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You meet a random stranger who tells you that he has two children. You ask, “Is at least one of them a boy?” and he says yes. What is the probability that the other one is also a boy?
It seems the answer is that the second is equally likely to be a girl or a boy.
Well, this is actually a closeted variation on the Monty Hall Problem.
Possible Set-Ups: |Boy Boy| |Boy Girl| |Girl Girl|
Prior Probabilites: P = ¼ P = ½ P = ¼
New Evidence: The situation of two girls is not in our probability space anymore because we know that there is at least one boy
Therefore: the probability of |Boy Boy| (¼) is now being measured out of a new probability space ¾ of the size of the first. P(Boy&Boy|new knowledge) = ⅓
Similarly: the probability of |Boy Girl| is now being measured out of a new probability space ¾ of the size of the first. P(Boy&Girl|New Knowledge) = ⅔
But: This probability (of boy and girl) can be subdivided into half for what the second of the two will be because we know that one of the two is a boy. Therefore, the second is equally likely within the original boy and girl case to be a girl and a boy → P(Boy now for second|Original Boy&Girl) = ⅓, P(Girl now for second|Original Boy&Girl) = ⅓
Summing up all these split things for whatever will give us the second child as being a boy in the new probability space we have
- P(Boy&Boy|new knowledge) = ⅓
- P(Boy now for second|Original Boy&Girl) = ⅓
Therefore the total probability now that the second child is also a boy is now ⅔
Once again, reality surprises.
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In one important way, we are capable of traveling back in time. Through memory, we can return to childhood, go back to the moment we first fell in love or recall our first professional triumph.
Vivid memories that call to mind an experience in deep sensory detail can seem to transport us back to another time and place. When we recall the particular bit of information we’re looking for, we also recall many other surrounding details — how we felt, what we were wearing, what came before and afterwards.
New research from neuroscientists at Vanderbilt University sheds light on how the brain performs this remarkable function.
The researchers analyzed brain activity of individuals performing a memory recollection task in order to show what’s going on when we come up with elaborate memories that feel so real that they take us back to a time in the past. They were able to use brain activity patterns to predict the order in which study participants recalled information that they had previously received.
“It’s extremely important that we understand what different brain regions are doing as we search through our memories,” psychologist Dr. Sean Polyn, the study’s lead author, said in a statement. “Diseases like Alzheimer’s and epilepsy are devastating to memory, and this information can help us develop treatments to preserve patients’ memories and identify adverse effects that new psychotropic drugs may have on people’s memory.”
The Vanderbilt research team sought to determine how memories are encoded with different levels of vividness and detail. They investigated both “high fidelity memories” — those that are very well-preserved in our minds, even years later — as well as bits of information that are remembered, but in isolation, without surrounding details and sensory information.
“In everyday life, when you have an experience, your brain constructs this rich neural code representing the details of that experience. Later, if you think back to that experience, the brain attempts to reactivate that neural representation,” Polyn explained in an email to The Huffington Post. “Mental time travel is when the brain does a really good job reactivating that past state, which can feel like you are actually revisiting the experience, in your mind’s eye.
According to Polyn, if a person studies a list of items, and then searches their memory to try to report back those items in order, they’ll often report a cluster of things that happened right around the moment of remembering that item, suggesting that their brain has mentally travelled back to that moment.
A brain region called the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been known to play a role in memory, largely because amnesia often results when this region is damaged. The researchers devised a model to show how structures within the MTL support the retrieval of memories. Finding that the anterior region of the MTL signals when the memory is being retrieved, but doesn’t suggest how detailed the memory is. However, they found that the posterior region becomes active when a highly detailed memory is being recalled.
“We find that activity in the posterior medial temporal lobe allows us to predict when the person is going to have a ‘mental time travel moment,’ we can tell when they are about to report a cluster of memories for things that happened nearby in time,” Polyn said.
To test the model, fMRI scans were conducted on 20 participants between the ages of 18 and 35, while they were given a list of 24 names of common objects like ‘horse’ and ‘boat.’ After briefly concentrating on the words and then pausing, they were asked to recall the words they had just studied in the order the occurred.
The researchers found that when the participant’s brain activity revealed that they had retrieved a memory with “high fidelity,” their next response was likely to be the next item on the list — suggesting that they also recalled the detail around the object. But when they did not recall the item with high fidelity, the next item was often not the next one on the list, which suggests that the information was recalled in isolation.
“This demonstrates that the brain stamps memories with a temporal code,” Polyn said in the statement. “These time-travel recollections allow the brain to retrieve that temporal code, which makes memories for nearby things more accessible, in this case the next item in the list.”
Understanding what’s happening in different brain regions when we’re searching for memories may have some important implications for the study of memory-related disorders like Alzheimer’s.
“People with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, often have difficulty remembering things that just happened to them,” Polyn told HuffPost. “A doctor could have a patient repeat back a series of numbers a few times, but then a few minutes later, the patient might not even remember that they even studied those things. If we can understand what different brain regions are doing during healthy memory retrieval, that can give us great insight into what’s going wrong when memory is damaged. It may also help us develop better tests for early detection of memory disorders, and give us ideas for how to better treat people with these disorders.”
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World War 1 Växjö and Småland, part 2
A man from Kristdala in the U.S. Army
Although Sweden by its neutrality never became directly involved in the fighting in the First World War was still Swedes who fought in the war. The largest group was probably the Swedish emigrants who emigrated to the United States and that more or less voluntarily joined the U.S. Army.
Among them was Carl Edward Carlsson 1891-1985 from Kristdala in Kalmar County. Carl Edward
emigrated in 1912 to America where he settled in the vicinity of Oneida, Illinois.
In April 1917 the United States declared war on Germany, and in December against Austria-Hungary.
In June 1917 Carl Edward was drafted along with many other young men.Just before
midsummer 1918, they were sent to Camp Grant near Rockford, Illinois.
The new Military Service Act in the U.S. in 1917 obliged even those who have begun the application process to become a citizen to stand at the army's disposal. Carl Edward became a U.S. citizen Aug. 1, 1918 while at Camp Grant. Not everyone in Rockford's neighborhood wanted to join the army in June 1917 120 Swedes were arrested in Rockford for conscientious objection.
Carl Edwards company were after a short time training went to New York and then on to Liverpool and from England by boat to Bordaux to join the rest of the American Expeditionary Force In France
Parts of Carl Edwards field equipment helmet, canteen, knapsack, etc.
The trip to the front in France was undertaken in cattle cars. Carl Edwards Companywere quartered in a farmhouse soon the the Spanish flu broke out and most of the men fell ill.Carl Edward and the few other healthy soldiers escaped the disease but were sent to the front to fill in the gaps after the armys losses .The fighting at the front was hard and after a week, there were only 76 men of 265 left in the company the rest were dead or wounded. Overall Carl Edward spend 4 times at the front the total days spend fighting was 28 . He served mainly in the 28th Infantry Division.
After the hard battles General Pershing called the division for his "Iron Division" .
Papers relating Carl Edwards time in the field and pictures of him in uniform.
After the Armistice in November 11th 1918 the U.S. troops to stayed another 6 months in France In n March 1919 Carl Edward and his company was located in Bagneux. The demobilization took place outside Le Mans and on May 1th the return journey by boat to Philadelphia began , The final demobilization. took place May 17 at Camp Dix, New Jersey
Below Carl Edward and his comrades in the 28th Infantry Division in Bagneux in March 1919
After his return from the war Carl Edward decided to visit his family in Sweden His passport application is dated October 8th 1919. December 6th he sailed from New York to Sweden.
He later returned to U.S A and stayed there until the early 1930 thies when he definitely returned to Sweden, where he married and had two daughters, He died in 1985.Towards the end of his life he wrote down his experiences in t World War 1.
Carl Edwards daughters have put their father's belongings to Kulturparken Småland s disposal for the exhibition. The picture below shows Carl Edward Carlsons daughters Irene Enoksson and Ingrid Kronvall along with the CEO of Kulturparken Småland Lennart Johansson.
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Senior 4 — Stalactites
It is now Griffy's turn to hide! Unfortunately, he has strayed a bit too far and has found himself trapped in an ice cave (what are the odds?). Griffy was getting very lonely, so he decided to make friends with all the stalactites in there! The cave is by coincidence a perfect cube . The cube can be thought of as a series of coordinates, where the coordinates are in the range to . At each set of integer coordinates, one stalactite can be found. As an icebreaker, Griffy decides to count the sum of the lengths of all the stalactites inside a rectangular volume. The game gets harder though, as each stalactite can change in length. Given the changing conditions, help Griffy master this game. You can assume that no stalactite changes length while Griffy is counting the sum. Stalactites all start with the same length of . You can also assume that the length of a stalactite at any point will always be a non-negative integer less than or equal to .
Note: At least 30% of the test cases will have all the change length commands coming before the sum commands.
First line: , the size of the cubic cave.
Second line: , the number of events (changing stalactite length, or sum of prism).
The next Q lines are each in the form of:
The stalactite in the coordinate of has changed to a length of .
Find the sum of the stalactites in the rectangular prism bounded by the corners and .
One line, the sum of all of the sum queries.
2 5 C 1 1 2 5 C 1 2 2 5 C 2 1 2 5 S 1 1 1 2 2 2 S 1 1 2 1 1 2
Explanation for Sample Input
The answer to the first sum query is , and the answer to the second one is .
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For example, you may not know much about Philip William Otterbein, an important figure in our shared history. He is a founder of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, one of the predecessor denominations of our United Methodist Church.
Otterbein was a contemporary of the Wesleys and a friend of Asbury. He and the Church of the United Brethren in Christ ministered to German speakers in America at the same time the Methodist movement was growing among English speakers.
These 10 facts serve as a brief overview of Otterbein's life and ministry. They also highlight the connections between two historic church movements that nearly 200 years later would become part of The United Methodist Church.
1. He was born in Germany and later came to America.
On June 3, 1726, Philip William Otterbein was born to John Daniel and Henrietta Otterbein, in Dillenburg, Nassau, Germany. His father was a pastor and teacher.
After completing his education, Otterbein was ordained in the German Reformed Church. Three years later, he accepted an invitation to go to America, where the 26-year-old became the pastor of the German Reformed congregation in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Otterbein served German-speaking congregations throughout his life, but was conversant in English.
2. All of his siblings either became pastors or married pastors.
His mother Henrietta gave birth to ten children, three of whom died in infancy. Otterbein and all five of his surviving brothers became ministers, and their only sister married a pastor.
One of his brothers was also well known. George Godfrey Otterbein wrote several religious books, some of which Otterbein used in his churches in America.
3. He preferred the name William.
While his full name is Philip William Otterbein, his family called him by his middle name. As an adult, he signed his name William Otterbein.
4. His words inspired the name of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.
Otterbein attended a Mennonite meeting held in the barn of a man named Isaac Long in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. After hearing Martin Boehm's sermon, Otterbein approached the Mennonite preacher, shook his hand and said, "Wir sind Brüder" (We are brethren/brothers). From that time on, the two men shared a close working relationship.
When the groups Otterbein and Boehm were leading came together in 1800, they adopted the name United Brethren in Christ, inspired by Otterbein's greeting. Boehm and Otterbein served together as the first two superintendents the United Brethren in Christ.
5. Francis Asbury may have convinced Otterbein to move to Baltimore.
When invited to pastor the German Evangelical Reformed Church in Baltimore, Maryland, Otterbein initially declined. At the urging of the outgoing pastor Benedict Schwope, Francis Asbury wrote to the German pastor whom he had never met. Several months after Asbury's letter, Otterbein accepted the call.
Asbury knew Schwope and the German Evangelical Reformed Church in Baltimore well. The first Baltimore Methodist Society met at the church before building their own chapel on Lovely Lane.
6. Otterbein and Asbury sometimes held bilingual outreach events.
When Otterbein moved to Baltimore, he and Asbury became close friends. At times, the two leaders would bring together some of their preachers for bilingual evangelistic gatherings. The Methodists preached in English and the United Brethren in German.
7. Otterbein participated in the conference that formed the Methodist Episcopal Church.
On Christmas Eve 1784, the Methodist preachers in America met at Lovely Lane Chapel to begin a 10-day conference that would become known as the Christmas Conference. In addition to forming the Methodist Episcopal Church, another of the predecessor denominations of The United Methodist Church, Francis Asbury was ordained a deacon, an elder, and elected and consecrated a bishop on three consecutive days. At the invitation of Asbury, Otterbein participated in the ordination of his friend and colleague.
8. A Methodist assisted Otterbein when he ordained the first United Brethren Church preachers.
Similarly, when the United Brethren's Miami Conference (Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky) asked Otterbein to ordain more pastors, William Ryland, a Methodist Episcopal elder, assisted. On October 2, 1813, Otterbein laid hands on three men, the first ordained in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.
9. Methodists interrupted annual conference to memorialize Otterbein.
Philip William Otterbein died on November 17, 1813, just a few weeks after those ordinations. Several months later, a session of the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was adjourned to Otterbein's church where Francis Asbury led a memorial service for his friend. "Forty years have I known the retiring modesty of this man of God," Asbury wrote in his journal, "towering majestic above his fellows in learning, wisdom, and grace, yet seeking to be known only of God and the people of God."
Otterbein is buried on the site of the church he served for nearly 40 years, which was soon after renamed The Otterbein Church, and later became The Old Otterbein United Methodist Church.
10. Toward the end of his life, Otterbein destroyed his sermons and other papers.
Little of Otterbein's work survives today. Shortly before his death, he is said to have burned his sermons and other writings in a show of modesty.
His only known surviving sermon, "The Salvation-Bringing Incarnation and Glorious Victory of Jesus Christ over the Devil and Death," was preached in 1760 and published in 1763. The sermon was lost to history until 1962 when Arthur C. Core of United Theological Seminary found a reference to it In the Library of Congress.
Explore more stories and videos about the history of The United Methodist Church.
This story was published on May 15, 2018.
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Why Wood Smoke May not Be Good for You
Some people enjoy the scent of a wood fire. Still smoke is full of particulate matter and exotic trace chemicals. Two new studies led by University of California, Berkeley, researchers spotlight the human health effects of exposure to smoke from open fires and dirty cook stoves, the primary source of cooking and heating for 43 percent, or some 3 billion members, of the world's population. Women and young children in poverty are particularly vulnerable. In the first study, the researchers found a dramatic one-third reduction in severe pneumonia diagnoses among children in homes with smoke-reducing chimneys on their cook stoves. The second study uncovered a surprising link between prenatal maternal exposure to woodsmoke and poorer performance in markers for IQ among school-age children.
Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwanted by-product of fires (including stoves, candles, oil lamps, and fireplaces). Smoke may be used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs.
Many compounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most dangerous is carbon monoxide leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, sometimes with the additive effects of hydrogen cyanide and phosgene. Smoke inhalation can therefore quickly lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness.
The findings on wood smoke pneumonia, the chief cause of death for children 5 and under, will be published in the journal The Lancet on Thursday (Nov. 10). While previous research has linked exposure to household cooking smoke to respiratory infections, the latest results come from the first-ever randomized controlled trial on air pollution.
"This study is critically important because it provides compelling evidence that reducing household woodsmoke exposure is a public health intervention that is likely on a par with vaccinations and nutrition supplements for reducing severe pneumonia, and is worth investing in," said Kirk Smith, professor of global environmental health at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health and principal investigator of the RESPIRE (Randomized Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Respiratory Effects) study.
In the RESPIRE study — which includes partners from Guatemala's Universidad Del Valle, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Liverpool, Norway's University of Bergen and the World Health Organization — researchers worked with rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Households with a pregnant woman or young infant were randomly assigned to either receive a wood stove with a chimney or to continue cooking with traditional open wood fires.
The researchers found that using chimneys to vent cooking smoke outside homes led to a striking decrease in cases of severe pneumonia compared with total pneumonia cases, possibly because the reduction in smoke with the chimney stoves was insufficient to significantly reduce all risk.
"The amount of smoke exposure babies were getting from the open woodfire stoves is comparable to having them smoke three to five cigarettes a day," said Smith, whose research in this field began 30 years ago. "The chimney stoves reduced that smoke exposure by half, on average."
In all there were 265 children in the chimney-stove homes and 253 children in the control homes. During the study, the researchers reported 149 children in the chimney-stove homes and 180 in the open-fire homes with physician-diagnosed pneumonia. For severe pneumonia, characterized by low blood oxygenation, there were 72 cases in the chimney-stove group and 101 in the control group.
In the second study, published online Sept. 24 in the journal NeuroToxicology, Smith led the research team that followed up with some of the families in the RESPIRE trial. That trial ended in 2005 when the infants were 18 months old. In 2010, when the children were 6-7 years old, the researchers recruited 39 mother-child pairs for the study.
The results found, for the first time, a link between exposure to wood smoke — as determined by carbon monoxide levels measured individually — during the third trimester of pregnancy and lower performance on neurodevelopmental tests at ages 6 and 7. Specifically, the researchers found impairments in visuo-spatial perception and integration, visual-motor memory, and fine motor skills.
"I was surprised because woodsmoke was always considered a risk for respiratory health, but not IQ," said study lead author Linda Dix-Cooper, who conducted the study for her master's thesis in UC Berkeley's Global Health and Environment graduate program.
Finding cleaner alternatives to traditional cookstoves has been an area of active research at UC Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for decades. Some current projects are part of the UC Berkeley-based Blum Center for Developing Economies. They include one led by Smith to replace unhealthy coal stoves in rural China through carbon offsets, and another led by Daniel Kammen, Class of 1935 Distinguished Professor of Energy at UC Berkeley, to develop cost-effective methods to disseminate improved cook stoves throughout Tanzania.
For further information: http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26663
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(PhysOrg.com) -- Mark Gordon recently held up a small vial containing three liquids layered one on top of another. That middle layer, the brownish one, is an ionic liquid, Gordon explained.
And that kind of liquid could be a solution to the U.S. Air Force's quest for a next generation rocket fuel that packs a lot of energy but is better for the environment and easier on the federal checkbook.
Gordon, Iowa State University's Frances M. Craig Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and director of the Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences program for the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory, has been working as part of an Air Force research collaboration for more than a decade to come up with ideas for a new and better rocket fuel. Spencer Pruitt and Toni Smith, Iowa State doctoral students in chemistry, are also working on the project.
Total support for Gordon's rocket fuel work has been more than $1 million: The Air Force Office of Scientific Research has supported Gordon's work with grants of about $70,000 per year. The U.S. Department of Defense is also supporting the work with grants of supercomputing time. The defense department has also provided $250,000 for a computer cluster featuring high-speed graphical processing units. Gordon's Craig Chair at Iowa State also provided support for the computer cluster.
Gordon's work has focused on the project's basic, theoretical side. He's developing and modeling new ideas in chemistry that have potential as a rocket fuel.
"One thing that people like me do is take normal molecules and arrange them in more high-energy, less-stable materials," Gordon said. "And then we have to figure out how to make something like that so it's not explosive. We want rocket fuels, not explosives."
The early days of the project focused on developing solid hydrogen fuels augmented with light materials such as boron to boost the fuel's energy content. While these new materials worked in theory, Gordon said they weren't always stable enough to work in practice.
The project's current focus is to study ionic liquids as a potential rocket fuel. Ionic liquids are salts that can melt down to liquids at room temperatures. They're composed entirely of ions, atoms that carry electrical charges because they've lost or gained one or more electrons. The positively and negatively charged atoms and molecules within the ionic liquids can be changed, creating a range of materials with adjustable properties.
Gordon says he's optimistic that ionic liquids might work as a rocket fuel.
First, they're not new materials and have already demonstrated a range of properties. Second, they're generally non-toxic and can be designed to minimize pollutants. Third, they can be designed to contain very high energy.
And, Gordon said, there could be potential to build an ionic liquid that can ignite by chemical reaction rather than an ignition mechanism. That, he said, would be the "holy grail" of the project because it makes rocket engines much easier to control.
"We think we can figure this out," Gordon said. "We need to optimize all the properties we're looking for. But some of those properties are in opposition to each other – to optimize one you minimize another – so the challenge is to balance all of this."
Provided by Iowa State University
Explore further: Environmentally friendly rockets
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Dog Breed Calendars
Total Items: 1
Stock: High to Low
Price: Low to High
Price: High to Low
Greyhound Wall Calendar 2019 by Avonside
Greyhounds are an ancient breed of dog and have been around since at least 2900 B.C. They have an aristocratic air and were, in fact, bred as English hunting dogs for British aristocracy. A greyhound will naturally pursue hare, but have been known to hunt deer and fox throughout history. The Spanish explorers brought the greyhound to the New World in the 1500s and it was one of the first breeds ever to be shown in American dog shows. The breed has been used for racing, but has made a transition to primarily a family pet. Greyhound’s make great companions as they enjoy people and other dogs. They require room to run around to maintain their athletic physique. This breed of hound comes in a wide range of colors including red, black and fawn and also these colors mixed with white. Greyhounds are naturally lean and can weigh from 60 to 70 pounds. You will enjoy magnificent photos of greyhounds with our full color
which display this aristocratic breed at their finest at home or work.
In The News
Sign up for newsletter and receive 20% off your next order!
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18/09/2007 - More widespread university education means more prosperous economies and provides rich rewards in the labour market for those who graduate. Furthermore, the job prospects for the less well qualified do not appear to be damaged by the expansion of higher education and may even be improved, according to the latest edition of the OECD’s annual Education at a Glance.
In all countries with comparative data, university graduates earn more money and find jobs more easily than people who have not had a university education, and these advantages have grown further over recent years in many countries. However, fears of a crowding-out effect, whereby more graduates would mean more unemployment at the lower end of the scale, appear not to be justified.
A compendium of international education indicators providing measures of quality, quantity, equity and efficiency of education systems, Education at a Glance provides governments and education specialists with internationally comparable data as a basis for policy debate and decisions. Among other things, this year’s edition shows that:
Looking ahead, financing the expansion of higher education will be an issue for many countries. Spending per student has already begun to decline in some, as enrolments rise faster than overall spending on higher education. Innovative financing and student support policies that mobilize extra public and private funding will be part of the answer, and many countries are moving successfully in this direction, in some cases without creating barriers for student participation.
The Nordic countries, for example, have achieved high levels of participation in higher education while relying mainly on public spending, including support both of institutions and of students and households. Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand and the U.K. have expanded participation in higher education by relying more on the financial contributions of students and households.
In contrast, many Continental European countries are not investing more public money in their universities nor are universities allowed to charge tuition fees, with the result that the European average for spending per higher education student is now well below half that of the U.S.
Education at a Glance 2007 is available to journalists on the OECD's password-protected website. For further information, journalists are invited to contact the OECD's Media Division (tel. + 33 1 45 24 97 00).
Education at a Glance 2007 can be purchased on paper through the OECD’s Online Bookshop. Subscribers and readers at subscribing institutions can access the online version via SourceOECD.
Further information on Education at a Glance 2007 can be found at http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag2007. The website offers: a free PDF of the publication; a complete database and country briefing notes on Austria, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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This chapter covers method for finding the pronunciation of a word. This is either by a lexicon (a large list of words and their pronunciations) or by some method of letter to sound rules.
A pronunciation in Festival requires not just a list of phones but also a syllabic structure. In some languages the syllabic structure is very simple and well defined and can be unambiguously derived from a phone string. In English however this may not always be the case (compound nouns being the difficult case).
The lexicon structure that is basically available in Festival takes both a word and a part of speech (and arbitrary token) to find the given pronunciation. For English this is probably the optimal form, although there exist homographs in the language, the word itself and a fairly broad part of speech tag will mostly identify the proper pronunciation.
Not that in addition to explicit marking of syllables a stress value is also given (0 or 1). In some languages lexical is fully predictable, in others highly irregular. In some this field may be more appropriately used for an other purpose, e.g. tone type in Chinese.
(((f @ ) 0) ((t o g) 1) ((r @ f) 0) ((ii) 0)))
There may be other languages which require a more complex (less complex) format and the decision to use some other format rather than this one is up to you.
Currently there is only residual support for morphological analysis in Festival. A finite state transducer based analyzer for English based on the work in [ritchie92] is included in festival/lib/engmorph.scm and festival/lib/engmorphsyn.scm. But this should be considered experimental at best. Give the lack of such an analyzer our lexicons need to list not only based forms of words but also all their morphological variants. This is (more or less) acceptable in languages such as English or French but which languages with richer morphology such as German it may seem an unnecessary requirement. Agglutenative languages such as Finnish and Turkish this appears to be even more a restriction. This is probably true but this current restriction not necessary hopeless. We have successfully build very good letter-to-sound rules for German, a language with a rich morphology which allows the system to properly predict pronunciations of morphological variants of root words it has not seen before. We have not yet done any experiments with Finnish or Turkish but see this technique would work, (though of course developing a properly morphological analyzer would be better).
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Getting kids into the car and buckled in can be a hassle in and of itself, and once the little ones figure out how to unbuckle their own seat belts then there is one more thing to look out for. It doesn’t help that the button used to unbuckle belts is usually bright red; big red buttons and kids do not mix well.
To combat this, children have to know the importance of seat belts and adults have to know whether or not children are secured in their seats at all times. This is much easier said than done, of course, but using the right kind of encouragement over time will result in children growing up with good seat belt habits that will keep them safe as teenagers and adults.
Part 1 of 2: Before you get into the car
Step 1: Make sure kids know about seat belts. It’s your job to make sure they know that seat belts are there to keep them safe and in their seats in the event of an accident.
Don’t scare them into using their seat belts by making it sound like car accidents happen extremely frequently, since that may create issues in the future, but gently inform them of the purpose and importance of a seat belt.
Step 2: Make sure kids know how to buckle and unbuckle their seat belts. In most cases, this makes kids feel more responsible and more in control when buckled in.
If kids are not allowed to unbuckle themselves, they may start unbuckling themselves as a game or just for attention from a parent or guardian.
They will figure out how to use the seat belt pretty quickly just by watching you, so teaching them how to buckle and unbuckle a seat belt doesn’t change much except their attitudes towards car safety.
Step 3: Be an example and show the importance of the seat belt. Always buckle your seat belt right when you get into the car.
Children are extremely observant and will notice this behavior. Make sure all adult passengers use their seatbelts at all times when the car is moving, as consistency is the key to forming good habits.
Part 2 of 2: When you’re in the car
Step 1: Use positive reinforcement. This will make buckling and unbuckling the seat belt an important part of your child’s routine.
Consistency is key here, which is simple if you are accustomed to practicing good seatbelt etiquette yourself. Before you set off, ask everyone in the car if they’ve buckled their seat belts. This includes adult passengers in the car.
Once your child is comfortable with this routine, you can start having them ask everyone in the car if they are buckled up before setting off.
Step 2: Tell your child when to unbuckle their seat belt. If your child unbuckles the seatbelt too early, have them buckle up again before you tell them it's safe to unbuckle.
Then you can get out of the vehicle; this helps make it a habit. Consistently use positive reinforcement when your child waits for your cue to unbuckle their seatbelt and get out of the car.
Step 3: Be as observant as possible. If your child is routinely unbuckling their seatbelt while the car is in motion, normal amounts of supervision may not catch it.
Whenever the car is stopped, check the rearview mirror to see if the child is safely restrained in their seat. If a passenger can turn around and check instead, that is optimal.
By being vigilant with your child and consistent with your own behavior, you can help ensure your child’s safety each and every time you go for a drive. Making car safety into a fun game also teaches children to be responsible and shows that they are being trusted to be safe in the car, rather than being forced to stay buckled in against their will. These good habits will follow your child through their teens and into adulthood, so patience and consistency go a very long way. Have one of YourMechanic’s certified professionals perform an inspection if you notice your seat shaking.
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Laser-Based Alignment System Posted in: AR700 Laser Displacement Sensor – Tags: Academia University and Government Research
The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University used a laser sensor in a system to measure the alignment of detectors. A full presentation of the project can be accessed from their website.
Although now discontinued and replaced by the AR700 laser displacement sensor, Michigan State selected the AR600-6 with a 150 mm measurement range. The laser has a 5mW visible laser spot and has excellent sensitivity for measuring to shiny targets. The sensor was mounted to dual rotational stages to allow two degrees of freedom. Their system swept the laser spot across the target surface to create polar coordinates for a 3D profile.
Graduate students developed software to control the laser, scan edges with specified step sizes. Output is distance, theta’, and phi’; convert laser coordinates to spherical coordinates; correct position for off axis rotation; and combine different reference systems; convert positions to final lab reference frame of choice. For each 0.01° step in angle, the position resolution was ~0.2mm.
AR700 Laser Displacement Sensor
The AR700 laser displacement sensor is Acuity’s top of the line, most precise, laser triangulation sensor. The AR700 series contains models with measurement ranges from 0.125 inches up to 50 inches and resolutions as low as one-sixth of a micron. With sampling speeds up to 9.4kHz and linearity to within 0.03% of the measurement range, the AR700 is a versatile sensor for many challenging applications.
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As published in the Murfreesboro Post, Ken Beck, April 3, 2011
The most famous soldier of World War I, Tennessee born and bred Sgt. Alvin C. York, was a reluctant fighter and a humble hero. Yet most Volunteer State residents might be surprised to know his most personal legacy was a commitment to education.
And while the school he built in Jamestown, Tenn., York Institute, has been saved from demolition, the struggle to preserve and restore the structure remains an uphill battle.
Rev. George Edward York, the 87-year-old son of Sgt. York, will speak at 2 p.m. April 10 to the Mt. Juliet-West Wilson County Historical Society. He will discuss how his father’s legacy is being preserved.
“On Oct. 8, 1918, Corporal Alvin Cullum York and 16 other men under the command of Sergeants Harry Parsons and Bernard Early were dispatched to capture the Decauville railroad near Chatel-Chehery in the Meuse-Argonne. After a brief firefight (nine Americans died in the melee) the confused Germans surrendered to what they believed to be a superior force,” said Michael E. Birdwell, an associate professor of history at Tennessee Tech in Cookeville and the archivist of Alvin C. York’s papers.
“In all 132 Germans were captured and delivered to U.S. Army headquarters by the seven survivors led by Corporal York. The army singled out York as the hero of World War I and presented him with the Congressional Medal of Honor. Upon his return to the United States, York found himself being wooed by Hollywood, Broadway and various sponsors who clamored for his endorsement. York turned his back on quick and certain fortune in 1919 and went home to Tennessee to resume private life and pursue a dream that consumed the rest of his life.”
That vision was York Institute, and from 1925 to 1979, the school educated the youth of his home area of the Cumberland Plateau.
“Out of seven children that were raised to adulthood in my family, three of us, myself, my sister, Betsy Ross, and my brother, Andrew Jackson, received our diplomas from York Institute,” Rev. York said during a recent phone interview from his home in Pall Mall.
“We were raised in a very humble home and taught that the most important thing in life was love for God and of people and helping people, and that is one thing my dad did all of his life, helped other people. He was a very unselfish person.”
Instead of capitalizing on his military accomplishments, York, who only had a third-grade education, sought to build a school for his neighbors as he knew that a good education meant a brighter future.
“When I went out into that big outside world I realized how uneducated I was and what a terrible handicap it was. I was called to lead my people toward a sensible modern education,” York wrote. “For years I have been planning and fighting to build the school. And it has been a terrible fight. A much more terrible fight than the one that I fought in the war. And so I head into the frontline and fight another fight. And I can’t use the old rifle or Colt automatic this time. And it has been a long hard fight.”
“His vision was not limited to the education of children from the remote Cumberland plateau region,” said Birdwell. “He wanted to include interested adults as well. He set a tremendous example, for he reminded them when he spoke, of his own former limitations, but that by reading, thinking and asking questions, he broadened his own understanding of the world.”
In 1925, the farmer-soldier-national hero used $12,000 he raised during speaking tours and bought 400 acres, including the local Poor House, where students were housed and classes were held while the new building was being constructed on a site one mile north of Jamestown near the recently constructed Highway 127.
On Sunday Jan. 16, 1927, the Nashville Banner announced the launching of a $100,000 fund-raising effort to insure York Institute’s completion. Supported by the recently organized American Legion, each post promised that it would deliver one dollar per member.
After a series of legal challenges, York opened the new school in the fall of 1929, which coincided with the onset of the Great Depression. In 1931 the state ended all appropriations for bus transportation, effectively crippling the struggling Institute. When York went before the county court and asked for help, the court refused. This forced York to secure a mortgage on his farm so the school could hire drivers, buy buses and even pay teachers’ salaries, and it was an act of desperation he took again in 1935, which exemplified his devotion to the school.
Sgt. York presided over every graduation ceremony until his stroke in 1953, but continued to make regular visits to the school up into the late 1950s, until he grew too frail. When the building was replaced with a more modern facility, neglect took a serious toll on the venerable structure.
“The foundation he helped dig and walls he helped build remained solid, though bricks were falling from its façade,” Birdwell commented, observing that “glass remained in few windows, and birds nested in the building’s rafters. The building which should have been a monument to that achievement, sat as a derelict shell of what it should be.”
The York Agricultural Institute building, which was slated for demolition in 2008 by the state, was the subject of numerous news stories throughout the country and several emotion-filled public hearings on Capitol Hill in Nashville.
After months of struggle, the State of Tennessee agreed to turn over the building to the Sgt. York Patriotic Foundation, a 501c3 organization formed 15 years ago by descendants of Sgt. York, including his three surviving children, and many devotees of the reluctant young World War I soldier from Pall Mall, Tenn., whose resolve in battle brought him world-wide recognition.
More than $1 million has been
Continued page 20
spent to save the building, but $4 million to $5 million is the goal for returning the structure to an educational facility, as Sgt. York wanted, said Claudia Johnson, executive director of the Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation (SYPF).
“The Board agreed that the future of the historic building will best honor the educational legacy of Sgt. York if it becomes a multi-use educational facility available to meet a variety of community needs,” Johnson said.
Those needs include classrooms and laboratories, a WWI research center to serve scholars and students throughout the world and corporate headquarters for the Sergeant York Patriotic Foundation. The SYPF is currently seeking proposals from qualified engineering or architectural firms experienced in historic preservation projects.
“If each veteran’s organization would commit $1 per member at this time, the building could be saved, and my father’s legacy would live on for the continued education of future generations of young people,” noted Rev. York.
Rev. York served in the U.S. Army during World War II. An ordained minister of the Nazarene church, he was pastor at Fatherland Street Church of the Nazarene in Nashville from 1957 to 1976. For 20 years he was employed by the State of Tennessee’s Human Services Division as a caseworker for abused and neglected children.
“We are inviting any member of the public who is interested in the story of Sgt. York to join our membership for this special meeting,” said Pat Everette, president of the Mt. Juliet-West Wilson County Historical Society, which is in the midst of its 30th year.
One of the reasons that Everette contacted Rev. York was because of the stories she heard about Sgt. York from her mother while growing up in Nashville.
“I learned about Alvin York and what he was famous for,” said Everette. “I had visited the museum in Jamestown a couple of times and was absolutely fascinated with the York history. I’ve been to the house and the gristmill, and the last time I went up there, we went to his gravesite.”
Rev. York will address the American Legion statewide convention in Nashville near the end of June and recently returned from Kansas City where he spoke at a tribute to Frank Buckles, the last WWI surviving veteran, who died Feb. 27 at the age of 110.
Born in 1923, George York grew up in the country with a big family and lots of relatives. He recalls that the family table was often surrounded at mealtime by strangers from far and wide.
“We had a table that seated 10, and it never was the one table, but two or three tables. People would drop by, relatives, men from New York. Dad said, ‘Come in and have dinner with us.’ It was just country grub: pinto beans and corn bread and potatoes, but we fed a lot of people. It was just like country junction at our house, night and day,” reminisced York, who lives in a log cabin overlooking the farm.
“My dad never talked to the family about any of his business. I learned about what my dad did through my mother. If he was ever worried about anything, you never knew it. I never knew about him mortgaging the farm to pay the teachers at York Institute until my mother told me all about it. He always kept his business to himself. He had a lot of problems along the way financially, but he didn’t want to bother the family.”
Living within walking distance of the family home place and the York General Store, he often mingles with visitors, saying, “I was over there at the store the other day and met a bunch of tourists. One of them said, ‘I’ve seen your dad’s movie a hundred times and never get tired of watching it.'”
When asked about the accuracy of the famous film, “Sgt. York,” which stars Gary Cooper as York, Rev. York answered, “I don’t think any movie made is 100 percent like it happened, but it was as true to life as they can get it.”
As for his mother, known as “Miss Gracie,” Rev. York said, “My mother was a wonderful, Christian lady. She never grumbled or complained. She was a humble woman.
“Dad was a very humble person, genuine and a very strict disciplinarian. What he said, he meant. You could take it for granted. That was it. It was not unusual for him to cut a switch from a maple tree and give us a little whipping.
“My dad read from the scripture and led prayer every night. Sometimes visitors would kneel with us, but Dad always had family prayer every night before we went to bed.”
As for the most important lesson that his parents taught him, York said, “That there is more in life than things, and that things and money didn’t bring happiness. The most important thing in life is a life of service to God and then to country. There was a motto hanging in our house, and it said ‘God is the unseen guest at the head of every meal.'”
Hear Sgt. York’s son
Rev. George Edward York, the 87-year-old son of World War I hero Sgt. Alvin C. York, will speak at 2 p.m. Sunday, April 10 at a meeting of the Mt. Juliet-West Wilson County Historical Society.
The event, open to the public, will be held at Rutland Place, 373 NW Rutland Road.
In advance of the meeting the 1941 movie “Sgt. York,” starring Gary Cooper, will be shown at noon Wednesday at the Mt. Juliet Senior Activities Center, 2034 N. Mt. Juliet Road.
NOTE: A portion of this article came from the essay, Educational Legacy, by Michael E. Birdwell, PhD, Associate Professor of History at Tennessee Technological University and Archivist of Alvin C. York’s papers, and is used by permission.
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What you’ll learn to do: Describe the history, context and utility of the distinction between leadership and management
The ideas of leadership and management were developed independently and under vastly different circumstances. The concept of the “great man” was the birth of the idea of leadership, celebrating the qualities and accomplishments of men who changed the world. The idea of “management,” which included the study of employee tasks to determine which methods of performance were most productive and profitable, came from a very different, more pedestrian place. Management was a means to an end. Leadership was almost godlike.
Today, there’s less of a divide between “leader” and “manager.” So much so, that we contemplate and argue the differences between the two functions.
- Analyze the difference between leaders and managers
- Discuss the hybrid role of leader-managers in contemporary organizations
Leader or Manager?
We’ve used the word “leader” and we’ve used the word “manager.” You may think they’re interchangeable, but they aren’t. They are different.
Abraham Zaleznik, Harvard Business School Professor Emeritus, was the first to write about the differences between leaders and managers. His article, “Managers and Leaders: Are They Different?” challenged the traditional view of management, which centered on organizational structure and processes. Organizations, at the time, developed managers with a focus on process and control. Zaleznik argued that these same organizations were missing the opportunity to develop leaders by concentrating on this, because they were really two different types of people.
Zaleznik charged that the approach of the typical organization was omitting essential leadership elements of inspiration, vision and human passion from their concept and development of people. He went on to define a manager as someone who seeks order, control and rapid resolution of problems. A leader, he went on to say, is more like an artist, and “tolerates chaos and lack of structure.” Organizations were too often not creating an environment where leaders could flourish.
In Zaleznik’s view, both leaders and managers contribute to the organization. Leaders contribute by advocating change and new approaches, and do so by gaining the commitment of employees. Managers contribute by advocating stability and the status quo, exercising authority, carrying out responsibility and determining how work will get accomplished.
John Kotter, current Harvard Business School Professor Emeritus, had some additional opinions on the differences between leadership and management. In 1990, Kotter proposed that leadership and management were two distinct, yet complementary systems of action in organizations. Specifically, leadership is about coping with change, and management is about coping with complexity.
Kotter’s view of the leadership process involves:
- Developing a vision for the organization
- Aligning people with that vision through communication
- Motivating people to action through empowerment and basic needs fulfillment
Conversely, Kotter’s view of the management process involves:
- Planning and budgeting
- Organizing and staffing
- Controlling and problem solving
Here’s an explanation of Professor Kotter’s point of view from the man himself:
Why is it important for us to understand the difference between leaders and managers? As John Kotter indicated, it comes down to business needs. The video above, which was made in 2013, talked about the importance of leaders in a time when organizations were selecting and rewarding based on management skills. There are not, Kotter said, enough leaders to take us through these swiftly changing times, and in a time when change is the norm, it’s the leader you need.
Time has gone by, and perhaps we’re now putting too much emphasis on the talents of the leader and not the manager. Organizations need managers to lead and leaders to manage—certainly in hiring a manager they are given the authority to lead. Managers today need to ask themselves what kind of guidance their teams need to turn vision into reality, and that’s needed at every level in the organization.
- Zaleznik proposed that managers were results driven and leaders were creative artists.
- Kotter proposed that leaders navigated change and managers navigated complexity.
- Researcher Warren Bennis said, “Managers are people who do things right, and leaders are people who do right things.”
Organizations need both.
To read articles that highlight the differences between leadership and management is to think that leadership is great and management is evil. After all, leaders inspire, and managers control. Leaders evoke passion while managers evoke obedience. Who would want to be a manager after reading things like that?
We understand now that there’s a difference between the role of leader and the role of manager in an organization, and that organizations need both to function well. Leaders do provide the vision and get buy-in from employees to believe in it and execute on it. Managers provide instruction and create conformity. Having this understanding allows us to identify organizational needs around both functions, so we can shift gears to provide it.
Furthermore, we understand that people can be leaders and managers all at once. Let’s take a look at this hybrid leader-manager role.
The late business management guru Peter Drucker said, “The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of every individual.” Such is the leader-manager’s charge at every level in the organization.
Let’s assume that you lead the financial operations of a small portion of the company. You have accounts payable and accounts receivable functions reporting to you. You, in turn, report to the company’s comptroller. How do you, from your office without windows on the third floor, put Peter Drucker’s advice into motion?
Have a Vision
Create momentum around your vision and the company’s vision—and encourage your departments’ leaders to do the same
Perhaps your vision for the department is to be the best finance department in the company, outperforming the financial departments that support the company’s other areas. Your job as leader is to tie that vision to the goals and beliefs of your employees. And, because leaders create other leaders, you encourage your accounts payable and accounts receivable managers to do the same with their smaller teams.
Explain Your Reasoning
Set examples and explain your reasoning to earn employee respect
Employees often follow the examples of leaders who display integrity and strength in their interactions. The leader-manager often has to make unpopular decisions, and when he or she does, an explanation of the reasoning behind that decision can help the leader earn the respect of employees.
Business people who have subordinates at almost every level will agree that inspiring others is their most important function, but most understand that accomplishing goals is the central concern of the work they’re doing. Without accomplish tasks, there is no productivity, no profit. If employees are motivated and excited about the work they’re doing, the leader-manager should be well on his or her way to guiding the team’s accomplishments. This is where a hybrid of managerial skill and leadership traits really moves into action.
Innovate New Solutions
Obstacles and roadblocks are commonplace in the business world. Leaders embrace risk and understand that they must be taken to grow. Leaders embrace change. Managers, on the other hand, like routine and status quo, if we are to understand the assessments of researchers correctly. As a leader-manager, you will need to assess the roadblocks you see and innovate new solutions to overcome them. Some may work and some may not.
Good Boss, Bad Boss
Robert Sutton, author of the book Good Boss, Bad Boss and Stanford University professor, noted that Warren Bennis’ statement, “The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing” had some unintended negative effects on how leaders approached their work today.
In his article “True Leaders are Also Managers” for the Harvard Business Review, Sutton stated, “Some leaders now see their job as just coming up with big and vague ideas, and they treat implementing them, or even engaging in conversation and planning about the details of them, as mere ‘management’ work.”
Sutton cited some of the leaders he respected most, like Steve Jobs, Francis Ford Coppola, Anne Mulcahy because they have a remarkable ability to bounce between big picture ideas and the minuscule details that eventually contribute to the fruition of their work. On this, Sutton comments
I am not rejecting the distinction between leadership and management, but I am saying that the best leaders do something that might properly be called a mix of leadership and management. At a minimum, they lead in a way that constantly takes into account the importance of management. Meanwhile, the worst senior executives use the distinction between leadership and management as an excuse to avoid the details they really have to master to see the big picture and select the right strategies.
He concluded by modifying Bennis’ statement, “To do the right thing, a leader must understand what it takes to do things right.” Organizations need leader-managers, people who can empower teams and guide them to their goals.
- Zaleznik, Abraham. "Managers and Leaders: Are They Different?" 1977. Accessed May 08, 2019 from Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2004/01/managers-and-leaders-are-they-different. ↵
- "What Is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?" The Wall Street Journal. Accessed April 29, 2019. http://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-is-the-difference-between-management-and-leadership/. ↵
- Ibid. ↵
- Sutton, Robert I. "True Leaders Are Also Managers." Harvard Business Review. August 11, 2010. Accessed April 29, 2019. https://hbr.org/2010/08/true-leaders-are-also-managers. ↵
- Ibid. ↵
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Have you ever felt released, tired, angry … ever? Surely yes!
Such feelings are not pleasant and make our body feel bad and take wrong decisions. This can happen both children and adults.
A child may be equally or more furious released or an adult, because remember that feeling not old.
That ‘s all this then we will give you top 11 tips to get rid of these bad feeling and so can enjoy life.
1) Run, jump … play
When you feel angry or scared or worried’re your body can produce a hormone called Cortisol, this causes the nervous, scared elegiac and can even cause panic, all those feelings build up inside our bodies.
If you feel bad for a long time these feelings can cause headaches, stomach pains or trouble sleeping. The good news? Play help! Running, playing sports, walking … All this helps to lower stress and discomfort disappear.
2) Positive Thoughts
Only think of something pleasant can help you cope with stress. When you’re calm your heart thread lags and reacts better to an unpleasant or annoying situation. This can be done even when you feel good, think of something you like, that relaxes you.
Create your own movie of happiness!
3) Master Music
Music can also help you relax and get away from the stress. Try playing the drum, hitting something hard can you release stress quickly. If you do not have drum? Made yourself! Take a pot or a paper looking spoons and prepare to be the best musician.
4) Expires and inspires several times
Have you ever seen someone sitting as the Indians and saying “omm”? Well, that’s what is called meditation and it helps a lot to relax and find oneself. But in a situation of stress you do not need to feel and follow the same steps that must be followed to meditate, just sit back and take a breath. Take a deep breath and expelled several times a tip to feel better it is a happy word when these exhaling.
5) Prepare to laugh
Scientists have shown that laughter can reduce stress or even help avoid getting sick. So look for a reason to laugh and laugh! But do not feel like, laugh, come on, it’ll be fun.
You may also like to read another article on StudyWatches: The Deninson or Brain Gym method, gymnastics for the brain?
6) Talk, talk, talk
Tell a friend, family member, even talk with your pet. Talk about your worries can make are seem smaller. Count it, free yourself of the burden, maybe someone has gone through the same thing or something similar and can help you.
7) Sing, dance … grins
When you feel sad, stressed or bored even put to dance. Play your favorite song and prepare to be the best dancer and singer in history. Laughs, jumps, screams … have fun. All this can be done alone or with company.
8) Smells nice things
Scents such as lavender, rosemary and sandalwood not only smell good, but they can also decrease stress hormones. So you know, make a trip to the countryside or a herbalist and get ready to smell.
9) Stop game
Video games are fun but do not help you relax, that’s why you should not spend more than two hours a day in front of a video game. Find something you like to do, paint, read, play with Legos or make photographs. Such activities help your mind to relax, which helps your body feel better too.
10) Get outside
Scientists has shown that being outside is good for your emotions, so go outside. Walk alone or accompanied, observes nature, collect leaves, jumping stones in a pond or just lay to rest watching the clouds.
11) Ponte thinking
Think of all the things that went you well. When you feel stressed out it is to take time to be alone. Find a time in the day and sit down to think, no music, no TV, nothing. Just you and your thoughts. Think only of the good things you’ve done in the day.
I hope you took note and put it into practice.
Remember! The most important thing in life is to live it, so … have fun, smile, jump, sing … Bring out the child in you.
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The first volunteers are already waiting when Rosa G. gets to the lab. She’s worked as a technician on human trials before but never seen people so eager to be injected with an experimental vaccine. She meets the first subject, a young woman in a mauve tank top, in an examination room. She has her sit, then draws a few milliliters of clear fluid from a clear vial.
“Ready?” Rosa asks.
“Yup,” the woman answers.
Rosa jabs the sharp end of the needle into the soft flesh of her tricep and presses the plunger. The woman looks exactly as she did a moment before, but in an instant her body has become something profoundly different: a new front line in the battle between mankind and the novel coronavirus. Hundreds of thousands have died of COVID-19, and more than seven billion immunologically defenseless bodies await like dry chaparral at the height of fire season.
Rosa has dosed the volunteer with an experimental vaccine made up of a mishmash of microscopic particles of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that have been chemically chopped up and rendered harmless, like a pistol run over by a steamroller. Though incapable of causing infection, to the immune system they are antigens: foreign particles that are unfamiliar and presumed dangerous. In response to their presence, the body learns to create antibodies that will circulate and latch onto any identical antigens they may encounter in the future. In swarming an antigen, antibodies prevent it from carrying out infection, and they also mark it for destruction by hunter-killer cells.
The idea behind this kind of vaccine, called “whole killed” or “inactivated,” has been successfully used many times in the past, from the Salk polio vaccine to annual flu shots. But will this formulation stimulate the body’s immune defenses enough? Or, conversely, will it trigger dangerous adverse reactions, like the 1976 swine flu vaccine that left 450 with a crippling neurological disease?
Over the weeks that follow, Rosa and her team will administer shots to inoculate 500 healthy volunteers in what’s known as the Phase I clinical trial to make sure the vaccine isn’t dangerous. In a few months the research team will move straight on to Phase II trials, dosing several thousand volunteers and watching to see if their bodies start building defenses against the virus.
The usual timeline for the development of a new vaccine is 15 years. Researchers move methodically from test-tube experiments to animal trials and then on to humans. To move faster, Rosa and her colleagues are going to have to take shortcuts. And that could potentially endanger millions of people.
Rosa withdraws the needle and presses a Band-Aid onto the dot of blood.
“So am I immune now?”
“No, unfortunately. If the vaccine works, it will take your body a couple of weeks to build its defenses against the virus,” she says. “But since it’s experimental, you really can’t assume it will work. Keep staying safe. Sorry.”
The path to a post-COVID future passes through a single door: a safe, effective, and widely available vaccine. The Trump administration has claimed it can have hundreds of millions of doses ready by this fall, but experts view that timeline as all but impossible. The rapid development of a COVID-19 vaccine is a scientific undertaking on the scale of putting a man on the moon.
If anything, for the vaccine the stakes are higher, the time pressure more urgent, and the outcome more uncertain. A moon rocket is huge and must be built to exacting standards, but its physics are straightforward. While we have been making vaccines for decades, the COVID-19 vaccine is a blitz into unknown territory. No one knows in great detail exactly how the virus works, what effects it can have on the human body, and how it interacts with the immune system. The vaccine candidates are themselves complex systems whose interactions with human biology are not yet fully understood. So planning to develop a successful one is a bit like planning to win the lottery: Even if you’ve got the money to buy a whole ton of tickets, you’re going to need a certain amount of time and luck.
We’re definitely buying a lot of tickets. Around the world, more than a hundred candidates are currently under development. Many of pharma’s biggest names are pouring billions of dollars into research and manufacturing, including AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Merck. Some teams are moving quickly, hoping that they’ll get lucky and their efforts will pay off with a speedy solution. Others are laying the groundwork more methodically in order to improve their odds. Each project is a long shot; historically, fewer than 10 percent of candidate vaccines turn out to be safe enough and effective enough to use in human populations. That means that when the smoke has cleared, only a handful might wind up proving worthwhile. “If we can get two or three vaccines from this, I think we will be thrilled,” says South African medical researcher Helen Rees, who has worked for years on the development of an HIV vaccine and is currently evaluating COVID-19 drugs.
What follows is a speculative guess at how the months ahead might unfold, based on discussions with vaccinologists, physicians, and public health experts and on the latest published science about the coronavirus. It’s not intended as a prediction—if the history of vaccine development has taught us anything, it’s to expect the unexpected—but as a rough preview of the story arc ahead.
It’s not enough to find a vaccine; once one is found, billions of doses are going to have to be manufactured. At a weekly staff meeting, Rosa watches video updates from an engineer at a large pharmaceutical company that is retrofitting its manufacturing facility in Indiana to make their vaccine, tearing out old equipment that was used to grow virus particles in chicken eggs and replacing it with stainless steel brewing vats that will grow the virus inside human cells. Around the world, dozens of production facilities are being renovated and repurposed, and dozens more are under construction. Billions of dollars are being poured into the work, yet it’s almost a certainty that most of that investment will wind up getting thrown out, because each kind of vaccine requires a different kind of production facility. Those built to produce failed candidates will wind up getting torn down without producing a single vial: an insane approach, under normal circumstances, but one that makes sense if it can free the world economy from rolling lockdowns.
Rosa’s team works for a nonprofit research organization that is also tackling diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. This isn’t their first rodeo, and compared to players like AstraZeneca and Moderna, which announced that its vaccine produced antibodies in patients earlier that summer, they’re moving at a tortoise pace. But they also understand the importance of getting details right. As her boss likes to say, “The product is the process.” Moving too fast and fumbling could scotch what otherwise might have been a successful candidate.
As she’s doing the dishes one night, her cell phone buzzes with a text alert: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has abruptly canceled its funding for her project. She feels numb, then a flash of panic as she realizes what must have happened. Among the vaccine’s other backers is CEPI, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, whose members include the World Health Organization and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. At a press conference the day before President Trump said he’d heard that Bill Gates is an agent of the Chinese secret police and that he was plotting to use COVID-19 vaccinations to implant behavior-control chips.
Lightheaded, Rosa hurries to the sofa to sit down. She can’t believe that one of the leading vaccine candidates in the world, in the midst of a global pandemic, could just be cut loose.
In the end, it isn’t. After a week of frantic scrambling, CEPI patches together a deal in which the governments of France and Germany step in to make up the difference. The project is back on track.
Rosa’s team has barely finished inoculating the last of the Phase II subjects when they shift their focus to recruiting and inoculating Phase III subjects. The pressure’s on—Moderna and AstraZeneca have been in Phase III for months already, and are preparing to release their results. In this stage of the process, the goal is to see whether the vaccine candidate offers demonstrable protection against infection out in the real world. To do that, the researchers will need to find subjects who are at high risk of infection, give them the vaccine, and then watch to see how they do compared to subjects who didn’t get it. If the difference is stark, they’ll have the proof they need before they distribute the vaccine to the general public.
Every night on her subway ride home, Rosa pulls out her iPad and catches up on developments in the field. Toward the end of the month, rumors start to circulate that Phase III data is in on one of the candidates, and it’s strong enough to support the release of the vaccine to the general public. If this is true, it would be a breathtaking development. The candidate is based on a new and unproven technology: snippets of mRNA genetic material injected directly into a patient’s body, where they are taken up by cells and translated into viral spike protein, which the host’s immune system can learn to recognize. In the past the developer has been cagey about its results, preferring to issue press releases rather than let other scientists review their raw data, so it’s hard to know how seriously to take these claims.
Finally, a week before the election, President Trump himself makes the announcement: The results are in, and they show that the vaccine is “perfect.” Hundreds of millions of doses will be ready for distribution by the end of the week. He says that the coronavirus is a “bad hombre” but that “we kicked its ass.” Public reaction is surprisingly muted. The developer still refuses to release its Phase III data, and when pressed Dr. Anthony Fauci declines to endorse Trump’s characterization of the vaccine’s efficacy, saying only that he believes that “the vaccine will help reduce the severity of the disease in many patients, and thereby save lives.”
Rosa’s team and the other developers around the world continue to work on their vaccine candidates.
By New Year’s more than 40 percent of the U.S. population has been vaccinated against COVID-19. Schools, shops, and businesses have reopened. Life starts to feel like it did before the pandemic. But the feeling of relief is short-lived. It becomes clear that something has gone wrong. Not only do coronavirus cases begin to rise again, but some who’ve received the jab are showing up in emergency rooms with especially severe cases of COVID-19. It turns out that for some recipients the vaccine actually makes the disease worse, spurring the development of antibodies that, instead of blocking the virus from attacking human cells, work as a kind of gate pass to get them inside. On her phone Rosa watches a viral video of a nurse mopping the forehead of an unconscious child hooked up to a ventilator, his lungs and liver ravaged almost to the point of shutdown. When the child dies, public outrage spawns furious street protests across the country. Reluctantly, the NIH is forced to cancel the vaccine’s emergency authorization. All remaining doses are destroyed.
The methodical approach is paying off for Rosa’s team. The data from the three trial phases is coming in thick and fast now. Every morning Rosa sits at her cubicle with a cup of black Peet’s coffee and reviews the previous day’s data. Each batch adds to a slowly emerging picture, like the image in a newly snapped Polaroid. Unfortunately, the picture that’s emerging isn’t great. The volunteers who got the shots aren’t falling sick as often as the control group, and when they do fall sick their symptoms aren’t as bad. But they’re still getting sick. The vaccine appears to be only weakly effective.
By now a dozen vaccine candidates have been dropped, five appear to offer minimal protection, and the rest are still in too early a stage of testing to tell. Regardless of how they ultimately turn out, it’s looking less and less likely that a vaccine will be ready by the end of 2021.
To add to the frustration, COVID-19 maintains a tenacious grip on the United States. While countries like Germany, France, Japan, and New Zealand have successfully suppressed the pandemic and gotten back to life as usual, in the U.S. outbreaks keep popping up, getting beaten back, and popping up somewhere else. Amazingly, it’s still hard to get enough testing kits and even PPE.
Rosa and the rest of her team start a new trial, this time with a combination of vaccines: their own inactivated vaccine and another candidate that also proved only weakly effective in trials. This one is a so-called “viral vector” vaccine that implants spike-protein mRNA into a virus that normally infects chimpanzees. The chimp virus can’t replicate in humans, but it gets the mRNA into the human cells, where it can be translated into spike protein. When registration begins for Phase III volunteers, Rosa adds her name to the list.
A particularly severe wave of the pandemic swells and retreats, leaving the U.S. death toll at north of half a million. The shared trauma has not unified Americans behind the science that could save them, but fractured it. As she’s arriving at work one morning, Rosa finds a picket line of shouting, unmasked protesters. One carries a sign that reads: “Vaccine = Mind Pollution.” Rosa has no idea what that’s supposed to mean. As she pushes through, one of the protesters screams, “Bill Gates lies!” and deliberately coughs on her.
Her mask filters out two-thirds of the virus-laden particles, but thousands get through and settle inside her mouth and throat. That evening the first generation of infected cells is bursting, seeding millions of virions up and down her respiratory tract. The next morning, she wakes up feeling meh. She checks her temperature: 99 degrees. Not enough to stay home from work. Only weeks later, when she goes to have her blood drawn as part of the trial, will she learn that her inoculation helped her beat a case of COVID-19.
Rosa’s case isn’t statistically significant. But taken together with what is happening to the hundreds of other volunteers, it is a point in a compelling picture. Taken in combination, these two vaccines work.
A series of conference calls between CEPI, WHO officials, and government regulators turns into a flurry of Zoom meetings and group chats with pharmaceutical companies, manufacturers, logistics specialists, and NGOs. With growing excitement, the community realizes that a consensus has emerged. The time has come.
The groundwork has been well laid out. For months factories filled with giant tanks of growth medium, the solution used to grow microorganisms, have been running flat out. The regulatory playbook has been torn up and patched back together a third of the time. Officials have reviewed the study data, checked plant blueprints, assessed production standards. The chance that things could go terribly wrong is much higher than normally would be deemed acceptable. But the upside is too huge to pass up.
Calls go out. The next morning, Rosa is standing in Times Square when the alert scrolls across the news crawl:
EFFECTIVE NEW COVID-19 VACCINE APPROVED WORLDWIDE.
Although hundreds of millions of doses have already been manufactured in anticipation of this moment and stockpiled around the globe, that still only covers a tiny fraction of those who need to be protected. So it will be administered in tranches: first to front-line health care workers, then the elderly and ill, then essential-industry workers, then children, then adults with compromising medical conditions, and finally healthy adults.
Around the world, church bells ring, car horns blare, and strangers hug. But in the United States, the jubilation is short-lived, as the government announces that a monopoly in the country has been granted to a company owned by the husband of the secretary of Health and Human Services. Elsewhere in the world, the shots will cost $5; here they will cost $500. In Times Square, protesters turn over a police car and set it on fire.
Rosa is staring out the plane window when the whiteness of the clouds gives way to the choppy gray waters of the harbor and the skyscrapers beyond. She’s surprised at the surge of emotion she feels at the sight, a mixture she can’t quite name. It’s been nearly a year since she moved to Amsterdam to lead an influenza research team, and she’d thought she was done with America for good.
She walks around her old neighborhood in New York, past the place she used to live, her favorite bar, the park. She’s jetlagged and plane-weary, and it all feels like a dream. Shops are boarded up and her friends have moved away. The people on the sidewalks now are different people. They walk around without masks, strolling hand in hand, standing close to each other and talking and laughing without care.
There’s a coffee shop now where the old pupusa place used to be, with tables out on the sidewalk. Rosa takes a seat under a linden that is still unfurling its buds. At the next table a couple sit with their chairs pressed together. They’re probably the same age Rosa was when she came to the city. She can imagine how they feel, the exciting sense of possibility, and is happy for them. Her city is gone, but theirs is just beginning.
This article originally ran in GQ on July 16, 2020.
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Ice gorge, Missouri River Flood, Niobrara. Date unknown. RG2118-5-16
Last week’s Wild Weather Wednesday was so popular we decided to give you more of the story of Niobrara. The late John Carter wrote this piece for the Fall 1991 issue of Nebraska History. Nebraska is a state noted for colossal natural disasters. Prairie and timber fires blacken thousands of acres. Tornadoes level whole communities in minutes. Blizzards, notably the ones in 1888 and 1949, bring the entire state to a standstill. Nebraskans respond to these adversities with stoicism. They clean up, dig out, and rebuild. In 1881 the town of Niobrara, Nebraska, faced such a trauma – a flood – which deluged the town under three to six feet of water for more than a week. What was the response of the citizens of Niobrara? They picked up the town and moved it a mile and a half uphill! Niobrara was established in the spring of 1857 along the Missouri River about a mile southeast of its confluence with the Niobrara River. The town had been situated to provide easy access to steamboat traffic, and on June 29, 1857, the steamer Omaha landed a steam sawmill. The optimistic citizens build a new, three-story hotel. With a $10,000 price tag, it was then the largest and costliest in the state. This dizzying optimism was a hallmark of the community, and it grew steadily. The 1880 census reported a population of nearly 860 people. The great flood occurred as the town was shaking off the winter of 1881. On March 28 the river had been running high, but had fallen several feet by day’s end. But choked with winter ice, the river was unpredictable.
Flood at Niobrara. RG2118-5-14
At midnight an alarm sounded that an ice gorge had broken. River water and ice poured into the town, and within half an hour had covered it with up to six feet of water, stranding its hapless citizens in the second floors of houses and stores. With the onset of morning, boats were located and the task of rescuing the marooned began. Livestock and small animals, too, had been stranded by the sudden torrent, and by midday on March 29, they had been ferried to high ground. The water remained high for two days, but by Thursday, March 31, it began to fall, and people slowly began to clean the ice and debris from their homes and businesses. On Friday, however, a telegram warning of flooding upstream convinced most of the townspeople to gather belongs and move to higher ground.
Niobrara on wheels. RG2118-5-19
There were those die-hards, however, who chose to remain in town. Known as “stickers,” this group of thirteen young men took up residence in the second story of a store. To alleviate the boredom, the young men occupied the offices of the Niobrara Pioneer and published a tongue-in-cheek tabloid entitled The B’Hoys. In it they bemoaned the lack of food, the absence of women, and the general abundance of water. They also agreed to forswear the consumption of beans until such time as more private quarters could be found for sleeping. April 1881 continued wet. By the twentieth of that month the river had flooded three times; washed out bridges, mill dams, and railroad lines; and caused thousands of dollars in damage. While this flood was the first in the town’s twenty-four-year history, its effect had been chilling enough to convince the citizens to move to higher ground. But the decision to move was by no means unanimous. The land currently owned by people in the river bottoms would be substantially devalued by such a move, and the land on higher ground where the proposed relocation was to take place would inflate in value. The move would separate the town from the steamboat landing by about a mile, and the technological difficulty of moving a town of “three general stores, two drug stores, two hardware stores, a harness shop, two blacksmiths, five hotels, two livery stables, three physicians, a schoolhouse, …a church, [and] two newspapers” was formidable. Judging from reports in the local newspapers, the discussions regarding moving were rancorous, and many people simply chose not to wait for consensus. By April 22, 1881, the buildings were creeping up the grade to their new, drier location. Benchland a mile and a half to the south and west of the old townsite was surveyed and platted.
Missouri River flood at Niobrara. RG2118-5-15
There is some evidence suggesting that moving the town was not entirely motivated by the flooding. Edwin A. Fry, editor of The Niobrara Pioneer, noted in March 1882 that Niobrara residents had grown tired of subsidizing streets and other improvements that increased the value of underdeveloped property being held for speculative purposes. The flood provided an opportunity for Niobrara to rebuild on a new site, leaving behind the burden of unimproved town lots. B.Y. Shelley, founder and twenty-five-year resident of Niobrara (who probably owned some of the unimproved lots), became so disgusted with the plan to relocate the town that he left Niobrara and returned to his native Pennsylvania. Teamsters, armed with house jacks, winches and capstans, block-and-tackles, beams, poles, oxen, mules, and horses began raising, bracing, and hauling building after building to the new Niobrara townsite. By January of 1882, all of the commercial buildings and most of the houses had been moved. All that remained were some houses whose condition prevented their being moved, the county courthouse, and the post office. The complications in removing the government structures was bureaucratic and political. The courthouse was forced to remain due to a statue which stipulated the manner in which a survey had to be made before a courthouse could be located. The survey of the new townsite did not comply with this law and had to be rectified before removal could take place.
Moving Niobrara because of the Missouri River Flood. RG2118-5-20
The relocation of the post office was a political issue. Edwin A. Fry, editor of the Niobrara Pioneer, was appointed postmaster of Niobrara in September of 1881, replacing J.C. Santee, who had held the position for about five years, and who edited the Knox County News, the Pioneer’s competition. On September 28, Postmaster Fry wrote to the postmaster general, requesting approval of the move, as required by law. The request was ignored for nearly five months. Finally, Fry resorted to contacting Senators Alvin Saunders and C.H. Van Wyck to ask their intercession. Ultimately, the post office replied that the request had been delayed because the courthouse remained at the old location and more importantly, because Congressman E.K. Valentine had spoken in opposition to the removal. Apparently, those who opposed the move caught the congressman’s ear and blocked approval of the move. During the month of December 1881, Fry wrote three letters pleading with the postmaster-general to allow relocation. In one he noted that if it was not moved, a great inconvenience would result because the building in which the post office was located was scheduled for removal and there was no other space available. One can imagine the delight that Fry’s rival, Santee, enjoyed at Fry’s dilemma. When, in desperation, Fry circulated a petition in support of removal, Santee was one of two men who declined to sign it. The situation may well have proved fatal to Fry’s career as postmaster. In a terse note in the Niobrara Pioneer of February 10, 1882, he observed, “The [Niobrara] News folks gave a dance at Stein’s hall last Saturday night, about 30 couples being present. The occasion was in honor of Mr. Santee’s being reinstated to the postoffice.” In all, the relocation of the town cost nearly $40,000. With it completed, the citizens of Niobrara settled down in their new location, confident of their security from flood. In the May 6, 1881, issue of the Niobrara Pioneer, a tongue-in-cheek article entitled “New Niobrara” detailed tall tale plans for moving the town: “The latest scheme to be reported is one which is based upon the knowledge of the geological formations of the present townsite. The substratum is claimed to be quicksand saturated with water and it is proposed to build a dam across the Missouri near the mouth of Bazile creek. This will cause the water to back up, and, penetrating the quicksand, will float our present townsite and raise it up to the required height. Then props are to be placed underneath, and the water allowed to run in the old channel again. Failing in this it is proposed to anchor the town and then overflow it and keep it under water until about four feet of a sediment is deposited all over the flat, when the dam will be torn down and we will have a town still at least four feet higher than at present.”
A Niobrara house is being relocated. RG2118-5-17
The article was prophetic: When in 1952 the gates were closed on the Fort Randall Dam, upstream from Niobrara, the periodic flooding which eliminated sediment build up at the juncture of the Missouri and Niobrara rivers was ended. Then in 1956, the Gavins Point Dam was completed, creating Lewis and Clark Lake. The town of Niobrara, resting midway between the two dams, once again faced rising water due to the buildup of sediment at the mouth of the Niobrara River. The groundwater rose an average of just under one-half foot a year until in 1972 it reached a level of 1,219.2 feet. The town of Niobrara was located about 1225 feet above sea level, which meant that most basements filled with between six inches and three feet of water. In 1971 the townspeople faced three choices. They could sell their property to the Army Corps of Engineers and move to other communities, abandoning Niobrara altogether. They could build a system of levees and pumping stations in an attempt to lower the water table. Or they could move the town.
Moving Niobrara because of the Missouri River Flood. RG2118-5-18
In a poll held that year, ninety percent of the citizens voted to move the town. The plan called for the government to acquire the real estate in the old town, providing the residents with the capital to build their new homes and businesses. But what if only some of the residents moved? What would happen to the value of property in the new town if none of the businesses chose to relocate there? Over the course of four and one-half years the organizers of the project coaxed and cajoled the residents, and eventually a trickle of people began to move. Inspired by the show of confidence, the trickle became a flood, and the new town of Niobrara was dedicated on July 4, 1977. The population was estimated at nearly 400, compared with 600 in 1970. In contrast to the estimated $40,000 cost of the relocation of Niobrara in 1881-82, the project in the 1970s cost an estimated $14.5 million. As the end of the old town neared, the State Historic Preservation Office, a department of the Nebraska State Historical Society, collaborated with the Historic American Building Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to document the town, record its buildings, and salvage artifacts. By the spring of 1978, nothing remained standing in the second “old town” of Niobrara. With its series of moves, Niobrara is both one of the oldest towns in Nebraska, and one of the newest.
John Carter worked for the NSHS for almost forty years. He served as photo curator, senior research folklorist and associate editor for the NSHS over his career. He authored several books and published numerous articles in both scholarly and popular journals. He was a scholar/consultant for many documentary films, including several produced by filmmaker Ken Burns. He was a well-known and much-requested speaker on almost any aspect of Nebraska. John was enthusiastic in his work and play, and had a deep and abiding love for the history and culture of Nebraska.
Niobrara Centennial 1856-1956 (updated by Niobrara Bicentennial Committee, 1976),6. The article notes, “In 1867 the Episcopal Mission purchased this hotel from the Niobrara Townsite Co. and moved it to Santee for a church and Mission school. A tornado demolished it and a finer structure succeeded it only to be completely wiped out by fire.” Niobrara Pioneer, Mar. 31, 1882, 1. J. C. Santee, “Fearful Floods: The Big Muddy Gets on a Tear and Floods the Surrounding Country,” Knox County News, Apr. 7, 1881, reprinted in Niobrara Centennial, 17. Ibid.; “History of Niobrara,” Niobrara Pioneer, Mar. 31 , 1882, 1. Ibid. Ibid. The B’Hoys (Niobrara, Neb.), Apr. 4, 1881. Niobrara Pioneer, Apr. 22, 1881, 2. Knox County News, Apr. 7, 1881, reprinted in Niobrara Centennial 1856-1956, 17. “Town Tumblings: The New Location Now Talked of by Many Citizens,” Niobrara Pioneer, June 10, 1881, 1; Ibid., “Niobrara Drainage,” June 3, 1881,8. Niobrara Pioneer, Apr. 22, 1881,2 Ibid., Mar. 3 1, 1882 Ibid., Oct. 7, 1881. “There are only about thirty buildings left in the old town now, and if the weather continues favorable many of those will reach the bench before the new year.” “Building Notes,” Niobrara Pioneer, Dec. 2, 1881, 8; Ibid., “Post Office Removal,” Jan. 6, 1882, I. “Post Office Removal.” Ibid. The Post Office,” Niobrara Pioneer, Sept. 2, 1881, 4. Santee had been appointed postmaster in February of 1876 and held the post until he was removed for not being “in proper sympathy with the administration.” A. T. Andreas, History of the State of Nebraska (Chicago: The Western Historical Company), 1882, 1031. Post-Office Removal,” Niobrara Pioneer, Jan. 6, 1882. I. ‘This is probably because former postmaster John C. Santee, a staunch Republican, nominated E. K. Valentine for Congress. Andreas, History, 1031. Niobrara Pioneer, Jan. 6, 1882, 1. Ibid. Santee was reappointed on Jan. 12, 1882. Andreas, 1031. Ibid., 1030. “Ground Water Problem at Niobrara, Nebraska and the Niobrara State Park,” draft report by the C.S. Army Corps of Engineers District, Omaha, May 1972. Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office Site File KX08, Nebraska State Historical Society. Ibid., 5. “Ground Water Problem,” 17-23; “Niobrara Relocation Featured in Magazine,” Niobrara Tribune, Mar. 3, 1977, 1. Gordon E. Printz, “Relocation Passes Four Year Mark,” Niobrara Tribune, Jan. 13, 1977, Ibid., “2000 Attend New Town Dedication Ceremonies,” July 7, 1977, I; Ibid., Oct. 27, 1971; Nov. 24, 1976. Niobrara Tribune, Nov. 24, 1976. Ibid., Mar. 3, 1977. ‘Town of Niobrara Relocation Project,” The Cornerstone, Nov./Dec. 1977, 1.
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Widespread privatisation of public goods in many societies is systematically eliminating human rights protections and further marginalising those living in poverty, according to a hard-hitting new report. The report was transmitted to the UN General Assembly on 19 October.
Philip Alston, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, criticised the extent to which the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and even the UN itself have aggressively promoted widespread privatisation of basic services, without regard to the human rights implications or the consequences for the poor. He also criticised human rights groups for not responding strongly enough to the resulting challenges.
“Privatising the provision of criminal justice, social protection, prisons, education, basic healthcare and other essential public goods cannot be done at the expense of throwing rights protections out of the window,” Alston said.
States can’t dispense with their human rights obligations by delegating core services and functions to private companies on terms that they know will effectively undermine those rights for some people.
He noted that while “proponents present privatisation as a technical solution for managing resources and reducing fiscal deficits, it has actually become an ideology of governance that devalues public goods, public spaces, compassion and a range of other values that are essential for a decent society.
“While privatisation’s proponents insist that it saves money, enhances efficiency, and improves services, the real world evidence very often challenges or contradicts these claims,” Alston said.
The report quoted from two recent studies that showed that outright privatisation or public private partnership both, are more expensive, less efficient and marginalise the poor. The first study, conducted by the National Audit Office of the United Kingdom, concluded that the private finance initiative model had proved to be more expensive and less efficient in providing hospitals, schools and other public infrastructure than public financing. The second study, conducted by the European Court of Auditors of the European Union, examined 12 public-private partnerships in France, Greece, Ireland and Spain, in road transport and information and communications technology. It concluded that the partnerships were characterized by “widespread shortcomings and limited benefits”.
Privatisation is for Profit not Equity
Privatisation is premised on fundamentally different assumptions from those that underpin respect for human rights, such as dignity and equality, Alstom said in his report. It inevitably prioritises profit, and sidelines considerations such as equality and non-discrimination. Rights-holders are transformed into clients, and those who are poor, needy, or troubled are marginalised or excluded. Human rights criteria are absent from almost all privatisation agreements, which rarely include provisions for sustained monitoring of their impact on service provision and the poor.
There appear to be no limits to what states have privatised, he said. Public institutions and services across the world have been taken over by private companies dedicated to profiting from key parts of criminal justice systems and prisons, dictating educational priorities and approaches, deciding who will receive health interventions and social protection, and choosing what infrastructure will be built, where, and for whom, often with harsh consequences for the most marginalised. “There is a real risk that the waves of privatisation experienced to date will soon be followed by a veritable tsunami,” Alston said.
Privatisation of social protection often leads to a focus on economic efficiency concerns that aim to minimise time spent per client, close cases earlier, generate fees wherever possible, and cater to those better-off, pushing those with less resources and more complex problems to the margins
“Existing human rights accountability mechanisms are clearly inadequate for dealing with the challenges of large-scale and widespread privatisation,” Alston said. “The human rights community can no longer ignore the consequences of privatisation and needs to radically reconsider its approach.”
Human rights actors should start by reclaiming the moral high ground and reasserting the central role of concepts such as equality, society, the public interest, and shared responsibilities, while challenging the assumption that privatisation should be the default approach. “The human rights community needs to develop new methods that systematically confront the broader implication of widespread privatisation and ensure that human rights and accountability are at the centre of privatisation efforts,” Alston said.
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Anterior Tooth Form and Formation: A Systematic Approach
Creating esthetic anterior tooth contours that function properly
By Steve McGowan, CDT
Many years ago the author was given thousands of extracted teeth that had been collected by the late Tony Ponti, DDS. Over the years these teeth were studied and photographed for personal benefit. Two years ago a project was started that would create a photographic archive, which allows Ponti’s vast collection of teeth to be shared. Part of this project resulted in a recently published article, “Characteristics of Teeth: A Review of Size, Shape, Composition, and Appearance of Maxillary Anterior Teeth.”1 In this piece, 600 maxillary anterior teeth were cleaned, photographed, and measured: 200 each of central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines.
Charts were created (Figure 1) to show the measurements taken from the 600 teeth. A steep histogram, or bell curve, means the measurements were very similar. A flatter histogram means the measurements had a greater variability. The blue line would be the exact mean of the measurements. The shaded area represents one standard deviation from the mean. Photographic representations of all four measurements, which correlate with the graphs in Figure 1, are shown in Figure 2. The tooth in the middle of each photograph (Figure 2) is the exact mean in all dimensions. The tooth to the left and right of the middle tooth represents exactly one standard deviation from the mean. The images in Figure 2 show the tremendous variability of the teeth and the broad range of sizes that otherwise might be considered statistically unremarkable.
The variability of these 600 teeth was astounding. This is something that the author has observed while working as a dental technician for more than 30 years. The unique nature of each tooth and each patient are among the factors that make the dental technician’s job challenging and exciting.
Maxillary anterior teeth have functional and esthetic components. These teeth are what people see when we speak and smile. Because of this esthetic value, there are countless theories, courses, and presentations to explain and teach the intricacies of maxillary anterior teeth. When we consider color, texture, rotations, spacing, and many more topics, it is easy to get lost in the details. This article will not focus on the details. Instead, a systematic approach for creating a maxillary anterior framework will be discussed. Just like when building a house, the framework or foundation must be constructed first. After the framework is completed, the details are then added to make each tooth unique. Following these exact steps on every case will save a tremendous amount of time and will also allow for the variability of nature.
These steps are followed whether doing six units or one. The same steps are used for wax-ups or definitive restorations, digital or analog. The key is developing efficiency by following the same protocol time after time. This protocol allows the technician tremendous variability for adding the details after the foundation is complete.
1. When creating multiple anterior teeth, the starting points are always the midline and the labial incisal edge of the central incisors. The midline is determined by facial landmarks. A vertical line can be drawn connecting the glabellum, apex of the nose, and the center of the chin. A second interpupillary line (Figure 3) can be drawn perpendicular to the facial midline. The labial incisal edge of the central incisors will be parallel with the interpupillary line.
3. The next step is the most critical: the lingual surface. Because all teeth exist within a masticatory system, it is impossible to shape teeth without addressing how they interact with the antagonist tooth or teeth. The incisal edge of the tooth is more accurately an incisal ridge.2 The ridge consists of the labial incisal edge, represented by the red line, and the lingual incisal edge, represented by the blue line (Figure 6 and Figure 7). These two incisal edges form the boundaries of the incisal ridge. The lingual edge, which is often ignored, is the functional component that is dictated by the mandibular incisors and how a person chews. The labial edge is the esthetic incisal edge that is seen when a person speaks and smiles. The maxillary lingual incisal edge is the most critical part of the ridge with regard to function. The lingual edge cannot be ignored or placed arbitrarily without consideration of the mandibular incisors.
The labial incisal edge is the esthetic edge. The location, or placement, of the labial edge is determined mostly by facial esthetics and phonetics. This edge can be lengthened or moved as long as it does not affect function with the mandibular incisors, speech, and facial esthetics.
4. The mesial line angle, represented by the black line, is created next (Figure 8). When viewed directly from the facial, the central, lateral, and canines are divided in segments vertically (Figure 5). The central is divided in thirds. The lateral and canine are divided in half. The mesial line angle of the central will start near the contact point and terminate in the cervical portion of the tooth at the mesial third of the tooth. This line angle should match the mesial line angle of the adjacent central incisor as closely as possible.
The lateral mesial line angle starts at or above the contact point and terminates in the cervical portion at the middle half of the tooth.
The mesial line angle of the canine starts above the contact point and angles toward the middle of the tooth.
5. The distal line angles come next (Figure 9), always moving from the central to the canine. Whenever possible, the distance between these line angles should closely mimic the contralateral tooth. The width of the contralateral teeth is not always the same, but they can be optically matched more easily if the line angles match.
6. The cervical height of contour, represented by the white line (Figure 10 and Figure 11) closely follows the contour of the soft tissue (pink). This is why it is important to perform this step with a soft-tissue model, or solid model. The apex of the CEJ on the central incisor is at the distal third. The apex of the lateral and canine are at the middle of the tooth (Figure 8).
7. The last step for the basic framework is the labial incisal edge. The shape of the labial edge (Figure 12) can be highly variable as long as it is not in the pathway of the mandibular incisors during chewing. Typically, the labial edge of the centrals and the canines will follow the same line when viewed on a horizontal plane. In this case, the Kois Waxing Guide (Panadent, panadent.com) (Figure 13) is used to show how the central incisors and canines are on the same incisal plane.
When the framework is shown without teeth (Figure 14), the basic shapes become apparent. From this point forward, attention can be paid to filling in the lines, or connecting the dots. After the basic framework is completed, the individual esthetics can be completed. The individual esthetics vary from person to person, but the basic framework is always the same and the same steps are always followed.
When the teeth are viewed facially, the distal half of the canine is not in view (Figure 15) or barely in view. The arch form can be broadened simply by making the distal half of the canine more in view.
Creating esthetic anterior tooth contours that function properly requires a tremendous amount of skill and knowledge. Tooth morphology, facial esthetics, soft-tissue contour, and occlusion all play roles. When creating a framework it is important to not get locked in to a specific tooth form or design. The framework should follow the basic commonalities of teeth and allow room for the variability of details. Having a consistent repeatable protocol for the basic framework will save tremendous amounts of time.
1. McGowan S. Characteristics of Teeth: A Review of Size, Shape, Composition, and Appearance of Maxillary Anterior Teeth. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2015;37(3)164-172.
2. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;94(1):10-92.
About the Author
Steve McGowan, CDT
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The word toronto, meaning ‘plenty’, appeared in a French lexicon of the Wyandot language in 1632. … The river became known as Rivière Taronto as the canoe route became more popular with French explorers, and by the 1750s, a fort to the east of the delta on Lake Ontario was named Fort Toronto by the French.
Best answer for this question, what does the name Toronto come from? The name Toronto is derived from the Mohawk word tkaronto, which means “where there are trees standing in the water.” The word originally referred to The Narrows, near present-day Orillia, where the Wendat and other groups drove stakes into the water to create fish weirs.
Likewise, what does Toronto mean in Indian? The name Toronto was first applied to a narrow stretch of water between Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching. The word, Anglicized from Mohawk, was spelled tkaronto and taronto and used to describe an area where trees grow in shallow water.
Frequent question, what does Toronto mean in aboriginal language? Toronto itself is a word that originates from the Mohawk word “Tkaronto,” meaning “the place in the water where the trees are standing,” which is said to refer to the wooden stakes that were used as fishing weirs in the narrows of local river systems by the Haudenosaunee and Huron-Wendat.
Amazingly, what is Toronto‘s nickname?
- The Six/6/6ix. Historically, as Toronto is Canada’s largest municipality, ‘the Six’ refers to the original cities of Toronto, North York, Scarborough, York, Etobicoke, and the former borough of East York.
Is the T silent in Toronto?
This “T” is not intended to be silent. Pronounced correctly, our city’s name sounds so rich and elegant but, when the second T is left out, it sounds slangy, common and cheap.
Who named the City of Toronto?
The name Toronto first appears in the historical record as the “lac de Taranteau” on a map of southern Ontario produced in 1670 by Father Rene de Brehant de Galinee. Interestingly, the name referred to Lake Simcoe and not the area known as Toronto today.
Does Toronto mean meeting place?
No, Toronto does not mean “meeting place.” The truth behind the tales people tell about Toronto. … To this day the most commonly known theory is that Toronto is derived from a Huron word for meeting place.
What indigenous land is Toronto on?
The City of Toronto acknowledges that we are on the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples and is now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples.
What is Toronto known for?
Toronto is known for its multiculturalism, sports, and unique landmarks, such as the CN Tower. This bustling city features various cuisines, architectural mixtures, and a long history. Toronto is also home to one of the world’s largest film festivals, the Toronto International Film Festival.
Is Toronto called the Big Smoke?
The Big Smoke was first used by Australian writer Alan Rayburn and popularized by Canadian journalist Alan Fotheringham. Fotheringham used the nickname to depict Toronto as a city with a giant reputation and nothing to show for it. The fire remains the largest ever to occur in Toronto. …
What native tribes lived in Toronto?
According to the City of Toronto, this land is the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples and is now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples.
What do locals call Toronto?
Ontario. “B-Town”, a pop-culture reference, commonly used by locals.
What is Toronto’s slogan?
Toronto’s motto “Diversity Our Strength” describes the new city and represents the joining of seven municipalities creating added strength, and the diversity of the city’s 2.8 million residents.
Why is Toronto called the Queen city?
During Queen Victoria’s reign, Toronto transformed itself from a backwater into an Upper Canadian rival to Lower Canada’s chief city, Montreal. … No big surprise, then, that by the end of the 19th century Toronto had begun to call itself the Queen City.
How do you pronounce YYZ?
YYZ (ˈzɛd): The “Z” in the call letters for Toronto Pearson International Airport is pronounced “zed,” which is the Anglo-European-French pronunciation.
How do Canadians spell color?
It’s no secret that we Canadians spell differently from our cousins in the United States: We put a “u” in words like “colour” and “favour”; Americans leave it out. We spell “theatre” and “centre” with an “re” at the end; they spell them with an “er”
How do u say Scarborough?
Break ‘scarborough’ down into sounds: [SKAA] + [BRUH] – say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them. Record yourself saying ‘scarborough’ in full sentences, then watch yourself and listen.
What does from the 6 mean?
The 6 is a nickname for the city of Toronto, Canada. You can thank the rapper Drake for (trying to make) it a thing. Related words: Toronto.
What are the 6 boroughs of Toronto?
On January 1, 1998, Toronto was greatly enlarged, not through traditional annexations, but as an amalgamation of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and its six lower-tier constituent municipalities; East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York, and the original city itself.
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Dr Anya Salih, a scientist in the School of Science and Health, is researching the biological function of coral colours – the glow-in-the-dark fluorescent proteins that light up coral reefs, that are featured in the film, Coral: Rekindling Venus.
She believes that to understand why corals have evolved functional diversity of fluorescent colours, it is important to work across many disciplines. So she has teamed with many scientists from around the world – marine biologists, biophysicists, molecular biologists, electrophysiologists and biochemists – to solve the mystery of coral fluorescence.
Coral living on a reef off Lord Howe Island photographed to show the colours visible to the human eye.
Dr Salih leads the UWS Confocal Bio-Imaging Facility, where she uses laser microscopes to investigate cellular processes in healthy and in cancer cells, in plants and microbes.
Lord Howe Island coral photographed showing fluorescence.
Recently Dr Salih discussed her research and her collaboration with internationally renowned artist, Lynette Wallworth, at the World Science Festival in New York.
Ms Wallworth has created a mesmerising film, Coral: Rekindling Venus, featuring the colourful and dynamic world of fragile corals reefs. The unique film immerses the audience in an underwater world using the full dome screens of planetariums. Viewers are enveloped in the sights and sounds of another world - an ecosystem at great risk from climate change.
Dr Salih captured some of the images of fluorescent corals used in Coral: Rekindling Venus.
The extraordinarily detailed, high definition, images required innovative technology and new techniques beyond those usually in the lab or in the field.
The results are simply stunning.
The American Museum of Natural History in New York City has published an article on Dr Salih's work on the the Coral: Rekindling Venus project which has been part of a special exhibit during June.
An esteemed Western Sydney University educator and engineering physicist has been announced as the recipient of the 2017 NSW Community Outreach to Physics Award by the Australian Institute of Physics (AIP).
Do you know an inspiring woman from Western Sydney? Nominations now open for 2018 Women of the West Awards
Western Sydney University is once again calling for nominations for its annual Women of the West and Young Women of the West Awards.
The Western Sydney University’s (WSU) Parramatta CBD Campus, the Peter Shergold Building, has taken out the inaugural Western Sydney Leadership Dialogue’s (WSLD) Project of the Year, at the Boomtown! Infrastructure Summit.
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About The Book
In this groundbreaking ecological history of Australasia, acclaimed scientist and historian Tim Flannery argues that the Aborigines, Maoris, and other Polynesian peoples were the original “future eaters,” humans who consumed the resources they would need for their own survival–even to the point of exhaustion–with a dramatic impact on the indigenous flora and fauna. Beginning with the Australasian continent’s geological formation billions of years ago, Flannery follows the environment of the islands through the age of dinosaurs to the age of mammals and the arrival of humanity on its shores, to the coming of European colonizers and the advent of the industrial society that would change nature’s balance forever. Penetrating, gripping, and provocative, The Future Eaters is a dramatic narrative history that combines natural history, anthropology, and ecology on an epic scale.
‘science-popularizing at its Antipodean best . . . Australia has found its own Stephen Jay Gould.” –Times Literary Supplement
“Like the present-day incarnation of some early-nineteenth-century explorer-scholar, Tim Flannery refuses to be fenced in. . . . [The Future Eaters] will stir imaginations–and no little controversy.” –Time
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Sunshine is a great source of vitamin D and an excellent mood booster. After a long and tedious winter, it promotes plant growth and regeneration for many parts of our planet and its inhabitants. It’s easy to lose yourself in the warmth and comfort of the sun, especially when you haven’t seen each other in a while. However, it’s important to remember that the sun can still hurt us if we don’t take precautions. Knowing the best ways to protect yourself from the sun while outside will allow you to still enjoy yourself without adding risk to your health.
Sunscreen and Protection
Many people think that they won’t get a tan if they wear sunscreen, but that’s a myth. Sun exposure can cause serious damage and affect you years down the road. Sunscreen and protective clothing are essential, especially during prolonged adventures under the sun. Apply It every two hours, and choose a type with the appropriate level of UVA and UVB radiation protection for your skin.
If you have to work in the sun, wearing long sleeves, pants, and a hat offers some protection from direct exposure. You can’t take back the damage that you’ve already done, so your skin will thank you for any additional steps you take. Sunglasses are also very useful in shielding your sensitive eyes from the sun’s harmful rays.
Another common misconception about the sun is that you won’t get a sunburn when it’s cloudy, windy, or cool out. Just because you can’t see the sun doesn’t mean it can’t “see” you. Apply sunscreen and other protective measures as if you were in direct sunlight. Temperature does not affect the level of sun damage you receive; the damage comes from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is still present in overcast conditions.
Seek shade whenever possible. If you’re on the move, apparel protection options can help, but as you set up camp—perhaps at the beach—consider using an umbrella or pop-up covering to shelter you from constant and direct sunlight. A little time in the sun is fine, but prolonged periods can make you sick and do irreversible damage to your skin and body.
To stay safe from the sun at home while you’re enjoying backyard barbecues and pool days, consider different kinds of patio enclosures. Screened-in coverings for your pool area and yard can help you stay comfortable and shaded during all the best parts of summer. Of course, you should still apply sunscreen frequently, but the enclosure should help shield you from direct exposure. Additionally, it’ll keep away summer pests, which is a whole other ball of wax!
After this past year, everyone deserves to enjoy summertime to the fullest. Just don’t let eagerness outweigh safety. By implementing the best ways to protect yourself from the sun while outside, you can do what you want while protecting your future self. Sun poisoning is very real and very dangerous, as are melanoma and other skin conditions and afflictions.
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Algebra 1 • Topic 3 Assessment, Before
When I first drew up this assessment, my goals were to evaluate students’ ability at simplifying linear expressions and solving linear equations. Here’s what the two questions of Form A looked like:
I had the same all-my-eggs-in-one-basket problem with this original Topic 3 assessment as I did in an earlier assessment. If students aced these two questions, I knew they were capable of what they ought to be able to do. However, if they missed one or both, I was stuck without much information. There was no gradation in the all-or-nothing results.
Another issue: the assessment focused entirely on procedural skills and demanded nothing from students in terms of demonstrating deeper conceptual understanding.
Algebra 1 • Topic 3 Assessment, After
As was the case with Topic 2 (detailed in posts here and here), I addressed the above concerns by lengthening the assessment quite a bit. The revised Topic 3 assessment weighs in at two pages and a total of ten questions.
In the first three questions, I try to get a read on whether students understand conceptually what a solution of an equation is. (For the record, what I’m looking for is something along the lines of “this value does/does not satisfy the equation,” along with numerical support—via substitution—of that claim.)
After that, students move through a series of four increasingly difficult linear equations, giving me the leveled progression I was lacking in the original assessment that would help me distinguish the “almost there” from the “completely lost.”
Next up, an error-analysis/explain-your-reasoning style question:
And to close, two more “solve” questions (including one at the same level of difficulty as the original Topic 3 assessment):
The net result of the these changes is a much stronger assessment, with improvements in at least two categories. The new assessment (1) provides me with more specific insight about student strengths and weaknesses, and (2) demands more of students in the way of critical thinking and clear communication.
I fully expect that this new assessment could be improved in half a dozen ways. Part of the beauty of teaching (and writing many of my own lessons and all of my own assessments) is the opportunity for continual improvement over the years. This job will never leave me bored!
Is there anything in particular you liked about the improvements I already made to my Topic 3 assessment? Do you have a few more ideas for making it even better? Share away!
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What makes a person more qualified or capable of doing something than the next person?
Usually it’s because of a knowledge gap.
The role of a professor is to close that knowledge gap. The role of a student is to apply that knowledge and further their own skill. The role of a university is to connect knowledgeable people with passionate students.
If I told you how simple the method of some of the magic tricks I performed, you’d be much less impressed by the magic.
Because I’ve closed that knowledge gap.
A huge part of why magic seems magical, or impossible, is because us magicians are fully aware of this knowledge gap.
Knowledge is power.
In the spirit of closing knowledge gaps, I sometimes do reveal the simplest tricks to spectators to explain why knowledge is so powerful. How in one instance, a trick seems impossible. And in showing the spectator again and giving them the knowledge of the trick, which I can explain in two sentences, the magic isn’t as magical, but instead, it becomes something both the spectator and I can enjoy. In reality, knowledge IS magic. Knowledge connects us and created a bridge from performer to spectator.
Knowledge and education is one of the most important things in my life right now. How can I close these knowledge gaps I have with the people I admire most? Books. Lectures. Application.
Let’s close these knowledge gaps and start sharing the magic.
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