start, and when did opposition to the war begin to take the form of simulating insanity? Jean Arp said, ‘We were looking for an elementary art which would be capable of saving humanity from the furious insanity of the times. We aspired to a new order which could restore the equilibrium between heaven and hell.’ Equally, Tristan Tzara was adamant that, ‘Each man must cry: there is a great destructive, negative job to do: sweep away, clean up.’ (from Annette Becker, ‘The Avant-Garde, Madness and the Great War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 1, Special Issue: Shell-Shock, Jan., 2000). The overwhelming Dadaist message was: out with the old, in with the new!
In Berlin, Grosz and John Heartfield organized the first International Dada Fair in 1920. Otto contributed with his canvas entitled War Cripples: A Self-Portrait (1920) which portrayed four war invalids with severely broken bodies and spirits. Many Dada artists and writers actually ended up committing suicide, it somehow was their ultimate stand against war and what was left in its aftermath… Anette Becker wrote of the Dadaist artist: “The war is over; he is still in uniform, and he spins his metaphors like a cinema reel.” From their part, the incoming Nazis wanted to destroy the resulting ‘crude’ or ‘degenerate’ art. In the 1937 catalogue of the censored ‘Degenerate Art’ exhibition, there is a direct quotation from Hitler, who in 1934 said: ‘Those who look for novelty above all can only go mad’. “Modern art, and in particular German expressionism, contradicted root and branch all the aesthetic and social values of Nazism. In Dix, or Grosz or Beckmann, where is respectability, order, security? Their work is a cry of despair of men trapped in a personal and collective drama, one in which the war had played a decisive part. With the exhibition, and with the destruction of a number of works from it, the nazis wanted to prove the moral decadence, the degeneracy of Weimar. Of all their enemies, the nazis chose Otto Dix and George Grosz as exem-plary degenerates in the exhibition. Is it surprising that this was so, given the importance of the war in their art, the place of the disabled and the disfigured, who constituted a veritable ‘imagery of military sabotage’?” (Annette Becker).
Feature Image: George Grosz (1893-1959), Eclipse of the Sun, 1926, Oil on canvas, 81-5/8 x 71-7/8 in, Heckscher Museum of Art, N.Y.
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Many of the towns in the Parkes Shire who have seen their heydays come and go have questionable futures. However Brolgan isn’t one of those, with its site set to play an integral part in the logistics of the nation. While its future is exciting, there is a history that is often overlooked and underappreciated. This blog hope to redress this.
A fascinating part of researching old towns and localities is how they were officially recorded in the Census. The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics – the forerunner to the Australian Bureau of Statistics – did not include Brolgan in its 1947 Census, but Brolgan does feature in the 1954 Census with a population of 55. The CBCS then omitted Brolgan again in the 1961 Census and by 1966 the Acting Commonwealth Statistician, J. P. O’Neill had devised a new way to record results and only Bogan Gate, Parkes, Peak Hill, Trundle and Tullamore are recorded.
A place called Brolgan is first mentioned in 1853 in New South Wales Government Gazette article about CROWN LANDS BEYOND THE SETTLED DISTRICTS where there is also mention of Brolgan Plains (Source: Trove) Newspapers and Government Gazettes of this period also made mention of Brolgan Plains Run and Back Brolgan Station. Often frustrating for modern readers is the lack of consistent spelling in people and place names. Brolgan also experienced this, with a notice for public auction for the station of Thomas Morris, called “Bralgan” or “Brogan” (Source: Trove)
Throughout the latter part of the 19th Century, Brolgan is mentioned at least weekly in either newspapers or NSW Government Gazette. The land was highly prized and Brolgan had a proactive branch of the Farmers & Settlers Association, who campaigned for the release of more land for settlement.
While many towns and localities had small one teacher schools, Brolgan had two. The first was Brolgan Public School, but after the railway line was laid and Brolgan Siding grew it petitioned the NSW Department of Education for a school. Initially it was Brolgan Siding Provisional School, but after more campaigning by the locals it was granted full status becoming Brolgan Siding Public School in 1901.
In 1972 a British film company came to the Parkes district to film most of the Australian scenes for the Harry Secombe-led Sunstruck. While the Parkes Champion Post of the time reported the locations as being “near Nelungaloo”, both current and former residents of Brolgan will highlight that it was their town, not Nelungaloo, as the actual location.
Braeside, the home of Joe Venables, is located in Brolgan. The Venables allowed the film company to temporarily use the house, turning into the fictional Kookaburra Springs’ Mayfair Hotel.
Gwenda Chester is the daughter of Joe Venables and remembers the filming occuring on her parents’ property. Her dads horses, Spin and Jenny, were also used in the film. Gwenda recalls that Spin was a particularly flighty horse and the one that Maggie Fitzgibbon had to ride. However the actress demonstrated her horse-riding prowess and handlded Spin really well. Wilf Norris of Eugowra supplied the main horse, with Dobbin playing Old Nell in the film. Dobbin died a week before the film’s world premiere in Parkes.
The future of Brolgan
Many towns and localities have a great past but their futures are in doubt. The same cannot be said for Brolgan, due to its location it is poised to plan an integral part of 21st Century Australian business.
Parkes Shire Library would like to thank the following people and organisations for their assistance in making this post possible:
If you have stories, photographs or memories that you are willing to share about Brolgan (or the film Sunstruck) please contact Parkes Shire Library via firstname.lastname@example.org so that they can be shared and kept for posterity on this blog. Alternatively you may leave comments on this page.
News from the Colonial Fields. (The latest information concerning mining shares will be found in our Telegraphic and Commercial Reports.) NEW SOUTH WALES. (May 13, 1882). Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1870 – 1907), p. 22. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article70968993
TENDERS FOR WORKS IN CONNECTION WITH PUBLIC SCHOOLS. (June 29, 1886). New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW : 1832 – 1900), p. 4338. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article221686557
Gunningbland and Brolgan & Warrigal Joint Meeting. (June 1, 1900). Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder (NSW : 1899 – 1952), p. 10. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article213241221
Gwenda Chester (June 30, 2020). [Map generated from information on Gwenda Chester’s sketch map of Brolgan including Sunstruck filming locations]. Unpublished raw data.
“Kookaburra Springs” Pub Takes Shape. (January 5, 1972). Parkes Champion Post, p. 3.
Harry Secombe with Sunstruck children (n.d.). photograph. Used with permission, from the Sharryn Cunningham personal collection
‘SUPERSTAR’ IS A WARM, FRIENDLY HUMAN BEING. (January 19, 1972). Parkes Champion Post, p.10
The Harry Secombe Coach House Trophy. (January 24, 1972). Parkes Champion Post, p.3
New South Wales. Department of Lands. (1963). Parish of Brolgan, County of Ashburnham Land District of Parkes, Goobang Shire, Central Division N.S.W Retrieved June 29, 2020, from http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-233726965
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Job roles get altered from time to time to meet modern business demands, and so do the software that organizations depend on. In recent years, collaboration software has completely revolutionized the workplace by streamlining workflow and keeping everyone on the same page. What is collaborative software? In simple terms, collaborative software is a solution that helps people to participate in a joint task or work together on a certain project. Businesses in just about any industry have adopted this software as it has proved to be highly functional, highly intuitive and easy to use.
What is the Purpose of Collaborative Software?
For a business to achieve great success, everything boils down to one thing – collaboration, which is people working together towards a common goal. The purpose of collaborative software, therefore, is to make it possible for people to work together. Once put in place, this software facilitates the following:
- Communication between people
Good communication is essential for efficient decision making and the management of day-to-day processes. Collaborative software facilitates communication between colleagues, allowing tasks to be accomplished on time and cost-effectively. Team leaders and managers can utilize this software to relay objectives, assign specific tasks and reason with their juniors in a brief and logical manner.
- Sharing of information
Collaboration software is also a tool that facilitates sharing of information. Using the software, people involved in a joint project or task can be able to share information in form of documents, audio and video files, and other forms of media even across geographical distances.
- Working together on data/information
As businesses strive to remain on the competitive edge of their respective markets, it has become extremely vital to encourage creativity in the workplace so as to promote healthy employee relationships and boost productivity. Collaborative software enables people to work together on information by sharing their ideas and skills. The software also allows for brainstorming, whereby people get to offer different perspectives to provide practical solutions.
- Coordination of efforts and activities
This software enables team members to team up on a common platform and work towards the attainment of a common objective. Collaboration gives each one of them equal opportunities to put in their efforts and partake in group activities, giving them a strong sense of purpose.
Benefits of Collaboration Software
There are different ways in which teams can benefit from utilizing collaborative software in their workplaces. The benefits include:
- It stores information in the cloud so it can be viewed, tagged and shared among team members.
- Helps in proper task management, as it split tasks up and enables team member to keep track of their to-do lists.
- Promotes self-analysis as it enables teammates to take a glimpse of both their weaknesses and strengths.
- It promotes pooling of skills, thus creates a more competent, able and productive team.
- It helps in timely problem solving as it facilitates real-time discussions within teammates.
- Since collaboration helps to add meaning to how teammates perceive their job, workers tend to stay with a business longer. This extra satisfaction and definition results in employee retention.
Popular Collaboration Tools for Businesses
The most popular and commonly used collaboration tools for businesses include:
- Social networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, etc.
- CRM workflow
- Instant messengers such as Whatsapp, Messenger, etc.
- Telephony and voicemail
- Video conferencing
When choosing collaboration software, it’s important for companies to consider flexibility and the usability of the tool. Also to be noted is the software’s ability to integrate with any 3rd-party tools. Important questions should also be answered when choosing a collaborative tool, i.e. who will oversee the governance of the tool? Who will teach the employees how to utilize the software? Are all data and conversations safe from both external and internal hacks? What will happen if and when the software will need upgrading? Addressing these aspects beforehand will help in choosing the ideal collaborative software to use.
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Are your eyeglasses streaky and smudged no matter how often you clean them? Try these tips to help keep them clear and smudge-free.View Article
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Nearsightedness (Myopia) and Vision Therapy
This is a brief description of the condition, how it arises, evolves and how it is usually treated. Alternative treatment methods, principally vision therapy, are also introduced. Such alternative methods are primarily aimed at myopia reduction or myopia control. More and more people are looking for myopia reduction methods and no professional is better equipped to provide myopia reduction options than behavioral optometry. Not all behavioral optometrists provide myopia reduction specifically, but most will provide a level of care that tends to be more likely to control the factors that contribute to the increase of myopia that standard eye care generally accepts as normal and unavoidable. For more in-depth reading visit the Articles section – particularly: What’s So Great About 20/20? and Myopia Reduction:A View From The Inside. You might also want to order Dr. Gallop’s book “Looking Differently at Nearsightedness and Myopia.”
Nearsightedness, often referred to as myopia, is the most common reason for people under the age of 40 to visit the eye doctor. Typically, a child who fails the eye screening at school goes to the eye doctor. This visit usually results in glasses. These glasses are called “corrective” although this term is inaccurate. A corrective device should correct something. Typical glasses merely mask the problem. When the glasses are removed, things still look blurry in the distance. In fact, most people undergo continuing deterioration once they start wearing such “corrective” lenses.
Most people become dependent on these lenses. Like other dependencies, there is a tendency to need something stronger as time goes by. These lenses are compensating rather than corrective devices. They compensate for an inability to see clearly in the distance. They do not address the actual cause. The nearsightedness can be eliminated in many cases when the cause is properly addressed. The condition can be improved and stabilized in those cases where total elimination is not possible. The same holds true for farsightedness and astigmatism.
A nearsighted individual is unable to see clearly in the distance without artificial lenses. A large segment of the population is nearsighted. Very few are born nearsighted. In fact, most people are born slightly farsighted. Behavioral optometrists regard this small amount of farsightedness as a protective cushion. This cushion provides a margin of safety in the event that there is too much stress placed on the visual system. Modern culture, with all of its near work, all but guarantees there will be considerable stress on the visual system. Some people are better able to weather the storm than others. The visual system can and should be protected whenever possible. The things that can protect this cushion are proper visual hygiene, preventive/vision enhancing lenses and vision therapy/visual training.
Many visual problems, including nearsightedness, arise because the visual demands of our culture run contrary to the original nature of the way the visual process was meant to be used. We spend most of our time indoors, and much of that time reading or at the computer. Throughout most of the history of human beings we spent most of our time outdoors. Our visual demands were more varied. They generally involved a broader range of physical activity, and consisted of much more distance viewing. In order to see far away, we must relax the lenses inside our eyes. Near focusing requires work to flex the muscles inside the eyes. More people of all ages are becoming nearsighted. In the past it was unusual for people over the age of 16 to begin a nearsighted progression. It is fairly common today. This is due to the true nature of most nearsightedness, which is improper or inefficient use of the visual system.
The process of becoming nearsighted is often an adaptation to visual difficulty. The primary problem is typically what behavioral optometrists refer to as “nearpoint stress,” that is, the continual demands for focusing, seeing, and performing at near. Prolonged work utilizing close, flat surfaces is visually stressful. Our two eyes placed as they are (facing forward in the front of the head) allows for a three-dimensional perception of the world. A flat surface restricts the freedom of the visual system to flex and relax within three-dimensional space. Also, prolonged visual activity in the absence of movement is stressful. The visual process is one of action. Prolonged sedentary activity is similar to prolonged two-dimensional viewing in its negative effects. Just as the eyes were designed for three-dimensional flexing, the body is designed for movement. Prolonged stillness can be stressful. The fact is, most people are not able to use their eyes with maximum efficiency and comfort while reading or working at the computer.
Vision-enhancing lenses should be worn for all prolonged near activities. Vision-enhancing lenses help to keep the visual system relaxed. They also reduce the strain on the entire visual system during these activities. It is always best to have the right tool. This is similar to using a hammer to drive a nail. We would never think of doing this with our bare hands. Our hands are not designed to do this task even though it is a task that is often necessary to do. Since the visual system was not designed for the stress our culture places on it, we must use an appropriate tool for the job. Lenses that are worn to see clearly in the distance do not accomplish the goal of seeing comfortably and efficiently close up. In fact, distance lenses put added stress on the visual system when worn for near work. Specially prescribed near lenses are required. These lenses will increase comfort, productivity, and endurance during close work. They will if worn appropriately, in many cases, permanently increase distance clarity as well.
There are numerous options for dealing with nearsightedness. By far, the most common is compensating lenses (glasses or contact lenses). Such lenses will simply mask the problem allowing, and will cause things to worsen in the majority of cases. More recently, surgical procedures have emerged that achieve the same effect. These procedures permanently alter the shape of the cornea, changing the way light focuses inside the eye. However, surgery is simply a more permanent way of masking the surface problem without addressing the actual causes. Therefore, the nearsightedness can return, which does in fact occur after these surgeries at least 20% of the time. This is particularly true for people under the age of thirty and may be one the reasons that these procedures are not performed on younger people. It is also important to note that there is no guarantee that the need for glasses will be eliminated by such surgery. There also remain unanswered questions as to the long-term effects on the physical health of the eye itself after surgery.
Orthokeratology is a safer way of masking nearsightedness. This approach requires wearing special contact lenses that gradually change the shape of the cornea. In some cases these lenses are only worn during sleep, and the eye retains its modified shape throughout the day. Therefore, compensating lenses need not be worn during waking hours.
Since 1920 the work of Dr. W.H. Bates (and later, others) has inspired many people to try doing without their glasses. Bates advocated going without glasses and doing various exercises to “strengthen the eyes” and promote relaxation. His ideas were completely at odds with his peers, but he certainly helped break the rigid pattern of thinking of his day. Bates may have been the first to think in terms of myopia reduction.
In the late 1920s A.M. Skeffington and others began the thinking and hard work that led to what is now known as Developmental or Behavioral Optometry. Behavioral optometry has developed countless techniques to prevent, stabilize, or reverse the symptoms and effects of nearsightedness (as well as many other visual problems). Vision-enhancing lenses are an important part of the process of improving vision. Vision therapy is another excellent means of improving vision.
Vision therapy is a program of activities that help people observe, learn about, and change how they are using their visual process. Although often referred to as “eye exercises” vision therapy is much more than that. It is important to understand that we do not really see with our eyes – we see with our brains. And vision therapy is a means of retraining the brain. By setting up the proper conditions, and using the appropriate language, equipment, and lenses it is possible to retrain the brain. This is an important point. The eyes and their supporting muscles can only do what the brain tells them to do. When the visual process is not working properly it is because there is confusion in the brain. That is, the brain is not processing visual information accurately. This can be improved with therapeutic lenses and vision therapy in most cases. Myopia reduction is best achieved by working with a behavioral optometrist who offers vision therapy and therapeutic lenses.
Standard, medically oriented approaches to eye care will not usually provide comprehensive information on the causes and possible treatment options available. These standard approaches are limited to compensating for the surface issues, using compensating lenses or surgery. There is no room for creative thinking and treatment options in these approaches. You must seek creative solutions for yourself. Developmental/behavioral optometry offers more in-depth philosophies of visual care, more comprehensive diagnostic techniques and truly corrective treatment options.
There are also a number of do-it-yourself myopia reduction programs available claiming to help people reduce or eliminate myopia. While many of these programs come from well-intentioned people and philosophies of vision care, none of them address the full-scope of issues that are important to long-term improvement of visual function. It is best to find a trained, dedicated professional to properly address these issues and provide the most comprehensive care for myopia reduction and all other visual conditions.
Contact Dr. Gallop for more information about behavioral optometry, vision therapy or your own nearsightedness.
Optometric Extention Program Foundation www.OEPF.org
College of Optometrists in Vision Development www.COVD.org
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File Sharing @ UND
PEER TO PEER FILE SHARING
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing technology allows users to make files available for other users to download and use. File sharers store files on their computers and the file-sharing software enables other users to download the files onto their computers. Examples of P2P file sharing networks include FastTrack (KaZaA), Gnutella, BitTorrent, and FreeNet, among others.
How you use P2P software may violate federal copyright law and University Policy. If you use P2P software, you may receive notices of copyright infringement and or be subject to other legal action.
P2P FILE SHARING CAN VIOLATE UNIVERSITY POLICY
University Policy prohibits the use of the UND computer network to violate copyright law (see the UND Student Acceptable Use Policy and NDUS Procedure 1901.2) . P2P software can undermine network security and expose your computer to threats, such as viruses, malware, password and identity theft, spyware, and other threats that can incapacitate computers. P2P software can also unintentionally expose your sensitive personal and University data to others on the P2P network.
University policy covering use of the UND network extends to any computers you connect to the UND network. Furthermore, activity that occurs on a wireless router that you have connected to the UND network, such as in a residence hall or apartment, may be tracked back to you.
P2P FILE SHARING CAN BE ILLEGAL
Using P2P file-sharing software that copies and distributes music, videos, software, games, or other copyrighted works without permission of the copyright holder is a violation of US copyright law. If you have P2P file-sharing applications installed on your computer, you may be sharing copyrighted works illegally without even realizing it. Even if you do not intend to engage in infringing activity, installing P2P software on a computer can easily end up sharing unintended files (copyrighted music or even sensitive documents) with other P2P users, and you may then be personally responsible for the legal and financial consequences of illegal file sharing on your computer.
Content owners, such as the recording industry, movie studios, and game and software companies, are specifically targeting illegal file sharing on university networks. The RIAA has employed aggressive legal strategies to address illegal file sharing, such as forwarding the University “early settlement letters” for alleged infringers and filing infringement lawsuits. Since September 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has filed suits against more than 20,000 individuals using P2P software worldwide, and UND students have been among those threatened with lawsuits.
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A trust is a legal arrangement in which a person names another to hold an estate on behalf of a third person until certain conditions are met for those assets to be released to their intended owner. The person who grants the trust is called the ‘settlor’ or ‘grantor,’ the one who protects the assets is the ‘trustee,’ and the intended recipient of the trust is often referred to as the ‘beneficiary.’ In most cases, the grantor will set specific instructions and qualifying expectations that the trustee must meet in order to fulfill their legal obligations.
In some circumstances, however, one of the parties involved in the trust might feel the need to dispute the conditions set by the trust. In order for an established trust to be amended or terminated, the person contesting for change must have proper standing. In the majority of circumstances, the individual usually has to be the beneficiary in order to contest the trust, though there are many different reasons why someone might want to contest the grantor’s wishes.
1. Inaccurate reflection of the grantor’s wishes
In some circumstances, the beneficiary might feel that the details laid out by the trust might not accurately represent the wishes of the settlor. There could be a variety of reasons for this, such as if there are allegations that the grantor was unduly influenced by someone else when setting the terms of the trust. It could even be claimed that the details of the trust where set under duress or forged under fraudulent circumstances.
2. The trust doesn’t serve it’s intended purpose
It is possible that the circumstances of the individuals involved in the trust were different when the trust was conceived to where they stand at the time of the trust’s enforcement, and this could mean that terms are enforced that are no longer relevant.
For example, in some instances, a trust can actually cost more to administer than the beneficiaries are able to receive, which undermines the purpose of the trust is to profit the beneficiary.
In most cases, the nature of a trust is to avoid financial disputes altogether, which can make it all the more difficult when parties are forced into a situation where they feel they have to contest the terms set out by the trust. In order to deal with delicate matters like this sensitively, it is important to seek the counsel of The Inheritance Experts who can help you protect your rights while preserving relationships with those involved.
3. Ambiguity within the terms of the trust
Sometimes the documents writing out the terms and conditions of the trust can be quite ambiguous when it comes to the language used or the instructions laid out.
In these instances, the beneficiary may make a claim for the court to declare a judgment of what the grantor’s intent was for the instructions, and to modify the terms of the agreement accordingly. In some instances, this could also provide grounds for the trust to be terminated altogether.
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Neurologists from Germany and Spain, writing in the journal Lancet Neurology, have summarised new developments in MS in 2011.
They note that new research adds weight to the likely central role of the immune system in the development of MS, that gut bacteria may play a bigger part than previously thought, and that new diagnostic criteria allow for a diagnosis of MS to be made on the first attack for up to half of people with their first episode of demyelination.
In relation to gut bacteria, we have long heard theories about the 'leaky gut' in MS; new animal research shows that our normal gut bacteria probably play a major role in the development of MS.
This may have implications for treatment in the future. As far as diagnosis goes, new criteria mean that if there is evidence of both old and new lesions on the first MRI scan, neurologists can now make the diagnosis at the first attack.
For many people, there is now no need to wait for a second attack before a firm MS diagnosis can be made. This is important as it allows people to start early with lifestyle modification to facilitate recovery.
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New Autism Diagnosis to Leave Millions of Children without Medical Attention
Agence France Presse
Febraury 6, 2012
A proposal to use new diagnostic criteria for autism has roiled the US medical community, with many experts concerned that the move could exclude children affected by some forms of the disorder.
The American Psychiatric Association recommended last month that a new category called “autism spectrum disorder” be established to incorporate several forms of autism which were previously considered separately.
These include autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive developmental disorder.
Under this new approach, all four would be considered a variation of autism.
But critics are concerned that this may deprive patients of access to welfare, educational and health services that are based on the old definition set by the APA.
The APA defended its decision, saying that the new criteria establishes degrees of severity for the disorder and would help provide more targeted treatment for patients.
“The proposed criteria will lead to more accurate diagnosis and will help physicians and therapists design better treatment interventions for children who suffer from autism spectrum disorder,” argued Doctor James Scully, medical director of the association.
But Fred Volkmar, head of the Children’s Psychiatry Department at Yale University, believes this revision would exclude up to 60 percent of children now suffering from Asperger’s disorder.
Volkmar said he came to this conclusion by applying the new criteria to a study he conducted in 1993 on children suffering from Asperger’s and other forms of autism.
“We went back to the old data, and we looked at the new definition, and we were worried, actually,” he told AFP.
“In our work we looked at our preliminary data in high functioning children, Asperger children, and about 60 percent lose their diagnostic. It’s huge!”
“They (American Psychiatric Association) say it’s not true. I hope it’s not true, but they are now in a position of having to respond to this.”
According to Geraldine Dawson, chief science officer of Autism Speaks, the largest private foundation in the world dedicated to research of the disorder, it is too early to know “whether there will be or not excluding people who do really have autism spectrum.”
But she said her foundation is “committed to funding research that will explore whether or not the criteria are excluding people, and our goal is to insure that ultimately no one is excluded or is denied services.”
The proposed changes have been in the works for the past 15 years because studies “show well now that Asperger’s disorder is a form of autism,” noted Eric Fombonne, chair of the Children’s Psychiatry Department at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
And if the APA decided in 1994 to consider Asperger’s separately, it was simply because “at that point we did not know if it was different or just a variation of autism.”
Therefore, it was necessary to categorise it separately to study it, he said.
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