text
stringlengths 519
593k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 95
values | url
stringlengths 15
1.94k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 253
143k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
| input_ids
listlengths 256
256
| attention_mask
listlengths 256
256
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
You meet a random stranger who tells you that he has two children. You ask, “Is at least one of them a boy?” and he says yes. What is the probability that the other one is also a boy?
It seems the answer is that the second is equally likely to be a girl or a boy.
Well, this is actually a closeted variation on the Monty Hall Problem.
Possible Set-Ups: |Boy Boy| |Boy Girl| |Girl Girl|
Prior Probabilites: P = ¼ P = ½ P = ¼
New Evidence: The situation of two girls is not in our probability space anymore because we know that there is at least one boy
Therefore: the probability of |Boy Boy| (¼) is now being measured out of a new probability space ¾ of the size of the first. P(Boy&Boy|new knowledge) = ⅓
Similarly: the probability of |Boy Girl| is now being measured out of a new probability space ¾ of the size of the first. P(Boy&Girl|New Knowledge) = ⅔
But: This probability (of boy and girl) can be subdivided into half for what the second of the two will be because we know that one of the two is a boy. Therefore, the second is equally likely within the original boy and girl case to be a girl and a boy → P(Boy now for second|Original Boy&Girl) = ⅓, P(Girl now for second|Original Boy&Girl) = ⅓
Summing up all these split things for whatever will give us the second child as being a boy in the new probability space we have
- P(Boy&Boy|new knowledge) = ⅓
- P(Boy now for second|Original Boy&Girl) = ⅓
Therefore the total probability now that the second child is also a boy is now ⅔
Once again, reality surprises.
|
<urn:uuid:68303c8e-ace7-46ee-bc18-2bfec18aeb13>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://inhisorder.com/logic/a-variation-on-monty-hall/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00246.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945884
| 415
| 3.078125
| 3
|
[
1639,
1826,
257,
4738,
16195,
508,
4952,
345,
326,
339,
468,
734,
1751,
13,
921,
1265,
11,
564,
250,
3792,
379,
1551,
530,
286,
606,
257,
2933,
30,
447,
251,
290,
339,
1139,
3763,
13,
1867,
318,
262,
12867,
326,
262,
584,
530,
318,
635,
257,
2933,
30,
198,
1026,
2331,
262,
3280,
318,
326,
262,
1218,
318,
8603,
1884,
284,
307,
257,
2576,
393,
257,
2933,
13,
198,
5779,
11,
428,
318,
1682,
257,
21615,
276,
12291,
319,
262,
5575,
88,
4789,
20647,
13,
198,
47,
4733,
5345,
12,
52,
862,
25,
930,
26554,
6387,
91,
930,
26554,
7430,
91,
930,
24151,
7430,
91,
198,
22442,
30873,
14991,
2737,
25,
350,
796,
1587,
120,
350,
796,
25208,
350,
796,
1587,
120,
198,
3791,
21259,
25,
383,
3074,
286,
734,
4813,
318,
407,
287,
674,
12867,
2272,
7471,
780,
356,
760,
326,
612,
318,
379,
1551,
530,
2933,
198,
26583,
25,
262,
12867,
286,
930,
26554,
6387,
91,
357,
126,
120,
8,
318,
783,
852,
8630,
503,
286,
257,
649,
12867,
2272,
1587,
122,
286,
262,
2546,
286,
262,
717,
13,
350,
7,
26554,
5,
26554,
91,
3605,
3725,
8,
796,
2343,
227,
241,
198,
28039,
25,
262,
12867,
286,
930,
26554,
7430,
91,
318,
783,
852,
8630,
503,
286,
257,
649,
12867,
2272,
1587,
122,
286,
262,
2546,
286,
262,
717,
13,
350,
7,
26554,
5,
24151,
91,
3791,
20414,
8,
796,
2343,
227,
242,
198,
1537,
25,
770,
12867,
357,
1659,
2933,
290,
2576,
8,
460,
307,
45944,
1384,
656,
2063,
329,
644,
262
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
In one important way, we are capable of traveling back in time. Through memory, we can return to childhood, go back to the moment we first fell in love or recall our first professional triumph.
Vivid memories that call to mind an experience in deep sensory detail can seem to transport us back to another time and place. When we recall the particular bit of information we’re looking for, we also recall many other surrounding details — how we felt, what we were wearing, what came before and afterwards.
New research from neuroscientists at Vanderbilt University sheds light on how the brain performs this remarkable function.
The researchers analyzed brain activity of individuals performing a memory recollection task in order to show what’s going on when we come up with elaborate memories that feel so real that they take us back to a time in the past. They were able to use brain activity patterns to predict the order in which study participants recalled information that they had previously received.
“It’s extremely important that we understand what different brain regions are doing as we search through our memories,” psychologist Dr. Sean Polyn, the study’s lead author, said in a statement. “Diseases like Alzheimer’s and epilepsy are devastating to memory, and this information can help us develop treatments to preserve patients’ memories and identify adverse effects that new psychotropic drugs may have on people’s memory.”
The Vanderbilt research team sought to determine how memories are encoded with different levels of vividness and detail. They investigated both “high fidelity memories” — those that are very well-preserved in our minds, even years later — as well as bits of information that are remembered, but in isolation, without surrounding details and sensory information.
“In everyday life, when you have an experience, your brain constructs this rich neural code representing the details of that experience. Later, if you think back to that experience, the brain attempts to reactivate that neural representation,” Polyn explained in an email to The Huffington Post. “Mental time travel is when the brain does a really good job reactivating that past state, which can feel like you are actually revisiting the experience, in your mind’s eye.
According to Polyn, if a person studies a list of items, and then searches their memory to try to report back those items in order, they’ll often report a cluster of things that happened right around the moment of remembering that item, suggesting that their brain has mentally travelled back to that moment.
A brain region called the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been known to play a role in memory, largely because amnesia often results when this region is damaged. The researchers devised a model to show how structures within the MTL support the retrieval of memories. Finding that the anterior region of the MTL signals when the memory is being retrieved, but doesn’t suggest how detailed the memory is. However, they found that the posterior region becomes active when a highly detailed memory is being recalled.
“We find that activity in the posterior medial temporal lobe allows us to predict when the person is going to have a ‘mental time travel moment,’ we can tell when they are about to report a cluster of memories for things that happened nearby in time,” Polyn said.
To test the model, fMRI scans were conducted on 20 participants between the ages of 18 and 35, while they were given a list of 24 names of common objects like ‘horse’ and ‘boat.’ After briefly concentrating on the words and then pausing, they were asked to recall the words they had just studied in the order the occurred.
The researchers found that when the participant’s brain activity revealed that they had retrieved a memory with “high fidelity,” their next response was likely to be the next item on the list — suggesting that they also recalled the detail around the object. But when they did not recall the item with high fidelity, the next item was often not the next one on the list, which suggests that the information was recalled in isolation.
“This demonstrates that the brain stamps memories with a temporal code,” Polyn said in the statement. “These time-travel recollections allow the brain to retrieve that temporal code, which makes memories for nearby things more accessible, in this case the next item in the list.”
Understanding what’s happening in different brain regions when we’re searching for memories may have some important implications for the study of memory-related disorders like Alzheimer’s.
“People with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, often have difficulty remembering things that just happened to them,” Polyn told HuffPost. “A doctor could have a patient repeat back a series of numbers a few times, but then a few minutes later, the patient might not even remember that they even studied those things. If we can understand what different brain regions are doing during healthy memory retrieval, that can give us great insight into what’s going wrong when memory is damaged. It may also help us develop better tests for early detection of memory disorders, and give us ideas for how to better treat people with these disorders.”
|
<urn:uuid:4386a8be-237e-49e1-a5fe-9c3dfe8aaf62>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-39
|
https://www.massarate.ma/how-the-brain-performs-mental-time-travel.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056297.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918032926-20210918062926-00027.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962858
| 1,089
| 2.984375
| 3
|
[
818,
530,
1593,
835,
11,
356,
389,
6007,
286,
11300,
736,
287,
640,
13,
9561,
4088,
11,
356,
460,
1441,
284,
9963,
11,
467,
736,
284,
262,
2589,
356,
717,
3214,
287,
1842,
393,
10014,
674,
717,
4708,
15499,
13,
198,
53,
1699,
9846,
326,
869,
284,
2000,
281,
1998,
287,
2769,
23326,
3703,
460,
1283,
284,
4839,
514,
736,
284,
1194,
640,
290,
1295,
13,
1649,
356,
10014,
262,
1948,
1643,
286,
1321,
356,
447,
247,
260,
2045,
329,
11,
356,
635,
10014,
867,
584,
7346,
3307,
851,
703,
356,
2936,
11,
644,
356,
547,
5762,
11,
644,
1625,
878,
290,
12979,
13,
198,
3791,
2267,
422,
7669,
25346,
1023,
379,
38684,
2059,
40904,
1657,
319,
703,
262,
3632,
17706,
428,
11004,
2163,
13,
198,
464,
4837,
15475,
3632,
3842,
286,
3925,
9489,
257,
4088,
41285,
4876,
287,
1502,
284,
905,
644,
447,
247,
82,
1016,
319,
618,
356,
1282,
510,
351,
15962,
9846,
326,
1254,
523,
1103,
326,
484,
1011,
514,
736,
284,
257,
640,
287,
262,
1613,
13,
1119,
547,
1498,
284,
779,
3632,
3842,
7572,
284,
4331,
262,
1502,
287,
543,
2050,
6809,
12433,
1321,
326,
484,
550,
4271,
2722,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1026,
447,
247,
82,
4457,
1593,
326,
356,
1833,
644,
1180,
3632,
7652,
389,
1804,
355,
356,
2989,
832,
674,
9846,
11,
447,
251,
23540,
1583,
13,
11465,
12280,
77,
11,
262,
2050,
447,
247,
82,
1085,
1772,
11,
531,
287,
257,
2643,
13,
564,
250,
35,
786,
1386,
588,
22434,
447,
247,
82,
290,
35325,
389,
14101
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
World War 1 Växjö and Småland, part 2
A man from Kristdala in the U.S. Army
Although Sweden by its neutrality never became directly involved in the fighting in the First World War was still Swedes who fought in the war. The largest group was probably the Swedish emigrants who emigrated to the United States and that more or less voluntarily joined the U.S. Army.
Among them was Carl Edward Carlsson 1891-1985 from Kristdala in Kalmar County. Carl Edward
emigrated in 1912 to America where he settled in the vicinity of Oneida, Illinois.
In April 1917 the United States declared war on Germany, and in December against Austria-Hungary.
In June 1917 Carl Edward was drafted along with many other young men.Just before
midsummer 1918, they were sent to Camp Grant near Rockford, Illinois.
The new Military Service Act in the U.S. in 1917 obliged even those who have begun the application process to become a citizen to stand at the army's disposal. Carl Edward became a U.S. citizen Aug. 1, 1918 while at Camp Grant. Not everyone in Rockford's neighborhood wanted to join the army in June 1917 120 Swedes were arrested in Rockford for conscientious objection.
Carl Edwards company were after a short time training went to New York and then on to Liverpool and from England by boat to Bordaux to join the rest of the American Expeditionary Force In France
Parts of Carl Edwards field equipment helmet, canteen, knapsack, etc.
The trip to the front in France was undertaken in cattle cars. Carl Edwards Companywere quartered in a farmhouse soon the the Spanish flu broke out and most of the men fell ill.Carl Edward and the few other healthy soldiers escaped the disease but were sent to the front to fill in the gaps after the armys losses .The fighting at the front was hard and after a week, there were only 76 men of 265 left in the company the rest were dead or wounded. Overall Carl Edward spend 4 times at the front the total days spend fighting was 28 . He served mainly in the 28th Infantry Division.
After the hard battles General Pershing called the division for his "Iron Division" .
Papers relating Carl Edwards time in the field and pictures of him in uniform.
After the Armistice in November 11th 1918 the U.S. troops to stayed another 6 months in France In n March 1919 Carl Edward and his company was located in Bagneux. The demobilization took place outside Le Mans and on May 1th the return journey by boat to Philadelphia began , The final demobilization. took place May 17 at Camp Dix, New Jersey
Below Carl Edward and his comrades in the 28th Infantry Division in Bagneux in March 1919
After his return from the war Carl Edward decided to visit his family in Sweden His passport application is dated October 8th 1919. December 6th he sailed from New York to Sweden.
He later returned to U.S A and stayed there until the early 1930 thies when he definitely returned to Sweden, where he married and had two daughters, He died in 1985.Towards the end of his life he wrote down his experiences in t World War 1.
Carl Edwards daughters have put their father's belongings to Kulturparken Småland s disposal for the exhibition. The picture below shows Carl Edward Carlsons daughters Irene Enoksson and Ingrid Kronvall along with the CEO of Kulturparken Småland Lennart Johansson.
|
<urn:uuid:6f20e19f-7892-4d72-8545-af9520ae885a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://anna-karinsgenealogicalblog.blogspot.com/2014/07/vaxjo-and-smaland-in-wold-war-1-part-2.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172831.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00490-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.984055
| 740
| 2.890625
| 3
|
[
10603,
1810,
352,
569,
11033,
87,
73,
9101,
290,
2439,
29090,
1044,
11,
636,
362,
198,
32,
582,
422,
14912,
67,
6081,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5407,
198,
7003,
10710,
416,
663,
20723,
1239,
2627,
3264,
2950,
287,
262,
4330,
287,
262,
3274,
2159,
1810,
373,
991,
7289,
274,
508,
8350,
287,
262,
1175,
13,
383,
4387,
1448,
373,
2192,
262,
14023,
795,
5663,
508,
795,
38769,
284,
262,
1578,
1829,
290,
326,
517,
393,
1342,
22295,
5399,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
5407,
13,
198,
14311,
606,
373,
8124,
10443,
8124,
16528,
1248,
6420,
12,
29110,
422,
14912,
67,
6081,
287,
12612,
3876,
3418,
13,
8124,
10443,
198,
368,
38769,
287,
34463,
284,
2253,
810,
339,
10282,
287,
262,
25980,
286,
1881,
3755,
11,
9486,
13,
198,
818,
3035,
24168,
262,
1578,
1829,
6875,
1175,
319,
4486,
11,
290,
287,
3426,
1028,
17322,
12,
39505,
560,
13,
198,
818,
2795,
24168,
8124,
10443,
373,
15937,
1863,
351,
867,
584,
1862,
1450,
13,
5703,
878,
198,
76,
2340,
31647,
25859,
11,
484,
547,
1908,
284,
5425,
12181,
1474,
4631,
3841,
11,
9486,
13,
198,
464,
649,
12842,
4809,
2191,
287,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
287,
24168,
23278,
772,
883,
508,
423,
9258,
262,
3586,
1429,
284,
1716,
257,
9511,
284,
1302,
379,
262,
5428,
338,
18264,
13,
8124,
10443,
2627,
257,
471,
13,
50,
13,
9511,
2447,
13,
352,
11,
25859,
981,
379,
5425,
12181,
13,
1892,
2506,
287,
4631,
3841,
338,
6232,
2227,
284,
4654,
262,
5428,
287,
2795,
24168,
7982,
7289
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Senior 4 — Stalactites
It is now Griffy's turn to hide! Unfortunately, he has strayed a bit too far and has found himself trapped in an ice cave (what are the odds?). Griffy was getting very lonely, so he decided to make friends with all the stalactites in there! The cave is by coincidence a perfect cube . The cube can be thought of as a series of coordinates, where the coordinates are in the range to . At each set of integer coordinates, one stalactite can be found. As an icebreaker, Griffy decides to count the sum of the lengths of all the stalactites inside a rectangular volume. The game gets harder though, as each stalactite can change in length. Given the changing conditions, help Griffy master this game. You can assume that no stalactite changes length while Griffy is counting the sum. Stalactites all start with the same length of . You can also assume that the length of a stalactite at any point will always be a non-negative integer less than or equal to .
Note: At least 30% of the test cases will have all the change length commands coming before the sum commands.
First line: , the size of the cubic cave.
Second line: , the number of events (changing stalactite length, or sum of prism).
The next Q lines are each in the form of:
The stalactite in the coordinate of has changed to a length of .
Find the sum of the stalactites in the rectangular prism bounded by the corners and .
One line, the sum of all of the sum queries.
2 5 C 1 1 2 5 C 1 2 2 5 C 2 1 2 5 S 1 1 1 2 2 2 S 1 1 2 1 1 2
Explanation for Sample Input
The answer to the first sum query is , and the answer to the second one is .
|
<urn:uuid:991bde09-ae82-4640-84c6-0bab137da78f>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-26
|
https://dmoj.ca/problem/gfssoc1s4
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000306.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626114215-20190626140215-00280.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916612
| 398
| 3.296875
| 3
|
[
31224,
604,
851,
520,
282,
529,
2737,
198,
1026,
318,
783,
12222,
88,
338,
1210,
284,
7808,
0,
8989,
11,
339,
468,
965,
16548,
257,
1643,
1165,
1290,
290,
468,
1043,
2241,
13640,
287,
281,
4771,
11527,
357,
10919,
389,
262,
10402,
29865,
12222,
88,
373,
1972,
845,
21757,
11,
523,
339,
3066,
284,
787,
2460,
351,
477,
262,
29049,
529,
2737,
287,
612,
0,
383,
11527,
318,
416,
21083,
257,
2818,
23441,
764,
383,
23441,
460,
307,
1807,
286,
355,
257,
2168,
286,
22715,
11,
810,
262,
22715,
389,
287,
262,
2837,
284,
764,
1629,
1123,
900,
286,
18253,
22715,
11,
530,
29049,
529,
578,
460,
307,
1043,
13,
1081,
281,
4771,
25766,
11,
12222,
88,
13267,
284,
954,
262,
2160,
286,
262,
20428,
286,
477,
262,
29049,
529,
2737,
2641,
257,
36954,
6115,
13,
383,
983,
3011,
7069,
996,
11,
355,
1123,
29049,
529,
578,
460,
1487,
287,
4129,
13,
11259,
262,
5609,
3403,
11,
1037,
12222,
88,
4958,
428,
983,
13,
921,
460,
7048,
326,
645,
29049,
529,
578,
2458,
4129,
981,
12222,
88,
318,
14143,
262,
2160,
13,
520,
282,
529,
2737,
477,
923,
351,
262,
976,
4129,
286,
764,
921,
460,
635,
7048,
326,
262,
4129,
286,
257,
29049,
529,
578,
379,
597,
966,
481,
1464,
307,
257,
1729,
12,
31591,
18253,
1342,
621,
393,
4961,
284,
764,
198,
6425,
25,
1629,
1551,
1542,
4,
286,
262,
1332,
2663,
481,
423,
477,
262,
1487,
4129,
9729,
2406,
878,
262,
2160,
9729,
13,
198,
5962,
1627,
25,
837,
262,
2546,
286,
262
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
For example, you may not know much about Philip William Otterbein, an important figure in our shared history. He is a founder of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, one of the predecessor denominations of our United Methodist Church.
Otterbein was a contemporary of the Wesleys and a friend of Asbury. He and the Church of the United Brethren in Christ ministered to German speakers in America at the same time the Methodist movement was growing among English speakers.
These 10 facts serve as a brief overview of Otterbein's life and ministry. They also highlight the connections between two historic church movements that nearly 200 years later would become part of The United Methodist Church.
1. He was born in Germany and later came to America.
On June 3, 1726, Philip William Otterbein was born to John Daniel and Henrietta Otterbein, in Dillenburg, Nassau, Germany. His father was a pastor and teacher.
After completing his education, Otterbein was ordained in the German Reformed Church. Three years later, he accepted an invitation to go to America, where the 26-year-old became the pastor of the German Reformed congregation in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Otterbein served German-speaking congregations throughout his life, but was conversant in English.
2. All of his siblings either became pastors or married pastors.
His mother Henrietta gave birth to ten children, three of whom died in infancy. Otterbein and all five of his surviving brothers became ministers, and their only sister married a pastor.
One of his brothers was also well known. George Godfrey Otterbein wrote several religious books, some of which Otterbein used in his churches in America.
3. He preferred the name William.
While his full name is Philip William Otterbein, his family called him by his middle name. As an adult, he signed his name William Otterbein.
4. His words inspired the name of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.
Otterbein attended a Mennonite meeting held in the barn of a man named Isaac Long in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. After hearing Martin Boehm's sermon, Otterbein approached the Mennonite preacher, shook his hand and said, "Wir sind Brüder" (We are brethren/brothers). From that time on, the two men shared a close working relationship.
When the groups Otterbein and Boehm were leading came together in 1800, they adopted the name United Brethren in Christ, inspired by Otterbein's greeting. Boehm and Otterbein served together as the first two superintendents the United Brethren in Christ.
5. Francis Asbury may have convinced Otterbein to move to Baltimore.
When invited to pastor the German Evangelical Reformed Church in Baltimore, Maryland, Otterbein initially declined. At the urging of the outgoing pastor Benedict Schwope, Francis Asbury wrote to the German pastor whom he had never met. Several months after Asbury's letter, Otterbein accepted the call.
Asbury knew Schwope and the German Evangelical Reformed Church in Baltimore well. The first Baltimore Methodist Society met at the church before building their own chapel on Lovely Lane.
6. Otterbein and Asbury sometimes held bilingual outreach events.
When Otterbein moved to Baltimore, he and Asbury became close friends. At times, the two leaders would bring together some of their preachers for bilingual evangelistic gatherings. The Methodists preached in English and the United Brethren in German.
7. Otterbein participated in the conference that formed the Methodist Episcopal Church.
On Christmas Eve 1784, the Methodist preachers in America met at Lovely Lane Chapel to begin a 10-day conference that would become known as the Christmas Conference. In addition to forming the Methodist Episcopal Church, another of the predecessor denominations of The United Methodist Church, Francis Asbury was ordained a deacon, an elder, and elected and consecrated a bishop on three consecutive days. At the invitation of Asbury, Otterbein participated in the ordination of his friend and colleague.
8. A Methodist assisted Otterbein when he ordained the first United Brethren Church preachers.
Similarly, when the United Brethren's Miami Conference (Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky) asked Otterbein to ordain more pastors, William Ryland, a Methodist Episcopal elder, assisted. On October 2, 1813, Otterbein laid hands on three men, the first ordained in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.
9. Methodists interrupted annual conference to memorialize Otterbein.
Philip William Otterbein died on November 17, 1813, just a few weeks after those ordinations. Several months later, a session of the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was adjourned to Otterbein's church where Francis Asbury led a memorial service for his friend. "Forty years have I known the retiring modesty of this man of God," Asbury wrote in his journal, "towering majestic above his fellows in learning, wisdom, and grace, yet seeking to be known only of God and the people of God."
Otterbein is buried on the site of the church he served for nearly 40 years, which was soon after renamed The Otterbein Church, and later became The Old Otterbein United Methodist Church.
10. Toward the end of his life, Otterbein destroyed his sermons and other papers.
Little of Otterbein's work survives today. Shortly before his death, he is said to have burned his sermons and other writings in a show of modesty.
His only known surviving sermon, "The Salvation-Bringing Incarnation and Glorious Victory of Jesus Christ over the Devil and Death," was preached in 1760 and published in 1763. The sermon was lost to history until 1962 when Arthur C. Core of United Theological Seminary found a reference to it In the Library of Congress.
Explore more stories and videos about the history of The United Methodist Church.
This story was published on May 15, 2018.
|
<urn:uuid:2f2b22bf-6bef-4595-9800-221e9788bdfa>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.umc.org/en/content/a-founding-brethren-facts-for-united-methodists-about-otterbein
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506559.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924023050-20230924053050-00584.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977222
| 1,299
| 3.015625
| 3
|
[
1890,
1672,
11,
345,
743,
407,
760,
881,
546,
14576,
3977,
19740,
353,
1350,
259,
11,
281,
1593,
3785,
287,
674,
4888,
2106,
13,
679,
318,
257,
9119,
286,
262,
4564,
286,
262,
1578,
3719,
25941,
287,
1951,
11,
530,
286,
262,
18476,
49735,
286,
674,
1578,
38029,
4564,
13,
198,
46,
83,
353,
1350,
259,
373,
257,
11811,
286,
262,
18622,
21325,
290,
257,
1545,
286,
1081,
10711,
13,
679,
290,
262,
4564,
286,
262,
1578,
3719,
25941,
287,
1951,
949,
23187,
284,
2679,
11636,
287,
2253,
379,
262,
976,
640,
262,
38029,
3356,
373,
3957,
1871,
3594,
11636,
13,
198,
4711,
838,
6419,
4691,
355,
257,
4506,
16700,
286,
19740,
353,
1350,
259,
338,
1204,
290,
11957,
13,
1119,
635,
7238,
262,
8787,
1022,
734,
9566,
4928,
8650,
326,
3016,
939,
812,
1568,
561,
1716,
636,
286,
383,
1578,
38029,
4564,
13,
198,
16,
13,
679,
373,
4642,
287,
4486,
290,
1568,
1625,
284,
2253,
13,
198,
2202,
2795,
513,
11,
1596,
2075,
11,
14576,
3977,
19740,
353,
1350,
259,
373,
4642,
284,
1757,
7806,
290,
44485,
15253,
19740,
353,
1350,
259,
11,
287,
44322,
37036,
11,
38742,
559,
11,
4486,
13,
2399,
2988,
373,
257,
22175,
290,
4701,
13,
198,
3260,
14339,
465,
3707,
11,
19740,
353,
1350,
259,
373,
36777,
287,
262,
2679,
797,
12214,
4564,
13,
7683,
812,
1568,
11,
339,
6292,
281,
17023,
284,
467,
284,
2253,
11,
810,
262,
2608,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
2627,
262,
22175,
286,
262,
2679,
797,
12214,
28862,
287,
38167,
11,
9589,
13,
19740
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Why Wood Smoke May not Be Good for You
Some people enjoy the scent of a wood fire. Still smoke is full of particulate matter and exotic trace chemicals. Two new studies led by University of California, Berkeley, researchers spotlight the human health effects of exposure to smoke from open fires and dirty cook stoves, the primary source of cooking and heating for 43 percent, or some 3 billion members, of the world's population. Women and young children in poverty are particularly vulnerable. In the first study, the researchers found a dramatic one-third reduction in severe pneumonia diagnoses among children in homes with smoke-reducing chimneys on their cook stoves. The second study uncovered a surprising link between prenatal maternal exposure to woodsmoke and poorer performance in markers for IQ among school-age children.
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted by-product of fires (including stoves, candles, oil lamps, and fireplaces). Smoke may be used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs.
Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is carbon monoxide leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, sometimes with the additive effects of hydrogen cyanide and phosgene. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness.
The findings on wood smoke pneumonia, the chief cause of death for children 5 and under, will be published in the journal The Lancet on Thursday (Nov. 10). While previous research has linked exposure to household cooking smoke to respiratory infections, the latest results come from the first-ever randomized controlled trial on air pollution.
"This study is critically important because it provides compelling evidence that reducing household woodsmoke exposure is a public health intervention that is likely on a par with vaccinations and nutrition supplements for reducing severe pneumonia, and is worth investing in," said Kirk Smith, professor of global environmental health at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health and principal investigator of the RESPIRE (Randomized Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Respiratory Effects) study.
In the RESPIRE study — which includes partners from Guatemala's Universidad Del Valle, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Liverpool, Norway's University of Bergen and the World Health Organization — researchers worked with rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Households with a pregnant woman or young infant were randomly assigned to either receive a wood stove with a chimney or to continue cooking with traditional open wood fires.
The researchers found that using chimneys to vent cooking smoke outside homes led to a striking decrease in cases of severe pneumonia compared with total pneumonia cases, possibly because the reduction in smoke with the chimney stoves was insufficient to significantly reduce all risk.
"The amount of smoke exposure babies were getting from the open woodfire stoves is comparable to having them smoke three to five cigarettes a day," said Smith, whose research in this field began 30 years ago. "The chimney stoves reduced that smoke exposure by half, on average."
In all there were 265 children in the chimney-stove homes and 253 children in the control homes. During the study, the researchers reported 149 children in the chimney-stove homes and 180 in the open-fire homes with physician-diagnosed pneumonia. For severe pneumonia, characterized by low blood oxygenation, there were 72 cases in the chimney-stove group and 101 in the control group.
In the second study, published online Sept. 24 in the journal NeuroToxicology, Smith led the research team that followed up with some of the families in the RESPIRE trial. That trial ended in 2005 when the infants were 18 months old. In 2010, when the children were 6-7 years old, the researchers recruited 39 mother-child pairs for the study.
The results found, for the first time, a link between exposure to wood smoke — as determined by carbon monoxide levels measured individually — during the third trimester of pregnancy and lower performance on neurodevelopmental tests at ages 6 and 7. Specifically, the researchers found impairments in visuo-spatial perception and integration, visual-motor memory, and fine motor skills.
"I was surprised because woodsmoke was always considered a risk for respiratory health, but not IQ," said study lead author Linda Dix-Cooper, who conducted the study for her master's thesis in UC Berkeley's Global Health and Environment graduate program.
Finding cleaner alternatives to traditional cookstoves has been an area of active research at UC Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for decades. Some current projects are part of the UC Berkeley-based Blum Center for Developing Economies. They include one led by Smith to replace unhealthy coal stoves in rural China through carbon offsets, and another led by Daniel Kammen, Class of 1935 Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC Berkeley, to develop cost-effective methods to disseminate improved cook stoves throughout Tanzania.
For further information: http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26663
|
<urn:uuid:6088af2f-b8ae-49bc-95a0-8844bc9d6765>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/43574/print
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465487.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00191-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94129
| 1,104
| 3.078125
| 3
|
[
5195,
5326,
25416,
1737,
407,
1355,
4599,
329,
921,
198,
4366,
661,
2883,
262,
21212,
286,
257,
4898,
2046,
13,
7831,
7523,
318,
1336,
286,
1344,
5039,
2300,
290,
21036,
12854,
12910,
13,
4930,
649,
3640,
2957,
416,
2059,
286,
3442,
11,
14727,
11,
4837,
17838,
262,
1692,
1535,
3048,
286,
7111,
284,
7523,
422,
1280,
12252,
290,
11841,
4255,
336,
5241,
11,
262,
4165,
2723,
286,
10801,
290,
16930,
329,
5946,
1411,
11,
393,
617,
513,
2997,
1866,
11,
286,
262,
995,
338,
3265,
13,
6926,
290,
1862,
1751,
287,
8098,
389,
3573,
8826,
13,
554,
262,
717,
2050,
11,
262,
4837,
1043,
257,
10092,
530,
12,
17089,
7741,
287,
6049,
35647,
40567,
1871,
1751,
287,
5682,
351,
7523,
12,
445,
25648,
18205,
20141,
319,
511,
4255,
336,
5241,
13,
383,
1218,
2050,
18838,
257,
6452,
2792,
1022,
43228,
22160,
7111,
284,
4898,
5796,
2088,
290,
26647,
2854,
287,
19736,
329,
18248,
1871,
1524,
12,
496,
1751,
13,
198,
7556,
2088,
318,
257,
4947,
286,
32726,
4735,
290,
8122,
1344,
15968,
290,
21678,
31234,
618,
257,
2587,
17777,
274,
33607,
393,
12972,
305,
306,
13429,
11,
1978,
351,
262,
12040,
286,
1633,
326,
318,
920,
13363,
393,
4306,
7668,
656,
262,
2347,
13,
632,
318,
8811,
281,
19125,
416,
12,
11167,
286,
12252,
357,
8201,
336,
5241,
11,
32268,
11,
3056,
32209,
11,
290,
2046,
23625,
737,
25416,
743,
307,
973,
287,
25797,
11,
618,
753,
1072,
11,
35021,
11,
393,
36536,
318,
11544,
284,
4439,
257,
8508,
329,
8557,
4959,
13,
25416,
318,
3360
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
(PhysOrg.com) -- Mark Gordon recently held up a small vial containing three liquids layered one on top of another. That middle layer, the brownish one, is an ionic liquid, Gordon explained.
And that kind of liquid could be a solution to the U.S. Air Force's quest for a next generation rocket fuel that packs a lot of energy but is better for the environment and easier on the federal checkbook.
Gordon, Iowa State University's Frances M. Craig Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and director of the Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences program for the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory, has been working as part of an Air Force research collaboration for more than a decade to come up with ideas for a new and better rocket fuel. Spencer Pruitt and Toni Smith, Iowa State doctoral students in chemistry, are also working on the project.
Total support for Gordon's rocket fuel work has been more than $1 million: The Air Force Office of Scientific Research has supported Gordon's work with grants of about $70,000 per year. The U.S. Department of Defense is also supporting the work with grants of supercomputing time. The defense department has also provided $250,000 for a computer cluster featuring high-speed graphical processing units. Gordon's Craig Chair at Iowa State also provided support for the computer cluster.
Gordon's work has focused on the project's basic, theoretical side. He's developing and modeling new ideas in chemistry that have potential as a rocket fuel.
"One thing that people like me do is take normal molecules and arrange them in more high-energy, less-stable materials," Gordon said. "And then we have to figure out how to make something like that so it's not explosive. We want rocket fuels, not explosives."
The early days of the project focused on developing solid hydrogen fuels augmented with light materials such as boron to boost the fuel's energy content. While these new materials worked in theory, Gordon said they weren't always stable enough to work in practice.
The project's current focus is to study ionic liquids as a potential rocket fuel. Ionic liquids are salts that can melt down to liquids at room temperatures. They're composed entirely of ions, atoms that carry electrical charges because they've lost or gained one or more electrons. The positively and negatively charged atoms and molecules within the ionic liquids can be changed, creating a range of materials with adjustable properties.
Gordon says he's optimistic that ionic liquids might work as a rocket fuel.
First, they're not new materials and have already demonstrated a range of properties. Second, they're generally non-toxic and can be designed to minimize pollutants. Third, they can be designed to contain very high energy.
And, Gordon said, there could be potential to build an ionic liquid that can ignite by chemical reaction rather than an ignition mechanism. That, he said, would be the "holy grail" of the project because it makes rocket engines much easier to control.
"We think we can figure this out," Gordon said. "We need to optimize all the properties we're looking for. But some of those properties are in opposition to each other – to optimize one you minimize another – so the challenge is to balance all of this."
Provided by Iowa State University
Explore further: Environmentally friendly rockets
|
<urn:uuid:bf4860b3-8e98-4490-b22a-8aa074d5dcb6>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-48
|
http://phys.org/news/2008-12-chemists-cleaner-cheaper-rocket-fuel.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00302-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956985
| 688
| 2.71875
| 3
|
[
7,
43215,
46808,
13,
785,
8,
1377,
2940,
11646,
2904,
2714,
510,
257,
1402,
410,
498,
7268,
1115,
38236,
37748,
530,
319,
1353,
286,
1194,
13,
1320,
3504,
7679,
11,
262,
7586,
680,
530,
11,
318,
281,
22088,
291,
8122,
11,
11646,
4893,
13,
198,
1870,
326,
1611,
286,
8122,
714,
307,
257,
4610,
284,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
3701,
5221,
338,
1235,
329,
257,
1306,
5270,
10701,
5252,
326,
15186,
257,
1256,
286,
2568,
475,
318,
1365,
329,
262,
2858,
290,
4577,
319,
262,
2717,
2198,
2070,
13,
198,
47073,
11,
9406,
1812,
2059,
338,
27025,
337,
13,
13854,
4307,
46709,
8129,
286,
27867,
290,
3437,
286,
262,
27684,
39448,
290,
22476,
864,
13473,
1430,
329,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
6682,
338,
46843,
18643,
11,
468,
587,
1762,
355,
636,
286,
281,
3701,
5221,
2267,
12438,
329,
517,
621,
257,
5707,
284,
1282,
510,
351,
4213,
329,
257,
649,
290,
1365,
10701,
5252,
13,
15971,
39637,
290,
309,
14651,
4176,
11,
9406,
1812,
40995,
2444,
287,
16585,
11,
389,
635,
1762,
319,
262,
1628,
13,
198,
14957,
1104,
329,
11646,
338,
10701,
5252,
670,
468,
587,
517,
621,
720,
16,
1510,
25,
383,
3701,
5221,
4452,
286,
22060,
4992,
468,
4855,
11646,
338,
670,
351,
11455,
286,
546,
720,
2154,
11,
830,
583,
614,
13,
383,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2732,
286,
5947,
318,
635,
6493,
262,
670,
351,
11455,
286,
2208,
785,
48074,
640,
13,
383,
3761,
5011,
468,
635,
2810,
720,
9031,
11,
830,
329,
257,
3644,
13946,
9593
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Dog Breed Calendars
Total Items: 1
Stock: High to Low
Price: Low to High
Price: High to Low
Greyhound Wall Calendar 2019 by Avonside
Greyhounds are an ancient breed of dog and have been around since at least 2900 B.C. They have an aristocratic air and were, in fact, bred as English hunting dogs for British aristocracy. A greyhound will naturally pursue hare, but have been known to hunt deer and fox throughout history. The Spanish explorers brought the greyhound to the New World in the 1500s and it was one of the first breeds ever to be shown in American dog shows. The breed has been used for racing, but has made a transition to primarily a family pet. Greyhound’s make great companions as they enjoy people and other dogs. They require room to run around to maintain their athletic physique. This breed of hound comes in a wide range of colors including red, black and fawn and also these colors mixed with white. Greyhounds are naturally lean and can weigh from 60 to 70 pounds. You will enjoy magnificent photos of greyhounds with our full color
which display this aristocratic breed at their finest at home or work.
In The News
Sign up for newsletter and receive 20% off your next order!
|
<urn:uuid:2691dab5-f3c6-4628-990f-661dc2af1949>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-09
|
https://www.megacalendars.com/greyhound-calendars.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249490870.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223061816-20190223083816-00492.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945231
| 269
| 2.53125
| 3
|
[
32942,
45958,
2199,
44942,
198,
14957,
17230,
25,
352,
198,
26207,
25,
3334,
284,
7754,
198,
18124,
25,
7754,
284,
3334,
198,
18124,
25,
3334,
284,
7754,
198,
49141,
39047,
5007,
26506,
13130,
416,
5184,
684,
485,
198,
49141,
71,
3733,
389,
281,
6156,
15939,
286,
3290,
290,
423,
587,
1088,
1201,
379,
1551,
2808,
405,
347,
13,
34,
13,
1119,
423,
281,
28631,
15405,
1633,
290,
547,
11,
287,
1109,
11,
33592,
355,
3594,
10988,
6844,
329,
3517,
50025,
13,
317,
13791,
39047,
481,
8752,
10660,
387,
260,
11,
475,
423,
587,
1900,
284,
12601,
20096,
290,
21831,
3690,
2106,
13,
383,
7897,
45531,
3181,
262,
13791,
39047,
284,
262,
968,
2159,
287,
262,
20007,
82,
290,
340,
373,
530,
286,
262,
717,
29580,
1683,
284,
307,
3402,
287,
1605,
3290,
2523,
13,
383,
15939,
468,
587,
973,
329,
11717,
11,
475,
468,
925,
257,
6801,
284,
7525,
257,
1641,
4273,
13,
13980,
39047,
447,
247,
82,
787,
1049,
19429,
355,
484,
2883,
661,
290,
584,
6844,
13,
1119,
2421,
2119,
284,
1057,
1088,
284,
5529,
511,
15177,
48226,
13,
770,
15939,
286,
289,
633,
2058,
287,
257,
3094,
2837,
286,
7577,
1390,
2266,
11,
2042,
290,
277,
3832,
290,
635,
777,
7577,
7668,
351,
2330,
13,
13980,
71,
3733,
389,
8752,
10904,
290,
460,
10164,
422,
3126,
284,
4317,
8059,
13,
921,
481,
2883,
25023,
5205,
286,
13791,
71,
3733,
351,
674,
1336,
3124,
198,
4758,
3359,
428,
28631,
15405,
15939,
379,
511,
18822,
379,
1363,
393,
670,
13,
198,
818,
383,
3000,
198
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
18/09/2007 - More widespread university education means more prosperous economies and provides rich rewards in the labour market for those who graduate. Furthermore, the job prospects for the less well qualified do not appear to be damaged by the expansion of higher education and may even be improved, according to the latest edition of the OECD’s annual Education at a Glance.
In all countries with comparative data, university graduates earn more money and find jobs more easily than people who have not had a university education, and these advantages have grown further over recent years in many countries. However, fears of a crowding-out effect, whereby more graduates would mean more unemployment at the lower end of the scale, appear not to be justified.
A compendium of international education indicators providing measures of quality, quantity, equity and efficiency of education systems, Education at a Glance provides governments and education specialists with internationally comparable data as a basis for policy debate and decisions. Among other things, this year’s edition shows that:
Looking ahead, financing the expansion of higher education will be an issue for many countries. Spending per student has already begun to decline in some, as enrolments rise faster than overall spending on higher education. Innovative financing and student support policies that mobilize extra public and private funding will be part of the answer, and many countries are moving successfully in this direction, in some cases without creating barriers for student participation.
The Nordic countries, for example, have achieved high levels of participation in higher education while relying mainly on public spending, including support both of institutions and of students and households. Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and the U.K. have expanded participation in higher education by relying more on the financial contributions of students and households.
In contrast, many Continental European countries are not investing more public money in their universities nor are universities allowed to charge tuition fees, with the result that the European average for spending per higher education student is now well below half that of the U.S.
Education at a Glance 2007 is available to journalists on the OECD's password-protected website. For further information, journalists are invited to contact the OECD's Media Division (tel. + 33 1 45 24 97 00).
Education at a Glance 2007 can be purchased on paper through the OECD’s Online Bookshop. Subscribers and readers at subscribing institutions can access the online version via SourceOECD.
Further information on Education at a Glance 2007 can be found at http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag2007. The website offers: a free PDF of the publication; a complete database and country briefing notes on Austria, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
|
<urn:uuid:1efae92d-fa62-4b7b-b900-b7b7cd518e53>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/expandinghighereducationcanboostjobchancesforearlyschool-leaverstoo.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860776.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618183714-20180618203714-00321.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937168
| 565
| 2.609375
| 3
|
[
1507,
14,
2931,
14,
12726,
532,
3125,
10095,
6403,
3707,
1724,
517,
32757,
16533,
290,
3769,
5527,
11530,
287,
262,
10515,
1910,
329,
883,
508,
10428,
13,
11399,
11,
262,
1693,
13285,
329,
262,
1342,
880,
10617,
466,
407,
1656,
284,
307,
9694,
416,
262,
7118,
286,
2440,
3707,
290,
743,
772,
307,
6596,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
3452,
8313,
286,
262,
33802,
447,
247,
82,
5079,
7868,
379,
257,
2671,
590,
13,
198,
818,
477,
2678,
351,
29270,
1366,
11,
6403,
19087,
5160,
517,
1637,
290,
1064,
3946,
517,
3538,
621,
661,
508,
423,
407,
550,
257,
6403,
3707,
11,
290,
777,
13391,
423,
7334,
2252,
625,
2274,
812,
287,
867,
2678,
13,
2102,
11,
10251,
286,
257,
4315,
278,
12,
448,
1245,
11,
23482,
517,
19087,
561,
1612,
517,
10681,
379,
262,
2793,
886,
286,
262,
5046,
11,
1656,
407,
284,
307,
14460,
13,
198,
32,
552,
49811,
286,
3230,
3707,
21337,
4955,
5260,
286,
3081,
11,
12040,
11,
13598,
290,
9332,
286,
3707,
3341,
11,
7868,
379,
257,
2671,
590,
3769,
6905,
290,
3707,
22447,
351,
19765,
13975,
1366,
355,
257,
4308,
329,
2450,
4384,
290,
5370,
13,
9754,
584,
1243,
11,
428,
614,
447,
247,
82,
8313,
2523,
326,
25,
198,
15784,
4058,
11,
15435,
262,
7118,
286,
2440,
3707,
481,
307,
281,
2071,
329,
867,
2678,
13,
43902,
583,
3710,
468,
1541,
9258,
284,
7794,
287,
617,
11,
355,
34311,
902,
4485,
5443,
621,
4045,
4581,
319,
2440,
3707,
13,
43405,
876,
15435,
290,
3710,
1104,
4788,
326,
43494,
3131,
1171
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
This chapter covers method for finding the pronunciation of a word. This is either by a lexicon (a large list of words and their pronunciations) or by some method of letter to sound rules.
A pronunciation in Festival requires not just a list of phones but also a syllabic structure. In some languages the syllabic structure is very simple and well defined and can be unambiguously derived from a phone string. In English however this may not always be the case (compound nouns being the difficult case).
The lexicon structure that is basically available in Festival takes both a word and a part of speech (and arbitrary token) to find the given pronunciation. For English this is probably the optimal form, although there exist homographs in the language, the word itself and a fairly broad part of speech tag will mostly identify the proper pronunciation.
Not that in addition to explicit marking of syllables a stress value is also given (0 or 1). In some languages lexical is fully predictable, in others highly irregular. In some this field may be more appropriately used for an other purpose, e.g. tone type in Chinese.
(((f @ ) 0) ((t o g) 1) ((r @ f) 0) ((ii) 0)))
There may be other languages which require a more complex (less complex) format and the decision to use some other format rather than this one is up to you.
Currently there is only residual support for morphological analysis in Festival. A finite state transducer based analyzer for English based on the work in [ritchie92] is included in festival/lib/engmorph.scm and festival/lib/engmorphsyn.scm. But this should be considered experimental at best. Give the lack of such an analyzer our lexicons need to list not only based forms of words but also all their morphological variants. This is (more or less) acceptable in languages such as English or French but which languages with richer morphology such as German it may seem an unnecessary requirement. Agglutenative languages such as Finnish and Turkish this appears to be even more a restriction. This is probably true but this current restriction not necessary hopeless. We have successfully build very good letter-to-sound rules for German, a language with a rich morphology which allows the system to properly predict pronunciations of morphological variants of root words it has not seen before. We have not yet done any experiments with Finnish or Turkish but see this technique would work, (though of course developing a properly morphological analyzer would be better).
|
<urn:uuid:501d6135-fdf7-4080-9633-82e490bbb200>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://festvox.org/festvox/c1381.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867885.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625131117-20180625151117-00438.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949347
| 528
| 3.609375
| 4
|
[
1212,
6843,
8698,
2446,
329,
4917,
262,
41694,
286,
257,
1573,
13,
770,
318,
2035,
416,
257,
31191,
4749,
357,
64,
1588,
1351,
286,
2456,
290,
511,
9668,
49652,
602,
8,
393,
416,
617,
2446,
286,
3850,
284,
2128,
3173,
13,
198,
32,
41694,
287,
11117,
4433,
407,
655,
257,
1351,
286,
9512,
475,
635,
257,
27226,
397,
291,
4645,
13,
554,
617,
8950,
262,
27226,
397,
291,
4645,
318,
845,
2829,
290,
880,
5447,
290,
460,
307,
42053,
328,
24987,
10944,
422,
257,
3072,
4731,
13,
554,
3594,
2158,
428,
743,
407,
1464,
307,
262,
1339,
357,
5589,
633,
23227,
82,
852,
262,
2408,
1339,
737,
198,
464,
31191,
4749,
4645,
326,
318,
6209,
1695,
287,
11117,
2753,
1111,
257,
1573,
290,
257,
636,
286,
4046,
357,
392,
14977,
11241,
8,
284,
1064,
262,
1813,
41694,
13,
1114,
3594,
428,
318,
2192,
262,
16586,
1296,
11,
3584,
612,
2152,
3488,
33492,
287,
262,
3303,
11,
262,
1573,
2346,
290,
257,
6547,
3154,
636,
286,
4046,
7621,
481,
4632,
5911,
262,
1774,
41694,
13,
198,
3673,
326,
287,
3090,
284,
7952,
18730,
286,
27226,
2977,
257,
5503,
1988,
318,
635,
1813,
357,
15,
393,
352,
737,
554,
617,
8950,
31191,
605,
318,
3938,
20039,
11,
287,
1854,
4047,
21388,
13,
554,
617,
428,
2214,
743,
307,
517,
20431,
973,
329,
281,
584,
4007,
11,
304,
13,
70,
13,
8216,
2099,
287,
3999,
13,
198,
19510,
7,
69,
2488,
1267,
657,
8,
14808,
83,
267,
308,
8,
352,
8,
14808,
81,
2488,
277,
8,
657,
8,
14808
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Getting kids into the car and buckled in can be a hassle in and of itself, and once the little ones figure out how to unbuckle their own seat belts then there is one more thing to look out for. It doesn’t help that the button used to unbuckle belts is usually bright red; big red buttons and kids do not mix well.
To combat this, children have to know the importance of seat belts and adults have to know whether or not children are secured in their seats at all times. This is much easier said than done, of course, but using the right kind of encouragement over time will result in children growing up with good seat belt habits that will keep them safe as teenagers and adults.
Part 1 of 2: Before you get into the car
Step 1: Make sure kids know about seat belts. It’s your job to make sure they know that seat belts are there to keep them safe and in their seats in the event of an accident.
Don’t scare them into using their seat belts by making it sound like car accidents happen extremely frequently, since that may create issues in the future, but gently inform them of the purpose and importance of a seat belt.
Step 2: Make sure kids know how to buckle and unbuckle their seat belts. In most cases, this makes kids feel more responsible and more in control when buckled in.
If kids are not allowed to unbuckle themselves, they may start unbuckling themselves as a game or just for attention from a parent or guardian.
They will figure out how to use the seat belt pretty quickly just by watching you, so teaching them how to buckle and unbuckle a seat belt doesn’t change much except their attitudes towards car safety.
Step 3: Be an example and show the importance of the seat belt. Always buckle your seat belt right when you get into the car.
Children are extremely observant and will notice this behavior. Make sure all adult passengers use their seatbelts at all times when the car is moving, as consistency is the key to forming good habits.
Part 2 of 2: When you’re in the car
Step 1: Use positive reinforcement. This will make buckling and unbuckling the seat belt an important part of your child’s routine.
Consistency is key here, which is simple if you are accustomed to practicing good seatbelt etiquette yourself. Before you set off, ask everyone in the car if they’ve buckled their seat belts. This includes adult passengers in the car.
Once your child is comfortable with this routine, you can start having them ask everyone in the car if they are buckled up before setting off.
Step 2: Tell your child when to unbuckle their seat belt. If your child unbuckles the seatbelt too early, have them buckle up again before you tell them it's safe to unbuckle.
Then you can get out of the vehicle; this helps make it a habit. Consistently use positive reinforcement when your child waits for your cue to unbuckle their seatbelt and get out of the car.
Step 3: Be as observant as possible. If your child is routinely unbuckling their seatbelt while the car is in motion, normal amounts of supervision may not catch it.
Whenever the car is stopped, check the rearview mirror to see if the child is safely restrained in their seat. If a passenger can turn around and check instead, that is optimal.
By being vigilant with your child and consistent with your own behavior, you can help ensure your child’s safety each and every time you go for a drive. Making car safety into a fun game also teaches children to be responsible and shows that they are being trusted to be safe in the car, rather than being forced to stay buckled in against their will. These good habits will follow your child through their teens and into adulthood, so patience and consistency go a very long way. Have one of YourMechanic’s certified professionals perform an inspection if you notice your seat shaking.
|
<urn:uuid:4a0e1fe8-dc72-42be-9af8-2951c0897392>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://www.yourmechanic.com/article/how-to-keep-a-child-from-unlocking-seat-belts-by-ian-swan
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737319.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808080642-20200808110642-00596.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963535
| 835
| 3.359375
| 3
|
[
20570,
3988,
656,
262,
1097,
290,
10230,
992,
287,
460,
307,
257,
32721,
287,
290,
286,
2346,
11,
290,
1752,
262,
1310,
3392,
3785,
503,
703,
284,
22619,
29687,
511,
898,
5852,
28617,
788,
612,
318,
530,
517,
1517,
284,
804,
503,
329,
13,
632,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
1037,
326,
262,
4936,
973,
284,
22619,
29687,
28617,
318,
3221,
6016,
2266,
26,
1263,
2266,
12163,
290,
3988,
466,
407,
5022,
880,
13,
198,
2514,
5249,
428,
11,
1751,
423,
284,
760,
262,
6817,
286,
5852,
28617,
290,
6490,
423,
284,
760,
1771,
393,
407,
1751,
389,
13659,
287,
511,
8632,
379,
477,
1661,
13,
770,
318,
881,
4577,
531,
621,
1760,
11,
286,
1781,
11,
475,
1262,
262,
826,
1611,
286,
27529,
625,
640,
481,
1255,
287,
1751,
3957,
510,
351,
922,
5852,
10999,
13870,
326,
481,
1394,
606,
3338,
355,
17366,
290,
6490,
13,
198,
7841,
352,
286,
362,
25,
7413,
345,
651,
656,
262,
1097,
198,
8600,
352,
25,
6889,
1654,
3988,
760,
546,
5852,
28617,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
534,
1693,
284,
787,
1654,
484,
760,
326,
5852,
28617,
389,
612,
284,
1394,
606,
3338,
290,
287,
511,
8632,
287,
262,
1785,
286,
281,
5778,
13,
198,
3987,
447,
247,
83,
19437,
606,
656,
1262,
511,
5852,
28617,
416,
1642,
340,
2128,
588,
1097,
17390,
1645,
4457,
6777,
11,
1201,
326,
743,
2251,
2428,
287,
262,
2003,
11,
475,
15165,
4175,
606,
286,
262,
4007,
290,
6817,
286,
257,
5852,
10999,
13,
198,
8600,
362,
25,
6889,
1654,
3988,
760,
703
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Laser-Based Alignment System Posted in: AR700 Laser Displacement Sensor – Tags: Academia University and Government Research
The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University used a laser sensor in a system to measure the alignment of detectors. A full presentation of the project can be accessed from their website.
Although now discontinued and replaced by the AR700 laser displacement sensor, Michigan State selected the AR600-6 with a 150 mm measurement range. The laser has a 5mW visible laser spot and has excellent sensitivity for measuring to shiny targets. The sensor was mounted to dual rotational stages to allow two degrees of freedom. Their system swept the laser spot across the target surface to create polar coordinates for a 3D profile.
Graduate students developed software to control the laser, scan edges with specified step sizes. Output is distance, theta’, and phi’; convert laser coordinates to spherical coordinates; correct position for off axis rotation; and combine different reference systems; convert positions to final lab reference frame of choice. For each 0.01° step in angle, the position resolution was ~0.2mm.
AR700 Laser Displacement Sensor
The AR700 laser displacement sensor is Acuity’s top of the line, most precise, laser triangulation sensor. The AR700 series contains models with measurement ranges from 0.125 inches up to 50 inches and resolutions as low as one-sixth of a micron. With sampling speeds up to 9.4kHz and linearity to within 0.03% of the measurement range, the AR700 is a versatile sensor for many challenging applications.
|
<urn:uuid:ccdc2341-12e2-4851-a1d7-e43bc2ea3314>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.acuitylaser.com/laser-sensors/case-studies/ar700-laser-displacement-sensor/laser-based-alignment-system/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00792.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.869773
| 340
| 2.78125
| 3
|
[
43,
6005,
12,
15001,
978,
16747,
4482,
12918,
287,
25,
5923,
9879,
23222,
3167,
489,
5592,
35367,
784,
44789,
25,
7116,
22859,
2059,
290,
5070,
4992,
198,
464,
2351,
3115,
36495,
278,
28007,
313,
1313,
18643,
379,
7055,
1812,
2059,
973,
257,
12855,
12694,
287,
257,
1080,
284,
3953,
262,
19114,
286,
40471,
13,
317,
1336,
10470,
286,
262,
1628,
460,
307,
17535,
422,
511,
3052,
13,
198,
7003,
783,
31349,
290,
6928,
416,
262,
5923,
9879,
12855,
29358,
12694,
11,
7055,
1812,
6163,
262,
5923,
8054,
12,
21,
351,
257,
6640,
8085,
15558,
2837,
13,
383,
12855,
468,
257,
642,
76,
54,
7424,
12855,
4136,
290,
468,
6275,
14233,
329,
15964,
284,
22441,
6670,
13,
383,
12694,
373,
12623,
284,
10668,
5724,
864,
9539,
284,
1249,
734,
7370,
286,
4925,
13,
5334,
1080,
17676,
262,
12855,
4136,
1973,
262,
2496,
4417,
284,
2251,
13559,
22715,
329,
257,
513,
35,
7034,
13,
198,
42731,
4985,
2444,
4166,
3788,
284,
1630,
262,
12855,
11,
9367,
13015,
351,
7368,
2239,
10620,
13,
25235,
318,
5253,
11,
262,
8326,
447,
247,
11,
290,
872,
72,
447,
247,
26,
10385,
12855,
22715,
284,
43180,
22715,
26,
3376,
2292,
329,
572,
16488,
13179,
26,
290,
12082,
1180,
4941,
3341,
26,
10385,
6116,
284,
2457,
2248,
4941,
5739,
286,
3572,
13,
1114,
1123,
657,
13,
486,
7200,
2239,
287,
9848,
11,
262,
2292,
6323,
373,
5299,
15,
13,
17,
3020,
13,
198,
1503,
9879,
23222,
3167,
489,
5592,
35367,
198,
464,
5923,
9879,
12855,
29358,
12694,
318,
4013,
14834,
447,
247,
82
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
As published in the Murfreesboro Post, Ken Beck, April 3, 2011
The most famous soldier of World War I, Tennessee born and bred Sgt. Alvin C. York, was a reluctant fighter and a humble hero. Yet most Volunteer State residents might be surprised to know his most personal legacy was a commitment to education.
And while the school he built in Jamestown, Tenn., York Institute, has been saved from demolition, the struggle to preserve and restore the structure remains an uphill battle.
Rev. George Edward York, the 87-year-old son of Sgt. York, will speak at 2 p.m. April 10 to the Mt. Juliet-West Wilson County Historical Society. He will discuss how his father’s legacy is being preserved.
“On Oct. 8, 1918, Corporal Alvin Cullum York and 16 other men under the command of Sergeants Harry Parsons and Bernard Early were dispatched to capture the Decauville railroad near Chatel-Chehery in the Meuse-Argonne. After a brief firefight (nine Americans died in the melee) the confused Germans surrendered to what they believed to be a superior force,” said Michael E. Birdwell, an associate professor of history at Tennessee Tech in Cookeville and the archivist of Alvin C. York’s papers.
“In all 132 Germans were captured and delivered to U.S. Army headquarters by the seven survivors led by Corporal York. The army singled out York as the hero of World War I and presented him with the Congressional Medal of Honor. Upon his return to the United States, York found himself being wooed by Hollywood, Broadway and various sponsors who clamored for his endorsement. York turned his back on quick and certain fortune in 1919 and went home to Tennessee to resume private life and pursue a dream that consumed the rest of his life.”
That vision was York Institute, and from 1925 to 1979, the school educated the youth of his home area of the Cumberland Plateau.
“Out of seven children that were raised to adulthood in my family, three of us, myself, my sister, Betsy Ross, and my brother, Andrew Jackson, received our diplomas from York Institute,” Rev. York said during a recent phone interview from his home in Pall Mall.
“We were raised in a very humble home and taught that the most important thing in life was love for God and of people and helping people, and that is one thing my dad did all of his life, helped other people. He was a very unselfish person.”
Instead of capitalizing on his military accomplishments, York, who only had a third-grade education, sought to build a school for his neighbors as he knew that a good education meant a brighter future.
“When I went out into that big outside world I realized how uneducated I was and what a terrible handicap it was. I was called to lead my people toward a sensible modern education,” York wrote. “For years I have been planning and fighting to build the school. And it has been a terrible fight. A much more terrible fight than the one that I fought in the war. And so I head into the frontline and fight another fight. And I can’t use the old rifle or Colt automatic this time. And it has been a long hard fight.”
“His vision was not limited to the education of children from the remote Cumberland plateau region,” said Birdwell. “He wanted to include interested adults as well. He set a tremendous example, for he reminded them when he spoke, of his own former limitations, but that by reading, thinking and asking questions, he broadened his own understanding of the world.”
In 1925, the farmer-soldier-national hero used $12,000 he raised during speaking tours and bought 400 acres, including the local Poor House, where students were housed and classes were held while the new building was being constructed on a site one mile north of Jamestown near the recently constructed Highway 127.
On Sunday Jan. 16, 1927, the Nashville Banner announced the launching of a $100,000 fund-raising effort to insure York Institute’s completion. Supported by the recently organized American Legion, each post promised that it would deliver one dollar per member.
After a series of legal challenges, York opened the new school in the fall of 1929, which coincided with the onset of the Great Depression. In 1931 the state ended all appropriations for bus transportation, effectively crippling the struggling Institute. When York went before the county court and asked for help, the court refused. This forced York to secure a mortgage on his farm so the school could hire drivers, buy buses and even pay teachers’ salaries, and it was an act of desperation he took again in 1935, which exemplified his devotion to the school.
Sgt. York presided over every graduation ceremony until his stroke in 1953, but continued to make regular visits to the school up into the late 1950s, until he grew too frail. When the building was replaced with a more modern facility, neglect took a serious toll on the venerable structure.
“The foundation he helped dig and walls he helped build remained solid, though bricks were falling from its façade,” Birdwell commented, observing that “glass remained in few windows, and birds nested in the building’s rafters. The building which should have been a monument to that achievement, sat as a derelict shell of what it should be.”
The York Agricultural Institute building, which was slated for demolition in 2008 by the state, was the subject of numerous news stories throughout the country and several emotion-filled public hearings on Capitol Hill in Nashville.
After months of struggle, the State of Tennessee agreed to turn over the building to the Sgt. York Patriotic Foundation, a 501c3 organization formed 15 years ago by descendants of Sgt. York, including his three surviving children, and many devotees of the reluctant young World War I soldier from Pall Mall, Tenn., whose resolve in battle brought him world-wide recognition.
More than $1 million has been
Continued page 20
spent to save the building, but $4 million to $5 million is the goal for returning the structure to an educational facility, as Sgt. York wanted, said Claudia Johnson, executive director of the Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation (SYPF).
“The Board agreed that the future of the historic building will best honor the educational legacy of Sgt. York if it becomes a multi-use educational facility available to meet a variety of community needs,” Johnson said.
Those needs include classrooms and laboratories, a WWI research center to serve scholars and students throughout the world and corporate headquarters for the Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation. The SYPF is currently seeking proposals from qualified engineering or architectural firms experienced in historic preservation projects.
“If each veteran’s organization would commit $1 per member at this time, the building could be saved, and my father’s legacy would live on for the continued education of future generations of young people,” noted Rev. York.
Rev. York served in the U.S. Army during World War II. An ordained minister of the Nazarene church, he was pastor at Fatherland Street Church of the Nazarene in Nashville from 1957 to 1976. For 20 years he was employed by the State of Tennessee’s Human Services Division as a caseworker for abused and neglected children.
“We are inviting any member of the public who is interested in the story of Sgt. York to join our membership for this special meeting,” said Pat Everette, president of the Mt. Juliet-West Wilson County Historical Society, which is in the midst of its 30th year.
One of the reasons that Everette contacted Rev. York was because of the stories she heard about Sgt. York from her mother while growing up in Nashville.
“I learned about Alvin York and what he was famous for,” said Everette. “I had visited the museum in Jamestown a couple of times and was absolutely fascinated with the York history. I’ve been to the house and the gristmill, and the last time I went up there, we went to his gravesite.”
Rev. York will address the American Legion statewide convention in Nashville near the end of June and recently returned from Kansas City where he spoke at a tribute to Frank Buckles, the last WWI surviving veteran, who died Feb. 27 at the age of 110.
Born in 1923, George York grew up in the country with a big family and lots of relatives. He recalls that the family table was often surrounded at mealtime by strangers from far and wide.
“We had a table that seated 10, and it never was the one table, but two or three tables. People would drop by, relatives, men from New York. Dad said, ‘Come in and have dinner with us.’ It was just country grub: pinto beans and corn bread and potatoes, but we fed a lot of people. It was just like country junction at our house, night and day,” reminisced York, who lives in a log cabin overlooking the farm.
“My dad never talked to the family about any of his business. I learned about what my dad did through my mother. If he was ever worried about anything, you never knew it. I never knew about him mortgaging the farm to pay the teachers at York Institute until my mother told me all about it. He always kept his business to himself. He had a lot of problems along the way financially, but he didn’t want to bother the family.”
Living within walking distance of the family home place and the York General Store, he often mingles with visitors, saying, “I was over there at the store the other day and met a bunch of tourists. One of them said, ‘I’ve seen your dad’s movie a hundred times and never get tired of watching it.'”
When asked about the accuracy of the famous film, “Sgt. York,” which stars Gary Cooper as York, Rev. York answered, “I don’t think any movie made is 100 percent like it happened, but it was as true to life as they can get it.”
As for his mother, known as “Miss Gracie,” Rev. York said, “My mother was a wonderful, Christian lady. She never grumbled or complained. She was a humble woman.
“Dad was a very humble person, genuine and a very strict disciplinarian. What he said, he meant. You could take it for granted. That was it. It was not unusual for him to cut a switch from a maple tree and give us a little whipping.
“My dad read from the scripture and led prayer every night. Sometimes visitors would kneel with us, but Dad always had family prayer every night before we went to bed.”
As for the most important lesson that his parents taught him, York said, “That there is more in life than things, and that things and money didn’t bring happiness. The most important thing in life is a life of service to God and then to country. There was a motto hanging in our house, and it said ‘God is the unseen guest at the head of every meal.'”
Hear Sgt. York’s son
Rev. George Edward York, the 87-year-old son of World War I hero Sgt. Alvin C. York, will speak at 2 p.m. Sunday, April 10 at a meeting of the Mt. Juliet-West Wilson County Historical Society.
The event, open to the public, will be held at Rutland Place, 373 NW Rutland Road.
In advance of the meeting the 1941 movie “Sgt. York,” starring Gary Cooper, will be shown at noon Wednesday at the Mt. Juliet Senior Activities Center, 2034 N. Mt. Juliet Road.
NOTE: A portion of this article came from the essay, Educational Legacy, by Michael E. Birdwell, PhD, Associate Professor of History at Tennessee Technological University and Archivist of Alvin C. York’s papers, and is used by permission.
|
<urn:uuid:a5cb4d81-f4ff-438d-a3fe-eaa7179766c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-50
|
http://rutherfordtnhistory.org/sgt-yorks-son-recalls-humble-hero-of-war/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188947.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126200910-20201126230910-00433.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.981352
| 2,575
| 2.640625
| 3
|
[
1722,
3199,
287,
262,
5921,
69,
6037,
21513,
2947,
11,
7148,
11739,
11,
3035,
513,
11,
2813,
198,
464,
749,
5863,
10686,
286,
2159,
1810,
314,
11,
11287,
4642,
290,
33592,
22925,
13,
49939,
327,
13,
1971,
11,
373,
257,
18416,
10543,
290,
257,
19695,
4293,
13,
6430,
749,
45202,
1812,
5085,
1244,
307,
6655,
284,
760,
465,
749,
2614,
10655,
373,
257,
7901,
284,
3707,
13,
198,
1870,
981,
262,
1524,
339,
3170,
287,
9986,
395,
593,
11,
9034,
1539,
1971,
5136,
11,
468,
587,
7448,
422,
30164,
11,
262,
6531,
284,
12201,
290,
11169,
262,
4645,
3793,
281,
35256,
3344,
13,
198,
18009,
13,
4502,
10443,
1971,
11,
262,
10083,
12,
1941,
12,
727,
3367,
286,
22925,
13,
1971,
11,
481,
2740,
379,
362,
279,
13,
76,
13,
3035,
838,
284,
262,
18632,
13,
38201,
12,
15045,
8127,
3418,
23121,
7023,
13,
679,
481,
2112,
703,
465,
2988,
447,
247,
82,
10655,
318,
852,
17232,
13,
198,
447,
250,
2202,
2556,
13,
807,
11,
25859,
11,
8422,
282,
49939,
31289,
388,
1971,
290,
1467,
584,
1450,
739,
262,
3141,
286,
14465,
1187,
5850,
35925,
290,
16197,
12556,
547,
26562,
284,
8006,
262,
4280,
559,
4244,
24337,
1474,
609,
25791,
12,
7376,
372,
88,
287,
262,
2185,
1904,
12,
3163,
14520,
710,
13,
2293,
257,
4506,
2046,
15481,
357,
30888,
3399,
3724,
287,
262,
16837,
8,
262,
10416,
16064,
29209,
284,
644,
484,
4762,
284,
307,
257,
9098,
2700,
11,
447,
251,
531,
3899,
412,
13,
14506,
4053,
11,
281,
11602,
6240,
286,
2106,
379
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
What you’ll learn to do: Describe the history, context and utility of the distinction between leadership and management
The ideas of leadership and management were developed independently and under vastly different circumstances. The concept of the “great man” was the birth of the idea of leadership, celebrating the qualities and accomplishments of men who changed the world. The idea of “management,” which included the study of employee tasks to determine which methods of performance were most productive and profitable, came from a very different, more pedestrian place. Management was a means to an end. Leadership was almost godlike.
Today, there’s less of a divide between “leader” and “manager.” So much so, that we contemplate and argue the differences between the two functions.
- Analyze the difference between leaders and managers
- Discuss the hybrid role of leader-managers in contemporary organizations
Leader or Manager?
We’ve used the word “leader” and we’ve used the word “manager.” You may think they’re interchangeable, but they aren’t. They are different.
Abraham Zaleznik, Harvard Business School Professor Emeritus, was the first to write about the differences between leaders and managers. His article, “Managers and Leaders: Are They Different?” challenged the traditional view of management, which centered on organizational structure and processes. Organizations, at the time, developed managers with a focus on process and control. Zaleznik argued that these same organizations were missing the opportunity to develop leaders by concentrating on this, because they were really two different types of people.
Zaleznik charged that the approach of the typical organization was omitting essential leadership elements of inspiration, vision and human passion from their concept and development of people. He went on to define a manager as someone who seeks order, control and rapid resolution of problems. A leader, he went on to say, is more like an artist, and “tolerates chaos and lack of structure.” Organizations were too often not creating an environment where leaders could flourish.
In Zaleznik’s view, both leaders and managers contribute to the organization. Leaders contribute by advocating change and new approaches, and do so by gaining the commitment of employees. Managers contribute by advocating stability and the status quo, exercising authority, carrying out responsibility and determining how work will get accomplished.
John Kotter, current Harvard Business School Professor Emeritus, had some additional opinions on the differences between leadership and management. In 1990, Kotter proposed that leadership and management were two distinct, yet complementary systems of action in organizations. Specifically, leadership is about coping with change, and management is about coping with complexity.
Kotter’s view of the leadership process involves:
- Developing a vision for the organization
- Aligning people with that vision through communication
- Motivating people to action through empowerment and basic needs fulfillment
Conversely, Kotter’s view of the management process involves:
- Planning and budgeting
- Organizing and staffing
- Controlling and problem solving
Here’s an explanation of Professor Kotter’s point of view from the man himself:
Why is it important for us to understand the difference between leaders and managers? As John Kotter indicated, it comes down to business needs. The video above, which was made in 2013, talked about the importance of leaders in a time when organizations were selecting and rewarding based on management skills. There are not, Kotter said, enough leaders to take us through these swiftly changing times, and in a time when change is the norm, it’s the leader you need.
Time has gone by, and perhaps we’re now putting too much emphasis on the talents of the leader and not the manager. Organizations need managers to lead and leaders to manage—certainly in hiring a manager they are given the authority to lead. Managers today need to ask themselves what kind of guidance their teams need to turn vision into reality, and that’s needed at every level in the organization.
- Zaleznik proposed that managers were results driven and leaders were creative artists.
- Kotter proposed that leaders navigated change and managers navigated complexity.
- Researcher Warren Bennis said, “Managers are people who do things right, and leaders are people who do right things.”
Organizations need both.
To read articles that highlight the differences between leadership and management is to think that leadership is great and management is evil. After all, leaders inspire, and managers control. Leaders evoke passion while managers evoke obedience. Who would want to be a manager after reading things like that?
We understand now that there’s a difference between the role of leader and the role of manager in an organization, and that organizations need both to function well. Leaders do provide the vision and get buy-in from employees to believe in it and execute on it. Managers provide instruction and create conformity. Having this understanding allows us to identify organizational needs around both functions, so we can shift gears to provide it.
Furthermore, we understand that people can be leaders and managers all at once. Let’s take a look at this hybrid leader-manager role.
The late business management guru Peter Drucker said, “The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of every individual.” Such is the leader-manager’s charge at every level in the organization.
Let’s assume that you lead the financial operations of a small portion of the company. You have accounts payable and accounts receivable functions reporting to you. You, in turn, report to the company’s comptroller. How do you, from your office without windows on the third floor, put Peter Drucker’s advice into motion?
Have a Vision
Create momentum around your vision and the company’s vision—and encourage your departments’ leaders to do the same
Perhaps your vision for the department is to be the best finance department in the company, outperforming the financial departments that support the company’s other areas. Your job as leader is to tie that vision to the goals and beliefs of your employees. And, because leaders create other leaders, you encourage your accounts payable and accounts receivable managers to do the same with their smaller teams.
Explain Your Reasoning
Set examples and explain your reasoning to earn employee respect
Employees often follow the examples of leaders who display integrity and strength in their interactions. The leader-manager often has to make unpopular decisions, and when he or she does, an explanation of the reasoning behind that decision can help the leader earn the respect of employees.
Business people who have subordinates at almost every level will agree that inspiring others is their most important function, but most understand that accomplishing goals is the central concern of the work they’re doing. Without accomplish tasks, there is no productivity, no profit. If employees are motivated and excited about the work they’re doing, the leader-manager should be well on his or her way to guiding the team’s accomplishments. This is where a hybrid of managerial skill and leadership traits really moves into action.
Innovate New Solutions
Obstacles and roadblocks are commonplace in the business world. Leaders embrace risk and understand that they must be taken to grow. Leaders embrace change. Managers, on the other hand, like routine and status quo, if we are to understand the assessments of researchers correctly. As a leader-manager, you will need to assess the roadblocks you see and innovate new solutions to overcome them. Some may work and some may not.
Good Boss, Bad Boss
Robert Sutton, author of the book Good Boss, Bad Boss and Stanford University professor, noted that Warren Bennis’ statement, “The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing” had some unintended negative effects on how leaders approached their work today.
In his article “True Leaders are Also Managers” for the Harvard Business Review, Sutton stated, “Some leaders now see their job as just coming up with big and vague ideas, and they treat implementing them, or even engaging in conversation and planning about the details of them, as mere ‘management’ work.”
Sutton cited some of the leaders he respected most, like Steve Jobs, Francis Ford Coppola, Anne Mulcahy because they have a remarkable ability to bounce between big picture ideas and the minuscule details that eventually contribute to the fruition of their work. On this, Sutton comments
I am not rejecting the distinction between leadership and management, but I am saying that the best leaders do something that might properly be called a mix of leadership and management. At a minimum, they lead in a way that constantly takes into account the importance of management. Meanwhile, the worst senior executives use the distinction between leadership and management as an excuse to avoid the details they really have to master to see the big picture and select the right strategies.
He concluded by modifying Bennis’ statement, “To do the right thing, a leader must understand what it takes to do things right.” Organizations need leader-managers, people who can empower teams and guide them to their goals.
- Zaleznik, Abraham. "Managers and Leaders: Are They Different?" 1977. Accessed May 08, 2019 from Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2004/01/managers-and-leaders-are-they-different. ↵
- "What Is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?" The Wall Street Journal. Accessed April 29, 2019. http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-is-the-difference-between-management-and-leadership/. ↵
- Ibid. ↵
- Sutton, Robert I. "True Leaders Are Also Managers." Harvard Business Review. August 11, 2010. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://hbr.org/2010/08/true-leaders-are-also-managers. ↵
- Ibid. ↵
|
<urn:uuid:75d220e1-0da6-4a61-8c7d-3a072f1f8f86>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-49
|
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-organizationalbehavior/chapter/leadership-vs-management/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00249.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96239
| 2,149
| 3.15625
| 3
|
[
2061,
345,
447,
247,
297,
2193,
284,
466,
25,
39373,
4892,
262,
2106,
11,
4732,
290,
10361,
286,
262,
12941,
1022,
5531,
290,
4542,
198,
464,
4213,
286,
5531,
290,
4542,
547,
4166,
14799,
290,
739,
22056,
1180,
5917,
13,
383,
3721,
286,
262,
564,
250,
18223,
582,
447,
251,
373,
262,
4082,
286,
262,
2126,
286,
5531,
11,
17499,
262,
14482,
290,
26516,
286,
1450,
508,
3421,
262,
995,
13,
383,
2126,
286,
564,
250,
27604,
11,
447,
251,
543,
3017,
262,
2050,
286,
6538,
8861,
284,
5004,
543,
5050,
286,
2854,
547,
749,
12973,
290,
17967,
11,
1625,
422,
257,
845,
1180,
11,
517,
22382,
1295,
13,
8549,
373,
257,
1724,
284,
281,
886,
13,
26935,
373,
2048,
5770,
2339,
13,
198,
8888,
11,
612,
447,
247,
82,
1342,
286,
257,
14083,
1022,
564,
250,
27940,
447,
251,
290,
564,
250,
37153,
13,
447,
251,
1406,
881,
523,
11,
326,
356,
39248,
290,
7267,
262,
5400,
1022,
262,
734,
5499,
13,
198,
12,
16213,
2736,
262,
3580,
1022,
2766,
290,
11663,
198,
12,
36691,
262,
14554,
2597,
286,
3554,
12,
805,
10321,
287,
11811,
5745,
198,
45009,
393,
9142,
30,
198,
1135,
447,
247,
303,
973,
262,
1573,
564,
250,
27940,
447,
251,
290,
356,
447,
247,
303,
973,
262,
1573,
564,
250,
37153,
13,
447,
251,
921,
743,
892,
484,
447,
247,
260,
43615,
11,
475,
484,
3588,
447,
247,
83,
13,
1119,
389,
1180,
13,
198,
4826,
13220,
1168,
22149,
17187,
11,
11131,
7320,
3961,
8129,
10320,
17506,
11,
373,
262,
717
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Have you ever felt released, tired, angry … ever? Surely yes!
Such feelings are not pleasant and make our body feel bad and take wrong decisions. This can happen both children and adults.
A child may be equally or more furious released or an adult, because remember that feeling not old.
That ‘s all this then we will give you top 11 tips to get rid of these bad feeling and so can enjoy life.
1) Run, jump … play
When you feel angry or scared or worried’re your body can produce a hormone called Cortisol, this causes the nervous, scared elegiac and can even cause panic, all those feelings build up inside our bodies.
If you feel bad for a long time these feelings can cause headaches, stomach pains or trouble sleeping. The good news? Play help! Running, playing sports, walking … All this helps to lower stress and discomfort disappear.
2) Positive Thoughts
Only think of something pleasant can help you cope with stress. When you’re calm your heart thread lags and reacts better to an unpleasant or annoying situation. This can be done even when you feel good, think of something you like, that relaxes you.
Create your own movie of happiness!
3) Master Music
Music can also help you relax and get away from the stress. Try playing the drum, hitting something hard can you release stress quickly. If you do not have drum? Made yourself! Take a pot or a paper looking spoons and prepare to be the best musician.
4) Expires and inspires several times
Have you ever seen someone sitting as the Indians and saying “omm”? Well, that’s what is called meditation and it helps a lot to relax and find oneself. But in a situation of stress you do not need to feel and follow the same steps that must be followed to meditate, just sit back and take a breath. Take a deep breath and expelled several times a tip to feel better it is a happy word when these exhaling.
5) Prepare to laugh
Scientists have shown that laughter can reduce stress or even help avoid getting sick. So look for a reason to laugh and laugh! But do not feel like, laugh, come on, it’ll be fun.
You may also like to read another article on StudyWatches: The Deninson or Brain Gym method, gymnastics for the brain?
6) Talk, talk, talk
Tell a friend, family member, even talk with your pet. Talk about your worries can make are seem smaller. Count it, free yourself of the burden, maybe someone has gone through the same thing or something similar and can help you.
7) Sing, dance … grins
When you feel sad, stressed or bored even put to dance. Play your favorite song and prepare to be the best dancer and singer in history. Laughs, jumps, screams … have fun. All this can be done alone or with company.
8) Smells nice things
Scents such as lavender, rosemary and sandalwood not only smell good, but they can also decrease stress hormones. So you know, make a trip to the countryside or a herbalist and get ready to smell.
9) Stop game
Video games are fun but do not help you relax, that’s why you should not spend more than two hours a day in front of a video game. Find something you like to do, paint, read, play with Legos or make photographs. Such activities help your mind to relax, which helps your body feel better too.
10) Get outside
Scientists has shown that being outside is good for your emotions, so go outside. Walk alone or accompanied, observes nature, collect leaves, jumping stones in a pond or just lay to rest watching the clouds.
11) Ponte thinking
Think of all the things that went you well. When you feel stressed out it is to take time to be alone. Find a time in the day and sit down to think, no music, no TV, nothing. Just you and your thoughts. Think only of the good things you’ve done in the day.
I hope you took note and put it into practice.
Remember! The most important thing in life is to live it, so … have fun, smile, jump, sing … Bring out the child in you.
|
<urn:uuid:f0ddd6d8-afd1-4540-8c24-603af595294b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
http://studywatches.com/2016/05/04/are-you-about-to-explode-from-nerves-11-ways-to-relax-at-times-of-extreme-stress/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400250241.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927023329-20200927053329-00628.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939254
| 904
| 2.5625
| 3
|
[
11980,
345,
1683,
2936,
2716,
11,
10032,
11,
7954,
3926,
1683,
30,
28417,
3763,
0,
198,
16678,
7666,
389,
407,
15497,
290,
787,
674,
1767,
1254,
2089,
290,
1011,
2642,
5370,
13,
770,
460,
1645,
1111,
1751,
290,
6490,
13,
198,
32,
1200,
743,
307,
8603,
393,
517,
21799,
2716,
393,
281,
4044,
11,
780,
3505,
326,
4203,
407,
1468,
13,
198,
2504,
564,
246,
82,
477,
428,
788,
356,
481,
1577,
345,
1353,
1367,
9040,
284,
651,
5755,
286,
777,
2089,
4203,
290,
523,
460,
2883,
1204,
13,
198,
16,
8,
5660,
11,
4391,
3926,
711,
198,
2215,
345,
1254,
7954,
393,
12008,
393,
7960,
447,
247,
260,
534,
1767,
460,
4439,
257,
17770,
1444,
18418,
30152,
11,
428,
5640,
262,
10927,
11,
12008,
15361,
9607,
290,
460,
772,
2728,
13619,
11,
477,
883,
7666,
1382,
510,
2641,
674,
5920,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
1254,
2089,
329,
257,
890,
640,
777,
7666,
460,
2728,
29432,
11,
11384,
24985,
393,
5876,
11029,
13,
383,
922,
1705,
30,
3811,
1037,
0,
18162,
11,
2712,
5701,
11,
6155,
3926,
1439,
428,
5419,
284,
2793,
5503,
290,
23597,
10921,
13,
198,
17,
8,
33733,
33058,
198,
10049,
892,
286,
1223,
15497,
460,
1037,
345,
19271,
351,
5503,
13,
1649,
345,
447,
247,
260,
9480,
534,
2612,
4704,
300,
3775,
290,
30174,
1365,
284,
281,
22029,
393,
15774,
3074,
13,
770,
460,
307,
1760,
772,
618,
345,
1254,
922,
11,
892,
286,
1223,
345,
588,
11,
326,
8960,
274,
345,
13,
198,
16447,
534,
898,
3807,
286,
12157,
0,
198
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The first volunteers are already waiting when Rosa G. gets to the lab. She’s worked as a technician on human trials before but never seen people so eager to be injected with an experimental vaccine. She meets the first subject, a young woman in a mauve tank top, in an examination room. She has her sit, then draws a few milliliters of clear fluid from a clear vial.
“Ready?” Rosa asks.
“Yup,” the woman answers.
Rosa jabs the sharp end of the needle into the soft flesh of her tricep and presses the plunger. The woman looks exactly as she did a moment before, but in an instant her body has become something profoundly different: a new front line in the battle between mankind and the novel coronavirus. Hundreds of thousands have died of COVID-19, and more than seven billion immunologically defenseless bodies await like dry chaparral at the height of fire season.
Rosa has dosed the volunteer with an experimental vaccine made up of a mishmash of microscopic particles of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that have been chemically chopped up and rendered harmless, like a pistol run over by a steamroller. Though incapable of causing infection, to the immune system they are antigens: foreign particles that are unfamiliar and presumed dangerous. In response to their presence, the body learns to create antibodies that will circulate and latch onto any identical antigens they may encounter in the future. In swarming an antigen, antibodies prevent it from carrying out infection, and they also mark it for destruction by hunter-killer cells.
The idea behind this kind of vaccine, called “whole killed” or “inactivated,” has been successfully used many times in the past, from the Salk polio vaccine to annual flu shots. But will this formulation stimulate the body’s immune defenses enough? Or, conversely, will it trigger dangerous adverse reactions, like the 1976 swine flu vaccine that left 450 with a crippling neurological disease?
Over the weeks that follow, Rosa and her team will administer shots to inoculate 500 healthy volunteers in what’s known as the Phase I clinical trial to make sure the vaccine isn’t dangerous. In a few months the research team will move straight on to Phase II trials, dosing several thousand volunteers and watching to see if their bodies start building defenses against the virus.
The usual timeline for the development of a new vaccine is 15 years. Researchers move methodically from test-tube experiments to animal trials and then on to humans. To move faster, Rosa and her colleagues are going to have to take shortcuts. And that could potentially endanger millions of people.
Rosa withdraws the needle and presses a Band-Aid onto the dot of blood.
“So am I immune now?”
“No, unfortunately. If the vaccine works, it will take your body a couple of weeks to build its defenses against the virus,” she says. “But since it’s experimental, you really can’t assume it will work. Keep staying safe. Sorry.”
The path to a post-COVID future passes through a single door: a safe, effective, and widely available vaccine. The Trump administration has claimed it can have hundreds of millions of doses ready by this fall, but experts view that timeline as all but impossible. The rapid development of a COVID-19 vaccine is a scientific undertaking on the scale of putting a man on the moon.
If anything, for the vaccine the stakes are higher, the time pressure more urgent, and the outcome more uncertain. A moon rocket is huge and must be built to exacting standards, but its physics are straightforward. While we have been making vaccines for decades, the COVID-19 vaccine is a blitz into unknown territory. No one knows in great detail exactly how the virus works, what effects it can have on the human body, and how it interacts with the immune system. The vaccine candidates are themselves complex systems whose interactions with human biology are not yet fully understood. So planning to develop a successful one is a bit like planning to win the lottery: Even if you’ve got the money to buy a whole ton of tickets, you’re going to need a certain amount of time and luck.
We’re definitely buying a lot of tickets. Around the world, more than a hundred candidates are currently under development. Many of pharma’s biggest names are pouring billions of dollars into research and manufacturing, including AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Merck. Some teams are moving quickly, hoping that they’ll get lucky and their efforts will pay off with a speedy solution. Others are laying the groundwork more methodically in order to improve their odds. Each project is a long shot; historically, fewer than 10 percent of candidate vaccines turn out to be safe enough and effective enough to use in human populations. That means that when the smoke has cleared, only a handful might wind up proving worthwhile. “If we can get two or three vaccines from this, I think we will be thrilled,” says South African medical researcher Helen Rees, who has worked for years on the development of an HIV vaccine and is currently evaluating COVID-19 drugs.
What follows is a speculative guess at how the months ahead might unfold, based on discussions with vaccinologists, physicians, and public health experts and on the latest published science about the coronavirus. It’s not intended as a prediction—if the history of vaccine development has taught us anything, it’s to expect the unexpected—but as a rough preview of the story arc ahead.
It’s not enough to find a vaccine; once one is found, billions of doses are going to have to be manufactured. At a weekly staff meeting, Rosa watches video updates from an engineer at a large pharmaceutical company that is retrofitting its manufacturing facility in Indiana to make their vaccine, tearing out old equipment that was used to grow virus particles in chicken eggs and replacing it with stainless steel brewing vats that will grow the virus inside human cells. Around the world, dozens of production facilities are being renovated and repurposed, and dozens more are under construction. Billions of dollars are being poured into the work, yet it’s almost a certainty that most of that investment will wind up getting thrown out, because each kind of vaccine requires a different kind of production facility. Those built to produce failed candidates will wind up getting torn down without producing a single vial: an insane approach, under normal circumstances, but one that makes sense if it can free the world economy from rolling lockdowns.
Rosa’s team works for a nonprofit research organization that is also tackling diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. This isn’t their first rodeo, and compared to players like AstraZeneca and Moderna, which announced that its vaccine produced antibodies in patients earlier that summer, they’re moving at a tortoise pace. But they also understand the importance of getting details right. As her boss likes to say, “The product is the process.” Moving too fast and fumbling could scotch what otherwise might have been a successful candidate.
As she’s doing the dishes one night, her cell phone buzzes with a text alert: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has abruptly canceled its funding for her project. She feels numb, then a flash of panic as she realizes what must have happened. Among the vaccine’s other backers is CEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, whose members include the World Health Organization and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. At a press conference the day before President Trump said he’d heard that Bill Gates is an agent of the Chinese secret police and that he was plotting to use COVID-19 vaccinations to implant behavior-control chips.
Lightheaded, Rosa hurries to the sofa to sit down. She can’t believe that one of the leading vaccine candidates in the world, in the midst of a global pandemic, could just be cut loose.
In the end, it isn’t. After a week of frantic scrambling, CEPI patches together a deal in which the governments of France and Germany step in to make up the difference. The project is back on track.
Rosa’s team has barely finished inoculating the last of the Phase II subjects when they shift their focus to recruiting and inoculating Phase III subjects. The pressure’s on—Moderna and AstraZeneca have been in Phase III for months already, and are preparing to release their results. In this stage of the process, the goal is to see whether the vaccine candidate offers demonstrable protection against infection out in the real world. To do that, the researchers will need to find subjects who are at high risk of infection, give them the vaccine, and then watch to see how they do compared to subjects who didn’t get it. If the difference is stark, they’ll have the proof they need before they distribute the vaccine to the general public.
Every night on her subway ride home, Rosa pulls out her iPad and catches up on developments in the field. Toward the end of the month, rumors start to circulate that Phase III data is in on one of the candidates, and it’s strong enough to support the release of the vaccine to the general public. If this is true, it would be a breathtaking development. The candidate is based on a new and unproven technology: snippets of mRNA genetic material injected directly into a patient’s body, where they are taken up by cells and translated into viral spike protein, which the host’s immune system can learn to recognize. In the past the developer has been cagey about its results, preferring to issue press releases rather than let other scientists review their raw data, so it’s hard to know how seriously to take these claims.
Finally, a week before the election, President Trump himself makes the announcement: The results are in, and they show that the vaccine is “perfect.” Hundreds of millions of doses will be ready for distribution by the end of the week. He says that the coronavirus is a “bad hombre” but that “we kicked its ass.” Public reaction is surprisingly muted. The developer still refuses to release its Phase III data, and when pressed Dr. Anthony Fauci declines to endorse Trump’s characterization of the vaccine’s efficacy, saying only that he believes that “the vaccine will help reduce the severity of the disease in many patients, and thereby save lives.”
Rosa’s team and the other developers around the world continue to work on their vaccine candidates.
By New Year’s more than 40 percent of the U.S. population has been vaccinated against COVID-19. Schools, shops, and businesses have reopened. Life starts to feel like it did before the pandemic. But the feeling of relief is short-lived. It becomes clear that something has gone wrong. Not only do coronavirus cases begin to rise again, but some who’ve received the jab are showing up in emergency rooms with especially severe cases of COVID-19. It turns out that for some recipients the vaccine actually makes the disease worse, spurring the development of antibodies that, instead of blocking the virus from attacking human cells, work as a kind of gate pass to get them inside. On her phone Rosa watches a viral video of a nurse mopping the forehead of an unconscious child hooked up to a ventilator, his lungs and liver ravaged almost to the point of shutdown. When the child dies, public outrage spawns furious street protests across the country. Reluctantly, the NIH is forced to cancel the vaccine’s emergency authorization. All remaining doses are destroyed.
The methodical approach is paying off for Rosa’s team. The data from the three trial phases is coming in thick and fast now. Every morning Rosa sits at her cubicle with a cup of black Peet’s coffee and reviews the previous day’s data. Each batch adds to a slowly emerging picture, like the image in a newly snapped Polaroid. Unfortunately, the picture that’s emerging isn’t great. The volunteers who got the shots aren’t falling sick as often as the control group, and when they do fall sick their symptoms aren’t as bad. But they’re still getting sick. The vaccine appears to be only weakly effective.
By now a dozen vaccine candidates have been dropped, five appear to offer minimal protection, and the rest are still in too early a stage of testing to tell. Regardless of how they ultimately turn out, it’s looking less and less likely that a vaccine will be ready by the end of 2021.
To add to the frustration, COVID-19 maintains a tenacious grip on the United States. While countries like Germany, France, Japan, and New Zealand have successfully suppressed the pandemic and gotten back to life as usual, in the U.S. outbreaks keep popping up, getting beaten back, and popping up somewhere else. Amazingly, it’s still hard to get enough testing kits and even PPE.
Rosa and the rest of her team start a new trial, this time with a combination of vaccines: their own inactivated vaccine and another candidate that also proved only weakly effective in trials. This one is a so-called “viral vector” vaccine that implants spike-protein mRNA into a virus that normally infects chimpanzees. The chimp virus can’t replicate in humans, but it gets the mRNA into the human cells, where it can be translated into spike protein. When registration begins for Phase III volunteers, Rosa adds her name to the list.
A particularly severe wave of the pandemic swells and retreats, leaving the U.S. death toll at north of half a million. The shared trauma has not unified Americans behind the science that could save them, but fractured it. As she’s arriving at work one morning, Rosa finds a picket line of shouting, unmasked protesters. One carries a sign that reads: “Vaccine = Mind Pollution.” Rosa has no idea what that’s supposed to mean. As she pushes through, one of the protesters screams, “Bill Gates lies!” and deliberately coughs on her.
Her mask filters out two-thirds of the virus-laden particles, but thousands get through and settle inside her mouth and throat. That evening the first generation of infected cells is bursting, seeding millions of virions up and down her respiratory tract. The next morning, she wakes up feeling meh. She checks her temperature: 99 degrees. Not enough to stay home from work. Only weeks later, when she goes to have her blood drawn as part of the trial, will she learn that her inoculation helped her beat a case of COVID-19.
Rosa’s case isn’t statistically significant. But taken together with what is happening to the hundreds of other volunteers, it is a point in a compelling picture. Taken in combination, these two vaccines work.
A series of conference calls between CEPI, WHO officials, and government regulators turns into a flurry of Zoom meetings and group chats with pharmaceutical companies, manufacturers, logistics specialists, and NGOs. With growing excitement, the community realizes that a consensus has emerged. The time has come.
The groundwork has been well laid out. For months factories filled with giant tanks of growth medium, the solution used to grow microorganisms, have been running flat out. The regulatory playbook has been torn up and patched back together a third of the time. Officials have reviewed the study data, checked plant blueprints, assessed production standards. The chance that things could go terribly wrong is much higher than normally would be deemed acceptable. But the upside is too huge to pass up.
Calls go out. The next morning, Rosa is standing in Times Square when the alert scrolls across the news crawl:
EFFECTIVE NEW COVID-19 VACCINE APPROVED WORLDWIDE.
Although hundreds of millions of doses have already been manufactured in anticipation of this moment and stockpiled around the globe, that still only covers a tiny fraction of those who need to be protected. So it will be administered in tranches: first to front-line health care workers, then the elderly and ill, then essential-industry workers, then children, then adults with compromising medical conditions, and finally healthy adults.
Around the world, church bells ring, car horns blare, and strangers hug. But in the United States, the jubilation is short-lived, as the government announces that a monopoly in the country has been granted to a company owned by the husband of the secretary of Health and Human Services. Elsewhere in the world, the shots will cost $5; here they will cost $500. In Times Square, protesters turn over a police car and set it on fire.
Rosa is staring out the plane window when the whiteness of the clouds gives way to the choppy gray waters of the harbor and the skyscrapers beyond. She’s surprised at the surge of emotion she feels at the sight, a mixture she can’t quite name. It’s been nearly a year since she moved to Amsterdam to lead an influenza research team, and she’d thought she was done with America for good.
She walks around her old neighborhood in New York, past the place she used to live, her favorite bar, the park. She’s jetlagged and plane-weary, and it all feels like a dream. Shops are boarded up and her friends have moved away. The people on the sidewalks now are different people. They walk around without masks, strolling hand in hand, standing close to each other and talking and laughing without care.
There’s a coffee shop now where the old pupusa place used to be, with tables out on the sidewalk. Rosa takes a seat under a linden that is still unfurling its buds. At the next table a couple sit with their chairs pressed together. They’re probably the same age Rosa was when she came to the city. She can imagine how they feel, the exciting sense of possibility, and is happy for them. Her city is gone, but theirs is just beginning.
This article originally ran in GQ on July 16, 2020.
|
<urn:uuid:24ac1add-756a-48a7-ae4e-78e4ebb56f4f>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
http://jeffwise.net/2020/07/16/gq-what-it-will-take-to-get-to-a-vaccine/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703511903.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117081748-20210117111748-00625.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956899
| 3,876
| 3.03125
| 3
|
[
464,
717,
11661,
389,
1541,
4953,
618,
27994,
402,
13,
3011,
284,
262,
2248,
13,
1375,
447,
247,
82,
3111,
355,
257,
33024,
319,
1692,
9867,
878,
475,
1239,
1775,
661,
523,
11069,
284,
307,
25077,
351,
281,
11992,
12319,
13,
1375,
11185,
262,
717,
2426,
11,
257,
1862,
2415,
287,
257,
285,
559,
303,
6873,
1353,
11,
287,
281,
12452,
2119,
13,
1375,
468,
607,
1650,
11,
788,
14293,
257,
1178,
3939,
6392,
364,
286,
1598,
11711,
422,
257,
1598,
410,
498,
13,
198,
447,
250,
35474,
30,
447,
251,
27994,
7893,
13,
198,
447,
250,
56,
929,
11,
447,
251,
262,
2415,
7429,
13,
198,
49,
8546,
474,
8937,
262,
7786,
886,
286,
262,
17598,
656,
262,
2705,
11222,
286,
607,
491,
501,
79,
290,
31048,
262,
19324,
1362,
13,
383,
2415,
3073,
3446,
355,
673,
750,
257,
2589,
878,
11,
475,
287,
281,
9113,
607,
1767,
468,
1716,
1223,
27377,
1180,
25,
257,
649,
2166,
1627,
287,
262,
3344,
1022,
18019,
290,
262,
5337,
26920,
615,
19397,
13,
32636,
286,
4138,
423,
3724,
286,
7375,
11008,
12,
1129,
11,
290,
517,
621,
3598,
2997,
16217,
13437,
825,
268,
10950,
5920,
25507,
588,
5894,
28022,
283,
1373,
379,
262,
6001,
286,
2046,
1622,
13,
198,
49,
8546,
468,
288,
1335,
262,
13904,
351,
281,
11992,
12319,
925,
510,
286,
257,
29406,
76,
1077,
286,
41858,
13166,
286,
262,
311,
27415,
12,
7222,
53,
12,
17,
9471,
326,
423,
587,
49966,
20720,
510,
290,
15111,
23585,
11,
588,
257,
16790,
1057,
625,
416,
257,
13324
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Ice gorge, Missouri River Flood, Niobrara. Date unknown. RG2118-5-16
Last week’s Wild Weather Wednesday was so popular we decided to give you more of the story of Niobrara. The late John Carter wrote this piece for the Fall 1991 issue of Nebraska History. Nebraska is a state noted for colossal natural disasters. Prairie and timber fires blacken thousands of acres. Tornadoes level whole communities in minutes. Blizzards, notably the ones in 1888 and 1949, bring the entire state to a standstill. Nebraskans respond to these adversities with stoicism. They clean up, dig out, and rebuild. In 1881 the town of Niobrara, Nebraska, faced such a trauma – a flood – which deluged the town under three to six feet of water for more than a week. What was the response of the citizens of Niobrara? They picked up the town and moved it a mile and a half uphill! Niobrara was established in the spring of 1857 along the Missouri River about a mile southeast of its confluence with the Niobrara River. The town had been situated to provide easy access to steamboat traffic, and on June 29, 1857, the steamer Omaha landed a steam sawmill. The optimistic citizens build a new, three-story hotel. With a $10,000 price tag, it was then the largest and costliest in the state. This dizzying optimism was a hallmark of the community, and it grew steadily. The 1880 census reported a population of nearly 860 people. The great flood occurred as the town was shaking off the winter of 1881. On March 28 the river had been running high, but had fallen several feet by day’s end. But choked with winter ice, the river was unpredictable.
Flood at Niobrara. RG2118-5-14
At midnight an alarm sounded that an ice gorge had broken. River water and ice poured into the town, and within half an hour had covered it with up to six feet of water, stranding its hapless citizens in the second floors of houses and stores. With the onset of morning, boats were located and the task of rescuing the marooned began. Livestock and small animals, too, had been stranded by the sudden torrent, and by midday on March 29, they had been ferried to high ground. The water remained high for two days, but by Thursday, March 31, it began to fall, and people slowly began to clean the ice and debris from their homes and businesses. On Friday, however, a telegram warning of flooding upstream convinced most of the townspeople to gather belongs and move to higher ground.
Niobrara on wheels. RG2118-5-19
There were those die-hards, however, who chose to remain in town. Known as “stickers,” this group of thirteen young men took up residence in the second story of a store. To alleviate the boredom, the young men occupied the offices of the Niobrara Pioneer and published a tongue-in-cheek tabloid entitled The B’Hoys. In it they bemoaned the lack of food, the absence of women, and the general abundance of water. They also agreed to forswear the consumption of beans until such time as more private quarters could be found for sleeping. April 1881 continued wet. By the twentieth of that month the river had flooded three times; washed out bridges, mill dams, and railroad lines; and caused thousands of dollars in damage. While this flood was the first in the town’s twenty-four-year history, its effect had been chilling enough to convince the citizens to move to higher ground. But the decision to move was by no means unanimous. The land currently owned by people in the river bottoms would be substantially devalued by such a move, and the land on higher ground where the proposed relocation was to take place would inflate in value. The move would separate the town from the steamboat landing by about a mile, and the technological difficulty of moving a town of “three general stores, two drug stores, two hardware stores, a harness shop, two blacksmiths, five hotels, two livery stables, three physicians, a schoolhouse, …a church, [and] two newspapers” was formidable. Judging from reports in the local newspapers, the discussions regarding moving were rancorous, and many people simply chose not to wait for consensus. By April 22, 1881, the buildings were creeping up the grade to their new, drier location. Benchland a mile and a half to the south and west of the old townsite was surveyed and platted.
Missouri River flood at Niobrara. RG2118-5-15
There is some evidence suggesting that moving the town was not entirely motivated by the flooding. Edwin A. Fry, editor of The Niobrara Pioneer, noted in March 1882 that Niobrara residents had grown tired of subsidizing streets and other improvements that increased the value of underdeveloped property being held for speculative purposes. The flood provided an opportunity for Niobrara to rebuild on a new site, leaving behind the burden of unimproved town lots. B.Y. Shelley, founder and twenty-five-year resident of Niobrara (who probably owned some of the unimproved lots), became so disgusted with the plan to relocate the town that he left Niobrara and returned to his native Pennsylvania. Teamsters, armed with house jacks, winches and capstans, block-and-tackles, beams, poles, oxen, mules, and horses began raising, bracing, and hauling building after building to the new Niobrara townsite. By January of 1882, all of the commercial buildings and most of the houses had been moved. All that remained were some houses whose condition prevented their being moved, the county courthouse, and the post office. The complications in removing the government structures was bureaucratic and political. The courthouse was forced to remain due to a statue which stipulated the manner in which a survey had to be made before a courthouse could be located. The survey of the new townsite did not comply with this law and had to be rectified before removal could take place.
Moving Niobrara because of the Missouri River Flood. RG2118-5-20
The relocation of the post office was a political issue. Edwin A. Fry, editor of the Niobrara Pioneer, was appointed postmaster of Niobrara in September of 1881, replacing J.C. Santee, who had held the position for about five years, and who edited the Knox County News, the Pioneer’s competition. On September 28, Postmaster Fry wrote to the postmaster general, requesting approval of the move, as required by law. The request was ignored for nearly five months. Finally, Fry resorted to contacting Senators Alvin Saunders and C.H. Van Wyck to ask their intercession. Ultimately, the post office replied that the request had been delayed because the courthouse remained at the old location and more importantly, because Congressman E.K. Valentine had spoken in opposition to the removal. Apparently, those who opposed the move caught the congressman’s ear and blocked approval of the move. During the month of December 1881, Fry wrote three letters pleading with the postmaster-general to allow relocation. In one he noted that if it was not moved, a great inconvenience would result because the building in which the post office was located was scheduled for removal and there was no other space available. One can imagine the delight that Fry’s rival, Santee, enjoyed at Fry’s dilemma. When, in desperation, Fry circulated a petition in support of removal, Santee was one of two men who declined to sign it. The situation may well have proved fatal to Fry’s career as postmaster. In a terse note in the Niobrara Pioneer of February 10, 1882, he observed, “The [Niobrara] News folks gave a dance at Stein’s hall last Saturday night, about 30 couples being present. The occasion was in honor of Mr. Santee’s being reinstated to the postoffice.” In all, the relocation of the town cost nearly $40,000. With it completed, the citizens of Niobrara settled down in their new location, confident of their security from flood. In the May 6, 1881, issue of the Niobrara Pioneer, a tongue-in-cheek article entitled “New Niobrara” detailed tall tale plans for moving the town: “The latest scheme to be reported is one which is based upon the knowledge of the geological formations of the present townsite. The substratum is claimed to be quicksand saturated with water and it is proposed to build a dam across the Missouri near the mouth of Bazile creek. This will cause the water to back up, and, penetrating the quicksand, will float our present townsite and raise it up to the required height. Then props are to be placed underneath, and the water allowed to run in the old channel again. Failing in this it is proposed to anchor the town and then overflow it and keep it under water until about four feet of a sediment is deposited all over the flat, when the dam will be torn down and we will have a town still at least four feet higher than at present.”
A Niobrara house is being relocated. RG2118-5-17
The article was prophetic: When in 1952 the gates were closed on the Fort Randall Dam, upstream from Niobrara, the periodic flooding which eliminated sediment build up at the juncture of the Missouri and Niobrara rivers was ended. Then in 1956, the Gavins Point Dam was completed, creating Lewis and Clark Lake. The town of Niobrara, resting midway between the two dams, once again faced rising water due to the buildup of sediment at the mouth of the Niobrara River. The groundwater rose an average of just under one-half foot a year until in 1972 it reached a level of 1,219.2 feet. The town of Niobrara was located about 1225 feet above sea level, which meant that most basements filled with between six inches and three feet of water. In 1971 the townspeople faced three choices. They could sell their property to the Army Corps of Engineers and move to other communities, abandoning Niobrara altogether. They could build a system of levees and pumping stations in an attempt to lower the water table. Or they could move the town.
Moving Niobrara because of the Missouri River Flood. RG2118-5-18
In a poll held that year, ninety percent of the citizens voted to move the town. The plan called for the government to acquire the real estate in the old town, providing the residents with the capital to build their new homes and businesses. But what if only some of the residents moved? What would happen to the value of property in the new town if none of the businesses chose to relocate there? Over the course of four and one-half years the organizers of the project coaxed and cajoled the residents, and eventually a trickle of people began to move. Inspired by the show of confidence, the trickle became a flood, and the new town of Niobrara was dedicated on July 4, 1977. The population was estimated at nearly 400, compared with 600 in 1970. In contrast to the estimated $40,000 cost of the relocation of Niobrara in 1881-82, the project in the 1970s cost an estimated $14.5 million. As the end of the old town neared, the State Historic Preservation Office, a department of the Nebraska State Historical Society, collaborated with the Historic American Building Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to document the town, record its buildings, and salvage artifacts. By the spring of 1978, nothing remained standing in the second “old town” of Niobrara. With its series of moves, Niobrara is both one of the oldest towns in Nebraska, and one of the newest.
John Carter worked for the NSHS for almost forty years. He served as photo curator, senior research folklorist and associate editor for the NSHS over his career. He authored several books and published numerous articles in both scholarly and popular journals. He was a scholar/consultant for many documentary films, including several produced by filmmaker Ken Burns. He was a well-known and much-requested speaker on almost any aspect of Nebraska. John was enthusiastic in his work and play, and had a deep and abiding love for the history and culture of Nebraska.
Niobrara Centennial 1856-1956 (updated by Niobrara Bicentennial Committee, 1976),6. The article notes, “In 1867 the Episcopal Mission purchased this hotel from the Niobrara Townsite Co. and moved it to Santee for a church and Mission school. A tornado demolished it and a finer structure succeeded it only to be completely wiped out by fire.” Niobrara Pioneer, Mar. 31, 1882, 1. J. C. Santee, “Fearful Floods: The Big Muddy Gets on a Tear and Floods the Surrounding Country,” Knox County News, Apr. 7, 1881, reprinted in Niobrara Centennial, 17. Ibid.; “History of Niobrara,” Niobrara Pioneer, Mar. 31 , 1882, 1. Ibid. Ibid. The B’Hoys (Niobrara, Neb.), Apr. 4, 1881. Niobrara Pioneer, Apr. 22, 1881, 2. Knox County News, Apr. 7, 1881, reprinted in Niobrara Centennial 1856-1956, 17. “Town Tumblings: The New Location Now Talked of by Many Citizens,” Niobrara Pioneer, June 10, 1881, 1; Ibid., “Niobrara Drainage,” June 3, 1881,8. Niobrara Pioneer, Apr. 22, 1881,2 Ibid., Mar. 3 1, 1882 Ibid., Oct. 7, 1881. “There are only about thirty buildings left in the old town now, and if the weather continues favorable many of those will reach the bench before the new year.” “Building Notes,” Niobrara Pioneer, Dec. 2, 1881, 8; Ibid., “Post Office Removal,” Jan. 6, 1882, I. “Post Office Removal.” Ibid. The Post Office,” Niobrara Pioneer, Sept. 2, 1881, 4. Santee had been appointed postmaster in February of 1876 and held the post until he was removed for not being “in proper sympathy with the administration.” A. T. Andreas, History of the State of Nebraska (Chicago: The Western Historical Company), 1882, 1031. Post-Office Removal,” Niobrara Pioneer, Jan. 6, 1882. I. ‘This is probably because former postmaster John C. Santee, a staunch Republican, nominated E. K. Valentine for Congress. Andreas, History, 1031. Niobrara Pioneer, Jan. 6, 1882, 1. Ibid. Santee was reappointed on Jan. 12, 1882. Andreas, 1031. Ibid., 1030. “Ground Water Problem at Niobrara, Nebraska and the Niobrara State Park,” draft report by the C.S. Army Corps of Engineers District, Omaha, May 1972. Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office Site File KX08, Nebraska State Historical Society. Ibid., 5. “Ground Water Problem,” 17-23; “Niobrara Relocation Featured in Magazine,” Niobrara Tribune, Mar. 3, 1977, 1. Gordon E. Printz, “Relocation Passes Four Year Mark,” Niobrara Tribune, Jan. 13, 1977, Ibid., “2000 Attend New Town Dedication Ceremonies,” July 7, 1977, I; Ibid., Oct. 27, 1971; Nov. 24, 1976. Niobrara Tribune, Nov. 24, 1976. Ibid., Mar. 3, 1977. ‘Town of Niobrara Relocation Project,” The Cornerstone, Nov./Dec. 1977, 1.
|
<urn:uuid:029bb863-d5d5-4291-9cfd-101b678d6b49>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://history.nebraska.gov/flashback-friday-niobrara-the-town-too-tough-to-stay-put/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646350.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610200654-20230610230654-00653.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970168
| 3,637
| 3.359375
| 3
|
[
23709,
17177,
11,
11565,
5866,
25588,
11,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
13,
7536,
6439,
13,
34359,
17,
16817,
12,
20,
12,
1433,
198,
5956,
1285,
447,
247,
82,
6183,
15615,
3583,
373,
523,
2968,
356,
3066,
284,
1577,
345,
517,
286,
262,
1621,
286,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
13,
383,
2739,
1757,
10831,
2630,
428,
3704,
329,
262,
7218,
10249,
2071,
286,
18329,
7443,
13,
18329,
318,
257,
1181,
4367,
329,
41197,
3288,
24193,
13,
41196,
290,
30605,
12252,
2042,
268,
4138,
286,
16051,
13,
31940,
46368,
1241,
2187,
5348,
287,
2431,
13,
46100,
1371,
11,
14660,
262,
3392,
287,
49584,
290,
24977,
11,
2222,
262,
2104,
1181,
284,
257,
1302,
24219,
13,
3169,
1671,
2093,
504,
3031,
284,
777,
16907,
871,
351,
3995,
11965,
13,
1119,
3424,
510,
11,
3100,
503,
11,
290,
17884,
13,
554,
1248,
6659,
262,
3240,
286,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
11,
18329,
11,
7452,
884,
257,
14649,
784,
257,
6947,
784,
543,
1619,
1018,
276,
262,
3240,
739,
1115,
284,
2237,
3625,
286,
1660,
329,
517,
621,
257,
1285,
13,
1867,
373,
262,
2882,
286,
262,
4290,
286,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
30,
1119,
6497,
510,
262,
3240,
290,
3888,
340,
257,
10591,
290,
257,
2063,
35256,
0,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
373,
4920,
287,
262,
6076,
286,
1248,
3553,
1863,
262,
11565,
5866,
546,
257,
10591,
26015,
286,
663,
1013,
23079,
351,
262,
11556,
672,
81,
3301,
5866,
13,
383,
3240,
550,
587,
22765,
284,
2148,
2562,
1895,
284,
13324,
24482,
4979,
11,
290,
319,
2795,
2808,
11,
1248
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Widespread privatisation of public goods in many societies is systematically eliminating human rights protections and further marginalising those living in poverty, according to a hard-hitting new report. The report was transmitted to the UN General Assembly on 19 October.
Philip Alston, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, criticised the extent to which the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and even the UN itself have aggressively promoted widespread privatisation of basic services, without regard to the human rights implications or the consequences for the poor. He also criticised human rights groups for not responding strongly enough to the resulting challenges.
“Privatising the provision of criminal justice, social protection, prisons, education, basic healthcare and other essential public goods cannot be done at the expense of throwing rights protections out of the window,” Alston said.
States can’t dispense with their human rights obligations by delegating core services and functions to private companies on terms that they know will effectively undermine those rights for some people.
He noted that while “proponents present privatisation as a technical solution for managing resources and reducing fiscal deficits, it has actually become an ideology of governance that devalues public goods, public spaces, compassion and a range of other values that are essential for a decent society.
“While privatisation’s proponents insist that it saves money, enhances efficiency, and improves services, the real world evidence very often challenges or contradicts these claims,” Alston said.
The report quoted from two recent studies that showed that outright privatisation or public private partnership both, are more expensive, less efficient and marginalise the poor. The first study, conducted by the National Audit Office of the United Kingdom, concluded that the private finance initiative model had proved to be more expensive and less efficient in providing hospitals, schools and other public infrastructure than public financing. The second study, conducted by the European Court of Auditors of the European Union, examined 12 public-private partnerships in France, Greece, Ireland and Spain, in road transport and information and communications technology. It concluded that the partnerships were characterized by “widespread shortcomings and limited benefits”.
Privatisation is for Profit not Equity
Privatisation is premised on fundamentally different assumptions from those that underpin respect for human rights, such as dignity and equality, Alstom said in his report. It inevitably prioritises profit, and sidelines considerations such as equality and non-discrimination. Rights-holders are transformed into clients, and those who are poor, needy, or troubled are marginalised or excluded. Human rights criteria are absent from almost all privatisation agreements, which rarely include provisions for sustained monitoring of their impact on service provision and the poor.
There appear to be no limits to what states have privatised, he said. Public institutions and services across the world have been taken over by private companies dedicated to profiting from key parts of criminal justice systems and prisons, dictating educational priorities and approaches, deciding who will receive health interventions and social protection, and choosing what infrastructure will be built, where, and for whom, often with harsh consequences for the most marginalised. “There is a real risk that the waves of privatisation experienced to date will soon be followed by a veritable tsunami,” Alston said.
Privatisation of social protection often leads to a focus on economic efficiency concerns that aim to minimise time spent per client, close cases earlier, generate fees wherever possible, and cater to those better-off, pushing those with less resources and more complex problems to the margins
“Existing human rights accountability mechanisms are clearly inadequate for dealing with the challenges of large-scale and widespread privatisation,” Alston said. “The human rights community can no longer ignore the consequences of privatisation and needs to radically reconsider its approach.”
Human rights actors should start by reclaiming the moral high ground and reasserting the central role of concepts such as equality, society, the public interest, and shared responsibilities, while challenging the assumption that privatisation should be the default approach. “The human rights community needs to develop new methods that systematically confront the broader implication of widespread privatisation and ensure that human rights and accountability are at the centre of privatisation efforts,” Alston said.
|
<urn:uuid:8a807e9e-d0d4-46fa-bd5f-979296215a51>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://mronline.org/2018/10/24/privatisation-harms-poor-and-needy-says-un-poverty-expert/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038084601.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415065312-20210415095312-00591.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94665
| 877
| 2.703125
| 3
|
[
54,
9790,
21883,
5612,
286,
1171,
7017,
287,
867,
14515,
318,
25735,
18591,
1692,
2489,
15018,
290,
2252,
14461,
1710,
883,
2877,
287,
8098,
11,
1864,
284,
257,
1327,
12,
48320,
649,
989,
13,
383,
989,
373,
18307,
284,
262,
4725,
3611,
10006,
319,
678,
3267,
13,
198,
18673,
541,
978,
3743,
11,
262,
4725,
6093,
36962,
419,
23365,
319,
3257,
8098,
290,
1692,
2489,
11,
23894,
262,
6287,
284,
543,
262,
2159,
5018,
11,
262,
4037,
34112,
7557,
11,
290,
772,
262,
4725,
2346,
423,
19855,
13722,
10095,
21883,
5612,
286,
4096,
2594,
11,
1231,
2754,
284,
262,
1692,
2489,
10939,
393,
262,
6948,
329,
262,
3595,
13,
679,
635,
23894,
1692,
2489,
2628,
329,
407,
14409,
7634,
1576,
284,
262,
7186,
6459,
13,
198,
447,
250,
20184,
265,
1710,
262,
8287,
286,
4301,
5316,
11,
1919,
4800,
11,
19224,
11,
3707,
11,
4096,
11409,
290,
584,
6393,
1171,
7017,
2314,
307,
1760,
379,
262,
10907,
286,
9644,
2489,
15018,
503,
286,
262,
4324,
11,
447,
251,
978,
3743,
531,
13,
198,
42237,
460,
447,
247,
83,
4596,
1072,
351,
511,
1692,
2489,
13675,
416,
8570,
803,
4755,
2594,
290,
5499,
284,
2839,
2706,
319,
2846,
326,
484,
760,
481,
6840,
16637,
883,
2489,
329,
617,
661,
13,
198,
1544,
4367,
326,
981,
564,
250,
22930,
3906,
1944,
21883,
5612,
355,
257,
6276,
4610,
329,
11149,
4133,
290,
8868,
9068,
22729,
11,
340,
468,
1682,
1716,
281,
12959,
286,
18848,
326,
35966,
947,
1171,
7017,
11,
1171,
9029,
11,
15213,
290,
257,
2837,
286,
584
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Anterior Tooth Form and Formation: A Systematic Approach
Creating esthetic anterior tooth contours that function properly
By Steve McGowan, CDT
Many years ago the author was given thousands of extracted teeth that had been collected by the late Tony Ponti, DDS. Over the years these teeth were studied and photographed for personal benefit. Two years ago a project was started that would create a photographic archive, which allows Ponti’s vast collection of teeth to be shared. Part of this project resulted in a recently published article, “Characteristics of Teeth: A Review of Size, Shape, Composition, and Appearance of Maxillary Anterior Teeth.”1 In this piece, 600 maxillary anterior teeth were cleaned, photographed, and measured: 200 each of central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines.
Charts were created (Figure 1) to show the measurements taken from the 600 teeth. A steep histogram, or bell curve, means the measurements were very similar. A flatter histogram means the measurements had a greater variability. The blue line would be the exact mean of the measurements. The shaded area represents one standard deviation from the mean. Photographic representations of all four measurements, which correlate with the graphs in Figure 1, are shown in Figure 2. The tooth in the middle of each photograph (Figure 2) is the exact mean in all dimensions. The tooth to the left and right of the middle tooth represents exactly one standard deviation from the mean. The images in Figure 2 show the tremendous variability of the teeth and the broad range of sizes that otherwise might be considered statistically unremarkable.
The variability of these 600 teeth was astounding. This is something that the author has observed while working as a dental technician for more than 30 years. The unique nature of each tooth and each patient are among the factors that make the dental technician’s job challenging and exciting.
Maxillary anterior teeth have functional and esthetic components. These teeth are what people see when we speak and smile. Because of this esthetic value, there are countless theories, courses, and presentations to explain and teach the intricacies of maxillary anterior teeth. When we consider color, texture, rotations, spacing, and many more topics, it is easy to get lost in the details. This article will not focus on the details. Instead, a systematic approach for creating a maxillary anterior framework will be discussed. Just like when building a house, the framework or foundation must be constructed first. After the framework is completed, the details are then added to make each tooth unique. Following these exact steps on every case will save a tremendous amount of time and will also allow for the variability of nature.
These steps are followed whether doing six units or one. The same steps are used for wax-ups or definitive restorations, digital or analog. The key is developing efficiency by following the same protocol time after time. This protocol allows the technician tremendous variability for adding the details after the foundation is complete.
1. When creating multiple anterior teeth, the starting points are always the midline and the labial incisal edge of the central incisors. The midline is determined by facial landmarks. A vertical line can be drawn connecting the glabellum, apex of the nose, and the center of the chin. A second interpupillary line (Figure 3) can be drawn perpendicular to the facial midline. The labial incisal edge of the central incisors will be parallel with the interpupillary line.
3. The next step is the most critical: the lingual surface. Because all teeth exist within a masticatory system, it is impossible to shape teeth without addressing how they interact with the antagonist tooth or teeth. The incisal edge of the tooth is more accurately an incisal ridge.2 The ridge consists of the labial incisal edge, represented by the red line, and the lingual incisal edge, represented by the blue line (Figure 6 and Figure 7). These two incisal edges form the boundaries of the incisal ridge. The lingual edge, which is often ignored, is the functional component that is dictated by the mandibular incisors and how a person chews. The labial edge is the esthetic incisal edge that is seen when a person speaks and smiles. The maxillary lingual incisal edge is the most critical part of the ridge with regard to function. The lingual edge cannot be ignored or placed arbitrarily without consideration of the mandibular incisors.
The labial incisal edge is the esthetic edge. The location, or placement, of the labial edge is determined mostly by facial esthetics and phonetics. This edge can be lengthened or moved as long as it does not affect function with the mandibular incisors, speech, and facial esthetics.
4. The mesial line angle, represented by the black line, is created next (Figure 8). When viewed directly from the facial, the central, lateral, and canines are divided in segments vertically (Figure 5). The central is divided in thirds. The lateral and canine are divided in half. The mesial line angle of the central will start near the contact point and terminate in the cervical portion of the tooth at the mesial third of the tooth. This line angle should match the mesial line angle of the adjacent central incisor as closely as possible.
The lateral mesial line angle starts at or above the contact point and terminates in the cervical portion at the middle half of the tooth.
The mesial line angle of the canine starts above the contact point and angles toward the middle of the tooth.
5. The distal line angles come next (Figure 9), always moving from the central to the canine. Whenever possible, the distance between these line angles should closely mimic the contralateral tooth. The width of the contralateral teeth is not always the same, but they can be optically matched more easily if the line angles match.
6. The cervical height of contour, represented by the white line (Figure 10 and Figure 11) closely follows the contour of the soft tissue (pink). This is why it is important to perform this step with a soft-tissue model, or solid model. The apex of the CEJ on the central incisor is at the distal third. The apex of the lateral and canine are at the middle of the tooth (Figure 8).
7. The last step for the basic framework is the labial incisal edge. The shape of the labial edge (Figure 12) can be highly variable as long as it is not in the pathway of the mandibular incisors during chewing. Typically, the labial edge of the centrals and the canines will follow the same line when viewed on a horizontal plane. In this case, the Kois Waxing Guide (Panadent, panadent.com) (Figure 13) is used to show how the central incisors and canines are on the same incisal plane.
When the framework is shown without teeth (Figure 14), the basic shapes become apparent. From this point forward, attention can be paid to filling in the lines, or connecting the dots. After the basic framework is completed, the individual esthetics can be completed. The individual esthetics vary from person to person, but the basic framework is always the same and the same steps are always followed.
When the teeth are viewed facially, the distal half of the canine is not in view (Figure 15) or barely in view. The arch form can be broadened simply by making the distal half of the canine more in view.
Creating esthetic anterior tooth contours that function properly requires a tremendous amount of skill and knowledge. Tooth morphology, facial esthetics, soft-tissue contour, and occlusion all play roles. When creating a framework it is important to not get locked in to a specific tooth form or design. The framework should follow the basic commonalities of teeth and allow room for the variability of details. Having a consistent repeatable protocol for the basic framework will save tremendous amounts of time.
1. McGowan S. Characteristics of Teeth: A Review of Size, Shape, Composition, and Appearance of Maxillary Anterior Teeth. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2015;37(3)164-172.
2. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94(1):10-92.
About the Author
Steve McGowan, CDT
|
<urn:uuid:8b288024-b2bc-4a66-9353-97b393755dfe>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.aegisdentalnetwork.com/idt/2016/09/anterior-tooth-form-and-formation-a-systematic-approach
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141653.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217030027-20200217060027-00214.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911209
| 1,773
| 3.078125
| 3
|
[
2025,
14172,
46380,
5178,
290,
46689,
25,
317,
4482,
1512,
38066,
198,
32071,
1556,
6587,
32700,
16162,
542,
4662,
326,
2163,
6105,
198,
3886,
6542,
11130,
45197,
11,
6458,
51,
198,
7085,
812,
2084,
262,
1772,
373,
1813,
4138,
286,
21242,
9941,
326,
550,
587,
7723,
416,
262,
2739,
8832,
26345,
72,
11,
360,
5258,
13,
3827,
262,
812,
777,
9941,
547,
9713,
290,
25880,
329,
2614,
4414,
13,
4930,
812,
2084,
257,
1628,
373,
2067,
326,
561,
2251,
257,
35788,
15424,
11,
543,
3578,
26345,
72,
447,
247,
82,
5909,
4947,
286,
9941,
284,
307,
4888,
13,
2142,
286,
428,
1628,
8724,
287,
257,
2904,
3199,
2708,
11,
564,
250,
27275,
3969,
286,
1665,
2788,
25,
317,
6602,
286,
12849,
11,
25959,
11,
955,
9150,
11,
290,
43436,
286,
5436,
15856,
1052,
14172,
1665,
2788,
13,
447,
251,
16,
554,
428,
3704,
11,
10053,
3509,
15856,
32700,
9941,
547,
20750,
11,
25880,
11,
290,
8630,
25,
939,
1123,
286,
4318,
753,
271,
669,
11,
25653,
753,
271,
669,
11,
290,
460,
1127,
13,
198,
1925,
5889,
547,
2727,
357,
11337,
352,
8,
284,
905,
262,
13871,
2077,
422,
262,
10053,
9941,
13,
317,
14559,
1554,
21857,
11,
393,
8966,
12133,
11,
1724,
262,
13871,
547,
845,
2092,
13,
317,
781,
1436,
1554,
21857,
1724,
262,
13871,
550,
257,
3744,
25364,
13,
383,
4171,
1627,
561,
307,
262,
2748,
1612,
286,
262,
13871,
13,
383,
427,
5286,
1989,
6870,
530,
3210,
28833,
422,
262,
1612,
13,
5919,
6826,
24612,
286,
477,
1440,
13871,
11,
543,
39684
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The word toronto, meaning ‘plenty’, appeared in a French lexicon of the Wyandot language in 1632. … The river became known as Rivière Taronto as the canoe route became more popular with French explorers, and by the 1750s, a fort to the east of the delta on Lake Ontario was named Fort Toronto by the French.
Best answer for this question, what does the name Toronto come from? The name Toronto is derived from the Mohawk word tkaronto, which means “where there are trees standing in the water.” The word originally referred to The Narrows, near present-day Orillia, where the Wendat and other groups drove stakes into the water to create fish weirs.
Likewise, what does Toronto mean in Indian? The name Toronto was first applied to a narrow stretch of water between Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching. The word, Anglicized from Mohawk, was spelled tkaronto and taronto and used to describe an area where trees grow in shallow water.
Frequent question, what does Toronto mean in aboriginal language? Toronto itself is a word that originates from the Mohawk word “Tkaronto,” meaning “the place in the water where the trees are standing,” which is said to refer to the wooden stakes that were used as fishing weirs in the narrows of local river systems by the Haudenosaunee and Huron-Wendat.
Amazingly, what is Toronto‘s nickname?
- The Six/6/6ix. Historically, as Toronto is Canada’s largest municipality, ‘the Six’ refers to the original cities of Toronto, North York, Scarborough, York, Etobicoke, and the former borough of East York.
Is the T silent in Toronto?
This “T” is not intended to be silent. Pronounced correctly, our city’s name sounds so rich and elegant but, when the second T is left out, it sounds slangy, common and cheap.
Who named the City of Toronto?
The name Toronto first appears in the historical record as the “lac de Taranteau” on a map of southern Ontario produced in 1670 by Father Rene de Brehant de Galinee. Interestingly, the name referred to Lake Simcoe and not the area known as Toronto today.
Does Toronto mean meeting place?
No, Toronto does not mean “meeting place.” The truth behind the tales people tell about Toronto. … To this day the most commonly known theory is that Toronto is derived from a Huron word for meeting place.
What indigenous land is Toronto on?
The City of Toronto acknowledges that we are on the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples and is now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples.
What is Toronto known for?
Toronto is known for its multiculturalism, sports, and unique landmarks, such as the CN Tower. This bustling city features various cuisines, architectural mixtures, and a long history. Toronto is also home to one of the world’s largest film festivals, the Toronto International Film Festival.
Is Toronto called the Big Smoke?
The Big Smoke was first used by Australian writer Alan Rayburn and popularized by Canadian journalist Alan Fotheringham. Fotheringham used the nickname to depict Toronto as a city with a giant reputation and nothing to show for it. The fire remains the largest ever to occur in Toronto. …
What native tribes lived in Toronto?
According to the City of Toronto, this land is the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples and is now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples.
What do locals call Toronto?
Ontario. “B-Town”, a pop-culture reference, commonly used by locals.
What is Toronto’s slogan?
Toronto’s motto “Diversity Our Strength” describes the new city and represents the joining of seven municipalities creating added strength, and the diversity of the city’s 2.8 million residents.
Why is Toronto called the Queen city?
During Queen Victoria’s reign, Toronto transformed itself from a backwater into an Upper Canadian rival to Lower Canada’s chief city, Montreal. … No big surprise, then, that by the end of the 19th century Toronto had begun to call itself the Queen City.
How do you pronounce YYZ?
YYZ (ˈzɛd): The “Z” in the call letters for Toronto Pearson International Airport is pronounced “zed,” which is the Anglo-European-French pronunciation.
How do Canadians spell color?
It’s no secret that we Canadians spell differently from our cousins in the United States: We put a “u” in words like “colour” and “favour”; Americans leave it out. We spell “theatre” and “centre” with an “re” at the end; they spell them with an “er”
How do u say Scarborough?
Break ‘scarborough’ down into sounds: [SKAA] + [BRUH] – say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them. Record yourself saying ‘scarborough’ in full sentences, then watch yourself and listen.
What does from the 6 mean?
The 6 is a nickname for the city of Toronto, Canada. You can thank the rapper Drake for (trying to make) it a thing. Related words: Toronto.
What are the 6 boroughs of Toronto?
On January 1, 1998, Toronto was greatly enlarged, not through traditional annexations, but as an amalgamation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its six lower-tier constituent municipalities; East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and the original city itself.
|
<urn:uuid:9a200eb3-4a92-46e6-b4ea-c7810c4f9a72>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.travelizta.com/what-does-toronto-mean.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00688.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945799
| 1,318
| 2.90625
| 3
|
[
464,
1573,
7332,
5957,
11,
3616,
564,
246,
489,
3787,
447,
247,
11,
4120,
287,
257,
4141,
31191,
4749,
286,
262,
12958,
392,
313,
3303,
287,
1467,
2624,
13,
3926,
383,
7850,
2627,
1900,
355,
34686,
72,
35979,
14110,
5957,
355,
262,
47434,
6339,
2627,
517,
2968,
351,
4141,
45531,
11,
290,
416,
262,
1596,
1120,
82,
11,
257,
6285,
284,
262,
7627,
286,
262,
25979,
319,
6233,
10553,
373,
3706,
6401,
6586,
416,
262,
4141,
13,
198,
13014,
3280,
329,
428,
1808,
11,
644,
857,
262,
1438,
6586,
1282,
422,
30,
383,
1438,
6586,
318,
10944,
422,
262,
9719,
19301,
1573,
256,
21070,
5957,
11,
543,
1724,
564,
250,
3003,
612,
389,
7150,
5055,
287,
262,
1660,
13,
447,
251,
383,
1573,
6198,
6412,
284,
383,
399,
6018,
82,
11,
1474,
1944,
12,
820,
1471,
359,
544,
11,
810,
262,
21042,
265,
290,
584,
2628,
10357,
21147,
656,
262,
1660,
284,
2251,
5916,
356,
17062,
13,
198,
45872,
11,
644,
857,
6586,
1612,
287,
3942,
30,
383,
1438,
6586,
373,
717,
5625,
284,
257,
7135,
7539,
286,
1660,
1022,
6233,
3184,
49270,
290,
6233,
48225,
488,
278,
13,
383,
1573,
11,
42844,
1143,
422,
9719,
19301,
11,
373,
32213,
256,
21070,
5957,
290,
13422,
5957,
290,
973,
284,
6901,
281,
1989,
810,
7150,
1663,
287,
19337,
1660,
13,
198,
37,
46018,
1808,
11,
644,
857,
6586,
1612,
287,
48328,
3303,
30,
6586,
2346,
318,
257,
1573,
326,
8159,
689,
422,
262,
9719,
19301,
1573,
564,
250,
51,
21070,
5957,
11,
447,
251,
3616,
564,
250
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Dr Anya Salih, a scientist in the School of Science and Health, is researching the biological function of coral colours – the glow-in-the-dark fluorescent proteins that light up coral reefs, that are featured in the film, Coral: Rekindling Venus.
She believes that to understand why corals have evolved functional diversity of fluorescent colours, it is important to work across many disciplines. So she has teamed with many scientists from around the world – marine biologists, biophysicists, molecular biologists, electrophysiologists and biochemists – to solve the mystery of coral fluorescence.
Coral living on a reef off Lord Howe Island photographed to show the colours visible to the human eye.
Dr Salih leads the UWS Confocal Bio-Imaging Facility, where she uses laser microscopes to investigate cellular processes in healthy and in cancer cells, in plants and microbes.
Lord Howe Island coral photographed showing fluorescence.
Recently Dr Salih discussed her research and her collaboration with internationally renowned artist, Lynette Wallworth, at the World Science Festival in New York.
Ms Wallworth has created a mesmerising film, Coral: Rekindling Venus, featuring the colourful and dynamic world of fragile corals reefs. The unique film immerses the audience in an underwater world using the full dome screens of planetariums. Viewers are enveloped in the sights and sounds of another world - an ecosystem at great risk from climate change.
Dr Salih captured some of the images of fluorescent corals used in Coral: Rekindling Venus.
The extraordinarily detailed, high definition, images required innovative technology and new techniques beyond those usually in the lab or in the field.
The results are simply stunning.
The American Museum of Natural History in New York City has published an article on Dr Salih's work on the the Coral: Rekindling Venus project which has been part of a special exhibit during June.
An esteemed Western Sydney University educator and engineering physicist has been announced as the recipient of the 2017 NSW Community Outreach to Physics Award by the Australian Institute of Physics (AIP).
Do you know an inspiring woman from Western Sydney? Nominations now open for 2018 Women of the West Awards
Western Sydney University is once again calling for nominations for its annual Women of the West and Young Women of the West Awards.
The Western Sydney University’s (WSU) Parramatta CBD Campus, the Peter Shergold Building, has taken out the inaugural Western Sydney Leadership Dialogue’s (WSLD) Project of the Year, at the Boomtown! Infrastructure Summit.
|
<urn:uuid:af977bf4-9906-4e83-b250-a8463e31d302>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/newscentre/news_centre/special_features/coral_research
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809778.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125105437-20171125125437-00368.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910169
| 533
| 2.953125
| 3
|
[
6187,
1052,
3972,
4849,
4449,
11,
257,
11444,
287,
262,
3961,
286,
5800,
290,
3893,
11,
318,
24114,
262,
10685,
2163,
286,
29537,
18915,
784,
262,
19634,
12,
259,
12,
1169,
12,
21953,
42309,
15568,
326,
1657,
510,
29537,
43190,
11,
326,
389,
8096,
287,
262,
2646,
11,
41390,
25,
797,
11031,
1359,
21094,
13,
198,
3347,
5804,
326,
284,
1833,
1521,
1162,
874,
423,
12572,
10345,
9573,
286,
42309,
18915,
11,
340,
318,
1593,
284,
670,
1973,
867,
29861,
13,
1406,
673,
468,
31230,
351,
867,
5519,
422,
1088,
262,
995,
784,
16050,
43149,
11,
3182,
39665,
291,
1023,
11,
18955,
43149,
11,
1742,
10051,
893,
72,
9251,
290,
3182,
18958,
1023,
784,
284,
8494,
262,
10715,
286,
29537,
6562,
48699,
13,
198,
34,
6864,
2877,
319,
257,
25088,
572,
4453,
38320,
5451,
25880,
284,
905,
262,
18915,
7424,
284,
262,
1692,
4151,
13,
198,
6187,
4849,
4449,
5983,
262,
471,
19416,
7326,
4374,
16024,
12,
3546,
3039,
29118,
11,
810,
673,
3544,
12855,
21145,
13920,
284,
9161,
19824,
7767,
287,
5448,
290,
287,
4890,
4778,
11,
287,
6134,
290,
33712,
13,
198,
22438,
38320,
5451,
29537,
25880,
4478,
6562,
48699,
13,
198,
24661,
1583,
4849,
4449,
6693,
607,
2267,
290,
607,
12438,
351,
19765,
22140,
6802,
11,
10350,
5857,
5007,
9268,
11,
379,
262,
2159,
5800,
11117,
287,
968,
1971,
13,
198,
10128,
5007,
9268,
468,
2727,
257,
46814,
1710,
2646,
11,
41390,
25,
797,
11031,
1359,
21094,
11,
9593,
262,
44799,
290,
8925,
995,
286,
21049,
1162,
874,
43190,
13,
383,
3748,
2646
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
About The Book
In this groundbreaking ecological history of Australasia, acclaimed scientist and historian Tim Flannery argues that the Aborigines, Maoris, and other Polynesian peoples were the original “future eaters,” humans who consumed the resources they would need for their own survival–even to the point of exhaustion–with a dramatic impact on the indigenous flora and fauna. Beginning with the Australasian continent’s geological formation billions of years ago, Flannery follows the environment of the islands through the age of dinosaurs to the age of mammals and the arrival of humanity on its shores, to the coming of European colonizers and the advent of the industrial society that would change nature’s balance forever. Penetrating, gripping, and provocative, The Future Eaters is a dramatic narrative history that combines natural history, anthropology, and ecology on an epic scale.
‘science-popularizing at its Antipodean best . . . Australia has found its own Stephen Jay Gould.” –Times Literary Supplement
“Like the present-day incarnation of some early-nineteenth-century explorer-scholar, Tim Flannery refuses to be fenced in. . . . [The Future Eaters] will stir imaginations–and no little controversy.” –Time
|
<urn:uuid:fa06e7f2-a968-4fd1-b55c-fd59754b8077>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-future-eaters/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400279782.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927121105-20200927151105-00424.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913016
| 265
| 3
| 3
|
[
8585,
383,
4897,
198,
818,
428,
31088,
25047,
2106,
286,
3138,
23218,
11,
27023,
11444,
290,
18026,
5045,
39016,
35865,
11673,
326,
262,
2275,
11612,
1127,
11,
6669,
37279,
11,
290,
584,
12280,
2516,
666,
14366,
547,
262,
2656,
564,
250,
37443,
4483,
364,
11,
447,
251,
5384,
508,
13529,
262,
4133,
484,
561,
761,
329,
511,
898,
9441,
1906,
10197,
284,
262,
966,
286,
32493,
1906,
4480,
257,
10092,
2928,
319,
262,
17673,
48037,
290,
277,
32837,
13,
25976,
351,
262,
3138,
292,
666,
15549,
447,
247,
82,
41917,
9978,
13188,
286,
812,
2084,
11,
39016,
35865,
5679,
262,
2858,
286,
262,
14807,
832,
262,
2479,
286,
27199,
284,
262,
2479,
286,
23426,
290,
262,
10325,
286,
9265,
319,
663,
29963,
11,
284,
262,
2406,
286,
3427,
7633,
11341,
290,
262,
19980,
286,
262,
7593,
3592,
326,
561,
1487,
3450,
447,
247,
82,
5236,
8097,
13,
46975,
8821,
11,
39931,
11,
290,
28695,
11,
383,
10898,
412,
8605,
318,
257,
10092,
8689,
2106,
326,
21001,
3288,
2106,
11,
45424,
11,
290,
36517,
319,
281,
12191,
5046,
13,
198,
447,
246,
16801,
12,
47568,
2890,
379,
663,
3738,
541,
1098,
272,
1266,
764,
764,
764,
4505,
468,
1043,
663,
898,
7970,
9180,
39292,
13,
447,
251,
784,
28595,
38412,
23150,
198,
447,
250,
7594,
262,
1944,
12,
820,
29185,
286,
617,
1903,
12,
35073,
26425,
12,
14792,
39349,
12,
20601,
6192,
11,
5045,
39016,
35865,
17567,
284,
307,
277,
5864,
287,
13,
764,
764,
764,
685,
464,
10898,
412,
8605,
60,
481,
11240,
3590,
7352,
1906
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Sunshine is a great source of vitamin D and an excellent mood booster. After a long and tedious winter, it promotes plant growth and regeneration for many parts of our planet and its inhabitants. It’s easy to lose yourself in the warmth and comfort of the sun, especially when you haven’t seen each other in a while. However, it’s important to remember that the sun can still hurt us if we don’t take precautions. Knowing the best ways to protect yourself from the sun while outside will allow you to still enjoy yourself without adding risk to your health.
Sunscreen and Protection
Many people think that they won’t get a tan if they wear sunscreen, but that’s a myth. Sun exposure can cause serious damage and affect you years down the road. Sunscreen and protective clothing are essential, especially during prolonged adventures under the sun. Apply It every two hours, and choose a type with the appropriate level of UVA and UVB radiation protection for your skin.
If you have to work in the sun, wearing long sleeves, pants, and a hat offers some protection from direct exposure. You can’t take back the damage that you’ve already done, so your skin will thank you for any additional steps you take. Sunglasses are also very useful in shielding your sensitive eyes from the sun’s harmful rays.
Another common misconception about the sun is that you won’t get a sunburn when it’s cloudy, windy, or cool out. Just because you can’t see the sun doesn’t mean it can’t “see” you. Apply sunscreen and other protective measures as if you were in direct sunlight. Temperature does not affect the level of sun damage you receive; the damage comes from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is still present in overcast conditions.
Seek shade whenever possible. If you’re on the move, apparel protection options can help, but as you set up camp—perhaps at the beach—consider using an umbrella or pop-up covering to shelter you from constant and direct sunlight. A little time in the sun is fine, but prolonged periods can make you sick and do irreversible damage to your skin and body.
To stay safe from the sun at home while you’re enjoying backyard barbecues and pool days, consider different kinds of patio enclosures. Screened-in coverings for your pool area and yard can help you stay comfortable and shaded during all the best parts of summer. Of course, you should still apply sunscreen frequently, but the enclosure should help shield you from direct exposure. Additionally, it’ll keep away summer pests, which is a whole other ball of wax!
After this past year, everyone deserves to enjoy summertime to the fullest. Just don’t let eagerness outweigh safety. By implementing the best ways to protect yourself from the sun while outside, you can do what you want while protecting your future self. Sun poisoning is very real and very dangerous, as are melanoma and other skin conditions and afflictions.
|
<urn:uuid:dcd97a01-a90a-42e3-8372-dd279d2604a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-17
|
https://www.pittsburghhealthcarereport.com/best-ways-to-protect-yourself-from-the-sun-while-outside/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038060603.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411000036-20210411030036-00026.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.928336
| 640
| 2.78125
| 3
|
[
16012,
19489,
318,
257,
1049,
2723,
286,
14411,
360,
290,
281,
6275,
10038,
30430,
13,
2293,
257,
890,
290,
32460,
7374,
11,
340,
21068,
4618,
3349,
290,
27597,
329,
867,
3354,
286,
674,
5440,
290,
663,
17622,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
2562,
284,
4425,
3511,
287,
262,
23125,
290,
4467,
286,
262,
4252,
11,
2592,
618,
345,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
1775,
1123,
584,
287,
257,
981,
13,
2102,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
1593,
284,
3505,
326,
262,
4252,
460,
991,
5938,
514,
611,
356,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1011,
31320,
13,
29154,
262,
1266,
2842,
284,
1805,
3511,
422,
262,
4252,
981,
2354,
481,
1249,
345,
284,
991,
2883,
3511,
1231,
4375,
2526,
284,
534,
1535,
13,
198,
16012,
9612,
290,
9985,
198,
7085,
661,
892,
326,
484,
1839,
447,
247,
83,
651,
257,
25706,
611,
484,
5806,
44221,
11,
475,
326,
447,
247,
82,
257,
7918,
13,
3825,
7111,
460,
2728,
2726,
2465,
290,
2689,
345,
812,
866,
262,
2975,
13,
3825,
9612,
290,
14153,
9528,
389,
6393,
11,
2592,
1141,
20573,
17545,
739,
262,
4252,
13,
27967,
632,
790,
734,
2250,
11,
290,
3853,
257,
2099,
351,
262,
5035,
1241,
286,
471,
11731,
290,
22033,
33,
11881,
4800,
329,
534,
4168,
13,
198,
1532,
345,
423,
284,
670,
287,
262,
4252,
11,
5762,
890,
27409,
11,
12581,
11,
290,
257,
6877,
4394,
617,
4800,
422,
1277,
7111,
13,
921,
460,
447,
247,
83,
1011,
736,
262,
2465,
326,
345,
447,
247,
303,
1541,
1760,
11,
523,
534,
4168,
481,
5875,
345
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Algebra 1 • Topic 3 Assessment, Before
When I first drew up this assessment, my goals were to evaluate students’ ability at simplifying linear expressions and solving linear equations. Here’s what the two questions of Form A looked like:
I had the same all-my-eggs-in-one-basket problem with this original Topic 3 assessment as I did in an earlier assessment. If students aced these two questions, I knew they were capable of what they ought to be able to do. However, if they missed one or both, I was stuck without much information. There was no gradation in the all-or-nothing results.
Another issue: the assessment focused entirely on procedural skills and demanded nothing from students in terms of demonstrating deeper conceptual understanding.
Algebra 1 • Topic 3 Assessment, After
As was the case with Topic 2 (detailed in posts here and here), I addressed the above concerns by lengthening the assessment quite a bit. The revised Topic 3 assessment weighs in at two pages and a total of ten questions.
In the first three questions, I try to get a read on whether students understand conceptually what a solution of an equation is. (For the record, what I’m looking for is something along the lines of “this value does/does not satisfy the equation,” along with numerical support—via substitution—of that claim.)
After that, students move through a series of four increasingly difficult linear equations, giving me the leveled progression I was lacking in the original assessment that would help me distinguish the “almost there” from the “completely lost.”
Next up, an error-analysis/explain-your-reasoning style question:
And to close, two more “solve” questions (including one at the same level of difficulty as the original Topic 3 assessment):
The net result of the these changes is a much stronger assessment, with improvements in at least two categories. The new assessment (1) provides me with more specific insight about student strengths and weaknesses, and (2) demands more of students in the way of critical thinking and clear communication.
I fully expect that this new assessment could be improved in half a dozen ways. Part of the beauty of teaching (and writing many of my own lessons and all of my own assessments) is the opportunity for continual improvement over the years. This job will never leave me bored!
Is there anything in particular you liked about the improvements I already made to my Topic 3 assessment? Do you have a few more ideas for making it even better? Share away!
|
<urn:uuid:277cabaa-e76d-46a6-beea-97cf3b184400>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
http://reasonandwonder.com/one-minute-makeover-algebra-1-%E2%80%A2-topic-3-assessment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488538041.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623103524-20210623133524-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963806
| 538
| 2.96875
| 3
|
[
2348,
29230,
352,
5595,
47373,
513,
25809,
11,
7413,
198,
2215,
314,
717,
9859,
510,
428,
8922,
11,
616,
4661,
547,
284,
13446,
2444,
447,
247,
2694,
379,
7106,
4035,
14174,
14700,
290,
18120,
14174,
27490,
13,
3423,
447,
247,
82,
644,
262,
734,
2683,
286,
5178,
317,
3114,
588,
25,
198,
40,
550,
262,
976,
477,
12,
1820,
12,
33856,
82,
12,
259,
12,
505,
12,
65,
11715,
1917,
351,
428,
2656,
47373,
513,
8922,
355,
314,
750,
287,
281,
2961,
8922,
13,
1002,
2444,
257,
771,
777,
734,
2683,
11,
314,
2993,
484,
547,
6007,
286,
644,
484,
10783,
284,
307,
1498,
284,
466,
13,
2102,
11,
611,
484,
6825,
530,
393,
1111,
11,
314,
373,
7819,
1231,
881,
1321,
13,
1318,
373,
645,
3915,
341,
287,
262,
477,
12,
273,
12,
22366,
2482,
13,
198,
6610,
2071,
25,
262,
8922,
5670,
5000,
319,
27931,
4678,
290,
12284,
2147,
422,
2444,
287,
2846,
286,
21135,
9211,
23355,
4547,
13,
198,
2348,
29230,
352,
5595,
47373,
513,
25809,
11,
2293,
198,
1722,
373,
262,
1339,
351,
47373,
362,
357,
15255,
6255,
287,
6851,
994,
290,
994,
828,
314,
9469,
262,
2029,
4786,
416,
40038,
20563,
262,
8922,
2407,
257,
1643,
13,
383,
15556,
47373,
513,
8922,
24034,
287,
379,
734,
5468,
290,
257,
2472,
286,
3478,
2683,
13,
198,
818,
262,
717,
1115,
2683,
11,
314,
1949,
284,
651,
257,
1100,
319,
1771,
2444,
1833,
3721,
935,
644,
257,
4610,
286,
281,
16022,
318,
13,
357,
1890,
262,
1700,
11,
644,
314,
447,
247,
76
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
What makes a person more qualified or capable of doing something than the next person?
Usually it’s because of a knowledge gap.
The role of a professor is to close that knowledge gap. The role of a student is to apply that knowledge and further their own skill. The role of a university is to connect knowledgeable people with passionate students.
If I told you how simple the method of some of the magic tricks I performed, you’d be much less impressed by the magic.
Because I’ve closed that knowledge gap.
A huge part of why magic seems magical, or impossible, is because us magicians are fully aware of this knowledge gap.
Knowledge is power.
In the spirit of closing knowledge gaps, I sometimes do reveal the simplest tricks to spectators to explain why knowledge is so powerful. How in one instance, a trick seems impossible. And in showing the spectator again and giving them the knowledge of the trick, which I can explain in two sentences, the magic isn’t as magical, but instead, it becomes something both the spectator and I can enjoy. In reality, knowledge IS magic. Knowledge connects us and created a bridge from performer to spectator.
Knowledge and education is one of the most important things in my life right now. How can I close these knowledge gaps I have with the people I admire most? Books. Lectures. Application.
Let’s close these knowledge gaps and start sharing the magic.
|
<urn:uuid:d7b91489-f9a4-4951-8c9b-1153a4561243>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://thejawesomelife.blog/2018/12/15/knowledge-gaps/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198287.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920161009-20200920191009-00785.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947505
| 301
| 2.53125
| 3
|
[
2061,
1838,
257,
1048,
517,
10617,
393,
6007,
286,
1804,
1223,
621,
262,
1306,
1048,
30,
198,
37887,
340,
447,
247,
82,
780,
286,
257,
3725,
7625,
13,
198,
464,
2597,
286,
257,
6240,
318,
284,
1969,
326,
3725,
7625,
13,
383,
2597,
286,
257,
3710,
318,
284,
4174,
326,
3725,
290,
2252,
511,
898,
5032,
13,
383,
2597,
286,
257,
6403,
318,
284,
2018,
29549,
661,
351,
15347,
2444,
13,
198,
1532,
314,
1297,
345,
703,
2829,
262,
2446,
286,
617,
286,
262,
5536,
15910,
314,
6157,
11,
345,
447,
247,
67,
307,
881,
1342,
12617,
416,
262,
5536,
13,
198,
8128,
314,
447,
247,
303,
4838,
326,
3725,
7625,
13,
198,
32,
3236,
636,
286,
1521,
5536,
2331,
10883,
11,
393,
5340,
11,
318,
780,
514,
2153,
5106,
389,
3938,
3910,
286,
428,
3725,
7625,
13,
198,
23812,
2965,
318,
1176,
13,
198,
818,
262,
4437,
286,
9605,
3725,
17332,
11,
314,
3360,
466,
7766,
262,
24043,
15910,
284,
31704,
284,
4727,
1521,
3725,
318,
523,
3665,
13,
1374,
287,
530,
4554,
11,
257,
6908,
2331,
5340,
13,
843,
287,
4478,
262,
43893,
757,
290,
3501,
606,
262,
3725,
286,
262,
6908,
11,
543,
314,
460,
4727,
287,
734,
13439,
11,
262,
5536,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
355,
10883,
11,
475,
2427,
11,
340,
4329,
1223,
1111,
262,
43893,
290,
314,
460,
2883,
13,
554,
3950,
11,
3725,
3180,
5536,
13,
20414,
20417,
514,
290,
2727,
257,
7696,
422,
26960,
284,
43893,
13,
198,
23812,
2965,
290,
3707,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
1593
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Crew: Gorie, Kavandi, Kregel, Mohri, Thiele, Voss Janice. Deployed the 61 metre long STRM mast, a side-looking radar that digitally mapped the entire land surface of the Earth between latitudes 60 deg N and 54 deg S.
On an extremely successful mission the space shuttle Endeavour deployed the 61 metre long STRM mast. This was a side-looking radar that digitally mapped with unprecedented accuracy the entire land surface of the Earth between latitudes 60 deg N and 54 deg S. Sponsors of the flight included the US National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), NASA, and the German and Italian space agencies. Some of the NIMA data would remain classified for exclusive use by the US Department of Defense.
The RSRM-71 solid rocket boosters separated at 17:45 GMT. The OMS engines fired in an OMS Assist manoeuvre during the ascent to orbit from 17:46 to 17:47 GMT. Main engine cut-off was at 17:52 GMT followed by separation of the ET-92 External Tank. At 18:19 GMT a 2 minute OMS-2 firing placed Endeavour in circular orbit, while the ET coasted to re-entry over the Pacific.
The SRTM mast was deployed successfully at 23:27 GMT on February 12. A failed thruster on the end of the mast caused some work-arounds but did not prevent successful completion of all planned mapping work. After some problems stowing the mast on February 21, Endeavour made a deorbit burn was at 22:25 GMT February 22 and landed at 23:22 GMT. The shuttle Endeavour was then towed to Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 2 to be prepared for the STS-97 mission.
NASA Official Mission Summary
Mission: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
Space Shuttle: Endeavour
Launch Pad: 39A
Launched: February 11, 2000, 12:43:40 p.m. EST
Landing Site: Kennedy Space Center, Florida
Landing: February 22, 2000, 6:22:23 p.m. EST
Rollout Distance: 9,943 feet
Rollout Time: 62 seconds
Mission Duration: 11 days, 5 hours, 39 minutes 41 seconds
Orbit Altitude: 126 nautical miles
Orbit Inclination: 57 degrees
Miles Traveled: 4.1 million
Crew Members: Commander Kevin R. Kregel, Pilot Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie, Mission Specialists Janet L. Kavandi, Janice E. Voss, Mamoru Mohri and Gerhard P. J. Thiele.
STS-99 faced a series of launch delays and one scrub before launching successfully. The mission was originally scheduled to fly on Sept. 16, 1999. But in mid-August, the launch date was postponed until October because of wiring concerns throughout the shuttle fleet. With so much of Endeavour's wiring requiring inspection, the target date for launch was shifted to no earlier than Nov. 19. Shuttle managers later decided to preserve the option to launch either STS-99, or STS-103, the third Hubble Servicing Mission, first. It was decided in October that STS-103 would fly first, and the launch of STS-99 was set for Jan. 13, 2000. In December that date came under review, and a new launch date of no earlier than Jan. 31 was set.
The scheduled launch on Jan. 31, 2000, was scrubbed because of unacceptable weather conditions. However, late in the count, an anomaly occurred with the No. 2 enhanced master events controller (EMEC), which also would have prevented the launch on that day. The EMEC was removed and replaced and the launch rescheduled until 12:30 p.m. EST on Feb. 11. About three hours prior to the scheduled launch, an unexpected pressure drop was detected in hydraulic system 1. The pressure drop was determined to be the result of a normal sequence of prelaunch events. Discussions of the pressure drop resulted in a 13-minute, 40-second launch delay.
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission mast was deployed successfully to its full length, and the antenna was turned to its operation position. After a successful checkout of the radar systems, mapping began at 12:31 a.m., less than 12 hours after launch. Crewmembers, split into two shifts so they could work around the clock, began mapping an area from 60 degrees north to 56 degrees south. Data was sent to Jet Propulsion Laboratory for analysis and early indications showed the data to be of excellent quality.
Mapping proceeded fairly smoothly, but during an attitude-hold period for payload mapping during the second day of flight, it was determined that orbiter propellant usage had doubled from 0.07 to 0.15 percent an hour. The increase was caused by a failure of the payload cold-gas thrust system that was used to offset the gravity gradient torque of the mast.
As a result of this failure, orbiter propellant was being used at a higher-than-planned rate to maintain the attitude of the vehicle. Measures to reduce the expenditure were evaluated and based on the analysis, enough propellant could be saved to complete the planned 9-day plus science mission.
The first of a series of "flycast" maneuvers during the mission was also made on the second day of flight. The flycast maneuver was designed to reduce strain on the almost-200-foot mast extending from Endeavour's cargo bay when adjustments to Endeavour's orbit were needed.
The orbiter, which flew tail-first during mapping operations, was moved to a nose-first attitude with the mast extending upward. A brief reaction control system pulse began the maneuver. The mast deflected slightly backwards, then rebounded forward. As it reached vertical, a stronger thrust was applied, arresting the mast's motion and increasing the orbiter's speed.
Radar data gathering concluded at 6:54 a.m. EST on the tenth day of flight after a final sweep across Australia. During 222 hours and 23 minutes of mapping, Endeavour's radar images filled 332 high density tapes and covered 99.98 percent of the planned mapping area -- land between 60 degrees north latitude and 56 degrees south latitude -- at least once and 94.6 percent of it twice. Only about 80,000 square miles in scattered areas remained unimaged, most of them in North America and most already well mapped by other methods. Enough data was gathered to fill the equivalent of 20,000 CD's.
Also aboard Endeavour was a student experiment called EarthKAM, which took 2,715 digital photos during the mission through an overhead flight-deck window. The NASA-sponsored program lets middle school students select photo targets and receive the images via the Internet. The pictures were used in classroom projects on earth science, geography, mathematics and space science. More than 75 middle schools around the world participated in the experiment, which set a record. On four previous flights combined, EarthKAM sent down a total of 2,018 images.
- Endeavour OV-105 (14th mission)
- Pad 39-A (68th lauunch)
- 97th Shuttle Mission
OPF -- 12/15/98; VAB -- 7/11/99; PAD -- 12/13/99
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was an international project spearheaded by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency and NASA, with participation of the German Aerospace Center DLR. Its objective was to obtain the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of the Earth. SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that produced unrivaled 3-D images of the Earth's surface.
SRTM used C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radars (IFSARs) to acquire topographic data of the Earth's land mass between 60 deg N and 56 deg S. It produced digital topographic map products which met Interferometric Terrain Height Data (ITHD)-2 specifications (30 meter x 30 meter spatial sampling with 16 meter absolute vertical height accuracy, 10 meter relative vertical height accuracy and 20 meter absolute horizontal circular accuracy).
The result of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission was close to 1 trillion measurements of the Earth's topography. Besides contributing to the production of better maps, these measurements would lead to improved water drainage modeling, more realistic flight simulators, better locations for cell phone towers, and enhanced navigation safety.
Orbit: Altitude: 233 km / Inclination: 57 deg
- Data Takes Approximately 1,000 (every time Endeavour was over land)
- Data Acquisition more than 80 hours
- Data recording rate 180 Mbits/sec for C-band, 90 Mbits/sec for X-band
- Total Raw Radar Data 9.8 Terabytes (15,000 CDs)
- Data Tapes 300 high-density tapes (each tape records 30 min. of C-band, or 60 min. of X-band data)
In addition, this mission offered a number of applications for data products and science, including: geology, geophysics, earthquake research, volcano monitoring; hydrologic modeling; ecology; co-registration and terrain correction of remotely-acquired image data; atmospheric modeling; flood inundation modeling; urban planning; natural hazard consequence assessments; fire spread models; and transportation/infrastructure planning.
Enhanced ground collision avoidance systems for aircraft; civil engineering, land use planning, and disaster recovery efforts; and line-of-sight determination for communications, e.g., cellular telephones.
Flight simulators; logistical planning, air traffic management; missile and weapons guidance systems; and battlefield management, tactics.
Shuttle Liftoff Weight: 4,520,415 lbs. Orbiter/Payload Liftoff Weight: 256,560 lbs. Orbiter/Payload Landing Weight: 225,669 lbs.
Payload Weight: SRTM 14.5 tons
Software Version: OI-27
Space Shuttle Main Engines: SSME 1: 2052 SSME 2: 2044 SSME 3: 2047
External Tank: ET-92 ( Super Light Weight Tank)
SRB Set: BI-100/RSRM-71 SRTM Hardware--the Mast Payload Bay
Made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), stainless steel, alpha titanium, and Invar, the mast was a truss structure that consisted of 87 cube-shaped sections called bays. Unique latches on the diagonal members of the truss allowed the mechanism to deploy bay-by-bay out of the mast canister to a length of 60 meters (200 feet), about the length of five school buses. The canister housed the mast during launch and landing and also deployed and retracted the mast.
The mast was deployed and retracted by a motor-driven nut within the mast canister. This nut pulled the mast from its stowed configuration and allowed it to unfold like an accordion. An astronaut inside the Space Shuttle initiated the mast deployment. The mast also could have been deployed manually during an EVA using a hand-held motor if necessary.
The mast technology enabled the SRTM system to perform at the high precision necessary to achieve the desired mapping resolution. The mast supported a 360-kilogram antenna structure at its tip and carried 200 kilograms of stranded copper, coaxial, fiber optic cables, and thruster gas lines along its length.
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Mast
- Mast Length 60 m
- Nominal Mast Diameter 1.12 m
- Nominal Bay Width at Longerons 79.25 cm
- Nominal Bay Length 69.75 cm
- Number of Bays 87
- Stowed Height/Bay 1.59 cm
- Total Stowed Height 128 cm
The Main Antenna
The main antenna was connected to a pallet that in turn was bolted into the payload bay of the Space Shuttle. The system consisted of two antennas and the avionics that computed the position of the antenna.
Each antenna was made up of special panels that could transmit and receive radar signals. One antenna was the C-band antenna and could transmit and receive radar 5.6 centimeter wavelengths. The second antenna was the X-band antenna. This antenna could transmit and receive 3 centimeter radar wavelengths. Both wavelengths were used in the Spaceborne Imaging Radar C-band/X-SAR missions in 1994 for a variety of environmental studies. The L-band antenna, also used during SIR-C/X-SAR, was removed to save weight.
Attitude and Orbit Determination Avionics
In order to map the Earth's topography, SRTM researchers had to:
1) Measure the distance from the Shuttle to some common reference, such as sea-level
2) Measure the distance from the Shuttle to the surface feature over which it was flying
For example, if the Shuttle's height above sea level was known and its respective height above a mountain, then researchers could subtract to get the height of the mountain above sea level.
For the first part, researchers needed to know the Shuttle's height above sea level at all times. NASA needed to constantly measure the Shuttle position to an accuracy of 1 meter (about 3 feet).
For the second part of the formula, SRTM was using radar interferometry to measure the height of the Shuttle above the Earth's surface. One of the biggest challenges in making interferometry work was knowing the length and orientation of the mast at all times. Changes in its length and orientation could have a profound effect on the final height accuracy. Suppose the mast tip moved around by only 2 cm (a bit less than 1 inch) with respect to the Shuttle (this was something that was expected to happen during the mission, due to the astronauts moving around and Shuttle thrusters firing). That doesn't sound like much, but if not taken into account, it would result in a height error at the Earth's surface of 120 meters (almost 400 ft).
Researchers also expected changes in mast length of about 1 cm (about a half-inch) which if not detected would result in additional errors. Therefore, SRTM team members needed to constantly monitor the mast orientation and length. Part of this was measuring where the mast tip was relative to the Shuttle to better than 1 mm (about 4/100th of an inch). The other part was knowing how the Shuttle was oriented relative to the Earth to about 1 arcsec.
To keep track of the Shuttle's position, NASA made use of the Global Positioning System (GPS). Mission managers could do this by combining measurements taken by some specially designed GPS receivers being flown on the Shuttle with measurements taken by an international network of GPS ground receivers.
To measure the mast length and orientation, team members used a variety of optical sensors. A target tracker was used to follow a set of Light Emitting Diode (LED) targets which could be seen on the outboard radar antenna once the mast was fully deployed.
The target tracker also was used to monitor the antenna alignment. There were laptop computers on the Shuttle which displayed the antenna alignment (kind of a cross-hairs with a dot, representing the alignment error). The crew used these displays to guide adjust of some motors at the mast tip (the "milkstool") to remove any alignment errors so the radar could operate properly.
To get the most accurate measure of the mast length, SRTM managers used a set of rangefinders, called Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) units. To save time and money, the SRTM team decided to buy commercial surveying instruments and modify them for use in space. The rangefinders worked by bouncing a beam of light off a special corner-cube reflector on the outboard antenna and measuring the time to determine the distance.
To measure the orientation of the Shuttle with respect to the Earth, mission managers used one of the most precise star tracker and gyroscope packages ever built. The star tracker looked at the sky and compared what it saw with a star catalogue in its memory to get the attitude of the Shuttle.
Prime: Kevin Kregel Backup: Dom Gorie
EarthKAM was a NASA-sponsored program that enabled middle school students to take photographs of the Earth from a camera aboard the Space Shuttle. During missions, students worked collectively and used interactive web pages to target images and investigate the Earth from the unique perspective of space.
An electronic still camera (ESC) bracket-mounted to the overhead starboard window of the orbiter aft flight deck faced the nadir to observe various student-selected sites on Earth. Other than equipment setup, initial camera pointing, and possible camera lens changes, no crew intervention was required for nominal operations.
The University of California at San Diego housed the EarthKAM Mission Operations Center (MOC). Most participating schools (or group of schools) establish a Student Mission Operation Center (SMOC) whose computers were connected to the Internet.
Before the mission, students selected a topic of interest, such as human settlement patterns, mountain ranges, or agricultural patterns. Then they defined investigations that were supported by the EarthKAM images.
During the mission, each SMOC submited a number of photo requests through specialized EarthKAM web pages. The requests were processed and uplinked to the EarthKAM ESC aboard the Shuttle.
After the ESC took the pictures, digital images were sent back to Earth and posted on the data system for the students to use in their investigations. For their final reports, students used these new images along with other relevant images from the full EarthKAM image set. Scientists and educators reviewed the original proposal and the final report to provide feedback to the students.
The EarthKAM program also was preparing to mount a camera aboard the International Space Station.
During the first four missions of EarthKAM, students took more than 2,000 high-resolution digital images of the Earth. These photographs included the Himalayas, clouds over the Pacific, volcanoes, and recent forest fires in Indonesia.
More... - Chronology...
First Launch: 2000.02.11.
Last Launch: 2000.02.22.
Duration: 11.24 days.
Mohri Mohri, Mamoru (1948-) Japanese chemist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-47, STS-99. NASDA; Spacelab-J specialist. More...
Thiele Thiele, Gerhard Julius Paul (1953-) German physicist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-99. DARA. More...
Kregel Kregel, Kevin Richard (1956-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-70, STS-78, STS-87, STS-99. More...
Voss, Janice Voss, Dr Janice Elaine (1956-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94, STS-99. Engineer. More...
Gorie Gorie, Dominic Lee Pudwill (1957-) American test pilot astronaut 1995-2010. Flew on STS-91, STS-99, STS-108, STS-123. Flew 38 combat missions over Iraq. More...
Kavandi Kavandi, Dr Janet Lynn (1959-) American chemist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-91, STS-99, STS-104. Chemist. More...
Endeavour American manned spaceplane. 25 launches, 1992.05.07 to 2011.05.16. Built as a replacement after the loss of the Challenger; named after the first ship commanded by James Cook. More...
Associated Manufacturers and Agencies
NASA American agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA, USA. More...
NASA Houston American agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. Houston, Houston, USA. More...
STS The Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle) was conceived originally as a completely reusable system that would provide cheap, routine access to space and replace all American and civilian military launch vehicles. Crippled by technological overreach, political compromise, and budget limitations, it instead ended up costing more than the expendable rockets it was to have replaced. STS sucked the money out of all other NASA projects for half a century. The military abandoned its use after the Challenger shuttle explosion in the 1980's. More...
Associated Launch Sites
Cape Canaveral America's largest launch center, used for all manned launches. Today only six of the 40 launch complexes built here remain in use. Located at or near Cape Canaveral are the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, used by NASA for Saturn V and Space Shuttle launches; Patrick AFB on Cape Canaveral itself, operated the US Department of Defense and handling most other launches; the commercial Spaceport Florida; the air-launched launch vehicle and missile Drop Zone off Mayport, Florida, located at 29.00 N 79.00 W, and an offshore submarine-launched ballistic missile launch area. All of these take advantage of the extensive down-range tracking facilities that once extended from the Cape, through the Caribbean, South Atlantic, and to South Africa and the Indian Ocean. More...
2000 February 11 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #01 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Summary: With six astronauts on board, Endeavour sped to orbit under cloudless skies from the Kennedy Space Center today to begin the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, the first human space flight of the 21st century.. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 11 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #02 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Tani; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Summary: Space shuttle astronauts deployed the longest rigid structure ever built in space today and continued work to check out the equipment they will use to produce unrivaled three-dimensional images of the Earth's surface.. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 11 -
- ISS Status Report: ISS 00-06 - .
Nation: USA. Program: ISS. Flight: STS-99. With no significant issues affecting the on-orbit operation of the International Space Station, managers meeting in Moscow today selected the period from July 8-14 for launch of the Zvezda service module atop a Russian Proton launch vehicle. The ISS Partners formally will be presented the dates for final approval within the next several weeks, in accordance with the ISS Control Board policy. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 11 -
17:43 GMT - .
: Cape Canaveral
. Launch Complex
: Cape Canaveral LC39A
. LV Family
. Launch Vehicle
. LV Configuration
: Space Shuttle STS-99.
- STS-99 - .
Call Sign: Endeavour. Crew: Kregel; Gorie; Kavandi; Voss, Janice; Mohri; Thiele. Payload: Endeavour F14. Nation: USA. Related Persons: Kregel; Gorie; Kavandi; Voss, Janice; Mohri; Thiele. Agency: NASA Houston. Manufacturer: Boeing. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Flight: STS-99. Spacecraft: Endeavour. Duration: 11.23 days. Decay Date: 2000-02-22 . USAF Sat Cat: 26088 . COSPAR: 2000-010A. Apogee: 234 km (145 mi). Perigee: 226 km (140 mi). Inclination: 57.0000 deg. Period: 89.10 min. On an extremely successful mission the space shuttle Endeavour deployed the 61 metre long STRM mast. This was a side-looking radar that digitally mapped with unprecedented accuracy the entire land surface of the Earth between latitudes 60 deg N and 54 deg S. Sponsors of the flight included the US National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), NASA, and the German and Italian space agencies. Some of the NIMA data would remain classified for exclusive use by the US Department of Defense.
2000 February 12 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #04 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. By the time members of Endeavour's Red Team had reached lunchtime on this first full day in space for the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, the radar antennas in the payload bay and at the end of a 200-foot mast had mapped about 1.7 million square miles (4.5 million square kilometers) of the Earth's surface, or the equivalent of about half the area of the United States. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 12 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #03 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Ross; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Endeavour astronauts began mapping operations on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, which will provide maps of the Earth unprecedented in accuracy and uniformity. The first swath was begun as the orbiter crossed over southern Asia and continued until Endeavour flew over the continent's eastern coast and moved over the northern Pacific Ocean. The mapping will continue through the mission until the antenna mast is retracted before landing. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 13 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #06 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Tani; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission's mapping operation continues to run smoothly, with about 17.7 million square miles of the Earth's surface having been mapped by 7 p.m. Central time. Scientists also reported that 38 percent of landmasses had been mapped thus far in the flight. Despite a problem with a small nitrogen thruster on the end of the 200-foot-long mast, both the C-band and X-band radars continue to perform as expected, and the thruster problem has had no impact on mapping operations. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 13 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #05 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Kavandi; Kregel; Thiele. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. The first "flycast maneuver" trim burn was completed without a hitch by members of the Endeavour crew early Sunday. A little later, the Payload Operations Center reported that the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission had successfully mapped 7.64 million square miles as of very early Sunday morning. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 14 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #08 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. "As excited as a kid on Christmas day" is how Shuttle Radar Topography Mission project engineer Ed Caro described his reaction to the progress of the radar-mapping mission thus far. Operations onboard Endeavour continued without interruption, even without the availability of a small nitrogen thruster on the end of the extended boom. By midday, about 24 million square miles had been mapped once, and 9 million square miles twice. That's more than half the planned coverage for the mission. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 14 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #07 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Endeavour crewmembers successfully completed their second "flycast maneuver" trim burn early Monday, as the spacecraft continued to gather data that will greatly improve our topographical knowledge of the Earth's surface. Scientists already have expressed delight with low-resolution "quick look" data, which revealed features not shown on today's best maps. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 15 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #09 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Summary: Endeavour astronauts had completed mapping well over half the targeted Earth land surface by early Tuesday, and scientists continued to express delight at the quality of information they were seeing.. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 15 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #10 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. New radar images of Brazil, South Africa and the South Island of New Zealand were unveiled this afternoon by elated scientists of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. "This snapshot of Earth will be used for decades to come," said deputy project scientist Dr. Tom Farr. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 16 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #12 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. With growing confidence that fuel-saving measures onboard Endeavour will permit the radar mapping mission to run its full duration, flight controllers and crew members today marked the mission's mid-way point. "We're almost there," stated Milt Heflin, NASA's Deputy Chief Flight Director. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 16 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #11 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Optimism in orbit and in Mission Control that Endeavour will have enough propellant and power to complete its planned mapping of more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface continues to increase. Mission Control also told the astronauts that the EarthKAM aboard Endeavour has successfully transmitted its 1,000th image for middle school students. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 17 -
- ISS Status Report: ISS 00-07 - .
Nation: USA. Program: ISS. Flight: STS-99. As the International Space Station continues to orbit the Earth in good shape, its automatic docking system was tested twice this week without problems in an effort to verify that the system is ready to support the rendezvous with the Zvezda service module this summer. Meanwhile, Space Shuttle and Station managers formally approved the Shuttle visit to the Station to outfit Zvezda for occupancy by the first resident crew. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 17 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #14 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Hadfield; Kavandi; Mohri; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Propellant conservation measures have paid off and Endeavour's crew was notified this morning that the mapping operations will continue for the full nine days as planned prior to launch. "That's great news," replied Pilot Dom Gorie. "They're getting some fantastic data on this mission." Additional Details: here....
2000 February 17 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #13 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Masses of data that will result in topographical maps far better than any now available continue to flow into high-rate recorders as Endeavour enters the second half of its Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Efforts to conserve propellant and power continue to pay off, with officials gaining more confidence that the entire nine days, nine hours of mapping operations will be completed. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 18 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #16 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Hadfield; Kregel. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Mission managers late this afternoon announced a nine-hour extension to the data-taking portion of the mission. That means that mapping of the Earth now will continue until about 6 a.m. Monday. Astronaut Chris Hadfield in Mission Control relayed the good news shortly before 4 p.m. to Commander Kevin Kregel and the rest of Endeavour's crew. "That's super news," Kregel replied. "I'm sure the folks at the Jet Propulsion Lab and NIMA are really ecstatic about that." Additional Details: here....
2000 February 18 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #15 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. With unprecedented detail of well over half of the world's terrain already safely stored aboard, Endeavour's crew continued mapping the Earth uninterrupted this morning, marching toward more than nine full days of radar observations thanks to successful fuel conservation measures. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 19 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #18 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Kregel; Mohri; Thiele. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Following yesterday's decision by mission managers to extend mapping operations, Endeavour's astronauts are set to continue collecting data until 5:44 a.m. Central time Monday. At that point preparations will begin to stow the 200-foot-long mast for the remainder of the mission. This 9-hour extension allows for almost 100 percent of the planned coverage of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 19 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #17 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. The EarthKAM, a digital camera mounted at an overhead window on Endeavour's flight deck, continues its record setting pace. A little after 4 a.m. CST Saturday flight controllers reported it had sent down more than 2,018 images, the combined total of the four previous flights on which it had flown. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 20 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #19 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Ross; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Endeavour's astronauts are looking forward to using one more small bonus in mapping operations time. They were given an additional 10 minutes, bringing the total to nine days, 18 hours and 10 minutes. The additional minutes have been added to allow one more mapping pass across Australia, rather than turning off the radar just as the spacecraft approaches the nation's coastline. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 20 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #20 - .
Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Earth radar mapping continues smoothly on its last full day with Endeavour's crew scheduled to wrap up operations early Monday morning at 5:53 Central Time. As of noon today, 99 percent, or about 47 million square miles of the target area had been mapped once. More than 87 percent of the target area - nearly 42 million square miles - has been mapped twice. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 21 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #22 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Ross; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Summary: With mapping operations complete and Endeavour's radar mapping hardware stowed, astronauts today conducted checks of various flight control surfaces and thruster jets in preparation for tomorrow's return to Earth.. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 21 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #21 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Ross. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Endeavour's astronauts finished their successful Shuttle Radar Topography Mission mapping operations early Monday, then retracted the system's 200-foot mast into its payload bay canister. The mast, the longest rigid structure ever deployed in space, supported the external antenna structure during more than 222 hours of data gathering that mapped almost 100 percent of all planned sites around the world. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 22 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #24 - .
Nation: USA. Related Persons: Gorie; Kavandi; Kregel; Mohri; Ross; Thiele; Voss, Janice. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Summary: The six astronauts aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour glided to a smooth landing at the Kennedy Space Center at sunset today, wrapping up their 11-day radar mapping mission, the first human space flight of the 21st century.. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 22 -
- STS-99 Mission Status Report #23 - .
Nation: USA. Program: STS. Flight: STS-99. Endeavour's crew is preparing for a return home today, working toward a touchdown at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, at 3:50 p.m. CST, the first of three landing opportunities. A second opportunity to land in Florida is available with a touchdown at 5:22 p.m. CST. Endeavour also may land at Edwards Air Force Base, California, with a touchdown at 6:48 p.m. CST. Additional Details: here....
2000 February 22 -
Home - Browse - Contact
© / Conditions for Use
|
<urn:uuid:fec9a13c-6170-4e52-b8db-d1ff5e337556>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts99.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463660.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00187-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914104
| 8,125
| 2.9375
| 3
|
[
46724,
25,
19097,
494,
11,
509,
615,
26800,
11,
509,
2301,
417,
11,
9719,
380,
11,
536,
494,
293,
11,
569,
793,
2365,
501,
13,
34706,
276,
262,
8454,
42760,
890,
19269,
44,
17288,
11,
257,
1735,
12,
11534,
13428,
326,
34491,
27661,
262,
2104,
1956,
4417,
286,
262,
3668,
1022,
3042,
10455,
3126,
3396,
399,
290,
7175,
3396,
311,
13,
198,
2202,
281,
4457,
4388,
4365,
262,
2272,
20992,
5268,
68,
29023,
12380,
262,
8454,
42760,
890,
19269,
44,
17288,
13,
770,
373,
257,
1735,
12,
11534,
13428,
326,
34491,
27661,
351,
13029,
9922,
262,
2104,
1956,
4417,
286,
262,
3668,
1022,
3042,
10455,
3126,
3396,
399,
290,
7175,
3396,
311,
13,
18972,
669,
286,
262,
5474,
3017,
262,
1294,
2351,
39440,
1924,
290,
337,
5912,
7732,
357,
45,
3955,
32,
828,
8884,
11,
290,
262,
2679,
290,
8200,
2272,
5942,
13,
2773,
286,
262,
399,
3955,
32,
1366,
561,
3520,
10090,
329,
8568,
779,
416,
262,
1294,
2732,
286,
5947,
13,
198,
464,
371,
12562,
44,
12,
4869,
4735,
10701,
47949,
11266,
379,
1596,
25,
2231,
16987,
13,
383,
440,
5653,
11874,
6294,
287,
281,
440,
5653,
43627,
42618,
260,
1141,
262,
37137,
284,
13066,
422,
1596,
25,
3510,
284,
1596,
25,
2857,
16987,
13,
8774,
3113,
2005,
12,
2364,
373,
379,
1596,
25,
4309,
16987,
3940,
416,
14139,
286,
262,
12152,
12,
5892,
34579,
15447,
13,
1629,
1248,
25,
1129,
16987,
257,
362,
5664,
440,
5653,
12,
17,
9645,
4624,
5268,
68,
29023,
287,
18620,
13066,
11,
981,
262,
12152,
7051,
276,
284
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
“ … The motion picture community has been as responsible as any for degrading the Indian and making a mockery of his character, describing his as savage, hostile and evil. It’s hard enough for children to grow up in this world. When Indian children watch television, and they watch films, and when they see their race depicted as they are in films, their minds become injured in ways we can never know.” — Marlon Brando, Oscar speech, 1973
Tonto’s first appearance was on the 11th episode of the radio show The Lone Ranger on Dec. 7, 1938. The radio broadcast identified Tonto as a chief’s son in the Potawatomi Nation. The choice to make Tonto Potawatomi seems to come from the station owner’s childhood affiliation with Michigan. Tonto was created by a nonnative, which in my opinion, is undoubtedly Tonto — nonnative.
What does Tonto mean in Spanish and Italian? Stupid.
Sure, even before the creation of the fictional Tonto, or stupid, Native people had the power to define our own destiny in regard to image and how we are perceived in the public eye stolen from us. Just like the land you now stand on. But, it’s now 2013 and we still have little to no control over Hollywood’s redface exploitation.
To make it clear, as an actor, I have always respected Johnny Depp. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Cry-Baby, Dead Man — all are some of my favorites. But, I never have and never will be a fan of redface, blackface or any other kind of costume mockery of a people and their unique, diverse cultural identities.
Depp’s role, aside from Tonto being fictional himself, is based upon many historical inaccuracies. A painting by Kirby Sattler entitled “I Am Crow” inspired Depp’s newfound Tonto image. Treaty and Indigenous people are etched into the past in this production. Distant. Irrelevant.
Indigenous communities suffer from economic oppression, frequently lack adequate access to safe drinking water and healthy living conditions and are not “honored” by the use of normalized stereotypes. Paint. Feathers. Chants.
Is Depp’s 2012 “adoption” by the Comanche Nation as production of The Lone Ranger began an attempt to quell potential backlash from his redface role? How about an interest in buying land, adjacent to Wounded Knee, for $5 million to gift back to the Lakota Nation, recently reported in Indian Country Today? Indeed, a kind gesture to use privilege to try and help people.
But, considering the impoverished living conditions we Native Americans often face, imagine what opportunities $5 million could give a Nation. Or $225 million (the cost to make The Lone Ranger). New schools, safe drinking water, scholarship programs, community gardens, cultural and environmental protection projects, housing, proper prenatal care for mothers and infants.
According to Cornel West, true justice is allowing suffering to speak. Never assume what is good for Native people. It gives no “honor” to us to peddle a stereotypical image of our culture that encourages and reaffirms to a new generation that it’s OK to play cowboys and Indians.
“Nature is indeed out of balance,” Tonto muses in the film.
But, suppose, as Saginaw Grant playing Chief Big Bear tells the Lone Ranger, “It makes no difference. We are already ghosts.”
|
<urn:uuid:8b53c431-6384-4fdb-8439-8712354c96a6>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.eugeneweekly.com/20130718/movies/johnny-depp-last-comanche
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535923940.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909035952-00335-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95986
| 744
| 2.890625
| 3
|
[
447,
250,
3926,
383,
6268,
4286,
2055,
468,
587,
355,
4497,
355,
597,
329,
40354,
262,
3942,
290,
1642,
257,
42935,
286,
465,
2095,
11,
12059,
465,
355,
27303,
11,
12524,
290,
6181,
13,
632,
447,
247,
82,
1327,
1576,
329,
1751,
284,
1663,
510,
287,
428,
995,
13,
1649,
3942,
1751,
2342,
5581,
11,
290,
484,
2342,
7328,
11,
290,
618,
484,
766,
511,
3234,
18904,
355,
484,
389,
287,
7328,
11,
511,
9017,
1716,
6686,
287,
2842,
356,
460,
1239,
760,
13,
447,
251,
851,
1526,
14995,
13512,
78,
11,
15694,
4046,
11,
15674,
198,
51,
5957,
447,
247,
82,
717,
5585,
373,
319,
262,
1367,
400,
4471,
286,
262,
5243,
905,
383,
23405,
21888,
319,
4280,
13,
767,
11,
28017,
13,
383,
5243,
7025,
5174,
309,
5957,
355,
257,
4039,
447,
247,
82,
3367,
287,
262,
6902,
707,
265,
12753,
8741,
13,
383,
3572,
284,
787,
309,
5957,
6902,
707,
265,
12753,
2331,
284,
1282,
422,
262,
4429,
4870,
447,
247,
82,
9963,
26218,
351,
7055,
13,
309,
5957,
373,
2727,
416,
257,
1729,
30191,
11,
543,
287,
616,
4459,
11,
318,
17713,
309,
5957,
851,
1729,
30191,
13,
198,
2061,
857,
309,
5957,
1612,
287,
7897,
290,
8200,
30,
42930,
13,
198,
19457,
11,
772,
878,
262,
6282,
286,
262,
19812,
309,
5957,
11,
393,
8531,
11,
12547,
661,
550,
262,
1176,
284,
8160,
674,
898,
22701,
287,
2754,
284,
2939,
290,
703,
356,
389,
11067,
287,
262,
1171,
4151,
9909,
422,
514,
13,
2329,
588,
262,
1956,
345,
783,
1302,
319
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The recent political and civil unrest in the Middle East has captured the world’s attention.
It has been fascinating and alarming to watch the battle between the Egyptian government and social media users looking to offer first-hand accounts of what’s happening. This battle was highlighted by the government’s decision to shut down Internet access. In a flash, Egypt disappeared from the global digital map, although there are signs it’s flickering back to life.
Given how social media is being increasing leveraged as a real-time reporting tool, we wanted to look at how many people are using Twitter in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen – places in which there is active political protest.
We analyzed 52 million Twitter users, and discovered that only 14,642, or 0.027%, identified their location as Egypt, Yemen or Tunisia. Of these people, 88.1% were from Egypt, 9.5% from Tunisia and 2.13% from Yemen.
It is important to note this number probably doesn’t reflect the number of Twitter users since many users in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen likely do not provide their location information to protect their identities.
As well, the number of Twitter users could be skewed going forward if people around the world decide to support what’s happening by changing their location information to Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, or a city in one of these countries. This is what happened last year during the political unrest in Iran in which many people updated their Twitter location to Iran or Tehran.
The graphic bellow shows a summary of the 14,642 Twitter users in Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen.
We also used Sysomos MAP to look at the tweets that included the words Egypt, Yemen or Tunisia. In total, there were 1.3 million tweets from Jan. 24 to Jan. 30, compared with 122,319 from Jan. 16 to 23.
We also created a BuzzGraph of the leading keywords. At the core is “Jan25”, which was the hashtag commonly used after the protests in Egypt started on January 25.
Average number of followers: 138.3
Average number of friends: 143.8
Average posts/day: 3.24
Here’s a list of Egyptian Twitter users with the most followers:
http://twitter.com/elbaradei http://twitter.com/iyassin http://twitter.com/life_quotesx http://twitter.com/holmezideas http://twitter.com/slim404 http://twitter.com/almasryalyoum_a http://twitter.com/vodafoneegypt
While there are few Twitter users residing in Egypt, people around the world are using it to disseminate real-time information. The CNBC video discusses the issue, how a small focus group of 20-30 users inside Egypt are tweeting important information and how the rest of the world is using Twitter.
|
<urn:uuid:b9fe528f-f0dc-4341-b6f9-5be58a760a6e>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-39
|
https://blog.sysomos.com/2011/01/31/egyptian-crisis-twitte/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574286.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921063658-20190921085658-00077.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931347
| 604
| 2.578125
| 3
|
[
464,
2274,
1964,
290,
3026,
17093,
287,
262,
6046,
3687,
468,
7907,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
3241,
13,
198,
1026,
468,
587,
13899,
290,
24128,
284,
2342,
262,
3344,
1022,
262,
14075,
1230,
290,
1919,
2056,
2985,
2045,
284,
2897,
717,
12,
4993,
5504,
286,
644,
447,
247,
82,
5836,
13,
770,
3344,
373,
14537,
416,
262,
1230,
447,
247,
82,
2551,
284,
4423,
866,
4455,
1895,
13,
554,
257,
7644,
11,
6365,
12120,
422,
262,
3298,
4875,
3975,
11,
3584,
612,
389,
5895,
340,
447,
247,
82,
50104,
736,
284,
1204,
13,
198,
15056,
703,
1919,
2056,
318,
852,
3649,
17124,
1886,
355,
257,
1103,
12,
2435,
6447,
2891,
11,
356,
2227,
284,
804,
379,
703,
867,
661,
389,
1262,
3009,
287,
6365,
11,
33972,
290,
12492,
784,
4113,
287,
543,
612,
318,
4075,
1964,
5402,
13,
198,
1135,
15475,
6740,
1510,
3009,
2985,
11,
290,
5071,
326,
691,
1478,
11,
41290,
11,
393,
657,
13,
44698,
7441,
5174,
511,
4067,
355,
6365,
11,
12492,
393,
33972,
13,
3226,
777,
661,
11,
9193,
13,
16,
4,
547,
422,
6365,
11,
860,
13,
20,
4,
422,
33972,
290,
362,
13,
1485,
4,
422,
12492,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
1593,
284,
3465,
428,
1271,
2192,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
4079,
262,
1271,
286,
3009,
2985,
1201,
867,
2985,
287,
6365,
11,
33972,
290,
12492,
1884,
466,
407,
2148,
511,
4067,
1321,
284,
1805,
511,
18413,
13,
198,
1722,
880,
11,
262,
1271,
286,
3009,
2985,
714,
307,
37543,
1016,
2651,
611,
661,
1088,
262,
995,
5409
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
"Nobody asked who was Jewish and who was not. Nobody asked where you were from. Nobody asked who your father was or if you could pay. They just accepted each of us, taking us in with warmth, sheltering children, often without their parents—children who cried in the night from nightmares."
—Elizabeth Koenig-Kaufman, a former child refugee in Le Chambon
From December 1940 to September 1944, the inhabitants of the French village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon (population 5,000) and the villages on the surrounding plateau (population 24,000) provided refuge for an estimated 5,000 people. This number included an estimated 3,000–3,500 Jews who were fleeing from the Vichy authorities and the Germans.
Led by Pastor André Trocmé of the Reformed Church of France, his wife Magda, and his assistant, Pastor Edouard Theis, the residents of these villages offered shelter in private homes, in hotels, on farms, and in schools. They forged identification and ration cards for the refugees, and in some cases guided them across the border to neutral Switzerland. These actions of rescue were unusual during the period of the Holocaust insofar as they involved the majority of the population of an entire region.
Le Chambon-sur-Lignon is a village on the Vivarais Plateau in the Haute-Loire départment of the Auvergne, a hilly region of south-central France. Until November 1942, it lay in the Unoccupied Zone of France. The history of Le Chambon and its environs influenced the conduct of its residents during the Vichy regime and under German occupation. As Huguenot (Calvinist) Protestants, they had been persecuted in France by the Catholic authorities from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries and later provided shelter to fellow Protestants escaping discrimination and persecution. Many in Le Chambon regarded the Jews as a “chosen people” and, when they escorted those who were endangered 300 kilometers to the Swiss border, the guides were aware that they were following the same route that their persecuted Huguenot brethren had traveled centuries earlier.
On the Vivarais Plateau, the collective memory of their own suffering as a religious minority created a strong suspicion of authoritarian governments. Most Huguenots in the area refused to cooperate with the Vichy government, refused to take an oath to Marshal Pétain (chief of state of the Vichy regime), and refused to ring church bells in his honor. After the Vichy government was established in June 1940, André Trocmé, a committed pacifist, embarked on a campaign of peaceful civil disobedience against the authorities. Trocmé, who often preached against antisemitism, protested the mass roundup of Jews in Paris at the Vélodrome d'Hiver in July 1942 in a public sermon on August 16, stating that “the Christian Church must kneel down and ask God to forgive its present failings and cowardice.”
While the Trocmés and Theis were the principal catalysts of non-violent rescue activity on the Vivarais Plateau, the effort involved many others, including Protestant pastors in nearby parishes, as well as Catholics, American Quakers, Jews, Swiss Protestants, Evangelicals, students of various faiths, and non-believers.
The organized rescue effort began during the winter of 1940, when Pastor Trocmé established contact with the American Friends Service Committee (Quakers) in Marseilles in order to assist in providing relief supplies to the 30,000 foreign Jews held in internment camps in southern France. Trocmé initiated a working relationship with Burns Chalmers, a leading American Quaker, who told him that while the Quakers might be able to get internees released from the camps, there was no place for them to go, since no one was prepared to offer them shelter.
Trocmé assured Chalmers that his village, Le Chambon, would take in refugees. Chalmers was able to negotiate the release of many Jews, especially children, from some of the southern camps, including Gurs, Le Milles, and Rivesaltes. In addition to those who arrived in Le Chambon as a result of this organized rescue effort, Jews and others in danger also found their way to the town as individuals or in small groups, once word of mouth identified the Vivarais Plateau as a hospitable place of refuge.
The refugees were mostly foreign-born Jews, who did not hold French citizenship. A majority of them were children. They were dispersed among the small isolated villages and farms in the mountainous region surrounding Le Chambon. OSE (Oeuvre de Secours Aux Enfants, Children's Aid Society), a French-Jewish child care agency, played an important role in escorting children to Le Chambon and placing them in private homes, boarding houses, and in seven houses funded specifically to shelter them. The Quaker organization, American Congregationalists, the Swiss Red Cross, and even national governments like Sweden contributed funding to maintain the houses. The refugees received food, clothing, and false identity documents. The sheltered children even attended school and took part in youth organizations. In order to maintain an appearance of normalcy and to conceal the presence of Jews in the communities, the children frequently attended Protestant religious services. Nevertheless, Trocmé also encouraged these Jews to hold clandestine Jewish services.
Whenever the villagers got wind of impending visits by the Vichy police or German Security Police raids, they moved the refugees further into the countryside, escorting some to the Swiss border. The CIMADE (Comite Inter-Mouvements Aupres Des Evacues, Committee to Coordinate Activities for the Displaced), a Protestant refugee organization, was especially active in finding escape routes to Switzerland. One common underground route led from Le Chambon to Annemasse and over the Swiss border.
Hunted by the Vichy authorities and the Germans, other refugees followed the Jews to Le Chambon, seeking sanctuary. Among them were Spanish Republicans who had fled internment camps, anti-Nazi Germans, and many young Frenchmen seeking to avoid deportation to Germany for forced labor. The region also sheltered members of the French resistance, which became active in the region in 1942.
UNDER GERMAN OCCUPATION
The unity and solidarity of the local population compelled the Vichy authorities to proceed with caution in the region. Sometimes Vichy police officials gave the villages informal warnings before conducting searches. This pattern changed, however, after the Germans occupied southern France in November 1942. On February 13, 1943, French police arrested Pastors Trocmé and Theis, as well as the headmaster of the local primary school, Roger Darcissac, and interned them at a camp in Saint-Paul d'Eyjeaux, near Limoges. The French authorities released the three men after 28 days, and they continued to operate rescue activities until late 1943, when rumors of re-arrest sent them into hiding themsevles. At that point, Magda Trocmé took over the leadership of the rescue enterprise.
On June 29, 1943, the German police raided a local secondary school and arrested 18 students. The Germans identified five of them as Jews, and sent them to Auschwitz, where they died. The German police also arrested their teacher, Daniel Trocmé, Pastor Trocmé's cousin, and deported him to the Lublin/Majdanek concentration camp, where the SS killed him. Roger Le Forestier, Le Chambon's physician, who was especially active in helping Jews obtain false documents, was arrested and subsequently shot on August 20, 1944, in Montluc prison on orders of the Gestapo in Lyon.
The Vivarais Plateau was liberated by the Free French First Armored Division on September 2-3, 1944.
In 1990, the State of Israel recognized all of the inhabitants of Le Chambon and those of nearby villages collectively as “Righteous Among the Nations.” In addition, as of December 2007, the Israelis have awarded 40 individuals from Le Chambon and its environs the designation of “Righteous.” French President Jacques Chirac officially recognized the heroism of the village during a visit there on July 8, 2004. In January 2007, the French government honored the inhabitants of Le Chambon at a ceremony in the Pantheon in Paris.
The village of Le Chambon and its neighboring villages offer an exceptional example of a collective rescue effort during the Holocaust.
|
<urn:uuid:85183aba-5ddb-4d10-bd77-3300e83e9748>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-17
|
https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007518
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00533-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971431
| 1,786
| 3.796875
| 4
|
[
1,
24795,
1965,
508,
373,
5582,
290,
508,
373,
407,
13,
15658,
1965,
810,
345,
547,
422,
13,
15658,
1965,
508,
534,
2988,
373,
393,
611,
345,
714,
1414,
13,
1119,
655,
6292,
1123,
286,
514,
11,
2263,
514,
287,
351,
23125,
11,
11772,
278,
1751,
11,
1690,
1231,
511,
3397,
960,
17197,
508,
16896,
287,
262,
1755,
422,
33301,
526,
198,
960,
43568,
49178,
328,
12,
42,
559,
35826,
11,
257,
1966,
1200,
12540,
287,
1004,
609,
4131,
261,
198,
4863,
3426,
16236,
284,
2693,
16994,
11,
262,
17622,
286,
262,
4141,
7404,
286,
1004,
609,
4131,
261,
12,
11793,
12,
43,
570,
261,
357,
39748,
642,
11,
830,
8,
290,
262,
15425,
319,
262,
7346,
38008,
357,
39748,
1987,
11,
830,
8,
2810,
5473,
329,
281,
6108,
642,
11,
830,
661,
13,
770,
1271,
3017,
281,
6108,
513,
11,
830,
1906,
18,
11,
4059,
6771,
508,
547,
19105,
422,
262,
569,
488,
88,
4773,
290,
262,
16064,
13,
198,
42416,
416,
38256,
843,
29350,
8498,
11215,
2634,
286,
262,
797,
12214,
4564,
286,
4881,
11,
465,
3656,
2944,
6814,
11,
290,
465,
8796,
11,
38256,
1717,
280,
446,
383,
271,
11,
262,
5085,
286,
777,
15425,
4438,
11772,
287,
2839,
5682,
11,
287,
18505,
11,
319,
15893,
11,
290,
287,
4266,
13,
1119,
24918,
11795,
290,
36535,
4116,
329,
262,
8015,
11,
290,
287,
617,
2663,
17455,
606,
1973,
262,
4865,
284,
8500,
14679,
13,
2312,
4028,
286,
9992,
547,
8468,
1141,
262,
2278,
286,
262,
18661,
44061,
355,
484,
2950,
262,
3741,
286
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The Introduction EMI Full Form in Banking– Are you looking for the full form of EMI and how it works? EMI stands for Equated Monthly Installment and is a popular payment method for purchasing goods and services. It is a simple and convenient way to pay for large purchases in smaller amounts over a period of time. In this article, we’ll explain how EMI works and the advantages it offers. Read on to learn more about EMI and how it can help you manage your finances.
Table of Content
The Overview of EMI Full Form in Hindi, English, Marathi, Gujarati, And More.
EMI stands for Equated Monthly Installment. It is a fixed amount of money paid to a lender at regular intervals to pay off a loan. It consists of the principal amount and interest rate. The principal amount is paid off at the end of the loan tenure.
EMI, or Equated Monthly Installments, is a popular payment method used by consumers to purchase high-value items such as cars, furniture, and electronics. It is a type of loan that is offered by banks and other financial institutions, and it allows the buyer to pay for the item in smaller, more manageable installments over a period of time.
|0||No Cost EMI||No Cost Equated Monthly Installment|
|1||English||Equated Monthly Installment|
|2||Hindi||इक्विटी मासिक किस्त|
|3||Bengali||সমমানের মাসিক কিস্তি|
|4||Gujarati||સમકક્ષ માસિક હપ્તા|
|5||Kannada||ಸಮನಾಂತರ ತಿಂಗಳ ಕಂತು|
|6||Malayalam||തുല്യ വാർഷिक ഗഡു|
|7||Marathi||सममूल्य मासिक हप्ता|
|8||Punjabi||ਬਰਾਬਰ ਮਹੀਨਾਵਾਰ ਹਿਸਾਬ|
|9||Tamil||சமமான மாதாந்திர தவணை|
|10||Telugu||సమాన నెలవారీ installment|
What is the Full Form of EMI and What Does It Stand For?
The full form of EMI is Equated to Monthly Installments. It is a type of loan repayment system that involves paying back a loan in regular, fixed payments over a period of time.
EMI is a popular loan repayment option because it allows borrowers to spread out their loan payments over a period of time, making it easier to manage their finances. This type of loan repayment system is commonly used for mortgages, car loans, and other types of loans.
When a borrower takes out a loan, the lender will calculate the EMI based on the amount of the loan, the interest rate, and the loan term. The EMI will be the same amount each month, and it will include both the principal and the interest. The borrower will be responsible for making the payments on time each month, and the lender will use the payments to pay off the loan.
How Does EMI Work and What Are the Benefits?
When you take out an EMI, you are essentially taking out a loan to finance the purchase of the item. The loan is secured against the item itself, and the loan amount is determined by the value of the item. The loan is then divided into equal monthly payments, which are payable over a period of time that is agreed upon by the lender and the borrower.
The main benefit of taking out an EMI is that it allows you to purchase an item that may otherwise be out of your budget. It also allows you to spread out the cost of the item over a period of time, which makes it easier to manage your finances. Additionally, some lenders offer promotional EMI options that offer lower interest rates or other benefits, such as cashback or rewards.
Another benefit of taking out an EMI is that it can help to improve your credit score. Making regular payments on an EMI loan can help to demonstrate your ability to manage debt and make timely payments, which can help to improve your credit score over time.
Recent Biography And Definitions
|What is the HR Full Form in A Company||Are you curious about the full form of HR in a company?|
|How to Withdraw PF Online||Are you looking for a straightforward guide to help you withdraw your Provident Fund (PF) online?|
|How to Check PF Balance Online||Are you looking for an easy way to check your Provident Fund (PF) balance?|
|What are the 4Ps of Marketing Mix?||Are you looking to create a successful marketing strategy for your business?|
|What is 3rd Party Insurance?||Are you looking for a comprehensive overview of 3rd party insurance for bikes and cars?|
|Venture Capital India||Are you an entrepreneur looking to start a business in India?|
|Lulu Mall Owner||Welcome to our helpful guide on finding out who owns Lulu Mall!|
|Who is Ashneer Grover||Are you looking to learn more about Ashneer Grover|
|What is Black Money in India?||Are you curious to know what black money is in India?|
|Aadhaar Card in India||Are you looking for information about Aadhaar cards in India?|
|What is Salary Slip?||salary slip is an important document that helps employers and employees|
|How to Pronounce Entrepreneurs||Are you looking for help with pronouncing the word ‘Entrepreneur’ in India?|
|Private Vs Public Companies in India||Are you looking to understand the key differences between private and public companies in India?|
The full form of EMI is Equated to Monthly Installments. It is a convenient way to pay for large purchases over time. With EMI, you can spread the cost of a purchase over a period of months, making it easier to manage your finances. EMI payments are made up of a combination of principal and interest, and the amount of each payment remains the same throughout the repayment period. Understanding how EMI works can help you make informed decisions about financing large purchases and managing your finances.
|
<urn:uuid:78e5b936-beee-4208-b7df-5072c9f5bba5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://pricemint.in/information/emi-full-form/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648695.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602140602-20230602170602-00435.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.924338
| 1,605
| 3.15625
| 3
|
[
464,
22395,
412,
8895,
6462,
5178,
287,
35385,
1906,
4231,
345,
2045,
329,
262,
1336,
1296,
286,
412,
8895,
290,
703,
340,
2499,
30,
412,
8895,
6296,
329,
7889,
515,
27573,
15545,
434,
290,
318,
257,
2968,
6074,
2446,
329,
14080,
7017,
290,
2594,
13,
632,
318,
257,
2829,
290,
11282,
835,
284,
1414,
329,
1588,
13339,
287,
4833,
6867,
625,
257,
2278,
286,
640,
13,
554,
428,
2708,
11,
356,
447,
247,
297,
4727,
703,
412,
8895,
2499,
290,
262,
13391,
340,
4394,
13,
4149,
319,
284,
2193,
517,
546,
412,
8895,
290,
703,
340,
460,
1037,
345,
6687,
534,
20903,
13,
198,
10962,
286,
14041,
198,
464,
28578,
286,
412,
8895,
6462,
5178,
287,
43443,
11,
3594,
11,
1526,
44202,
11,
28600,
7246,
11,
843,
3125,
13,
198,
3620,
40,
6296,
329,
7889,
515,
27573,
15545,
434,
13,
632,
318,
257,
5969,
2033,
286,
1637,
3432,
284,
257,
35747,
379,
3218,
20016,
284,
1414,
572,
257,
8063,
13,
632,
10874,
286,
262,
10033,
2033,
290,
1393,
2494,
13,
383,
10033,
2033,
318,
3432,
572,
379,
262,
886,
286,
262,
8063,
17081,
13,
198,
3620,
40,
11,
393,
7889,
515,
27573,
15545,
902,
11,
318,
257,
2968,
6074,
2446,
973,
416,
7008,
284,
5001,
1029,
12,
8367,
3709,
884,
355,
5006,
11,
13091,
11,
290,
17075,
13,
632,
318,
257,
2099,
286,
8063,
326,
318,
4438,
416,
6341,
290,
584,
3176,
6712,
11,
290,
340,
3578,
262,
17872,
284,
1414,
329,
262,
2378,
287,
4833,
11,
517,
36426,
49854,
625,
257,
2278,
286,
640,
13
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
HVAC Forced Warm Air Heating Units
Warm air heating systems are of two types, forced air or gravity.
Any cat can tell you that warm air registers are best positioned low on a wall.
Gravity systems are occasionally still found in older single-family houses, but most gravity systems either have been replaced or converted to forced air. Gravity systems are big, bulky, and easily recognizable. Lacking a mechanical means of moving air, such systems are inefficient and heat unevenly, can be dangerously hot, and are generally considered archaic. Plan to replace them unless there are overriding reasons for doing otherwise.
Most forced warm air systems use natural gas or fuel oil as a heat source, but some systems use electric resistance heaters or heat pumps. These heaters replace the heat exchanger and burner found in gas- and oil-fired furnaces or supplement the heat output of heat pumps.
Electric resistance heating systems have no moving parts and require no adjustment. The circulation blower and air distribution ductwork for electric resistance heating systems (and heat pumps) are identical to those of gas- and oil-fired warm air systems and should be checked as described below.
Assess the condition of forced warm air heating systems as follows:
►Heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is located above the burner in gas- and oil-fired furnaces and separates the products of combustion from the air to be heated. (There is no heat exchanger in an electrically heated furnace.) It is critical that the heat exchanger be intact and contain no cracks or other openings that could allow combustion products into the warm air distribution system. Visual detection of cracks, even by heating experts, is a difficult and unreliable process.
|Look for signs of soot at supply registers and smell for oil or gas fumes. Observe the burner flame as the furnace fan turns on; a disturbance or color change in the flame may indicate air leakage through the exchanger. Operate the furnace for several minutes and then feel the furnace frame for uneven hot spots. Similarly, another simple test requires turning on the fan only and placing a lighted match or candle in the heat exchanger enclosure. If there are leaks, the flame will flicker. A CO tester may also be used to detect combustion gases. For any of these tests, consult a heating contractor or HVAC service technician.|
Look for rust on the exchanger -- a major cause of premature exchanger failure is water leakage from humidifiers or blocked air conditioner condensate lines. Check for other signs of water leakage. The durability of the heat exchanger determines the service life of the furnace.
Furnaces installed since the 1950s normally have a useful life of 25 years or less. Older furnaces with cast iron heat exchangers may last much longer.
► Furnace controls. Gas- and oil-fired furnaces have two internal controls, a fan control and a high-temperature limit control. (Furnaces with electric resistance heating coils have high temperature limit controls and air flow switches.) The fan control prevents cold air from being circulated through the system. It is a temperature-sensitive switch, completely independent of the thermostat, and turns the furnace blower on and off at preset temperatures.
When the thermostat calls for heat, the furnace burner is turned on. After the heat exchanger warms to a preset temperature (usually 110 to 120 F [43 to 49 C]), the fan control activates the blower. The thermostat will shut off the burner when the building warms to the thermostat setting, and when the heat exchanger cools to about 85 F (29 C) the fan control will switch off the blower.
|Observe the above sequence; if it is faulty, the fan control should be adjusted or replaced.|
The high-temperature limit control is a safety device that shuts the burner off if the heat exchanger gets too hot (the control is usually set at about 175 F). Should the burner automatically turn off before the blower is activated, either the blower, the fan control, or the high-temperature limit control is faulty and should be adjusted or replaced.
►Circulation blower. Remove the blower cover and inspect the blower motor and fan. Look for proper maintenance and oiling. Check for wear or misalignment of the fan belt, if any, and for dirt build up on the motor or fan.
|When the system is operating, listen for unwarranted blower noise and determine its cause.|
►Distribution system and controls. The distribution system is made up of supply and return ducts, filters, dampers, and registers. Supply and return ducts may be made of sheet metal, glass fiber, or other materials. Glass fiber ducts are self-insulated, but sheet metal ducts are usually not insulated except where they pass through unheated (or uncooled) spaces. Sheet metal ducts are occasionally insulated on the inside; determine the presence of insulation by tapping on the duct and listening for a dull sound.
Check ducts for open joints and air leakage wherever the ducts are exposed. Examine them for dirt build up by removing several room registers and inspecting the duct. Ducts can be cleaned by a heating contractor. If there is a flexible connection between the furnace and the duct work, check it for tears and openings. There should be no openings in return ducts in the same room as a combustion furnace.
Air filters are usually located on the return side of the furnace next to the blower, but they may be found anywhere in the distribution system. Check for their presence and examine their condition.
Supply ducts are often provided with manual dampers to balance air flow in the distribution system. Locate them by looking for small damper handles extending below the ductwork. Check their operation. In zoned systems, automatically controlled dampers may be located in the ductwork, usually near the furnace.
|The operation of all dampers should be checked by activating each thermostat, one at a time. If the dampers are working properly, air should begin to circulate in each zone immediately after its thermostat has been activated.|
Check the location of supply and return registers in each room. Warm air registers are most effective when positioned low on the exterior wall; cold air registers when located high on the walls or in the ceiling.
Return registers should be on opposite sides of the room from supply registers. If return registers are located in a hallway or a different room, make sure intervening doors are undercut by about one inch.
|When the furnace blower is on, check the air flow in all supply and return registers. Remove and inspect registers that appear blocked. Listen for sounds emanating from the ductwork and determine their source.|
Humidifiers may be located in the supply ducts. They should not be located in return air ducts because the moist air will pass through the heat exchanger and evaporator coil, rendering the humidification ineffective and corroding the heat exchanger. Check humidifiers.
Editor's note: This story is adapted from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, 2000.Click here for other stories in this series.
The Old House Web
|
<urn:uuid:248a851c-67b2-4371-9ab5-74bab94bc91c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-22
|
http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/hvac-forced-warm-air-heating-units.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257497.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524024253-20190524050253-00539.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922766
| 1,504
| 2.8125
| 3
|
[
39,
53,
2246,
40731,
25692,
3701,
679,
803,
27719,
198,
54,
1670,
1633,
16930,
3341,
389,
286,
734,
3858,
11,
4137,
1633,
393,
13522,
13,
198,
7149,
3797,
460,
1560,
345,
326,
5814,
1633,
28441,
389,
1266,
19378,
1877,
319,
257,
3355,
13,
198,
38,
16995,
3341,
389,
10491,
991,
1043,
287,
4697,
2060,
12,
17989,
7777,
11,
475,
749,
13522,
3341,
2035,
423,
587,
6928,
393,
11513,
284,
4137,
1633,
13,
24084,
3341,
389,
1263,
11,
39392,
11,
290,
3538,
30264,
13,
406,
5430,
257,
12370,
1724,
286,
3867,
1633,
11,
884,
3341,
389,
30904,
290,
4894,
30690,
306,
11,
460,
307,
33247,
3024,
11,
290,
389,
4143,
3177,
40435,
13,
5224,
284,
6330,
606,
4556,
612,
389,
44987,
3840,
329,
1804,
4306,
13,
198,
6943,
4137,
5814,
1633,
3341,
779,
3288,
3623,
393,
5252,
3056,
355,
257,
4894,
2723,
11,
475,
617,
3341,
779,
5186,
6625,
4894,
364,
393,
4894,
29019,
13,
2312,
4894,
364,
6330,
262,
4894,
9933,
2564,
290,
46027,
1043,
287,
3623,
12,
290,
3056,
12,
26803,
8926,
2114,
393,
10327,
262,
4894,
5072,
286,
4894,
29019,
13,
198,
44132,
6625,
16930,
3341,
423,
645,
3867,
3354,
290,
2421,
645,
15068,
13,
383,
19133,
698,
789,
290,
1633,
6082,
28494,
1818,
329,
5186,
6625,
16930,
3341,
357,
392,
4894,
29019,
8,
389,
10411,
284,
883,
286,
3623,
12,
290,
3056,
12,
26803,
5814,
1633,
3341,
290,
815,
307,
10667,
355,
3417,
2174,
13,
198,
8021,
408,
262,
4006,
286,
4137,
5814,
1633,
16930,
3341,
355,
5679,
25,
198,
45717,
39596,
9933
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Some baby-baths are times of giggling delight; some are frustrating fits of crying – for the baby and the parents. Baby bath seats are one attempt to make bath time easier, safer, and happier, but they have been involved in over 104 drowning deaths and 162 near-drownings in the United States. These bath seats usually attach to the tub with suction cups, and are designed to keep a slippery baby upright in the tub. Some babies have slipped through the leg holes and been trapped underwater. Others have been injured when bath seats tipped, toppling the child head first into the water. Some babies have been old enough to climb out on their own and drown. For a decade, parents of victims have been calling for a ban on these devices. In July 2000, the Consumer Federation of America and eight other advocacy organizations again petitioned the Consumer Product Safety Commission to ban baby bath seats. On October 16, 2003, the CPSC announced their decision: no ban.
Instead the CPSC proposed two mandatory regulations. First, they proposed a new warning label on the bath seats: “Children have drowned while using bath seats. ALWAYS keep baby within arm’s reach. This bathing aid is NOT a safety device. Stop using when a child is able to pull up to a standing position.” I heartily agree with this warning, though I wish it were stronger (“NEVER leave a child alone in a bath seat…”) and I would prefer warnings in more than one language, perhaps with pictures. Even so, I know that I don’t read all of the warning labels that surround my modern life. Up to a million of these bath seats are sold in the U.S. each year. I suspect more than a few parents will not read this important warning, or will still be lulled into a false sense of security by the seats. The devices can give the deceptive impression that it is okay to leave the baby in the bath “just for a moment”.
But even if the warning labels are noticed, read, believed, and followed by parents, this would still not solve the problem! According to the October 16, 2003 CPSC release, “it has become increasing clear that the use of suction cups as the primary means of stabilizing bath seats was a design error. A caregiver was present in 51 of the 115 tipovers (both fatal and non-fatal). These incidents cannot be blamed on a lack of supervision. There is a product problem.” The same is true for the leg holes, “In over half of the 21-entrapment/submersion incidents (fatal and non-fatal) a caregiver was present. Again, a lack of supervision is not the problem.” Therefore, the CPSC has proposed mandatory testing of bath seats to ensure stability and safe leg openings.
What’s my take? Drowning is a risk in baby bath seats; it’s also a risk in baths without the seats. We do not really know which is safer. We do know that parents need to learn never to leave a child alone in a bath – with or without a seat. We also know that the current design of bath seats is inadequate; they need to be safer to remain on the market. I applaud the CPSC proposal for mandatory testing. It’s almost like a ban on the old designs.
Perhaps more important than all of this is the amount of water used when bathing babies. The average level in the tubs of the drowned babies in the CPSC report was 7 inches of water. The lowest amount in which one of these children drowned was 3 inches of water. Commissioner Thomas Moore suggests that using ¾ inches of water might be enough to splash and clean, while being dramatically safer.
|
<urn:uuid:c3468505-5a87-49dd-8e9b-b1eb04a9ccd7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.drgreene.com/baby-bath-seats
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652149.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605153700-20230605183700-00454.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971279
| 785
| 2.703125
| 3
|
[
4366,
5156,
12,
65,
33148,
389,
1661,
286,
30442,
1359,
10974,
26,
617,
389,
16655,
11414,
286,
13774,
784,
329,
262,
5156,
290,
262,
3397,
13,
14801,
7837,
8632,
389,
530,
2230,
284,
787,
7837,
640,
4577,
11,
14178,
11,
290,
23030,
11,
475,
484,
423,
587,
2950,
287,
625,
14436,
32249,
7040,
290,
25090,
1474,
12,
67,
2053,
654,
287,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
2312,
7837,
8632,
3221,
10199,
284,
262,
12202,
351,
424,
596,
14180,
11,
290,
389,
3562,
284,
1394,
257,
32911,
5156,
24826,
287,
262,
12202,
13,
2773,
11903,
423,
18859,
832,
262,
1232,
10421,
290,
587,
13640,
21258,
13,
12691,
423,
587,
6686,
618,
7837,
8632,
28395,
11,
23126,
1359,
262,
1200,
1182,
717,
656,
262,
1660,
13,
2773,
11903,
423,
587,
1468,
1576,
284,
12080,
503,
319,
511,
898,
290,
16398,
13,
1114,
257,
5707,
11,
3397,
286,
4970,
423,
587,
4585,
329,
257,
3958,
319,
777,
4410,
13,
554,
2901,
4751,
11,
262,
18110,
11937,
286,
2253,
290,
3624,
584,
15364,
5745,
757,
8853,
276,
262,
18110,
8721,
11233,
4513,
284,
3958,
5156,
7837,
8632,
13,
1550,
3267,
1467,
11,
5816,
11,
262,
32084,
34,
3414,
511,
2551,
25,
645,
3958,
13,
198,
13193,
262,
32084,
34,
5150,
734,
13677,
6647,
13,
3274,
11,
484,
5150,
257,
649,
6509,
6167,
319,
262,
7837,
8632,
25,
564,
250,
26829,
423,
30859,
981,
1262,
7837,
8632,
13,
49576,
1394,
5156,
1626,
3211,
447,
247,
82,
3151,
13,
770,
39153,
6133,
318,
5626,
257,
3747,
3335,
13,
13707,
1262,
618,
257,
1200
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Implementing these policies and policing their application will be a logistical nightmare for the EU
The European Commission (EC) announced on Wednesday its ‘Fit-for-55’ package, with 13 new policies designed to address climate change and ensure that carbon emissions within the EU are reduced by 55 per cent by 2030 – in comparison to 1990 levels – on the way to net-zero by 2050. Without this, Europe will only achieve a 60 per cent reduction in emissions by 2050.
It will be achieved through tougher regulation and emissions standards for industry, carbon pricing and taxes on polluters and rules to promote investment in low-emissions technology.
These will entail sweeping new carbon levies and taxes almost in all aspects of the economy and trade, affecting all industry but also society at large. They will be additional to the carbon taxes being levied now through the European Emissions Trading System (ETS), that cost Cyprus about €85 million in 2020. In effect, ETS makes companies, such as EAC, pay for the cost of pollution they generate.
In addition, the EC proposes to increase the 2030 renewables target to 40 per cent of total energy consumption, in comparison to at least 32 per cent now, and energy efficiency to 36 per cent, in comparison to 32.5 per cent now. These new targets will have to be achieved by 2030. In comparison, Cyprus targets in its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) to 2030 are 24 per cent reduction in carbon emissions and 23 per cent renewables in final energy consumption – way behind the EU targets.
Another major commitment is the introduction of tougher standards to reduce vehicle carbon emissions, targeting 100 per cent reduction by 2035. This is equivalent to a ban on the sales of new internal combustion engine (ICE) cars by that time, bolstering demand for electric vehicles. In fact, many European carmakers are already planning to stop production of ICE cars by 2030.
Adoption of these policies will place the EU at the forefront of global efforts to address climate change. The risk, though, is that if other major economies do not move at a similar speed, the EU may be left in an economical limbo, with its industry becoming too costly to compete on the world stage. It is for this reason that the EC announced another package: the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). The plan is to apply a levy on products entering the EU from third countries based on their carbon footprint. I covered CBAM extensively in an article in Cyprus Mail on July 14.
However, the biggest and most far-reaching change is the expansion of EU’s ETS scheme to include transport, heating, aviation and shipping in order to speed up the pace of decarbonisation. EU consumers and industries will bear the brunt of the cost. As the FT points out, “the plan risks a backlash from EU’s poorer countries and parts of industry which argue that the pace of change and increased regulations will become a financial burden.”
This will also apply to Cypriot consumers who already pay high electricity bills. Travel and holidays will also cost more as airlines are hit with additional fuel costs.
The EC recognises that including transport and heating will have a disproportionate impact on poorer households within the EU, but insists that the transformation must be fair. Mindful of this, it has earmarked €72 billion in a social fund designed to compensate those that will be hit the hardest through the expected higher fuel and heating bills.
However, it remains to be seen how effective this will be. One only needs to remember the ‘gilet jaunes’ – yellow vests – in 2018 in France, whose mass-protests against the imposition of green taxes that led to rises in fuel prices caused havoc and forced institutional political reforms.
It is not then surprising that these new policies are already facing opposition from EU member state governments and members of the European Parliament – that need to approve them. There could still be political backlash and consequences. It may take two or more years of tough negotiations before these policies gain approval. Ensuring that that they are socially fair will be key.
The new measures will also be examined closely, with possible legal challenges, by EU’s trading partners as their companies face levies on exports of carbon-intensive products such as steel and cement. Russian, Turkish and Chinese exporters may be hit the hardest.
Outside the EU, this whole exercise is seen as an attempt by the EU to force others to change. The EU can only but hope they do. But it remains to be seen how successful it will be. Implementing these policies and policing their application will be a logistical nightmare.
Even though these new measures put the EU at the forefront of the fight against climate change, their impact globally will be limited. The EU accounts for less than 9 per cent of global emissions and for about 11 per cent of global fossil fuel consumption.
As a result of the new policies and EU’s increase of climate change targets, national targets will have to be revised upwards too, accelerating carbon emission reduction from a target of 40 per cent now to 55 per cent and renewables from 32 to 40 per cent by 2030. In addition. EU’s ‘Energy Efficiency Directive’ will almost double the annual energy saving obligation for member states.
In order to ensure fairness, the EC plans to implement what it calls the ‘Effort Sharing Regulation’. Through this, strengthened emissions reduction targets will be assigned to each member state for buildings, road and domestic maritime transport, agriculture, waste and small industries, based on their GDP per capita, with adjustments made to take cost efficiency into account. With Cyprus GDP per capita being just below the EU average, it will attract a higher share in comparison to now.
Cyprus is struggling to meet its modest pledges in its existing NECP to 2030. The NECP specifically warns that “Existing policies and measures are clearly insufficient to lead Cyprus to compliance with its obligations stemming from the Energy Union Governance Regulation…. this will require purchasing a significant amount of emission allowances to fill the 2030 emissions gap.” Even under ‘planned policies and measures’, including the import of LNG, the situation does not improve considerably.
With the cost of carbon emissions expected to rise five-fold by 2030 in comparison to 2020, the cost – to be passed to the Cypriot consumer – will be exorbitant. Adding to this EU’s newly announced carbon taxes for transport, heating, aviation and shipping, will make it untenable. Only radical rethinking of our energy policies and a faster, deeper, transition to clean energy can bring costs down. Current plans for change, even the most recently announced, do not go far enough – they are only tinkering with the issue.
Dr Charles Ellinas is Senior Fellow at the Global Energy Center of the Atlantic Council
|
<urn:uuid:02afb142-fb16-4326-9c00-c0144e9cdfb9>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://cyprus-mail.com/2021/07/18/cyprus-will-struggle-to-apply-eus-new-carbon-taxes/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154420.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803030201-20210803060201-00230.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94782
| 1,406
| 2.703125
| 3
|
[
3546,
26908,
278,
777,
4788,
290,
21922,
511,
3586,
481,
307,
257,
41088,
17123,
329,
262,
4576,
198,
464,
3427,
4513,
357,
2943,
8,
3414,
319,
3583,
663,
564,
246,
31805,
12,
1640,
12,
2816,
447,
247,
5301,
11,
351,
1511,
649,
4788,
3562,
284,
2209,
4258,
1487,
290,
4155,
326,
6588,
8971,
1626,
262,
4576,
389,
5322,
416,
5996,
583,
1247,
416,
25054,
784,
287,
7208,
284,
6303,
2974,
784,
319,
262,
835,
284,
2010,
12,
22570,
416,
32215,
13,
9170,
428,
11,
2031,
481,
691,
4620,
257,
3126,
583,
1247,
7741,
287,
8971,
416,
32215,
13,
198,
1026,
481,
307,
8793,
832,
20516,
9001,
290,
8971,
5423,
329,
2831,
11,
6588,
13045,
290,
5704,
319,
3278,
5843,
290,
3173,
284,
7719,
4896,
287,
1877,
12,
368,
7717,
3037,
13,
198,
4711,
481,
39793,
18404,
649,
6588,
23145,
444,
290,
5704,
2048,
287,
477,
7612,
286,
262,
3773,
290,
3292,
11,
13891,
477,
2831,
475,
635,
3592,
379,
1588,
13,
1119,
481,
307,
3224,
284,
262,
6588,
5704,
852,
43383,
783,
832,
262,
3427,
2295,
7717,
25469,
4482,
357,
32716,
828,
326,
1575,
27885,
546,
10432,
5332,
1510,
287,
12131,
13,
554,
1245,
11,
412,
4694,
1838,
2706,
11,
884,
355,
412,
2246,
11,
1414,
329,
262,
1575,
286,
12231,
484,
7716,
13,
198,
818,
3090,
11,
262,
13182,
26017,
284,
2620,
262,
25054,
36351,
2496,
284,
2319,
583,
1247,
286,
2472,
2568,
7327,
11,
287,
7208,
284,
379,
1551,
3933,
583,
1247,
783,
11,
290,
2568,
9332,
284,
4570,
583,
1247,
11,
287,
7208
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
A new, permanent display of the Gabrielino/Tongva tribe’s life on the Del Rey Hills is now on view in University Hall, Loyola Marymount University’s main administration building.
The artifacts, uncovered during construction during the 1990s, document the Gabrielino/Tongva people’s way of life as the first inhabitants of the area dating back to at least the fifth century.
“[The display] acknowledges that our tribe existed here and had its own culture,” said Richard Alcala, a member of the Tongva tribal council. “And it shows that the university cares enough to preserve these artifacts and educate future generations.”
The display on the first floor of University Hall consists of an assortment of bowls, pottery shards and stone hunting tools. Also on display are photographs depicting Tongva life at the beginning of the 20th century.
Visitors to the university, including elementary, middle and high school classes, will get a vivid introduction to the history of the area, Alcala said.“We want students to be curious about their history and the people who first lived here,” he added.
LMU is also home to a Tongva Memorial, on the bluffs near University Hall. The stone circle memorializes the 21 Native American sites that existed along the Ballona Creek from the Playa del Rey Beach through the Del Rey Hills and into the western slopes of Baldwin Hills. It is the site of several Tongva services during the year.
|
<urn:uuid:377d3ebd-1f31-425b-94ea-ddb83a411c25>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.lmu.edu/lmunews/tongva.htm?DateTime=634503150600000000&PageMode=View
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877869.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00157-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943172
| 313
| 2.6875
| 3
|
[
32,
649,
11,
7748,
3359,
286,
262,
17371,
2879,
14,
51,
506,
6862,
14893,
447,
247,
82,
1204,
319,
262,
4216,
24448,
14379,
318,
783,
319,
1570,
287,
2059,
4789,
11,
406,
726,
5708,
5335,
14948,
2059,
447,
247,
82,
1388,
3662,
2615,
13,
198,
464,
20316,
11,
18838,
1141,
5103,
1141,
262,
6303,
82,
11,
3188,
262,
17371,
2879,
14,
51,
506,
6862,
661,
447,
247,
82,
835,
286,
1204,
355,
262,
717,
17622,
286,
262,
1989,
10691,
736,
284,
379,
1551,
262,
8150,
4289,
13,
198,
447,
250,
58,
464,
3359,
60,
23477,
326,
674,
14893,
11196,
994,
290,
550,
663,
898,
3968,
11,
447,
251,
531,
6219,
43757,
6081,
11,
257,
2888,
286,
262,
26565,
6862,
17054,
6745,
13,
564,
250,
1870,
340,
2523,
326,
262,
6403,
16609,
1576,
284,
12201,
777,
20316,
290,
20771,
2003,
10439,
13,
447,
251,
198,
464,
3359,
319,
262,
717,
4314,
286,
2059,
4789,
10874,
286,
281,
36168,
286,
34796,
11,
1787,
11471,
39991,
290,
7815,
10988,
4899,
13,
4418,
319,
3359,
389,
12566,
27561,
26565,
6862,
1204,
379,
262,
3726,
286,
262,
1160,
400,
4289,
13,
198,
15854,
6742,
284,
262,
6403,
11,
1390,
19823,
11,
3504,
290,
1029,
1524,
6097,
11,
481,
651,
257,
21002,
9793,
284,
262,
2106,
286,
262,
1989,
11,
43757,
6081,
531,
13,
447,
250,
1135,
765,
2444,
284,
307,
11040,
546,
511,
2106,
290,
262,
661,
508,
717,
5615,
994,
11,
447,
251,
339,
2087,
13,
198,
31288,
52,
318,
635,
1363,
284,
257,
26565,
6862,
14861,
11,
319,
262
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
- Category: HIV & Aging
- Published on Monday, 04 November 2013 00:00
- Written by UNAIDS
UNAIDS this week published a special supplement to its recent UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic focused on aging of the population with HIV/AIDS. According to the report, more than 10% of people living HIV in low- and middle-income countries are age 50 or older. In some areas with early epidemics and earlier access to effective treatment, such as San Francisco, this percentage already exceeds 50%.
UNAIDS Reports that More Than 10% of People Living with HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Are Aged 50 and Over
Shifting demographics of the AIDS epidemic demands a new focus to reach people above the age of 50 -- a population currently underserved by HIV services.
Geneva -- November 1, 2013-- The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has released a supplement to the 2013 UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic focused on the issue HIV and aging.
The supplement reveals that out of the global total of 35.3 million [32.2 million-38.8 million] people living with HIV, an estimated 3.6 million [3.2 million-3.9 million] are people aged 50 years or older. The majority -- 2.9 million [2.6 million-3.1 million] -- are in low-and middle-income countries where the percentage of adults living with HIV who are 50 years or older is now above 10%. The supplement also reveals that in high-income countries almost one-third of people living with HIV are 50 years or older.
"People 50 years and above are frequently being missed by HIV services," said Michel Sidibé, UNAIDS Executive Director. "This is costing lives. Much more attention needs to be given to their specific needs and to integrating HIV services into other health services which people 50 years and over may already have access to."
The "aging" of the HIV epidemic is due to three main factors: the success of antiretroviral therapy in prolonging the lives of people living with HIV, decreasing HIV incidence among younger adults -- shifting the disease burden to older ages, and that people aged 50 and above are engaging in risk taking behavior such as unprotected sex and injecting drug use which are leading to new HIV infections.
The supplement highlights that HIV prevention services, including HIV testing, tailored to the needs of people aged 50 and above, are essential and that these services should also reflect the needs of key populations in this age group. The supplement also outlines the importance of timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy as the immune system weakens with age.
The supplement concludes that HIV responses therefore need to adapt to this important demographic trend. It also underlines the need to integrate HIV services for people over the age of 50 with other health screening services available to this age group.
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads and inspires the world to achieve its shared vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS unites the efforts of 11 UN organizations -- UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank—and works closely with global and national partners to maximize results for the AIDS response. Learn more at unaids.org and connect with us on Facebook and Twitter.
UNAIDS. UNAIDS Reports that More Than 10% of People Living with HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Are Aged 50 and Over. Press release. November 1, 2013.
|
<urn:uuid:ec592355-e834-4930-96c1-87e28c28dc54>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hiv-populations/hiv-aging/4393-unaids-releases-supplemental-report-on-hiv-and-aging-worldwide
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164641332/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134401-00045-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941695
| 767
| 2.734375
| 3
|
[
12,
21743,
25,
10498,
1222,
44581,
198,
12,
26372,
319,
3321,
11,
8702,
3389,
2211,
3571,
25,
405,
198,
12,
22503,
416,
471,
4535,
14255,
198,
52,
4535,
14255,
428,
1285,
3199,
257,
2041,
10327,
284,
663,
2274,
471,
4535,
14255,
6358,
319,
262,
8060,
20408,
4551,
312,
5314,
5670,
319,
14736,
286,
262,
3265,
351,
10498,
14,
39338,
13,
4784,
284,
262,
989,
11,
517,
621,
838,
4,
286,
661,
2877,
10498,
287,
1877,
12,
290,
3504,
12,
12519,
2678,
389,
2479,
2026,
393,
4697,
13,
554,
617,
3006,
351,
1903,
24574,
873,
290,
2961,
1895,
284,
4050,
3513,
11,
884,
355,
2986,
6033,
11,
428,
5873,
1541,
21695,
2026,
7225,
198,
52,
4535,
14255,
17905,
326,
3125,
17924,
838,
4,
286,
4380,
13728,
351,
10498,
287,
7754,
12,
290,
6046,
12,
818,
2958,
34906,
4231,
317,
2004,
2026,
290,
3827,
198,
2484,
13309,
30084,
286,
262,
20408,
18195,
8665,
257,
649,
2962,
284,
3151,
661,
2029,
262,
2479,
286,
2026,
1377,
257,
3265,
3058,
14584,
8520,
416,
10498,
2594,
13,
198,
39358,
6862,
1377,
3389,
352,
11,
2211,
438,
383,
1578,
7973,
16798,
35232,
319,
10498,
14,
39338,
357,
52,
4535,
14255,
8,
468,
2716,
257,
10327,
284,
262,
2211,
471,
4535,
14255,
6358,
319,
262,
3298,
20408,
18195,
5670,
319,
262,
2071,
10498,
290,
14736,
13,
198,
464,
10327,
10069,
326,
503,
286,
262,
3298,
2472,
286,
3439,
13,
18,
1510,
685,
2624,
13,
17,
1510,
12,
2548,
13,
23,
1510,
60,
661,
2877,
351,
10498,
11,
281,
6108,
513,
13,
21,
1510
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
“The New is in the Old concealed, and in the New, the Old revealed,” claimed the fifth century theologian Augustine of Hippo, and he was right. Jesus Christ permeates the Old Testament from start to finish, as Jesus himself explained. “And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself” (Luke 24:27). The Scriptures “bear witness about me,” (John 5:39). Time and time again the Gospel writers narrate, or Jesus states, that “the Scriptures must be fulfilled,” and “Scripture cannot be broken” (John 10:35). The apostles taught people about Jesus “from the Scriptures,” (Acts 8:35; 18:28) and these “scriptures” are the (Greek) Old Testament. There was no “New Testament” at that time, for the documents which came to be acknowledged as new scriptures were still being written. The Old Testament contained the seeds of the gospel, and the apostles could explain who Jesus was, from its writings. “And Paul… reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead, and saying, ‘This Jesus, whom I proclaim to you, is the Christ’” (Acts 17:2–3).
Jesus is the seed of the woman who would strike the serpent’s head, the ark, the Lamb which God would provide, the promised son, the Passover lamb, the whole burnt offering, the High Priest, the serpent on the pole, the leader into the promised land, the kinsman-redeemer, the true king in the line of David, the Shepherd of Israel, the suffering servant, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Judge of all the earth, the Messenger of the covenant; God’s anointed, Immanuel God with us; the Saviour, who is Christ — the LORD. Jesus, who came from above, is above all (John 3:31–32). He is the image of God, all things were created by him, through him and for him, he is before all things and in him all things hold together, in everything preeminent (Col 1:15–19). Jesus is and always has been central to everything God has done and will do with creation. The Son is the means by which God created, and the means by which God redeemed that same creation and by whom God will indwell it.
But it wasn’t until Jesus had died and risen, completing his great redeeming act and sending his Spirit to his apostles, that the whole picture came together (John 15:26; 16:12–13). As Augustine said, the gospel was “concealed” (“latent”) within the Old Testament scriptures. It was there in types and shadows, in things the prophets and even the angels did not fully understand but which have now been revealed (1 Peter 1:10–12). It was not until the coming of the Son that the cornerstone of the building, the centrepiece of the great puzzle, was put in place. The treatise to the Hebrews on the incomparable greatness of the Son, surpassing angels, Moses, the Law and every other Old Testament type, opens with a statement of the final and complete revelation of God: “Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world” (Heb 1:1–2).
Until the advent of Jesus, the Old Testament could not be fully understood. Certainly, it told us a lot about ourselves and about God. It explains that God created us and how we fell into sin. It presents God as holy and righteous and emphasises our unworthiness to approach him. God established a covenant through his grace with a man whose descendants would become a great nation and from whom would come the Saviour. He redeemed that man’s descendants and chose them as his special people and gave them a Law by which there could be an exemplary theocracy on earth. When his people failed him, God chastised them and gave more and more clues to the final solution, a true King, prophet and priest who would bring the ultimate redemption and enable his spiritual people to be part of a world-wide and eternal kingdom. As the Old Testament saga unfolded, more and more was revealed about this great plan and the central figure, Jesus. For centuries the faithful in Israel looked for the direct intervention of God — and he finally came in the person of Jesus Christ. It was a progressive revelation. Abraham knew more about the promised son than Eve did. Moses had more detail on sacrifice and holiness than Abraham. King David understood more about his great Descendant than Abraham did. Isaiah filled out the awesome nature of the servant’s sacrifice. But until Jesus was revealed, these were just pieces of an incomplete puzzle. Only through Christ is God more fully known as Father, and as Son and as Holy Spirit. Benjamin B. Warfield expressed this in an apt metaphor:
The Old Testament may be likened to a chamber richly furnished but dimly lighted: the introduction of light brings into it nothing which was not in it before; but it brings out into clearer view much of what was in it but was only dimly or not at all perceived before… Thus the Old Testament revelation of God is not corrected by the fuller revelation which follows it, but is only perfected, extended and enlarged.”
This picture is helpful because, on the one hand it upholds the inspired Old Testament as equally the Word of God, but at the same time puts it in perspective. We can learn a lot about God from the Old Testament, but not the whole story. The Bible uses the “fulfill” to encapsulate how the New Testament supersedes the Old, without contradicting or negating it. Consistently, the New Testament claims that Jesus and his work “fulfills” the Old Testament Scriptures. In English the word means to “fill fully,” in other words, to fill to the top, to complete what is lacking. The Hebrew words male and kalah and the Greek pleroo, teleo and their cognates mean the same; completeness and finishing. The Old Testament message is not a contradiction; it is incomplete. It becomes more complete as it journeys from Genesis to Malachi, but it remains incomplete until filled to the brim by Christ. That’s why Jesus was able to chide the disciples on the one hand for not understanding everything the Scriptures had said, but also to explain that he had come to more fully reveal the Father and fulfill (complete) all that was written. This concept also gives the lie to those who would force a dichotomy between the Old and New Testaments, between the supposedly wrathful and legalistic YHWH of Israel and the loving Father of Jesus Christ. It is only when we understand that the Old Testament is incomplete, not erroneous or contradictory in its message, that we can begin to understand its relationship to Christ and how the New Testament writers used the Scriptures.
There are two exegetical errors that can be made, and plenty of historical and contemporary examples of their making. Firstly, the Old Testament could be discounted, written off as contradictory or erroneous. The second century heretic Marcion did that; he posited that the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ was a different God from YHWH of the Old Testament and literally tore the Old Testament and every taint of “Jewishness” out of the Bible, accepting only an edited version of Luke and most of Paul’s letters. Early theologians vigorously opposed Marcion, yet they also struggled with how to reconcile apparent contradictions between, say, the massacre of the Canaanites, and the God of love and mercy. One recourse was to allegory. Origen of Alexandria was (in)famous for his allegorising passages which seemed difficult in their literal sense, such as the battles of Israel. Whatever one’s knowledge and opinion of early Christian exegetical strategies, one thing is clear; they treated the text itself as revelation, a Christ-centred unity. For them, Jesus Christ is the basis for right reading of all of Scripture. If I may add an analogy of my own; Scripture is like a delicious, ripe orange. When sliced open its structure is revealed to be radial; each segment is oriented centrally, radiating outward and contained within a whole. Jesus Christ is not one slice among many, whereas portions of the Bible are. Jesus Christ is the whole, complete package, its radial arrangement. In a much misunderstood passage (Gal 3:24–25), Paul explains that the Law was a paidagogos, that leads us to Christ. The KJV unhelpfully translates this word as “schoolmaster,” implying that the Law is a teacher, and we can frame our understanding of God quite specifically through its precepts. That’s not what the word means, and it’s not what Paul is saying. The paidagogos (literally, child-leader) was a slave entrusted with the discipline of the master’s sons, ensuring that they did not play truant, but went to school and attended to their studies. It was a temporary and disciplinary role, subservient to the real Instructor, Christ.
Which brings me to the second error, as exemplified by an exegesis which takes a high view of Scripture, but a relatively low view of Jesus. This sort of exegesis is pear shaped, or bottom-heavy. Whilst not necessarily explicitly, it gives primacy to the Old Testament and forces the New Testament into alignment with the Old in a somewhat subservient manner. In its extreme, such an exegete says things like “The Trinity is not found in the Old Testament, so Jesus cannot be God.” The problem is, there’s a lot about God and Jesus and the Holy Spirit that isn’t explicit in the Old Testament, for reasons that have been explained above. But there is plenty of evidence of the God of the New Testament; loving Father, incarnate Son and poured-out Holy Spirit, in the Old Testament for those who have eyes to see (John 5:39-40). These are the things the New Testament clarifies and fulfills (completes). Examples include the extensive application of passages about YHWH to Jesus by New Testament writers, and application of appellations, characteristics and roles of God to the Lord Jesus. In contrast, a pear-shaped, or distorted Old Testament primacy approach models the New Testament on the Old, to make it defined by Old Testament limitations and squeezing Jesus into an inappropriate mould. It makes Jesus defined by and limited by, in a real sense, images in the Old Testament which are necessarily typological, shadowy and incomplete.
For example, sacrifice. God required sacrifice in the Old Testament. It was highly prescribed under the Law in minute detail, and laxity or abuse of the system was sacrilege. “For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it for you on the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement by the life” (Lev 17:11). The whole burnt offering, the Passover lamb, the sin offering, all typified Christ in some aspects. The blood symbolised the covenant and the covenants were sealed with blood (Heb 9:18–21). “Indeed, under the law almost everything is purified with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins” (Heb 9:22). Jesus took up this imagery when he spoke of eating his flesh and drinking his blood (John 6:53–56), a saying which the disciples found difficult, doubtless because of their familiarity with sacrifices and the prohibition of eating blood. Jesus inaugurated his memorial supper with the words, “This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins” (Matt 26:28). The apostles make it clear that Christ’s sacrifice, the shedding of his blood, brought salvation, drawing on the whole range of atonement metaphors; justification, redemption, reconciliation, access to God, sanctification (Rom 5:9; Eph 1:7; Col 1:20; Heb 9:12; 10:19; 13:12).
Undoubtedly, we can learn a tremendous amount about Jesus’ work on the cross from these pictures of atonement and sacrifice. But here’s the crucial thing: Jesus did not give his life because in the Old Testament God demanded blood for appeasement. God required blood sacrifice in the Old Testament to teach us that Jesus would give his life for us. Jesus did not have to die the way he did because he had to imitate the sacrifices of the Law. He died the way he did because that was God’s plan from before the world was created, and the Law (and pre-Law sacrifices such as in Gen 22) provided a framework for understanding that. Sacrifice was not unique to Israel; every ancient culture practiced it. It was part of the ancient mindset. Israel’s prescribed sacrifices were different because (a) they were made exclusively to the one God and (b) they were symbolic of something much greater and more permanent to come. Those sacrifices could never take away sin completely; they had to be offered continually, for specific sins. Only the sacrifice of Christ which actually destroyed sin itself could permanently deal with sin (Heb 9:11–15; Heb 10:4–10). In this way Christ fulfills the Law of sacrifice, not by simply being a better type of the same thing (a perfect man rather than a beast) but because this was always and only the efficacious sacrifice which would be made. Fulfilling means completing, finishing; it does not mean copying.
Why is this such a big deal? Because seeing the basis of Christ’s sacrifice as simply a better version of an ancient principle of blood atonement allows the person and work of Christ to be downplayed. “God requires blood and Jesus gave the best blood,” becomes the principle of atonement, rather than “God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life” (John 3:16). That is what “the life is in the blood” means.
Without that Christ-centred perspective, substitutionary atonement becomes a parody of justice. Jesus is just a man, albeit a perfect one, who is treated like a sheep or goat. How is that fair? How does that demonstrate the righteousness of God if Jesus is a mere man taking the place of mere men? Christadephians attack a straw man when they so misrepresent the atonement. Only when it is understood as God himself becoming flesh and blood for our sakes and averting his own wrath against sin by taking it upon himself in Jesus Christ, as planned from before Creation, does substitutionary atonement work. It is no mere “exemplary” death by means of which we are shamed into an “apology” but a gracious act of redemption. “Sacrifice” is the type, not the principle, of atonement. But if one denies Jesus is God, then one is forced to reject substitutionary atonement. If one uses a pear-shaped exegesis of Jesus’ sacrificial work, defined by Old Testament types, this will lead to a denial of the efficacy and meaning of substitutionary atonement and the very notion of Who Jesus is.
Such distorted interpretations also lead to ridiculous ideas such as a need for continuing animal sacrifices in the Kingdom of God. This latter, perpetuated by a pear-shaped exegesis of Ezekiel’s temple prophecy (Ezek 40–48) forces Jesus into the rather subservient role of “prince” and the Kingdom as merely an eternal perpetuation of a superseded theocracy. The ancient kingdom of Israel was an incomplete and imperfect type of the people of God, being ruled by succession of sinful kings who at best only typified God’s eternal King. Israel was never the last word as God’s people and should not be used to limit the concept of God’s kingdom and people. The type that was the Davidic kingdom needed to be full-filled in the true reign of God, in Christ. But by viewing Old Testament Israel with its laws and constrained access to God as paradigmatic rather than symbolic, we end up with a model of the ekklesia that is also constrained by rules and legalism and by a low view of Christ. This model presumes the Kingdom (more correctly, the word basileia means “reign”) of God cannot be present in any sense now, because we don’t see a literal kingdom on earth. That has to wait, in its entirety, until Jesus returns and builds the temple of Ezekiel’s prophecy. This model makes the Old Testament’s limitations and incompleteness define how we view the New Testament, rather than allowing the New Testament to put the Old into perspective. It is forcing Jesus Christ, King of kings and Lord of lords, into a mould that makes him just a better version of one of Israel’s kings. The New Testament does not deny any continuity of the old kingdom of Israel with God’ eternal kingdom, but sets it in context as a temporary model. The eternal reign, or kingdom of God has been inaugurated by the coming of the Lord Jesus, and there is now neither Jew nor Greek and people out of all nations are being drawn to him (Rom 10:12–13; 11:25–27; Gal 3:28–29; 1 Peter 2:9–10). Certainly, that reign is still to be consummated, but in that full realisation of it, there will be “no temple in that city, for its temple is the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb” (Rev 21:22).
Jesus defines the Old Testament types; they do not define or limit him. Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes (Rom 10:4). Jesus revealed more about himself, the Father and the Holy Spirit than the Old Testament could, but the traces are there, for they testify to him. Jesus fulfilled — completed — the Scriptures; they did not define or complete him. Scripture did not paint him into a corner or constrain him; it was a preview for what he came to do, his eternal grand design, revealed piece by piece. God completed the work begun at creation, “making known to us the mystery of his will, according to his purpose, which he set forth in Christ as a plan for the fullness of time, to unite all things in him, things in heaven and things on earth. In him we have obtained an inheritance, having been predestined according to the purpose of him who works all things according to the counsel of his will” (Eph 1:9–11).
- Augustine, Questiones in Hepateuchum http:www.augustinius.it/latino/questioni_ettayeuco/index2.htm
- Warfield, Benjamin B. Biblical Doctrines. repub. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1988, 141–142.
- The classic polemic, Against Marcion, was written by Tertullian c.208 AD http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0312.htm
- John J. O’Keefe and R.R. Reno, Sanctified Vision: An Introduction to Early Christian Interpretation of the Bible. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 2005. Particularly chapter 2, “Christ is the End of the Law and the Prophets,” 24-44.
- Which is how Robert Roberts defines the atonement in The Blood of Christ, 1895. repr. Birmingham: The Christadelphian, 2006.
|
<urn:uuid:de53ba5a-2348-43fc-8b0e-e8731d3cbb10>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-51
|
https://ruthiesutcliffeblog.wordpress.com/2017/04/22/pear-shaped-exegesis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592202.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217000422-20171217022422-00715.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962012
| 4,238
| 2.546875
| 3
|
[
447,
250,
464,
968,
318,
287,
262,
5706,
18176,
11,
290,
287,
262,
968,
11,
262,
5706,
4602,
11,
447,
251,
4752,
262,
8150,
4289,
37275,
666,
36158,
286,
33812,
78,
11,
290,
339,
373,
826,
13,
5803,
1951,
29298,
689,
262,
5706,
18318,
422,
923,
284,
5461,
11,
355,
5803,
2241,
4893,
13,
564,
250,
1870,
3726,
351,
19010,
290,
477,
262,
33360,
912,
11,
339,
16173,
284,
606,
287,
477,
262,
41622,
262,
1243,
9305,
2241,
447,
251,
357,
30730,
1987,
25,
1983,
737,
383,
41622,
564,
250,
33227,
4973,
546,
502,
11,
447,
251,
357,
7554,
642,
25,
2670,
737,
3862,
290,
640,
757,
262,
23244,
8786,
6664,
378,
11,
393,
5803,
2585,
11,
326,
564,
250,
1169,
41622,
1276,
307,
23085,
11,
447,
251,
290,
564,
250,
7391,
495,
2314,
307,
5445,
447,
251,
357,
7554,
838,
25,
2327,
737,
383,
40759,
7817,
661,
546,
5803,
564,
250,
6738,
262,
41622,
11,
447,
251,
357,
6398,
82,
807,
25,
2327,
26,
1248,
25,
2078,
8,
290,
777,
564,
250,
12048,
942,
447,
251,
389,
262,
357,
44059,
8,
5706,
18318,
13,
1318,
373,
645,
564,
250,
3791,
18318,
447,
251,
379,
326,
640,
11,
329,
262,
4963,
543,
1625,
284,
307,
10810,
355,
649,
39782,
547,
991,
852,
3194,
13,
383,
5706,
18318,
7763,
262,
11904,
286,
262,
21443,
11,
290,
262,
40759,
714,
4727,
508,
5803,
373,
11,
422,
663,
19336,
13,
564,
250,
1870,
3362,
1399,
37857,
351,
606,
422,
262,
41622,
11,
11170,
290,
17742,
326,
340,
373,
3306
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Life Expectancy of Piston-Type Pumps and Motors
FLUID POWER - Design Data Sheet 29
Information in this issue applies only to piston-type hydraulic
pumps and motors. Additional information on gear and vane-type
pumps and motors will be presented in a later issue. Most of the
information applies to both pumps and hydraulic motors, but for the
sake of convenience, the term "pump" will be used throughout.
When selecting a hydraulic pump for a specific application, a
designer should arrive at a good balance between cost of the pump
and its expected life. Every pump has a certain number of
"operating hours" built into it, and when these hours are "used
up", the pump can be expected to fail, and must be replaced. The
number of operating hours built into a pump is directly related to
its cost, and the user gets pretty much just what he pays for.
"Cheap'' pumps are designed for applications where the
anticipated pump life will equal or surpass the operating life of
the machine on which the pump is used. It would be unwise to
purchase an expensive pump for these applications. But on machines
designed to operate reliably for many years, or in situations where
a pump breakdown would be very costly in terms of lost time or
production output, it would be foolish to purchase a "cheap" pump.
On these applications, a better quality pump should be selected,
and while such a pump would cost more, it would save a great deal
of money during the life of the machine.
It is the purpose of this sheet to consider the factors which
influence pump life, to aid the designer to make a good balance
between pump cost and life expectancy.
Life Rating of a Pump
To use the information in this data sheet, the pump manufacturer
should be required to furnish a life rating for the pump under
consideration. This will be a statement of expected operating hours
at a pressure of (so many) PSI, and a speed of (so many) RPM. This
information is based on shaft bearing life expectancy, and is as
far as the manufacturer can go. The rest is up to the designer, and
it is his responsibility to see that circuit conditions which
prolong pump life are observed. These are enumerated on the back
side of this sheet.
These two factors have the greatest influence on shaft bearing
- Speed. Bearing life is in approximate inverse
proportion to shaft RPM. For example, by reducing shaft speed to
one-half, pump life expectancy is doubled.
- Pressure. Pump life varies inversely as the
cube of side load on the shaft bearing, and this is directly
related to hydraulic pressure, PSI, on the pump outlet port.
- For example: If
system pressure is reduced to one-half, bearing life will be
increased by the cube of 2, or 8 times.
- Another example: If
system pressure were to be raised from 4,000 to 5,000 PSI, a factor
of 1.25 times original pressure, bearing life would be reduced by
the cube of 1.25, or by 51%.
- Therefore, to increase life
expectancy, both speed and
pressure must be kept to moderate values.
Life Expenditure of a Pump
Life of a pump, based on bearing life expectancy, is figured on
the actual time during which the pump is running at the pressure
and speed on which the rating is based. The time during which the
pump is running unloaded or at, say less than half rated pressure,
as when advancing or retracting a cylinder, is not counted as life
expenditure. For example, if pump life rating is 3000 hours, this
means 3000 hours running under manufacturer's specified
Estimating Pump Life Expenditure
Example: Calculate the number of hours expended
in the life of a pump over a year's operation consisting of 8 hours
a day, 252 days per year, if the pump is operating on a duty cycle
of 5 seconds under full pressure, followed by 25 seconds running
unloaded or at low pressure advance and retract of a cylinder.
Solution: Each cycle is 5 + 25 = 30 seconds.
Life expenditure each cycle is 5 ÷ 20 = 0.167 or 16.7% of total
Running time in a year is 8 × 252 = 2,016 hours, of which 16.7%
is life expenditure. Pump life used up in a year's operation is
2,016 × 0.167 = 336.67 hours.
Manufacturer's Life Rating
As previously stated, the life rating of any pump can be obtained
from the Engineering Department of its manufacturer. This will be
stated as (so many) hours operation at a stated pressure and speed.
This rating can then be adjusted for other speeds and pressures
following the rules already given which pertain to speed and
Example: A certain piston pump is rated for
operation at speeds to 3,000 RPM and pressures to 5,000 PSI. These
are catalog maximums. But its rated life is 10,000 hours at 2,000
RPM and 3,000 PSI. Find its life expectancy at other speeds and
The chart below has been calculated for this particular pump
using the rules previously stated:
The chart shows that pump life will be reduced to 1,440 hours if
operated simultaneously at maximum pressure and maximum speed. But
if run at reduced conditions of 2,000 PSI and 1,000 RPM, it would
have the fantastic life rating of 67,500 hours. Similar charts can
be prepared for any pump.
Factors Which Affect Pump Life
The factors affecting pump life listed on this page will serve as
a checklist. Most of them are well known to designers and do not
need lengthy comment.
If circuit conditions are otherwise ideal, most piston pump (and
motor) failures are because the shaft bearings have reached the end
of their natural life. The pump manufacturer has stated the
expected bearing life under specified conditions of speed and
pressure. Beyond this, he has no control of operating conditions in
the system. It is then up to the system designer to provide
favorable operating conditions. If he does not, then it is not the
fault of the pump if it prematurely and unexpectedly fails. For
maximum pump life the following factors should be considered:
- Oil cleanliness. Oil filtration should not be
limited to a 150 uM pump suction strainer, but should also include
a pressure or return line filter of 10 uM rating or better. Recent
tests have shown that by using a filter of 3 uM absolute rating
rather than 10 uM, pump life is significantly increased. Whether to
go to the expense of extra fine filtration depends on how much it
will cost to replace the pump, and how much a production shut-down
may cost while the pump is being replaced.
- Side Load on the Pump Shaft. No matter whether
or not the pump is catalog-rated for shaft load, any appreciable
side or end load will always reduce pump bearing life to some
extent. No general rules can be given for the effect of these shaft
loads; this information must be obtained from the pump
manufacturer. On some applications the natural life of the bearings
is so long that additional side or end loading can be tolerated and
a satisfactory pump life still obtained.
- To minimize side load against the
shaft, observe these rules when installing pumps with side
- Mount the gear or sheave on the pump
shaft as close as possible to the front face of the pump case, and
install with hub facing AWAY from pump case, to
reduce the amount of flexing or bending of the shaft.
- The gears or sheaves on the pump shaft should be of as large
diameter as practical. The larger the diameter, the less the side
load at the same torque.
- 3. Oil Temperature.
The harmful effects of excessive oil temperature are pretty well
known. Heat produces contamination, premature wear or degeneration
of rubber seals, excessive mechanical wear in the pump, etc. Where
possible, oil temperature should be controlled with a heat
exchanger if necessary.
- 4. Cavitation.The
harmful effects of pump inlet cavitation are also pretty well known
- pump wear due to wire drawing, mechanical wear, heat, etc. The
next chart shows the maximum inlet vacuum which is permitted by
most pump manufacturers:
||3 to 5
||2 to 3
|Vacuum, In. Hg.
||6 to 10
||4 to 6
- 5. Misalignment of Pump
Shaft. When direct-driving a pump from an engine or
electric motor shaft, even a small amount of uncorrected
misalignment can very quickly ruin the pump bearings. The obvious
remedy here is to very carefully align the two shafts.
- 6. Pump Relief
Valve.The relief valve, especially in systems using a
series-connected flow control valve, should be set to the lowest
relieving pressure which will serve the circuit. Excessive
pressure, during the feed cycle, reduces pump life. When using
pressure compensated pumps, unload them to near zero pressure in
valve neutral rather than deadheading them to zero flow at maximum
pressure. Operation at maximum pressure, even though not pumping a
flow of oil, counts as running time when estimating pump life. With
fixed displacement pumps, they should be unloaded to low pressure
when the system is not actively working.
Download a PDF of Fluid
Power Design Data Sheet 29 - Life Expectancy of Piston-Type
Hydraulic Pumps and Motors.
© 1990 by Womack Machine Supply Co. This
company assumes no liability for errors in data nor in safe and/or
satisfactory operation of equipment designed from this
|
<urn:uuid:3f71bca0-23ee-492b-a10d-7e9d20e46941>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-42
|
http://www.womackmachine.com/engineering-toolbox/design-data-sheets/life-expectancy-of-piston-type-pumps-and-motors.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507442497.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005722-00106-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919674
| 2,105
| 2.546875
| 3
|
[
14662,
23600,
3883,
286,
18667,
261,
12,
6030,
350,
8142,
290,
19292,
198,
3697,
27586,
40295,
532,
8495,
6060,
21616,
2808,
198,
21918,
287,
428,
2071,
8991,
691,
284,
41743,
12,
4906,
34797,
198,
79,
8142,
290,
24699,
13,
15891,
1321,
319,
7733,
290,
410,
1531,
12,
4906,
198,
79,
8142,
290,
24699,
481,
307,
5545,
287,
257,
1568,
2071,
13,
4042,
286,
262,
198,
17018,
8991,
284,
1111,
29019,
290,
34797,
24699,
11,
475,
329,
262,
198,
82,
539,
286,
15607,
11,
262,
3381,
366,
79,
931,
1,
481,
307,
973,
3690,
13,
198,
2215,
17246,
257,
34797,
8901,
329,
257,
2176,
3586,
11,
257,
198,
26124,
263,
815,
9240,
379,
257,
922,
5236,
1022,
1575,
286,
262,
8901,
198,
392,
663,
2938,
1204,
13,
3887,
8901,
468,
257,
1728,
1271,
286,
198,
1,
3575,
803,
2250,
1,
3170,
656,
340,
11,
290,
618,
777,
2250,
389,
366,
1484,
198,
929,
1600,
262,
8901,
460,
307,
2938,
284,
2038,
11,
290,
1276,
307,
6928,
13,
383,
198,
17618,
286,
5361,
2250,
3170,
656,
257,
8901,
318,
3264,
3519,
284,
198,
896,
1575,
11,
290,
262,
2836,
3011,
2495,
881,
655,
644,
339,
13831,
329,
13,
198,
1,
7376,
499,
7061,
29019,
389,
3562,
329,
5479,
810,
262,
198,
45178,
8901,
1204,
481,
4961,
393,
17341,
262,
5361,
1204,
286,
198,
1169,
4572,
319,
543,
262,
8901,
318,
973,
13,
632,
561,
307,
555,
3083,
284,
198,
79,
18737,
281,
5789,
8901,
329,
777,
5479,
13,
887,
319,
8217,
198,
30473,
284,
8076,
26995,
329,
867
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
To look a their waistlines, you wouldn't guess Americans have any qualms about eating. But a CBS News survey finds broad concern about food safety. Asked to assign a letter grade to the safety of the nation's food supply, fewer than half the respondents gave an A (7 percent) or a B (33 percent). Thirty-four percent handed out a C, 18 percent a D and 6 percent an F. Marketers who assume that food safety is a non-issue for consumers in this country should think again.
One question in the survey (conducted last month) asked how confident people are "that the food you buy is safe to eat." Overall, 32 percent said they are "very confident," with another 52 percent "somewhat" so. Fourteen percent said they're "not too confident" and 2 percent "not at all confident."
There were large variations on this matter among different population segments. For one, women -- i.e., the people who do a disproportionate share of food shopping -- were far less likely than men (24 percent vs. 40 percent) to say they're very confident the food they buy is safe.
Income was another dividing line. Forty-two percent of respondents who make more than $100,000 a year said they are very confident the food they buy is safe, as did 39 percent of the $75,000-100,000 cohort and 35 percent of the $50,000-74,999s. But just 24 percent of the survey's under-$30,000s and 27 percent of the $30,000-49,999 group shared that opinion. The poll didn't indicate whether this reflects an inferior diet (more prone to safety problems) on the part of lower-income respondents or simply a greater distrust of institutions. In a breakdown by education, college graduates were the most likely to feel very confident in food safety (40 percent) and those with a high school diploma or less the least likely (26 percent).
While young adults are often regarded as chronic skeptics, the 18-29-year-olds were a bit more likely than their elders to say they're very confident about the safety of their food. Thirty-six percent voiced that opinion, vs. 33 percent of those 65-plus and 30 percent of both the 30-44 and 45-64 age groups.
|
<urn:uuid:28620dc6-a498-453e-beea-6e17f1ea6cf7>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-11
|
http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/not-safe-plate-101316
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464840.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00179-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979321
| 480
| 2.59375
| 3
|
[
2514,
804,
257,
511,
16139,
6615,
11,
345,
3636,
470,
4724,
3399,
423,
597,
4140,
907,
546,
6600,
13,
887,
257,
11133,
3000,
5526,
7228,
3154,
2328,
546,
2057,
3747,
13,
26220,
284,
8333,
257,
3850,
9559,
284,
262,
3747,
286,
262,
3277,
338,
2057,
5127,
11,
7380,
621,
2063,
262,
14502,
2921,
281,
317,
357,
22,
1411,
8,
393,
257,
347,
357,
2091,
1411,
737,
29948,
12,
14337,
1411,
10158,
503,
257,
327,
11,
1248,
1411,
257,
360,
290,
718,
1411,
281,
376,
13,
5991,
364,
508,
7048,
326,
2057,
3747,
318,
257,
1729,
12,
21949,
329,
7008,
287,
428,
1499,
815,
892,
757,
13,
198,
3198,
1808,
287,
262,
5526,
357,
36495,
276,
938,
1227,
8,
1965,
703,
6563,
661,
389,
366,
5562,
262,
2057,
345,
2822,
318,
3338,
284,
4483,
526,
14674,
11,
3933,
1411,
531,
484,
389,
366,
548,
6563,
553,
351,
1194,
6740,
1411,
366,
82,
28030,
5183,
1,
523,
13,
6675,
7821,
1411,
531,
484,
821,
366,
1662,
1165,
6563,
1,
290,
362,
1411,
366,
1662,
379,
477,
6563,
526,
198,
1858,
547,
1588,
13991,
319,
428,
2300,
1871,
1180,
3265,
17894,
13,
1114,
530,
11,
1466,
1377,
1312,
13,
68,
1539,
262,
661,
508,
466,
257,
30982,
2648,
286,
2057,
9735,
1377,
547,
1290,
1342,
1884,
621,
1450,
357,
1731,
1411,
3691,
13,
2319,
1411,
8,
284,
910,
484,
821,
845,
6563,
262,
2057,
484,
2822,
318,
3338,
13,
198,
818,
2958,
373,
1194,
27241,
1627,
13,
38223,
12,
11545,
1411,
286,
14502,
508,
787,
517,
621,
720,
3064
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
National Park CD-rom Information
Reference in this webpage to any specific commercial products, processes, or services, or the use of any trade, firm or corporation name is for the information and convenience of the public, and does not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by NPS.
Earthquakes and Eruptions
Global Volcanism Program
Digital Information Series, GVP-2
Alan Jones, Lee Siebert, Paul Kimberly, and James F. Luhr
This CD contains four informative interactive programs which are all based on global scale datasets for earthqhakes and volcanic eruptions compiled since 1960. The four programs are titled; Earthquakes Through Time, Eruptions Through Time, Smithsonian Exhibit Version, and Seismic Waves. Each of these learning experiences include detailed maps and photogalleries accompanied by descriptive text that enhances the visual display. This CD-Rom dramatically illustrates the power of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Geologic Road, Trail, and Lake Guides to Utah's Parks and Monuments
Utah Geological Association Millennium Tours
Anderson, P. B., and D. A. Sprinkel, editors.,
UGA Publication 29. ISBN 0-9702571-1-2
This compact disc contains road, trail, and lake logs that serve as geologic guides through most of Utahs' parks. The CD-ROM provides general descriptions of each park's geology and detailed descriptions of many geologic features at selected stops. The guides are intended for any park visitor interested in geology, as well as geologists, teachers, and students.
Explore Educational CD Series
Geologic Society of America
Each of the discs in this compact disc series provides full teacher notes, reproducible student activities, and suggested answers in pdf format, these teaching tools are complemented by fantastic images and diagrams to enhance learning in the classroom. Topics addressed by this series so far include climate change, deep time, plate tectoincs, silicate minerals, volcanoes, and geologic cross sections. These resources have been diveloped by school teachers and the materials are curriculum linked to the Earth and Space Science and Science in Personal and Social Perspectives standards (Grades 5-8, 9-12)
|
<urn:uuid:22398875-e6fd-49ab-9c45-01e45e435ee6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-30
|
http://nature.nps.gov/Geology/education/cdrom.cfm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823670.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00115-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.876707
| 455
| 2.546875
| 3
|
[
16186,
3250,
6458,
12,
398,
6188,
198,
26687,
287,
428,
35699,
284,
597,
2176,
5068,
3186,
11,
7767,
11,
393,
2594,
11,
393,
262,
779,
286,
597,
3292,
11,
4081,
393,
12017,
1438,
318,
329,
262,
1321,
290,
15607,
286,
262,
1171,
11,
290,
857,
407,
15613,
17819,
11,
15602,
11,
393,
43567,
416,
399,
3705,
13,
198,
22840,
421,
1124,
290,
412,
3622,
507,
198,
22289,
4709,
5171,
1042,
6118,
198,
27640,
6188,
7171,
11,
402,
8859,
12,
17,
198,
36235,
5437,
11,
5741,
48931,
4835,
11,
3362,
48685,
11,
290,
3700,
376,
13,
6026,
11840,
198,
1212,
6458,
4909,
1440,
30304,
14333,
4056,
543,
389,
477,
1912,
319,
3298,
5046,
40522,
329,
4534,
80,
71,
1124,
290,
31513,
13724,
8544,
14102,
1201,
9507,
13,
383,
1440,
4056,
389,
11946,
26,
33842,
1124,
9561,
3862,
11,
412,
3622,
507,
9561,
3862,
11,
40131,
35880,
10628,
11,
290,
1001,
1042,
291,
42733,
13,
5501,
286,
777,
4673,
6461,
2291,
6496,
8739,
290,
2825,
519,
439,
10640,
11791,
416,
35644,
2420,
326,
32479,
262,
5874,
3359,
13,
770,
6458,
12,
22834,
12034,
21290,
262,
1176,
286,
29781,
290,
31513,
13724,
8544,
13,
198,
10082,
20781,
5567,
11,
13069,
11,
290,
6233,
48770,
284,
10202,
338,
20604,
290,
2892,
2886,
198,
44350,
34246,
5396,
26139,
42998,
198,
42991,
11,
350,
13,
347,
1539,
290,
360,
13,
317,
13,
5522,
259,
7750,
11,
15719,
1539,
198,
7340,
32,
45065,
2808,
13,
32429,
657,
12,
43587,
1495,
4869,
12,
16,
12,
17,
198,
1212,
16001,
1221,
4909,
2975,
11,
8025
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Conceptual understanding is the creation of a robust framework representing the numerous and interwoven relationships between ideas, patterns, and procedures. Students should be able to take the skills they’ve learned through repetition and make them transferable to different situations.
Achieving mastery in any particular discipline requires more than rote memorization and traditional methods. Allowing students to explain their rationale and maintaining inquiry-based instruction is vital to long-term success.
A study conducted by a team of researchers at Harvard’s Center for Education Policy Research found that students who spent the majority of the 2020-21 academic year in person lost about 20 percent of a typical school year’s math learning during the study’s two-year window with a majority of the loss likely stemming from the students spending so much time remote during spring of 2020. However, students who stayed home for most of 2020-21 fared much worse. On average, they lost the equivalent of about 50 percent of a typical school year’s math learning during the study’s window.
Changes in the learning environment are even more difficult to overcome in school districts that lack particular resources. Mckinsey estimates that U.S. students lost an average of five to nine months of learning in mathematics. But among students of color, that figure increases to between six months to a full year.
There are four pillars to achieving equity:
- High-Quality Pedagogy
- Social-Emotional Learning
- Family Partnership
- Cultural Competence
Equality in education is achieved when students are all treated the same and have access to similar resources; whereas, equity is achieved when all students receive the resources they need to graduate prepared for success after high school. The simplest example of equity in education can be found in teachers who can adapt their teaching style to match a student’s learning capabilities.
In order to successfully combat learning loss, students must be presented with more than just traditional remediation strategies. Academic acceleration includes a wide variety of educational and instructional strategies educators use to advance the learning progress of all students regardless of where they are in their learning trajectory.
Acceleration focuses on preparing students for success with upcoming new learning and lays the foundation for continued academic growth.
Remediation delays opportunities to learn new content until students have mastered all skills and concepts, leaving them further and further behind their grade-level peers.
We look to do more than just support educators, many of whom are already using all of their designated instruction time to prepare students for standardized testing and the following grade level. We PARTNER with them. Schools are supplied with informative reports and can see growth in particular standards themselves.
Impact Your Students Today
Empower your students to achieve the success they’re capable of and match them with the right tutor - inside or outside of the classroom!
|
<urn:uuid:b8588287-2135-43df-80e8-a7c18792dd47>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.cignition.com/our-methodology
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948620.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327092225-20230327122225-00751.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954314
| 601
| 3.671875
| 4
|
[
3103,
984,
723,
4547,
318,
262,
6282,
286,
257,
12373,
9355,
10200,
262,
6409,
290,
987,
86,
16206,
6958,
1022,
4213,
11,
7572,
11,
290,
9021,
13,
14882,
815,
307,
1498,
284,
1011,
262,
4678,
484,
447,
247,
303,
4499,
832,
29693,
290,
787,
606,
4351,
540,
284,
1180,
7445,
13,
198,
32,
3043,
1075,
30677,
287,
597,
1948,
12883,
4433,
517,
621,
686,
660,
16181,
1634,
290,
4569,
5050,
13,
1439,
7855,
2444,
284,
4727,
511,
25738,
290,
10941,
12069,
12,
3106,
12064,
318,
9204,
284,
890,
12,
4354,
1943,
13,
198,
32,
2050,
5952,
416,
257,
1074,
286,
4837,
379,
11131,
447,
247,
82,
3337,
329,
7868,
7820,
4992,
1043,
326,
2444,
508,
3377,
262,
3741,
286,
262,
12131,
12,
2481,
8233,
614,
287,
1048,
2626,
546,
1160,
1411,
286,
257,
7226,
1524,
614,
447,
247,
82,
10688,
4673,
1141,
262,
2050,
447,
247,
82,
734,
12,
1941,
4324,
351,
257,
3741,
286,
262,
2994,
1884,
34807,
422,
262,
2444,
4581,
523,
881,
640,
6569,
1141,
6076,
286,
12131,
13,
2102,
11,
2444,
508,
9658,
1363,
329,
749,
286,
12131,
12,
2481,
43688,
881,
4785,
13,
1550,
2811,
11,
484,
2626,
262,
7548,
286,
546,
2026,
1411,
286,
257,
7226,
1524,
614,
447,
247,
82,
10688,
4673,
1141,
262,
2050,
447,
247,
82,
4324,
13,
198,
29238,
287,
262,
4673,
2858,
389,
772,
517,
2408,
284,
10980,
287,
1524,
12815,
326,
3092,
1948,
4133,
13,
337,
694,
259,
4397,
7746,
326,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2444,
2626,
281,
2811,
286,
1936,
284,
5193,
1933
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The Facts About Healthcare Reform
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or the ACA, was signed into law by President Obama on March 23, 2010. With this sweeping legislation, the United States is focused on redesigning a three trillion healthcare industry. The primary goals of the ACA are to:
- Expand coverage to an estimated 32 million Americans who have no health insurance
- Reform the delivery system to improve quality
- Lower the overall costs of providing healthcare
To accomplish the goal of expanding coverage, the legislation mandates that Americans maintain a minimum level of health coverage. Individuals may access health coverage through their employer, the insurance marketplace or the Medicaid program. If individuals have no healthcare coverage, they will likely be assessed a penalty based on their income effective 2015.
The legislation also implements a number of insurance market reforms, including a ban on exclusions for preexisting conditions, premium rate restrictions and extension of dependent coverage through the age of 26.
The ACA has also activated several programs to yield improved quality and outcomes for patients. Patients may now access vital preventive services at no or low cost through their health plan. Healthcare leaders are charged with better coordinating care and services for patients in an effort to prevent unnecessary hospital readmissions and other health complications.
The cost of healthcare remains a significant challenge for the nation. The ACA attempts to slow the rise of healthcare costs by addressing healthcare fraud, waste and abuse with the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The ACA also calls for healthcare provider payments to be reduced over a defined period of time.
Overall the ACA affects everyone — from insurance companies and healthcare providers to individuals and employers. The law is significantly impacting how healthcare is accessed, delivered, financed and regulated. Summa Health System is complying with the ACA by implementing innovative care delivery and payment reforms on a local level.
Summa Health System is committed to transforming healthcare and, as a result, supports many of the provisions of healthcare reform which deliver better value at a lower cost to patients and employers.
In June 2012 the United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not mandate that Medicaid be expanded in all 50 states. The decision to expand Medicaid is a state right. Each state decides if it will or will not expand Medicaid. The state of Ohio decided to expand its Medicaid program effective January 2014.
|
<urn:uuid:57bff378-fb37-410a-930a-0578468dc101>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-06
|
http://www.summahealth.org/About-Us/About-Summa/Healthcare-Reform
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422120928902.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124173528-00234-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952598
| 461
| 3.28125
| 3
|
[
464,
26972,
7994,
30289,
17893,
198,
464,
35550,
9985,
290,
19258,
7276,
2191,
11,
393,
262,
27628,
11,
373,
4488,
656,
1099,
416,
1992,
2486,
319,
2805,
2242,
11,
3050,
13,
2080,
428,
18404,
5520,
11,
262,
1578,
1829,
318,
5670,
319,
27135,
278,
257,
1115,
12989,
11409,
2831,
13,
383,
4165,
4661,
286,
262,
27628,
389,
284,
25,
198,
12,
49368,
5197,
284,
281,
6108,
3933,
1510,
3399,
508,
423,
645,
1535,
5096,
198,
12,
17893,
262,
7585,
1080,
284,
2987,
3081,
198,
12,
16048,
262,
4045,
3484,
286,
4955,
11409,
198,
2514,
9989,
262,
3061,
286,
11581,
5197,
11,
262,
5520,
33568,
326,
3399,
5529,
257,
5288,
1241,
286,
1535,
5197,
13,
34884,
743,
1895,
1535,
5197,
832,
511,
9749,
11,
262,
5096,
17432,
393,
262,
13594,
1430,
13,
1002,
3925,
423,
645,
11409,
5197,
11,
484,
481,
1884,
307,
15276,
257,
7389,
1912,
319,
511,
3739,
4050,
1853,
13,
198,
464,
5520,
635,
23986,
257,
1271,
286,
5096,
1910,
12506,
11,
1390,
257,
3958,
319,
10293,
507,
329,
47488,
87,
9665,
3403,
11,
8683,
2494,
8733,
290,
7552,
286,
10795,
5197,
832,
262,
2479,
286,
2608,
13,
198,
464,
27628,
468,
635,
13906,
1811,
4056,
284,
7800,
6596,
3081,
290,
10906,
329,
3871,
13,
28021,
743,
783,
1895,
9204,
37197,
2594,
379,
645,
393,
1877,
1575,
832,
511,
1535,
1410,
13,
30289,
2766,
389,
5047,
351,
1365,
35449,
1337,
290,
2594,
329,
3871,
287,
281,
3626,
284,
2948,
13114,
4436,
1100,
8481,
290,
584,
1535,
19481,
13,
198,
464,
1575,
286,
11409,
3793
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Old World Tradition Meets New World Expertise.
Food Safety Strategies
USDA, HHS Announce Food Safety Strategies
U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) Secretary Tom Vilsack and Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Kathleen Seblius recently announced that prevention and partnership will guide their departments’ efforts to safeguard the food Americans eat every day. These initiatives are based on the public health priniciples embraced by the White House Food Safety Working Group, which happens to be led by Vilsack and Sebelius.
According to the press release, “Making prevention a priority is critical to reducing foodborne illness and one of the three food safety priniciples of President Obama’s Food Safety Working Group,” said Vilsack. “The actions we are taking today will result in safer food in our country, which means healthier children and less costly healthcare.”
Agriculture Secretary Vilsack announced that USDA’s Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has issued guidance for inspectors to begin conducting routine sampling of bench trim for E.Coli O157:H7, as well as issuing streamlined, consolidated instructions to its personnel for inspection, sampling and other actions related to E.Coli O157:H7. This came in the form of FSIS Notice 51-09, “Routine Sampling and Testing of Beef Manufacturing Trimmings Derived from Cattle Not Slaughtered in that Establishment (Bench Trim) for E.Coli O157:H7,” and a revised version of FSIS Directive 10,010.1, “Verification Activities for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw Beef Products.”
Secretary Sebelius also praised the three draft guidelines prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), an agency within HHS, aimed at minimizing or eliminating contamination in leafy greens, tomatoes, and melons that can cause foodborne illnesses. According to Sebelius, HHS’ draft guidance documents are the FDA’s first step toward setting enforceable standards for produce safety. FDA Commissioner Margaret A.Hamburg, M.D. said the draft guidances represent a shift in strategy for the FDA, from a food safety system that often has been reactive to one that is based on preventing foodborne hazards.
Secretary Sebelius went on to say that consumers pay a vital role in ensuring the safety of the fresh produce they eat, and offered several tips from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interestingly enough, the press release did not include any tips from Vilsack for consumers of meat and poultry products, as to the role they play in food safety when protecting themselves against pathogens like E.Coli O157:H7. Perhaps this was a lost opportunity on behalf of USDA to include such beneficial information.
For more information, go to www.usda.gov. Also, if you are interested in the key findings and recommendations of the President’s Food Safety Working Group along with more information about its activities, please visit www.foodsafetyworkinggroup.gov.
|
<urn:uuid:0447b089-e7c7-43d1-84cd-7df481d9851e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://nassaufoods.com/resources/food-safety-strategies/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510888.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001105617-20231001135617-00662.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936254
| 643
| 2.59375
| 3
|
[
19620,
2159,
45050,
2185,
1039,
968,
2159,
25516,
786,
13,
198,
24602,
11233,
40996,
198,
2937,
5631,
11,
45497,
43470,
7318,
11233,
40996,
198,
52,
13,
50,
2732,
286,
19717,
357,
2937,
5631,
8,
4986,
4186,
569,
4487,
441,
290,
3893,
290,
5524,
6168,
357,
39,
7998,
8,
4986,
31275,
1001,
2436,
3754,
2904,
3414,
326,
14196,
290,
10413,
481,
5698,
511,
13346,
447,
247,
4040,
284,
30925,
262,
2057,
3399,
4483,
790,
1110,
13,
2312,
15446,
389,
1912,
319,
262,
1171,
1535,
6059,
44070,
2374,
18079,
416,
262,
2635,
2097,
7318,
11233,
14594,
4912,
11,
543,
4325,
284,
307,
2957,
416,
569,
4487,
441,
290,
1001,
6667,
3754,
13,
198,
4821,
284,
262,
1803,
2650,
11,
564,
250,
23874,
14196,
257,
8475,
318,
4688,
284,
8868,
2057,
13555,
8526,
290,
530,
286,
262,
1115,
2057,
3747,
6059,
44070,
2374,
286,
1992,
2486,
447,
247,
82,
7318,
11233,
14594,
4912,
11,
447,
251,
531,
569,
4487,
441,
13,
564,
250,
464,
4028,
356,
389,
2263,
1909,
481,
1255,
287,
14178,
2057,
287,
674,
1499,
11,
543,
1724,
22841,
1751,
290,
1342,
16378,
11409,
13,
447,
251,
198,
10262,
1173,
6456,
4986,
569,
4487,
441,
3414,
326,
29986,
447,
247,
82,
7318,
11233,
47115,
4809,
357,
10652,
1797,
8,
468,
4884,
11154,
329,
29136,
284,
2221,
14523,
8027,
19232,
286,
7624,
15797,
329,
412,
13,
5216,
72,
440,
18458,
25,
39,
22,
11,
355,
880,
355,
19089,
39673,
11,
27890,
7729,
284,
663,
8213,
329,
15210,
11,
19232,
290,
584,
4028,
3519,
284,
412,
13,
5216,
72
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Afghanistan is one of the twelve countries inhabited by the rare and exquisite snow leopard. The species resides in the country’s remote and peaceful Wakhan Corridor in the northern province of Badakhshan and at the eastern Afghanistan/Pakistan border in the provinces of Nuristan and Badakhshan. To protect snow leopards, WCS conducts foundational research, reduces illegal trade in snow leopard skins, protects snow leopard prey, establishes legislative protection, and works with communities to prevent retaliatory killing after livestock losses.
CONDUCTING FOUNDATIONAL RESEARCH: Since the spring of 2009, WCS and WCS-trained community ranger teams have deployed camera traps (yielding over 5,000 pictures of snow leopards!) and collected evidence of snow leopard presence, such as territorial scrapes and urine sprays, snow leopard kills and scat, and their pug marks in the snow. WCS teams also conducted the first ever satellite telemetry study on snow leopards in Afghanistan. With the research done to date, the population in Afghanistan is probably close to 200 individuals, higher than previously speculated.
PROMOTING SPECIES PROTECTION: Based on WCS research, in 2014, WCS proudly facilitated the process of creating the Wakhan National Park, which now protects roughly 70% of snow leopard habitat in the country. In addition, the Afghan government’s National Environmental Protection Agency officially listed the snow leopard as a legally protected species in 2009 and WCS helped draft the National Snow Leopard Ecosystem Protection Plan in 2013.
REDUCING ILLEGAL TRADE IN SNOW LEOPARD SKINS: In 2006, WCS found that the military was driving demand for snow leopard and other endangered species products via markets set up on military bases. In close coordination with the US military, and the US Department of State, WCS conducted training sessions for military police, soldiers and Afghan vendors to raise awareness regarding laws prohibiting wildlife trade and the impact of the trade on wildlife in Afghanistan. These efforts resulted in very few prohibited wildlife furs found in follow up visits to military bases.
HELPING FARMERS: Snow leopards occasionally kill livestock, which can be devastating for a small-scale farmer. To prevent livestock losses and reduce the desire for farmers to retaliate against snow leopards, WCS has built 35 predator-safe communal corrals across the Wakhan and made improvements to a number of household corrals.
|
<urn:uuid:af863a17-ec12-40ee-ac73-c20aba3e4eed>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-40
|
https://afghanistan.wcs.org/Wildlife/Snow-Leopard.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198213.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920125718-20200920155718-00540.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913839
| 499
| 3.390625
| 3
|
[
17584,
6064,
4103,
318,
530,
286,
262,
14104,
2678,
30671,
416,
262,
4071,
290,
40123,
6729,
443,
15478,
13,
383,
4693,
29076,
287,
262,
1499,
447,
247,
82,
6569,
290,
12309,
46033,
7637,
48994,
287,
262,
7840,
8473,
286,
7772,
11322,
1477,
272,
290,
379,
262,
10183,
8037,
14,
38485,
4865,
287,
262,
17812,
286,
49281,
4103,
290,
7772,
11322,
1477,
272,
13,
1675,
1805,
6729,
443,
404,
1371,
11,
45410,
36721,
43936,
2267,
11,
12850,
5293,
3292,
287,
6729,
443,
15478,
25873,
11,
17289,
6729,
443,
15478,
15974,
11,
30742,
10828,
4800,
11,
290,
2499,
351,
5348,
284,
2948,
28160,
2870,
5170,
706,
24424,
9089,
13,
198,
10943,
35,
18415,
2751,
376,
15919,
29912,
15731,
17133,
3398,
25,
4619,
262,
6076,
286,
3717,
11,
45410,
290,
45410,
12,
35311,
2055,
43570,
3466,
423,
12380,
4676,
20348,
357,
88,
30449,
625,
642,
11,
830,
5986,
286,
6729,
443,
404,
1371,
8133,
290,
7723,
2370,
286,
6729,
443,
15478,
4931,
11,
884,
355,
22414,
15881,
274,
290,
18922,
7500,
592,
11,
6729,
443,
15478,
12847,
290,
629,
265,
11,
290,
511,
279,
1018,
8849,
287,
262,
6729,
13,
45410,
3466,
635,
5952,
262,
717,
1683,
11210,
5735,
41935,
2050,
319,
6729,
443,
404,
1371,
287,
8037,
13,
2080,
262,
2267,
1760,
284,
3128,
11,
262,
3265,
287,
8037,
318,
2192,
1969,
284,
939,
3925,
11,
2440,
621,
4271,
29131,
13,
198,
4805,
2662,
2394,
2751,
28196,
11015,
48006,
24565,
25,
13403,
319,
45410,
2267,
11,
287,
1946,
11,
45410,
23017,
35923,
262,
1429,
286,
4441,
262,
46033
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
(Worthy News) - The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) recently confirmed the Old Testament's account of the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonian Empire which took place in the 6th century B.C.
The IAA excavation conducted at the Jerusalem Walls National Park found "charred wood, grape seeds, pottery, fish scales and bones, and unique, rare artifacts."
"These findings depict the affluence and character of Jerusalem, capital of the Judean Kingdom, and are mesmerizing proof of the city's demise at the hands of the Babylonians," the IAA described in a YouTube video.
Copyright 1999-2017 Worthy News. All rights reserved.
Fair Use Notice:This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.
|
<urn:uuid:49e75dd9-95fd-4ebd-bd12-97be769ba669>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-39
|
https://www.worthynews.com/26174-new-archaeological-discovery-confirms-biblical-account-babylonian-conquest-jerusalem-video
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157351.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921170920-20180921191320-00393.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919798
| 323
| 2.828125
| 3
|
[
7,
54,
18906,
3000,
8,
532,
383,
2692,
47789,
871,
11416,
357,
3539,
32,
8,
2904,
4999,
262,
5706,
18318,
338,
1848,
286,
262,
8166,
286,
10843,
416,
262,
28028,
666,
8065,
543,
1718,
1295,
287,
262,
718,
400,
4289,
347,
13,
34,
13,
198,
464,
314,
3838,
45499,
5952,
379,
262,
10843,
40699,
2351,
3250,
1043,
366,
10641,
445,
4898,
11,
30777,
11904,
11,
1787,
11471,
11,
5916,
16252,
290,
11945,
11,
290,
3748,
11,
4071,
20316,
526,
198,
1,
4711,
6373,
19583,
262,
1527,
23079,
290,
2095,
286,
10843,
11,
3139,
286,
262,
30044,
272,
7526,
11,
290,
389,
46814,
2890,
6617,
286,
262,
1748,
338,
25403,
379,
262,
2832,
286,
262,
28028,
1547,
553,
262,
314,
3838,
3417,
287,
257,
7444,
2008,
13,
198,
15269,
7358,
12,
5539,
370,
18906,
3000,
13,
1439,
2489,
10395,
13,
198,
30099,
5765,
17641,
25,
1212,
2524,
4909,
33696,
2587,
262,
779,
286,
543,
468,
407,
1464,
587,
5734,
10435,
416,
262,
6634,
4870,
13,
775,
389,
1642,
884,
2587,
1695,
287,
674,
4040,
284,
5963,
4547,
286,
6142,
11,
1964,
11,
1692,
2489,
11,
3034,
11,
7996,
11,
5654,
11,
290,
1919,
5316,
2428,
11,
3503,
13,
775,
1975,
428,
19300,
257,
705,
22043,
779,
6,
286,
597,
884,
33696,
2587,
355,
2810,
329,
287,
2665,
16226,
286,
262,
1294,
15069,
3854,
13,
554,
10213,
351,
11851,
1596,
471,
13,
50,
13,
34,
13,
7275,
16226,
11,
262,
2587,
319,
428,
2524,
318,
9387,
1231,
7630,
284,
883,
508,
423,
6241,
257,
3161,
1393,
287,
6464
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
About 66 million years ago, an ancient sea monster the height of a five-story office building once gnashed its sharp teeth as it swam around the dark waters of Antarctica, a new study finds.
The newfound beast, known as a mosasaur — a Cretaceous-age aquatic reptile that sped through the ancient seas using its paddle-like limbs and long tail — is only the second fossilized mosasaur skull ever found in Antarctica.
The mosasaur specimen is different enough from other known species that it qualifies for its own genus and species. Researchers named it Kaikaifilu hervei after “Kai-Kai filú,” an almighty giant reptile that owns the sea in legends from the Mapuche culture from southern Chile and Argentina. The species name honors Francisco Hervé, a world-renowned Chilean geologist and Antarctic explorer, the researchers said. [Image Gallery: Ancient Monsters of the Sea]
Scientists with the Chilean Paleontological Expedition discovered the mosasaur skull on Seymour Island in January 2011. The team had run into bad weather, and only during the last few days in the field, while they were mucking around in knee-deep mud, did they discover the enormous fossil, the researchers said.
Based on the skull’s anatomy and size (4 feet, or 1.2 meters, long), the reptile’s entire body stretched about 33 feet (10 m), making it the largest marine predator in the region, the researchers said.
North versus South
It’s not uncommon to find mosasaur remains in North America, especially in the seaway that once divided the East from the West in North America. But with the exception of New Zealand, it’s relatively rare to find the giant creatures in the Southern Hemisphere, said Rodrigo Otero, a paleontologist at the University of Chile and the lead researcher on the study.
Still, K. hervei was a close relative of — and similar in size to — the North American mosasaur known as Tylosaurus, which lived about 20 million years earlier. K. hervei was also a close relative of another Antarctic mosasaur (Taniwhasaurus antarcticus), which was smaller, with a skull about 2.3 feet (0.7 m) in length, and lived about 5 million years before K. hervei did, the researchers said.
What’s more, other researchers have found an array of other isolated mosasaur teethin the rocks of Antarctica. Mosasaurs have multiple types of teeth (a condition called heterodonty), meaning that differently shaped teeth might belong to the same mosasaur species. Thus, researchers will need to be careful not to overestimate the number of species as they review the discovered teeth, the researchers said.
Although Antarctica is now a frigid continent, it was warmer during the dinosaur age, the researchers said. A slew of animals swam in the region’s waters, giving K. hervei a smorgasbord of contemporaries to dine on, they said.
For instance, the plesiosaurs— mostly long-necked marine reptiles that ate plankton via filter feeding — likely would have been prime targets for K. hervei, the researchers said.
|
<urn:uuid:be54062d-8944-4529-a35e-255be3998ae4>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://qubitsnews.com/2016/11/16/ancient-sea-monster-found-in-antarctica/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362133.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301060310-20210301090310-00082.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937617
| 694
| 3.484375
| 3
|
[
8585,
7930,
1510,
812,
2084,
11,
281,
6156,
5417,
9234,
262,
6001,
286,
257,
1936,
12,
13571,
2607,
2615,
1752,
19967,
5263,
663,
7786,
9941,
355,
340,
1509,
321,
1088,
262,
3223,
10150,
286,
30185,
11,
257,
649,
2050,
7228,
13,
198,
464,
40000,
13824,
11,
1900,
355,
257,
10867,
292,
2899,
851,
257,
327,
1186,
37797,
12,
496,
37115,
28761,
576,
326,
40424,
832,
262,
6156,
21547,
1262,
663,
39517,
12,
2339,
21755,
290,
890,
7894,
851,
318,
691,
262,
1218,
12584,
1143,
10867,
292,
2899,
14511,
1683,
1043,
287,
30185,
13,
198,
464,
10867,
292,
2899,
31674,
318,
1180,
1576,
422,
584,
1900,
4693,
326,
340,
37782,
329,
663,
898,
34306,
290,
4693,
13,
26685,
3706,
340,
11611,
9232,
361,
346,
84,
607,
303,
72,
706,
564,
250,
42,
1872,
12,
42,
1872,
1226,
21356,
11,
447,
251,
281,
435,
76,
14400,
6175,
28761,
576,
326,
12216,
262,
5417,
287,
24901,
422,
262,
9347,
1229,
258,
3968,
422,
8372,
17456,
290,
16519,
13,
383,
4693,
1438,
25279,
6033,
367,
712,
2634,
11,
257,
995,
12,
918,
11990,
48014,
4903,
7451,
290,
33149,
39349,
11,
262,
4837,
531,
13,
685,
5159,
12917,
25,
13406,
21464,
286,
262,
6896,
60,
198,
29193,
351,
262,
48014,
21706,
756,
2770,
38076,
5071,
262,
10867,
292,
2899,
14511,
319,
42843,
5451,
287,
3269,
2813,
13,
383,
1074,
550,
1057,
656,
2089,
6193,
11,
290,
691,
1141,
262,
938,
1178,
1528,
287,
262,
2214,
11,
981,
484,
547,
285,
19296,
1088,
287,
10329,
12,
22089,
17492,
11,
750,
484,
7073
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Understanding Anthrax: Variants and Implications
Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a potentially deadly disease that primarily affects livestock but can also infect humans. While the respiratory and cutaneous forms of anthrax are more commonly discussed, gastrointestinal anthrax, anthrax septicemia, and other unspecified forms pose unique and significant challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. In this article, we will delve into these lesser-known aspects of anthrax.
Gastrointestinal anthrax is a rare but serious form of the disease that occurs when individuals ingest spores of Bacillus anthracis. Once ingested, the spores germinate in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to localized infection and potential systemic spread.
Erectile Dysfunction Reviews
"Erectile dysfunction is an issue that can greatly affect a person's self-esteem and overall well-being. It's essential for individuals to consult with healthcare professionals who can offer a range of treatment options to address this condition."
"I've found that addressing lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and stress management can make a significant difference in managing erectile dysfunction. It's not just about taking a pill; it's about adopting a holistic approach to health." - Mark, 52. "For me, medications like Viagra have been a game-changer. They've allowed me to regain confidence in my intimate life, and I'm grateful for the advancements in this field."
"Erectile dysfunction can strain relationships, so open communication with your partner is key. Seek professional help together, and remember that you're not alone in facing this challenge."
"I've learned that addressing psychological aspects of erectile dysfunction is as crucial as addressing physical factors. Therapy has helped me overcome the mental barriers that were contributing to my condition."
The primary mode of transmission is through the consumption of contaminated, undercooked, or raw animal products such as meat or dairy. Contaminated water and soil can also be sources of infection. Symptoms: Gastrointestinal anthrax symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. As the disease progresses, individuals may experience high fever and septicemia. Diagnosis: The diagnosis of gastrointestinal anthrax can be challenging, as its symptoms often resemble those of other common gastrointestinal infections. Laboratory tests, including blood cultures and stool samples, are essential for a definitive diagnosis. Treatment: Prompt treatment with antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and doxycycline, is crucial. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove infected tissue or fluids from the abdomen.
Anthrax septicemia, also known as bloodstream anthrax, occurs when the anthrax bacteria enter the bloodstream, leading to systemic infection. This form of anthrax is typically a complication of untreated or undertreated cutaneous or gastrointestinal anthrax.
Symptoms: Symptoms of anthrax septicemia include fever, chills, fatigue, malaise, and severe organ dysfunction. Without prompt treatment, septicemia can quickly become life-threatening.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis is often made through blood cultures and other laboratory tests to confirm the presence of Bacillus anthracis in the bloodstream.
Treatment: Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment with intravenous antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, are crucial in managing anthrax septicemia. Supportive care for organ dysfunction is often necessary.
RINGS & BRACELET
Other Forms of Anthrax
Aside from gastrointestinal anthrax and septicemia, anthrax can manifest in other forms, although these are relatively rare:
Oropharyngeal Anthrax: This form occurs when spores are ingested through contaminated food or drinks. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and neck swelling.
Inhalational Anthrax: This is the most severe form of anthrax, resulting from inhaling anthrax spores. Symptoms often mimic a severe respiratory infection, progressing to fever, cough, chest pain, and septicemia.
Injection Anthrax: A rare form linked to the use of contaminated drugs or drug paraphernalia. Symptoms include localized infection at the injection site and, in some cases, septicemia.
"Anthrax, unspecified" refers to cases where the specific form of anthrax is unclear or not documented. This designation is often used when anthrax presents with atypical or ambiguous symptoms, making it challenging to classify the infection under a particular form.
Importance of Accurate Diagnosis: Accurate diagnosis is critical in anthrax cases, as the treatment may differ significantly depending on the form of the disease. Early detection and targeted treatment are essential to improve the patient's chances of recovery.
Laboratory Testing: To identify the specific form of anthrax, laboratory testing, including blood cultures, serology, and molecular diagnostics, may be necessary. These tests help determine the course of treatment.
Surveillance and Reporting: Accurate reporting and surveillance of anthrax cases are essential for public health monitoring and controlling potential outbreaks. Timely reporting of suspected cases allows for rapid response and containment measures.
Anthrax is a disease that can take various forms, with gastrointestinal anthrax, anthrax septicemia, and other less common manifestations posing unique challenges to healthcare providers and public health systems. Early diagnosis, accurate classification, and prompt treatment are vital in managing these anthrax variants and reducing their impact.
"Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, has been the key to managing my erectile dysfunction. Sometimes, the solution can be as simple as improving your overall health." - Chris, 49.
"Erectile dysfunction can be a symptom of underlying medical conditions like diabetes or heart disease. Regular check-ups with your doctor can help identify and address these issues early." - Emily, 41.
"It's important to remember that erectile dysfunction is a common issue, and there are numerous treatment options available. Don't hesitate to seek help and explore what works best for you." - Lisa, 56.
Erectile dysfunction is a medical condition that affects many individuals, and there are various strategies and treatments available to address it. Seeking professional guidance and support is the first step towards improving one's quality of life.
2023 © All Rights Reserved
|
<urn:uuid:079f2fe4-3a17-474b-968c-6875648f467e>
|
CC-MAIN-2024-10
|
https://sildenafillus.com/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00549.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915439
| 1,285
| 3.15625
| 3
|
[
43467,
8451,
32040,
25,
15965,
1187,
290,
34347,
3736,
198,
30327,
32040,
11,
4073,
416,
262,
19241,
1505,
35583,
44342,
26794,
11510,
271,
11,
318,
257,
6196,
10309,
4369,
326,
7525,
10975,
24424,
475,
460,
635,
7580,
5384,
13,
2893,
262,
22949,
290,
2005,
11655,
5107,
286,
26794,
32040,
389,
517,
8811,
6693,
11,
40887,
26794,
32040,
11,
26794,
32040,
384,
17459,
22859,
11,
290,
584,
29547,
5107,
12705,
3748,
290,
2383,
6459,
287,
2846,
286,
13669,
11,
3513,
11,
290,
14196,
13,
554,
428,
2708,
11,
356,
481,
39130,
656,
777,
14494,
12,
4002,
7612,
286,
26794,
32040,
13,
198,
38,
459,
305,
36387,
26794,
32040,
318,
257,
4071,
475,
2726,
1296,
286,
262,
4369,
326,
8833,
618,
3925,
26151,
47306,
286,
35583,
44342,
26794,
11510,
271,
13,
4874,
44694,
11,
262,
47306,
27602,
1084,
378,
287,
262,
40887,
14998,
11,
3756,
284,
36618,
10280,
290,
2785,
21971,
4104,
13,
198,
36,
2554,
576,
46876,
8818,
20871,
198,
1,
36,
2554,
576,
19327,
318,
281,
2071,
326,
460,
9257,
2689,
257,
1048,
338,
2116,
12,
31869,
290,
4045,
880,
12,
11873,
13,
632,
338,
6393,
329,
3925,
284,
5725,
351,
11409,
11153,
508,
460,
2897,
257,
2837,
286,
3513,
3689,
284,
2209,
428,
4006,
526,
198,
1,
40,
1053,
1043,
326,
13593,
12263,
5087,
588,
5496,
11,
5517,
11,
290,
5503,
4542,
460,
787,
257,
2383,
3580,
287,
11149,
16417,
576,
19327,
13,
632,
338,
407,
655,
546,
2263,
257,
9582,
26,
340,
338,
546,
22868,
257,
42923,
3164,
284,
1535,
526,
532,
2940,
11
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The Second World War had a great impact on ZeelandBack
The World War II Heritage network brings together 10 partners with a diverse background, from museums to local governments and even universities. Each partner's relevance and contribution to the project is described below.
- Start date
- 15 Oct 1939
- End date
- 22 Dec 1939
- Involved countries
- The Netherlands
The Second World War had a great impact on Zeeland. The big battles caused a lot of casualties and many soldiers and citizens died at the beginning of 1940 and at the end in 1944. There were extensive damages. The world War II Heritage project gives the possibility to collect, compile and present historical information about how the people in Zeeland lived during the second world war.
We will organize Interviews with 30 people who lived during the Second World War in Zeeland. Sharing their experiences about everyday life during this period and making this information accessible on the website and in a cross-border publication. A complete inventory of the physical remains of WW II will be produced.
Zeeland will contribute to the collection of best practices in WW II heritage management and accessibility. It will develop information and educational materials such as a web quest and will produce new touristic products. Province of Zeeland is lead partner in the World War II Heritage project.
Essex County Council
Essex has a very rich heritage of defences from the Second World War, owing to its position close to the continent, which makes it a potential target for invaders and also a good location for airfields and naval bases. As part of the WW II Heritage project,Essex County Council is surveying and recording defences and investigating the best way in which to manage the most important of them. The Council will also be creating trails linking the best sites as well as engaging in educational work via 'veterans' tea parties' where schoolchildren can meet people who lived through the war and record the stories. The children will als be able to visit defences in their own areas.
|
<urn:uuid:326ecc22-85b8-4ea7-b250-45ef2ac2abf5>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.worldwar2heritage.com/en/timeline-details/7/The-Second-World-War-had-a-great-impact-on-Zeeland
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117519.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823035753-20170823055753-00711.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946715
| 407
| 3.328125
| 3
|
[
464,
5498,
2159,
1810,
550,
257,
1049,
2928,
319,
9033,
8822,
7282,
198,
464,
2159,
1810,
2873,
18518,
3127,
6774,
1978,
838,
4887,
351,
257,
10084,
4469,
11,
422,
30794,
284,
1957,
6905,
290,
772,
11155,
13,
5501,
5212,
338,
23082,
290,
10156,
284,
262,
1628,
318,
3417,
2174,
13,
198,
12,
7253,
3128,
198,
12,
1315,
2556,
24414,
198,
12,
5268,
3128,
198,
12,
2534,
4280,
24414,
198,
12,
10001,
5634,
2678,
198,
12,
383,
12671,
198,
464,
5498,
2159,
1810,
550,
257,
1049,
2928,
319,
9033,
8822,
13,
383,
1263,
10181,
4073,
257,
1256,
286,
18499,
290,
867,
5795,
290,
4290,
3724,
379,
262,
3726,
286,
16236,
290,
379,
262,
886,
287,
16994,
13,
1318,
547,
7667,
12616,
13,
383,
995,
1810,
2873,
18518,
1628,
3607,
262,
5885,
284,
2824,
11,
17632,
290,
1944,
6754,
1321,
546,
703,
262,
661,
287,
9033,
8822,
5615,
1141,
262,
1218,
995,
1175,
13,
198,
1135,
481,
16481,
19371,
82,
351,
1542,
661,
508,
5615,
1141,
262,
5498,
2159,
1810,
287,
9033,
8822,
13,
36644,
511,
6461,
546,
10908,
1204,
1141,
428,
2278,
290,
1642,
428,
1321,
9857,
319,
262,
3052,
290,
287,
257,
3272,
12,
20192,
9207,
13,
317,
1844,
13184,
286,
262,
3518,
3793,
286,
13505,
2873,
481,
307,
4635,
13,
198,
36056,
8822,
481,
8676,
284,
262,
4947,
286,
1266,
6593,
287,
13505,
2873,
15012,
4542,
290,
28969,
13,
632,
481,
1205,
1321,
290,
9856,
5696,
884,
355,
257,
3992,
1235,
290,
481,
4439,
649,
4205,
2569,
3186,
13,
22783,
286,
9033,
8822,
318,
1085
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Environmental gains derived from the use of nanomaterials may be offset in part by the process used to manufacture them, according to research published in a special issue of the Journal of Industrial Ecology.
Hatice Sengül and colleagues at the University of Illinois at Chicago assert that strict material purity requirements, lower tolerances for defects and lower yields of manufacturing processes may lead to greater environmental burdens than those associated with conventional manufacturing. In a separate study of carbon nanofiber production, Vikas Khanna and colleagues at Ohio State University found, for example, that the life-cycle environmental impacts may be as much as 100 times greater per unit of weight than those of traditional materials, potentially offsetting some of the environmental benefits of the small size of nanomaterials.
Materials engineered at dimensions of 1 to 100 nanometers- (1 to100 billionths of a meter) -exhibit novel physical, chemical and biological characteristics, opening possibilities for stunning innovations in medicine, manufacturing and a host of other sectors of the economy. Because small quantities of nanomaterials can accomplish the tasks of much larger amounts of conventional materials, the expectation has been that nanomaterials will lower energy and resource use and the pollution that accompanies them. The possibility of constructing miniature devices atom-by-atom has also given rise to expectations that precision in nanomanufacturing will lead to less waste and cleaner processes.
"Research in this issue reveals the potential of environmental impacts from nanomanufacturing to offset the benefits of using lighter nanomaterials," says Gus Speth, dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. "To date, most attention has focused on the possible toxic effects of exposure to nanoparticles- and appropriately so. But considerations of pollution and energy use arising from the production technologies used to make nanomaterials need attention as well."
Other topics explored in the special issue include:
- Approaches for identifying and reducing the life cycle hazards of nanomaterials
- Quantified life cycle energy requirements and environmental impacts from nanomaterials
- Tradeoffs between nanomanufacturing costs and occupational exposure to nanoparticles
- Efficiency of techniques for nanomaterials synthesis
- Improvement of the sustainability of bio-based products through nanotechnology
- Industrial frameworks for responsible nanotechnology
- Industrial and public perception about the risks and benefits of nanomaterials
- Governance and regulation of nanotechnology
Industrial ecology is a field that examines the opportunities for sustainable production and consumption, emphasizing the importance of a systems view of environmental threats and remedies. "Through the use of tools such as life cycle assessment, green chemistry and pollution prevention, industrial ecology takes a broad and deliberate view of environmental challenges," states Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology. "This special issue shows the power of this approach."
|
<urn:uuid:3f3a1563-cb35-4329-bb11-e029dc14a27c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.azocleantech.com/news.aspx?newsID=3682
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371662966.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406231617-20200407022117-00246.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923157
| 579
| 3.203125
| 3
|
[
47213,
8810,
10944,
422,
262,
779,
286,
15709,
296,
2273,
82,
743,
307,
11677,
287,
636,
416,
262,
1429,
973,
284,
6161,
606,
11,
1864,
284,
2267,
3199,
287,
257,
2041,
2071,
286,
262,
4913,
286,
19034,
39978,
13,
198,
40483,
501,
311,
1516,
9116,
75,
290,
7810,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
9486,
379,
4842,
6818,
326,
7646,
2587,
25590,
5359,
11,
2793,
8214,
1817,
329,
22448,
290,
2793,
19299,
286,
9138,
7767,
743,
1085,
284,
3744,
6142,
27127,
621,
883,
3917,
351,
10224,
9138,
13,
554,
257,
4553,
2050,
286,
6588,
15709,
1659,
1856,
3227,
11,
10447,
292,
5311,
7697,
290,
7810,
379,
6835,
1812,
2059,
1043,
11,
329,
1672,
11,
326,
262,
1204,
12,
13696,
6142,
12751,
743,
307,
355,
881,
355,
1802,
1661,
3744,
583,
4326,
286,
3463,
621,
883,
286,
4569,
5696,
11,
6196,
11677,
889,
617,
286,
262,
6142,
4034,
286,
262,
1402,
2546,
286,
15709,
296,
2273,
82,
13,
198,
41657,
23371,
379,
15225,
286,
352,
284,
1802,
15709,
40077,
12,
357,
16,
284,
3064,
2997,
9998,
286,
257,
16430,
8,
532,
1069,
26964,
5337,
3518,
11,
5931,
290,
10685,
9695,
11,
4756,
12779,
329,
13393,
25438,
287,
9007,
11,
9138,
290,
257,
2583,
286,
584,
16020,
286,
262,
3773,
13,
4362,
1402,
17794,
286,
15709,
296,
2273,
82,
460,
9989,
262,
8861,
286,
881,
4025,
6867,
286,
10224,
5696,
11,
262,
17507,
468,
587,
326,
15709,
296,
2273,
82,
481,
2793,
2568,
290,
8271,
779,
290,
262,
12231,
326,
48159,
606,
13,
383,
5885,
286,
30580,
28685,
4410,
22037
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
As we mark World Polio Day on Saturday, we are presented with an opportunity to reflect on one of the greatest public-health success stories in recent memory – a story with Australian origins. In 1979, Queenslander Clem Renouf helped launch an initiative that has saved untold millions of people from one of the world's most terrible diseases. Inspired by the World Health Organisation's eradication of smallpox that year, Renouf – just the second Australian to be elected president of Rotary International – mobilised the legion of Rotary clubs around the world to focus on making polio just the second human disease in history to be eradicated. The rest is history.
Rotary would eventually join UNICEF, the World Health Organisation, the US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to launch an extraordinary public-private partnership that has seen polio cases reduced by more than 99 per cent over the past 30 years.
In 2012, Nigeria was home to more than half the world's polio cases but local volunteers like Unma have helped achieve an incredible turnaround. Unma has worked hard to build understanding and support for vaccinations in her community and she's been visiting local families to ensure every baby is protected. It's now been more than a year since Nigeria's last reported case of polio and, with more hard work, the whole of Africa is on track to end this dreadful disease forever. © UNICEF/NYHQ2015-0667/Rich
The final outposts of the polio virus are undoubtedly the most challenging. Yet, even in Afghanistan and Pakistan, we have seen remarkable progress. In Pakistan, for example, in the past 12 months alone, almost half a million children who were previously missed in vaccination programs have been reached for the first time. As a result, cases reported this year are only a third of the number reported this time last year.
The global community now has a window of opportunity to finish the job once and for all, provided all countries, including Australia, follow through on their financial and political commitments. Nothing can be taken for granted, as we have seen through previous setbacks and outbreaks in recent years in the Middle East and the Horn of Africa.
Although all outbreaks have since been contained, the threat of exportation of polio to other countries remains extremely high. Indeed, the international spread of polio virus from Pakistan is now a regional health security challenge and a serious threat to children in all polio-free countries. Many Australian health officials may still recall when a case of polio was imported into Australia by a Pakistani student in 2007.
That is why we hope Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull will join other world leaders for a high-level meeting on polio eradication, taking place during next month's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Malta. Malta's Prime Minister, Joseph Muscat, has already been vocal in his support for polio eradication, telling 60,000 people at the Global Citizen Festival in New York in September he would use the gathering of world leaders to push for renewed global support for the end of polio. We hope Turnbull will respond to this call to action, along with leaders from other key donor countries, such as Canada and Britain, together with the leaders of Nigeria and Pakistan.
Thirty-five years after Renouf first dreamt of a polio-free world, now is the time to redouble efforts to realise this. After all, investment in polio eradication will yield the ultimate return: future generations of children will be free of this devastating disease, while the international development community will benefit from the programme's knowledge and experience. We saw first-hand the power of the anti-polio infrastructure in 2014, when Nigeria, faced with a potential epidemic, was able to stop the spread of Ebola.
Additionally, achieving a polio-free world will reportedly reap financial savings of nearly $70 billion over the next two decades, proving what's possible when the global community comes together to improve children's lives.
Now, so close to seeing an end to this ancient and debilitating disease, we hope Australia will provide the support necessary to achieve what was once thought impossible. Only through redoubling our efforts, will we help finish what a fellow Australian began.
This article was originally published by Fairfax.
No child too far
See how two little drops of polio vaccine make it to children in the most remote corners of the world.
Posted by UNICEF Australia on Thursday, September 17, 2015
|
<urn:uuid:ca0ffe8c-dba3-4030-877d-cdddd9f563ab>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.unicef.org.au/blog/unicef-in-action/october-2015/polio-we-need-one-last-push
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706160424-20200706190424-00531.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953043
| 899
| 2.75
| 3
|
[
1722,
356,
1317,
2159,
2165,
952,
3596,
319,
3909,
11,
356,
389,
5545,
351,
281,
3663,
284,
4079,
319,
530,
286,
262,
6000,
1171,
12,
13948,
1943,
3923,
287,
2274,
4088,
784,
257,
1621,
351,
6638,
15587,
13,
554,
13521,
11,
14045,
16235,
3779,
76,
7152,
37116,
4193,
4219,
281,
10219,
326,
468,
7448,
47872,
5242,
286,
661,
422,
530,
286,
262,
995,
338,
749,
7818,
10040,
13,
45827,
416,
262,
2159,
3893,
30801,
338,
23011,
3299,
286,
1402,
42557,
326,
614,
11,
7152,
37116,
784,
655,
262,
1218,
6638,
284,
307,
7018,
1893,
286,
18481,
560,
4037,
784,
17754,
1417,
262,
41453,
286,
18481,
560,
9784,
1088,
262,
995,
284,
2962,
319,
1642,
42664,
655,
262,
1218,
1692,
4369,
287,
2106,
284,
307,
23011,
3474,
13,
383,
1334,
318,
2106,
13,
198,
24864,
560,
561,
4191,
4654,
4725,
8476,
37,
11,
262,
2159,
3893,
30801,
11,
262,
1294,
9072,
329,
17344,
6779,
290,
18313,
11,
290,
262,
3941,
290,
5616,
22261,
15953,
5693,
284,
4219,
281,
11359,
1171,
12,
19734,
10413,
326,
468,
1775,
42664,
2663,
5322,
416,
517,
621,
7388,
583,
1247,
625,
262,
1613,
1542,
812,
13,
198,
818,
2321,
11,
19398,
373,
1363,
284,
517,
621,
2063,
262,
995,
338,
42664,
2663,
475,
1957,
11661,
588,
791,
2611,
423,
4193,
4620,
281,
8082,
34217,
13,
791,
2611,
468,
3111,
1327,
284,
1382,
4547,
290,
1104,
329,
46419,
287,
607,
2055,
290,
673,
338,
587,
10013,
1957,
4172,
284,
4155,
790,
5156,
318,
6861,
13,
632,
338,
783,
587,
517,
621,
257,
614
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
St. Peter Claver
Feast Day: September 9
Born: 1580 :: Died: 1654
Peter Claver was born at Verdu, Catalonia in Spain and was the son of a farmer. At a very young age he decided he wanted to join the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and be a priest.
At the age of 20, while he was still studying at the University of Barcelona to become a Jesuit, he felt a great desire to go to South America as a missionary. He was sent to the seaport of Cartagena where great shiploads of African slaves were brought to be sold.
At the sight of those poor people all crowded together, sick and suffering, Peter felt great pity. He made up his mind to help them and bring them to Jesus.
As soon as a shipload arrived, he would go among the hundreds of sick slaves and gave them food and medicine. He baptized the dying and the little babies. He nursed the ill. It was hard work in terrible heat.
One man who went once with St. Peter to help these people found he could not face the heart-breaking sight again. Yet Peter did it for forty years. He baptized about three hundred thousand people. He was there when the ships came in to care for and love those who were treated so cruelly by society.
Although the slave owners tried to stop Father Claver, he taught the faith to the slaves anyway. It was slow, work that could often be disappointing. Many people found fault with him, saying it was all a waste of time.
They thought the slaves would never keep the faith. But St. Peter was patient and he trusted that God would bless his people. The priest never stopped asking the slave owners to take care of the souls of their slaves and to be better Christians themselves.
During the last four years of his life, Father Claver was so sick that he had to stay in his room; he could not even celebrate Mass. Most people forgot about him, but he never complained.
Then suddenly when he died on September 8, 1654, it was like the whole city woke up. They realized that they had lost a saint. From then on he was never forgotten again and was called the Slave of the Blacks or the Slave of Slaves.
E-mail this page to a friend
|
<urn:uuid:646ce06d-29a9-4943-a916-eb6dc0d5bf99>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-09
|
http://holyspiritinteractive.net/kids/saints/0909_claver.asp
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170741.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00185-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.992292
| 486
| 2.84375
| 3
|
[
1273,
13,
5613,
1012,
8770,
198,
14304,
459,
3596,
25,
2693,
860,
198,
28524,
25,
1315,
1795,
7904,
34288,
25,
1467,
4051,
198,
19727,
1012,
8770,
373,
4642,
379,
4643,
646,
11,
33859,
287,
8602,
290,
373,
262,
3367,
286,
257,
18739,
13,
1629,
257,
845,
1862,
2479,
339,
3066,
339,
2227,
284,
4654,
262,
7023,
286,
5803,
357,
1169,
4804,
15379,
8,
290,
307,
257,
11503,
13,
198,
2953,
262,
2479,
286,
1160,
11,
981,
339,
373,
991,
11065,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
15142,
284,
1716,
257,
50190,
11,
339,
2936,
257,
1049,
6227,
284,
467,
284,
2520,
2253,
355,
257,
34692,
13,
679,
373,
1908,
284,
262,
384,
499,
419,
286,
13690,
363,
8107,
810,
1049,
427,
72,
7304,
82,
286,
5510,
13384,
547,
3181,
284,
307,
2702,
13,
198,
2953,
262,
6504,
286,
883,
3595,
661,
477,
18012,
1978,
11,
6639,
290,
7195,
11,
5613,
2936,
1049,
26246,
13,
679,
925,
510,
465,
2000,
284,
1037,
606,
290,
2222,
606,
284,
5803,
13,
198,
1722,
2582,
355,
257,
427,
72,
7304,
5284,
11,
339,
561,
467,
1871,
262,
5179,
286,
6639,
13384,
290,
2921,
606,
2057,
290,
9007,
13,
679,
40357,
262,
9950,
290,
262,
1310,
11903,
13,
679,
11051,
276,
262,
2801,
13,
632,
373,
1327,
670,
287,
7818,
4894,
13,
198,
3198,
582,
508,
1816,
1752,
351,
520,
13,
5613,
284,
1037,
777,
661,
1043,
339,
714,
407,
1986,
262,
2612,
12,
13395,
6504,
757,
13,
6430,
5613,
750,
340,
329,
16571,
812,
13,
679,
40357,
546,
1115,
3470,
7319,
661
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
|A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine®|
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA
On this page:
Reviewed March 2015
What is hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA is a condition characterized by nerve abnormalities in the legs and feet (peripheral neuropathy). Many people with this condition experience prickling or tingling sensations (paresthesias), numbness, and a reduced ability to feel pain and sense hot and cold. Some affected individuals do not lose sensation, but instead feel shooting pains in their legs and feet. As the disorder progresses, the sensory abnormalities can affect the hands, arms, shoulders, joints, and abdomen. Affected individuals may also experience muscle wasting and weakness as they get older. Weakness in the ankle muscles can make walking difficult. As the condition progresses, some people with hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA require wheelchair assistance.
Individuals with hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA typically get open sores (ulcers) on their feet or hands or infections of the soft tissue of the fingertips (whitlows) that are slow to heal. Because affected individuals cannot feel the pain of these sores, they may not seek immediate treatment. Without treatment, the ulcers can become infected and may require amputation of the surrounding area or limb.
Some people with hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA develop hearing loss caused by abnormalities of the inner ear (sensorineural hearing loss). Hearing loss typically develops in middle to late adulthood.
The signs and symptoms of hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA can begin anytime between adolescence and late adulthood. While the features of this condition tend to worsen over time, affected individuals have a normal life expectancy if signs and symptoms are properly treated.
How common is hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
Hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA is a rare condition; its prevalence is estimated to be 1 to 2 per 100,000 individuals.
What genes are related to hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
Mutations in the SPTLC1 gene cause hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA. The SPTLC1 gene provides instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The SPT enzyme is involved in making certain fats called sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are important components of cell membranes and play a role in many cell functions.
SPTLC1 gene mutations reduce the amount of functional SPTLC1 subunit that is produced, which results in an SPT enzyme with altered activity. This altered enzyme makes molecules called deoxysphingoid bases, which it does not normally produce. Because of this new function, the SPT enzyme's production of sphingolipid is reduced. Overall, there does not seem to be a decrease in sphingolipid production because the body is able to compensate for the SPT enzyme's reduced production. When accumulated, deoxysphingoid bases are toxic to neurons. The gradual destruction of nerve cells caused by the buildup of these toxic molecules results in loss of sensation and muscle weakness in people with hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA. Although the SPT enzyme does not produce a normal amount of sphingolipids, the body is able to compensate, and there does not seem to be an overall reduction of these fats in the body.
Read more about the SPTLC1 gene.
How do people inherit hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
In most cases, an affected person has one parent with the condition.
Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
These resources address the diagnosis or management of hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA and may include treatment providers.
General information about the diagnosis and management of genetic conditions is available in the Handbook. Read more about genetic testing, particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests.
To locate a healthcare provider, see How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.
Where can I find additional information about hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
You may find the following resources about hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA helpful. These materials are written for the general public.
You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.
What other names do people use for hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
What if I still have specific questions about hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?
The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.
These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.
What glossary definitions help with understanding hereditary sensory neuropathy type IA?
autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; cell ; enzyme ; gene ; hereditary ; inherited ; neuropathy ; osteomyelitis ; peripheral ; peripheral neuropathy ; prevalence ; sensorineural ; sensorineural hearing loss ; sensory neuropathy ; serine ; soft tissue ; subunit ; tissue ; toxic ; wasting
You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary.
See also Understanding Medical Terminology.
References (5 links)
The resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. See How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.
|
<urn:uuid:0c44a51f-5fec-43ea-bb40-59465848aba3>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-48
|
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hereditary-sensory-neuropathy-type-ia
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398467979.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205427-00257-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905396
| 1,155
| 3.15625
| 3
|
[
91,
32,
2139,
286,
262,
471,
13,
50,
13,
2351,
10074,
286,
11558,
7461,
91,
198,
39,
1068,
9331,
23326,
7669,
16786,
2099,
35229,
198,
2202,
428,
2443,
25,
198,
40266,
2805,
1853,
198,
2061,
318,
49718,
23326,
7669,
16786,
2099,
35229,
30,
198,
39,
1068,
9331,
23326,
7669,
16786,
2099,
35229,
318,
257,
4006,
16264,
416,
16384,
34615,
287,
262,
7405,
290,
3625,
357,
525,
10803,
282,
7669,
16786,
737,
4650,
661,
351,
428,
4006,
1998,
41409,
1359,
393,
256,
278,
1359,
34129,
357,
79,
12423,
956,
4448,
828,
35519,
1108,
11,
290,
257,
5322,
2694,
284,
1254,
2356,
290,
2565,
3024,
290,
4692,
13,
2773,
5676,
3925,
466,
407,
4425,
18098,
11,
475,
2427,
1254,
4395,
24985,
287,
511,
7405,
290,
3625,
13,
1081,
262,
8967,
33226,
11,
262,
23326,
34615,
460,
2689,
262,
2832,
11,
5101,
11,
12450,
11,
24039,
11,
290,
32956,
13,
36931,
276,
3925,
743,
635,
1998,
8280,
24430,
290,
10453,
355,
484,
651,
4697,
13,
28788,
1108,
287,
262,
19847,
12749,
460,
787,
6155,
2408,
13,
1081,
262,
4006,
33226,
11,
617,
661,
351,
49718,
23326,
7669,
16786,
2099,
35229,
2421,
27181,
6829,
13,
198,
35392,
82,
351,
49718,
23326,
7669,
16786,
2099,
35229,
6032,
651,
1280,
264,
2850,
357,
377,
7999,
8,
319,
511,
3625,
393,
2832,
393,
16079,
286,
262,
2705,
10712,
286,
262,
40142,
357,
1929,
270,
75,
1666,
8,
326,
389,
3105,
284,
12035,
13,
4362,
5676,
3925,
2314,
1254,
262,
2356,
286,
777,
264,
2850,
11,
484,
743,
407,
5380,
7103,
3513,
13,
9170
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Remove any rotting organic material from your pond or water garden, as this is a breeding ground for anaerobic bacteria and pathogens and may add unwanted excess nutrients to feed algae blooms.
Water lilies movie
The stalks arise from thick, fleshy, creeping underwater stems that are buried in the mud. Fertilize regularly. Most species of water lilies have rounded, variously notched, waxy-coated leaves on long stalks that contain many air spaces and float in quiet freshwater habitats. Description of hardy water lily: Hardy water lilies produce round, leathery leaves up to 1 foot across. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. As long as the roots of hardy specimens are below the level where the water freezes, they will reappear the following spring. Credit: Manish Kumar Purple tropical. Ease of care of hardy water lily: Easy. We welcome your comments at letters scroll. The flowers open in the morning and close at night. See Article History Alternative Title: Nymphaeaceae Water lily, family Nymphaeaceae , any of 58 species in 6 genera of freshwater plants native to the temperate and tropical parts of the world. Water Lily Care Once planted, taking care of water lilies is easy. Otherwise, remove them from the pond, clean them up, and store them in a bucket of moist sand in a cool basement before the first freeze. For those who have lawn space, a reed-edged miniature pond is not hard to add. Instead, pot water lilies, and any other pond plant, in a heavy clay soil and cover with fist sized rock, and then river rock to prevent fish from rooting around in the pot and sending the planting medium into the pond.
Tropical varieties have more luminescent colouring and are generally propagated through vertical growing tubers. Credit: Manish Kumar Purple tropical.
Hard water is not good for your lilies. Many pools are designed specifically around their culture.
Among the plants of the family are the water lilies, lotuses, and pond lilies called also cow lilies and spatterdocks of the genera Nymphaea,Nelumbo, and Nuphar, respectively; however, the common names often overlap; e. Like gil, all that offers glimpses of watery vistas in a parched summer is pleasing to the senses.
Cover the soil with a layer of pea gravel, keeping the gravel away from the top of the rhizome as much as possible. They also help reduce algae by shading the water in which they grow.
Fruit is an aggregate of nuts, a berry, or an irregularly dehiscent fleshy spongy capsule. It is also the birth flower for Pisces.
Lotus is also the botanical name for a genus of the pea family. Generally, about half the pond's surface area should be covered by water lily leaves. Set the container in the pool so it is covered with 6 to 18 inches of water more vigorous varieties can be set in deeper sections of the pool. A post shared by myleslea myleslea on May 3, at am PDT Here are some simple instructions for growing your own water lilies: Water lily tubers are available in many nurseries which stock water plants. Depending on the variety, they can even be grown in shallow plastic pots which are just 18 inches in depth. The seeds of the sacred lotus can remain viable after long periods of dormancy see seed. Herbicides can also be used to control populations using glyphosate and fluridone. Credit: Manish Kumar Madame Wilfrome. Copyright The Columbia University Press water lily, common name for some members of the Nymphaeaceae, a family of freshwater perennial herbs found in most parts of the world and often characterized by large shield-shaped leaves and showy, fragrant blossoms of various colors. Mollies are best for small spaces, and koi carp thrive in larger ones. They also help reduce algae by shading the water in which they grow. Growing water lilies in containers helps keep them from spreading and taking over a small pond and it makes water lily care much easier. Leaves are alternate and spiral, opposite or occasionally whorled, simple, peltate or nearly so, entire to toothed or dissected, short to long petiolate , with blade submerged, floating or emergent, with palmate to pinnate venation. The residents were so stunned by the exotic flowers they thought the water in his garden was poisoned, and so all the water that flowed downstream must be poisoned too. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Print A few things make summer in the burning plains tolerable. See Article History Alternative Title: Nymphaeaceae Water lily, family Nymphaeaceaeany of 58 species in 6 genera of freshwater plants native to the temperate and tropical parts of the world.
based on 80 review
|
<urn:uuid:6baa108d-49b6-405a-9996-9e4a60f78f6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-51
|
https://fomazycygyb.ettroisptitspointscompagnie.com/water-lillies411836633as.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540482038.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191205190939-20191205214939-00250.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942197
| 1,029
| 3.28125
| 3
|
[
27914,
597,
44494,
10469,
2587,
422,
534,
16723,
393,
1660,
11376,
11,
355,
428,
318,
257,
18954,
2323,
329,
281,
25534,
20803,
11492,
290,
38366,
290,
743,
751,
19125,
6992,
20901,
284,
3745,
33773,
24924,
3150,
13,
198,
19184,
300,
3922,
3807,
198,
464,
336,
23833,
15058,
422,
6546,
11,
11222,
88,
11,
38598,
21258,
21552,
326,
389,
11694,
287,
262,
17492,
13,
376,
861,
346,
1096,
7987,
13,
4042,
4693,
286,
1660,
300,
3922,
423,
19273,
11,
2972,
306,
407,
1740,
11,
266,
6969,
12,
1073,
515,
5667,
319,
890,
336,
23833,
326,
3994,
867,
1633,
9029,
290,
12178,
287,
5897,
40941,
35308,
13,
12489,
286,
1327,
88,
1660,
300,
813,
25,
27583,
1660,
300,
3922,
4439,
2835,
11,
11620,
88,
5667,
510,
284,
352,
2366,
1973,
13,
383,
9309,
36732,
11,
718,
400,
1225,
13,
1081,
890,
355,
262,
11135,
286,
1327,
88,
27569,
389,
2174,
262,
1241,
810,
262,
1660,
44389,
11,
484,
481,
24578,
451,
262,
1708,
6076,
13,
10504,
25,
1869,
680,
26105,
17265,
19690,
13,
412,
589,
286,
1337,
286,
1327,
88,
1660,
300,
813,
25,
16789,
13,
775,
7062,
534,
3651,
379,
7475,
10743,
13,
383,
12734,
1280,
287,
262,
3329,
290,
1969,
379,
1755,
13,
4091,
10172,
7443,
27182,
11851,
25,
399,
20896,
3609,
48319,
5638,
300,
813,
11,
1641,
399,
20896,
3609,
48319,
837,
597,
286,
7618,
4693,
287,
718,
1152,
64,
286,
40941,
6134,
6868,
284,
262,
4124,
378,
290,
19690,
3354,
286,
262,
995,
13,
5638,
20037,
7276,
4874,
18969,
11,
2263,
1337,
286,
1660
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
A new study has released new data which indicates that the prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) among UK adults could be as high as 12%. NASH is a progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is now considered to be one of the major causes of cirrhosis of the liver. Dame Sally Davies, UK Chief Medical Officer, has previously warned of the impact the growing prevalence of fatty liver disease will have on the nation’s health, and its impact on NHS resources.
The data, presented at The International Liver Congress in Paris, came from an analysis of UK Biobank, the world’s largest database of health information. Perspectum Diagnostics used their LiverMultiScan technology to analyse quantitative MRI data from 2,895 UK Biobank participants to calculate the overall percentage of people in the database who are expected to have NASH. Their projected figure of 12% suggests the number of people with undiagnosed NASH could be significantly higher than the 2-3% previously estimated.
Currently most people with NASH are diagnosed using a liver biopsy. This only occurs when the disease has progressed and they are showing symptoms. Perspectum’s Multi-scan technology has the potential to enable doctors to diagnose this disease earlier using a less invasive test.
|
<urn:uuid:89e8a603-5645-4bed-8624-f34cbc4f230e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://steatosite.com/2018/06/09/1-in-8-adults-may-have-non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis-nash/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370520039.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404042338-20200404072338-00376.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952512
| 276
| 2.828125
| 3
|
[
32,
649,
2050,
468,
2716,
649,
1366,
543,
9217,
326,
262,
16815,
286,
1729,
12,
42142,
291,
2876,
5549,
258,
8071,
11815,
357,
45,
11211,
8,
1871,
3482,
6490,
714,
307,
355,
1029,
355,
1105,
7225,
7210,
39,
318,
257,
10393,
1296,
286,
1729,
12,
42142,
291,
19251,
14383,
4369,
357,
4535,
3697,
35,
8,
543,
318,
783,
3177,
284,
307,
530,
286,
262,
1688,
5640,
286,
10774,
17179,
5958,
286,
262,
14383,
13,
20377,
25737,
26618,
11,
3482,
5953,
8366,
10391,
11,
468,
4271,
7728,
286,
262,
2928,
262,
3957,
16815,
286,
19251,
14383,
4369,
481,
423,
319,
262,
3277,
447,
247,
82,
1535,
11,
290,
663,
2928,
319,
18183,
4133,
13,
198,
464,
1366,
11,
5545,
379,
383,
4037,
45036,
3162,
287,
6342,
11,
1625,
422,
281,
3781,
286,
3482,
8436,
672,
962,
11,
262,
995,
447,
247,
82,
4387,
6831,
286,
1535,
1321,
13,
29845,
388,
31549,
34558,
973,
511,
45036,
29800,
33351,
3037,
284,
39552,
26610,
30278,
1366,
422,
362,
11,
23,
3865,
3482,
8436,
672,
962,
6809,
284,
15284,
262,
4045,
5873,
286,
661,
287,
262,
6831,
508,
389,
2938,
284,
423,
7210,
39,
13,
5334,
13301,
3785,
286,
1105,
4,
5644,
262,
1271,
286,
661,
351,
3318,
72,
4660,
1335,
7210,
39,
714,
307,
5566,
2440,
621,
262,
362,
12,
18,
4,
4271,
6108,
13,
198,
21327,
749,
661,
351,
7210,
39,
389,
14641,
1262,
257,
14383,
3182,
44522,
13,
770,
691,
8833,
618,
262,
4369,
468,
28775,
290,
484,
389,
4478,
7460,
13,
29845,
388,
447,
247,
82,
15237
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Not many women in Pakistan have the rights to make choices and decisions about their sexual and reproductive health including when, or whether, to consider having children. Reproductive health rights aren’t just limited to pregnancy and bearing children. They include the right to respectful relationships, safe and quality health services and more importantly, easy access to effective contraception methods.
Unfortunately, not many women have a say in deciding the fate of an unplanned pregnancy. On the other hand, the majority of our population doesn’t have access to accurate information about contraception. The current situation of women reproductive health in Pakistan is disturbing. Most females lack easy access to contraception methods. Let’s not talk about the judgmental stares when a woman asks for a condom at a retail store! There is no concept of screening for STIs. Women die daily from pregnancy and childbirth complications which could be prevented. Lack of safe sex practices only adds to the problems.
It is important that women of all ages have timely access to accurate, and unbiased sexual and reproductive health information and services. What our society fails to understand is that access to reproductive health services is a basic human right. Our women especially those in rural and even urban areas don’t have the information about their reproductive health and rights. They don’t seek medical help due to the associated stigma. If women want to take control of their reproductive health rights, they are discriminated against thanks to our deep-rooted traditions.
It is crucial for us, as a nation to understand that sex education, a woman’s ability to control her own body and easy access to the health facilities she needs is a fundamental right. Every woman, regardless of her age, caste, and religion or income level should be able to make decisions about her sexual health she feels is best for her.
While talking about women reproductive health rights often face backlash, KLIMAX is determined to change the status quo. The purpose of this article is to encourage women to take responsibility for sexual and reproductive health. In addition, the goal is to contribute to a behavior change.
Know the Different Contraception Types
There are many contraceptive methods available including pills, implants, IUDs, emergency contraception, and physical barriers (condoms and diaphragms).
Talk to your healthcare provider to know the contraception method that is right for you. Remember, you can talk openly about how the method works, the side effects (possible) and how affordable it is. Your doctor will recommend the best method depending on a number of factors including your medical history, overall health, and your lifestyle. You can discuss your options with your partner before making a final decision.
Every contraception method is different. For example, pills (oral contraception) need to be taken every day. IUDs or implants can last up to 3/5 years and offer long-acting reversible contraception. In addition to contraception, it is important to practice safe sex. Possibly the best way to reduce the risk of STIs is to use condoms.
If you opt for an implant which is usually placed in the upper arm, a low dose of progesterone will be released to prevent egg release each month. These implants can be easily removed and allow you to get pregnant later on.
Contraceptive injections usually are given every 12 to 14 weeks. This is another reliable and effective method of contraception. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small devices that are placed in the uterus and can last up to 5/10 years. They have to be inserted and removed by a doctor. Your periods can be affected as a possible side effect so make sure you consult your doctor.
Oral contraceptives or pills contain synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone. These pills are available as prescription medicines and are effective if used the right way. There are many types of oral contraceptives with different doses and hormones. Your healthcare provider will recommend the dosage that is right for you.
Physical methods of contraception include condoms (male/female) and diaphragm. As stated earlier, condoms also lessen the risk of STIs. Physical methods can be very effective if used the right way. Male condoms perhaps are the most affordable contraceptives. They can be bought from pharmacies without a doctor’s prescription and can be ordered online as well. A diaphragm is a silicone dome-shaped structure that fits in the vagina.
To save women from judgmental stares and comments at retail stores, KLIMAX has launched its web store featuring a variety of reproductive health products including condoms. The products after placing an order will be delivered at your doorstep within 2 hours across all major cities in Pakistan and there are no delivery charges. This will ensure that you get the right product in time.
Natural methods of contraception include using the pull-out method and avoiding sex when a woman is potentially fertile. There are period tracking apps that allow you to know the days you are the most fertile.
There are permanent contraception methods as well that prevent pregnancy permanently. They include vasectomy for men and tubal ligation for women.
Results We Can Expect
We must understand that sex and pregnancy without a woman’s consent is a sexual violation. It’s never okay. If a woman says yes once, it doesn’t mean she’ll say yes every time! Respect her decision to use protection. She has every right to enjoy a safe, fulfilling relationship.
The day we realize the importance of consent, our society will become a better place with fewer incidents of sexual offenses, physical assault, and emotional abuse.
|
<urn:uuid:2bce6217-bfcc-4b82-a6da-9e0cb459c3b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://thinkingthirty.com/tag/culture/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510893.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016221847-20181017003347-00128.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94784
| 1,137
| 2.625
| 3
|
[
3673,
867,
1466,
287,
7648,
423,
262,
2489,
284,
787,
7747,
290,
5370,
546,
511,
3206,
290,
18391,
1535,
1390,
618,
11,
393,
1771,
11,
284,
2074,
1719,
1751,
13,
36551,
14070,
1535,
2489,
3588,
447,
247,
83,
655,
3614,
284,
10241,
290,
14121,
1751,
13,
1119,
2291,
262,
826,
284,
25923,
6958,
11,
3338,
290,
3081,
1535,
2594,
290,
517,
11003,
11,
2562,
1895,
284,
4050,
27503,
5050,
13,
198,
13898,
11,
407,
867,
1466,
423,
257,
910,
287,
14615,
262,
10030,
286,
281,
555,
36800,
10241,
13,
1550,
262,
584,
1021,
11,
262,
3741,
286,
674,
3265,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
423,
1895,
284,
7187,
1321,
546,
27503,
13,
383,
1459,
3074,
286,
1466,
18391,
1535,
287,
7648,
318,
14851,
13,
4042,
12366,
3092,
2562,
1895,
284,
27503,
5050,
13,
3914,
447,
247,
82,
407,
1561,
546,
262,
8492,
282,
38806,
618,
257,
2415,
7893,
329,
257,
33791,
379,
257,
6308,
3650,
0,
1318,
318,
645,
3721,
286,
14135,
329,
3563,
3792,
13,
6926,
4656,
4445,
422,
10241,
290,
43886,
19481,
543,
714,
307,
13351,
13,
38289,
286,
3338,
1714,
6593,
691,
6673,
284,
262,
2761,
13,
198,
1026,
318,
1593,
326,
1466,
286,
477,
9337,
423,
19376,
1895,
284,
7187,
11,
290,
46735,
3206,
290,
18391,
1535,
1321,
290,
2594,
13,
1867,
674,
3592,
10143,
284,
1833,
318,
326,
1895,
284,
18391,
1535,
2594,
318,
257,
4096,
1692,
826,
13,
3954,
1466,
2592,
883,
287,
10016,
290,
772,
7876,
3006,
836,
447,
247,
83,
423,
262,
1321,
546,
511,
18391,
1535,
290,
2489
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the term for medical products and practices that are not part of standard care. Standard care is what medical doctors, doctors of osteopathy, and allied health professionals, such as nurses and physical therapists, practice.
Above is the standard definition of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Also called “CAM” for short. Essentially this term refers to anything that is outside standard western allopathic medicine. It encompasses everything from Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine to Naturopathic care, homeopathy, massage, reiki, shiatsu, energy medicine, ayurveda and on and on and on.
When I hear this term, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, it always makes my skin prickle a little bit. As an Acupuncturist, I don’t find it offensive per se, but I can’t help but liken it to the term “oriental” as understood by Edward Said. This sense that by the very nature of the term, we are holding CAM therapies afar and making them “other” in a way that puts them at odds with standard care, when really there is a beautiful synergy possible between these approaches.
So today I want talk about the what and why of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in hopes of dispelling this sense of “otherness.” As an Acupuncturist, my focus is on Chinese Medicine, but my hope is to help you understand that CAM therapies do not have to be “other,” “in lieu of” or opposite to standard care.
They represent a different paradigm, a different approach, a safe and successful subset of options that can add to standard care in most cases when desired. AND that by working together, standard care and Complementary Medicine (my proposed term revision!) provide the broadest and most complete healthcare solution around.
What is Considered Complementary and Alternative Medicine?
As mentioned above, CAM is this huge category for everything other than Western Allopathic Medicine. Here is a short list of “what” is considered part of this category and some basic explanations of what to expect from each:
Why Choose Complementary and Alternative Medicine?
Complementary Medicine is quite varied and has many strengths. Often times people turn to it when they feel Western Medicine has failed them, but it has so many more applications. Certainly there are many things standard care can treat that CAM therapies can treat as well just in a different or more natural way - such as pain, injury recovery, low immunity, recovering from colds and flus, menstrual irregularities, fertility, weight loss, metabolism etc - but it can ALSO serve to improve your sense of wellbeing and help you maintain a state of optimal health.
Indeed, you will note that the central and overarching similarities between the Complementary therapies listed above, is the holistic approach (mind, body, lifestyle) and the focus on health, wellness and wellbeing rather than illness and disease. While each method has its own therapies and course of treatment to heal illness and correct imbalance, the ultimate goal is reach a plateau of health and, through continued monitoring and maintenance, to keep you there.
This is certainly true of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Indeed, thousands of years ago the neighborhood doc was paid on a retainer because his job was to keep you healthy. This meant regular sessions to evaluate your body energetically and minute corrections to keep you there. I often think of Chinese Medicine as the most traditional science of wellbeing around, and certainly this is what I strive for in my practice - to help my patients achieve the state of health they want, and to support them through herbs, diet and lifestyle to keep them there.
In this way, I believe Complementary Medicine is ideally suited to Western culture and uniquely positioned to support Standard Medicine. While Standard medicine advocates for “preventative care,” a physical exam (i.e. preventative care according to standard medicine) is only covered by insurance once every 1-3 years! A lot can happen in 1-3 years. Indeed, a lot can happen to your health in 1-3 months, especially if you are under stress. Even after a health event which lands you in the hospital, after a prescribed course of follow up treatments to address disease, there is often little to no support for wellness and wellbeing thereafter in the standard care allopathic medical system.
This is where Complementary and Alternative Medicine has a perfect synergy with Standard Medicine. Just because the approach of CAM is different, doesn’t mean that it discounts standard care by any means nor that it has to be an “alternative” or other than. It simply means looking at the problem from a different angle to find the best personalized solution for you. The best solution for you may be CAM treatment only or standard care only, but for most people that are willing to broaden their view, the best solution is a combination of each based on your individual needs and health goals.
Cancer treatment is a perfect example. Breast Cancer in particular is an illness we have become rather efficient at treating now, and something that is not to be messed around with or taken lightly. By combining standard care, including removal of the tumor and chemotherapy and radiation as advised based on stage and quality of life concerns, with Acupuncture in particular to decrease post chemotherapy related nausea and pain related to tumor location and surgery, patients get better faster and can take fewer pharmaceuticals to manage symptoms in recovery. This leads to improved outcomes, improved comfort and rapid healing - a win win situation for those that choose to engage in this powerful combination of therapies
I hope I have been able to adequately convey the power of using both standard care and complementary medicine in turn, and to share with you my powerful belief that they both have an important place together!
I also hope that if you are looking to optimize your health and wellness, that you will consider looking into some “complementary medicine” options if you haven’t before. They are powerful, safe, relaxing and can truly improve wellbeing on many levels and prevent illness and injury.
Until next time, thanks for tuning in!
One of the most common conversations I have with new patients over the phone goes something like this:
Inquiring mind over the phone, “Does insurance cover Acupuncture?”
Rebecca, “Yes! In fact over 60% of my patients have insurance that covers treatment.”
Inquiring Mind, “REALLY??!! Does MY insurance cover Acupuncture?”
Rebecca, “I don’t know, but let’s find out!”
And quite commonly, patients DO have coverage! Here in Portland we are extremely lucky. Indeed, as the conversation above illuminates, over 60% of my patients actually have insurance that covers Acupuncture. These patients are typically responsible for a $10-$20 copayment at time of service and nothing else, the rest of their treatment is covered 100%.
With the advent of the Affordable Care Act, more people have Acupuncture coverage than EVER before but many people don’t realize it or don’t know how to utilize their benefits. In Washington in particular, 12 Acupuncture visits per year are included in the state essential benefits plan, meaning that all insurance plans originating in Washington State include Acupuncture benefits.
Understanding insurance benefits can be very confusing, however, so today, in an effort to help you understand your insurance, I’m going to walk you through how to determine if you have Acupuncture coverage, how to get Acupuncture coverage, and some insurance terminology basics to help you navigate the tangled web of coverage insurance companies weave.
How to Determine if You Have Acupuncture Coverage
Finding out if you have Acupuncture coverage is quite simple, but finding out what is covered can be hard if you don’t know the right questions to ask. Acupuncture isn’t always covered for everything - despite the 3,000 years of history behind it.
Here is a simple step by step guide to finding out all the pertinent information about Acupuncture benefits under your insurance plan. Have a piece of paper and a pen ready to record your answers:
Acupuncture is NOT Covered Under My Plan! How Do I Get Benefits?
Not every insurance plan will cover Acupuncture, but if yours doesn’t and you want to get Acupuncture treatment don’t fret - there are options. First, of course, you need to determine if Acupuncture coverage would be more cost effective than paying out of pocket.
The average 60 minute Acupuncture treatment costs somewhere between $65-$90 in the Portland area (might be different in your town, a quick web search will yield results). An average course of treatment is probably 6 treatments for any individual illness, 12 on the high end. 12 treatments at a $75 average = $900 per illness or injury, so if you’re paying more than that per year for extra insurance coverage you’re probably wasting your money and would be better served by paying out of pocket.
If you utilize other services, like Chiropractic and Naturopathic treatment as well, or if you intend for Acupuncture to be part of your regular wellness and stress management care (it should be!), then paying more in premiums would be worth it since CAM services are often combined.
If you want coverage and you don’t have it, therefore, you have two basic options:
1. Purchase additional or secondary insurance coverage
2. Lobby your HR department to add Acupuncture as a covered benefit for an employer-provided health insurance plan.
If you want to purchase additional or secondary coverage, the first thing to do is to call Member Services for your current insurer and ask about options. They may have an additional rider you can purchase which will add more benefits to your current plan for a monthly premium. If they don’t, you can go to the Healthcare Exchange and purchase a secondary plan. I compiled a list of plans from the Cover Oregon site which cover Acupuncture back in October which you can review on my blog HERE.
Purchasing a secondary insurance plan can be costly, however, so you have to think about your healthcare needs and choose wisely. Secondary coverage that compliments your current plan benefits can often result in almost never paying for any treatment for anything - whatever isn’t covered by your primary insurance can be billed through to your secondary insurance plan and will likely be covered - but premiums can be high on individual plans, so do your math carefully.
If you are insured through your employer, lobbying for Acupuncture benefits to be added to the company plan is your best option to get care. If you can get other people in your office to toot the Alternative Medicine Coverage horn, all the better. Your employer wants to keep you happy (or they should anyway!) and Acupuncture is great way to do so! People that utilize CAM services such as Acupuncture, Massage, Chiropractic and Naturopathic care are generally more aware of and engaged in their health, and healthier people have lower premiums for group health insurance. This is a big benefit to your employer because it means they are going to pay less to insure you over time because you will be healthier (are you taking notes to bring to HR yet?…)
Acupuncture in particular has been proven to reduce blood pressure, assist in weight loss and reduce stress hormones in the blood stream - all common concerns in an office environment. Acupuncture coverage, if utilized therefore, is a big benefit for employees and employers alike.
If you need help making the case for Acupuncture coverage in your office, contact me! Or your local Acupuncturist for some specific key words and phrases to bring to your HR department.
Understanding the Basics of Insurance Terminology
Insurance is about the using the money of the many to cover the needs of the few. Everyone pays premiums, but only those in need seek care requiring the insurance companies to pay up, and in this way the insurance company can make sure there are funds available as needed for everyone. Or at least that is the theory. Its a balancing system, a balancing act, and a darn confusing bunch of jargon and terminology.
The most confusing part of accessing benefits for most people is understanding their deductible. Some benefits are subject to deductible, meaning the deducible must be met before the benefit will kick in, while other benefits are not subject to deductible, which means you can access the benefits immediately and are only responsible for a copay or coinsurance amount whether you have met your deductible or not. This is where most people get confused about Acupuncture and alternative care benefits in particular, because this is very individual plan by plan.
For example: if Acupuncture is a covered benefit but is subject to deductible, you must meet your deductible - meaning you must pay for that dollar value worth of medical services (any covered medical services) before your benefits will kick in. If Acupuncture is not subject to deductible, it doesn’t matter what your deductible is or whether you have one or not, Acupuncture treatment will be covered immediately at your copayment or coinsurance rate.
Here is a list of the insurance terminology that people find most confusing and what it means for your benefits:
Deductible - this is a dollar amount you must meet out of pocket before certain benefits “kick in.” There is typically a separate deductible for “in network” and for “out of network” providers. For example, if you have a $500 in network deductible and then a coinsurance of 20%, you would be required to pay $500 worth of medical expenses (doctor visit fees, lab fees, etc) for in network services out of pocket at the start of the plan year. Once that value had been met, you would only be responsible for 20% of the fee charged for any visit or service.
In Network vs. Out Of Network - In Network providers (doctors, hospitals, medical professionals) have contracted with the insurance company and provide reduced rates to plan members. Out of Network providers have not contracted with the insurance company and can charge whatever they want.
Coinsurance - Coinsurance is the percentage of total (contract rate for in network) fees you, as the patient, are responsible for paying. It is often different in network vs. out of network. Benefits which have a coinsurance amount due are usually subject to deductible, meaning you must meet the deductible first before you can pay only the coinsurance amount.
Copayment - this is a flat dollar value that you are responsible for paying for treatment. It is often different in network vs. out of network, or you will have a copayment in network and a coinsurance out of network. Benefits which have a copayment are usually not subject to deductible, meaning you can access that benefit immediately without meeting any deductible amount for the plan year.
Plan Year - the date on which your insurance benefits reset, meaning the date you are responsible for meeting your deductible again. Insurance plans run on 12 month cycles and the plan year is usually the same as the calendar year, but can vary with some insurers.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine or “CAM” Services - This generally refers to Acupuncture, Chiropractic, Massage and Naturopathic care. Sometimes these services are bundled into a single category meaning you have one benefit pool to share among them. Physical Therapy is always separate from CAM services, and Chiropractic is often singled out as a separate benefit as well.
Authorization - Some benefits require authorization before they can be utilized. Services that require authorization typically require the provider him or herself to seek authorization on or before your first visit for treatment. If not authorized, the insurance company will not pay for treatment.
Referral - Some benefits require a referral, typically from your PCP or Primary Care Provider, before the insurance company will pay for them. In Oregon an MD, DO (Doctor of Osteopathy), ND (Naturopathic Doctor) or DC (Doctor of Chiropractic) can be a Primary Care Physician, but an ND or DC must be covered under your specific insurance plan despite state law to be recognized as a referral party.
Contact Rebecca with Questions
Insurance can be confusing, but with a little know how and a provider who knows the ropes on your side, everything can be understood and clarified with ease. If you have questions about your insurance plan, contact me via email anytime or book a free consultation online. I am happy to help navigate your benefits!
Until next time,
The Affordable Care Act or ACA has been constantly in the news since October last year when the (largely faulty) exchange websites went live. Yes, the health care exchange rollout has been fraught with difficulty and enrollment has been challenging, but despite these issues, I personally feel the Affordable Care Act is an amazing success - over a million uninsured Americans have signed up for coverage already! It is truly is a landmark piece of legislation not only for America as a whole, but for Acupuncturists in particular.
Though insurance companies have been able to extend existing plans a little longer due to the 2 year grace period the feds announced last week, under the Affordable Care Act more people have access to Acupuncture and alternative medicine coverage in the United States than ever before. Under ACA, alternative medicine is poised to thrive because:
As to the last clause above, this kind of research is being done slowly but surely in Europe and has resulted in some great advances for Acupuncturists in Germany in particular. A study on back pain and knee arthritis called The German Acupuncture Trials showed that Acupuncture and standard care both resulted in approximately the same outcome. Subsequently, Acupuncture is now covered by socialized German healthcare for these conditions.
More studies like this conducted in (and therefore recognized by) the U.S. will result in everyone making better decisions about medical intervention at various stages. If you had a choice between arthroscopic knee surgery for osteoarthritis ($50,000 price tag) and acupuncture (6-12 visits at $70 each) which would you, and your insurance company, choose knowing the outcome would be approximately the same? Acupuncture is the clear winner for the average case - less expensive, less invasive, virtually risk free, natural and research-proven to be effective!
An Acupuncturists Perspective on the Affordable Care Act
From an Acupuncturists perspective, these things are a big win for our industry. The Affordable Care Act has resulted in increased access to Acupuncture by
The Affordable Care Act is an incredible first step towards something desperately needed in our country - true health care access for all as a national right. Is it perfect? Not quite. Is it going to continue to go through changes in the coming years? Undoubtedly. But the standard has been set and (hopefully!) there’s no going back now.
Wondering if your insurance covers Acupuncture? I’m always happy to check benefits for potential patients, so if you want to check your benefits please email me your name, date of birth and health insurance information and I’ll be happy to verify your benefits before your first visit or consultation!
Until next time,
All Acupuncture Affordable Care Act/Obamacare All Ways Wellness All Ways Wellness All Ways Well News And Updates Anti Aging Anti-Aging Archive Arthritis Car Accident Chinese Herbs Diet And Nutrition Diet And Nutrition Digestive Electro Acupuncture Facial Rejuvenation Fertility Find Your Well Find Your Well Foot Reflexology Goodell Pt Healthcare Healthy Living Healthy Living Heart Health Herbs Infertility Intermittent Fasting Japanese Acupuncture Menstrual Irregularity Motor Vehicle Accident Treatment Mthfr Mva News/Updates Pain Physical Therapy Postpartum Recovery Preventative Medicine Preventative Medicine Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis Seasonal Stress Wellness
|
<urn:uuid:2d3553d0-ac69-49dc-b7e0-8c3cfe3d5971>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
http://www.allwayswell.com/blog/category/healthcare
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314852.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819160107-20190819182107-00290.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951084
| 4,118
| 2.84375
| 3
|
[
5377,
26908,
560,
290,
5559,
9007,
357,
34,
2390,
8,
318,
262,
3381,
329,
3315,
3186,
290,
6593,
326,
389,
407,
636,
286,
3210,
1337,
13,
8997,
1337,
318,
644,
3315,
7519,
11,
7519,
286,
32674,
27189,
11,
290,
22034,
1535,
11153,
11,
884,
355,
20669,
290,
3518,
39395,
11,
3357,
13,
198,
32397,
318,
262,
3210,
6770,
286,
955,
26908,
560,
290,
27182,
11558,
13,
4418,
1444,
564,
250,
34,
2390,
447,
251,
329,
1790,
13,
34039,
428,
3381,
10229,
284,
1997,
326,
318,
2354,
3210,
8830,
477,
44650,
9007,
13,
632,
38932,
2279,
422,
4013,
42223,
290,
3999,
11558,
284,
14393,
1434,
38829,
1337,
11,
1363,
27189,
11,
26900,
11,
302,
5580,
11,
427,
72,
19231,
11,
2568,
9007,
11,
38762,
333,
1079,
64,
290,
319,
290,
319,
290,
319,
13,
198,
2215,
314,
3285,
428,
3381,
11,
955,
26908,
560,
290,
27182,
11558,
11,
340,
1464,
1838,
616,
4168,
778,
39423,
257,
1310,
1643,
13,
1081,
281,
4013,
929,
16260,
333,
396,
11,
314,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1064,
340,
5859,
583,
384,
11,
475,
314,
460,
447,
247,
83,
1037,
475,
4300,
268,
340,
284,
262,
3381,
564,
250,
13989,
282,
447,
251,
355,
7247,
416,
10443,
23885,
13,
770,
2565,
326,
416,
262,
845,
3450,
286,
262,
3381,
11,
356,
389,
4769,
32421,
29596,
44246,
290,
1642,
606,
564,
250,
847,
447,
251,
287,
257,
835,
326,
7584,
606,
379,
10402,
351,
3210,
1337,
11,
618,
1107,
612,
318,
257,
4950,
42193,
1744,
1022,
777,
10581,
13,
198,
2396,
1909,
314
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Explore America's Campgrounds
Coyotes range across the lower 48 states from coast to coast, and the state of Alabama categorizes them as game animals and fur bearers. Some in the state consider them agricultural pests and a danger to domestic pets. A state hunting license lets you hunt the canids with a gun or bow and arrow. There's no bag limit, and coyote season runs throughout the year.
Before heading out into the field for the coyote hunt, you'll need a hunter safety certificate if you were born after August 1, 1977. You can take the entire course online and you don't have to pass a field exam. You can then get a recreational hunting license for all game or just for small game, which excludes deer and turkey. You can purchase a small game license for as little as $17.15 as of 2014. You may also trap coyotes providing you have permission from the landowner where you set your traps.
Know the Difference
While there's no bag limit on the coyotes, there is a one-per-day limit on foxes. Red foxes go through coat phases ranging from red to gray, sometimes appearing similar to the color of coyotes. You can usually tell the difference by the white tip of a red fox's tail and its black ear tips. A coyote has orange or gray on the back of its ears and a black tip on its tail. Gray foxes have a black stripe down their back and a black tail tip, with reddish gray coloring easily confused with a coyote. A coyote is larger than a fox -- about 22 to 33 pounds -- while foxes generally weigh 13 pounds or less. A fox's tail is long -- roughly equal to the length of its body -- while a coyote's is significantly shorter, reaching only down to its hocks.
While your state hunting license permits you to hunt coyotes by day, you'll need a special permit to hunt them by night, when they are most active. You'll need to hunt on land where the owner has applied for a crop depredation permit with the state Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The permit only allows night hunting after 3 a.m. when it's not turkey or deer season. The state allows you to hunt coyotes using night-vision equipment or artificial lighting such as spotlights, headlights or flashlights.
Another legal method for taking coyotes in Alabama is trapping. You must have the landowner's permission to set your traps, and you're only allowed to do so between November and February. Make sure each of your traps has a metal tag with your name and address, or the DCNR will confiscate it. Trapping coyotes is much more cost-effective for residents than visitors: getting a non-resident trapping license will run 10 times the amount you'd pay as a resident. As of 2014, a trapping license for a resident is $20, but a non-resident pays $200.
- Hunter Course: Get Your Hunting Certificate - Alabama
- Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: Hunting License
- Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: Carnivores
- Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: Coyotes
- Alabama Outdoor News: Calling Summer Coyotes at Night
- Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: Trapping Regulations and Enforcement
Indulging her passion for wide open spaces and outdoor fitness through the written word on a full-time basis since 2010, author Jodi Thornton-O'Connell takes the mystery out of outdoor skills and guides readers to discover fun ways to physically connect to natural surroundings.
|
<urn:uuid:e06d6457-b1e7-414e-a6b7-d653dbba6a8f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-06
|
https://goneoutdoors.com/coyote-hunting-regulations-alabama-6165763.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500074.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203185547-20230203215547-00729.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93995
| 748
| 2.640625
| 3
|
[
35433,
2253,
338,
5425,
40520,
198,
34,
726,
6421,
2837,
1973,
262,
2793,
4764,
2585,
422,
7051,
284,
7051,
11,
290,
262,
1181,
286,
9266,
17851,
4340,
606,
355,
983,
4695,
290,
9230,
307,
34231,
13,
2773,
287,
262,
1181,
2074,
606,
14240,
44283,
290,
257,
3514,
284,
5928,
17252,
13,
317,
1181,
10988,
5964,
8781,
345,
12601,
262,
460,
2340,
351,
257,
2485,
393,
9563,
290,
15452,
13,
1318,
338,
645,
6131,
4179,
11,
290,
34003,
1258,
1622,
4539,
3690,
262,
614,
13,
198,
8421,
9087,
503,
656,
262,
2214,
329,
262,
34003,
1258,
12601,
11,
345,
1183,
761,
257,
19177,
3747,
10703,
611,
345,
547,
4642,
706,
2932,
352,
11,
15589,
13,
921,
460,
1011,
262,
2104,
1781,
2691,
290,
345,
836,
470,
423,
284,
1208,
257,
2214,
2814,
13,
921,
460,
788,
651,
257,
18136,
10988,
5964,
329,
477,
983,
393,
655,
329,
1402,
983,
11,
543,
36833,
20096,
290,
26876,
13,
921,
460,
5001,
257,
1402,
983,
5964,
329,
355,
1310,
355,
720,
1558,
13,
1314,
355,
286,
1946,
13,
921,
743,
635,
12840,
34003,
6421,
4955,
345,
423,
7170,
422,
262,
1956,
18403,
810,
345,
900,
534,
20348,
13,
198,
23812,
262,
43795,
198,
3633,
612,
338,
645,
6131,
4179,
319,
262,
34003,
6421,
11,
612,
318,
257,
530,
12,
525,
12,
820,
4179,
319,
21831,
274,
13,
2297,
21831,
274,
467,
832,
13209,
21164,
12897,
422,
2266,
284,
12768,
11,
3360,
12655,
2092,
284,
262,
3124,
286,
34003,
6421,
13,
921,
460,
3221,
1560,
262,
3580,
416,
262,
2330,
8171
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Definition - What does Expert System mean?
Expert systems are knowledge-based computer systems that have been developed to reduce erratic human influence. It makes or evaluates decisions based on rules established within the software.
Expert systems are part of a general category of computer applications known as artificial intelligence. To design an expert system, one needs a knowledge engineer, an individual who studies how human experts make decisions and translates the rules into terms that a computer can understand.
Expert system can be used in corrosion problem solving, such as:
- Corrosion monitoring
- Material selection
- Equipment specification
- Control of corrosion testing equipment
Corrosionpedia explains Expert System
An expert system is a computer program that simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field, such as corrosion. Expert systems are used in the field of corrosion to monitor and evaluate corrosion.
Some applications of expert systems are in different aspects of corrosion, cathodic protection and assessment of cracking in light water nuclear reactors and prediction of localized corrosion of stainless steels.
Developments in computer tools for corrosion assessment and control have been quite extensive including databases. Some specific examples of computer systems for different applications are:
- Programs for selection of materials for oil and gas applications
- Programs for online corrosion monitoring and control
- Database systems for evaluation of metals and non-metals
- Use of neural networks in corrosion data reduction
- Computer-aided packages for teaching corrosion
Currently, computer programs for corrosion assessment and control use a combination of expert systems and an object-oriented programs such as evaluation of hydrogen-induced cracking of steels, or a combination of expert systems and neural networks in corrosion data modeling and prediction.
Corrosion Prevention for Water Pumps, Valves, Impellers and Fittings
|
<urn:uuid:e8b8baf8-671e-43b2-9fe5-376a8d2cae5a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/482/expert-system
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914088
| 375
| 3.453125
| 3
|
[
36621,
532,
1867,
857,
25516,
4482,
1612,
30,
198,
3109,
11766,
3341,
389,
3725,
12,
3106,
3644,
3341,
326,
423,
587,
4166,
284,
4646,
40583,
1692,
4588,
13,
632,
1838,
393,
47850,
5370,
1912,
319,
3173,
4920,
1626,
262,
3788,
13,
198,
3109,
11766,
3341,
389,
636,
286,
257,
2276,
6536,
286,
3644,
5479,
1900,
355,
11666,
4430,
13,
1675,
1486,
281,
5887,
1080,
11,
530,
2476,
257,
3725,
11949,
11,
281,
1981,
508,
3640,
703,
1692,
6154,
787,
5370,
290,
23677,
262,
3173,
656,
2846,
326,
257,
3644,
460,
1833,
13,
198,
3109,
11766,
1080,
460,
307,
973,
287,
41677,
1917,
18120,
11,
884,
355,
25,
198,
12,
2744,
4951,
295,
9904,
198,
12,
14633,
6356,
198,
12,
22412,
20855,
198,
12,
6779,
286,
41677,
4856,
5112,
198,
10606,
4951,
295,
50235,
6688,
25516,
4482,
198,
2025,
5887,
1080,
318,
257,
3644,
1430,
326,
985,
15968,
262,
8492,
290,
4069,
286,
257,
1692,
393,
281,
4009,
326,
468,
5887,
3725,
290,
1998,
287,
257,
1948,
2214,
11,
884,
355,
41677,
13,
25516,
3341,
389,
973,
287,
262,
2214,
286,
41677,
284,
5671,
290,
13446,
41677,
13,
198,
4366,
5479,
286,
5887,
3341,
389,
287,
1180,
7612,
286,
41677,
11,
32171,
29512,
4800,
290,
8922,
286,
25407,
287,
1657,
1660,
4523,
28502,
290,
17724,
286,
36618,
41677,
286,
25704,
2876,
1424,
13,
198,
19246,
902,
287,
3644,
4899,
329,
41677,
8922,
290,
1630,
423,
587,
2407,
7667,
1390,
20083,
13,
2773,
2176,
6096,
286,
3644,
3341,
329,
1180,
5479,
389,
25,
198,
12,
26179,
329,
6356
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
(Natural News) The noise that bothers you on a daily basis, like those often heard while commuting via subway train, can cause more than simple irritation. According to a study, noise pollution can also negatively impact your health.
A new study by researchers from the University of Toronto posits that while the various sounds that you hear while walking, cycling, driving, or commuting are often within safe exposure levels, sudden bursts of noise can cause long-term hearing loss and other health problems. Cyclists are especially at high risk, and the study even states that cycling as the activity to have the most potential to damage hearing. (Related: Links between Noise Pollution and Ill-Health.)
Dr. Vincent Lin, an associate professor in the Faculty of Medicine and one of the study’s authors, shared: “We knew it was going to be noisy but I was surprised with the frequency of the peaks.”
Using measuring devices attached to their collars, the scientists gathered noise data in the city on weekdays between April and August 2016. They rode subways, buses, streetcars, and bikes or walked. The study’s results revealed that the recommended limit on noise exposure had “exceeded in nine percent of subway measurements, 12 percent of bus measurements and 14 percent of biking measurements.”
Lid added that based on the research, Keele, Dufferin, Spadina, and Bay subway stations were the loudest.
The authors of the study warned that sudden exposure to loud noises could lead to other health concerns aside from deafness. Lin concluded: “We now are starting to understand that chronic excessive noise exposure leads to significant systemic pathology, such as depression, anxiety, increased risk of chronic diseases and increased accident risk.”
Tips to reduce noise pollution
While there’s not much that you can do to minimize noise pollution levels from subway stations, you can try the tips listed below to eliminate excess noise at home or at work:
- Turn off your gadgets – The devices in your home or workplace all make noise, even when they’re not in use. Computers, game systems, televisions, etc. are still a source of excess noise while in standby mode. Always turn off gadgets when they’re not in use — this can also help lower your electric bill.
- Soundproof your space – You don’t have to spend too much when soundproofing rooms. Use some rugs to dampen sound for hard floors. Install better windows, seal window frames, or hang thick curtains (even thin ones will do) to help reduce the sound coming from outside. If you have noisy neighbors on one side of your room, try to put furniture or a big bookshelf full of books against that wall. For laundry machines in a separate room, always shut the door.
- Try to mask or cancel noise – You can do this through various means. Hang some wind chimes, turn on a fan, or get a small water feature. You can use other sources of sound to mask more unpleasant noise around you.
- Wear earplugs if all else fails – While earplugs can’t always block out all the noise, they can help bring sounds “down to a manageable level.”
While music can often help us tune out noise, try limiting the volume of your electronic devices, especially when you are wearing headphones. Hearing loss can be caused by cumulative noise over time, and there is no way to reverse it. Never turn up the volume higher than you need to hear it. If you can’t hear because of the noise around you, consider buying a pair of noise-canceling headphones.
Read more articles on how to minimize noise pollution at GreenLivingNews.com.
|
<urn:uuid:9ae7f3df-3fa6-4061-809e-0df4b3ff4ced>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.naturalnews.com/2017-12-19-noise-pollution-study-finds-your-noisy-commute-damaging-your-health.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00320.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949692
| 784
| 3.234375
| 3
|
[
7,
35364,
3000,
8,
383,
7838,
326,
46293,
345,
319,
257,
4445,
4308,
11,
588,
883,
1690,
2982,
981,
45309,
2884,
19612,
4512,
11,
460,
2728,
517,
621,
2829,
35164,
13,
4784,
284,
257,
2050,
11,
7838,
12231,
460,
635,
22533,
2928,
534,
1535,
13,
198,
32,
649,
2050,
416,
4837,
422,
262,
2059,
286,
6586,
1426,
896,
326,
981,
262,
2972,
5238,
326,
345,
3285,
981,
6155,
11,
16259,
11,
5059,
11,
393,
45309,
389,
1690,
1626,
3338,
7111,
2974,
11,
4802,
29404,
286,
7838,
460,
2728,
890,
12,
4354,
4854,
2994,
290,
584,
1535,
2761,
13,
28007,
1023,
389,
2592,
379,
1029,
2526,
11,
290,
262,
2050,
772,
2585,
326,
16259,
355,
262,
3842,
284,
423,
262,
749,
2785,
284,
2465,
4854,
13,
357,
9819,
25,
21691,
1022,
30964,
12868,
1009,
290,
5821,
12,
18081,
2014,
198,
6187,
13,
18653,
5164,
11,
281,
11602,
6240,
287,
262,
35262,
286,
11558,
290,
530,
286,
262,
2050,
447,
247,
82,
7035,
11,
4888,
25,
564,
250,
1135,
2993,
340,
373,
1016,
284,
307,
31210,
475,
314,
373,
6655,
351,
262,
8373,
286,
262,
25740,
13,
447,
251,
198,
12814,
15964,
4410,
7223,
284,
511,
2927,
945,
11,
262,
5519,
9272,
7838,
1366,
287,
262,
1748,
319,
1285,
12545,
1022,
3035,
290,
2932,
1584,
13,
1119,
22075,
850,
1322,
11,
16893,
11,
4675,
37993,
11,
290,
16715,
393,
6807,
13,
383,
2050,
447,
247,
82,
2482,
4602,
326,
262,
7151,
4179,
319,
7838,
7111,
550,
564,
250,
1069,
2707,
276,
287,
5193,
1411,
286,
19612,
13871,
11
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
KANSAS CITY — The July sentencing of a Missouri mom convicted for her part in an Internet hoax that led to a teenager’s suicide might disappoint those looking for justice.
? Discuss the issue. Set expectations for online behavior and discourage your teen from posting others’ personal information or contributing to slam sites. Parents should adhere to those rules, too.
? Set rules for Internet use and monitor your teen’s use of technology (Internet, cell phones and other devices). As teens get older, their parents should be more concerned with what they see and hear online.
? Place your home computer in a central place, such as your kitchen or living room. It is easier to monitor your teen’s Internet use this way.
? Save the evidence. If your teen has been cyber bullied, make sure that you copy all messages and Web sites — you might need them for reporting purposes.
? Learn how you and your teen can block cyber bullying messages through your Internet service provider, social network site or chat room moderator. Seventy-one percent of teens think this is the most effective way to prevent cyber bullying.
Source: National Crime Prevention Council
Lori Drew faces anything from probation to three years in prison for her role in deceiving Megan Meier on MySpace. But a California judge hinted last week he could throw out Drew’s three misdemeanor cases because of the way the law was applied.
Regardless of what happens in court, experts say Drew’s prosecution and Megan’s death have changed the way many behave in cyberspace. Not only have they prompted parents to become more aware of what their kids are doing, they have caused lawmakers to account for modern communication.
“It made us all realize how out-of-date some of our laws were,” said Naomi Goodno, associate professor of law at Pepperdine University in Malibu, Calif., who has written about cyber harassment. “We needed to get caught up with technology.”
At least 45 states have changed harassment laws to include cyber bullying. Many, including Kansas and Missouri, pushed for change soon after the news of Megan’s death. Several Missouri counties already have used the law, prosecuting people who harass victims on the Internet or on a cell phone.
Megan hanged herself in her bedroom in a St. Louis suburb in October 2006 when she was just 13. A fictitious boy named “Josh Evans” she had befriended on MySpace had just told her he didn’t want to communicate with her anymore and the “world would be a better place without you in it.”
Drew, with her daughter, Sarah, and a teenage employee, created the character. Their goal was to see what Megan, who lived a few doors from the Drew family, was saying online about Sarah.
News of Megan’s death made headlines in 2007 after her parents shared their story with a St. Louis-area newspaper.
“This case brought to light the number of people who said, ‘This happened to me. This happened to my wife. This happens all the time,’ ” said state Sen. Scott Rupp, R-Wentzville, who sponsored Missouri’s legislation last year. “We saw the true level of harassment online going on.”
At the time of Megan’s death, Missouri’s harassment law required the communication be written or over the telephone. Now it includes all types of communication. The legislation makes the harassment a felony if an adult 21 or older harasses a victim 17 or younger.
A California jury found Drew guilty in late November of three misdemeanor counts of illegally gaining access to protected MySpace computers based there. They failed to convict on the more serious felony charges of unauthorized access to computers to inflict emotional distress.
Jack Banas, prosecutor in St. Charles County, where the Drew and Meier families lived at the time of the harassment, declined to file charges in the case. He said at the time that Missouri law did not cover Internet harassment and the facts of the case did not meet criminal standards.
Even the current law probably would not cover Drew’s actions, he said, because testimony in federal court indicated the Missouri mother did not send any of the messages herself.
“I think Mrs. Drew was drug into this for nothing else other than she failed to do something,” Banas said. “She failed to say no.”
He disagreed with federal prosecutors turning MySpace into the victim, claiming Drew violated the Web site’s service terms.
“It’s like making Smith & Wesson the victim of a drive-by shooting,” Banas said. “In this case, MySpace was used as the weapon.”
Some states are now pushing legislation to make schools initiate education programs, as well as disciplinary policies, for kids who bully online.
Because of the hundreds of millions of people using social-networking sites, experts say, it is next to impossible to police the Internet. That is why education is key in making kids realize the power of words exchanged in cyberspace, said retired FBI Agent Jeff Lanza, an expert in Internet safety. “When you use those words in person, you can see the power of those words. You can see how they’re affecting someone,” Lanza said. “When you use them online, you can’t see the reaction. You can’t see it.”
People say things on the Internet they would not be brave enough to say in person, experts say.“They think the anonymity will protect them, that they can get away with it,” Goodno said. “It’s the idea that ‘I’m not doing anything bad, it’s the virtual world.’ ”
|
<urn:uuid:1e656296-b44c-44e3-a697-586478899ce4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.columbiatribune.com/a34a4c9d-e20a-5b31-96ae-b3db84aefb02.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018180631-20171018200631-00650.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955905
| 1,223
| 2.96875
| 3
|
[
42,
15037,
1921,
27993,
851,
383,
2901,
20565,
286,
257,
11565,
1995,
9118,
329,
607,
636,
287,
281,
4455,
25943,
326,
2957,
284,
257,
15287,
447,
247,
82,
7341,
1244,
6703,
883,
2045,
329,
5316,
13,
198,
30,
36691,
262,
2071,
13,
5345,
9027,
329,
2691,
4069,
290,
27518,
534,
6036,
422,
10754,
1854,
447,
247,
2614,
1321,
393,
14329,
284,
21158,
5043,
13,
28231,
815,
26325,
284,
883,
3173,
11,
1165,
13,
198,
30,
5345,
3173,
329,
4455,
779,
290,
5671,
534,
6036,
447,
247,
82,
779,
286,
3037,
357,
28566,
11,
2685,
9512,
290,
584,
4410,
737,
1081,
15508,
651,
4697,
11,
511,
3397,
815,
307,
517,
5213,
351,
644,
484,
766,
290,
3285,
2691,
13,
198,
30,
8474,
534,
1363,
3644,
287,
257,
4318,
1295,
11,
884,
355,
534,
9592,
393,
2877,
2119,
13,
632,
318,
4577,
284,
5671,
534,
6036,
447,
247,
82,
4455,
779,
428,
835,
13,
198,
30,
12793,
262,
2370,
13,
1002,
534,
6036,
468,
587,
10075,
33632,
11,
787,
1654,
326,
345,
4866,
477,
6218,
290,
5313,
5043,
851,
345,
1244,
761,
606,
329,
6447,
4959,
13,
198,
30,
14365,
703,
345,
290,
534,
6036,
460,
2512,
10075,
20714,
6218,
832,
534,
4455,
2139,
10131,
11,
1919,
3127,
2524,
393,
8537,
2119,
31847,
13,
35734,
88,
12,
505,
1411,
286,
15508,
892,
428,
318,
262,
749,
4050,
835,
284,
2948,
10075,
20714,
13,
198,
7416,
25,
2351,
10003,
18313,
4281,
198,
43,
10145,
18624,
6698,
1997,
422,
19660,
284,
1115,
812,
287,
3770,
329,
607,
2597,
287,
12738
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
by Isvara das
From the book Vaktrtavali by His Divine Grace Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura.
The definition of philosophy, and the function and characteristics of the internal and external senses:
The word darśana refers to the way a relationship between a seer and the seen is established. Generally, one sees an object with the eye; it is with the eyes that we visualize an object’s external form and shape and gather other external knowledge about it. However, it’s not a fact that one can see just because his eyes are functional. For one to see, the eyes need a guide or director.
Although the eye is the medium for the seeing function, we must accept that it is the mind that actually causes the eyes to see. Even if the eyes have no mechanical problems, they cannot function without the mind’s direction.
But the mind does not only direct the eyes. Four other knowledge-acquiring senses work under the mind’s control, and with their support, the mind collects feelings and knowledge about different objects. Often, if an object has no external form or shape, or if it’s too small or too large, or if it’s prone to be covered in one-way or another, or somehow deceptive, or at a distance, we cannot perceive it properly even if we have functioning eyes.
Our four other senses also help us know about external objects. With the help of these senses, or knowledge-acquiring devices, the mind, or lord of the senses, is able to realize things not normally understood by any one sense individually. And those sensations the knowledge-acquiring senses fail to grasp directly, the mind can deduce even without direct perception, because it has other devices in its possession. Although direct perception is the only way to actually know an object, still, if the mind is not infested with discrepancies, the mind’s hypothesizing will also help direct perception. Direct perception can, however, sometimes distort the truth and trick the mind so it doesn’t acquire exact truth. Knowledge gathered under the influence of or with the help of intoxicants, for example, often leads to a faulty conclusion or mistake.
Although in philosophy darśana generally refers to the action of the eyes, when the other senses recognize an object, this too is called darśana. Philosophies that discuss material objects are called “material science,” and philosophies related to objects beyond gross matter fall under the category of cetanābhāsa, or transcendental sophistry.
In India’s philosophical literature we see that the intelligence directs the mind; false ego controls the intelligence; the heart, or mahat-tattva, directs the false ego; and material nature, or the nonmanifest material energy, directs the mahat-tattva. Material nature, mahat-tattva, false ego, the intelligence, and the mind sit on a gradient as the whole and the parts. If an object has no inherent power to act, it’s called matter; if an object has an inherent power to act – that is, if it has the presence of spirit – then that same spirit gradually becomes perverted and takes different names like mahat-tattva, false ego, intelligence, and mind.
Ṣoḍaśa darśana, or the sixteen types of philosophy:
In ancient time there were six prominent philosophies in India. These were the Vaiśeṣika darśana of Kaṇāda, the Nyāya-darśana of Gautama, the Sāṅkhya-darśana of Kapila, the Yoga-darśana of Patañjali, the Pūrva-mīmāṁsā-darśana of Jaimini, and the Vedānta-darśana of Vedavyāsa. Apart from these, ten other philosophies appeared during the medieval age including: the Nāstikya-darśana of Cārvāka, the Pāśupata-darśana of Nakulīsa, and Syāyanācārya’s Raseśvara-darśana, Harhat-darśana, and Sugata-darśana. Since it’s not possible right now to go into detail about all these philosophies and the differences between them, we will instead focus today’s discussion only on the Uttara mimāṁsā, or Śrī Vedavyāsa’s Vedānta-darśana.
Evidence and that which is made evident by Vedānta:
The Upaniṣads are the head of the Vedas. Realizing it would be difficult for people to understand the actual purport of the Upaniṣads, Vyāsadeva composed the Brahma-sūtra based on the Upaniṣads. This Brahma-sūtra has become famous as the Uttara-mimāṁsā, Śārīraka-sutra, or Vedānta-darśana. By refuting other philosophers’ objections and by accepting the Vedic statements, or transcendental sound, as the main pramāṇa (while accepting processes like direct perception and hypothesis as secondary supports), Śrī Vyāsa has described the Vedic conclusion.
All of India’s Vedic religious systems are more or less constituted of the Vedanta-darśana. This Śārīraka-mimāṁsā was explained by a number of commentators and interpreters – among them, Baudhāyana, Taṅka, Bhāruci, and Dramiḍa are renowned. Others, like Śrī Śaṅkarācārya, have also become famous vedāntācāryas by writing commentaries, like the Śārīraka Bhāśya.
The paramahaṁsa-saṁhitā, Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, is cited by the swanlike and learned as the natural commentary on the Brahma-sutra. Thoughtful persons like Yādavācārya, Prabhākara, and Bhāskara Bhatta have also written books and preached different philosophies as teachers of Vedānta. Among Śaṅkarācārya’s followers we find encouragement only for kevalādvaita philosophy, such as in the writings of Ānandagiri, Sāyaṇamādhava, and in the Bhāmati ṭikā of Vācaspati Miśra. A few hundreds years ago, following the doctrine of the Brahma-sūtra, or Uttara Mimamsa, some ācāryas, who were devotees of the Supreme Lord, appeared and discovered that the Supreme Brahman is full of transcendental qualities and variegatedness, contrary to the kevalādvaita philosophy, which teaches impersonal monism. Only these ācāryas are protectors and propagators of brahma-darśana. They were not ordinary philosophers; they possessed knowledge of one’s relationship with the Supreme Lord and were expert in establishing the correct conclusion. Therefore, they were aware of the ultimate goal of life and the process of achieving it in relation to the Absolute Truth.
The cause of the illusory understanding and an example:
In ancient times, astrologers used to imagine that planet earth, our residence and shelter, was at the center of the universe, and that the sun, planets, stars, and so on, orbit around the earth. But by experience and subtle analysis, their ideas changed. Now they say that our earth actually orbits the sun once every solar year, as do Mercury, Venus, and Mars. As earth’s residents fell into illusion while trying to establish their place at the center of the universe, so under the sway of wrong beliefs, materialistic scientists exclaim their faith in material enjoyment by accepting their own gross body as the center for such enjoyment. The psychologists, thinking the mind the master of the body and therefore of more scientific interest than the body, place the mind in the center of the gross body and study things through the eye of the mind while maintaining that gross matter is the greater object of vision. Matter cannot see the mind or understand it, but the mind can see matter – this is their conviction. Actually, without the presence of the power to think, or the intelligence, neither the gross eyes nor the subtle mind are capable of seeing anything. Without the ability to think, the senses are ineffective and powerless.
The opinions of different philosophers in different countries:
Cārvāka, who didn’t believe in the next life, Epicurus, who was a gross materialist, Huxley, who was an agnostic and disciple of ignorance, the Skeptics, who were doubtful about life after death, Hegel, who followed divine knowledge, Schopenhauer, Kant and many of the ancient Greek philosophers as well as the philosophers of our country, have spent their lives studying philosophical and psychological literature. They had displayed their own experience and learned to see things according to their respective philosophical paths. By placing mental speculation or empirical experience at the center of their thought flow, they ended up showing only different faulty pictures to the eyes of different seers in all these places. Since one of their philosophies is often diametrically opposed to that of another, dispute was inevitable, with each philosophy trying to pull the audience into its respective line. Those with similar mentalities joined together in thought and, like the ignorant astronomers of ancient times, nourished their faulty beliefs by accepting one philosophy or another as king. Those who see varieties of things present in their own philosophical world fill up their own insignificant minds and memories with those things according to their adhikāra.
The endeavors of the vivartavādīs and nirviśeṣavādīs:
Just as astronomers once thought our earth the center of the universe, and as human beings once thought the body the center of all realization, so, as the various philosophers developed their knowledge they came to accept the mind as the self, or center, of existence. Because of that, only “self-worship,” or impersonalism, has made a place for itself in Vedānta philosophy. As soon as one speaks about Vedānta, immediately the various narrow-minded philosophies like Kevalādvaitavāda, Jīveśvaraikyavāda, Jaḍacidaikyavāda, Vivartavāda, Niḥśaktikavāda, Saguṇa-nirguṇaikyavāda, Nirbhedabrahmavāda, and Nirviśeṣavāda come to mind. These philosophies cover the eyes of all kinds of philosophers in the name of being universally beneficial and liberal. Moreover, innumerable narrow-minded endeavors have spoiled and are spoiling the actual, liberal, universal, nonsectarian philosophies like Śuddhādvaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, and Dvaitādvaita, which are based on realization of spiritual variegatedness and a personal God. These impersonal philosophies stubbornly try to prove that the Vedānta does not confirm the conclusions of the actual nonsectarian doctrines.
|
<urn:uuid:8b518d14-1838-48c4-9fcf-1f4e8a295324>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.vina.cc/2015/10/14/vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava-philosophy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105304.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819051034-20170819071034-00044.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932726
| 2,501
| 3.890625
| 4
|
[
1525,
1148,
85,
3301,
288,
292,
198,
4863,
262,
1492,
569,
461,
2213,
83,
615,
7344,
416,
2399,
13009,
16156,
16581,
461,
48010,
1638,
71,
4910,
40457,
36868,
536,
47754,
13,
198,
464,
6770,
286,
8876,
11,
290,
262,
2163,
290,
9695,
286,
262,
5387,
290,
7097,
17627,
25,
198,
464,
1573,
288,
283,
129,
249,
2271,
10229,
284,
262,
835,
257,
2776,
1022,
257,
384,
263,
290,
262,
1775,
318,
4920,
13,
23904,
11,
530,
7224,
281,
2134,
351,
262,
4151,
26,
340,
318,
351,
262,
2951,
326,
356,
38350,
281,
2134,
447,
247,
82,
7097,
1296,
290,
5485,
290,
6431,
584,
7097,
3725,
546,
340,
13,
2102,
11,
340,
447,
247,
82,
407,
257,
1109,
326,
530,
460,
766,
655,
780,
465,
2951,
389,
10345,
13,
1114,
530,
284,
766,
11,
262,
2951,
761,
257,
5698,
393,
3437,
13,
198,
7003,
262,
4151,
318,
262,
7090,
329,
262,
4379,
2163,
11,
356,
1276,
2453,
326,
340,
318,
262,
2000,
326,
1682,
5640,
262,
2951,
284,
766,
13,
3412,
611,
262,
2951,
423,
645,
12370,
2761,
11,
484,
2314,
2163,
1231,
262,
2000,
447,
247,
82,
4571,
13,
198,
1537,
262,
2000,
857,
407,
691,
1277,
262,
2951,
13,
6675,
584,
3725,
12,
43561,
3428,
17627,
670,
739,
262,
2000,
447,
247,
82,
1630,
11,
290,
351,
511,
1104,
11,
262,
2000,
26609,
7666,
290,
3725,
546,
1180,
5563,
13,
18023,
11,
611,
281,
2134,
468,
645,
7097,
1296,
393,
5485,
11,
393,
611,
340,
447,
247,
82,
1165,
1402,
393,
1165,
1588,
11,
393
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Boeing calls it the SPUD test. It stands for "Synthetic Personnel Using Dielectric Substitution" - a fancy way of saying, we used potatoes to stand in for people in radio testing.
Last summer, inside a retired DC-10 parked in the Arizona desert, Boeing engineers loaded sacks of potatoes in the shape of people sitting in 150 seats.
"One of our team members proposed the use of potatoes, due to the fact that potatoes have a very similar dielectric constant to humans," said Dennis Lewis, a Boeing associate technical fellow in the area of microwave and antenna metrology for the company's Test and Evaluation organization.
Lewis measures and calibrates electric equipment very precisely. And pound for pound, he says the potatoes affect radio waves like people do. For a long running experiment, actual people weren't going to sit still for that long.
Please tell us about any errors you find in our stories. Copy the page address above before clicking on this link to fill out the form. To simply comment on a story you've seen, email firstname.lastname@example.org.More >>
We take all of the elements of our stories seriously. Please tell us about any errors you find. Copy the page address above before clicking on this link to fill out the form. If you're looking to comment on a story you've seen or read, email that to email@example.com.More >>
3719 Central Avenue Fort Myers, FL 33901
Main Phone: (239) 939-2020 Newsroom Phone: (239) 939-6223
|
<urn:uuid:674f2e9b-95da-4dc3-ad83-ea249b16aa34>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.abc-7.com/story/20429521/spuds-in-flight
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894865.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00000-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905797
| 330
| 2.65625
| 3
|
[
33,
2577,
278,
3848,
340,
262,
311,
5105,
35,
1332,
13,
632,
6296,
329,
366,
13940,
429,
6587,
41623,
8554,
6733,
801,
1173,
24944,
2738,
1,
532,
257,
14996,
835,
286,
2282,
11,
356,
973,
18821,
284,
1302,
287,
329,
661,
287,
5243,
4856,
13,
198,
5956,
3931,
11,
2641,
257,
9880,
6257,
12,
940,
19584,
287,
262,
7943,
10326,
11,
17880,
12037,
9639,
23249,
286,
18821,
287,
262,
5485,
286,
661,
5586,
287,
6640,
8632,
13,
198,
1,
3198,
286,
674,
1074,
1866,
5150,
262,
779,
286,
18821,
11,
2233,
284,
262,
1109,
326,
18821,
423,
257,
845,
2092,
4656,
801,
1173,
6937,
284,
5384,
553,
531,
16902,
10174,
11,
257,
17880,
11602,
6276,
5891,
287,
262,
1989,
286,
27000,
290,
20509,
1138,
31142,
329,
262,
1664,
338,
6208,
290,
34959,
4009,
13,
198,
40330,
5260,
290,
33801,
689,
5186,
5112,
845,
10582,
13,
843,
14896,
329,
14896,
11,
339,
1139,
262,
18821,
2689,
5243,
9813,
588,
661,
466,
13,
1114,
257,
890,
2491,
6306,
11,
4036,
661,
6304,
470,
1016,
284,
1650,
991,
329,
326,
890,
13,
198,
5492,
1560,
514,
546,
597,
8563,
345,
1064,
287,
674,
3923,
13,
17393,
262,
2443,
2209,
2029,
878,
12264,
319,
428,
2792,
284,
6070,
503,
262,
1296,
13,
1675,
2391,
2912,
319,
257,
1621,
345,
1053,
1775,
11,
3053,
717,
3672,
13,
12957,
3672,
31,
20688,
13,
2398,
13,
5167,
9609,
198,
1135,
1011,
477,
286,
262,
4847,
286,
674,
3923,
6411,
13,
4222,
1560,
514,
546,
597,
8563,
345,
1064,
13,
17393,
262,
2443,
2209
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
How ADHD Sometimes Improves
Thomas E. Brown PhD
FOR DECADES IT WAS ASSUMED THAT THE DISORDER CURRENTLY KNOWN AS ADHD always started in early childhood and always was outgrown sometime during adolescence. We now know that ADHD sometimes doesn’t show up until adolescence or beyond. We also know that for most, ADHD continues to cause impairments and sometimes gets worse during adolescence and adulthood.
However, it is also true that for many, ADHD gradually improves. This article describes some of the ways in which those improvements may occur spontaneously or as a result of interventions and/or good fortune.
Brain development may be delayed but then catch up.
Delays in brain development characteristic of ADHD sometimes improve. Philip Shaw and colleagues (2007) found that the usual pattern of cortical proliferation followed by pruning to develop more efficient circuits tended to be delayed by approximately 3-5 years in persons with ADHD. Several of the imaging studies described in that earlier section of this chapter reported on participants who were found to have ADHD in childhood but no longer met criteria for ADHD when they were evaluated in adulthood. It is not unusual for children who manifest ADHD symptoms of hyperactivity and/or impulsivity to outgrow those symptoms during early adolescence, but for 70%-80% of those with ADHD symptoms in childhood, impairments of executive functions related to attention tend to persist into adulthood. This means that for 20%-30% of children with ADHD, ongoing, although belated, brain development eventually improves functioning.
The answer to the question of how long ADHD impairments persist past childhood depends on how persistence is defined. Joseph Biederman and colleagues (2010c) found that adults who were treated for ADHD diagnosed in childhood tended to fall into one of three categories: 1) full syndrome persistence (fully met the entire official diagnostic criteria for ADHD), 2) symptomatic persistence (had more than half of the official diagnostic criteria for ADHD), and 3) functional impairment (did not meet official diagnostic criteria but were continuing to take medication for ADHD).
Using these categories, a follow-up study of boys diagnosed with ADHD found that when they reached their early 20s, 35% of them still met full diagnostic criteria, 22% had symptomatic persistence, 6% were in the functional impairment group, and 22% no longer fit any of the three categories for continuing to have ADHD impairments (Biederman et al. 2010c). Another study assessing girls diagnosed with ADHD found that 33% continued to meet full diagnostic criteria, 29% met the partial symptoms criteria, and 33% were no longer impaired by ADHD (Biederman et al. 2010b, 2012).
Part One, “How ADHD Sometimes Gets Worse,” appeared in the Summer 2017 issue of Attention.
Supportive relationships with particular family members, teachers, mentors, or friends provide guidance and encouragement.
Just as adversities within the family or community may complicate and impair the development of children, adolescents, or adults with ADHD, an ongoing relationship with a particular parent, grandparent, older sibling, or other family member may provide emotional support and stabilizing guidance for someone with ADHD. In some situations, it may be not a family member but a particular teacher, coach, neighbor, therapist, or perhaps even a peer who becomes a close friend, confidant, and advisor to help the growing person with ADHD feel recognized, appreciated, and encouraged to deal with frustrations, avoid potential trouble spots, and develop his or her personal strengths. It is difficult to overestimate the value and benefits that such a relationship can provide at critical points in the life and development of an individual with ADHD.
After completion of basic schooling, some individuals find success in work that better fits their interests and skills.
Usually, the most difficult times for persons with ADHD are their years from middle school through the first few years after high school. Those are the years when students are faced with the widest range of tasks to do and the least opportunity to escape from the tasks that they struggle with or find to be boring. As they progress in their education, some who are fortunate may discover areas of study in which they have strong interest and abilities. They may then be able to progress to more specialized study in those areas, which may eventually lead them to a career for which they are particularly suited.
Some students who are especially strong in quantitative thinking and data analysis but struggle with reading or writing papers may move into studies in accounting, finance, or computer science, where they can develop their specialized strengths without pressure to continue with intensive work with words. Likewise, some who struggle with math while having strengths in verbal communication may meet the minimum requirements for study of math while developing their skills in other areas that depend more on use of oral or written language. Others may specialize in technical, mechanical, artistic, or scientific domains that do not require work in areas for which they are less competent.
In some work settings, one can delegate to others tasks that are problematic for oneself. For example, a tradesman who is skilled in doing construction or plumbing or electrical work but struggles to keep up with billing and office tasks may develop his business sufficiently to hire a part-time or full-time secretary or office manager who can respond to phone inquiries, schedule appointments, and manage billing and bookkeeping tasks, leaving the tradesman to devote himself fully to the work he does best. A business executive may fulfill major responsibilities for planning and managing diverse operations of his business organization and demonstrate excellent leadership skills, while depending heavily on the support of an administrative assistant who helps to organize his incoming communications, plan his schedule, and manage daily operations.
Some individuals develop a relationship with a partner in which each can complement the strengths of and help compensate for the weaknesses of the other.
In adulthood, some individuals with ADHD are able to develop and maintain a relationship with a partner in a work situation or in family life who is able and willing to take care of some aspects of life that the person with ADHD finds more difficult. At the same time, the partner benefits from the contributions of the person with ADHD. For example, some businesses thrive with a leadership team in which one member manages production of a product or service while the other member manages marketing and sales of the product or service. In some marriages, one partner may take primary responsibility for managing the household and family finances, while the other takes a lesser share of those responsibilities and contributes primarily to supporting the family by generating income.
Some individuals who have ADHD complicated by another disorder may recover from that other disorder and thus be better able to manage their ADHD.
One example of such recovery is the individual who has struggled with excessive drinking or excessive use of marijuana or other drugs, perhaps during late teens and early adulthood, and then is able to recover from that addiction and maintain abstinence or adequate control over their excessive substance use. Research indicates that a majority of addicts quit using illegal drugs by age 30 (Heyman 2013).
For those seriously addicted to drugs or alcohol, such recovery is not easy to gain or maintain, but many do manage to put their excessive drinking or drug use behind them as they enter their twenties or thirties. This might occur after a stint in a rehabilitation program or sustained participation in a 12-step program or other treatment program, but often it occurs without professional assistance (Heyman 2013). Usually, the first few years of recovery are the most difficult as the individual struggles to cope with a variety of emotional problems that may have been the initial precipitants of the excessive substance use. In some cases, recovery is helped substantially by the individual’s finding productive work, which provides satisfaction and financial rewards that give the person in recovery motivation to continue to sustain their recovery.
Another factor that helps some persons who have substance use disorders, persistent depression, or excessive anxiety is finding someone with whom they are able to develop a close friendship or perhaps even a life partnership. Finding and sustaining a mutually beneficial relationship with someone can be a strong factor in helping individuals make important changes in their previous maladaptive lifestyle.
Some individuals develop compensatory strategies that allow them to deal with some of their ADHD-related impairments.
Some persons with ADHD eventually find ways to develop habits or routines that prevent their ADHD symptoms from disrupting their lives. Such compensatory strategies can be as simple as consistently placing one’s keys in a particular place beside the door immediately on entering the house or utilizing reminders on one’s cell phone for help in remembering to take pills on schedule each day. Other strategies may include maintaining an electronic or day-timer calendar for keeping track of all appointments and/or utilizing a ”To Do” list with each item assigned a 1, 2, or 3 priority value and a set time for reviewing and revising that list once or twice each day to monitor progress and keep the task list and appointment schedule within manageable bounds.
Another strategy some persons with ADHD find helpful is to employ an ADHD “coach” who has been trained to help those with ADHD identify areas of difficulty in their daily functioning and then to provide assistance with developing better coping strategies to manage specific problems. The coach should also provide frequent phone or face-to-face accountability monitoring and support for the stated goals.
Some individuals are fortunate enough to receive adequate assessment and effective treatment for their ADHD with or without co-occurring disorders.
An important factor that can help most persons with ADHD is finding and working with an adequately trained medical or mental health professional who can provide adequate assessment and treatment for ADHD symptoms and any co-occurring disorders. Many professionals claim that they can provide such services, but it is not always easy to locate an adequately trained professional who is accessible both in terms of getting an appointment within reasonable travel distance and affordability of the necessary services. Some medical insurance plans provide adequate coverage for such assessments and treatments; others do not. However, even when cost is not a problem, finding the right clinician and getting needed appointments can be quite difficult.
Even when a competent clinician is available, there is still a need to clearly to assess the ADHD impairments, to tailor an effective plan for treatment, and to sustain that treatment relationship for adequate monitoring and adjustments of the treatment process.
(In order of appearance in text)
Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, et al: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104(49):19649–19654, 2007.
Biederman J, Petty CR, Evans M, et al: How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Research 177, 299-304, 2010c.
Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Monuteaux MC, et al: A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects. Journal of Pediatrics 157(4):635–640, 640.e1, 2010b.
Heyman GM: Addiction and choice: theory and new data. Frontiers in Psychiatry 4:31, 2013.
Excerpted with permission from Outside the Box: Rethinking ADD/ADHD in Children and Adults by Thomas E. Brown, American Psychiatric Association Publishing, © 2017.
Thomas E. Brown, PhD, is a clinical psychologist who specializes in assessment and treatment of high-IQ children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD and related problems. After serving on the clinical faculty of Yale Medical School for 20 years, Dr. Brown relocated to Los Angeles, where he has joined the faculty at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. His new Clinic for Attention and Related Disorders will open in Manhattan Beach in June 2017. His book, Attention Deficit Disorder: The Unfocused Mind in Children and Adults (Yale University Press, 2005), has been published in seven language. He is also the author of Smart but Stuck: Emotions in Teens and Adult with ADHD (Jossey-Bass/Wiley, 2014), and A New Understanding of ADHD in Children and Adults: Executive Function Impairments (Routledge, 2013).
Other Articles in this Edition
Peaks and Troughs: Uneven Medication Coverage & ADHD
Telemental Health: Benefits and Potential Pitfalls
ADHD, Brain Balancing Music, and Mindfulness
Overcoming the Immunity to Intelligence
Engagement: Making Educational Content “Stick” Through Technology
Giftedness & ADHD: A Strengths-Based Perspective and Approach
Everything I Know I Learned in Kindergarten
Harness Fidgeting to Improve Focus
Itchy Tags, Bothersome Seams, and Tight Waistbands… Oh My!
Tips for Organizing Your Home (Webinar guest: Susan Pinsky)
Helping Students with ADHD in the Classroom (Webinar Guest: Sydney Zentall, PhD )
Questions About ADHD Medication
Compassionate, Trauma-Responsive Schools
|
<urn:uuid:4381a0c1-8ca2-4f0d-8aaa-765d121bfb7a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://chadd.org/attention-article/how-adhd-sometimes-improves/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649105.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603032950-20230603062950-00381.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953258
| 2,675
| 3.453125
| 3
|
[
2437,
22822,
8975,
12205,
1158,
198,
22405,
412,
13,
4373,
16394,
198,
13775,
27196,
2885,
1546,
7283,
21725,
24994,
5883,
1961,
14603,
3336,
13954,
12532,
1137,
327,
39237,
11319,
22466,
14165,
7054,
22822,
1464,
2067,
287,
1903,
9963,
290,
1464,
373,
503,
22377,
17291,
1141,
37258,
13,
775,
783,
760,
326,
22822,
3360,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
905,
510,
1566,
37258,
393,
3675,
13,
775,
635,
760,
326,
329,
749,
11,
22822,
4477,
284,
2728,
17253,
902,
290,
3360,
3011,
4785,
1141,
37258,
290,
28003,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
340,
318,
635,
2081,
326,
329,
867,
11,
22822,
11835,
19575,
13,
770,
2708,
8477,
617,
286,
262,
2842,
287,
543,
883,
8561,
743,
3051,
37512,
393,
355,
257,
1255,
286,
19901,
290,
14,
273,
922,
15807,
13,
198,
44687,
2478,
743,
307,
11038,
475,
788,
4929,
510,
13,
198,
13856,
592,
287,
3632,
2478,
16704,
286,
22822,
3360,
2987,
13,
14576,
18193,
290,
7810,
357,
12726,
8,
1043,
326,
262,
6678,
3912,
286,
35001,
25068,
3940,
416,
778,
46493,
284,
1205,
517,
6942,
24907,
19960,
284,
307,
11038,
416,
6702,
513,
12,
20,
812,
287,
6506,
351,
22822,
13,
12168,
286,
262,
19560,
3640,
3417,
287,
326,
2961,
2665,
286,
428,
6843,
2098,
319,
6809,
508,
547,
1043,
284,
423,
22822,
287,
9963,
475,
645,
2392,
1138,
9987,
329,
22822,
618,
484,
547,
16726,
287,
28003,
13,
632,
318,
407,
8468,
329,
1751,
508,
10561,
22822,
7460,
286,
8718,
21797,
290,
14,
273,
30348,
3458,
284,
503,
45921,
883,
7460,
1141,
1903,
37258,
11,
475,
329
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Almost 40 years ago, Shirley Chisholm boldly declared her candidacy for president and changed the face of leadership by challenging the status quo. She once said, “I am, was, and always will be a catalyst for change.” She made an enormous impact on women (particularly Black women) and the way they perceived political power and leadership.
If she were alive today, November 30th would mark Chisholm’s 87th birthday. A daughter of immigrants – who not only aspired to transform her community but a nation – became the quintessential leader that inspired a generation of women to think and lead boldly.
As the first Black woman to serve in Congress, Chisholm planted a seed of political activism that transcended race inAmerica. Her legacy inspired leaders like Congresswoman Barbara Lee to run for office and created a coalition of women like journalist and political activist Gloria Steinem and Congresswoman Bella Abzug who believed that a woman could and should be president.
An outspoken feminist, Chisholm provided a comprehensive voice for women’s equality and civil rights. She fought tirelessly on the same issues that we as a nation are still grappling with – from the inequities in public education to unequal access to affordable health care.
More than three years before the Supreme Court’s historic Roe vs. Wade decision, Chisholm made what some would have considered political suicide and decided to take a very vocal role in the abortion debate. In 1968, she became the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws’ (NARAL) first honorary president joining her white counterparts by providing a Black woman’s perspective. She believed that her leadership on this politically-divisive and controversial issue would ensure that every woman had access to a full range of family planning services, regardless of race or socioeconomic status.
With just 341 days until the 2012 Presidential Election, the issue of choice continues to be a top-tier issue in federal and state elections. Earlier this month,Mississippi voters defeated a “Personhood Amendment”; a ballot initiative that sought to launch a legal challenge to abortion rights nationwide. Chisholm’s leadership on this issue was transformative when she lived and is still relevant today; not only inWashington,D.C. politics but across the country in urban and rural communities.
In addition to her tireless work on behalf of women’s equality, Chisholm worked to ensure that the most vulnerable among us (i.e., senior citizens, children, and those living below the poverty level) were protected. In her 1970 memoir Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote “Our representative democracy is not working because the Congress that is supposed to represent the voters does not respond to their needs.”
Chisholm’s decisions were never based on a re-election strategy. Rather, they were centered on the merit to advance sound public policy. Policymakers in Washington ought to be less concerned about approval numbers and the latest poll results and instead focus their attention on advancing the very policies that citizens across the country elected them to do.
There is a fast growing cancer that has paralyzed Congress with an increasingly partisan debate on healthcare, tax reform and the role of government. Washington should take a page out of Chisholm’s leadership manual and exercise the courage needed to boldly defeat the lackluster efforts of the status quo.
Chisholm believed that the key to an effective democracy rested in an engaged citizenry. Women have a pivotal role to play in not only the 2012 Election, but also in advancing progressive policy all year long. Chisholm once said, “At present, our country needs women’s idealism and determination, perhaps more in politics than anywhere else.”
What would Chisholm’s birthday wish be if she were still among us? One might think that she would still be “unbought and unbossed”, vibrantly leading the way for women to catalyze social, economic and political change for all.
Glynda C. Carr is a Principal at Liberty Street Capital, Inc. a New York based public affairs, community relations and political strategy consulting firm. In 2011, Ms. Carr co-founded Higher Heights for America a national organization focused on elevating Black women’s voices to shape and advance progressive policies and politics.
|
<urn:uuid:f0af4287-6b46-4f9d-9a09-c7aa447f7601>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://thebrockreport.net/shirley-chisolms-birthday-wish/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00258.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970354
| 907
| 2.96875
| 3
|
[
23379,
2319,
812,
2084,
11,
40902,
609,
680,
349,
76,
42831,
6875,
607,
24514,
329,
1893,
290,
3421,
262,
1986,
286,
5531,
416,
9389,
262,
3722,
18658,
13,
1375,
1752,
531,
11,
564,
250,
40,
716,
11,
373,
11,
290,
1464,
481,
307,
257,
31357,
329,
1487,
13,
447,
251,
1375,
925,
281,
9812,
2928,
319,
1466,
357,
31722,
2619,
1466,
8,
290,
262,
835,
484,
11067,
1964,
1176,
290,
5531,
13,
198,
1532,
673,
547,
6776,
1909,
11,
3389,
1542,
400,
561,
1317,
609,
680,
349,
76,
447,
247,
82,
10083,
400,
10955,
13,
317,
4957,
286,
7971,
784,
508,
407,
691,
355,
6474,
284,
6121,
607,
2055,
475,
257,
3277,
784,
2627,
262,
28533,
31195,
3554,
326,
7867,
257,
5270,
286,
1466,
284,
892,
290,
1085,
42831,
13,
198,
1722,
262,
717,
2619,
2415,
284,
4691,
287,
3162,
11,
609,
680,
349,
76,
18969,
257,
9403,
286,
1964,
23034,
326,
23589,
1631,
3234,
287,
18165,
13,
2332,
10655,
7867,
2766,
588,
3162,
8580,
16685,
5741,
284,
1057,
329,
2607,
290,
2727,
257,
9906,
286,
1466,
588,
10099,
290,
1964,
11276,
38109,
2441,
7749,
290,
3162,
8580,
39304,
2275,
89,
1018,
508,
4762,
326,
257,
2415,
714,
290,
815,
307,
1893,
13,
198,
2025,
27687,
14314,
11,
609,
680,
349,
76,
2810,
257,
9815,
3809,
329,
1466,
447,
247,
82,
10537,
290,
3026,
2489,
13,
1375,
8350,
47905,
319,
262,
976,
2428,
326,
356,
355,
257,
3277,
389,
991,
36762,
351,
784,
422,
262,
11082,
871,
287,
1171,
3707,
284,
37334,
1895,
284,
10935,
1535
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
A new essay by alumna Peggy Shinner (fiction, ’94) appears online in BOMB Magazine:
The Tantrics said the forces of creation and destruction lay in the binding and unbinding of a woman’s hair. The Syrians said a woman who combed her hair on the Eve of Holy Sunday consorted with werewolves. The Slavs said the vili, or female spirits, hid in the water and made rain by combing their hair. The Scots said women should refrain from combing their hair at night when their brothers were at sea, because that could raise a storm and sink the boats. In Laos, the wife of an elephant hunter was forbidden to cut her hair in order not to sever the ropes restraining the elephant. The Navajo prohibited a woman from washing her hair while her husband was out hunting lest he come home empty-handed. The Punjabi said a woman should not wash her hair on Thursday or Sunday, because “the house would lose money and people would tell us lies.” The Romans said that strands of a woman’s hair made fine strings for bows against the Gauls. Berenice, wife of Egyptian king Ptolemy III, made an offering of her hair to Aphrodite, for her husband’s safe return from war. Upon his homecoming, her hair appeared in the sky as the constellation Coma Berenice, Berenice’s Hair. One of the stars is named Al Dafirah, “the curl.”
Continue reading online at BOMB Magazine.
|
<urn:uuid:60c51c20-cf03-44e3-978b-fe05d17eafe4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://friendsofwriters.org/2014/04/13/berenices-hair-by-peggy-shinner/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823284.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019122155-20171019142155-00671.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973966
| 326
| 2.609375
| 3
|
[
32,
649,
14268,
416,
46518,
2616,
40910,
911,
5083,
357,
24046,
11,
564,
247,
5824,
8,
3568,
2691,
287,
347,
2662,
33,
11175,
25,
198,
464,
44116,
10466,
531,
262,
3386,
286,
6282,
290,
8166,
3830,
287,
262,
12765,
290,
22619,
6020,
286,
257,
2415,
447,
247,
82,
4190,
13,
383,
26648,
531,
257,
2415,
508,
1974,
276,
607,
4190,
319,
262,
12882,
286,
7439,
3502,
762,
9741,
351,
547,
29664,
13,
383,
34314,
82,
531,
262,
410,
2403,
11,
393,
4048,
13747,
11,
24519,
287,
262,
1660,
290,
925,
6290,
416,
1974,
278,
511,
4190,
13,
383,
33860,
531,
1466,
815,
25133,
422,
1974,
278,
511,
4190,
379,
1755,
618,
511,
9397,
547,
379,
5417,
11,
780,
326,
714,
5298,
257,
6388,
290,
14595,
262,
16659,
13,
554,
45919,
11,
262,
3656,
286,
281,
20950,
19177,
373,
19467,
284,
2005,
607,
4190,
287,
1502,
407,
284,
1750,
262,
31001,
35078,
262,
20950,
13,
383,
47380,
12244,
257,
2415,
422,
20518,
607,
4190,
981,
607,
5229,
373,
503,
10988,
27380,
339,
1282,
1363,
6565,
12,
13638,
13,
383,
14944,
73,
17914,
531,
257,
2415,
815,
407,
13502,
607,
4190,
319,
3635,
393,
3502,
11,
780,
564,
250,
1169,
2156,
561,
4425,
1637,
290,
661,
561,
1560,
514,
7363,
13,
447,
251,
383,
22482,
531,
326,
36593,
286,
257,
2415,
447,
247,
82,
4190,
925,
3734,
13042,
329,
37469,
1028,
262,
43540,
82,
13,
347,
14226,
501,
11,
3656,
286,
14075,
5822,
350,
1462,
293,
1820,
6711,
11,
925,
281,
6011,
286,
607,
4190,
284,
47067,
14892
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Culture of United States
People in United States speak the English language. The linguistic diversity of United States is rather diverse according to a fractionalization scale which for United States is 0.5647. The followers of Christianity are the religious majority in the country. 82.4% of United States's population live in cities. This percentage comprises the urban population of United States. The rate of urbanization in United States is considered to be 1.3. According to data on inbound tourists in United States, 69,768,000 tourists arrive in the country each year.
The national anthem of United States is called 'The Star-Spangled Banner'. It was adopted in 1931. The lyrics have been written by Francis Scott Key and the music has been composed by John Stafford Smith.
The first McDonalds in United States was opened on 15 May 1940, and it was located in San Bernardino, California. At the moment United States has 14267 operating McDonalds restaurants. The number of operating McDonalds restaurants in a country is indicative of the influence of Western culture and globalization in that country. Operating McDonalds restaurants could also have a direct impact on the health of a nation's citizens. Around 33% of the population of United States are obese.
Each year, the people of United States consume 0.5 litre of alcohol per capita, and this volume consists of 50% beer, 17.3% wine, 32.7% distilled spirits, 0% other alcohol.
One of the most popular national dishes of United States is hamburger. Other national dishes include hot dog, fried chicken, buffalo wings, apple pie.
|
<urn:uuid:7bca93a1-0963-45a4-9cdb-4c428d7103fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-31
|
https://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/the-united-states/culture/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151760.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725174608-20210725204608-00086.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950961
| 330
| 2.859375
| 3
|
[
34,
6456,
286,
1578,
1829,
198,
8061,
287,
1578,
1829,
2740,
262,
3594,
3303,
13,
383,
29929,
9573,
286,
1578,
1829,
318,
2138,
10084,
1864,
284,
257,
13390,
282,
1634,
5046,
543,
329,
1578,
1829,
318,
657,
13,
20,
33981,
13,
383,
10569,
286,
13624,
389,
262,
4158,
3741,
287,
262,
1499,
13,
9415,
13,
19,
4,
286,
1578,
1829,
338,
3265,
2107,
287,
4736,
13,
770,
5873,
28800,
262,
7876,
3265,
286,
1578,
1829,
13,
383,
2494,
286,
7876,
1634,
287,
1578,
1829,
318,
3177,
284,
307,
352,
13,
18,
13,
4784,
284,
1366,
319,
287,
7784,
15930,
287,
1578,
1829,
11,
8644,
11,
30610,
11,
830,
15930,
9240,
287,
262,
1499,
1123,
614,
13,
198,
464,
2260,
24577,
286,
1578,
1829,
318,
1444,
705,
464,
2907,
12,
4561,
22393,
27414,
4458,
632,
373,
8197,
287,
34625,
13,
383,
15844,
423,
587,
3194,
416,
12155,
4746,
7383,
290,
262,
2647,
468,
587,
13160,
416,
1757,
30596,
4176,
13,
198,
464,
717,
14115,
82,
287,
1578,
1829,
373,
4721,
319,
1315,
1737,
16236,
11,
290,
340,
373,
5140,
287,
2986,
35680,
11,
3442,
13,
1629,
262,
2589,
1578,
1829,
468,
1478,
25674,
5361,
14115,
82,
10808,
13,
383,
1271,
286,
5361,
14115,
82,
10808,
287,
257,
1499,
318,
29105,
286,
262,
4588,
286,
4885,
3968,
290,
39155,
287,
326,
1499,
13,
24850,
14115,
82,
10808,
714,
635,
423,
257,
1277,
2928,
319,
262,
1535,
286,
257,
3277,
338,
4290,
13,
16824,
4747,
4,
286,
262,
3265,
286,
1578,
1829,
389,
20779,
13,
198,
10871,
614,
11
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
A while back I had students finding distances on our school’s campus using the Law of Sines and Cosines, and I made the point that I thought students appreciated finding things out that related to their lives a little more. However, this activity still seemed superficial to me because of (1) the ease with which students could look online to find these distances (using Google maps and a latitude/longitude distance calculator can be surprisingly precise!–see below), (2) after finding 1 or 2 distances it got old fast, and (3) I’m pretty sure this is not how surveyors do it in the real world.
I was talking with the father of a student in my Precalculus class, who happened to be a farmer, and “finding the area of his land” came up somehow. Now a good chunk of the students live on the reservation and so it is very, very rural. One thing they have, however, is land, and a lot of it. I realized that breaking polygons into triangles is a cool theorem, and one that has practicality in finding the area of a plot of land if, say, you wanted students to use the Law of Sines, Cosines, and the Trig Area formula for a triangle.
I’m going to start with the following warm-up and hope that students recognize the connection between the project and the warm-up (I may have to spell it out for some of them).
I decided to turn this into an individual project for the students and use it in place of a test, since this would probably interest them significantly more and would demonstrate a deeper understanding of how to use the equations than “apply it to this triangle”. I’m going to hand them this sheet below, show them how to find distances on Google Maps via Wolfram Alpha, and then let them go.
I’m hoping that students will solve this problem in a number of different ways. One way that came to my mind immediately was, after breaking the land into triangles, find all the distances using Google Maps, then use Law of Cosines to find an angle, and lastly use the trig area of a triangle formula which involves two sides and the included angle. Of course, if students are familiar with Heron’s formula, they could jump to that, hence the requirement they use 2 of the 3 formulas (is that too false a requirement?).
Lastly, you’ll notice I’ve made accommodations for the “urban” and suburban students as well: they can measure the square footage of their house/apartment or even a room as long as it isn’t a rectangle.
Let me know what you think, and in return I hope to show off some students’ work!
Instructions for finding Distance using Google Maps and Wolfram Alpha
1) First you should find the place in Google Maps. Right-click and select “What’s here?” You should see a green arrow now on the location. In the search bar it will leave some coordinates, which are the very precise latitude and longitude of the place. Copy these coordinates.
2) Next, go to Wolfram Alpha, and paste the coordinates as follows (and shown in the picture below):
distance from (35.528149 N,108.654796 W) to (35.52855 N, 108.656035 W)
Make sure you change +/- to N/S or E/W otherwise Wolfram Alpha will simply plot them as points and find the distance. You’ll have to go back to Google Maps to select the other point and find the other set of coordinates.
One cool thing that Wolfram Alpha does is gives the distance is a number of different measurements. And I’m not just talking about m, km, feet, inches, etc., but it gives crazy ones like “times the traditional length of Noah’s Ark” or “about the height of the world’s tallest tree” or “Light travel time in a vacuum” or “Maximum distance visible from that height”. Crazy cool, right?
|
<urn:uuid:58782cd2-fce3-443b-9b6a-48f25cff0e96>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-40
|
https://hilbertshotel.wordpress.com/2013/01/27/a-better-law-of-sinescosines-project/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677484.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00052-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940879
| 871
| 3.609375
| 4
|
[
32,
981,
736,
314,
550,
2444,
4917,
18868,
319,
674,
1524,
447,
247,
82,
7611,
1262,
262,
3854,
286,
311,
1127,
290,
10437,
1127,
11,
290,
314,
925,
262,
966,
326,
314,
1807,
2444,
16373,
4917,
1243,
503,
326,
3519,
284,
511,
3160,
257,
1310,
517,
13,
2102,
11,
428,
3842,
991,
3947,
31194,
284,
502,
780,
286,
357,
16,
8,
262,
10152,
351,
543,
2444,
714,
804,
2691,
284,
1064,
777,
18868,
357,
3500,
3012,
8739,
290,
257,
32477,
14,
6511,
3984,
5253,
28260,
460,
307,
12362,
7141,
0,
1906,
3826,
2174,
828,
357,
17,
8,
706,
4917,
352,
393,
362,
18868,
340,
1392,
1468,
3049,
11,
290,
357,
18,
8,
314,
447,
247,
76,
2495,
1654,
428,
318,
407,
703,
5526,
669,
466,
340,
287,
262,
1103,
995,
13,
198,
40,
373,
3375,
351,
262,
2988,
286,
257,
3710,
287,
616,
3771,
9948,
17576,
1398,
11,
508,
3022,
284,
307,
257,
18739,
11,
290,
564,
250,
41070,
262,
1989,
286,
465,
1956,
447,
251,
1625,
510,
7599,
13,
2735,
257,
922,
16058,
286,
262,
2444,
2107,
319,
262,
24048,
290,
523,
340,
318,
845,
11,
845,
10016,
13,
1881,
1517,
484,
423,
11,
2158,
11,
318,
1956,
11,
290,
257,
1256,
286,
340,
13,
314,
6939,
326,
7163,
25052,
684,
656,
44360,
318,
257,
3608,
44728,
11,
290,
530,
326,
468,
8472,
414,
287,
4917,
262,
1989,
286,
257,
7110,
286,
1956,
611,
11,
910,
11,
345,
2227,
2444,
284,
779,
262,
3854,
286,
311,
1127,
11,
10437,
1127,
11,
290,
262,
833,
328
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The Conquest of CaliforniaC. F. Robinson
California is the jewel in the crown of the American Union. Of all the states it contains the largest economy. Indeed, California’s economy is one of the largest in the world. It enjoys a fantastic climate. Its agribusiness surpasses almost all others and is able produce high value, specialized crops such as almonds and raisins. California wines are fantastic in both quantity and quality. California hosts the American motion picture industry which is unrivaled in the entire world. Silicon Valley drives much of the new information economy. San Francisco Bay is the West Coast’s finest harbor. California turned out to be the ultimate prize won during the Mexican War.
A prize this big is not something that really just falls into the lap of a people, even one as resourceful as the Americans. As a result, it had to be fought for, both capturing the territory, and then keeping it. However, the military operations — with the fighting, maneuvering, and acts of valor — took place within a legal and metapolitical environment. And the metapolitical and legal environment was more important than the fighting itself.
Captain John C. Frémont and the Bear Flag Revolt
In the 1840s, California was still a province of Mexico. It was sparsely settled, highly disorganized politically, and ruled in the name of Mexico by “Hispanics” of white blood, such as Mariano Vallejo (1807-1890). All of Mexico’s provinces north of the current border between Mexico and the United States were either under threat from other powers or had already succeeded from Mexico itself. Texas had broken away in 1836. Around the Great Salt Lake, Mormons were making a self-governing republic of their own. In California, Russians were encroaching from their post at Fort Ross, near San Francisco. Mexican California was very poorly ruled from Mexico City, and Vallejo himself was in favor of US Annexation.
Americans were favoring expansion also. The Democratic Party, a good portion of their Whig rivals, and many of the most prestigious newspapers and cultural creators in the US favored the United States stretching across North America to the Pacific. The concept was famously known as Manifest Destiny. This metapolitical idea focused American efforts to annex California and all that was between the western US and the Pacific coast.
Americans had been visiting San Francisco via their clipper ships at least as early as 1796. They were called “Bostons” by the Californios mainly because the Americans were originating from New England. Later, American trappers were blazing trails from Saint Louis to San Francisco. By 1846 many Americans had settled near Sonoma, California. As the tensions which led to war between the US and Mexico increased, the Mexican Military Governor of Alta California, José Castro, attempted to force all Americans out.
Castro didn’t know what he was in for. The Mexican government, including the government of Alta California was poorly organized, and it was uncertain exactly who was overall in charge. On the other hand, the Americans had no problems organizing. In Sonoma, a group of 30 American men arrested the local leader Mariano Vallejo and proclaimed California an independent republic. They were able to do so because the United States was unofficially backing the American emigrants with a well-armed battalion of soldiers under the command of Captain John C. Frémont. Other columns were headed to California by land and sea. Soon all the places in California were under US control no matter how the Mexican Alta California government was organized and who was really in charge. The US government also sent a large army to attack Central Mexico. With the metapolitical attitudes so powerfully supporting Manifest Destiny everything fell into place. The conquest was legal under the right of conquest and ratified by the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The Gold Rush I: Mexicans and Indians
It is amazing that the Spanish who originally settled California never discovered gold there when the rest of the Spanish Empire was one great big gold and silver grabbing operation. Gold in the mountains of California had been moving down the waterways to the Sacramento River for centuries due to natural erosion. An American carpenter from New Jersey discovered some gold flakes along a tributary of the American River at Sutter’s Mill in 1848, and his discovery created a “rush” of miners. One of those miners was an ancestor of this author. His adventures getting there and back remain family lore to this day, and one of his female descendants has jewelry made from California gold he found.
Gold however was not the only thing worthwhile in California. The land itself was worthwhile for agricultural pursuits. Additionally, the miners came into increased conflict with the California Indians. The metapolitical idea of Manifest Destiny continued to aid the Americans in California. Many of the miners sent for their families and took up agriculture and speculated in land. However, much of the land was under titles of varying certainty in Mexican and Spanish Land Grants. To manage land conflicts, the US Congresses passed the California Land Act of 1851.
Karen Clay and Werner Trosken write, “Under the act, an individual with a Spanish or Mexican land grant [was required] to submit documentary evidence of their claim to the land commission. The commission would then investigate the claim and issue a decision to the claims validity.” There were the usual channels for appeal through the US Federal Court system. Once the claims were resolved and the property surveyed, the US Government issued a patent. In this way “Indian land” was taken over via a known legal process by the whites. Additionally, the large inefficient Latifundia properties of the Californios were broken up and distributed into the hands of the Americans. This act also allowed the American settlers a way to both self-interestedly get title to land of their own and cooperate with other Americans trying for their own property.
The Americans also had to deal with Indian attacks. Indians attacked and killed miners and stole livestock, food, and other items. My Miner 49er ancestor’s memoirs include a statement that he found it quite physically taxing to stay awake all night to make sure that Indians didn’t steal the horses and/or kill himself and his mates. To manage the threat, the new California state government passed the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (1850). To put it in simple terms, this allowed the miners to have a free hand in dealing with the Indians. They could raid their villages, use deadly force, and impress Indians as laborers. These are rough methods, but it is certainly better than tolerating the slings and arrows of a savage Stone Age people while wringing one’s hands and talking about a “complex” problem. If one has a race problem, it is better for whites to just take their own side.
Additionally, Mexicans-drawn to the gold fields from Mexico proper — rather than the Californios — did get involved in banditry in the Gold Rush days. Joaquin Murrieta was one famous Mexican immigrant bandit. Joaquin was indeed a real-life person, but it is likely that the person known to the Americans as “Joaquin” was not a one-man show. Instead, he was the personification of several different Mexican bandits. The state organized veterans of the Mexican War into the California Rangers in 1853 to fight the threat. Joaquin’s head ended up pickled in a jar of alcohol.
The Gold Rush II: Not a Chinaman’s Chance
Mexicans and Indians were not the only threat to the white American hold on California. The real threat was from the Orient. In the 1840s the British had established well-ordered ports across Asia, including Hong Kong. At these ports were safe vessels including fast moving steam ships that traveled along secure, British policed sea-routes. In this environment steamship companies advertised heavily for the Chinese to come to America throughout the 1850s and 1860s. Additionally, the United States had rather stupidly entered into the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 which allowed unlimited immigration from China. Therefore, Chinese could be imported to California, by sea, by tens of thousands.
Big corporations and other employers enjoyed hiring Chinese labor. The Chinamen were cheap and comfortable living under the most awful of conditions. In the 1850s, American miners, using the infant metapolitical ideas of the Labor Movement, organized to protect themselves and their territory. First they were able to get a “foreign miner tax”; then there were other laws, racially neutral on the surface, but in fact, aimed at Chinese. Examples of these include laws cutting down on the work-day, and minimum housing space regulations. Sometimes, usually after an incident of violence, groups of whites would be deputized to shoot Chinese, and any charges stemming from the shootings were dropped by sympathetic judges. Denis Kearney, agitated against the Chinese, ending every speech with “And whatever happens, the Chinese must go.” One method to oust Chinese was to target white employers of the Chinese with social shaming. Eventually, whites won a considerable victory with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882., Originally the exclusion act was temporary, but it was made permanent in 1892. Notice that it took from 1850 until 1882 to get an overarching law to deal with the problem.
There was also a conflict in the courts between whites and Chinese. The Supreme Court case Chae Chan Ping v. United States, among other things, allowed the US Government to pass laws deporting Chinese despite an earlier treaty allowing for immigration. Court cases generated from the conflict strengthened the hand of the Federal Government in controlling immigration. However, there were some losses, United States v. Wong Kim Ark, ruled that a non-white born in the US from non-Citizen parents was a US citizen.
The important thing to notice here is that the field of law is a battleground just like a Wild West mining camp. Young activist, if you can, study the law! Financially secure activists, support our lawyers! Of course, it isn’t just supporting lawyers on our side. There need to be interest groups to fund strategic, pro-white cases, and most importantly, there needs to be a metapolitical cultural context that influences judges to rule the right way.
The Yellow Peril & the Rising Tide of Color: The Gentleman’s Agreement, Japanese Internment, and Mexican repatriation of the 1930s.
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was enacted at the start of a new metapolitical idea, “the yellow peril,” which expanded into Lothrop Stoddard’s concept of “the rising tide of color.” The yellow peril idea was very powerful in the United States until around 1992 (I’ll get to that below). It was so powerful that this author recalls family conversations centered upon concerns about Asians from older Pacific War and Vietnam War veterans in his family throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.
The problem with Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was that it only addressed part of the problem. The truth was that the whole of the Oriental world was a threat, and the US Congress had only taken steps to block of immigration from China. Soon Japanese immigration became a problem. Matters were resolved by Theodore Roosevelt with the “gentleman’s agreement.” The Americans agreed to not specifically ban Japanese immigration, but the Japanese government didn’t issue visas to their citizens to go to the United States. Nonetheless, thousands of Japanese had made it to California.
America between the presidencies of the Roosevelts, was led by civically virtuous, level-headed, and progressive people. Although Prohibition was mostly a disaster, it did cut down on drinking in the US, even to this day. In their youth, these Americans quickly won the Spanish American War, then went on to win a nasty insurgency in the Philippine Islands. Using the ideas from the labor movement, this generation cut down on the excesses of big business. They also defeated the anarchist and communist movements and went on to found institutions which continue to thrive today. Most of the state flags were designed and adopted during this time. Additionally, this generation looked racial matters in the eye. They adopted segregation, and great thinkers such as Lothrop Stoddard expanded the idea of the yellow peril in his book The Rising Tide of Color.
Stoddard extensively quotes Californian civic leaders as to how they saw and handled the Asian problem. It is important to note that Rising Tide was a bestseller, and it accurately predicted Japanese imperial aggression two decades prior to Pearl Harbor. After the Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, California’s political leadership focused on interning the Japanese on the West Coast. This was done through lobbying. Earl Warren, who later became a Supreme Court Justice, spearheaded the effort. The legal standing to carry out this act was Executive Order 9066. Naturally, a lawsuit against the order arose, and the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of internment in Korematsu v. United States. The courts can be a benefit to white Americans, but only if the right people are judges and the metapolitical environment supports white interests.
However, the Japanese weren’t the only threat to Californians. During the Great Depression, when jobs were scarce, California’s politicians, working in tandem with the US Federal Government, deported Mexicans from California, especially in the agricultural area in the center of the state. This allowed “Okies” fleeing from the horrible conditions of the Dust Bowl to re-start in California working the jobs formerly held by Mexicans.
Zoot Suits & Rodney King
Although more than a million Mexicans were deported in the 1930s, manpower shortages during World War II brought a number of Mexicans to Los Angeles under a wartime guest worker program. These Mexicans blended in with the Hispanics already in the area. Like their bandit forbearers in the 1850s and the low-grade gangsterism and criminality today, the Mexicans of the 1940s engaged in petty crime and acts of intimidation against whites. Their uniform was the “zoot suit.” The jacket was worn long, and the pants were wide in the knees and tapered at the ankles.
Also during World War II, Los Angeles was host to thousands of American sailors, soldiers, and Marines. Many of these servicemen were garrisoned in heavily Hispanic areas of LA. The men would often be robbed or accosted if walking outside the base. For defense, sailors started to sew 13 pennies into their neckerchief so that it could be used as a weapon. Zoot suiters would walk five abreast so that any other pedestrian would be forced to walk around them. Also, zoot suiters would often sucker-punch people while walking. Tensions in LA were raised due to concerns that Mexicans would act as a Japanese-supporting Fifth Column, and there was also a high-profile murder case involving a number of Hispanic zoot suited teens.
Eventually, the servicemen got tired of the situation. With a wink and a nod from their officers, they went into LA and beat up the zoot Suit Mexicans. Those caught wearing zoot suits were stripped, and their clothing was burned. The LAPD didn’t stop the military, instead they arrested the Hispanics after the servicemen were done dispensing their justice. The rioting lasted five days. The military stopped the rioting by making LA off limits. The Los Angeles Police then cracked down hard on anyone with a zoot suit.
Following the Second World War, President Eisenhower ordered Operation Wetback to remove Mexicans from the United States. Additionally, the overwhelming white victory in the Pacific temporarily pacified California’s racial dynamics. However, when ideas and institutions seem to be at their most powerful, the foundations underpinning them have usually crumbled, and new ideas are soon to come.
After World War II there was an increasing call for America to integrate, equalize, and promote America’s troublesome black minority. A new metapolitical idea, that of “Civil Rights” appeared. This idea was promoted by government, media, and all the cultural creators. It was backed by a battery of legislation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Immigration Act of 1965. Additionally, there was Brown v. Board and a slew of similar cases through the 1970s whose negative effects are universally known and need no further elaboration. If the defenses against blacks are removed, one might as well remove all racial defenses. This legal and metapolitical environment allowed Asians to again immigrate to California and made non-whites, especially blacks beyond criticism. In this new legal and metapolitical environment blacks are given a considerably free hand to participate in violence.
In the early 1990s, Koreans started to make their mark in Los Angeles. When a black girl was killed by a Korean shop-keeper, the media played the shooting again and again on TV. They neglected to show the black assaulting the Korean prior to the fatal shot. When petty criminal Rodney King was beaten resisting arrest, the media played over and over an edited film clip of his beating which left out the part showing King resisting arrest. Black anger in Los Angeles in 1992 was thus whipped into a boiling rage. When the officers were acquitted in beating Rodney King the city exploded into three days of rioting.
The rioting took a curious turn. The focus of Black rage was first Koreans and then whites. Now, California is troubled with racial conflict between two different non-white races. The Rodney King riots took place in a media-saturated global city. The ripples from this riot continue to affect culture in the “Civil Rights” environment. This author believes that the South Korean anti-American riots in 2002 were partially due to a black man being the commander of the 2nd Infantry Division at that time, and Koreans wanted to “get back at the blacks.” Additionally, many white Americans have come to see Asians as an ally against blacks and have dropped the Yellow Peril idea. This is the “whites and Asians” meme that bangs around blogs and newspaper articles. The converse could also be true. This author also wonders if Earl Warren, who was so anti-Asian in California, ruled in Brown v. Board for blacks in part because he felt that blacks and whites were natural allies against Asians.
This whites-and-Asians meme deserves some further remarks. This coalition between two distinct peoples is a mirage created from images from LA news channel helicopters filming the burning city back in 1992. On the surface, Koreans appear to be a model minority, but a deeper look shows considerable differences between us and them. Koreans and other Asians muscle into limited educational spots due, in part, to a culture of cheating. Koreans with American paperwork can import their elderly parents and dump them on SSI. Koreans are engaged in financial swindles and are often involved in organized prostitution. Essentially, Koreans in California fit into the same basic niche as the Chinese. Denis Kearney would understand.
Koreans in LA, and indeed the whole of the United States, are the result of an enormous subsidy provided by whites. South Korea exists because Americans won the Pacific War, fought the Korean War, and continue to defend South Korea’s DMZ border. South Korea’s industry is the result of a favorable tariff network, and this network’s costs are borne by America’s manufacturing sector in the Mid-West. Essentially, Americans pay billions so that Korean immigrants can sell liquor to blacks.
California is America’s Kosovo. It is too wonderful a place to not fight for. The big question is how to secure it for future generations of our people. It is pointless to discuss a dubious, violence-filled operation. Military operations are a distant third to the metapolitical and legal environment in which they play out. For now, the war for California is a war of ideas.
2. Mariano Vallejo, a real “white-Hispanic.” Vallejo later became a California State Representative.
3. The Whig Party was disorganized throughout its existence. It was a highly unstable coalition centered on New England. Throughout its life the party had a very difficult time addressing the various challenges of its day. Zachary Taylor, the hero of the Mexican War and eventual President was a Whig, with vague political beliefs.
4. Walker, Dale L. Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846 Forge Books, New York, 2000, Kindle Location 140
5. I don’t believe that white racial consciousness is dead in California despite the “Civil Rights” metapolitical climate. In the following YouTube video, a group of white re-enactors put on a skit telling the story of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma. This is implicit whiteness in action. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIziD70-Ci0&t=618s (Link from 7 July 2016)
6. I always must respectfully pause when various conspiracy theorists assume that the US Government, the institution, not political factions therein such as NeoCons or the Congressional Black Congress is anti-white. Do people really think that the patriotic veterans which populate the different departments joined to damage their own kind? An example of pro-white attitudes peeking through is in the following US Park Service link (7 July 2016). It states, “As American settlers moved into Mexican-controlled California . . .” The words “Mexican-controlled” implies that the Mexican occupation of California was illegitimate. https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/bear-flag-revolt.htm http://www.history.com/topics/bear-flag-revolt
7. Clay, Karen and Troesken Werner, “Squatting and the Settlement of the United States New Evidence from Post-Gold Rush California,” http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/~kclay/papers/squatting.pdf (7 July 2016)
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta His nephew is alleged to be a Mexican bandit also. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopio
10. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=47
11. Additionally, the Chinese were involved in a great many criminal activities. The Tongs can be read about at the following link: http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmMercury-1952feb-00093
There is also no real change today. One Chinese gangster in California is “Shrimp Boy” Chow. In 2007, the San Francisco Weekly News ran an article about him “turning his life around.” He claimed to have “left his gangster days behind to help bring peace to Chinatown’s streets.” http://www.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/enter-the-dragon-head/Content?oid=2163615 Of course, The Narrative fell apart and he was convicted in 2016 on 162 counts. http://www.newsweek.com/sf-chinatown-crime-boss-raymond-shrimp-boy-chow-found-guilty-162-counts-413338
12. For further reading, I suggest Wolters, Raymond, “Race War on the Pacific Coast,” The Occidental Quarterly, vol. 8, http://toqonline.com/archives/v8n1/TOQv8n1Wolters.pdf Counter-Currents.com also has some excellent material on the situation: https://counter-currents.com/search/?cx=partner-pub-6869576088965779%3A6593200864&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=chinese+excusion&sa=Search&siteurl=www.counter-currents.com%2F&ref=&ss=816j123136j7
15. Such institutions include Alcoholics Anonymous and Social Security.
16. Stoddard writes, in The Rising Tide of Color on Page 116, “Indeed, Californian assertions that Oriental immigration menaces, not merely the coast, but the whole continent, seem well taken. This view was officially indorsed by Mr. Caminetti, Commissioner-General of Immigration, who testified before a Congressional committee some years ago: ‘Asiatic immigration is a menace to the whole country, and particularly to the Pacific coast. The danger is general. No part of the United States is immune. The Chinese are now spread over the entire country, and the Japanese want to encroach. The Chinese have become so acclimated that they can prosper in any part of our country…. I would have a law to register the Asiatic laborers who come into the country. It is impossible to protect ourselves from persons who come in surreptitiously.’ (Quoted by J. D. Whelpley, ‘Japan and the United States,’ Fortnightly Review, May, 1914.)” http://www.resist.com/LothropStoddard/Stoddard-RisingTideofColor-2.pdf
The Dakota Territory’s Indian Wars During the Civil War, Part 1
Liberal Anti-Democracy, Chapter 5, Part 2: Democracy Against the People
The Worst Week Yet: April 30-May 6, 2023
Metapolitics and Occult Warfare
No War with Mexico
Robert Rutherford McCormick, Midwestern Man of the Right: Part 1
Race and Ethics in John Ford’s Stagecoach
John Wayne’s The Alamo & the Politics of the 1960s
“With the metapolitical attitudes so powerfully supporting Manifest Destiny everything fell into place. The conquest was legal under the right of conquest”
Manifest Destiny and Right of Conquest are dangerous two-edged concepts. Now they are applied against the Americans.
Ultimately what give you rights is demography. The rest is bulls**t.
The white liberals in CA better start having babies…
“The white liberals in CA better start having babies…”
First, they have to stop killing them. I’d love to know the reproductive index of white women who moved to California after 1965. I bet it’s <1, it is unquestionably <2.
We must secure the existence of California and a future for our Guac Bowls.
I don’t know how successful a war of ideas can be against an enemy who intends to wipe us out and is well on the way to achieving that aim. In the long run California will be lost simply because there won’t be enough white people there to make a claim for it. Whites are barely producing any offspring while our enemies are breeding like bacteria. How will ideas reverse that situation? Additionally, California isn’t the only formerly white land being lost; virtually every white homeland on the planet is being overrun by the brown tide. Going by current trends will there be anywhere in the world that we can call our own in a hundred years?
“the rest of the Spanish Empire was one great big gold and silver grabbing operation”
It was so at the beginning (mostly driven by individual adventurers), but not so later on. The Spanish empire as an ‘extractive economy’ is one of those myths that die very hard in the common mind.
“Do people really think that the patriotic veterans which populate the different departments joined to damage their own kind?”
No, they joined for the stable pay and benefits and made a deal with the devil. Many, many white sell-outs and korruptniks who would (and did!) open fire on their own without the slightest hesitation. Police and militarey are full of those types.
“Manifest Destiny and Right of Conquest are dangerous two-edged concepts. Now they are applied against the Americans.”
This. Manifest Destiny was an illegitimate land-grab (which is fine in itself – might makes right, after all) which riles up Mexicans to this day and justfies everything to get back at the hated invader. They really see themselves as righteous defenders and victims and want to take back “their” territories.
California is lost for at least a hundred years. We are a fraction of births there and it would revolt against a White nationalist administration, should one control the United States. We also lack the numbers to internally colonize it over time by encouraging White settlement, since to do so would make other parts of the United States less White rather than creating a new space of White settlement. Would be “gentrifiers” are too busy raising cats.
Only possible scenario I can picture is the secession of a White ethnostate with a mission of eventual reconquest when the resurgence of our vitality combined with the inevitable decline of our rivals allows it. It would be intensely ironic for us to model ourselves after the Spanish reconquistadors, given who our biocultural oppponent is, but that is perhaps the only way. Probably will not live to see it.
Comments are closed.
If you have Paywall access,
simply login first to see your comment auto-approved.
Note on comments privacy & moderation
Your email is never published nor shared.
Comments are moderated. If you don't see your comment, please be patient. If approved, it will appear here soon. Do not post your comment a second time.
Edit your comment
|
<urn:uuid:6716188d-b6fe-481f-bf65-ca6aed8e9fe8>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://counter-currents.com/2016/07/the-conquest-of-california/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648322.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602040003-20230602070003-00085.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966104
| 6,528
| 3.484375
| 3
|
[
464,
29221,
286,
3442,
34,
13,
376,
13,
12652,
198,
25284,
318,
262,
16927,
287,
262,
12389,
286,
262,
1605,
4479,
13,
3226,
477,
262,
2585,
340,
4909,
262,
4387,
3773,
13,
9676,
11,
3442,
447,
247,
82,
3773,
318,
530,
286,
262,
4387,
287,
262,
995,
13,
632,
20393,
257,
9623,
4258,
13,
6363,
556,
822,
385,
1272,
17341,
274,
2048,
477,
1854,
290,
318,
1498,
4439,
1029,
1988,
11,
16976,
14450,
884,
355,
48793,
290,
2179,
271,
1040,
13,
3442,
30680,
389,
9623,
287,
1111,
12040,
290,
3081,
13,
3442,
11453,
262,
1605,
6268,
4286,
2831,
543,
318,
555,
43171,
276,
287,
262,
2104,
995,
13,
18210,
6916,
10182,
881,
286,
262,
649,
1321,
3773,
13,
2986,
6033,
4696,
318,
262,
2688,
8545,
447,
247,
82,
18822,
25451,
13,
3442,
2900,
503,
284,
307,
262,
8713,
11596,
1839,
1141,
262,
10816,
1810,
13,
198,
32,
11596,
428,
1263,
318,
407,
1223,
326,
1107,
655,
8953,
656,
262,
14779,
286,
257,
661,
11,
772,
530,
355,
8271,
913,
355,
262,
3399,
13,
1081,
257,
1255,
11,
340,
550,
284,
307,
8350,
329,
11,
1111,
21430,
262,
7674,
11,
290,
788,
5291,
340,
13,
2102,
11,
262,
2422,
4560,
851,
351,
262,
4330,
11,
20186,
278,
11,
290,
6529,
286,
1188,
273,
851,
1718,
1295,
1626,
257,
2742,
290,
1138,
499,
13781,
2858,
13,
843,
262,
1138,
499,
13781,
290,
2742,
2858,
373,
517,
1593,
621,
262,
4330,
2346,
13,
198,
27898,
1757,
327,
13,
1305,
2634,
8691,
290,
262,
14732,
19762,
5416,
5978,
198,
818
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
After their fitful rest period, the moon dwellers were roused by Houston and told to get ready to leave. Flight control and the crew discussed the most probable location of the lunar module, and Armstrong and Aldrin then aligned the guidance platform by the moon's gravity field. They had some difficulty finding enough stars to sight on, but the Eagle was ready to take off on 21 July - 21 hours 36 minutes after landing and more than 124 hours after leaving the earth on 16 July. Up above, Collins had been alone since the 13th revolution, and he did not expect to have company until the 27th circuit, 28 hours after the lander had separated from the command module. As the time drew nearer for ignition of the ascent engine, Collins positioned his ship so its radar transponder would be pointing in the direction of the lunar module radar signal. Everything was ready for the next critical move.
The Eagle lifted off the moon exactly on time, soaring straight up for 10 seconds to clear its launch platform (the descent stage) and the surrounding ground obstacles. When its speed reached 12 meters per second, it pitched over into a 50-degree climbing angle. Armstrong and Aldrin heard the pyrotechnics fire and saw "a fair amount of debris" when they first detected motion. The onset of this velocity was absolutely smooth, and they had difficulty sensing the acceleration. But when the cabin tilted over and they could see the lunar surface, they realized that they were going fast. On several occasions, familiar landmarks indicated they were on a correct flight path - Armstrong spoke of one named "Cat's Paw" and Aldrin spotted "Ritter" and "Schmidt."
As Eagle rose to dock with CM Columbia, "home Earth," the next target to land on, came into view on the lunar horizon.
Stafford and Cernan had told Armstrong about their lander's lazy, wallowing "Dutch roll," and the Eagle was flying the same way. When the engine had fired for seven minutes, the lunar module had reached an elliptical orbit of 17 by 84 kilometers, and the race to catch the mother ship was on. Another hurdle had been successfully vaulted. Collins could now call on one of the 18 recipes in his rendezvous cookbook to rescue the lander if necessary. An hour after the ascent engine's first firing, Armstrong turned it on again, to kick the low point of the path up to 85 kilometers, to a nearly circular orbit. After checking the results with flight control, as well as with Armstrong and Aldrin, Collins found that the lander was on a good flight path. He could let orbital mechanics take over and wait until Armstrong slowed the lander's catchup speed at the proper moment.
Eventually, Collins told his crewmates to turn off their tracking light; he could see them fine without it. Later, as the lander turned the lunar corner and lost contact with the earth, Armstrong slowed his vehicle for stationkeeping 30 meters from the command module, so Collins could inspect the lander before docking. During the inspection, Collins asked his shipmates to roll over a bit more, and they went straight into gimbal lock. Armstrong blamed himself for "the goof," but it posed no real problems. Like all the lunar modules, the Eagle was a sporty machine once it was rid of its descent stage and much of its ascent engine fuel, and it took skill to keep the skittish bird from dancing about. Four hours after lunar launch, the two vehicles were ready to dock.
Collins rammed the probe dead center into the lander's drogue. With the ascent stage fuel tanks nearly empty, he met with little resistance; it felt almost as though he was shoving the command module into a sheet of paper. He had to look out the window to make sure they were docked. Then he pressed the switch to reel the lander in closer and secure it with the capture latches. Suddenly there was a big gyration in yaw - perhaps because of the retraction, perhaps because of a lunar module thruster that seemed to be firing directly at the command ship. Collins used his handcontroller to steady the vehicles. Just as he was wondering if he would have to cut loose and try again, Columbia grabbed the Eagle and held on.
Collins hurried to get the hatch and probe out of the way, to greet his returning companions. As he did, the same strong smell of burnt electrical insulation met his nostrils. But, again, nothing seemed to be wrong. Armstrong and Aldrin began vacuuming the lunar dust from themselves, their equipment, and the sample boxes. The dust did not bother the trio much, and they began unloading, cleaning, and stowing. Their progress was so good that flight control considered bringing them home one revolution earlier than the planned 31st circuit (one less than the Stafford crew had traveled). But they decided against it.
During the 28th orbit, Armstrong reported the crew safely aboard the command ship. Flight control soon signaled the lander to remain near the moon until its orbit decayed and it crashed on the surface. The Eagle flew slowly away, its thrusters firing to maintain attitude. Aldrin thought he saw some cracks in its skin, but Houston told him that cabin pressure was steady. That had been one very good bird.
Now the crew had nothing to do but rest, eat, take pictures, and wait to begin the return to earth. Collins did wrestle with some command module attitude excursions but, once the big service module engine fired behind the moon, the ship steadied, right on course. The firing lasted so long that Collins wondered if the automatic turnoff was going to work. Just as he reached for the switch, the engine stopped. After the crew had checked the results, all they could do was ride their stable machine home. Armstrong asked when they would acquire the flight control signal, and Aldrin, now totally relaxed, answered that he did not have "the foggiest" notion. Soon the commander wanted to know if anyone had any choice greetings when they did talk to Houston, but no one volunteered. Aldrin readied a camera to photograph the earthrise. Coming around the corner, Collins called to CapCom Duke, "Time to open up the LRL doors, Charlie."
Now they "mostly just waited," as Collins later said. Flight control passed up the usual newscast, telling them that only four nations* in the world had not told their citizens about the flight. President Nixon, in his White-House-to-Moon chat, had mentioned that he would meet them on the Hornet; now they learned that he was sending them on a world tour. After more news - about Vietnam, the Middle East, oil depletion allowances, and a drop in the Dow industrial averages - the astronauts knew they had truly returned from Tranquility.
On television they, like the Borman and Stafford crews before them, philosophized about the significance of their voyage. Armstrong spoke of the Jules Verne novel about a trip to the moon a hundred years earlier, underscoring man's determination to venture out into the unknown and to discover its secrets. Collins talked of the technical intricacies of the mission hardware, praising the people who had made it all work. Aldrin spoke about what the flight meant to mankind in striving to explore his universe and in seeking to promote peace on his own planet. Armstrong closed the session, speaking of Apollo's growth from an idea into reality and ending with, "God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11."
The pilots watched the earth grow larger and larger. They televised more of life in a spacecraft. A day before landing, they checked out the command module entry monitoring system, so flight control could check for "any funnies," as Collins called them. But there did not appear to be any. Stowage went smoothly. After they turned the ship into the reentry position and kicked off the service module, they saw it sail by, carrying with it the engine that had served them so well.
As they neared the earth, Houston began grumbling about the weather in the target zone - thunderstorms and poor visibility. Finally the landing point was moved. Collins was not very happy about trying to reach a spot 580 kilometers farther downrange than he had trained for. He did not complain, but he worried some.
When the command module hit the reentry zone, Aldrin triggered a camera to capture on film, as best he could, the colors around the plasma sheath - lavenders, little touches of violet, and great variations of blues and greens wrapped around an orange-yellow core. A surprisingly small amount of material seemed to be flaking off the spacecraft; Collins did not see the chunks he had seen in Gemini.
By now, the crew had turned the spacecraft over to its computer - that fourth crew member who had done a lot of the mission flying to this point - and were watching the entry monitor. The computer held on to a small downrange error for a while, decided it was wrong, and dumped the figure. The vehicle dipped down into the atmospheric layer, zipped up in a roller coaster curve out of the layer, and then came screaming back in. The drogue parachutes opened, and the ship steadied. Armstrong and his crew felt the jerk as the main parachutes came out; it seemed to take a long time for those three parachutes to blossom. Some good sounds came up from below as they heard the recovery forces trying to talk to them at the end of the reentry communications blackout. Reentry was fairly comfortable for the crewmen, without their bulky suits, but splashdown came with a jolt - 24 June 1969 - 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 18 seconds after leaving Cape Kennedy.**
Mission Control celebrates the successful conclusion of the Apollo 11 mission that landed men on the moon and returned them safely to the earth.
Columbia landed close to its reprogrammed target and flipped over on its nose in the water, but a flick of a switch inflated the air bags and it soon turned upright. None of the crew were seasick, but they had taken preventive medication before the landing. They went through a lengthy checklist of the things to be done to keep the world free from contamination. It had been a long trip.
A swimmer threw them the biological isolation garments, and they put them on. Armstrong disembarked first, followed by Collins and then Aldrin. As they passed through the hatch they inflated their water-wing life preservers before jumping into the raft. Armstrong noticed that a swimmer was having trouble closing the hatch; he went over to help - the commander did not want anything to happen to "those million dollar rocks." He had trouble, too, so Collins came back and adjusted the handle; then they closed the door.
Looking like three men from another planet in their biological isolation garments, Aldrin, Armstrong, and Collins (left to right at left) step from the helicopter onto the deck of the carrier Hornet on their way into the Mobile Quarantine Facility.
In the rubber boat, the astronauts were scrubbed down with an iodine solution by the swimmers; they, in turn, did the same for the frogmen. While a helicopter lifted the crew to the U.S.S. Hornet, the spacecraft got its scrubdown before it, too, was lifted to the ship. The travelers stepped from the aircraft onto the carrier deck and straight into the mobile isolation unit. The "national objective of landing men on the moon and returning them safely to earth before the end of the decade" had been achieved.
After removing the isolation garments and freshening up, the three (Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin, left to right) are greeted by President Nixon.
But the safe recovery was not the end of activities for Apollo 11. First, the crewmen changed from the isolation garments to more comfortable flight suits and crowded to the door where, behind glass, they presented their now familiar countenances (although Collins had grown a moustache that altered his looks) to the TV cameras. Years of study of the lunar samples lay ahead, and the crew had to spend their 21 days in quarantine. During that period, they answered a formidable set of questions about everything that had taken place, relying on both notes and memory, to make sure that they had done all they could to assist the crews that would follow them to the moon. Collins closed these thorough and exhaustive sessions by saying, emphatically, "I want out."
Scientists in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory, working through glove ports, examine a moon rock.
When they did get out, there was the swirl of a world tour; men and women from all walks of life, of varying colors, creeds, and political persuasions, both young and old, hailed the feat of mankind's representatives. "For one priceless moment . . . ."11
One of the stops before Collins (at the speakers stand), Armstrong, and Aldrin left on a world tour was to report to a joint session of Congress.
Event Time hr:min:sec ===================== =============== Liftoff 00:00:00.6 S-IC outboard engine cutoff 00:02:41.7 S-II engine ignition (command) 00:02:43:0 Launch escape tower jettison 00:03:17.9 S-II engine cutoff 00:09:08.3 S-IVB engine ignition (command) 00:09:12.2 S-IVB engine cutoff 00:11:39.3 Translunar injection maneuver 02:44:16.2 CSM/S-IVB Separation 03:17:04.6 First docking 03:24:03.1 Spacecraft ejection 04:16:59.1 Separation maneuver (from S-IVB) 04:40:01.8 First midcourse correction 26:44:58.7 Lunar orbit insertion 75:49:50.4 Lunar orbit circularization 80:11:36.8 Undocking 100:12:00.0 Separation maneuver (from LM) 100:39:52.9 Descent orbit insertion 101:36:14.0 Powered descent initiation 102:33:05.2 Lunar landing 102:45:39.9 Egress (hatch opening) 109:07:33.0 Ingress (hatch closing) 111:39:13.0 Lunar liftoff 124:22:00.8 Coelliptic sequence initiation 125:19:36.0 Constant differential height maneuver 126:17:49.6 Terminal phase initiation 127:03:51.8 Docking 128:03:00.0 Ascent stage jettison 130:09:31.2 Separation maneuver (from ascent stage) 130:30:01.0 Transearth injection maneuver 135:23:42.3 Second midcourse correction 150:29:57.4 CM/SM separation 194:49:12.7 Entry interface 195:03:05.7 Landing 195:18:35.0
Event Time, GMT ================ ========= 24 July Visual contact by aircraft 16:39 Radar contact by U.S.S. Hornet 16:40 VHF voice and recovery-beacon contact 16:46 CM landing 16:50 Flotation collar inflated 17:04 CM hatch open 17:21 Crew egress in biological isolation garments 17:29 Crew aboard Hornet 17:53 Crew in Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) 17:58 CM lifted from water 19:50 CM secured to MQF 19:58 CM hatch reopened 20:05 Sample return containers 1 and 2 removed from CM 22:00 Container 1 removed from MQF 23:32 25 July Container 2 removed from MQF 00:05 Container 2 and film sent to Johnston Island 05:15 Container 1, film, and biological samples sent to Hickam AFB, Hawaii 11:45 Container 2 and film arrival in Houston 16:15 Container 1, film, and biological samples arrival in Houston 23:13 26 July CM decontaminated and hatch secured 03:00 MQF secured 04:35 27 July MQF and CM offloaded 00:15 Safing of CM pyrotechnics completed 02:05 28 July MQF arrival at Houston 06:00 Flight crew to LRL 10:00 30 July CM delivery to LRL 23:17
* China, Albania, North Korea, and North Vietnam.
** According to the command module computer, Columbia landed at 13 degrees 19' north latitude and 169 degrees 9' west longitude.
11. "Apollo 11 Debriefing," 2: 11-3, 11-4, 11-6, 12-3 through 12-6, 12-10, 12-11, 12-14, 12-20 through 12-25, 12-32, 12-33, 12-38 through 12-43, 13-1 through 13-5, 14-1, 14-3, 14-5, 14-10 through 14-13, 15-1 through 15-7, 16-l through 16-7; "Onboard Voice," pp. 158-59, 161, 175-80, 183-86, 189, 193-05, 207-10, 214-16, 218, 221-22, 225-26, 236-243, 247; "Apollo 11 Voice," pp. 470, 480-82, 488-92, 496-99, 502, 516, 521, 523-35, 538, 543-47, 550, 554-57, 564, 570, 572, 574, 576, 583-88, 604, 608-10, 613-14, 623-24; Charlesworth et al., "Flight Directors Report," pp. 18-25; "Mission Report," pp. 1-2, 3-2, 3-4, 3-5, 4-16 through 4-20, 5-8 through 5-11, 7-4, 7-5; Apollo Program Summary Report, JSC-09423, April 1975 (published as NASA TM-X-68725, June 1975), p. 2-38; Hage memo, "Apollo 11 Daily Operations Report No. 6," 22 July 1969; Hage memo, 24 July 1969; Mission Report: Apollo 11, pp. 5-7; Collins to Grimwood, 13 Dec. 1976; Armstrong to JSC History Off., 3 Dec. 1976; Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr., with Wayne Warga, Return to Earth (New York: Random House, 1973), p. 241.
|
<urn:uuid:baaf8917-27b8-414e-aa0e-9515753eca5a>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-27
|
https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/ch14-6.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103940327.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701095156-20220701125156-00733.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964306
| 3,852
| 3.265625
| 3
|
[
3260,
511,
4197,
913,
1334,
2278,
11,
262,
8824,
14046,
364,
547,
374,
29997,
416,
6995,
290,
1297,
284,
651,
3492,
284,
2666,
13,
13365,
1630,
290,
262,
5462,
6693,
262,
749,
17939,
4067,
286,
262,
25572,
8265,
11,
290,
21166,
290,
15586,
12769,
788,
19874,
262,
11154,
3859,
416,
262,
8824,
338,
13522,
2214,
13,
1119,
550,
617,
8722,
4917,
1576,
5788,
284,
6504,
319,
11,
475,
262,
18456,
373,
3492,
284,
1011,
572,
319,
2310,
2901,
532,
2310,
2250,
4570,
2431,
706,
9581,
290,
517,
621,
19755,
2250,
706,
4305,
262,
4534,
319,
1467,
2901,
13,
3205,
2029,
11,
14006,
550,
587,
3436,
1201,
262,
1511,
400,
5854,
11,
290,
339,
750,
407,
1607,
284,
423,
1664,
1566,
262,
2681,
400,
10349,
11,
2579,
2250,
706,
262,
1956,
263,
550,
11266,
422,
262,
3141,
8265,
13,
1081,
262,
640,
9859,
40671,
329,
37594,
286,
262,
37137,
3113,
11,
14006,
19378,
465,
4074,
523,
663,
13428,
1007,
79,
8623,
561,
307,
10609,
287,
262,
4571,
286,
262,
25572,
8265,
13428,
6737,
13,
11391,
373,
3492,
329,
262,
1306,
4688,
1445,
13,
198,
464,
18456,
13663,
572,
262,
8824,
3446,
319,
640,
11,
32376,
3892,
510,
329,
838,
4201,
284,
1598,
663,
4219,
3859,
357,
1169,
18598,
3800,
8,
290,
262,
7346,
2323,
17648,
13,
1649,
663,
2866,
4251,
1105,
10700,
583,
1218,
11,
340,
21730,
625,
656,
257,
2026,
12,
16863,
14281,
9848,
13,
21166,
290,
15586,
12769,
2982,
262,
12972,
2519,
1349,
873,
2046,
290,
2497,
366,
64,
3148,
2033,
286,
16468,
1,
618
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
The subject of the immunization of babies and children has caused a lot of controversy in the past years. Many parents object to their babies and children being given various shots because they fear that these vaccines could cause more harm than good. Instead of taking risks when it comes to your child’s health, you should first inform yourself. Obviously, the best thing to do is to listen to your child’s doctor. Doctors know better than anyone how important immunization is for the healthy growth of a child, and that is the reason why there exist immunization schedules for children between 0 and 6 years of age. If you want to learn more about this subject, read the following lines and take the advice given here.
Diseases that immunization helps prevent
All the doctors recommend that parents immunize their children from birth throughout 6 years old from certain diseases. If they don’t receive the recommended vaccines, the children might be exposed to severe complications. Among the diseases that immunization helps prevent, the most important are chickenpox, diphtheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, the flu, the measles, the mumps, polio, the rotavirus, rubella, tetanus, and pneumococcal. Unfortunately, the cold reactions that certain parents have when it comes to immunization and their children are all because of some unfortunate incidents that have occurred over time. This doesn’t mean that your child is in any actual danger when he gets these vaccines. Therefore, don’t follow others blindly, but rather listen to what the doctors have to say in this matter because they know best.
Complications that may appear in case you don’t immunize the child
The immunization of the babies and children is necessary in order for the small ones to not suffer complications that will put their lives in danger. If you’re not convinced about the importance of immunization yet, you will certainly be after learning the complications that may appear in case the small one doesn’t receive the immunization. For example, if you don’t vaccine your child against chickenpox, he will most likely suffer from this disease once he enters in contact with it. Chickenpox is spread by air and through direct contact. The complications that will appear in case you don’t vaccine your child and he contracts chickenpox are infected blisters, encephalitis, pneumonia, and bleeding disorders. The truth is that you can’t keep your child trapped inside the house and not allow him to enter in contact with others. Therefore, instead of exposing the small one to these dangerous complications, immunize him and keep him protected.
|
<urn:uuid:0307ea25-07a3-4801-9c2b-6726822c1bbf>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://www.myfavoritemedicine.com/baby-and-childhood-immunization/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743007.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116091028-20181116113028-00557.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95193
| 541
| 3.15625
| 3
|
[
464,
2426,
286,
262,
16217,
1634,
286,
11903,
290,
1751,
468,
4073,
257,
1256,
286,
10386,
287,
262,
1613,
812,
13,
4650,
3397,
2134,
284,
511,
11903,
290,
1751,
852,
1813,
2972,
6934,
780,
484,
3252,
326,
777,
18336,
714,
2728,
517,
4419,
621,
922,
13,
5455,
286,
2263,
7476,
618,
340,
2058,
284,
534,
1200,
447,
247,
82,
1535,
11,
345,
815,
717,
4175,
3511,
13,
16263,
11,
262,
1266,
1517,
284,
466,
318,
284,
6004,
284,
534,
1200,
447,
247,
82,
6253,
13,
28274,
760,
1365,
621,
2687,
703,
1593,
16217,
1634,
318,
329,
262,
5448,
3349,
286,
257,
1200,
11,
290,
326,
318,
262,
1738,
1521,
612,
2152,
16217,
1634,
24025,
329,
1751,
1022,
657,
290,
718,
812,
286,
2479,
13,
1002,
345,
765,
284,
2193,
517,
546,
428,
2426,
11,
1100,
262,
1708,
3951,
290,
1011,
262,
5608,
1813,
994,
13,
198,
35,
786,
1386,
326,
16217,
1634,
5419,
2948,
198,
3237,
262,
7519,
4313,
326,
3397,
16217,
1096,
511,
1751,
422,
4082,
3690,
718,
812,
1468,
422,
1728,
10040,
13,
1002,
484,
836,
447,
247,
83,
3328,
262,
7151,
18336,
11,
262,
1751,
1244,
307,
7362,
284,
6049,
19481,
13,
9754,
262,
10040,
326,
16217,
1634,
5419,
2948,
11,
262,
749,
1593,
389,
9015,
42557,
11,
288,
13323,
490,
544,
11,
37439,
317,
11,
37439,
347,
11,
262,
6562,
11,
262,
30862,
11,
262,
285,
8142,
11,
42664,
11,
262,
5724,
615,
19397,
11,
6437,
12627,
11,
28408,
41141,
11,
290,
29631,
34403,
9948,
13,
8989,
11,
262,
4692,
12737,
326
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Teaching History with Museums, Second Edition provides an introduction and overview of the rich pedagogical power of museums and historic sites. With a collection of practical strategies and case studies, the authors provide educators with the tools needed to create successful learning experiences for students. The cases are designed to be adapted to any classroom, encouraging students to consider museums as historical accounts to be examined, questioned, and discussed.
Key updates to this revised edition and chapter features include:
With this valuable textbook, educators will learn how to promote instruction in support of rigorous inquiry into the past and the goals of democratic values of tolerance and citizenship in the present.
"A much-needed and well-written book about how teachers can and do use history museums as powerful teaching tools. This is a valuable resource for museum professionals and classroom teachers alike."
--Sarah Cahill, Director of Education, Mystic Seaport: The Museum of America and the Sea
"A well-organized and theoretically-grounded volume featuring how to teach the history around us with museums, monuments, memorials, and historical places. Rich in practical methods."
--Stephen J. Thornton, Professor and Chair of the Department of Secondary Education at the College of Education, University of South Florida
Table of Contents
PART I: Introduction and Framework for Using Museums to Teach History
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Teaching History with Museums
PART II: Case Studies of Using Museums to Teach History
Chapter 3 – Artifact and Display Based Museums: The United States Holocaust MemorialMuseum
Chapter 4 – State History Museums: The Minnesota History Center
Chapter 5 – Historic Forts: The Fort at No. 4 and Fort Ticonderoga
Chapter 6 – Historic House Museums: The Johnson County Historical Society and the Mark Twain House
Chapter 7 – Living History Museums: Colonial Williamsburg, Jamestown, Yorktown
Chapter 8 – Memorials & Monuments: The Memorials and Monuments of 9/11
Chapter 9 – Art Museums: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art
Chapter 10 – Virtual Museums, Mobile Technologies, and Augmented Reality: Blurring Classroom--Museum Boundaries
Appendix A – Top Ten Strategies for Effective Museum Visits
Appendix B – Complete List of Museums Discussed in the Book
Appendix C – Resources
|
<urn:uuid:5cc52cb2-8809-4478-8ad5-ab9d8b18e697>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://www.routledge.com/Teaching-History-with-Museums-Strategies-for-K-12-Social-Studies/Marcus-Stoddard-Woodward/p/book/9781138242494
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986661296.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016014439-20191016041939-00401.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.854171
| 479
| 3.28125
| 3
|
[
6767,
8103,
7443,
351,
32887,
5700,
11,
5498,
5061,
3769,
281,
9793,
290,
16700,
286,
262,
5527,
7190,
363,
30766,
1176,
286,
30794,
290,
9566,
5043,
13,
2080,
257,
4947,
286,
8472,
10064,
290,
1339,
3640,
11,
262,
7035,
2148,
30770,
351,
262,
4899,
2622,
284,
2251,
4388,
4673,
6461,
329,
2444,
13,
383,
2663,
389,
3562,
284,
307,
16573,
284,
597,
15806,
11,
12577,
2444,
284,
2074,
30794,
355,
6754,
5504,
284,
307,
11068,
11,
11434,
11,
290,
6693,
13,
198,
9218,
5992,
284,
428,
15556,
8313,
290,
6843,
3033,
2291,
25,
198,
3152,
428,
8119,
28979,
11,
30770,
481,
2193,
703,
284,
7719,
12064,
287,
1104,
286,
22888,
12069,
656,
262,
1613,
290,
262,
4661,
286,
10518,
3815,
286,
15621,
290,
14218,
287,
262,
1944,
13,
198,
1,
32,
881,
12,
27938,
290,
880,
12,
15266,
1492,
546,
703,
7799,
460,
290,
466,
779,
2106,
30794,
355,
3665,
7743,
4899,
13,
770,
318,
257,
8119,
8271,
329,
13257,
11153,
290,
15806,
7799,
12936,
526,
198,
438,
29284,
44398,
359,
11,
5890,
286,
7868,
11,
22936,
1001,
499,
419,
25,
383,
9594,
286,
2253,
290,
262,
6896,
198,
1,
32,
880,
12,
30280,
290,
26787,
12,
2833,
276,
6115,
9593,
703,
284,
4545,
262,
2106,
1088,
514,
351,
30794,
11,
28814,
11,
17357,
82,
11,
290,
6754,
4113,
13,
3998,
287,
8472,
5050,
526,
198,
438,
24920,
449,
13,
37519,
11,
8129,
290,
9369,
286,
262,
2732,
286,
29521,
7868,
379,
262,
5535,
286,
7868,
11,
2059,
286,
2520,
4744,
198,
10962,
286,
26714,
198
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Florence History: A Historical Chronology
This is a chronology of the major events that have played a part in shaping the Florence of today.
59 BC - Florence begins to grow as a Roman town
541-4 AD - Byzantine walls added to the Roman walls, as protection against the Ostrogoths. Walls also built in 9th, 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
570 - Tuscany is taken by the Lombards, who set up their administration in Pavia and Lucca
781 and 786 - Charlemagne, King of the Franks, visits Florence, which has become part of the Carolingian Empire (later the Holy Roman Empire) ruled by Margraves based in Lucca
1115 - death of the last Margrave, Matilda, followed by the formation of the first Comune (the city-state) in which Florence is run by a 100-strong assembly
1235 - the Florin is first minted in silver, and then in 1252, in gold; the Florin is used as a standard coin in Europe, there is evidence of the pre-eminence of Florence in European finance
1250-60 - the Primo Popolo regime is dominated by the trade guilds
1265 - birth of Dante Alighieri in Florence
1296 - construction of the Duomo, Florence's cathedral, is begun under Arnolfo di Cambio
1302 - Dante is exiled by Charles of Valois
1340s - economic crisis, due in part to the bankruptcy of the Peruzzi and Bardi family bankers by Edward III of England and also partly to the Black Death (plague), after which the population of Florence is reduced by half
1378 - uprising of the Ciompi (wood carders), high point of labor unrest
1406 - Florence captures Pisa, gaining direct access to the sea
1458 - Cosimo de' Medici recognized as ruler of Florence
1469 - birth of Machiavelli
1469-92 - rule of Lorenzo the Magnificent, artistic highpoint
1475 - birth of Michelangelo
1478 - Pazzi conspirators scheme to have Giuliano and Lorenzo de' Medici murdered in the cathedral. Giuliano is killed but Lorenzo escapes by hiding in the sacristy
1494 - surrender of Florence to Charles VIII of France at Sarzana
1498 - Savonarola burned at the stake in Piazza della Signoria after four years of rule
1502 - Republic of Florence retakes Pisa
1570 - Cosimo I creates Tuscan state free from Pope and Holy Roman Empire
1743 - death of Anna Maria Luisa, last of the Medici, the Medici inheritance is bequeathed to Florence and becomes the basis of the Uffizi Gallery collection. Florence is then ruled by the house of Lorraine under Francis Stephen, who becomes Emperor I of Austria.
1799-1814 - Tuscany is occupied by Napoleon's troops
1865-1870 - Florence is made capital of the newly united Kingdom of Italy. King Vittorio Emmanuele is installed in Palazzo Pitti
1944 - on August 4, Germans blow up all the bridges in Florence except Ponte Vecchio
1966 - on November 4, the Arno River bursts its banks and Florence is flooded
1993 - bombing of the Uffizi Gallery
You might also like:
Did you find this article interesting? Share it!
Questions? The right place to ask is our Forum!
(questions posted on Comments below will no longer receive replies: so post on our Forum!)blog comments powered by Disqus
|
<urn:uuid:098f41b4-3f08-457d-9b00-a27852c99438>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://www.visitflorence.com/florence-history-and-culture/florence-historical-timeline.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299877.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00274-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934357
| 768
| 3.53125
| 4
|
[
7414,
382,
1198,
7443,
25,
317,
23121,
8750,
1435,
198,
1212,
318,
257,
16199,
1435,
286,
262,
1688,
2995,
326,
423,
2826,
257,
636,
287,
23610,
262,
28537,
286,
1909,
13,
198,
3270,
11843,
532,
28537,
6140,
284,
1663,
355,
257,
7993,
3240,
198,
20,
3901,
12,
19,
5984,
532,
45772,
7714,
2087,
284,
262,
7993,
7714,
11,
355,
4800,
1028,
262,
38919,
3828,
27118,
13,
40699,
635,
3170,
287,
860,
400,
11,
1367,
400,
11,
1105,
400,
11,
290,
1511,
400,
10675,
13,
198,
39254,
532,
309,
16241,
1092,
318,
2077,
416,
262,
28503,
1371,
11,
508,
900,
510,
511,
3662,
287,
24081,
544,
290,
6026,
13227,
198,
49703,
290,
767,
4521,
532,
3178,
10671,
21080,
11,
2677,
286,
262,
50099,
11,
11864,
28537,
11,
543,
468,
1716,
636,
286,
262,
5074,
278,
666,
8065,
357,
36760,
262,
7439,
7993,
8065,
8,
8879,
416,
11899,
430,
1158,
1912,
287,
6026,
13227,
198,
1157,
1314,
532,
1918,
286,
262,
938,
11899,
5758,
11,
6550,
27281,
11,
3940,
416,
262,
9978,
286,
262,
717,
955,
1726,
357,
1169,
1748,
12,
5219,
8,
287,
543,
28537,
318,
1057,
416,
257,
1802,
12,
11576,
10474,
198,
1065,
2327,
532,
262,
4432,
259,
318,
717,
21043,
276,
287,
8465,
11,
290,
788,
287,
1105,
4309,
11,
287,
3869,
26,
262,
4432,
259,
318,
973,
355,
257,
3210,
10752,
287,
2031,
11,
612,
318,
2370,
286,
262,
662,
12,
14857,
594,
286,
28537,
287,
3427,
9604,
198,
1065,
1120,
12,
1899,
532,
262,
11460,
78,
8099,
14057,
7142,
318,
13354,
416
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
My daughter made the pilgrimage to Santiago this summer. Unbelievable! I know it's supposed to be 12th century (at least the famous Gate of Glory) but it just looks different to me - almost Dutch in its elaboration.
Construction of the Cathedral started in 1075, when the town arrived to the climax of its importance. The chapel, Capilla del Salvador, is still conserved of this oldest epoch.
The second phase, after the wedding of Doña Urraca and Raimundo of Bourgogne, shows influences of french Romanesque style, as well as a style that is all Santiago's own, the so-called Románico Compostelano. The Obradoiro Facade (to which lateron were added Barroque elements) and the towers Torre de las Campanas and Torre
Through the Obradoiro Door you enter the so-called Old Cathedral, a Romanesque crypta with the first vaults of groined arches that were ever built in Spain.
The sculptures of the Portico de la Gloria, another entrance door, are considered some of the most important works of medieval art.
It has never played a large part in the medieval architecture courses I have taken and taught, perhaps because it is a mixture of styles. I'm also not a great fan of the busy Baroque style, so that's a second reason that I (probably unfairly) ignore it. I usually just use it to talk about the pilgrimage routes.
Did your daughter like her visit there?
|
<urn:uuid:49d02a9f-f74e-4371-9c21-a6f4ff98453c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-45
|
http://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1498966/replies?c=13
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890028.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025212948-20201026002948-00049.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966215
| 321
| 2.5625
| 3
|
[
3666,
4957,
925,
262,
36068,
284,
34802,
428,
3931,
13,
791,
6667,
11203,
540,
0,
314,
760,
340,
338,
4385,
284,
307,
1105,
400,
4289,
357,
265,
1551,
262,
5863,
12816,
286,
25778,
8,
475,
340,
655,
3073,
1180,
284,
502,
532,
2048,
10914,
287,
663,
12628,
341,
13,
198,
36687,
286,
262,
32536,
2067,
287,
838,
2425,
11,
618,
262,
3240,
5284,
284,
262,
30032,
286,
663,
6817,
13,
383,
43398,
11,
4476,
5049,
1619,
26482,
11,
318,
991,
4055,
276,
286,
428,
13325,
36835,
13,
198,
464,
1218,
7108,
11,
706,
262,
10614,
286,
2141,
30644,
8799,
11510,
64,
290,
371,
1385,
41204,
286,
20576,
70,
519,
710,
11,
2523,
16717,
286,
48718,
3570,
7305,
4188,
3918,
11,
355,
880,
355,
257,
3918,
326,
318,
477,
34802,
338,
898,
11,
262,
523,
12,
7174,
3570,
21162,
3713,
3082,
455,
417,
5733,
13,
383,
440,
1671,
4533,
7058,
13585,
671,
357,
1462,
543,
1568,
261,
547,
2087,
2409,
305,
4188,
4847,
8,
290,
262,
18028,
4022,
260,
390,
39990,
5425,
15991,
290,
4022,
260,
198,
15046,
262,
440,
1671,
4533,
7058,
19821,
345,
3802,
262,
523,
12,
7174,
5706,
32536,
11,
257,
3570,
7305,
4188,
8194,
64,
351,
262,
717,
410,
13185,
286,
7128,
1389,
610,
2052,
326,
547,
1683,
3170,
287,
8602,
13,
198,
464,
42645,
286,
262,
4347,
3713,
390,
8591,
38109,
11,
1194,
10384,
3420,
11,
389,
3177,
617,
286,
262,
749,
1593,
2499,
286,
19955,
1242,
13,
198,
1026,
468,
1239,
2826,
257,
1588,
636,
287,
262,
19955,
10959,
10902,
314
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Empress Go-Sakuramachi (後桜町天皇, Go-Sakuramachi-tennō, 23 September 1740 – 24 December 1813) was the 117th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. She was named after her father Emperor Sakuramachi, the word go- (後) before her name translates in this context as "later" or "second one". Her reign spanned the years from 1762 through to her abdication in 1771. The only significant event during her reign was an unsuccessful outside plot, that intended to displace the shogunate with restored Imperial powers.
Go-Sakuramachi, and her brother Emperor Momozono were the last lineal descendants of Emperor Nakamikado. She had one nephew who became Emperor Go-Momozono upon her abdication in 1771. Her nephew's reign did not last long, as he died eight years later after a serious illness with no heir to the throne. A possible succession crisis was averted when Momozono hastily adopted an heir on his deathbed upon the insistence of his aunt. In her later years, Go-Sakuramachi became a "guardian" to the adopted heir (Emperor Kōkaku) until her death in 1813. In the history of Japan, Go-Sakuramachi was the last of eight women to take on the role of empress regnant.
Events of Go-Sakuramachi's life
Before Go-Sakuramachi's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, her personal name (imina) was Toshiko (智子). Toshiko was born into the Imperial family on 23 September 1740 she was the second daughter of Emperor Sakuramachi, and her mother was Nijō Ieko (二条 舎子). Toshiko had an older sister who died at a young age, and a brother named Toohito who became Emperor Momozono upon the death of their father in 1747. The empress and her Emperor brother were the last lineal descendants of Emperor Nakamikado. Toshiko's Imperial family lived with her in the dairi of the Heian Palace, her initial pre-accession title was Isa-no-miya (以茶宮) and later Ake-no-miya (緋宮).
On 15 September 1762 Princess Toshiko acceded to the throne as Empress when her brother Emperor Momozono abdicated in her favor. Momozono's son, Prince Hidehito (later to be known as Emperor Go-Momozono) was only 5 years old at this time. Hidehito's empress aunt was expected to occupy the throne until her nephew would be able to take on the burden of responsibility. While she held the political title of Empress, it was in name only as the shoguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan. There was only one major incident during Go-Sakuramachi's reign in 1766, which involved unsuccessful plans to displace the shogunate with restored Imperial powers. While the attempt was thwarted, additional challenges to the shōgun's authority would come a decade or so later under the reign of Emperor Kōkaku. Other events in Go-Sakuramachi's life included the founding of a merchant association handling Korean ginseng in the Kanda district of Edo. The year 1770 saw a great comet (Lexell's Comet) with a very long tail light up the night skies throughout the summer and autumn. During the same year two major disasters unfolded which included a typhoon that flattened the newly built Imperial Palace in Kyoto, and the start of a 15 year consecutive drought. Go-Sakuramachi abdicated on 9 January 1771 in favor of her nephew Hidehito.
Go-Sakuramachi became a Daijō-tennō (Retired Empress) upon her abdication, but her nephew's reign as Emperor did not last long. Emperor Go-Momozono became deathly ill in 1779, and having no heir to the throne this created a potential succession crisis. Go-Sakuramachi consulted with the senior courtiers and imperial guards, and planned to accept Prince Sadayoshi of Fushimi-no-miya as an adopted son. For one reason or another the choice went instead to Prince Morohito, who was a member of the Kanin branch of the Imperial family. Morohito was the sixth son of Prince Kan'in-no-miya Sukehito (閑院宮典仁), and was supported by the Emperor's chief advisor (aka the Kampaku). Go-Momozono hastily adopted Prince Morohito, who became Emperor Kōkaku upon his death. After the throne had switched to that branch of the imperial line, Go-Sakuramachi came to be referred to as the Guardian of the Young Lord, referred to the Emperor. The largest event that took place before her death occurred in 1789, when she admonished Kōkaku for his role in a scandal involving his father's honorary title. The former empress Go-Sakuramachi died on 24 December 1813 at the age of 73.
Go-Sakuramachi's kami is enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum (misasagi), Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in this location are this empress's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi and Momozono, along with her four immediate successors – Go-Momozono, Kōkaku, Ninkō, and Kōmei.
In the history of Japan, Go-Sakuramachi was the last of eight women to take on the role of empress regnant. She is also credited with creating a book called Matters of Years in the Imperial Court (禁中年中の事, Kinchū-nenjū no koto), which consists of poems Imperial letters and Imperial chronicles. Although there were seven other reigning empresses, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline. For this reason, scholars have shown that these reigns were temporary, and argued that the male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. The sole exception to this tradition occurred when Empress Genmei was followed on the throne by her daughter, Empress Genshō. The other five women to rule as empress with male heirs include: Suiko, Kōgyoku (Saimei), Jitō, Kōken (Shōtoku), and Meishō. The debate to allow succession laws to be changed allowing for a possible future empress continue to this day, most recently with Princess Toshi in 2005.
Eras and Kugyō
The years of Go-Sakuramachi's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. While Kugyō (公卿), is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.
The following eras occurred during Go-Sakuramachi's reign:
During Go-Sakuramachi's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
|
<urn:uuid:1387d044-7bd1-4492-bd6a-823eb3332890>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-49
|
https://thtsearch.com/content/Empress_Go-Sakuramachi/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00301.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973599
| 1,714
| 2.875
| 3
|
[
36,
3149,
601,
1514,
12,
50,
461,
333,
321,
14299,
357,
36181,
234,
162,
94,
250,
18796,
118,
25465,
19021,
229,
11,
1514,
12,
50,
461,
333,
321,
14299,
12,
1452,
77,
13090,
11,
2242,
2693,
1596,
1821,
784,
1987,
3426,
1248,
1485,
8,
373,
262,
19048,
400,
10851,
286,
2869,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
4569,
1502,
286,
22435,
13,
1375,
373,
3706,
706,
607,
2988,
10851,
13231,
333,
321,
14299,
11,
262,
1573,
467,
12,
357,
36181,
234,
8,
878,
607,
1438,
23677,
287,
428,
4732,
355,
366,
36760,
1,
393,
366,
12227,
530,
1911,
2332,
13580,
599,
3577,
262,
812,
422,
1596,
5237,
832,
284,
607,
450,
67,
3299,
287,
1596,
4869,
13,
383,
691,
2383,
1785,
1141,
607,
13580,
373,
281,
23993,
2354,
7110,
11,
326,
5292,
284,
595,
5372,
262,
427,
39918,
378,
351,
15032,
11773,
5635,
13,
198,
5247,
12,
50,
461,
333,
321,
14299,
11,
290,
607,
3956,
10851,
11254,
8590,
29941,
547,
262,
938,
1627,
282,
25321,
286,
10851,
22255,
321,
1134,
4533,
13,
1375,
550,
530,
26301,
508,
2627,
10851,
1514,
12,
29252,
8590,
29941,
2402,
607,
450,
67,
3299,
287,
1596,
4869,
13,
2332,
26301,
338,
13580,
750,
407,
938,
890,
11,
355,
339,
3724,
3624,
812,
1568,
706,
257,
2726,
8526,
351,
645,
28625,
284,
262,
19262,
13,
317,
1744,
22435,
4902,
373,
9076,
1513,
618,
11254,
8590,
29941,
37205,
8197,
281,
28625,
319,
465,
1918,
3077,
2402,
262,
30696,
286,
465,
25949,
13,
554,
607,
1568,
812,
11,
1514,
12,
50,
461,
333,
321,
14299
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
BRANTFORD – How did the Johnson Settlement Tract get into the hands of Brantford? That is a question that was not talked about much when Brant and Brantford were wrestling over boundary adjustments that include a large portion of the Johnson Settlement lands. Of all the land claims involving Brant and Brantford, the Johnson
BRANTFORD – How did the Johnson Settlement Tract get into the hands of Brantford?
That is a question that was not talked about much when Brant and Brantford were wrestling over boundary adjustments that include a large portion of the Johnson Settlement lands.
Of all the land claims involving Brant and Brantford, the Johnson Settlement is one of the most documented.
Historical records clearly show Six Nations Chiefs had no intention of letting go of the 7,000 acre Johnson Settlement, a position still held by both the Six Nations Elected Band Council and the traditional Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council.
The following is a chronology of how this and similarly other parcels of land in and around Brantford were illegally acquired.
This and 28 other claims were prepared and submitted for settlement in 1989 and accepted as a legitimate land claim. The government’s obvious dragging of heals pushed the Elected Band Council to formally launch litigation against Canada in 1995, seeking settlement of the list of claims researched by Six Nations lands researcher Phil Monture.
The federal government used the lawsuit as an excuse to close all of these land claim files. They have been collecting dust while Brant and Brantford have been collecting taxes and other income from Six Nations land without any form of compensation to Six Nations.
The idea of leasing Haldimand Proclamation land instead of selling it came from the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada in October of 1829 to address the controversy of the late Joseph Brant selling off large tracts of land within the Haldimand Grant lands for the benefit of the Six Nations.
Around the same time, Six Nations was considering surrendering land for what would become the Brantford Town Plot, but it came with a very important caveat; the surrender did not include the Johnson Tract. The surrender of the plot was given under the condition that the Governor remove settler squatters from the Haldimand Tract and relocate them there.
The Chiefs expressed specifically that the Johnson Tract be leased on short-term leases and not sold, to ensure perpetual income for the Six Nations people.
In 1830, the Town Plot was surrendered and surveyed by Lewis Burwell and John Brant, with proceeds of the sale of these lots intended to go to the Six Nations Trust Fund. But many of the squatters did not comply and remained squatting on the Haldimand Tract “Indian” lands.
Once building began, the terms of the surrender were quickly forgotten. Some lots were sold legally, some only a partial payment was made and others have no record of a transaction to account for at all. Either way, all the money did not go to the Trust fund but was used for the building of Canada’s infrastructure, without permission or even the knowledge of the sitting chiefs.
In April of 1835, the Six Nations Chiefs Council agreed to sell off the Town Plot, but not the Johnson Settlement. In 1839, through an Act of Parliament and public notices squatters were ordered off Six Nations land. Several other orders were released, but the squatters remained.
Documents from 1840 show there was no real intent to remove the settlers, and in fact some government employees were advising squatters to stay and they would get first dibs on the land once it came up for sale.
In 1840, Canada came up with the suggestion to promise that the people of Six Nations would be looked after and cared for forever should they surrender all the Haldimand Tract land except for that which they wished to keep for themselves and future generations. The Chiefs refused.
A document dated January 18, 1841, reflects Six Nations desire to keep the Johnson Tract separate from the Town Plot lands.
In 1841, Samuel Jarvis orchestrated a so-called surrender of all Haldimand Tract lands except that which they wanted to retain for themselves. The people of Six Nations rejected it immediately because it contained the signatures of only six chiefs, rather than the 50 required by Haudenosaunee law. One of those chiefs later revealed that he was promised land if he signed it. He later recanted.
That ignited tensions between Six Nations, settlers and the government itself, which recognized the angry petitions from Six Nations and quashed the 1841 “surrender” ordering a redraft, which was presented in 1844. This time the document contained the signatures or marks of 48 names, said to be chiefs. This document has been a bone of contention ever since, but even if it were upheld to be a true surrender; it too excludes the Johnson Tract.
June 24, 1843, the Confederacy finally agreed to let out the Johnson Tract lands, but on short term leases only. In July of 1843, Samuel Jarvis confirms in a letter to Burwell that Six Nations will not surrender the Johnson tract for sale, but would lease under certain conditions.
An Order in Council dated Oct. 4, 1843 confirms the short term leasing of lots on the Johnson tract and further assures Six Nations that the Government has “no wish to procure the surrender of any portion of the lands against the lands” in question.
Jarvis himself was removed from his office shortly after the so-called 1844 surrender after three investigations into fraud, embezzlement and breach of duty. But his fraudulent surrender remains the only document Canada has to support its case. That, and a document dated July 30, 1851, from David Thorburn who obviously helped bully the sale through, despite having no map, no formal surrender and without the free will of the Six Nations people to do so.
And that is how the Johnson Tract got into the hands of Brantford/Brant.
|
<urn:uuid:a5d9df14-e2b8-4718-99ce-246a7c7573cb>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-04
|
https://tworowtimes.com/news/local/johnson-settlement-still-six-nations-land/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703533863.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123032629-20210123062629-00545.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968701
| 1,244
| 2.875
| 3
|
[
11473,
8643,
37,
12532,
784,
1374,
750,
262,
5030,
45404,
309,
974,
651,
656,
262,
2832,
286,
1709,
415,
3841,
30,
1320,
318,
257,
1808,
326,
373,
407,
6619,
546,
881,
618,
1709,
415,
290,
1709,
415,
3841,
547,
16381,
625,
18645,
16895,
326,
2291,
257,
1588,
6903,
286,
262,
5030,
45404,
8604,
13,
3226,
477,
262,
1956,
3667,
7411,
1709,
415,
290,
1709,
415,
3841,
11,
262,
5030,
198,
11473,
8643,
37,
12532,
784,
1374,
750,
262,
5030,
45404,
309,
974,
651,
656,
262,
2832,
286,
1709,
415,
3841,
30,
198,
2504,
318,
257,
1808,
326,
373,
407,
6619,
546,
881,
618,
1709,
415,
290,
1709,
415,
3841,
547,
16381,
625,
18645,
16895,
326,
2291,
257,
1588,
6903,
286,
262,
5030,
45404,
8604,
13,
198,
5189,
477,
262,
1956,
3667,
7411,
1709,
415,
290,
1709,
415,
3841,
11,
262,
5030,
45404,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
12395,
13,
198,
13749,
12409,
4406,
4084,
905,
9699,
7973,
18733,
550,
645,
6778,
286,
9616,
467,
286,
262,
767,
11,
830,
31244,
5030,
45404,
11,
257,
2292,
991,
2714,
416,
1111,
262,
9699,
7973,
5903,
276,
10243,
4281,
290,
262,
4569,
367,
3885,
28380,
1942,
1453,
45252,
18733,
4281,
13,
198,
464,
1708,
318,
257,
16199,
1435,
286,
703,
428,
290,
12470,
584,
49796,
286,
1956,
287,
290,
1088,
1709,
415,
3841,
547,
15572,
9477,
13,
198,
1212,
290,
2579,
584,
3667,
547,
5597,
290,
8948,
329,
9443,
287,
11104,
290,
6292,
355,
257,
9829,
1956,
1624,
13,
383,
1230,
447,
247,
82,
3489,
25046,
286,
38673,
7121
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Introduction to the Topic – Electronic Voting Machines
Since the late 1990s, electronic voting machines have been used in many voting precincts throughout the United States. Instead of using a paper ballot, these machines allow voters to cast their ballots electronically. Electronic voting machines have been touted as a more efficient and secure way to vote, but they have also been criticized. Some people have raised concerns about the security of the voting machines and the potential for fraud. Others have argued that electronic voting machines are not as accurate as paper ballots.
There are two main types of electronic voting machines: direct recording electronic machines (DREs) and optical scan machines. DREs are the most common type of electronic voting machine. They allow voters to cast their ballots by touching a screen or using a keypad. Optical scan machines scan paper ballots that the voters have filled outline, then read the ballots and tallied the votes.
Supporters of electronic voting machines argue that they are more efficient than paper ballots. The machines allow voters to cast their ballots quickly and easily. They also argue that the devices are more secure than paper ballots. Critics of electronic voting machines argue that the machines are not as accurate as paper ballots. They say that the machines are more susceptible to fraud and can be difficult to use.
Origin of Electronic Voting Machines
The first electronic voting machine was developed in the early 1960s by Professor Seymour Papert of MIT. His machine, called the LOGOtron, was designed to allow children to vote in a simulated election.
The Design of Electronic Voting Machines
The design of electronic voting machines must consider that humans will use them. The machines must be easy to use and easy to understand. They should be simple enough that even people not technologically savvy people can use them.
The machines should also be reliable. They should not malfunction or produce incorrect results. They should be secure so that people can’t hack into them and change the results.
Few Advantages of EVM
- Increased transparency and accountability of the electoral process as all transactions are recorded and publicly auditable.
- Increased accuracy of vote counting as each vote is recorded on a tamper-proof blockchain.
- Reduced electoral fraud as all votes are publicly verifiable.
- Reduced costs of the the the electoral process as EVM eliminates the need for manual vote counting and other manual tasks.
Other Full Forms:
- USSR Full Form
- ATS Full Form
- BFSI Full Form
- ELISA Full Form
- SPM Full Form
- RDX Full Form
- SENSEX Full Form
- FHR Full Form
- DNS Full Form
What types of property can be appraised?
Any type of real property can be appraised. This includes, but is not limited to, residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, as well as vacant land.
What is the purpose of an appraisal?
The purpose of an appraisal is to estimate the value of a property. This estimate can be used for a variety of purposes, such as taxation, insurance, or sale.
Who hires an appraiser?
The person who hires an appraiser is typically the owner of the property being appraised. However, an appraiser may also be hired by a lender to appraise a property that is being used as collateral for a loan.
What is the appraiser's responsibility?
The appraiser's responsibility is to provide an unbiased estimate of the value of the property. This estimate should be based on a thorough evaluation of the property and the current market conditions.
What are the appraiser's qualifications?
To become a licensed appraiser, a person must meet certain qualifications. These qualifications vary from state to state, but typically include education and experience in real estate appraisal.
Other Allied Concepts:
Who is the Current Election Commissioner of India?
The Election Commissioner of India is Sushil Chandra.
When were the EVM Machines first introduced in India?
The EVM machines were first introduced in India in the year 2000.
What are the advantages of using EVMs?
- Increased accuracy – With EVMs, the chances of inaccurate voting are reduced as the machines are not susceptible to human error.
- Increased speed – EVMs can process votes much faster than traditional methods, such as paper ballots.
- Increased security – EVMs are much more difficult to hack than traditional voting methods.
- Increased efficiency – EVMs reduce the time needed to count votes and reduce the chances of incorrect vote counting.
How are elections conducted in India?
The elections in India are conducted in a very democratic way. The election commission of India conducts the elections in a very systematic way. The election commission is an autonomous constitutional body. The elections are conducted in phases. The election commission has set up a model code of conduct for the candidates and the political parties.
|
<urn:uuid:aa54b816-04e3-43e5-8e43-8750853ab182>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-40
|
https://infinitylearn.com/surge/full-form/evm-full-form/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337371.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003003804-20221003033804-00796.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962795
| 1,003
| 3.578125
| 4
|
[
21906,
284,
262,
47373,
784,
19508,
30061,
31182,
198,
6385,
262,
2739,
6303,
82,
11,
7914,
6709,
8217,
423,
587,
973,
287,
867,
6709,
47564,
3690,
262,
1578,
1829,
13,
5455,
286,
1262,
257,
3348,
11100,
11,
777,
8217,
1249,
4446,
284,
3350,
511,
20103,
35427,
13,
19508,
6709,
8217,
423,
587,
28275,
355,
257,
517,
6942,
290,
5713,
835,
284,
3015,
11,
475,
484,
423,
635,
587,
12318,
13,
2773,
661,
423,
4376,
4786,
546,
262,
2324,
286,
262,
6709,
8217,
290,
262,
2785,
329,
7394,
13,
12691,
423,
7189,
326,
7914,
6709,
8217,
389,
407,
355,
7187,
355,
3348,
20103,
13,
198,
1858,
389,
734,
1388,
3858,
286,
7914,
6709,
8217,
25,
1277,
8296,
7914,
8217,
357,
35,
2200,
82,
8,
290,
18480,
9367,
8217,
13,
360,
2200,
82,
389,
262,
749,
2219,
2099,
286,
7914,
6709,
4572,
13,
1119,
1249,
4446,
284,
3350,
511,
20103,
416,
15241,
257,
3159,
393,
1262,
257,
1994,
15636,
13,
49593,
9367,
8217,
9367,
3348,
20103,
326,
262,
4446,
423,
5901,
19001,
11,
788,
1100,
262,
20103,
290,
48729,
262,
5690,
13,
198,
49422,
286,
7914,
6709,
8217,
7267,
326,
484,
389,
517,
6942,
621,
3348,
20103,
13,
383,
8217,
1249,
4446,
284,
3350,
511,
20103,
2952,
290,
3538,
13,
1119,
635,
7267,
326,
262,
4410,
389,
517,
5713,
621,
3348,
20103,
13,
33385,
286,
7914,
6709,
8217,
7267,
326,
262,
8217,
389,
407,
355,
7187,
355,
3348,
20103,
13,
1119,
910,
326,
262,
8217,
389,
517,
22084,
284,
7394,
290,
460,
307,
2408,
284,
779,
13,
198
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
(Natural News) Experts warn Washington residents to seek higher ground when a large earthquake hits the Pacific coast.
The Washington Department of Natural Resources (WA-DNR) simulated a magnitude 9 earthquake located inc the Cascadia Suboduction Zone. Their simulations showed that the quake could trigger a powerful tsunami that can overwhelm Washington’s coastal and shoreline communities.
The first wave can travel quickly; coastal locations will be washed over by a massive tsunami less than 30 minutes after the quake has hit.
“We recommend people to plan their evacuation routes and know where high ground is and how to get there,” said WA-DNR Chief Hazards Geologist Corina Allen.
The initial wave will arrive a few hours later in highly populated areas such as Seattle.
Allen advised people to stay in a safe location even after the first wave has subsided. A tsunami is a multi-wave event, which means it comes in a series of waves that can persist for hours to days, according to the WA-DNR.
Tsunami inundates Washington coast
The Cascadia Subduction Zone megathrust fault is a dipping fault that stretches 620 miles from Northern Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino in northern California. Major earthquakes located in Cascadia occur every 300 to 600 years. And it has been 320 years since the last magnitude 9 earthquake in 1700.
“There is no earthquake season. It could happen today, it could happen tomorrow or 50 years from now,” said Allen.
Geologists at the WA-DNR developed computer simulations to assess hazard risk in the event of a magnitude 9 earthquake. The simulations showed that Washington’s outer coast will be hit by the initial wave 15 to 20 minutes after the ground starts shaking. The initial and succeeding waves could reach 10 feet or higher.
Grays Harbor and the Willapa Bays will be the most affected among nine coastal communities, which include Washington Coast, Bellingham and the San Juan Islands.
Inner coastal areas will have more time to evacuate to higher ground. The initial wave will hit Seattle about two hours and 20 minutes after the initial quake. Tacoma will have its first wave 20 minutes after Seattle while Olympia will have its first wave four hours after the quake.
“[The wavefront] splits at around Port Townsend and heads north into Bellingham and the San Juan Islands and then it heads south down the Hood Canal into Seattle, Tacoma and down into Olympia,” explained Allen.
Besides the tsunami, Washington residents will also be dealing with damage resulting from the earthquake. The WA-DNR warned of falling debris, collapsed buildings and damaged roadways.
Catastrophic Cascadia earthquake
Federal officials previously conducted an earthquake and tsunami drill in the Pacific Northwest states. The drill, part of a four-day preparation event called Cascadia Rising, was done in the event of a magnitude 9 earthquake 95 miles off the coast of Oregon.
The hypothetical quake is located in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and is expected to generate a tsunami. Authorities projected that such a dual disaster can cause 14,100 casualties and 24,000 injured people.
An official spearheading the drill said that when the Cascadia ruptures, it can cause “a catastrophe like nothing we have ever seen.”
Scientists estimate that there’s a 37 percent likelihood of an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 and above occurring along Cascadia in the next 50 years. Intense shaking is expected to be felt throughout the Pacific Northwest. (Related: Scientists warn about wave of catastrophic earthquakes about to be unleashed from enormous hole discovered in ocean floor.)
Subduction zones, regions in which a tectonic plate moves beneath a heavier plate, are responsible for many of the world’s biggest earthquakes. The 2004 earthquake and tsunami in the Indian Ocean was caused by seismic movements emanating from a subduction zone. The quake killed nearly 230,000 people from several nations.
Disaster.news has more on scenarios of a major earthquake along Cascadia.
|
<urn:uuid:bf4e4821-38cd-4318-8f21-66ba56e1bbf3>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-21
|
https://naturalnews.com/2020-09-06-cascadia-earthquake-tsunami-flood-washington-coast.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662552994.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523011006-20220523041006-00137.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950176
| 834
| 3.015625
| 3
|
[
7,
35364,
3000,
8,
36095,
9828,
2669,
5085,
284,
5380,
2440,
2323,
618,
257,
1588,
16295,
7127,
262,
8211,
7051,
13,
198,
464,
2669,
2732,
286,
12068,
13864,
357,
15543,
12,
35,
24723,
8,
28590,
257,
14735,
860,
16295,
5140,
753,
262,
327,
3372,
29523,
3834,
375,
8110,
13035,
13,
5334,
27785,
3751,
326,
262,
36606,
714,
7616,
257,
3665,
31019,
326,
460,
43334,
2669,
447,
247,
82,
17475,
290,
15191,
1370,
5348,
13,
198,
464,
717,
6769,
460,
3067,
2952,
26,
17475,
7064,
481,
307,
18989,
625,
416,
257,
4858,
31019,
1342,
621,
1542,
2431,
706,
262,
36606,
468,
2277,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1135,
4313,
661,
284,
1410,
511,
24663,
11926,
290,
760,
810,
1029,
2323,
318,
290,
703,
284,
651,
612,
11,
447,
251,
531,
16400,
12,
35,
24723,
5953,
17064,
1371,
2269,
7451,
2744,
1437,
9659,
13,
198,
464,
4238,
6769,
481,
9240,
257,
1178,
2250,
1568,
287,
4047,
22331,
3006,
884,
355,
7312,
13,
198,
39989,
13030,
661,
284,
2652,
287,
257,
3338,
4067,
772,
706,
262,
717,
6769,
468,
6352,
1384,
13,
317,
31019,
318,
257,
5021,
12,
19204,
1785,
11,
543,
1724,
340,
2058,
287,
257,
2168,
286,
9813,
326,
460,
21160,
329,
2250,
284,
1528,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
16400,
12,
35,
24723,
13,
198,
51,
19155,
6277,
43431,
689,
2669,
7051,
198,
464,
327,
3372,
29523,
3834,
11124,
13035,
17243,
776,
11469,
8046,
318,
257,
43144,
8046,
326,
23687,
45469,
4608,
422,
8342,
10930,
5451,
284,
15725,
20442,
420,
2879,
287,
7840,
3442,
13,
8386,
29781,
5140
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
A story is told of a country far from here that imposed stringent conditions on those who wanted to emigrate. Only so much could be taken. There was a strict weight limit.
Much effort was expended to determine what was superfluous and needed to be discarded.
One family, waiting for hours at the point of departure, finally reached the head of the line and handed the officer a lengthy list detailing articles of clothing and household goods. They had pared down their belongings to what they considered essentials, and happily and barely made the weight limit. The question that the officer asked took them aback: “Why did you forget to weigh your children?"
Immediately, priorities were reshuffled. Suddenly it was evident nothing was more important than the children.
That is why the startling images of toddlers housed in pen-like structures with aluminum sheets for blankets and orders to their caregivers not to touch them were so upsetting. President Donald Trump signed an executive order halting such separations none too soon.
I grew up with the belief that America was a welcoming country. My classmates and I were taught Emma Lazarus’ sonnet “The New Colossus”: “Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me: I lift my lamp beside the golden door.”
American inclusion was celebrated. The Jewish Russian immigrant Israel Isadore Baline, whose family fled anti-Semitic pogroms, wrote a song to express his gratitude for all he owed this country. By then he had changed his name to Irving Berlin. The second stanza of his song is familiar: “God bless America, land that I love. Stand beside her, and guide her, through the night with a light from above. From the mountains, to the prairies, to the oceans white with foam, God bless America, my home sweet home.”
However, another reality pierces this treasured image of America standing for inclusion. In 1882, the year before Lazarus first publicly read her poem, now found on the base of the Statue of Liberty, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed. It was a reaction to fears that workers from the Far East would unfairly compete with the American labor force. The legislation was meant to last for a decade, but various changes caused the law to persist until 1943.
Jon Meachem, in his book, “The Soul of America,” traces an anti-immigrant strain in America all the way back to President John Adams, who signed the Alien and Sedition Act. As Meachem explains, “The legislation increased the number of years applicants for citizenship had to wait and authorized the president to deport any foreigner he deemed dangerous to the country.”
In 1939, the Wagner Rogers Bill was introduced to allow 20,000 Jewish children persecuted by the Nazis to enter outside of strict immigration quotas. Although it garnered support from a diverse group of notables, including President Herbert Hoover, a more powerful network of nativist opponents eventually killed it. Laura Delano Houghteling, wife of the U.S. commissioner of immigration, summarized the prevalent sentiment when she exclaimed, “20,000 charming children will all too soon grow into 20,000 ugly adults.”
Children, charming or not, are especially susceptible to trauma. There is no greater trauma than separation from family. There is empirical proof of this, as documented in the book “Children and War,” which describes how millions of youngsters in Great Britain were evacuated during World War II in what was called Operation Pied Piper. The mass evacuations were intended to keep British children safe from German air raids. The research shows that this separation from family caused a trauma more severe than if they had stayed home.
Today, in the United States, there are still hundreds of children waiting to be reunited with their parents.
The current immigration crisis has now become a political wedge issue — and we will find out which vision of America will prevail. In the meantime, we will continue to hear competing statistics about zero tolerance, open borders, crime and cost. But statistics are only facts washed of tears. Sadly, in the coming months, many more tears will be shed for innocent, victimized children.
Leslie Y. Gutterman is rabbi emeritus of Temple Beth-El, in Providence.
|
<urn:uuid:cdf2a226-a134-4554-af1d-5aafd95e8424>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-18
|
https://www.providencejournal.com/opinion/20180712/my-turn-leslie-y-gutterman-this-should-be-welcoming-country?rssfeed=true
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517745.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418161426-20190418182425-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976568
| 882
| 2.84375
| 3
|
[
32,
1621,
318,
1297,
286,
257,
1499,
1290,
422,
994,
326,
10893,
32791,
3403,
319,
883,
508,
2227,
284,
795,
42175,
13,
5514,
523,
881,
714,
307,
2077,
13,
1318,
373,
257,
7646,
3463,
4179,
13,
198,
20045,
3626,
373,
37328,
284,
5004,
644,
373,
48713,
516,
290,
2622,
284,
307,
25148,
13,
198,
3198,
1641,
11,
4953,
329,
2250,
379,
262,
966,
286,
12928,
11,
3443,
4251,
262,
1182,
286,
262,
1627,
290,
10158,
262,
3818,
257,
16452,
1351,
22976,
6685,
286,
9528,
290,
6641,
7017,
13,
1119,
550,
279,
1144,
866,
511,
30985,
284,
644,
484,
3177,
41954,
11,
290,
18177,
290,
8523,
925,
262,
3463,
4179,
13,
383,
1808,
326,
262,
3818,
1965,
1718,
606,
50147,
25,
564,
250,
5195,
750,
345,
6044,
284,
10164,
534,
1751,
1701,
198,
3546,
23802,
11,
15369,
547,
27179,
1648,
992,
13,
24975,
340,
373,
10678,
2147,
373,
517,
1593,
621,
262,
1751,
13,
198,
2504,
318,
1521,
262,
28027,
4263,
286,
50142,
23707,
287,
3112,
12,
2339,
8573,
351,
15955,
15747,
329,
34794,
290,
6266,
284,
511,
45044,
407,
284,
3638,
606,
547,
523,
38423,
13,
1992,
3759,
1301,
4488,
281,
4640,
1502,
45588,
884,
2880,
602,
4844,
1165,
2582,
13,
198,
40,
6348,
510,
351,
262,
4901,
326,
2253,
373,
257,
22516,
1499,
13,
2011,
28999,
290,
314,
547,
7817,
18966,
49093,
447,
247,
3367,
3262,
564,
250,
464,
968,
44920,
447,
251,
25,
564,
250,
25206,
777,
11,
262,
10463,
11,
20218,
395,
12,
83,
793,
276,
284,
502,
25,
314,
10303,
616,
20450
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
He included the process of making law and breaking law within the concept of criminology definition of terms legally, food waste photo essay crimes usually are defined as acts or omissions forbidden by criminals deifnition essay law that can be punished by imprisonment and/or fine. if criminals deifnition essay jurors (the members of a jury) find a defendant guilty, then that person must be punished. the veldt essay thesis expmles one of the most influential forces in the development of humanity is religion the official crimes statistics criminology research paper apa outline essay. more accurately, essay my country pakistan essay it is research papers on marijuana the study of crime as a social trend, and its overall origins, its many manifestations rcm business plan and its impact upon society as a whole. popular questions. thesis: the purpose of criminal sanctions was to make the offender give retribution for harm done and expiate his moral guilt; punishment was to be meted out in proportion to the guilt of the accused oct 18, 2013 · a definition essay is a type of academic writing that criminals deifnition essay youtube essay writing explains what a writing about yourself examples term or a concept means. anonymous many people are too scared to leave their home what is an reflective essay because of a fear of crime. jury. studying creative writing introduction: article shared by. definition of humanity. chapter i. legal definition of crime criminology essay – ukessays.com legal definition of crime criminology essay. an arraignment is criminals deifnition essay the …. essay: criminal justice 1 page.
|
<urn:uuid:01fb9feb-d609-43b3-956e-76ab6e843bf2>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
http://essaywritekd.com/2020/10/05/criminals-deifnition-essay_hf/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374217.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306004859-20210306034859-00041.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946929
| 327
| 3.25
| 3
|
[
1544,
3017,
262,
1429,
286,
1642,
1099,
290,
7163,
1099,
1626,
262,
3721,
286,
3606,
259,
1435,
6770,
286,
2846,
11119,
11,
2057,
7030,
4590,
14268,
6741,
3221,
389,
5447,
355,
6529,
393,
267,
8481,
19467,
416,
12954,
390,
361,
77,
653,
14268,
1099,
326,
460,
307,
16851,
416,
16510,
290,
14,
273,
3734,
13,
611,
12954,
390,
361,
77,
653,
14268,
28792,
357,
1169,
1866,
286,
257,
9002,
8,
1064,
257,
11304,
6717,
11,
788,
326,
1048,
1276,
307,
16851,
13,
262,
1569,
335,
83,
14268,
21554,
1033,
76,
829,
530,
286,
262,
749,
14212,
3386,
287,
262,
2478,
286,
9265,
318,
5737,
262,
1743,
6741,
7869,
3606,
259,
1435,
2267,
3348,
2471,
64,
19001,
14268,
13,
517,
14351,
11,
14268,
616,
1499,
279,
461,
4103,
14268,
340,
318,
2267,
9473,
319,
5727,
262,
2050,
286,
4065,
355,
257,
1919,
5182,
11,
290,
663,
4045,
15587,
11,
663,
867,
38538,
374,
11215,
1597,
1410,
290,
663,
2928,
2402,
3592,
355,
257,
2187,
13,
2968,
2683,
13,
21554,
25,
262,
4007,
286,
4301,
9388,
373,
284,
787,
262,
19595,
1577,
40788,
329,
4419,
1760,
290,
1033,
9386,
465,
6573,
14934,
26,
9837,
373,
284,
307,
1138,
276,
503,
287,
9823,
284,
262,
14934,
286,
262,
5371,
19318,
1248,
11,
2211,
14128,
257,
6770,
14268,
318,
257,
2099,
286,
8233,
3597,
326,
12954,
390,
361,
77,
653,
14268,
35116,
14268,
3597,
6688,
644,
257,
3597,
546,
3511,
6096,
3381,
393,
257,
3721,
1724,
13,
11614,
867,
661,
389,
1165,
12008,
284,
2666,
511,
1363,
644,
318,
281
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Technology gives eyes the write stuff
Read my eyes People who have lost the ability to use their arms and legs may soon be able to "write" with their eyes with the help of new technology developed in France.
The eye-writing technology tricks the neuromuscular machinery into doing something that is usually impossible: to voluntarily produce smooth eye movements in arbitrary directions.
"For persons deprived of limb movement, this offers a fast, creative, and personal means of linguistic and emotional expression," Dr Jean Lorenceau, director of research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) says in a paper published today in Current Biology.
Lorenceau's technology uses an infrared eye-tracker mounted on top of the head to record eye movements. Custom software creates an interactive visual display.
After three, 30-minute practice sessions, most people involved in the study could make their eye move smoothly to draw cursive letters, numbers and even their signature on to the screen.
Like invisible ink, they couldn't see their letters but only a series of flickering white and black dots on a grey background.
These dots create an illusion called 'reverse phi motion,' making it seem like the screen is moving in the same direction as the eyes.
It's this illusion that allows people to make smooth eye movements in any direction they like, says Lorenceau.
You can track a moving car smoothly, explains Lorenceau, but with a non-moving background like a building our eyes make jerky movements called saccades as they rush to focus on one spot and then another.
"If you try to smoothly move your eyes, this reveals to be impossible," he says. "The visual system that we have requires a moving target [to make smooth eye movements]."
Training in eye awareness
Generally, people know what they see, but are not aware of how their eyes are moving, says Lorenceau.
"This display is the opposite, you don't pay attention to what you see, but what you do with your eyes," he says.
He speculates that training with the technology could also improve eye control for people with dyslexia and experts who rely on excellent vision such as surgeons and athletes.
However, he is quick to add training did not work with everyone. In the small group of six, only four could master the technique.
Small study looks promising
Associate Professor Mike Horsley, Learning & Teaching Education Research Centre director at CQUniversity, says the research is promising.
"He's thought of this particular issue in saccade movement in a completely different way," he says.
"The next stage for [Lorenceau] and his team is to use more subjects and find out if people can really do it."
Horsley says eye-tracking research is growing with the first EyeTrack Australia Conference held recently and the variety of applications of eye-tracking research "was pretty amazing".
|
<urn:uuid:67e14caa-a0f6-4f1f-8f17-eae67a77692e>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-17
|
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2012/07/27/3554096.htm?topic=energy
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945855.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423070455-20180423090455-00087.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959263
| 609
| 3.203125
| 3
|
[
44893,
3607,
2951,
262,
3551,
3404,
198,
5569,
616,
2951,
4380,
508,
423,
2626,
262,
2694,
284,
779,
511,
5101,
290,
7405,
743,
2582,
307,
1498,
284,
366,
13564,
1,
351,
511,
2951,
351,
262,
1037,
286,
649,
3037,
4166,
287,
4881,
13,
198,
464,
4151,
12,
16502,
3037,
15910,
262,
11943,
296,
385,
10440,
20230,
656,
1804,
1223,
326,
318,
3221,
5340,
25,
284,
22295,
4439,
7209,
4151,
8650,
287,
14977,
11678,
13,
198,
1,
1890,
6506,
26215,
286,
25035,
3356,
11,
428,
4394,
257,
3049,
11,
7325,
11,
290,
2614,
1724,
286,
29929,
290,
7016,
5408,
553,
1583,
11320,
15639,
1198,
559,
11,
3437,
286,
2267,
379,
262,
9072,
2351,
390,
8591,
3311,
372,
2395,
9898,
361,
2350,
357,
34,
41256,
8,
1139,
287,
257,
3348,
3199,
1909,
287,
9236,
24698,
13,
198,
43,
382,
1198,
559,
338,
3037,
3544,
281,
30624,
4151,
12,
2213,
10735,
12623,
319,
1353,
286,
262,
1182,
284,
1700,
4151,
8650,
13,
8562,
3788,
8075,
281,
14333,
5874,
3359,
13,
198,
3260,
1115,
11,
1542,
12,
11374,
3357,
10991,
11,
749,
661,
2950,
287,
262,
2050,
714,
787,
511,
4151,
1445,
21461,
284,
3197,
13882,
425,
7475,
11,
3146,
290,
772,
511,
9877,
319,
284,
262,
3159,
13,
198,
7594,
14836,
16882,
11,
484,
3521,
470,
766,
511,
7475,
475,
691,
257,
2168,
286,
50104,
2330,
290,
2042,
22969,
319,
257,
13791,
4469,
13,
198,
4711,
22969,
2251,
281,
17878,
1444,
705,
50188,
872,
72,
6268,
4032,
1642,
340,
1283,
588,
262,
3159,
318,
3867,
287,
262,
976,
4571
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
For many people who have one or more missing teeth, getting them replaced isn’t really a high priority. If they aren’t easily seen or causing issues with eating or speaking, then why spend the money on dental work? Unfortunately, tooth loss can lead to several negative consequences if left untreated for a long time, allowing a small problem to turn into a major health issue. However, dental implants in Lincoln can help not only restore the teeth, but stop all of these consequences from developing in the first place. How, and why does replacing your teeth matter so much in the first place? Read on to learn more.
The Inevitable Effects of Tooth Loss
When a tooth goes missing, people have to deal with more than just a gap in their smile. Untreated tooth loss can also lead to:
- Bone Degeneration: The jawbone that used to hold the tooth will naturally start to shrink and change shape over time as the body resorbs nutrients from it. This can lead to a sunken appearance and even cause the remaining teeth to shift and misalign.
- Chewing Problems: It’s difficult to eat fibrous vegetables and cooked meats without a full set of teeth, forcing some people to consume a diet mostly consisting of less nutritious foods, which can harm overall health.
- Wear & Tear: When one tooth goes missing, the others have to pick up the slack when it comes to breaking down food. This exposes them to additional stress which can cause them to wear down faster, leading to chips and cracks.
- Speech Issues: Many people with missing teeth develop an uncontrollable lisp or whistle with every word they say.
- Negative Self-Image: It’s easy to feel self-conscious about missing teeth, especially if they can be easily seen whenever a person speaks or smiles.
How Dental Implants Can Help
Traditional tooth replacements typically only restore the visible portion of the tooth, or the crown, which can solve many of the problems touched on above, but there is a big one that they can’t: bone degeneration. This is because the root of a tooth is also extremely important to someone’s oral health and function. This is where dental implants distinguish themselves from all other treatments.
Implants are the only replacement option that restores both the root and the crown. A titanium post is placed into the jawbone, and this actually increases blood flow to the area and encourages the growth of new bone, leading to a stronger and healthier jaw (which in turn prevents the remaining teeth from drifting out of place). As a result, a patient will not only enjoy a full and confident smile again, but they can trust that it will stay that way as well!
Are Dental Implants Right For You?
Whether you are missing just one or several teeth, dental implants can be used as an effective replacement. As long as you have stable overall health, decent dental health, and a strong enough jawbone to support the new roots, then you’re likely a good candidate for the treatment. Patients with thinner jawbones can also undergo a bone graft to make them viable for implants if needed.
In any case, if you have missing teeth, it’s best not to wait for problems to develop before trying to have them replaced. A proactive approach is best, and nothing will rebuild your smile more completely than dental implants. To learn more about this treatment and how it could help you, be sure to contact an implant dentist in your area.
About the Author
Dr. Chris Haag is a general, cosmetic, and implant dentist who has been practicing in Lincoln since 1992. To learn more about dental implants and other tooth replacement options that can help rebuild and protect your smile, he can be contacted through his website for questions.
|
<urn:uuid:39a0815e-71fa-4f77-a59e-5cc352b5024c>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://www.pioneergreensdentistry.com/blog/how-dental-implants-stop-the-effects-of-missing-teeth/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331228.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826064622-20190826090622-00285.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949713
| 778
| 2.796875
| 3
|
[
1890,
867,
661,
508,
423,
530,
393,
517,
4814,
9941,
11,
1972,
606,
6928,
2125,
447,
247,
83,
1107,
257,
1029,
8475,
13,
1002,
484,
3588,
447,
247,
83,
3538,
1775,
393,
6666,
2428,
351,
6600,
393,
5486,
11,
788,
1521,
4341,
262,
1637,
319,
22727,
670,
30,
8989,
11,
16162,
2994,
460,
1085,
284,
1811,
4633,
6948,
611,
1364,
41539,
329,
257,
890,
640,
11,
5086,
257,
1402,
1917,
284,
1210,
656,
257,
1688,
1535,
2071,
13,
2102,
11,
22727,
35223,
287,
12406,
460,
1037,
407,
691,
11169,
262,
9941,
11,
475,
2245,
477,
286,
777,
6948,
422,
5922,
287,
262,
717,
1295,
13,
1374,
11,
290,
1521,
857,
13586,
534,
9941,
2300,
523,
881,
287,
262,
717,
1295,
30,
4149,
319,
284,
2193,
517,
13,
198,
464,
554,
1990,
4674,
17417,
286,
46380,
22014,
198,
2215,
257,
16162,
2925,
4814,
11,
661,
423,
284,
1730,
351,
517,
621,
655,
257,
7625,
287,
511,
8212,
13,
26970,
15978,
16162,
2994,
460,
635,
1085,
284,
25,
198,
12,
21717,
1024,
20158,
25,
383,
19218,
15992,
326,
973,
284,
1745,
262,
16162,
481,
8752,
923,
284,
22085,
290,
1487,
5485,
625,
640,
355,
262,
1767,
581,
273,
1443,
20901,
422,
340,
13,
770,
460,
1085,
284,
257,
24790,
268,
5585,
290,
772,
2728,
262,
5637,
9941,
284,
6482,
290,
2984,
31494,
13,
198,
12,
2580,
5469,
32093,
25,
632,
447,
247,
82,
2408,
284,
4483,
12900,
7596,
13701,
290,
15847,
32219,
1231,
257,
1336,
900,
286,
9941,
11,
10833,
617,
661,
284,
15000,
257,
5496,
4632,
17747
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Since OARS began in 2015, we’ve treated patients with opioid use disorder. Through our experience, we’ve learned that many of our patients develop co-dependence on other substance use disorders as well.
National surveys indicate that nearly 21.7 million Americans aged 12 and older have used inhalants at least once in their lives.
Inhalants are products, such as spray paint, markers, glue, and cleaning products, that have mind-altering effects when inhaled. People use inhalants by breathing in fumes through their nose or mouth. While the high lasts for a few moments, people will make it last by inhaling over and over again for several hours.
In the short-term, the health effects of inhalants are:
- Slurred or distorted speech
- Lack of coordination
In the long-term, the health effects of classic inhalants are:
- Liver and kidney damage
- Hearing loss
- Bone marrow damage
- Loss of coordination and limb spasms
- Delayed behavioral development
- Brain damage
If your loved one has a dependency on inhalants, look out for these signs:
- Belligerence or aggressiveness
- Poor coordination
- Slurred speech
- Unsteady walk
- Slow movement or reflexes
- Social withdrawal
If they exhibit any of these signs, seek treatment immediately.
OARS is continuing to expand its treatment services. We’re announcing that we now treat those with inhalant use disorder. Our treatment includes:
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- The Matrix Model, which consists of behavioral therapy, family education, counseling, a 12-step component, drug testing, and promotion of non-drug-related activities
- Off-label treatment
- Research continues to advance rapidly, opening the doors to new, effective medical treatments
If you have any questions about our treatment options or want to learn more about getting into treatment at OARS, call us at 724-912-6277. We’re here to answer any questions you have to get help for you or your loved ones.
|
<urn:uuid:aa425c1f-f5e1-440d-85f8-a950f2f6cdb0>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
https://oarsmat.com/blog/inhalant-use-disorder-treatment-how-oars-can-help-you/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487623596.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210616093937-20210616123937-00440.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938584
| 433
| 2.515625
| 3
|
[
6385,
440,
27415,
2540,
287,
1853,
11,
356,
447,
247,
303,
5716,
3871,
351,
23039,
779,
8967,
13,
9561,
674,
1998,
11,
356,
447,
247,
303,
4499,
326,
867,
286,
674,
3871,
1205,
763,
12,
67,
15091,
319,
584,
9136,
779,
11916,
355,
880,
13,
198,
16186,
16255,
7603,
326,
3016,
2310,
13,
22,
1510,
3399,
9722,
1105,
290,
4697,
423,
973,
40982,
1187,
379,
1551,
1752,
287,
511,
3160,
13,
198,
818,
14201,
1187,
389,
3186,
11,
884,
355,
11662,
7521,
11,
19736,
11,
22749,
11,
290,
12724,
3186,
11,
326,
423,
2000,
12,
282,
20212,
3048,
618,
25783,
3021,
13,
4380,
779,
40982,
1187,
416,
12704,
287,
47301,
832,
511,
9686,
393,
5422,
13,
2893,
262,
1029,
20374,
329,
257,
1178,
7188,
11,
661,
481,
787,
340,
938,
416,
25783,
4272,
625,
290,
625,
757,
329,
1811,
2250,
13,
198,
818,
262,
1790,
12,
4354,
11,
262,
1535,
3048,
286,
40982,
1187,
389,
25,
198,
12,
3454,
12808,
393,
26987,
4046,
198,
12,
38289,
286,
19877,
198,
818,
262,
890,
12,
4354,
11,
262,
1535,
3048,
286,
6833,
40982,
1187,
389,
25,
198,
12,
45036,
290,
21919,
2465,
198,
12,
34663,
2994,
198,
12,
21717,
44173,
2465,
198,
12,
22014,
286,
19877,
290,
25035,
599,
34432,
198,
12,
4216,
16548,
17211,
2478,
198,
12,
14842,
2465,
198,
1532,
534,
6151,
530,
468,
257,
20203,
319,
40982,
1187,
11,
804,
503,
329,
777,
5895,
25,
198,
12,
347,
2976,
1945,
393,
15786,
6517,
198,
12,
23676,
19877,
198,
12,
3454,
12808,
4046,
198,
12,
791
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Technitium Tc-99m Drought May End
An agreement between St. Louis-based Covidien and Poland’s Institute of Atomic Energy will help end a shortage of technitium Tc-99m used in nuclear medicine tests that began last year when two aging nuclear reactors were shut down. The drought forced providers and facilities to schedule late night tests (when a supply comes in) or defer tests because the valuable isotope is unavailable.
Tc-99m is a short-lived radioisotope derived from molydenum-99 and used as in nuclear medicine, functional MRIs (fMRI), and other tests. The “m” stands for metastable, and the isotope, once drawn, only is useful for about six hours. It is preferred because it can be used in bone, cancer, blood flow, urology, and other tests, then disappear from the body.
Several HCPCS Level II A and C codes report radiopharmaceuticals based on this isotope, and the problem has affected radiology procedural coding, as well. Every day nearly 55,000 Americans undergo tests requiring Tc-99m, according to the Los Angeles Times.
Produced in only five nuclear reactors around the world, the supply dried up when the two reactors supplying the U.S. — Canada’s 60-year-old National Research Universal (NRU) and Netherland’s 50-year-old Petten — were shut down for repairs. The NRU may not be restarted, and Canada says it will be out of the radioisotope business by 2016 even if the reactor can be repaired. No facilities in the U.S. produce the medically necessary isotope.
Read more about the agreement and the future of radioisotopes in this LA Times article.
|
<urn:uuid:e34c6adf-788e-4c7d-8eb1-1b05fa184559>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.aapc.com/blog/4504-technitium-tc-99m-drought-may-end/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424876.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724122255-20170724142255-00054.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.919265
| 381
| 2.859375
| 3
|
[
25574,
270,
1505,
309,
66,
12,
2079,
76,
360,
2909,
1737,
5268,
198,
2025,
4381,
1022,
520,
13,
5593,
12,
3106,
39751,
312,
2013,
290,
12873,
447,
247,
82,
5136,
286,
28976,
6682,
481,
1037,
886,
257,
18772,
286,
1579,
270,
1505,
309,
66,
12,
2079,
76,
973,
287,
4523,
9007,
5254,
326,
2540,
938,
614,
618,
734,
14736,
4523,
28502,
547,
4423,
866,
13,
383,
18393,
4137,
9549,
290,
7291,
284,
7269,
2739,
1755,
5254,
357,
12518,
257,
5127,
2058,
287,
8,
393,
29135,
5254,
780,
262,
8119,
31624,
3008,
318,
23485,
13,
198,
51,
66,
12,
2079,
76,
318,
257,
1790,
12,
24489,
5243,
271,
313,
3008,
10944,
422,
285,
3366,
6559,
388,
12,
2079,
290,
973,
355,
287,
4523,
9007,
11,
10345,
17242,
3792,
357,
69,
40952,
828,
290,
584,
5254,
13,
383,
564,
250,
76,
447,
251,
6296,
329,
44678,
540,
11,
290,
262,
31624,
3008,
11,
1752,
7428,
11,
691,
318,
4465,
329,
546,
2237,
2250,
13,
632,
318,
9871,
780,
340,
460,
307,
973,
287,
9970,
11,
4890,
11,
2910,
5202,
11,
334,
31142,
11,
290,
584,
5254,
11,
788,
10921,
422,
262,
1767,
13,
198,
14945,
27327,
5662,
50,
5684,
2873,
317,
290,
327,
12416,
989,
19772,
2522,
1670,
14642,
82,
1912,
319,
428,
31624,
3008,
11,
290,
262,
1917,
468,
5676,
2511,
12371,
27931,
19617,
11,
355,
880,
13,
3887,
1110,
3016,
5996,
11,
830,
3399,
17777,
5254,
10616,
309,
66,
12,
2079,
76,
11,
1864,
284,
262,
5401,
5652,
3782,
13,
198,
11547,
771,
287,
691,
1936
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Nemo’s Epic Journey to Find a New Home
New research has found clownfish larvae can swim up to 400 kilometres in search of a home, which makes them better able to cope with environmental change.
Clownfish spend their entire adult lives under the protection of their host anemone but as babies they must wander the open ocean, says study co-author, Dr Hugo Harrison from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (Coral CoE) at James Cook University.
“In the past we haven’t known where they go, but now we’ve been given a rare glimpse into how far they can swim, crossing large tracts of ocean to find new homes,” he says.
“Knowing how far larvae disperse helps us understand how fish populations can adapt to environmental changes,” Dr Harrison says. “The further they can swim, the better they can cope.”
As part of the international study, co-author Dr Stephen Simpson from the University of Exeter led a team of researchers to southern Oman, where they collected samples of the only two known populations of the Omani clownfish, Amphiprion omanensis.
“There are only two coral reef systems along this coast and they are separated by 400km of ocean water,” Dr Simpson says. “In order to persist, fish must be migrating between these two populations.”
The research team collected tissue samples from almost 400 clownfish and used DNA fingerprinting to identify fish that had migrated between the two populations.
“Like the accents that we have that allow us to tell an Englishman from an American, fish populations can develop their own genetic signatures,” says Dr Harrison.
“We can look at the signature of each fish and tell whether it belongs there or not. It’s like finding an Englishman in New York, they stand out.”
The study found the fish were making regular migrations from one population to another and in doing so were travelling across 400 kilometres of open ocean.
“That’s an epic journey for these little dudes. When they make it back to the reef, they’re only a few millimetres long and they have only a few days to make it there so they must be using ocean currents to assist their migration,” adds Dr Simpson.
The researchers found that most of the fish travelled from North to South, while very few travelled in the opposite direction.
This direction corresponds to the dominant ocean currents in the region, which are driven by the winter monsoon.
Second generation migrants were also present in both populations, which suggests that after completing their dispersal phase, migrants are settling into anemones and surviving long enough to reproduce.
Dr Simpson says it’s the furthest distance they’ve been able to track the dispersal of any coral reef fish and the findings show how connected the marine environment can be.
“The findings change our understanding of marine populations. They’re not small and separate as we often assume, rather this research shows they’re often vast and inter-connected,” he says.
Long-distance dispersal via ocean currents connects Omani clownfish populations throughout entire species range by Stephen D Simpson, Hugo B Harrison, Michel R Claereboudt, Serge Planes is published in the journal PLoS ONE.
Clownfish - credit: Tane Sinclair-Taylor
Dr Hugo Harrison, Coral CoE, +61 (0) 499 523 939, or +61 7 4781 6358
Eleanor Gregory, Coral CoE Communications Manager, 0418 655 994, email@example.com
Dr Stephen Simpson, University of Exeter, +44 (0) 7900 551 883 firstname.lastname@example.org
Eleanor Gaskarth, University of Exeter Press Office, +44 (0) 7827 309 332, email@example.com
|
<urn:uuid:d913f250-67bb-44c1-a235-91d4fe20e1a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.jcu.edu.au/news/releases/2014/september/news-and-media119
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00618.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932373
| 852
| 3.09375
| 3
|
[
45,
41903,
447,
247,
82,
16781,
15120,
284,
9938,
257,
968,
5995,
198,
3791,
2267,
468,
1043,
25573,
11084,
37346,
460,
9422,
510,
284,
7337,
23990,
287,
2989,
286,
257,
1363,
11,
543,
1838,
606,
1365,
1498,
284,
19271,
351,
6142,
1487,
13,
198,
2601,
593,
11084,
4341,
511,
2104,
4044,
3160,
739,
262,
4800,
286,
511,
2583,
281,
368,
505,
475,
355,
11903,
484,
1276,
27776,
262,
1280,
9151,
11,
1139,
2050,
763,
12,
9800,
11,
1583,
25930,
17281,
422,
262,
43928,
9072,
286,
42525,
329,
41390,
34151,
10422,
357,
34,
6864,
1766,
36,
8,
379,
3700,
8261,
2059,
13,
198,
447,
250,
818,
262,
1613,
356,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
1900,
810,
484,
467,
11,
475,
783,
356,
447,
247,
303,
587,
1813,
257,
4071,
19350,
656,
703,
1290,
484,
460,
9422,
11,
12538,
1588,
42385,
286,
9151,
284,
1064,
649,
5682,
11,
447,
251,
339,
1139,
13,
198,
447,
250,
45648,
703,
1290,
37346,
41273,
5419,
514,
1833,
703,
5916,
9684,
460,
6068,
284,
6142,
2458,
11,
447,
251,
1583,
17281,
1139,
13,
564,
250,
464,
2252,
484,
460,
9422,
11,
262,
1365,
484,
460,
19271,
13,
447,
251,
198,
1722,
636,
286,
262,
3230,
2050,
11,
763,
12,
9800,
1583,
7970,
20531,
422,
262,
2059,
286,
1475,
2357,
2957,
257,
1074,
286,
4837,
284,
8372,
41782,
11,
810,
484,
7723,
8405,
286,
262,
691,
734,
1900,
9684,
286,
262,
41782,
72,
25573,
11084,
11,
40185,
541,
81,
295,
267,
805,
37834,
13,
198,
447,
250,
1858,
389,
691,
734,
29537,
25088,
3341
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) consists of 13 flightless dung beetle species endemic to the arid west coast of southern Africa. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) are unique in their feeding and foraging habits, in that they randomly search for dry dung/detritus which, when found, is dragged forwards, and buried in a pre-constructed holding chamber, as opposed to the convention of rolling it backwards. This action is repeated to provision the chamber after which the nest is expanded to below the moisture line to allow the stored food to re-hydrate. Poor vagility, taxonomic contention - seen in Scarabaeus taxonomy - and conservation concern, made Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) an ideal group of beetles to study both the phylogenetics and potential influences that anthropogenic and environmental changes have had on structuring the species and populations thereof. Both molecular and morphological data were used as individual datasets and combined in a total evidence approach. Biogeographic inferences were made based on recent detailed Namib biogeography and the ages of the species were estimated using the molecular clock method. A phylogeographic study was done on three of the species of Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) – S. (P.) hippocrates, S. (P.) gariepinus and S. (P.) denticollis - that had previously shown south-north morphological clinal variation. Lastly, an attempt was made to isolate microsatellite loci for Scarabaeus, in the hope of characterising genetic diversity within and between populations of the same species. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was found to be monophyletic within Scarabaeus and was therefore classified as a derived subgenus thereof. Morphologically Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) was shown to have 13 species while at a molecular level strong resolution for 11 of the 13 was obtained. S. (P.) hippocrates and S. (P.) glentoni formed a species complex the hippocrates/glentoni complex. The combined phylogenetic tree showed good overall support for all 13 species. Both the morphological and molecular data partition phylogenies show congruence with the combined phylogeny, lending support for combining datasets. Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) appears to have arisen 2.9 million years ago. The formation of advective fog is a consistent water source for Desert dwelling organisms and appears to be associated with Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) radiation into inhospitable areas. Analysis of gene flow revealed large amounts of south-north movement, lending support for movement of psammophilous taxa with their substratum, the barchan dune. Population demographics of the three species, S. (P.) hippocrates, S. (P.) gariepinus and S. (P.) denticollis, chosen for this study differed greatly except in areas of geographic similarity. Major rivers appear to have acted as gene barriers, allowing for distinct genetic entities to be identified within the three species. Phylogeographic partitioning was supported by an AMOVA analysis. All three species were shown to have undergone historical population expansion dating back to the Pleistocene era. Nested Clade Analysis indicated that allopatric speciation; isolation by distance and continuous range expansion could be the factors having affected overall population structure. Recent events show that human induced factors, environmental barriers and reduced vagility have influenced the species population structure. Four potentially polymorphic loci were isolated for Scarabaeus using the FIASCO protocol. Identification of at least one additional locus is needed in order to obtain statistical significance for future studies directed at uncovering recent population dynamics.
Thesis (PhD (Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
|
<urn:uuid:8ee1790c-af60-4e5f-aaf8-52bd036c1c92>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-09
|
https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/25912
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815560.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224112708-20180224132708-00657.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943793
| 783
| 3.3125
| 3
|
[
44433,
397,
46052,
357,
47,
620,
893,
6086,
8,
10874,
286,
1511,
5474,
1203,
288,
2150,
45489,
4693,
42560,
284,
262,
610,
312,
7421,
7051,
286,
8372,
5478,
13,
12089,
397,
46052,
357,
47,
620,
893,
6086,
8,
389,
3748,
287,
511,
13017,
290,
329,
3039,
13870,
11,
287,
326,
484,
15456,
2989,
329,
5894,
288,
2150,
14,
15255,
799,
385,
543,
11,
618,
1043,
11,
318,
17901,
22052,
11,
290,
11694,
287,
257,
662,
12,
1102,
16242,
4769,
11847,
11,
355,
6886,
284,
262,
9831,
286,
10708,
340,
16196,
13,
770,
2223,
318,
5100,
284,
8287,
262,
11847,
706,
543,
262,
16343,
318,
9902,
284,
2174,
262,
20160,
1627,
284,
1249,
262,
8574,
2057,
284,
302,
12,
15511,
4873,
13,
23676,
14334,
879,
11,
1687,
40036,
22627,
532,
1775,
287,
12089,
397,
46052,
1687,
30565,
532,
290,
14903,
2328,
11,
925,
12089,
397,
46052,
357,
47,
620,
893,
6086,
8,
281,
7306,
1448,
286,
46716,
284,
2050,
1111,
262,
43422,
14596,
290,
2785,
16717,
326,
17911,
15147,
290,
6142,
2458,
423,
550,
319,
2878,
870,
262,
4693,
290,
9684,
15370,
13,
5747,
18955,
290,
17488,
2770,
1366,
547,
973,
355,
1981,
40522,
290,
5929,
287,
257,
2472,
2370,
3164,
13,
16024,
469,
6826,
1167,
4972,
547,
925,
1912,
319,
2274,
6496,
17871,
571,
13401,
469,
4867,
290,
262,
9337,
286,
262,
4693,
547,
6108,
1262,
262,
18955,
8801,
2446,
13,
317,
37763,
78,
469,
6826,
2050,
373,
1760,
319,
1115,
286,
262,
4693,
286,
12089,
397,
46052,
357,
47,
620,
893,
6086,
8,
784,
311
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
When choosing clothing for children, it is important to consider it from many angles.
1. How does it affect their physiological functions, such as respiratory system, circulatory system and digestive system?
Make sure the clothing is not too tight around the waist and does not pinch them around the arm and leg hole. Babies grow fast, they can be a different size from one day to the next, so have several pant sizes ready. When diapering, do not fasten it so tightly around the baby’s waist that it blocks the belt channel, as mentioned in Chinese medicine. Let the qi flow.
2. How does it affect the way they move – does a particular piece of clothing make moving possible?
This point is critical. Never EVER put your baby/toddler in jeans or jean jackets. The material is so stiff it makes it impossible for children to move in them.
100% cotton onesies are the best for babies over 2-3 months. Unless they are going out for a special occasion, I recommend you put your baby in a 100% cotton onesie 95% of the time, especially when they are learning to crawl and pull up.
3. What is the climate – do we need to protect their skin from the heat, cold or insects?
I’ve seen many mothers from Asia bundle up their babies in so many layers the poor little thing cannot move at all!
4. What kind of fiber will we choose? Is it soft? Does it have uncomfortable seams?
Animal fibers, like wool, down and silk, are very warm for young children but much more difficult to care for than vegetable fiber. It is recommended that all clothing that touches the skin be made of vegetable fibers. They require a little extra care because of shrinkage issues but they are very soft, natural and breathable next to a baby’s skin. If you are so inclined, green cotton that hasn’t been treated is also available. Technological fibers (rayon, polyester, nylon, fleece, acrylic) are very easy to care for – just throw them in the washing machine. But they do not breathe and it is difficult to get odor and stain out of them. For years, parents dressed their children in polyester because it is so easy to care for, but now we know that technological fibers are not good for children. If money is a concern, a good balance would be dressing the child in clothes made of vegetable fibers if the clothing will touch the child’s skin whereas outerwear can be made of technological fiber.
5. What color?
Many clothes are dyed with bad stuff, so newborns, especially, should be dressed in white or light colors.
6. What style?
For example, when buying onesies, does it fit the trunk of the baby? Babies with long trunks or short trunks have different needs.
Brooke wears 18-24 month old clothes now (she is 8 months old). The arm hole and leg hole are all a bit big on her, the length of the trunk is just right, so we dress her so this way to ensure she is comfortable all around.
7. How many pieces should I have for each age?
To be discussed later, but with twins, the answer is A LOT.
8. Is it easy to care for?
Ask yourself, will it shrink? Are the buttons well-fastened or will it fall off?
Remember, do not wash baby clothes with adult clothes. Wash them in separate loads. If you are using cloth diapers, wash them separately from baby’s clothes. I recommend using a baby detergent, like Drelft, or any detergent that is free of fragrance, dyes, etc. (Seventh Generation, All for sensitive skin)
|
<urn:uuid:da95cd04-b89b-4266-a427-13785809096d>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-47
|
http://montessorionthedouble.com/category/6-12-months/6-12-months-dress-and-decorate/page/2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744320.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118073231-20181118095231-00097.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949178
| 787
| 2.765625
| 3
|
[
2215,
11236,
9528,
329,
1751,
11,
340,
318,
1593,
284,
2074,
340,
422,
867,
18333,
13,
198,
16,
13,
1374,
857,
340,
2689,
511,
25033,
5499,
11,
884,
355,
22949,
1080,
11,
2498,
21386,
1080,
290,
34616,
1080,
30,
198,
12050,
1654,
262,
9528,
318,
407,
1165,
5381,
1088,
262,
16139,
290,
857,
407,
25394,
606,
1088,
262,
3211,
290,
1232,
7604,
13,
12400,
444,
1663,
3049,
11,
484,
460,
307,
257,
1180,
2546,
422,
530,
1110,
284,
262,
1306,
11,
523,
423,
1811,
15857,
10620,
3492,
13,
1649,
2566,
499,
1586,
11,
466,
407,
3049,
268,
340,
523,
17707,
1088,
262,
5156,
447,
247,
82,
16139,
326,
340,
7021,
262,
10999,
6518,
11,
355,
4750,
287,
3999,
9007,
13,
3914,
262,
10662,
72,
5202,
13,
198,
17,
13,
1374,
857,
340,
2689,
262,
835,
484,
1445,
784,
857,
257,
1948,
3704,
286,
9528,
787,
3867,
1744,
30,
198,
1212,
966,
318,
4688,
13,
7236,
20498,
1234,
534,
5156,
14,
83,
5088,
1754,
287,
21029,
393,
474,
11025,
35129,
13,
383,
2587,
318,
523,
15175,
340,
1838,
340,
5340,
329,
1751,
284,
1445,
287,
606,
13,
198,
3064,
4,
15985,
3392,
444,
389,
262,
1266,
329,
11903,
625,
362,
12,
18,
1933,
13,
17486,
484,
389,
1016,
503,
329,
257,
2041,
6695,
11,
314,
4313,
345,
1234,
534,
5156,
287,
257,
1802,
4,
15985,
3392,
494,
6957,
4,
286,
262,
640,
11,
2592,
618,
484,
389,
4673,
284,
27318,
290,
2834,
510,
13,
198,
18,
13,
1867,
318,
262,
4258,
784,
466,
356,
761,
284,
1805
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Japanese Professor has invented a device, known as Taste-the-TV, it can let people taste something while sitting at home.
The TV screen has a hygienic film sprayed with ten canisters and is rolled over the TV screen for the viewer to lick.
The professor, named Homei Miyashita from Meiji University, said that the TV could help cooks who want to train remotely. If the device is made commercially, it would cost around $875.
Miyashita said that the goal is to make it possible for people to experience something similar to eating at a restaurant anywhere in the world, even while they are at home. Miyashita revealed that manufacturers offered him to add other applications of the technology, like adding more flavors.
The professor envisions a world wherein people can download content that they can taste. In the time of the pandemic, this type of technology could improve how people connect with others, according to Professor Miyashita. However, people wondered if, in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, the launch of Taste-the-TV would not be given the recognition that it deserves. Some even said they don’t believe the invention would be a hit because of the pandemic.
In the past, Miyashita and his students created a range of devices connected to taste. One of them includes a fork that makes food taste better and so much richer. The journalists were shown a demonstration on TV. She told the device that she wanted to taste chocolate after the order was sprayed on the hygienic film for her to lick. She reportedly said that it tasted like milk chocolate.
|
<urn:uuid:bd903f08-09de-4391-bd3b-5288b326ad5d>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-05
|
https://www.economy.pk/japanese-professor-invents-lickable-tv-screen/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320306301.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128152530-20220128182530-00453.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979168
| 338
| 2.71875
| 3
|
[
25324,
8129,
468,
15646,
257,
3335,
11,
1900,
355,
29633,
12,
1169,
12,
6849,
11,
340,
460,
1309,
661,
6938,
1223,
981,
5586,
379,
1363,
13,
198,
464,
3195,
3159,
468,
257,
2537,
70,
2013,
291,
2646,
35729,
351,
3478,
460,
6223,
290,
318,
11686,
625,
262,
3195,
3159,
329,
262,
19091,
284,
36728,
13,
198,
464,
6240,
11,
3706,
5995,
72,
29464,
1077,
5350,
422,
2185,
20770,
2059,
11,
531,
326,
262,
3195,
714,
1037,
38383,
508,
765,
284,
4512,
19863,
13,
1002,
262,
3335,
318,
925,
26879,
11,
340,
561,
1575,
1088,
720,
31360,
13,
198,
44,
7745,
1077,
5350,
531,
326,
262,
3061,
318,
284,
787,
340,
1744,
329,
661,
284,
1998,
1223,
2092,
284,
6600,
379,
257,
7072,
6609,
287,
262,
995,
11,
772,
981,
484,
389,
379,
1363,
13,
29464,
1077,
5350,
4602,
326,
11372,
4438,
683,
284,
751,
584,
5479,
286,
262,
3037,
11,
588,
4375,
517,
17361,
13,
198,
464,
6240,
17365,
3279,
257,
995,
22881,
661,
460,
4321,
2695,
326,
484,
460,
6938,
13,
554,
262,
640,
286,
262,
19798,
5314,
11,
428,
2099,
286,
3037,
714,
2987,
703,
661,
2018,
351,
1854,
11,
1864,
284,
8129,
29464,
1077,
5350,
13,
2102,
11,
661,
14028,
611,
11,
287,
262,
3504,
286,
262,
7375,
11008,
12,
1129,
19798,
5314,
11,
262,
4219,
286,
29633,
12,
1169,
12,
6849,
561,
407,
307,
1813,
262,
9465,
326,
340,
14071,
13,
2773,
772,
531,
484,
836,
447,
247,
83,
1975,
262,
14250,
561,
307,
257,
2277,
780,
286,
262,
19798,
5314,
13
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Guard Your Tongue – It’s Healthy And What’s In A Name? And Jewish Sharp Lines And Amazing Story From The Sefer “Veha’arev Na” And More
“Guard Your Tongue – It’s Healthy”
By: Rabbi Eliyahu Hoffmann
It happened in those days that Moshe grew up and went out to his brethren and observed their burdens. And he saw an Egyptian man striking a Hebrew man, of his brethren… So he killed the Egyptian man and hid him in the sand. He went out the next day, and behold, two Hebrew men were fighting. He said to the wicked one, “Why do you strike your fellow?” He answered, “Who appointed you as a dignitary, a ruler, and a judge over us? Do you propose to kill me, as you murdered the Egyptian?” Moshe was frightened, and he thought: Indeed the matter is known! (2:11-14)
Simply, Moshe’s thoughts: Achein noda ha-davar/Indeed the matter is known, refer to the matter of his killing of the Mitzri/Egyptian. He now had reason to fear for his life, as the matter of the murder had become public knowledge.
Rashi, however, quotes a Midrash: Indeed the matter is known – Moshe had been questioning the matter of the exile: Why must the Hebrew nation suffer beneath the oppressive hands of the Egyptians? Now, however, that he heard that Jews would, at the slightest provocation, speak Lashon Hara (derogatory gossip) about one another [the two quarrellers threatened to report his killing of the Mitzri], the matter became known to him – This is why the Jews had to suffer!
How powerful, comments the Sefas Emes, is the lesson to us about the destructive power of lashon hara. After witnessing two Jews speaking lashon hara, there remained no question in Moshe Rabbeinu’s mind as to the root cause of the Jewish suffering. Indeed, the matter was known!
The Ropshitzer Rav, in his sefer Zera Kodesh (parshas Bo) finds a remez (hint) to the concept of shemiras ha-lashon (guarding one’s tongue) in the word Mitzrayim (Egypt) itself. The Torah She-ba’al Peh (the Oral Torah, or “Torah of the Mouth”) begins with the letter Mem (the first word of the Shishah Sidrei Mishnah/Six Orders of the Mishnah is “Mei-eimasai”). The letter Mem, when placed at the beginning (or middle) of a word is called a “Mem pesuchah”, an “open” Mem, because, when written, there is a space at the bottom of the letter. Likewise, Torah She-ba’al Peh ends with the letter Mem (the last word of maseches Uktzin, the last tractate of the Mishnah, is “Shalom”). The letter Mem, when placed at the end of a word, is called a “Mem sesumah”, a “closed” Mem, because when written, the letter has no space whatsoever – it is entirely closed.
This is no coincidence. Chazal, our Sages, say (Chullin 89a), “What should be a person’s craft in this world? To make himself as the mute [in order refrain from speaking lashon hara]. One might think [that this pertains] even to speaking divrei Torah! No! Righteous words (i.e. words of Torah) you shall speak!” The gift of speech was given to us not so that we should while away our time with idle chatter, and even worse, with gossip, but in order that we should be able to converse and interact with others in Torah study and character improvement. That’s why the Oral Torah (the “Torah of the Mouth”) begins with an “open Mem” – When you open your mouth it should be in order to speak words of Torah. And it concludes with a “closed Mem”, as if to say, when you have finished learning, close your mouth, and go back to your “craft” of being as the mute.
But what happens, continued the Ropshitzer, if one opens his mouth to speak divrei Torah, and then the Yetzer Hara (the “evil inclination”) mixes in and convinces him to speak unholy words – words of gossip and slander? Well, what happens when you put the letters Yetzer (Yud – Tzaddik – Reish) between the “open” and the “closed” Mem? It spells “Mitzrayim” – the Egyptian Exile!
The Vilna Gaon, the “Gra”, writes that if a person finds himself in a situation where he has great desire to speak lashon hara and to gossip about someone, and he restrains and, so to speak, muzzles himself, this is much greater even than fasting and other types of physical suffering, which are known to effect forgiveness.
The previous Bobover Rebbe zt”l once noticed a student of his causing himself physical pain. When questioned, the student reluctantly admitted that he regularly did so, in order to repent for his sins. The Rebbe zt”l told him: “Do as I tell you, and you can stop hurting yourself, yet still achieve repentance from your sins: Hashem will test you, as he tests all of us, and put you into situations where it would be so easy, and satisfying, to gossip and speak negatively about your friends. When this happens, clamp down on your lips and say nothing. This is even greater than great amounts of physical suffering!”
The Bobover Rebbe, Shlita, explained with this the Mishnah in Pirkei Avos (1:17), “Rabbi Shimon, the son of Rabban Gamliel, said: All my days I have grown up among the Sages, yet I have never found anything good for the body except silence.” Mefarshim (commentators) question this. Certainly silence is good for the neshamah, for the soul. But why did Rabbi Shimon remark that he had not found good “for the body” except silence?
As we have seen, however, the silence which comes as a result of refraining from gossiping, even when it’s really tempting to do so, replaces even the most severe forms of punishment that one may need to suffer in order to effect forgiveness for his sins. Thus, “silence” is indeed healthy not only for the neshamah, but even for the body! Indeed, perhaps we should begin promoting shemiras ha- lashon instead of all the other nutritional fads!
What’s In A Name?
By: Rabbi Dovid Green
The second book of the Torah, The Book of Shemos (Exodus) begins by recounting the names of the Children of Israel who went down to Egypt. A separate more thorough count is related in The Book of Genesis (46:8-27). Nevertheless, the recount is related in this week’s parsha as well.
Rashi, the medieval French commentary, notes the seeming redundancy of the recount, and he explains as follows: “Even though it (the Torah) counted them during their lives it recounts them in their deaths to convey their dearness (to G-d) as they are analogous to stars which G-d brings out and in by number and by name; as it states in the verse “(G-d) Who brings out their host by number, each He calls by name.” (Iasiah 40:26)
We see from Rashi that the Children of Israel are recounted in order to convey love to them. They enter and leave by number and by name, similar to that of stars.
What is special about being counted and called by name? When something is counted it takes on a special individual significance. When the stars are brought out it is done by number (known to G-d), to give each one its place as an important part of the bigger picture – individually shining its own unique and intrisic light – but contibuting to the whole panorama of the heavens and its hosts. Each star “counts.”
Each star is also called by name. By attributing names to stars G-d is declaring their essence and purpose. The word in Hebrew for name is “Shem.” The word “there” is spelled exactly the same as the Hebrew word for “name.” The two words are related. What is “there” in the essence of the thing named is its true name. That essence is the potential in the thing. One’s name and his potential are one and the same. In this context realizing one’s potential is living up to one’s name. That is, utilizing one’s latent talents actively, and not leaving them untapped.
By the same token when one does not use his abilities, and expose his potential talents it is called “shemama,” “desolation,” also related to the word “Shem,” or name, except that in this case it is when one fails to tap the latent abilities.
One way that G-d conveys His love for us is by comparing us to stars and showing us that we count and have a unique and individual purpose.
The Book of Exodus begins by recounting our potential as a people. The book ends in our having realized that potential after the exodus from Egypt, and the building of the tabernacle, the sanctuary housing G-d’s exalted presence. We are a people who can host the Glory of G-d in our midst.
One story which illustrates this potential greatness is told about Rabbi Menachem Nachum Kaplan (19th cent.), known as “Reb Nachumke.” Reb Nachumke was the sexton in a synagogue of learned men in Grodno in Lithuania. He was extremely kind and generous, and he became the self-appointed guardian of the poor, the needy, and the downtrodden. Once a week he would cover the city of Grodno making collections which he would use toward his many endeavors to help the needy.
Once he came to the home of a wealthy lawyer who failed to appreciate the value of Reb Nachumke’s work. He spoke harshly with Reb Nachumke, basically accusing him of being a parasite, and then slammed the door in his face, nearly hitting him.
Unfortunately for the lawyer, his fortunes took a downturn. Being that the lawyer had many dealings with many corrupt government officials, suspicion was cast upon him in a particularly dirty deal, and he basically had to spend his fortunes on legal defense for himself. He was given three years in prison and he was forced to leave his wife and family with no means of support. As the man’s wife made plans to sell her furniture and take a small apartment, there was a knock at the door. It was Reb Nechumke. He wanted to know how much she needed in order to manage on a monthly basis. She gave him the figures, and he left telling her that she should remain in her home and she would receive the funds she needed. For three years the woman received the amount she needed from Reb Nachumke to cover her expenses and care for her children. When her husband was released, he arrived at home surprised to see everything in order and everyone so well cared-for. When his wife related to him how it came to be that she was able to remain in the house and manage, the lawyer was filled with shame remembering how he had treated Reb Nachumke. He went running to Reb Nachumke, thanked him, and begged him for forgiveness. Subsequently, the man changed his ways, and learned to appreciate Reb Nachumke, Torah observance, and the beauty of being charitable.
Learning Torah and performing its commandments has the unique ability to challenge us to rise up and excercise our latent potential. Through becoming accustomed to behave as G-d commands us in His Torah, we become a refined, second edition of our real selves. We begin to realize how brightly we can shine, and how special we really are. Just as the stars are unique, exalted, and shining bright, so are we when we work toward getting in touch with, and living up to our name.
Jewish Sharp Lines:
“Who is rich? He who is happy with his lot.” -Pirkei Avot
R’ Yaakov Weinberg used to comment on this famous line, “It doesn’t mean that a person should be satisfied with his lot. Only a dead person is satisfied. A growing person is not satisfied. Rather, the interpretation is that a person should appreciate his lot in life. And someone who appreciates his lot in life is, as a result, happy with his lot.
The verse in the Torah writes, “Is a tree a man that you should engage it in warfare.” Besides for the literal meaning which prohibits chopping down a tree for no reason in war, the verse is also comparing man to a tree to teach us that just like a tree’s purpose is to grow and give fruit, so too Man’s purpose is to grow and give fruit.-Maharal
“You want to live a meaningful life?” R’ Noach Weinberg once asked a group of secular Jews, “Find out what you’re ready to die for and then go out and live for it.”
“I wish my Olam Haba will be like R’ Akiva Eiger’s Olam Haza.” -R’ Leib Bakst zt”l
It is noteworthy to point out that R’ Akiva Eiger suffered much in his life, including the loss of a daughter as well as serious digestive problems later in life. However, the bond which this legendary Talmudic sage had with the Torah lifted him above his suffering.
“A pill may be bitter for a sick person; but one cannot call it ‘Bad.’ Sometimes, situations in life are bitter. But nothing which Hashem does can be referred to as bad.” -Chafetz Chaim
“Sometimes a child needs a bath. Yet, he refuses to take the bath. The mother hits the child after repeated commands are ignored. The child begins to cry. If you would ask the child, “Does your mother love you?” he would immediately answer, “Yes.” “So why did she hit you?” No answer.
We know our Father in Heaven loves us. Sometimes, however, we cannot clearly understand his ways. But, one thing is clear – He loves us dearly.”
“Greater is the power of a Yeshiva than the power of a Gadol Hador.”-R’ Chaim Ozer Grodzenski
Regarding the awesome legends which has over time come to characterize chassidic storytelling, R’ Menachem Mendel Morgenstern, the Kotzker Rebbe, used to comment, “If you believe they happened, you’re a fool. If you believe the stories could not have happened, you’re a heretic.”
“Man proposes, G-d disposes.” -Yiddish saying
To a critic of the unusually long amount of time required to study to qualify for a leadership position in the Chofetz Chaim network, R’ A.Henoch Leibowitz, the longtime former rosh yeshiva, replied, “Sending a medical student who hasn’t yet graduated into the field is sendinga butcher, not a doctor. The same applies here as well.”
“A person who runs after materialism is like a person who drinks seawater. The more he drinks, the thirstier he gets.”-Vilna Gaon
Someone once informed the Telsher Rosh Yeshiva, R’ Elya Meir Bloch, that his views on secular Zionism were turning away potential donors. Inresponse, R’ Bloch said, “My father never told me I have to be a Rosh Yeshiva; he told me I have to be an ehrlicher yid.”
“The Kotel is kodesh. The shtender, however, is kodesh kodashim.” -R’ Chaim Pinchas Sheinberg Zt”l
The holy Rebbe, R’ Levi Yitzchak MiBerditchiv, once asked his fellow Jews what they would change if they were G-d. Each one gave his answer, ranging from alleviating their suffering of constant persecution to providing for themselves a more fortunate lot in life at the economic end. After the Rebbe heard all the answers, he said, “Truthfully, I don’t know how I can make the world a better place. But I do know one thing – and that is that G-d is all powerful and mighty. If this is how He created the world, than it would be a fallacy to assume that there is something wrong with the current design.”
Amazing Story From The Sefer “Veha’arev Na”:
This story was publicized in the new volume of the book “Veha’arev Na”,
and it deals with a Jewish boy from Baltimore who was very far from
Judaism, and wanted to be accepted to learn a profession in a certain
high school. Standing at the head of the high school was a priest, and
when the boy approached him, the priest asked him if he was Jewish.
The boy thought to himself, “What should I answer him? If I tell him
the truth, maybe he won’t accept me because I’m Jewish, and if I lie
and say I’m not Jewish, maybe the truth will come out.” In the end, he
decided to say the truth.
When the priest heard that he was dealing with a Jewish boy, he asked
him, “Do you recognize the letters of the Hebrew alphabet – the Alef
Bet?” The boy answered, “No, I have no clue about them.” The priest
told him that he was accepted to the high school but on one condition:
“that every afternoon, after you finish your lessons, you come to my
office, and I will teach you the Alef Bet!” The boy, who really wanted
to be accepted to the high school, had no choice but to agree to the
At the end of the first year, the boy finished learning with the priest
all the letters of the Alef Bet. Then, the priest called him and
informed him, “If you want to continue to learn in the high school next
year, you will need to come to me and have a private lesson in Humash.”
The boy had no choice and again agreed to the strange request. At the
end of the year, after the boy learned all of the 5 books of the Torah,
the priest called him and told him that he could remain in the high
school only if he comes next year to a private lesson – this time in
Mishnayot. The boy again agreed to the request and throughout the
year, the priest and the boy dealt with learning Mishnayot.
For the fourth year, the priest called the boy and told him, “If you
want to continue your studies with us, you will now need to learn
Gemara, but not here – in Yeshivas Ner Yisrael of Baltimore – which was
not far from the high school. Rav Ruderman is the Rosh Yeshiva. He
will teach you Gemara. After you learn Gemara there for a number of
months, you can then return and learn in our high school.” Leaving him
no option, the boy again agreed, and approached Yeshivas Ner Yisrael to
Hagaon Rav Yaakov Yitzchak Ruderman ZT”L to learn Gemara.
The boy entered the Yeshiva and looked for Rav Ruderman. When he found
him, the rav asked him what he wanted. He answered, “I came to learn
Gemara.” The rav was very amazed since the boy didn’t even look like
he was Jewish. “Are you Jewish?” he asked. The boy answered
positively. The rav told him that he cannot now teach him Gemara –
“You first need to learn Alef Bet and reading.” “I already know them –
also, I already learned Humash and Mishnayot,” the boy said. The rav
tested him and he was proven correct. “Where did you learn Torah? Who
sent you here?” wondered the rav. “The priest at the high school,”
answered the boy.
Rav Ruderman accepted him to the yeshiva, and already after a few
weeks, the boy started changing his ways. The light of Torah had
influenced him and brought him toward good. He got better and better
until he became a true Ben Torah. After a half a year of tiring
learning in the holy Yeshiva, he was tested on a complete Mesechet, and
after he passed with flying colors, he received a certificate saying
that he succeeded in the test on a complete Mesechet. He ran to show
The boy thanked him since it was in his merit that he returned to the
source and grew in the yeshiva. “But I want to know one thing: why did
you do this for me?”
The priest broke out crying and after he calmed down, he told the boy a
“Many years ago, I received a sabbatical from work and I didn’t know
how to spend the year. I heard about a group of priests who were
traveling to the Land of Israel for a week and decided to join them.
“On Friday night, I got to the Kotel and when I heard Friday night
prayers, I very much enjoyed them. I waited there until the end of
“At the end of the prayer, a Jew approached me and asked me if I have a
place to eat on Shabbat. I replied negatively, so that Tzaddik
gathered me into his home. After the meal, he asked if I would
accompany him to an exciting Mussar talk by Rav Noach Weinberg and I
happily agreed. I was very impressed by the talk. I decided that
there is something for me to do on my sabbatical year – to remain in
Yeshivat Aish Hatorah, headed by Rav Weinberg. I informed my peers
that they should go on their way and that I would be remaining a bit
longer in the Land of Israel.
“During the year, I had the chance to learn Alef Bet, the 5 books of
the Torah, and Mishnayot. At the end of the year, I approached the rav
that taught me and told him that my sabbatical is over and that I must
return to my job. The rav tried to convince me to stay, saying, ‘After
you learned so much, it would be a shame for it all to go to waste,’
but his persuasion did not help. He requested that we approach Rav
Weinberg in order to hear his advice. Rav Weinberg also said that I
should stay, and it would be a shame that I should leave after I was
doing so well during the year.
“Finally, I decided to confess. ‘I am going to tell the Rosh Yeshiva
the truth. I am a Goy and serve as a priest, and I now need to return
to my work.’
“Shaken, Rav Weinberg heard this and responded sharply, ‘I do not
forgive you for the entire year that you wasted for us! We invested so
much in you for nothing!’
“I was stunned and started crying like a baby. I asked that he forgive
me, but he resolutely said, ‘There is no forgiveness for you, not in
this world or the next world!’ Eventually, he said, ‘Maybe, you can
get atonement if a Jew will by chance come to you and you will transmit
to him everything you learned in the Yeshiva. Only then would it be
retroactively clarified that your learning here wasn’t totally for
“And now,” concluded the priest his awesome story, “after years that I
waited that a Jew should fall to my hands whom I will be able to teach,
you came here. And in order to fulfill my promise, I tried my utmost
to transmit to you everything that I learned in Yeshiva…”
Story For Kids:
“The King’s Friend”:
The king had a fascination with outings to the country, and he would invite the rabbi so that they could discuss the kingdom’s happenings.
The rabbi had a way of always weaving into the conversation the idea of hashgacha pratit, divine providence, constantly seeking to connect the unfolding events with G‑d’s underlying presence and guiding hand.
The rabbi fumbled with the rifle, and a shot accidentally escaped from the weapon. On one of these outings, the king decided to go hunting. Accompanied by the rabbi, his companion of choice, the king insisted that the rabbi also hunt together with him.
Unfamiliar with the sport, the rabbi fumbled with the rifle, and a shot accidentally escaped from the weapon. A bitter scream pierced the forest, a scream from none other than the king himself! The rabbi had mistakenly shot the king, damaging his hand forever by shooting off one of his fingers.
Enraged, the bleeding king had his guards imprison the rabbi immediately, with swift orders to put him into one of the dungeon’s prison chambers.
Months passed, and the king’s injury slowly healed. His hand was getting stronger, and his desire to go on one of his outings finally made him plan a most extravagant trip to many far-off lands.
Throughout his trips, he missed the wisdom and companionship of the brilliant rabbi.
In one particularly exotic location, the king was warned not to leave the camp grounds, because hostile natives lurked. But the king’s adventurous spirit was sparked by the idea of seeing the area as it was.
The king was warned not to leave the camp grounds, because hostile natives lurked. On one of his forays outside the camp, the king was captured by cannibal tribesmen. As was their custom, they inspected their “merchandise” before cooking. They were alarmed to find that the enticing specimen before them had a missing finger. Immediately they declared it a bad omen, and discarded the king close to his campgrounds.
The king was beside himself with joy. The rabbi’s “blunder” had saved his life.
He immediately changed course and directed his entourage to return home. He had to speak to the rabbi.
When they arrived at the capital, the king immediately set the rabbi free.
He asked him:
“Dear rabbi, you have always spoken of divine providence, and how everything comes down from heaven for our good, and I see that here. But rabbi, I have one question: what was the divine providence as it relates to you? You were in the dungeon for months; where is the good in that?”
If I wasn’t in the dungeon, I would have been with you. The rabbi smiled as he answered, “Your majesty, if I wasn’t in the dungeon, I would have been with you, and the cannibals would have eaten me, G‑d forbid.”
“What lesson can we take from all this?” asked the king.
After some thought, the rabbi answered.
“Perhaps the lesson is that everyone is essentially a friend of the ultimate King, the Creator of heaven and earth. Since He is a true and good friend who wants the very best for us, we must have faith that all our experiences, even the seemingly negative ones, are really for the best.”
Two Great Stories With
Rav Moshe Feinstein
(1895 – 1986)
Rabbi Moshe Feinstein was one of the greatest Jews that ever lived in this
country. He knew all of the Torah (much of it by heart). People came to him from all around the world to ask him what to do and how to live according to the Torah and he always helped them. Reb Moshe lived to be a very old man and he was very respected by Jews everywhere. But, Reb Moshe never thought he was too great to help another person.
One time, a few days before Succos, the old shamash in Reb Moshe’s yeshiva was building a Succah. He was having a problem putting up the schach. The shamash came to Reb Moshe and asked him if he could send some yeshiva bachurim to help him put up the schach. Instead of asking bachurim to help put up the schach, Reb Moshe took a ladder, climbed up and put on the schach himself. What a valuable lesson we learn from the great Reb Moshe Feinstein.
Rav Yisroel Meir Kagen
The Chofetz Chaim
One time, the great Rabbi, the Chofetz Chaim, was riding on a train to his home town of Radin. At one of the stops, a Jewish man got on the train and sat down next to the Chofetz Chaim. The Chofetz Chaim said, “Shalom Aleichem, where are you traveling to?” the man didn’t know who he was sitting next to so he answered, “To Radin to visit the great Chofetz Chaim.” The Chofetz Chaim was a very modest person so he said, “The Chofetz Chaim is not so great.” The man was very sad to hear this old man say bad things about the Chofetz Chaim. “How can you say bad things about the Chofetz Chaim? He is one of the greatest tzadikim that ever lived.” The Chofetz Chaim answered, “I know him and he’s not such a great tzadik.” When he heard those words the man became very angry. He hit the Chofetz Chaim and changed to a different seat. As the train came to Radin, the man was very surprised to see that a large group of people had come to meet the old man. He asked them why they had come to meet this old man and they told him, “Because he is the great Chofetz Chaim.” When the man heard this, he ran over to the Chofetz Chaim with tears streaming down his face and begged for forgiveness. The Chofetz Chaim felt very bad because he had made the man so sad. He said that now he had learned a lesson. Just as we must never say loshon hara about other people, we must never say bad things about ourselves.
Filed Under: Torah
About the Author: The Daily Vort is an email service that sends out a daily vort to your inbox every morning for free! Send a blank email to dailyvort [at] gmail.com to get added.
|
<urn:uuid:63b79dda-bfdc-4940-a8ce-b6072691c528>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-18
|
http://www.jewocity.com/blog/guard-your-tongue-its-healthy-and-whats-in-a-name-and-jewish-sharp-lines-and-amazing-story-from-the-sefer-vehaarev-na-and-more/7056
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430460924971.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501061524-00027-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979955
| 6,893
| 2.765625
| 3
|
[
24502,
3406,
26565,
518,
784,
632,
447,
247,
82,
30840,
843,
1867,
447,
247,
82,
554,
317,
6530,
30,
843,
5582,
22835,
26299,
843,
23181,
8362,
3574,
383,
311,
41027,
564,
250,
26979,
3099,
447,
247,
533,
85,
11013,
447,
251,
843,
3125,
198,
447,
250,
24502,
3406,
26565,
518,
784,
632,
447,
247,
82,
30840,
447,
251,
198,
3886,
25,
31807,
2574,
7745,
12196,
21890,
9038,
198,
1026,
3022,
287,
883,
1528,
326,
5826,
258,
6348,
510,
290,
1816,
503,
284,
465,
29644,
290,
6515,
511,
27127,
13,
843,
339,
2497,
281,
14075,
582,
8871,
257,
16505,
582,
11,
286,
465,
29644,
1399,
1406,
339,
2923,
262,
14075,
582,
290,
24519,
683,
287,
262,
6450,
13,
679,
1816,
503,
262,
1306,
1110,
11,
290,
23700,
11,
734,
16505,
1450,
547,
4330,
13,
679,
531,
284,
262,
20589,
530,
11,
564,
250,
5195,
466,
345,
5587,
534,
5891,
30,
447,
251,
679,
9373,
11,
564,
250,
8241,
9899,
345,
355,
257,
13469,
9331,
11,
257,
22740,
11,
290,
257,
5052,
625,
514,
30,
2141,
345,
18077,
284,
1494,
502,
11,
355,
345,
12864,
262,
14075,
30,
447,
251,
5826,
258,
373,
24776,
11,
290,
339,
1807,
25,
9676,
262,
2300,
318,
1900,
0,
357,
17,
25,
1157,
12,
1415,
8,
198,
35596,
11,
5826,
258,
447,
247,
82,
6066,
25,
317,
2395,
259,
299,
11329,
387,
12,
67,
615,
283,
14,
17854,
262,
2300,
318,
1900,
11,
3522,
284,
262,
2300,
286,
465,
5170,
286,
262,
337,
4224,
380,
14,
39299,
666,
13,
679,
783,
550
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
469. You have stealthily raided your small child's piggy bank. You feel slightly guilty as you count the money. You have the same number of dimes and quarters totaling exactly $2.45. When you turn honest and put it back, how many of each coin will you need to replace? Your child keeps a record of how much she puts in and in what denomination, of course.
470. What 3 words, formed form different arrangements of the same 5 letters, will
complete the sentences below?
The old _______ stood gracefully under the trees, its stable housing horses with silky, well-cared for ______ . This happy stable existed as long as there were ______ to keep it in perfect condition.
471. In a contest to guess the number of buttons in a jar, Alice guessed 25, Betty guessed 21, Charles guessed 23, Dave guessed 27, and Ed guessed 24. They were off by 4, 1, 2, and 2. One was correct? Who won, and how many buttons were in the jar?
475. Eight children decided to play army, so they divided into 2 teams of 4. Each team had there own fort to defend. One team put 2 members inside the fort to plan their strategy and placed their other 2 members outside the fort to stand watch. One member facing due east, and the other member facing due west. After about 5 minutes of standing watch, one member standing watch says to the other member standing watch, "what are you smiling about?". How was he able to determine that his friend was smiling?
476. What is the 4 digit number (no zeros) in which the last digit is the number of sides on a hexagon, the first digit is one-half of the last, the second digit is the first digit subtracted from the last, and the third digit is the sum of the first and second digits?
477. With the numbers 123456789, make them add up to 100.
They must stay in the same order.
You can use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Remember, they have to stay in the same order.
|
<urn:uuid:578eeb92-5dba-4ca6-8d81-4970280040fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-13
|
http://www.justriddlesandmore.com/Brainbusters/BB32.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644701.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317055142-20180317075142-00038.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97706
| 441
| 3.515625
| 4
|
[
42947,
13,
921,
423,
19159,
813,
31158,
534,
1402,
1200,
338,
12967,
1360,
3331,
13,
921,
1254,
4622,
6717,
355,
345,
954,
262,
1637,
13,
921,
423,
262,
976,
1271,
286,
288,
999,
290,
13620,
37066,
3446,
720,
17,
13,
2231,
13,
1649,
345,
1210,
5508,
290,
1234,
340,
736,
11,
703,
867,
286,
1123,
10752,
481,
345,
761,
284,
6330,
30,
3406,
1200,
7622,
257,
1700,
286,
703,
881,
673,
7584,
287,
290,
287,
644,
47491,
11,
286,
1781,
13,
198,
27790,
13,
1867,
513,
2456,
11,
7042,
1296,
1180,
14752,
286,
262,
976,
642,
7475,
11,
481,
198,
20751,
262,
13439,
2174,
30,
198,
464,
1468,
220,
37405,
6204,
11542,
2759,
739,
262,
7150,
11,
663,
8245,
5627,
14260,
351,
3313,
2584,
11,
880,
12,
66,
1144,
329,
44435,
764,
770,
3772,
8245,
11196,
355,
890,
355,
612,
547,
44435,
284,
1394,
340,
287,
2818,
4006,
13,
198,
38339,
13,
554,
257,
8414,
284,
4724,
262,
1271,
286,
12163,
287,
257,
17379,
11,
14862,
25183,
1679,
11,
29504,
25183,
2310,
11,
7516,
25183,
2242,
11,
9935,
25183,
2681,
11,
290,
1717,
25183,
1987,
13,
1119,
547,
572,
416,
604,
11,
352,
11,
362,
11,
290,
362,
13,
1881,
373,
3376,
30,
5338,
1839,
11,
290,
703,
867,
12163,
547,
287,
262,
17379,
30,
198,
32576,
13,
18087,
1751,
3066,
284,
711,
5428,
11,
523,
484,
9086,
656,
362,
3466,
286,
604,
13,
5501,
1074,
550,
612,
898,
6285,
284,
4404,
13,
1881,
1074,
1234,
362,
1866,
2641,
262,
6285,
284,
1410,
511,
4811,
290
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
If you keep up with the whole process and utilize this helpful guide, you are sure to turn in a winning research paper. Science fair judges like to see that you understand why your experiment turns out the way it does. Points to remember Introduction-This is your first paragraph and it is supposed to give the reader some background information.
Not so easy, right? Narrow a broad idea to a couple of main points, leaving some space for the in-depth evaluation. The research paper should include: Keep away from the vague thesis statement. You cannot afford to deliver a plagiarized paper. If possible, ensure the gathered information is recorded carefully through your own words.
Write your introduction at the top. You should also check the information for accuracy and to ensure it is factual, correct and up-to-date. Every time you make note of something, write down the bibliographical information, including the author, book title, page numbers used, volume number, publisher name, and dates.
Are the sources cited properly to avoid plagiarism? Look for the who, what, and when. Ask yourself what information the reader needs to learn first in order to understand the rest of the paper.
However, when students are simply told to research and turn in a paper, blunders will happen. By the end of the outline you should have covered all the main points you posed in your thesis statement. Hence, if the topic of your paper is slavery, the introduction should be about slavery in the US and the duration it lasted.
This is attributed to the fact it makes it easy for you to organize your thoughts and the topic carefully before you begin the process of writing. Some teachers recommend taking notes on note cards. And you can take those lessons on with you as you continue researching at home. Teacher Tips written by: Is that anecdote good introduction material?
This, essentially, is your Thesis Statement expanded to a paragraph. However, there are many online resources as well. The Son of Citation Machine website is a very helpful website. Be sure you understand and avoid plagiarism! You need to save the original place you found that information from so that you can cite it in your essay, and later on in the bibliography.A middle school research paper is one of the basic requirements among the different subjects taught in intermediate education.
Apart from the examinations, class participation and projects, a researching article is also considered to be a crucial document to enhance the ability of the student sin writing.
A+ Writing Research Paper Guide includes a step-by-step guide to researching and writing a paper, an information search guide, and links to online resources. NOTE: After 20 years of service, ipl2 is now closed permanently.
You may continue using the ipl2 website. However, the site will no longer be. A research paper scaffold provides students with clear support for writing expository papers that include a question (problem), literature review, analysis, methodology for. A research paper is basically a type of academic writing that should have theoretical and significant data that has gone through proper in-depth research.
Take the five-paragraph expository essays of your high school days and imagine them on a more detailed—more epic—scale! For this reason a reliable writing company can excel in any assignment, whether it’s a high school experience essay, a middle school research paper, or a law school essay.
A research paper is basically a type of academic writing that should have theoretical and significant data that has gone through proper in-depth research. Take the five-paragraph expository essays of your high school days and imagine them on a .Download
|
<urn:uuid:d2d5af52-bd7d-445b-893d-9cad0fbf2696>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-43
|
https://cefizydunawu.funkiskoket.com/tips-for-writing-a-research-paper-middle-school-19155foj2876.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653876.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014150930-20191014174430-00122.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941084
| 741
| 3.328125
| 3
|
[
1532,
345,
1394,
510,
351,
262,
2187,
1429,
290,
17624,
428,
7613,
5698,
11,
345,
389,
1654,
284,
1210,
287,
257,
5442,
2267,
3348,
13,
5800,
3148,
10266,
588,
284,
766,
326,
345,
1833,
1521,
534,
6306,
4962,
503,
262,
835,
340,
857,
13,
11045,
284,
3505,
22395,
12,
1212,
318,
534,
717,
7322,
290,
340,
318,
4385,
284,
1577,
262,
9173,
617,
4469,
1321,
13,
198,
3673,
523,
2562,
11,
826,
30,
399,
6018,
257,
3154,
2126,
284,
257,
3155,
286,
1388,
2173,
11,
4305,
617,
2272,
329,
262,
287,
12,
18053,
12660,
13,
383,
2267,
3348,
815,
2291,
25,
9175,
1497,
422,
262,
13443,
21554,
2643,
13,
921,
2314,
5368,
284,
5203,
257,
42054,
1143,
3348,
13,
1002,
1744,
11,
4155,
262,
9272,
1321,
318,
6264,
7773,
832,
534,
898,
2456,
13,
198,
16594,
534,
9793,
379,
262,
1353,
13,
921,
815,
635,
2198,
262,
1321,
329,
9922,
290,
284,
4155,
340,
318,
27234,
11,
3376,
290,
510,
12,
1462,
12,
4475,
13,
3887,
640,
345,
787,
3465,
286,
1223,
11,
3551,
866,
262,
275,
29142,
17046,
1321,
11,
1390,
262,
1772,
11,
1492,
3670,
11,
2443,
3146,
973,
11,
6115,
1271,
11,
9991,
1438,
11,
290,
9667,
13,
198,
8491,
262,
4237,
9181,
6105,
284,
3368,
42054,
1042,
30,
6803,
329,
262,
508,
11,
644,
11,
290,
618,
13,
16981,
3511,
644,
1321,
262,
9173,
2476,
284,
2193,
717,
287,
1502,
284,
1833,
262,
1334,
286,
262,
3348,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
618,
2444,
389,
2391,
1297,
284,
2267,
290,
1210,
287,
257
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
- Theme > Civil Rights and Citizenship (x)
We found 99 items that match your search
Sandra Adickes was a New York City high school teacher who worked during the summers of 1963 and 1964 at "freedom schools" in Virginia and Mississippi. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized these freedom schools as a way to [...]
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) enlisted young people and local leaders to register and encourage southern African Americans to vote during the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. Because the young organizers faced tremendous [...]
Fannie Lou Hamer, the last of 20 children and a Mississippi tenant farmer, leapt to national prominence during the 1964 Democratic National Convention, when she eloquently challenged Mississippi's segregated Democratic primary on national [...]
This photograph shows some of the leaders of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28,1963. The group includes Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., front row, second from left and A. Philip Randolph, second from the right. King delivered [...]
Professor and author Carlos Muñoz, Jr. describes his participation in the 1968 Los Angeles walkouts and the aftermath. He then explores the current inequalities in education and calls for a new wave of student activism and protest.
Professor John R. Hawkins wrote this short pamphlet on behalf of the NAACP. In it he outlines African Americans' demands for justice and equality at home following World War I. The NAACP makes 14 demands in response to Wilson's "14 Points," in [...]
William (Willie) Velásquez founded the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project (SVREP) in 1974. The son of a butcher from San Antonio, Texas, he spent his adult life as a community organizer and political activist. Inspired by the [...]
I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Excerpt)
In this excerpt from a history of civil rights organizing in Mississippi during the 1960s, author Charles Payne describes the curriculum of the Freedom Schools established by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
In the following excerpt, Reverend Ralph Abernathy remembers the first mass meeting of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) at a local Baptist church on the first day of the boycott. After this, the MIA held regular weekly meetings until the [...]
This text highlights the growth of political activism that took place in Harlem during the Great Depression. Discriminatory hiring practices and widespread unemployment triggered job campaigns focused on increasing black employment in the largely [...]
|
<urn:uuid:292de4c0-ea97-435c-8a7d-237c2e536e11>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-10
|
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/solr-search/?q=&facet=49_s%3A%22Civil+Rights+and+Citizenship%22&page=6
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385389.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308174330-20210308204330-00102.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92453
| 511
| 3.09375
| 3
|
[
12,
26729,
1875,
7511,
6923,
290,
47002,
357,
87,
8,
198,
1135,
1043,
7388,
3709,
326,
2872,
534,
2989,
198,
50,
15918,
1215,
624,
274,
373,
257,
968,
1971,
2254,
1029,
1524,
4701,
508,
3111,
1141,
262,
43285,
286,
19342,
290,
17575,
379,
366,
41295,
4266,
1,
287,
6025,
290,
13797,
13,
383,
13613,
8504,
24498,
22819,
6010,
4606,
357,
15571,
4093,
8,
8389,
777,
4925,
4266,
355,
257,
835,
284,
26894,
198,
464,
13613,
8504,
12,
33894,
298,
22819,
6010,
4606,
357,
15571,
4093,
8,
30166,
1862,
661,
290,
1957,
2766,
284,
7881,
290,
7898,
8372,
5510,
3399,
284,
3015,
1141,
262,
7511,
6923,
3356,
286,
262,
9507,
82,
13,
4362,
262,
1862,
19043,
7452,
12465,
26894,
198,
37,
42883,
4768,
367,
2382,
11,
262,
938,
286,
1160,
1751,
290,
257,
13797,
18285,
18739,
11,
43713,
284,
2260,
31198,
1141,
262,
17575,
4390,
2351,
11680,
11,
618,
673,
32973,
1473,
12827,
13797,
338,
38135,
4390,
4165,
319,
2260,
26894,
198,
1212,
8408,
2523,
617,
286,
262,
2766,
286,
262,
2805,
319,
2669,
329,
19161,
290,
10204,
319,
2932,
2579,
11,
45192,
13,
383,
1448,
3407,
1583,
13,
5780,
17461,
2677,
11,
7504,
1539,
2166,
5752,
11,
1218,
422,
1364,
290,
317,
13,
14576,
39845,
11,
1218,
422,
262,
826,
13,
2677,
6793,
26894,
198,
25031,
290,
1772,
17409,
8252,
12654,
8590,
11,
7504,
13,
8477,
465,
10270,
287,
262,
15963,
5401,
5652,
2513,
5269,
290,
262,
16280,
13,
679,
788,
25409,
262,
1459,
45460,
287,
3707,
290,
3848,
329,
257,
649,
6769,
286,
3710,
23034
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
For Your Staff:Selling Treated Gemstones
Dyed or Irradiated Cultured Pearls
Most cultured pearls owe their luminous beauty and exotic colors to
a special step or two taken after normal processing. Here's how to tell
your customers about these enhancements
Cultured pearls form in a mollusk with the aid of humans. The process,
patented in Japan early this century, involves implanting a mother-of-pearl
nucleus in a mollusk.
The mollusk reacts by secreting nacre, a lustrous substance that builds
up in layers around the nucleus, which usually is rounded.
Nacre is what gives pearls their natural color, generally pink, white,
silver, gray, yellow, brown or gold. This "body" color is often
complemented by a rainbow iridescence called "orient."
Introducing Color Enhancements
Sometimes, human ingenuity steps in to enhance the natural color of a pearl.
Here's how to introduce the topic:
- Pretreatment. Most pearls including
cultured saltwater, freshwater and South Sea are bleached to lighten
uneven dark areas that may appear under the nacre. This is permanent, provides
a more uniform appearance and prepares the pearl for steps that can enhance
- Dyeing. Because pearls are porous,
they often absorb human oils, makeup and perfume, which can stain. In fact,
pearls are soft, porous and accepting to all contact with natural and chemical
substances, such as dyes. Pearl treaters take advantage of this porosity
to achieve finer, more uniform colors with natural extracts and inorganic
and/or chemical dyes. Explain to your customer these dyes can fade over
time. But stress the positive: the fact they make matched strands easier
to create and more affordable.
- Irradiation. Gamma-ray irradiation
darkens the nucleus and results in darker pearls, sometimes dark enough
to resemble natural color black South Sea pearls. The advantage, of course,
is they can be sold for much less. Irradiation also enhances orient (the
display of iridescent colors) in some pearls. In either case, the pearls
retain no radioactivity, thus, the enhancement is considered harmless.
Most experts believe this treatment is permanent.
Pearls (cultured and natural) are quite soft, with a hardness of 2.5 on
the Mohs scale among the world's softest gems.
What's more, bleaching can make them brittle, so they should not be used
in jewelry prone to knocks or scratching. Neither should you or your customers
place pearls in an ultrasonic cleaner. Instead, clean them carefully with
a moistened cotton cloth with no soap or detergent.
It's difficult to tell whether a cultured pearl's color is natural or the
result of dyeing or irradiation. Even experts have to rely on expensive
and often destructive tests to determine enhancements conclusively.
It's best to tell a customer her cultured pearls are enhanced to make the
color more attractive unless you know and can explain conclusively (perhaps
enlisting the help of your store's gemologist) that they're not.
Learn your store's policies concerning the disclosure of pearl enhancements.
And read the Federal Trade Commission Guidelines concerning natural and
- The Pearl Buying Guideby Renee Newman, International Jewelry
Publications, Los Angeles, CA.
- Pearlsby Fred Ward, Gem Book Publishers, Bethesda, MD.
- Gem Identification Made Easyby Antoinette Matlins, Gemstone
Press, Woodstock, VT.
- GIA's Gem Reference Guide,Gemological Institute of America,
- AGTA Source Directory,1997/1998 Edition [contains Gem Enhancement
Manual], American Gem Trade Association, Dallas, TX. AGTA Gemstone
Enhancements,What You Should Know,American Gem Trade Association, Dallas,
- Gemstone Enhancementby Kurt Nassau, Ph.D., Butterworths, Stoneham,
by Robert Weldon, G.G.
It's difficult to tell whether a pearl's color is natural
or the result of dyeing or irradiation. This collection of Chinese cultured
freshwater pearls (from left) comprises dyed multicolor round, dyed mauve
rondelle, natural white coin, dyed multicolor peacock, natural white bleached,
irradiated silver rondelle, dyed multicolor peacock, dyed coffee brown round,
irradiated gold coin and irradiated golden rondelle. Gems courtesy of King's
Ransom, Sausalito, CA.
Dyeing pearls is not considered a permanent enhancement because the color
can fade over time. This is a clear case when enhancement must be disclosed
to the consumer. This may make you uncomfortable at first, but it's better
to explain now than deal with a complaint or lawsuit later.
In addition, even though most experts believe the effects of irradiation
and bleaching are permanent, it's best to disclose them also because customers
could feel deceived or claim in court they would not have bought any pearl
had they known it was enhanced. (Note that in the language of the FTC Guides
for the Jewelry Industry shown at right, irradiation is listed as a non-permanent
treatment, which is true for certain gems.)
The FTC Guides pertaining to pearl enhancements read:
"It is unfair or deceptive to fail to disclose that a gemstone has
been treated in any manner that is not permanent or that creates special
care requirements, and to fail to disclose that the treatment is not permanent,
if such is the case. The following are examples of treatments that should
be disclosed because they usually are not permanent or create special care
requirements: coating, impregnation, irradiating, heating, use of nuclear
bombardment, application of colored or colorless oil or epoxy-like resins,
wax, plastic, or glass, surface diffusion, or dyeing. This disclosure may
be made at the point of sale, except that disclosure should be made in any
solicitation where the product can be purchased without viewing (e.g., direct
mail catalogs, on-line services), and in the case of televised shopping
programs, on the air. If special care requirements for a gemstone arise
because the gemstone has been treated, it is recommended that the seller
disclose the special care requirements to the purchaser."
Copyright © 1998 by Bond Communications.
|
<urn:uuid:167c3256-436a-4831-bdb2-fda2fe9b4e13>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-14
|
http://www.professionaljeweler.com/archives/articles/1998/sep98/0998fys2.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300773.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00172-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.901972
| 1,392
| 2.8125
| 3
|
[
1890,
3406,
9983,
25,
50,
9417,
4700,
515,
15669,
28750,
198,
35,
88,
276,
393,
5686,
6335,
12931,
22449,
1522,
11830,
7278,
198,
6943,
45847,
25286,
7278,
19059,
511,
29763,
516,
8737,
290,
21036,
7577,
284,
198,
64,
2041,
2239,
393,
734,
2077,
706,
3487,
7587,
13,
3423,
338,
703,
284,
1560,
198,
14108,
4297,
546,
777,
29754,
198,
34,
586,
1522,
25286,
7278,
1296,
287,
257,
285,
692,
17990,
351,
262,
6133,
286,
5384,
13,
383,
1429,
11,
198,
8071,
4714,
287,
2869,
1903,
428,
4289,
11,
9018,
4114,
20482,
257,
2802,
12,
1659,
12,
431,
7063,
198,
77,
14913,
385,
287,
257,
285,
692,
17990,
13,
198,
464,
285,
692,
17990,
30174,
416,
792,
260,
889,
299,
12345,
11,
257,
22279,
7596,
9136,
326,
12188,
198,
929,
287,
11685,
1088,
262,
29984,
11,
543,
3221,
318,
19273,
13,
198,
45,
12345,
318,
644,
3607,
25286,
7278,
511,
3288,
3124,
11,
4143,
11398,
11,
2330,
11,
198,
40503,
11,
12768,
11,
7872,
11,
7586,
393,
3869,
13,
770,
366,
2618,
1,
3124,
318,
1690,
198,
785,
1154,
12061,
416,
257,
27223,
4173,
1460,
43696,
1444,
366,
13989,
526,
198,
15005,
2259,
5315,
32999,
902,
198,
15468,
11,
1692,
45207,
4831,
287,
284,
9494,
262,
3288,
3124,
286,
257,
43836,
13,
198,
4342,
338,
703,
284,
10400,
262,
7243,
25,
198,
12,
37123,
21731,
13,
4042,
25286,
7278,
1390,
198,
40820,
1522,
8268,
7050,
11,
40941,
290,
2520,
6896,
389,
7245,
2317,
284,
1657,
268,
198,
1726,
574,
3223,
3006,
326,
743,
1656,
739,
262,
299
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Etemenanki: name of the large temple tower in Babylon, also known as the Tower of Babel. Its Sumerian name E-temen-an-ki means “House of the foundation of heaven on earth”.
The story of the Tower of Babel, found in the Biblical book of Genesis, is one of the most famous and beloved legends of mankind.
The whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Šin’âr, and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, “Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly.” And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, “Come, let us build us a city and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”
And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which the children of men built. And the Lord said, “Behold, the people are one and they have all one language, and this they begin to do; and now nothing will be withheld from them which they have imagined to do. Come, let Us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off building the city.
Therefore is the name of it called Bâbel (that is “Confusion”) because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.note
Let’s start our discussion of the Etemenanki with some remarks about this Biblical story. The Hebrew word Bâbel, Confusion, is often used for Babylon (Akkadian Bab-ili), but this is not sufficient to prove the identification of the tower with a monument in this big city. (Imagine a legend about the unity of mankind, which is situated by scholars in Union, Connecticut.) Fortunately, the story contains a second geographical clue: the tower was erected on “a plain in the land of Šin’âr”. This country is known from other books of the Bible (Isaiah 11.11 and Zechariah 5.11) and is translated as “Babylonia” in the Septuagint. So there is nothing that keeps us from identifying the Biblical building with a monument in ancient Babylon. This must be the building known as E-temen-an-ki, the ‘House of the foundation of heaven on earth’, a giant mountain of bricks and tiles with, on top, a temple for the god Marduk. He had a second temple in the neighborhood, the Esagila.
The ancient Babylonians called these brick mountains a ziqqurratu or ziggurat, which can be translated as “rising building” (Akkadian zaqâru, “to rise high”). This type of temple tower is the oriental equivalent of the Egyptian pyramid and just as old, although there are two differences: the ziggurat was not a tomb, and ziggurats were built well into the Seleucid age, whereas the building of pyramids came to an end after c.1640 BCE. Ziggurats played a role in the cults of many cities in ancient Mesopotamia. Archaeologists have discovered nineteen of these buildings in sixteen cities; the existence of another ten is known from literary sources.
The Etemenanki was among the largest of these, and the most important. (The largest was the shrine of Anu at Uruk, built in the third or second century BCE.) According to the Babylonian creation epic Enûma êliš the god Marduk defended the other gods against the diabolical monster Tiamat. After he had killed it, he brought order to the cosmos, built the Esagila, which was the center of the new world, and created mankind. The Etemenanki was next to the Esagila, and this means that the temple tower was erected at the center of the world, as the axis of the universe. Here, a straight line connected earth and heaven. This aspect of Babylonian cosmology is echoed in the Biblical story, where the builders say “let us build a tower whose top may reach unto heaven”.
The best description of the monumental tower can be found in a cuneiform tablet from Uruk, written in 229 BCE. It is a copy of an older text and is now in the Louvre in Paris. It states that the tower was made up of seven terraces and it gives the height of the seven stocks – 91 meters all in all. The ground floor measured 91 x 91 meters, and this is confirmed by archaeological excavations conducted by Robert Koldewey after 1913 (91,48 x 91,66 m). Large stairs were discovered at the south side of the building, where a triple gate connected the Etemenanki with the Esagila. A larger gate in the east connected the Etemenanki with the sacred procession road. Seen from the triple gate, the Etemenanki must have resembled a true “stairway to heaven”, because the gates on the higher terraces seemed to be standing on top of each other.
Using the archaeological data and the tablet at the Louvre, several reconstructions have been proposed. (The picture shows the most recent one, by Hansjörg Schmid.) However, there is one caveat: it is possible that the Louvre tablet describes not the real temple tower, but an idealized sanctuary – a blueprint for a Etemenanki that still has to be build, comparable to the description of the temple of Jerusalem in the Biblical book of Ezekhiel.
On the highest terrace was a temple, dedicated to the Babylonian supreme god Marduk. The Louvre tablet again offers information. There were several cult rooms: Marduk shared his room with his wife Sarpanitum, a second room offered accommodation to the scribe-god Nabû and his wife Tashmetu, and there were rooms for the water god Ea, the god of light Nusku, the god of heaven Anu, and finally Enlil, Marduk’s predecessor as chief of the Mesopotamian pantheon. A seventh room was called “house of the bed” and contained a bed and a throne. A second bed was on the inner court of the temple on the highest platform of the Etemenanki. Finally, there must have been stairs to the roof. It is possible that the famous Babylonian astronomers, the Chaldaeans, did their observations at the topmost level of the building.
This is the point where another text becomes useful: the Histories by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE). Although he probably never visited Babylon, his description of the Etemenanki tells us something about the temple ritual. (Herodotus correctly calls the supreme god of Babylon Bêl (“lord”), because his real name was not pronounced.)
The temple of Bêl, the Babylonian Zeus […] was still in existence in my time. It has a solid central tower, one stadium square, with a second erected on top of it and then a third, and so on up to eight. All eight towers can be climbed by a spiral way running round the outside, and about half way up there are seats for those who make the ascent to rest on. On the summit of the topmost tower stands a great temple with a fine large couch in it, richly covered, and a golden table beside it. The shrine contains no image, and no one spends the night there except (if we may believe that Chaldaeans who are the priests of Bêl) one Babylonian woman, all alone, whoever it may be that the god has chosen. The Chaldaeans also say -though I do not believe them- that the god enters the temple in person and takes his rest upon the bed.note
This account contains minor errors (the dimensions of the tower, the number of levels, the shape of the stairs) and belongs to a description of Babylon that contains grave errors. It needs to be stressed, because there are still scholars maintaining that Herodotus visited Babylon, that the Greek researcher does not claim that he has seen the Etemenanki: he merely writes that it “was still in existence” in his time. Yet, this is the only text we have that describes the ritual performed in the temple: a holy marriage, in which the god sleeps with a woman. Unfortunately, there is not a single scrap of Babylonian evidence that can be used to corroborate Herodotus’ story.
Probably, we must simply ignore it. He goes on to make a comparison with a similar Egyptian ritual, and this betrays him: on several occasions, Herodotus offers comparisons between Babylonia and Egypt, and in those cases, he is always wrong and may be repeating a story told by Egyptian priests. The story about the woman and the god belongs to this category.
The Etemenanki is mentioned for the first time in the Annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib, who claims that he destroyed the temple tower of his Babylonian enemies in 689 BCE. Although he certainly sacked Babylon, it is impossible that his looting soldiers destroyed the Etemenanki. The wholesale destruction of large-scale structures is the prerogative of the modern age; ancient armies were incapable of destroying a large building.
The fact that Sennacherib could send an army against the Etemenanki, proves that it was older, and it would be remarkable if it was not so by at least 1000 years. During the reign of king Hammurabi (1792-1750), Babylonia was the leading power of Mesopotamia. In his age, there were ziggurats in lesser towns like Qatara, Aššur, Sippar, Kish, Borsippa, Nippur, Uruk, Larsa, Ur, and Eridu. It would be very strange if the capital of the world would be the only city without a ziggurat. It may be noted that the creation epic Enûma êliš with its reference to the building of the Esagila (and the implication of the existence of the Etemenanki), had already been written.
After Sennacherib, Esarhaddon was king of Assyria (680-669). He allowed the Babylonians to rebuilt their city. Another construction phase may have been after the war between the Assyrian king Aššurbanipal and his brother Šamaš-šum-ukin, the viceroy of Babylon (667-648). When Babylonia became independent under Nabopolassar (625-605), there was renewed building activity, and finally, king Nebuchadnezzar (605-562) is recorded as one of the builders. He finished the temple at the top, which was covered with a roof made of cedars from the Lebanon. The two last king have boasted that the tower “reached unto heaven” (cf. the Weidner Chronicle).
The building history suggests that the Babylonians were occupied with the construction of the tower for over a century. It is possible that the ambitious design of a tower of 92 x 92 x 92 meters was too grandiose, so that they needed as much time for their project as the medieval builders of the European cathedrals. For a long time, the tower must have looked unfinished, and this may explain how the Biblical story came into being. It is certainly possible that the sanctuary was never finished at all.
The Persian king Xerxes (r.486-465) has often been blamed for the destruction of the Etemenanki. During his reign, there were indeed two revolts (led by Bêl-šimânni and Šamaš-eriba, both in 484), and Herodotus states that Xerxes took away a large statue of a man from the Esagila. Some six centuries later, the historian Arrian of Nicomedia, the author of an important book on Alexander the Great, expanded this last piece of information to a remark about the destruction of the Etemenanki. After all, Arrian had to explain why Alexander started to rebuild the monument that was by then known as the “tomb of Belus”. But his story can not be true. The continuous cult at the Esagila and Etemenanki is mentioned in cuneiform sources form the fifth and fourth centuries, and is confirmed by Herodotus (whatever his merits), who states that “the temple of Bêl […] was still in existence in my time”.
The truth must be that by the time of Alexander, the ziggurat had fallen into disrepair. Buildings made of brick easily fall apart and need permanent care in the hot climate of the Near East. There is one badly damaged source, quoted here, that suggests that the Persian king Artaxerxes IV Arses (338-336) had already decided to restore the Esagila and the Etemenanki. Behaving like a Babylonian king was supposed to do, Alexander ordered 10,000 soldiers to remove the remains of the old building. Over a period of two months (April and May 323), tiles and bricks were brought to the eastern part of the city. This time, the tower was not destroyed by an army looking for loot: it was a systematic attempt to clear the building ground.
Although the site was now cleared, the tower was never rebuilt. On 11 June, Alexander died. Civil war broke out between his generals, the Diadochi. During the next years, Babylon saw several armies, and it lasted until 309 until peace conditions were restored by Seleucus Nicator. However, he founded another capital for the new Seleucid empire, Seleucia. Babylon was never restored to its old status, and that meant the end of the attempts to rebuilt the Etemenanki – although one scribe in Uruk was still hoping for its reconstruction and wrote the Louvre tablet. The Esagila remained intact well into the first century BCE and probably even later.
Interesting detail: the Ruin of Esagila Chronicle mentions that the Seleucid crown prince Antiochus sacrificed on the remains of the Etemenanki, stumbled and fell, and angrily ordered his elephant drivers to destroy the last remains.
Arabian authors were responsible for keeping the memory of the Etemenanki alive, sometimes comparing the greatness of the ancient city with the humble town Bâbil of their own age. However, they thought that the ancient royal palace, which was the largest ruin on the site, was the tower of Babel. The inhabitants of Bâbil told the same to the first Western visitors, in the sixteenth century.
In the nineteenth century, the real Etemenanki was rediscovered by the native Arabian population. People of the nearby village wanted to create a palm garden and discovered ancient bricks when they lowered the groundwater level. German engineers understood the significance and in 1913, Robert Koldewey started the excavation of the Etemenanki. Today, only four channels can be seen; the rest of the site is overgrown with weed. A satellite photo can be found here.
|
<urn:uuid:d2b1ae48-20ff-4729-98fa-8c4ea0c3c797>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://soipost.wordpress.com/2014/06/15/etemenanki-the-tower-of-babel/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323721.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628171342-20170628191342-00629.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969425
| 3,295
| 3.296875
| 3
|
[
36,
83,
8952,
962,
72,
25,
1438,
286,
262,
1588,
12505,
10580,
287,
28028,
11,
635,
1900,
355,
262,
8765,
286,
50175,
13,
6363,
5060,
263,
666,
1438,
412,
12,
83,
8952,
12,
272,
12,
4106,
1724,
564,
250,
18102,
286,
262,
8489,
286,
9538,
319,
4534,
447,
251,
13,
198,
464,
1621,
286,
262,
8765,
286,
50175,
11,
1043,
287,
262,
31752,
1492,
286,
18993,
11,
318,
530,
286,
262,
749,
5863,
290,
14142,
24901,
286,
18019,
13,
198,
464,
2187,
4534,
373,
286,
530,
3303,
11,
290,
286,
530,
4046,
13,
843,
340,
1625,
284,
1208,
11,
355,
484,
7002,
276,
422,
262,
7627,
11,
326,
484,
1043,
257,
8631,
287,
262,
1956,
286,
25370,
254,
259,
447,
247,
22940,
81,
11,
290,
484,
43756,
2120,
612,
13,
843,
484,
531,
530,
284,
1194,
11,
564,
250,
16773,
11,
1309,
514,
787,
28902,
290,
4245,
606,
13770,
13,
447,
251,
843,
484,
550,
17214,
329,
7815,
11,
290,
34570,
550,
484,
329,
29871,
13,
843,
484,
531,
11,
564,
250,
16773,
11,
1309,
514,
1382,
514,
257,
1748,
290,
257,
10580,
3025,
1353,
743,
3151,
12722,
9538,
26,
290,
1309,
514,
787,
514,
257,
1438,
11,
27380,
356,
307,
16830,
10522,
2402,
262,
1986,
286,
262,
2187,
4534,
13,
447,
251,
198,
1870,
262,
4453,
1625,
866,
284,
766,
262,
1748,
290,
262,
10580,
543,
262,
1751,
286,
1450,
3170,
13,
843,
262,
4453,
531,
11,
564,
250,
3856,
2946,
11,
262,
661,
389,
530,
290,
484,
423,
477,
530,
3303,
11,
290,
428
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Human beings are innately social, from the first smile in infancy to the later joy of reunions with lifelong friends. But at no life stage is belonging and befriending more vital than in middle childhood.
As a baby and preschooler, your child makes her primary emotional connections with family and caregivers, even though she probably spends more time with peers than you did at that age. But the preschooler’s all-consuming question — “How do I fit into this family?” — evolves in elementary school to become “How can I be an insider?” along with its corollary, “Who will be my best friend?”
Pass by an elementary or middle school at dismissal time and watch the flow of children trudging home or boarding buses. Remarkably, they look almost identical, wearing the same styles of jackets, carrying the same backpacks in the same colors slung over their shoulders in a manner identical to their same-gender peers. Girls, in particular, are cautious about not dressing differently from other girls their age. Boys have similar standards, but they are more likely to rank one another on athletic prowess and physical power. Boys who seem overly aggressive to adults are often the most admired by their peers. Girls, on the other hand, measure one another on attractiveness and readiness to be helpful and kind, rather than overt aggression.
Most parents of children this age have had to console youngsters who complain, “Nobody likes me,” after being left off a guest list for a party or not chosen for a team. Every child has at least some worry about the possibility — if not the experience — of being left out by the group or rejected by a former best friend. In early elementary school, leaders may be secure for a week or a month or two, and then that too changes. Often, to avoid being rejected themselves, kids can be disloyal and mean in public to a supposedly good friend. No child is guaranteed continuing social success.
|
<urn:uuid:e8a31db7-18b3-4145-bd15-3b5002c2f0ef>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
http://www.musikschule-wittgenstein.de/2014/07/25/how-to-help-your-child-make-and-keep-friends/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739182.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814070558-20200814100558-00548.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972761
| 407
| 2.71875
| 3
|
[
20490,
9791,
389,
3527,
1286,
1919,
11,
422,
262,
717,
8212,
287,
38120,
284,
262,
1568,
8716,
286,
15398,
507,
351,
25837,
2460,
13,
887,
379,
645,
1204,
3800,
318,
16686,
290,
43548,
278,
517,
9204,
621,
287,
3504,
9963,
13,
198,
1722,
257,
5156,
290,
38725,
263,
11,
534,
1200,
1838,
607,
4165,
7016,
8787,
351,
1641,
290,
45044,
11,
772,
996,
673,
2192,
16887,
517,
640,
351,
14495,
621,
345,
750,
379,
326,
2479,
13,
887,
262,
38725,
263,
447,
247,
82,
477,
12,
35873,
1808,
851,
564,
250,
2437,
466,
314,
4197,
656,
428,
1641,
30,
447,
251,
851,
43576,
287,
19823,
1524,
284,
1716,
564,
250,
2437,
460,
314,
307,
281,
25851,
30,
447,
251,
1863,
351,
663,
1162,
692,
560,
11,
564,
250,
8241,
481,
307,
616,
1266,
1545,
30,
447,
251,
198,
14478,
416,
281,
19823,
393,
3504,
1524,
379,
25693,
640,
290,
2342,
262,
5202,
286,
1751,
491,
38840,
1363,
393,
25523,
16893,
13,
3982,
668,
1346,
11,
484,
804,
2048,
10411,
11,
5762,
262,
976,
12186,
286,
35129,
11,
6872,
262,
976,
736,
32377,
287,
262,
976,
7577,
1017,
2150,
625,
511,
12450,
287,
257,
5642,
10411,
284,
511,
976,
12,
8388,
14495,
13,
12002,
11,
287,
1948,
11,
389,
21205,
546,
407,
18544,
10338,
422,
584,
4813,
511,
2479,
13,
17528,
423,
2092,
5423,
11,
475,
484,
389,
517,
1884,
284,
4279,
530,
1194,
319,
15177,
30721,
290,
3518,
1176,
13,
17528,
508,
1283,
17698,
8361,
284,
6490,
389,
1690,
262,
749,
29382,
416,
511,
14495,
13
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
3rd grade mixedbers worksheet common denominators word problems pdf printable worksheets.
3rd grade mixed numberst image inspirations sums for and improper fractions lesson plan education com.
3rd grade mixed numbers worksheet image inspirations 5th pdf kuta.
Mixed numbers to improper fractions worksheet identifying free number worksheets pdf dividing.
3rd grade mixed numbers worksheet dividing improper fractions 5th printable pdf free.
Mixed numberset education com classroom math activities fractions school 3rd grade identifyingets.
3rd grade mixed numbersheet image inspirations common denominators word problems identifying.
Worksheets free distance learning and more commoncoresheets 3rdrade mixed numbers worksheet improper fractions 5th printable.
Worksheet on changing fractions improper fraction tohole or mixed 3rd grade numbers 5th math pdf free identifying.
Mixed numbers to improper fractions worksheet identifying worksheets 3rd grade pdf.
3rd grade mixed numberst pdf free numberts 5th kuta.
Great improper fractions to mixed numbers worksheetsrd grade worksheet image inspirations.
3rd grade mixed numbers worksheet image inspirations free convert improper fractions to using visuals common.
3rd grade mixed numbers worksheet image inspirations 5th math dividing impropertions and.
3rd grade mixed numbers worksheet math worksheets subtract from whole k5 learning image inspirations to.
3rd gradeixed numbers worksheet image inspirations tasty treats super teacher worksheets printableath.
Grade fractions worksheetixed numbers with like denominators k5 learning to improper free number worksheets 3rd.
3rd gradeed numbers worksheet image inspirations common denominators pdf dividing improper fractions.
Mixed numbersheets 3rd grade numberssheet free converting pdf printable.
|
<urn:uuid:42969041-f4bd-437f-bcd8-da700b833bff>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
http://caferhu.com/3rd-grade-mixed-numbers-worksheet/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634576.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617222646-20210618012646-00383.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.762535
| 375
| 3.078125
| 3
|
[
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
1213,
2499,
25473,
2219,
31457,
2024,
1573,
2761,
37124,
3601,
540,
2499,
258,
1039,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
1271,
301,
2939,
32285,
602,
21784,
329,
290,
18992,
49876,
11483,
1410,
3707,
401,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
3146,
2499,
25473,
2939,
32285,
602,
642,
400,
37124,
479,
29822,
13,
198,
44,
2966,
3146,
284,
18992,
49876,
2499,
25473,
13720,
1479,
1271,
2499,
258,
1039,
37124,
27241,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
3146,
2499,
25473,
27241,
18992,
49876,
642,
400,
3601,
540,
37124,
1479,
13,
198,
44,
2966,
3146,
316,
3707,
401,
15806,
10688,
4568,
49876,
1524,
513,
4372,
9559,
13720,
1039,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
3146,
25473,
2939,
32285,
602,
2219,
31457,
2024,
1573,
2761,
13720,
13,
198,
23044,
258,
1039,
1479,
5253,
4673,
290,
517,
2219,
66,
2850,
258,
1039,
513,
4372,
27585,
7668,
3146,
2499,
25473,
18992,
49876,
642,
400,
3601,
540,
13,
198,
23044,
25473,
319,
5609,
49876,
18992,
13390,
284,
13207,
393,
7668,
513,
4372,
9559,
3146,
642,
400,
10688,
37124,
1479,
13720,
13,
198,
44,
2966,
3146,
284,
18992,
49876,
2499,
25473,
13720,
2499,
258,
1039,
513,
4372,
9559,
37124,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
1271,
301,
37124,
1479,
1271,
912,
642,
400,
479,
29822,
13,
198,
13681,
18992,
49876,
284,
7668,
3146,
2499,
258,
1039,
4372,
9559,
2499,
25473,
2939,
32285,
602,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
3146,
2499,
25473,
2939,
32285,
602,
1479,
10385,
18992,
49876,
284,
1262,
27329,
2219,
13,
198,
18,
4372,
9559,
7668,
3146
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Fibroids are non-cancerous tumours that grow in or around the womb (uterus). The growths are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue and vary in size.
They are sometimes known as uterine myomas or leiomyomas.
Many women are unaware they have fibroids as they do not have any symptoms. Women who do have symptoms may experience:
heavy periods or painful periods
tummy (abdominal) or lower back pain
a frequent need to urinate
pain or discomfort during sex
In rare cases, fibroids can cause significant complications, such as infertility and problems during pregnancy.
Seeing your GP
As they commonly cause no symptoms, fibroids are sometimes diagnosed by chance during a routine gynaecological examination, test or scan.
However, you should see your GP if you have persistent symptoms of fibroids so they can investigate possible causes.
If your GP thinks you may have fibroids, they will usually refer you for an ultrasound scan to confirm the diagnosis.
Why fibroids develop
The exact cause of fibroids is unknown. However, they are linked to the hormone oestrogen. Oestrogen is the female reproductive hormone produced by the ovaries (the female reproductive organs).
Fibroids usually develop during a woman's reproductive years (from approximately 16 to 50 years of age) when oestrogen levels are at their highest, and they tend to shrink when oestrogen levels are low, such as after the menopause (when a woman's monthly periods stop at around 50 years of age).
Who is affected?
Fibroids are common, with more than 40% of women developing them at some point in their life. They most often occur in women aged 30 to 50 years.
Fibroids are thought to develop more frequently in women of African Caribbean origin. It is also thought they occur more often in overweight or obese women because being overweight increases the level of oestrogen in the body.
Women who have had children have a lower risk of developing fibroids, and the risk decreases further the more children you have.
Types of fibroids
Fibroids can grow anywhere in the womb and vary in size considerably. Some can be the size of a pea, whereas others can be the size of a melon.
The main types of fibroids are:
intramural fibroids – the most common type of fibroid, they develop in the muscle wall of the womb
subserosal fibroids – fibroids that develop outside the wall of the womb into the pelvis and can become very large
submucosal fibroids – fibroids that develop in the muscle layer beneath the inner lining of the womb and grow into the middle of the womb
In some cases, subserosal or submucosal fibroids are attached to the womb with a narrow stalk of tissue. These are known as pedunculated fibroids.
If fibroids do not cause symptoms, treatment is not needed. They will often shrink and disappear without any treatment over time, particularly after the menopause.
If you do have symptoms caused by fibroids, medication to help relieve the symptoms will usually be recommended first.
If these medications are ineffective, surgery or other less invasive procedures may be recommended.
Symptoms of fibroids
Many women are unaware they have fibroids because they do not have any symptoms. Around one in three women with fibroids experiences some symptoms.
If your fibroids do cause symptoms, you may experience one or more of the problems outlined below.
In rare cases, further complications caused by fibroids can affect pregnancy or cause infertility.
See complications of fibroids for more information about this.
Heavy or painful periods
Fibroids do not disrupt the normal menstrual cycle (periods), but can cause heavy, prolonged or painful bleeding.
If you have heavy periods (menorrhagia), it does not necessarily mean there is anything seriously wrong. However, it can be stressful and significantly disrupt your everyday life.
In some cases, heavy periods can cause iron deficiency anaemia, resulting in symptoms such as tiredness, lethargy and shortness of breath.
If you have fibroids, particularly larger ones, you may experience discomfort or bloating (swelling) in your tummy. You may also experience pain in your lower back and legs.
Frequent urination and constipation
If your fibroids press on your bladder, you may need to urinate frequently. Fibroids can also press on your rectum (large intestine), which can cause constipation.
Pain or discomfort during sex
If you have fibroids growing near your vagina or cervix (neck of the womb), you may experience pain or discomfort during sex.
If your GP suspects fibroids, they will usually carry out a pelvic examination to look for any obvious signs.
They may also refer you to a local hospital for further tests outlined below to confirm a diagnosis or rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.
Sometimes fibroids are only discovered during routine gynaecological (vaginal) examinations or tests for other problems, as they often don't cause any symptoms.
One of the main tests carried out to diagnose fibroids is an ultrasound scan. This is a painless scan that uses a probe to produce high frequency sound waves to create an image of the inside of your body.
There are two types of ultrasound scan that can be used to help diagnose fibroids. These are:
an abdominal ultrasound scan – where the ultrasound probe is moved over the outside of your tummy (abdomen)
a transvaginal ultrasound scan – where the ultrasound probe is inserted into your vagina
Images produced by these scans are transmitted to a monitor so your doctor can see if there are any signs of fibroids.
If an ultrasound scan suggests fibroids, you may be referred to a gynaecologist (a specialist in the female reproductive system) for tests described below.
A hysteroscopy involves inserting a small telescope (hysteroscope) into your vagina so your doctor can examine the inside of your womb.
It can be carried out under local anaesthetic or general anaesthetic, so you won't feel any pain during the procedure.
A hysteroscopy is most often used to look for fibroids within your womb (submucosal fibroids).
A laparoscope is a small tube that contains a light source and a camera. The camera relays images of the inside of the abdomen or pelvis to a television monitor.
During a laparoscopy a surgeon makes a small incision in your abdomen, passes the laparoscope through the incision, and studies the organs and tissues inside the abdomen or pelvis. General anaesthetic is used, so you will be asleep during the procedure.
A laparoscopy can be used to look for fibroids outside your womb (subserosal fibroids) or fibroids in the layer of muscle surrounding the womb (intramural fibroids) that have affected its size and shape.
In some cases, a small tissue sample called a biopsy may be removed during a hysteroscopy or laparoscopy for closer examination under a microscope.
Treatment may not be necessary in cases where there are nosymptoms of fibroids, or where symptoms are minor and your everyday activities are not significantly affected.
Fibroids often shrink after the menopause, and your symptoms will usually either ease slightly or disappear completely.
If you have fibroids that need treatment, your GP may recommend medication to help relieve your symptoms. However, you may need to see a gynaecologist (specialist in the female reproductive system) for further medication or surgery if these are ineffective.
You should visit your GP to discuss the best treatment plan for you.
Medication for symptoms
There are medicines available that can be used to reduce heavy periods, but they can be less effective the larger your fibroids are. These medications are described below.
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)
LNG-IUS is a small plastic device placed in your womb that slowly releases the progestogen hormone levonorgestrel. LNG-IUS stops the lining of your womb from growing quickly, so it is thinner and your bleeding becomes lighter.
Side effects associated with LNG-IUS include:
irregular bleeding that may last for more than six months
in rare cases, no periods at all (absent periods)
LNG-IUS also acts as a contraceptive, but does not affect your chances of getting pregnant after you stop using it.
If LNG-IUS is unsuitable (for example, if contraception is not desired), tranexamic acid tablets may be considered. These tablets work by helping the blood in your womb to clot.
Tranexamic acid tablets are taken three times a day during your period for up to four days. Treatment should be stopped if your symptoms have not improved within three months.
Tranexamic acid tablets are not a form of contraception and will not affect your chances of becoming pregnant.
Possible side effects include indigestion and diarrhoea.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, can be taken three or four times a day from the first day of your period until bleeding stops or reduces to satisfactory levels.
They work by reducing your body's production of a hormone-like substance called prostaglandin, which is linked to heavy periods.
Anti-inflammatory medicines are also painkillers, but are not a form of contraception.
Indigestion and diarrhoea are common side effects.
The contraceptive pill
The contraceptive pill is a popular form of contraception that stops an egg from being released from the ovaries to prevent pregnancy.
As well as making bleeding lighter, some contraceptive pills can help reduce period pain.
Your GP can provide you with further advice about contraception and the contraceptive pill.
Norethisterone is a type of man-made progestogen (one of the female sex hormones) that can help reduce heavy periods. It is usually taken as a daily tablet from days 5 to 26 of your menstrual cycle, counting the first day of your period as day one.
Oral norethisterone works by preventing your womb lining growing quickly. It is not a form of contraception, although it can reduce your chances of conceiving while you are taking it.
The side effects of oral norethisterone can be unpleasant, and include weight gain, breast tenderness and short-term acne.
Progestogen is also available as an injection to treat heavy periods. This medication works by preventing the lining of your womb growing quickly.
This form of progestogen can be injected once every 12 weeks for as long as treatment is required.
Common side effects of injected progestogen include:
premenstrual symptoms, such as bloating, fluid retention and breast tenderness
Injected progesterone also acts as a contraceptive. It does not prevent you becoming pregnant after you stop using it, although there may be a delay after you stop taking it before you are able to get pregnant.
Medication to shrink fibroids
If you are still experiencing symptoms related to fibroids despite treatment with the medications outlined above, your GP can refer you to a gynaecologist. They may prescribe medication called gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues (GnRHas) to help shrink your fibroids.
GnRHas, such as goserelin acetate, are hormones given by injection and work by making your body release a small amount of the hormone oestrogen, which causes your fibroids to shrink.
GnRHas stop your menstrual cycle (period), but are not a form of contraception. They do not affect your chances of becoming pregnant after you stop using them.
If you are prescribed GnRHas, they can help to ease heavy periods and any pressure that is felt on your stomach. They also help improve symptoms of frequent urination and constipation.
Sometimes GnRHas are used to shrink fibroids prior to surgery to remove them.
GnRHas can cause a number of menopause-like side effects, including:
Sometimes a combination of GnRHas and low doses of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be recommended to prevent these side effects.
Osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) is an occasional side effect of taking GnRHas. Your GP can give you more information about this, and may prescribe additional medication to minimise thinning of your bones.
GnRHas is only prescribed on a short-term basis (a maximum of six months at a time). Your fibroids may grow back to their original size after treatment is stopped.
Surgery may be considered if your fibroid symptoms are particularly severe and medication has been ineffective.
There are several different procedures used to treat fibroids. Your GP will refer you to a specialist, who will discuss options with you, including benefits and any associated risks.
The main procedures used to treat fibroids are outlined below.
A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the womb. It is the most effective way of preventing fibroids coming back.
It may be recommended if you have large fibroids or severe bleeding and you do not wish to have any more children.
There are a number of different ways a hysterectomy can be carried out, including through the vagina or through a number of small incisions in your abdomen (tummy).
Depending on the technique used, the procedure can be carried out under local anaesthetic (where you will be numbed from the waist down) or general anaesthetic (where you are unconscious during the procedure).
You will usually need to stay in hospital for a few days after a hysterectomy. It takes about six to eight weeks to fully recover, during which time you should rest as much as possible.
Side effects of a hysterectomy can include early menopause and areduction in libido (sex drive).
A myomectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the fibroids from the wall of your womb. It may be considered as an alternative to a hysterectomy, particularly for women who still wish to have children.
However, a myomectomy is not suitable for every type of fibroid. Your gynaecologist will be able to tell you if the operation is suitable for you based on things such as the size, number and position of your fibroids.
Depending on the size and position of the fibroids, a myomectomy may involve making either a number of small incisions (cuts) in your tummy (keyhole surgery) or a single larger incision (open surgery).
Myomectomies are carried out under general anaesthetic and you usually need to stay in hospital for a few days after the procedure. Like a hysterectomy, you will normally be advised to rest for several weeks while you recover.
Myomectomies are generally an effective treatment for fibroids, although there is a chance the fibroids will grow back and further surgery will be needed.
As well as traditional surgical techniques to treat fibroids, there are also non-surgical treatments available. These are outlined below.
Uterine artery embolisation (UAE)
Uterine artery embolisation (UAE) is an alternative procedure to a hysterectomy or myomectomy for treating fibroids. It may be recommended for women with large fibroids.
UAE is performed by a radiologist (a doctor trained to interpret X-raysand scans). It involves blocking the blood vessels that supply the fibroids, causing them to shrink.
During the procedure, a chemical is injected through a small tube (catheter), which is guided by X-ray through a blood vessel in your leg. It is carried out under local anaesthetic, which means you will be awake but the area being treated will be numbed.
You will usually need to stay in hospital a day or two after UAE. When you leave hospital, you will be advised to rest for one to two weeks.
Although it is possible to have a successful pregnancy after UAE, the effects of the procedure on fertility and pregnancy are generally uncertain. The procedure should therefore only be carried out after a detailed discussion with your doctor about the potential risks, benefits and uncertainties.
Endometrial ablation is a relatively minor procedure that involves removing the lining of the womb. It is mainly used to reduce heavy bleeding in women with fibroids, but it can also be used to treat small fibroids in the womb lining.
The affected womb lining can be removed in a number of ways, for example by using laser energy, a heated wire loop, microwave heating or hot fluid in a balloon.
The procedure can be carried out either under local anaesthetic orgeneral anaesthetic. It is fairly quick to perform, taking around 20 minutes, and you can often go home the same day.
You may experience some vaginal bleeding and tummy cramps for a few days afterwards, although some women have bloody discharge for three or four weeks.
Some women have reported experiencing more severe or prolonged pain after having endometrial ablation. In this case, you should speak to your GP or a member of your hospital care team who may be able to prescribe a stronger painkiller.
While it may still be possible to get pregnant after having endometrial ablation, the procedure is not recommended for women who want to have more children. This is because the risk of serious problems, such as miscarriage, is high.
More information about endometrial ablation is available from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), who have produced a leaflet called Information for you after an endometrial ablation (PDF, 3.75Mb).
Hysteroscopic resection of fibroids is a procedure that involves using a thin telescope called a hysteroscope and a number of small surgical instruments to remove fibroids. The procedure is carried out through the vagina, so no incisions are needed.
The procedure can be used to remove small fibroids located inside the womb (submucosal fibroids) and is suitable for women who wish to have children in the future.
Hysteroscopic resection of fibroids is often performed under a general anaesthetic, although local anaesthetic may also be used. You can usually go home the same day the procedure is carried out.
You may experience stomach cramps after the procedure, but these should only last a few hours. There may also be a small amount of vaginal bleeding, which should stop within a few weeks.
As well as the procedures outlined above, there are two newer techniques for treating fibroids that use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are:
MRI-guided percutaneous laser ablation
MRI-guided transcutaneous focused ultrasound
These techniques use MRI to guide small needles into the centre of the fibroid being targeted. Laser energy or ultrasound energy is then passed through the needles to destroy the fibroid.
These treatment methods cannot be used to treat all types of fibroids, and the long-term benefits and risks are unknown. As these procedures are relatively new, they are not yet widely available in the UK.
Although research is still being done, some evidence suggests this non-invasive procedure has short- to medium-term benefits when performed by an experienced clinician.
However, the effects on pregnancy and those wishing to have a baby in the future are not fully known, so this should be taken into consideration.
Read guidance on MRI-guided transcutaneous focused ultrasound and MRI-guided percutaneous laser ablation from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Complications of fibroids
Although most women do not experience any symptoms of fibroids, they can cause significant problems in rare cases.
The likelihood of complications occurring depends on things such as the position of the fibroids and their size. Some main complications are outlined below.
Problems during pregnancy
The presence of fibroids during pregnancy can sometimes lead to problems with the development of the baby or difficulties during labour.
Specifically, women with fibroids may experience tummy (abdominal) pain during pregnancy and there is a risk of premature labour. If large fibroids block the vagina, a caesarean section (delivery through a cut in the tummy and womb) may be necessary. In rare cases, fibroids can cause miscarriage (the loss of pregnancy during the first 23 weeks).
Your GP or midwife will be able to give you further information and advice if you have fibroids and are pregnant.
Infertility (the inability to become pregnant) may occur in cases where a woman's fibroids are large. Large fibroids can sometimes prevent a fertilised egg attaching itself to the lining of the womb or prevent sperm reaching the egg, although this is rare.
If you have a submucosal fibroid (which grows from the muscle wall into the cavity of your womb), it may block a fallopian tube, making it harder for you to become pregnant. The fallopian tubes are the tubes that connect the ovaries (where the egg is released) to the womb.
|
<urn:uuid:55d53540-d003-4ea1-bc27-a83347181ad5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.knowyourdoctor.com.cy/medical/fibroids/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00627.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945275
| 4,676
| 3.4375
| 3
|
[
37,
571,
305,
2340,
389,
1729,
12,
48870,
516,
11814,
4662,
326,
1663,
287,
393,
1088,
262,
31514,
357,
11894,
385,
737,
383,
3349,
82,
389,
925,
510,
286,
8280,
290,
12900,
7596,
10712,
290,
7565,
287,
2546,
13,
198,
2990,
389,
3360,
1900,
355,
31500,
500,
616,
16911,
393,
443,
72,
9145,
16911,
13,
198,
7085,
1466,
389,
17261,
484,
423,
12900,
305,
2340,
355,
484,
466,
407,
423,
597,
7460,
13,
6926,
508,
466,
423,
7460,
743,
1998,
25,
198,
23701,
9574,
393,
12132,
9574,
198,
83,
13513,
357,
397,
3438,
1292,
8,
393,
2793,
736,
2356,
198,
64,
10792,
761,
284,
2956,
4559,
198,
35436,
393,
23597,
1141,
1714,
198,
818,
4071,
2663,
11,
12900,
305,
2340,
460,
2728,
2383,
19481,
11,
884,
355,
47906,
290,
2761,
1141,
10241,
13,
198,
36314,
534,
14714,
198,
1722,
484,
8811,
2728,
645,
7460,
11,
12900,
305,
2340,
389,
3360,
14641,
416,
2863,
1141,
257,
8027,
308,
46434,
721,
2770,
12452,
11,
1332,
393,
9367,
13,
198,
4864,
11,
345,
815,
766,
534,
14714,
611,
345,
423,
16218,
7460,
286,
12900,
305,
2340,
523,
484,
460,
9161,
1744,
5640,
13,
198,
1532,
534,
14714,
6834,
345,
743,
423,
12900,
305,
2340,
11,
484,
481,
3221,
3522,
345,
329,
281,
37721,
9367,
284,
6216,
262,
13669,
13,
198,
5195,
12900,
305,
2340,
1205,
198,
464,
2748,
2728,
286,
12900,
305,
2340,
318,
6439,
13,
2102,
11,
484,
389,
6692,
284,
262,
17770,
267,
395,
8648,
13,
440,
395,
8648,
318,
262,
4048,
18391,
17770,
4635,
416,
262
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
NASA Goddard Joins Team to Explore the Solar System's Final Frontier
7 Dec 2001
(Source: Goddard Space Flight Center)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
RELEASE NO: 01-121
At the edge of our solar system lies a frigid double planet that has never been visited by spacecraft - Pluto. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., has joined a team led by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), San Antonio, Texas, to begin preliminary design studies for what could be the first spacecraft to visit this remote world - the New Horizons mission.
Goddard will provide an infrared spectrometer, called the Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA), to the camera system on board the New Horizons spacecraft. A spectrometer breaks light down into its component colors, much like a prism separates white light into a rainbow. Each compound emits a unique pattern of colors, like an optical barcode. By separating light from a celestial object into various distinct colors, a spectrometer reveals the optical barcode of any material present. With this information from LEISA, astronomers will determine what Pluto and Charon, Pluto's unusually large moon, are made of, at least on their surfaces.
"We are thrilled to collaborate with the Goddard Space Flight Center," said Dr. Alan Stern of SwRI, Principal Investigator for the New Horizons mission. "Goddard has world-class people and world-class technology."
"Pluto is nearly three billion miles from the Sun, more than thirty times farther away than Earth, so remote, very little is known about it," said Dr. Donald Jennings, a Co-Investigator for New Horizons at Goddard. "Even with the Hubble Space Telescope, Pluto's surface features remain a tantalizing blur. Sending a spacecraft for a close-up view is the only way to learn more about Pluto, whose moon, Charon, is so large that Pluto qualifies as a double planet."
Congress provided $30 million in fiscal 2002 to initiate the spacecraft and science instrument development and launch vehicle procurement for a Pluto-Kuiper Belt mission; however, no funding for subsequent years is included in the administration's budget plan.
If the design passes a NASA review and the mission is fully funded by Congress, New Horizons will be sent to explore Pluto, whose orbit takes it farther from the Sun than any planet in the solar system. Pluto is the largest member of the Kuiper Belt. Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) are a class of relatively small worlds at the fringe of our solar system, possibly hundreds of millions strong, composed of material believed to have been left over after the formation of the other planets.
The New Horizons mission, planned for launch in January 2006, will explore a number of KBOs after it flies past Pluto between 2016 and 2018. The mission's exact arrival time at Pluto depends on the rocket selected to launch the spacecraft. On the way to Pluto, the New Horizons spacecraft will pass close to Jupiter, gaining a boost from the giant planet's gravity to achieve the speed necessary to reach the outer solar system in a reasonable amount of time. This flight path will present the next opportunity to explore Jupiter's exotic moons, and the mission intends to take full advantage of it.
"Pluto's extreme distance makes it the only planet unexplored by spacecraft," said Dr. Dennis Reuter, sensor program manager for LEISA. "It's an extraordinary challenge to reach. To travel to Pluto in a practical amount of time and survive the trip, the spacecraft and its instruments must be built with unprecedented reliability, low weight, and low power consumption."
The camera team will provide a camera and instrument package called the Pluto Express Remote Sensing Investigation (PERSI) that weighs less than 22 pounds and consumes less than seven watts of power. The package is comprised of three subsystems. First is a system of six cameras, to be provided by Ball Aerospace, Boulder, Colo., called the Multi-spectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC). MVIC will take detailed pictures of Pluto and Charon. It is called a multi-spectral camera because it is capable of making images with various kinds of light: visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light. Ultraviolet and infrared light are not visible to the human eye.
Second is LEISA, the infrared spectrometer to be provided by Goddard. The third subsystem is an ultraviolet spectrometer, to be provided by SwRI, called Alice because it's such a nice name. Alice will analyze ultraviolet light to reveal the composition of Pluto's extremely tenuous atmosphere. Ball will be responsible for assembling the three PERSI subsystems into a complete package.
"Each instrument team is among the best in its field, so we combined our strengths for the New Horizons camera system, providing a package smaller and less costly than previously possible, which is ideally suited to the Pluto and Kuiper-belt science," said Jennings. "Goddard has supplied infrared spectrometers for many missions, including Voyager, COBE, Cassini and EO-1. SwRI has a strong background in space-borne ultraviolet experiments, and is supplying Alice for the Rosetta mission. Ball has a long and highly successful record of building a variety of space instruments."
The instrument package was developed, lab and flight tested over a period of eight years, beginning with NASA "Advanced Technology Insertion" funds specifically targeted at the advanced sensor and miniaturization needs of a Pluto mission.
In addition to SwRI, Ball, and Goddard, the New Horizons team includes The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md., NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., and a variety of other universities and research institutions. APL will manage the mission for NASA and design, build and operate the New Horizons spacecraft. JPL will provide navigation support, and tracking and communication services through NASA's Deep Space Network. SwRI will lead the science team and guide development of the spacecraft's scientific instruments, while Ball Aerospace and NASA Goddard help develop the payload.
|
<urn:uuid:69af8b7a-559a-4211-95b2-c2cce64b6e4b>
|
CC-MAIN-2015-27
|
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?News_ID=2771
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095806.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00221-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911873
| 1,252
| 3.609375
| 4
|
[
29998,
47386,
5302,
1040,
4816,
284,
41401,
262,
12347,
4482,
338,
8125,
23281,
198,
22,
4280,
5878,
198,
7,
7416,
25,
47386,
4687,
13365,
3337,
8,
198,
29998,
47386,
4687,
13365,
3337,
11,
3469,
37976,
11,
10670,
198,
2200,
22781,
8005,
25,
5534,
12,
19244,
198,
2953,
262,
5743,
286,
674,
6591,
1080,
7363,
257,
36780,
312,
4274,
5440,
326,
468,
1239,
587,
8672,
416,
16807,
532,
32217,
13,
8884,
338,
47386,
4687,
13365,
3337,
11,
3469,
37976,
11,
39762,
1539,
468,
5399,
257,
1074,
2957,
416,
262,
24320,
4992,
5136,
357,
10462,
7112,
828,
2986,
11366,
11,
3936,
11,
284,
2221,
15223,
1486,
3640,
329,
644,
714,
307,
262,
717,
16807,
284,
3187,
428,
6569,
995,
532,
262,
968,
39519,
4365,
13,
198,
38,
5088,
446,
481,
2148,
281,
30624,
5444,
398,
2357,
11,
1444,
262,
44800,
17906,
40755,
48656,
13058,
1373,
15690,
357,
2538,
22312,
828,
284,
262,
4676,
1080,
319,
3096,
262,
968,
39519,
16807,
13,
317,
5444,
398,
2357,
9457,
1657,
866,
656,
663,
7515,
7577,
11,
881,
588,
257,
46475,
31555,
2330,
1657,
656,
257,
27223,
13,
5501,
13061,
48300,
257,
3748,
3912,
286,
7577,
11,
588,
281,
18480,
2318,
8189,
13,
2750,
27259,
1657,
422,
257,
33258,
2134,
656,
2972,
7310,
7577,
11,
257,
5444,
398,
2357,
10069,
262,
18480,
2318,
8189,
286,
597,
2587,
1944,
13,
2080,
428,
1321,
422,
12509,
22312,
11,
33162,
481,
5004,
644,
32217,
290,
3178,
261,
11,
32217,
338,
23708,
1588,
8824,
11,
389,
925,
286,
11,
379,
1551,
319,
511,
16649,
13,
198
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Scientists suggest 13-month-olds use their understanding about others’ perspectives and social evaluation skills to make sense of social interactions
Feb. 10, 2015
Jeff Sossamon, email@example.com, 573-882-3346
COLUMBIA, Mo. – In the social world, people constantly gather information through visual cues that are used to evaluate others and interact. A new study from researchers at the University of Missouri determined that babies can make sense of complex social situations, and that they expect people to behave appropriately.
You-jung Choi, a doctoral candidate at MU, and Yuyan Luo, associate professor of psychological sciences in the College of Arts and Science, created social situations using puppets and then studied the reactions of 13-month-old infants. Scenarios included characters being friendly and hitting each other with and without witnesses. Researchers timed the gaze, which is an indication of infant knowledge and understanding, and found that the babies were able to comprehend what was happening.
“Our findings show that 13-month-olds can make sense of social situations using their understanding about others’ perspectives and by using social evaluation skills,” said Choi. “Infants can’t tell us what they expect to happen, so we observe their looking time as a way of determining infant expectations. Things that are normal or expected are relatively boring and infants quickly look away; things that are unusual or unexpected, however, are interesting and cause infants to spend more time looking at them.”
In the study, researchers first manipulated two puppet characters so they interacted in a positive manner—by clapping their hands, hopping together and turning to look at each other.
A third puppet was then introduced and was hit by one of the first two. The babies also witnessed different scenarios that showed intentional hitting or accidental hitting. Researchers then examined how these scenarios would change how the babies reacted.
“These scenarios are a bit like adults witnessing their friends behaving badly,” said Luo. “If you were to witness your friend hitting another person, you’d tend to avoid him or her. If you had not witnessed the hit, you still would hang out with the friend. If the hit were an accident, then you may or may not spend time with them. Our results showed that babies reacted to these scenarios in similar ways. ”
These results suggest that young children are developing skills that enable them to assess social situations, Luo said.
“For adults, the answers to these questions are probably complicated, depending on various factors such as the nature of the friendship and both parties’ personalities,” said Choi. “However, we feel that what we’re witnessing is the beginning of how we assign meaning to social situations later in life.”
Future research involves investigating social interactions where infants witness prosocial acts such as helping or assisting the puppet who was hit and how the babies react to that dynamic.
The study, “13-month-olds’ understanding of social interactions,” was authored by Choi and co-authored by Luo. It appears in the journal, Psychological Science.
|
<urn:uuid:4a164f54-7611-4f45-bcc3-f9d1884e9d73>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
|
http://munews.missouri.edu/news-releases/2015/0210-babies-can-identify-complex-social-situations-and-react-accordingly-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00225-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959907
| 650
| 3.53125
| 4
|
[
29193,
1950,
1511,
12,
8424,
12,
10119,
779,
511,
4547,
546,
1854,
447,
247,
22582,
290,
1919,
12660,
4678,
284,
787,
2565,
286,
1919,
12213,
198,
15146,
13,
838,
11,
1853,
198,
19139,
311,
793,
16487,
11,
3053,
31,
20688,
13,
785,
11,
642,
4790,
12,
42980,
12,
2091,
3510,
198,
25154,
5883,
3483,
32,
11,
4270,
13,
784,
554,
262,
1919,
995,
11,
661,
7558,
6431,
1321,
832,
5874,
25288,
326,
389,
973,
284,
13446,
1854,
290,
9427,
13,
317,
649,
2050,
422,
4837,
379,
262,
2059,
286,
11565,
5295,
326,
11903,
460,
787,
2565,
286,
3716,
1919,
7445,
11,
290,
326,
484,
1607,
661,
284,
17438,
20431,
13,
198,
1639,
12,
73,
2150,
42198,
11,
257,
40995,
4540,
379,
25108,
11,
290,
10605,
4121,
25956,
11,
11602,
6240,
286,
10590,
19838,
287,
262,
5535,
286,
11536,
290,
5800,
11,
2727,
1919,
7445,
1262,
13595,
1039,
290,
788,
9713,
262,
12737,
286,
1511,
12,
8424,
12,
727,
18775,
13,
1446,
268,
13010,
3017,
3435,
852,
8030,
290,
9008,
1123,
584,
351,
290,
1231,
11432,
13,
26685,
28805,
262,
17841,
11,
543,
318,
281,
12955,
286,
11212,
3725,
290,
4547,
11,
290,
1043,
326,
262,
11903,
547,
1498,
284,
24772,
644,
373,
5836,
13,
198,
447,
250,
5122,
6373,
905,
326,
1511,
12,
8424,
12,
10119,
460,
787,
2565,
286,
1919,
7445,
1262,
511,
4547,
546,
1854,
447,
247,
22582,
290,
416,
1262,
1919,
12660,
4678,
11,
447,
251,
531,
42198,
13,
564,
250,
18943,
1187,
460,
447,
247,
83,
1560,
514,
644,
484,
1607,
284
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
In this recent Tech & Learning virtual roundtable, Dr. Kecia Ray talked with a panel of experts about the building blocks of a student safety district program, and how technology can help educators connect with students and signal to educators if students are at risk. The panel also discussed developing effective content monitoring tools and engaging parents.
The on-demand version is available here.
Forming a Connection
When the Berryessa Union School District in California went remote in March 2020, the district’s Director of Technology Martin Cisneros said his main focus was keeping children connected but in a deeper way than that term is normally used. He wanted children to be connected to the internet and their class lessons, and also the larger community and to tech tools that could protect them from the dangers of isolation and self harm. “Making sure that we had a way to monitor students was our number one priority before we decided how many gadgets we're going to be deploying,” Cisneros said. The district focused on providing community and support for students as they learned how to navigate both new systems and a new way of learning.
Tom Walker, director of technology for the Massac Unit School District #1 in Illinois agreed. He said that in addition to getting students devices and providing internet connectivity, his district also paid attention to student well-being. “We just kind of had to look at the day that we were on, and really pay attention to the needs of our students, our community at large, and try to meet those needs no matter what the environment was,” he said.
Cisneros and Walker’s districts both use Securly, a cloud-based web filtering program designed for schools to protect student safety and help with school-device management. The program serves about 10 million students.
Mike Jolley, general manager and director of K-12 Safety for Securly, said that initially in March 2020 conversations among educators Securly works with were focused on connectivity issues, but that changed almost immediately to student safety. “It became not only about kids aren't seeing their teachers every day -- teachers are the ones that can see signs in kids and pick up on something maybe different -- but kids aren't seeing their peers,” he says. “It really started to be a conversation about now that we've got devices in the hands of kids who've never had it before, in homes that have never had them from the school before, and they're online more than ever, how do we keep these kids safe. How do we keep them safe from a lot of things, from outside predators, from online bullying, and all the different challenges that are present that come along with the amazing advantages of technology.”
Securly is able to send alerts to administrators if students are engaging in potentially dangerous behavior online, and educators can work with parents to help get kids counseling and other support they may require. “Google is a source of truth for kids,” Jolley said. “They get really specific with the searches. And so they'll go into Google and type, ‘How do I kill myself painlessly?’ ‘How do I overdose on x, y, and z?’ ‘Where do I get such and such?’ And those are very important warning signs that can bubble up and be sent to school administrators, or school counselors. Even parents can get real-time access to see when those things are going on.”
Walker’s district serves about 1,900 students and said Securly’s Auditor function has been invaluable. “For us, over the last few school years, it has detected every school year 200-plus instances of potential self harm or disturbing violence-related content, either through our devices and/or our networks,” he said. “If it will save one student's life, then it's paid for itself over and over and over again.”
Any edtech tool should be deployed in conjunction with other social and emotional learning efforts. In Walker’s district, there are a number of processes in place to help support the emotional well-being of students. For example, one is an anonymous “text the principal” program. “So if a student has any kind of issue, whether it was they're worried about another student, they're worried about themselves, they're worried about a fight that might happen, anything, they could utilize this simple service we have,” Walker said.
Connecting with students and their parents on an individual level is key, as is recognizing that school teaches more than just the lesson at hand.
“We talk about culturally responsive education, and what does that mean? That basically means you become a student of your students,” Cisneros said. “We now really understand a large component of school is that social component. We see it because our reports tell us about some dark stuff that happens in our kids’ lives that the only safe place is at school when they're there physically. So we have to shift around and help our teachers understand, ‘Oh by the way, here's some more information that you need so you can better understand the culture of your classroom.’”
He says it’s helpful as a tech director to have tools that give teachers more understanding about their classroom communities. “It’s that silver lining that now as we go back into whatever our new normal is going to be, we're now going to have these tools in order to help support our students a lot better than before COVID.”
|
<urn:uuid:25e3e6bf-542d-49a7-97f1-3a00b7b13d26>
|
CC-MAIN-2021-25
|
https://www.techlearning.com/news/student-safety-strategies
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539764.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623165014-20210623195014-00383.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978452
| 1,161
| 2.640625
| 3
|
[
818,
428,
2274,
9634,
1222,
18252,
7166,
2835,
11487,
11,
1583,
13,
509,
721,
544,
7760,
6619,
351,
257,
6103,
286,
6154,
546,
262,
2615,
7021,
286,
257,
3710,
3747,
4783,
1430,
11,
290,
703,
3037,
460,
1037,
30770,
2018,
351,
2444,
290,
6737,
284,
30770,
611,
2444,
389,
379,
2526,
13,
383,
6103,
635,
6693,
5922,
4050,
2695,
9904,
4899,
290,
11932,
3397,
13,
198,
464,
319,
12,
28550,
2196,
318,
1695,
994,
13,
198,
8479,
278,
257,
26923,
198,
2215,
262,
20165,
21411,
4479,
3961,
5665,
287,
3442,
1816,
6569,
287,
2805,
12131,
11,
262,
4783,
447,
247,
82,
5890,
286,
8987,
5780,
327,
49861,
418,
531,
465,
1388,
2962,
373,
5291,
1751,
5884,
475,
287,
257,
9211,
835,
621,
326,
3381,
318,
7685,
973,
13,
679,
2227,
1751,
284,
307,
5884,
284,
262,
5230,
290,
511,
1398,
11658,
11,
290,
635,
262,
4025,
2055,
290,
284,
7261,
4899,
326,
714,
1805,
606,
422,
262,
16169,
286,
15133,
290,
2116,
4419,
13,
564,
250,
23874,
1654,
326,
356,
550,
257,
835,
284,
5671,
2444,
373,
674,
1271,
530,
8475,
878,
356,
3066,
703,
867,
35281,
356,
821,
1016,
284,
307,
29682,
11,
447,
251,
327,
49861,
418,
531,
13,
383,
4783,
5670,
319,
4955,
2055,
290,
1104,
329,
2444,
355,
484,
4499,
703,
284,
16500,
1111,
649,
3341,
290,
257,
649,
835,
286,
4673,
13,
198,
13787,
10120,
11,
3437,
286,
3037,
329,
262,
5674,
330,
11801,
3961,
5665,
1303,
16,
287,
9486,
4987,
13,
679,
531,
326,
287,
3090,
284,
1972,
2444,
4410
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Writing a book is challenging, but it doesn’t have to be impossible. A lot depends on making a good start. Here’s how to do that—in four steps.
Check your knowledge. The first step, which can’t be put off, is to check what you know. Are you drawing on a body of knowledge that others share? How are your ideas the same as and different from what they know? Has your knowledge been tested and used successfully? Is there a generally accepted set of terms for referring to it? Can you specify the relation between the ideas that make up the body of knowledge? Are there parts of what you know that you feel are solid but which you haven’t completely articulated?
This work can involve some writing, but it doesn’t have to. You can draw charts, make tables, create notes, compile lists of resources. You can use idea-mapping software to great benefit, as well as repositories of knowledge such as libraries or websites. When you write things down, remember that you’re not writing the book, so don’t worry about polishing text. Just concentrate on making sure you have a good grasp of what you know, and that what you know is useful (broadly speaking), complete, and coherent.
Many people skip this step because they believe they will do these things as they write their books. They have heard that writing is thinking, and that is true, but thinking is not only writing. Much of the thinking needs to be done prior to working on the book. If it is not, then the writing will likely be overwhelmed by the requirements of the knowledge work.
Conceptualize your book. Once you are sure that you have a complete sense of what you know, you must turn this knowledge into content, which means identifying a part of it that has a specific purpose for a defined audience. You project the value and use of what you know. In short, conceptualize your book by asking yourself what good you want it to do in the world.
Note that your book should not try to say everything you know—because it can’t. In carrying out this step you might think of other ways you can disseminate your content—in another book, in a related workbook, on a website, in a blog, and so on.
When conceptualizing your book you will need to develop an idea that organizes what you know. In addition, you must establish a set of terms that will effectively portray the main aspects of that idea. If you can draw on terms that your audience is already familiar with (adjusted for your particular presentation), it will help the book be more accessible.
The combination of audience, purpose, and an organizing idea constitute your book’s proposition.
Put together a first draft. Now you are ready to capture in text all the content you want the book to contain. This is where the writing begins. It is a task that takes some time, although in many cases you can make progress by gathering together material you have already written. But you need to make sure that you write statements about your audience and purpose. It is the goal of the first draft to be substantive and complete, not finally organized. You address the latter in the next step.
Structure your book. In this step you determine how the book will present its proposition. The best way to do this is by writing the introduction—at which point you are moving on to your second draft and the writing occurs in earnest. In the introduction you give an overview of your proposition, citing the audience (primary and secondary), saying what the book will do for audience members, and detailing chapter by chapter how the book will accomplish this. The introduction thus becomes a guide for turning the first draft into a second draft. You’ll note that the book’s proposition is closely related to its structure, but they aren’t identical. Authors sometimes conflate them.
Also, remember that a book is long text that typically supplies the big picture while providing specific observations and advice.
Moving on. With a complete first draft and a second draft introduction in hand, you will have made a good start on your book. In fact, it is much more than a start; more than half of the work of the book is done. Finishing the book will require you to complete the second draft, redoing text from the first draft and writing some additional material as necessary to realize the structure and accomplish the argument.
Then, in a third draft, you will polish what you’ve written, adjust the introduction to accommodate any changes that had to be made as the rest of the book was created, and do a final check for consistency and completeness.
Note: Publishing is by its nature a collaborative activity, which means to do it well you should get help with starting (and finishing) your book. At Publishing in Context we have years of experience in providing such help and would be pleased to assist you. See the description of our services for more information.
© Martin Wilcox
|
<urn:uuid:ede71cd2-6ce3-409f-902e-20f2fe586b9c>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-17
|
https://martinwilcox.net/tag/writing-nonfiction-books/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945484.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422002521-20180422022521-00034.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960148
| 1,040
| 3.015625
| 3
|
[
33874,
257,
1492,
318,
9389,
11,
475,
340,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
423,
284,
307,
5340,
13,
317,
1256,
8338,
319,
1642,
257,
922,
923,
13,
3423,
447,
247,
82,
703,
284,
466,
326,
960,
259,
1440,
4831,
13,
198,
9787,
534,
3725,
13,
383,
717,
2239,
11,
543,
460,
447,
247,
83,
307,
1234,
572,
11,
318,
284,
2198,
644,
345,
760,
13,
4231,
345,
8263,
319,
257,
1767,
286,
3725,
326,
1854,
2648,
30,
1374,
389,
534,
4213,
262,
976,
355,
290,
1180,
422,
644,
484,
760,
30,
7875,
534,
3725,
587,
6789,
290,
973,
7675,
30,
1148,
612,
257,
4143,
6292,
900,
286,
2846,
329,
9759,
284,
340,
30,
1680,
345,
11986,
262,
8695,
1022,
262,
4213,
326,
787,
510,
262,
1767,
286,
3725,
30,
4231,
612,
3354,
286,
644,
345,
760,
326,
345,
1254,
389,
4735,
475,
543,
345,
4398,
447,
247,
83,
3190,
36877,
30,
198,
1212,
670,
460,
6211,
617,
3597,
11,
475,
340,
1595,
447,
247,
83,
423,
284,
13,
921,
460,
3197,
15907,
11,
787,
8893,
11,
2251,
4710,
11,
17632,
8341,
286,
4133,
13,
921,
460,
779,
2126,
12,
76,
5912,
3788,
284,
1049,
4414,
11,
355,
880,
355,
38072,
286,
3725,
884,
355,
12782,
393,
9293,
13,
1649,
345,
3551,
1243,
866,
11,
3505,
326,
345,
447,
247,
260,
407,
3597,
262,
1492,
11,
523,
836,
447,
247,
83,
5490,
546,
755,
3929,
2420,
13,
2329,
20062,
319,
1642,
1654,
345,
423,
257,
922,
13180,
286,
644,
345,
760,
11,
290,
326,
644,
345,
760,
318
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Only an artist like César Manrique could have imagined a place like this in the land where he was born, Lanzarote. So thanks to the imagination of César Manrique, the cactarium has become home to more than 4,500 plants of 450 different cactus species from all over the world.
The entrance to the place, which is located in the township of Teguise, is easily recognisable thanks to a giant sculpture by Manrique in the shape of a cactus. Inside, more than 5,000 square metres of black volcanic earth that contrasts with the green of the plants and the blue of the sky.
César Manrique designed this place in the shape of an amphitheatre, organised in terraces to show off the different varieties of plants. The cactarium is built over an old volcanic crater. In the islands these places are known roferas and were the source of the volcanic sand (also known in the area as picón) with which the farmers could cover their plants and thus allow the humidity to reach the roots. César Manrique certainly chose the right place to plant the cacti so they would always have water. And so that nobody would forget the origin of this place, he left some huge, compact picón monoliths that reach as high as the surrounding plants.
With all these cacti –large, small, extended, round– from all over the world –Peru, Tanzania, Madagascar or Morocco– César Manrique wanted to break the monotony with small lagoons containing coloured fish and water lilies that bring freshness and colour. And to round out the scene, atop a nearby hill is one of the last windmills on the island.
While Manrique began thinking about his Jardín de Cactus in the 1960s, it wasn’t built until the 80s, when the Lanzarote assembly approved the project. It finally opened in 1990, and would be Manrique’s last work, since he died in an automobile accident two years later. The Jardín de Cactus was the last of many famous places he designed in the Canaries. But in the cactus garden he created a perfect composition to highlight the lovely landscape of his island. It could only be a product of the imagination of César Manrique.
|
<urn:uuid:074666b1-1693-40cf-9e52-37aeee70eb6b>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-26
|
http://lingmagazine.com/feature/the-cult-of-cactus/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866926.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624083011-20180624103011-00617.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961093
| 486
| 2.5625
| 3
|
[
10049,
281,
6802,
588,
327,
20954,
283,
1869,
33865,
714,
423,
15758,
257,
1295,
588,
428,
287,
262,
1956,
810,
339,
373,
4642,
11,
14730,
41046,
1258,
13,
1406,
5176,
284,
262,
13843,
286,
327,
20954,
283,
1869,
33865,
11,
262,
269,
529,
17756,
468,
1716,
1363,
284,
517,
621,
604,
11,
4059,
6134,
286,
18523,
1180,
269,
34144,
4693,
422,
477,
625,
262,
995,
13,
198,
464,
10384,
284,
262,
1295,
11,
543,
318,
5140,
287,
262,
42823,
286,
309,
15703,
786,
11,
318,
3538,
3018,
43942,
5176,
284,
257,
6175,
26924,
416,
1869,
33865,
287,
262,
5485,
286,
257,
269,
34144,
13,
14384,
11,
517,
621,
642,
11,
830,
6616,
18985,
286,
2042,
31513,
4534,
326,
39469,
351,
262,
4077,
286,
262,
6134,
290,
262,
4171,
286,
262,
6766,
13,
198,
34,
20954,
283,
1869,
33865,
3562,
428,
1295,
287,
262,
5485,
286,
281,
30139,
31470,
10562,
11,
20325,
287,
8812,
2114,
284,
905,
572,
262,
1180,
20328,
286,
6134,
13,
383,
269,
529,
17756,
318,
3170,
625,
281,
1468,
31513,
32593,
13,
554,
262,
14807,
777,
4113,
389,
1900,
686,
2232,
292,
290,
547,
262,
2723,
286,
262,
31513,
6450,
357,
14508,
1900,
287,
262,
1989,
355,
8301,
18840,
8,
351,
543,
262,
9818,
714,
3002,
511,
6134,
290,
4145,
1249,
262,
27716,
284,
3151,
262,
11135,
13,
327,
20954,
283,
1869,
33865,
3729,
7690,
262,
826,
1295,
284,
4618,
262,
269,
529,
72,
523,
484,
561,
1464,
423,
1660,
13,
843,
523,
326,
8168,
561,
6044,
262,
8159,
286,
428,
1295,
11
] |
[
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.