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- Henry Lee delivered the funeral oration for Washington in Philadelphia, 26 December 1799, before both houses of Congress.
- Lee published his oration in 1800, which is the text used here.
- His eulogy is rightly famous for the phrase
First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen …
In obedience to your will, I rise, your humble organ, with the hope of executing a part of the system of public mourning which you have been pleased to adopt, commemorative of the death of the most illustrious and most beloved personage this country has ever produced; and which, while it transmits to posterity your sense of the awful event, faintly represents your knowledge of the consummate excellence you so cordially honor.
Desperate, indeed, is any attempt on earth to meet correspondingly this dispensation of Heaven; for, while with pious resignation we submit to the will of an all-gracious Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in our finite view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation for which our nation weeps. When the civilized world shakes to its centre; when every moment gives birth to strange and momentous changes; when our peaceful quarter of the globe, exempt as it happily has been from any share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be compelled to abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the doleful casualties of war; what limit is there to the extent of our loss? None within the reach of my words to express; none which your feelings will not disavow.
The founder of our federate republic — our bulwark in war, our guide in peace, is no more! Oh, that this were but questionable! Hope, the comforter of the wretched, would pour into our agonizing hearts its balmy dew. But, alas! there is no hope for us; our Washington is removed forever! Possessing the stoutest frame and purest mind, he had passed nearly to his sixty-eighth year in the enjoyment of high health, when, habituated by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold, disregarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on Saturday, and, defying every medical interposition, before the morning of Sunday put an end to the best of men. An end, did I say? His fame survives! bounded only by the limits of the earth, and by the extent of the human mind. He survives in our hearts — in the growing knowledge of our children — in the affection of the good throughout the world. And when our monuments shall be done away; when nations now existing shall be no more; when even our young and far-spreading empire shall have perished; still will our Washington’s glory unfaded shine, and die not, until love of virtue cease on earth, or earth itself sinks into chaos!
How, my fellow-citizens, shall I single to your grateful hearts his pre-eminent worth? Where shall I begin, in opening to your view a character throughout sublime? Shall I speak of his warlike achievements, all springing from obedience to his country's will, all directed to his country’s good?
Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela, to see your youthful Washington supporting, in the dismal hour of Indian victory, the ill-fated Braddock, and saving, by his judgment and by his valor, the remains of a defeated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe? or when, oppressed America nobly resolving to risk her all in defense of her violated rights, he was elevated by the unanimous voice of Congress to the command of her armies? Will you follow him to the high grounds of Boston, where, to an undisciplined, courageous, and virtuous yeomanry, his presence gave the stability of system, and infused the invincibility of love of country? Or shall I carry you to the painful scenes of Long Island, Work Island, and New Jersey, when, combating superior and gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs high in the roll of fame, he stood the bulwark of our safety, undismayed by disaster, unchanged by change of fortune? Or will you view him in the precarious fields of Trenton, where deep gloom, unnerving every arm, reigned triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided ranks — himself unmoved? Dreadful was the night. It was about this time of winter. The storm raged. The Delaware, rolling furiously with floating ice, forbade the approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed the tremendous scene. His country called. Unappalled by surrounding dangers, he passed to the hostile shore; he fought; he conquered. The morning sun cheered the American world. Our country rose on the event; and her dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed in the lawns of Princeton what his vast soul had conceived on the shores of Delaware.
Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his small but gallant band; and through an eventful winter, by the high efforts of his genius, whose matchless force was measurable only by the growth of difficulties, he held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a chief experienced in the art of war, and famed for his valor on the ever memorable heights of Abraham, where fell Wolfe, Montcalm, and since, our much lamented Montgomery; all covered with glory. In this fortunate interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers, ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied around our country’s standard, and continued to follow her beloved chief through the various and trying scenes to which the destinies of our Union led.
Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandywine, the fields of Germantown, or the plains of Monmouth? Everywhere present, wants of every kind obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering, himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited our privations, and upheld our tottering republic. Shall I display to you the spread of the fire of his soul, by rehearsing the praises of the hero of Saratoga, and his much loved compeer of the Carolinas? No; our Washington wears not borrowed glory. To Gates, to Greene, he gave without reserve the applause due to their eminent merit; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga and of Eutaws receive the grateful respect of a grateful people.
Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to his most distant satellites; and combining the physical and moral force of all within his sphere, with irresistible weight he took his course, commiserating folly, disdaining vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency; until the auspicious hour arrived, when, united with the intrepid forces of a potent and magnanimous ally, he brought to submission the since conqueror of India; thus finishing his long career of military glory with a lustre corresponding to his great name, and, in this his last act of war, affixing the seal of fate to our nation’s birth.
To the horrid din of battle sweet peace succeeded; and our virtuous chief, mindful only of the common good, in a moment tempting personal aggrandizement, hushed the discontents of growing sedition, and, surrendering his power into the hands from which he had received it, converted his sword into a ploughshare; teaching an admiring world that to be truly great you must be truly good.
Were I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete, and the task imposed unfinished. Great as was our Washington in war, and as much as did that greatness contribute to produce the American republic, it is not in war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous. His various talents, combining all the capacities of a statesman with those of a soldier, fitted him alike to guide the councils and the armies of our nation. Scarcely had he rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable parental advice was still sounding in our ears, when he, who had been our shield and our sword, was called forth to act a less splendid, but more important part.
Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and sound judgment, calmness and temper for deliberation, with invincible firmness and perseverance in resolutions maturely formed; drawing information from all; acting from himself, with incorruptible integrity and unvarying patriotism; his own superiority and the public confidence alike marked him as the man designed by Heaven to lead in the great political as well as military events which have distinguished the era of his life.
The finger of an over-ruling Providence, pointing at Washington, was neither mistaken or unobserved, when, to realize the vast hopes to which our revolution had given birth, a change of political system became indispensable.
How novel, how grand the spectacle! Independent States stretched over an immense territory, and known only by common difficulty, clinging to their union as the rock of their safety; deciding, by frank comparison of their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the guidance of reason, a common government, through whose commanding protection, liberty and order, with their long train of blessings, should be safe to themselves, and the sure inheritance of their posterity.
This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the people, from knowledge of their wisdom and confidence in their virtue. In this august assembly of sages and of patriots, Washington of course was found; and, as if acknowledged to be most wise where all were wise, with one voice he was declared their chief. How well he merited this rare distinction, how faithful were the labors of him-self and his compatriots, the work of their hands, and our union, strength, and prosperity, the fruits of that work, best attest.
But to have essentially aided in presenting to his country this consummation of our hopes, neither satisfied the claims of his fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those duties which the possession of those talents imposed. Heaven had not infused into his mind such an uncommon share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor bestowed on him his genius unaccompanied with the corresponding duty of devoting it to the common good. To have framed a Constitution was showing only, without realizing, the general happiness. This great work remained to be done; and America, steadfast in her preference, with one voice summoned her beloved Washington, unpracticed as he was in the duties of civil administration, to execute this last act in the completion of the national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the high office with that self-distrust peculiar to his innate modesty, the constant attendant of pre-eminent virtue. What was the burst of joy through our anxious land on this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged, the young, the brave, the fair, rivaled each other in demonstrations of their gratitude: and this high-wrought, delightful scene was heightened in its effect by the singular contest between the zeal of the bestowers and the avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed.
Commencing his administration, what heart is not charmed with the recollection of the pure and wise principles announced by himself, as the basis of his political life? He best understood the in-dissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and individual felicity. Watching with an equal and comprehensive eye over this great assemblage of communities and interests, he laid the foundations of our national policy in the unerring, immutable principles of morality, based on religion, exemplifying the pre-eminence of a free government by all the attributes which win the affections of its citizens, or command the respect of the world.
0 fortunatos nimium, sua fl bona norint!
Leading through the complicated difficulties produced by previous obligations and conflicting interests, seconded by succeeding Houses of Congress, enlightened and patriotic, he surmounted all original obstruction, and brightened the path of our national felicity.
The Presidential term expiring, his solicitude to exchange exaltation for humility returned with a force increased with increase of age; and he had prepared his Farewell Address to his countrymen, proclaiming his intention, when the united interposition of all around him, enforced by the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced a further sacrifice of inclination to duty. The election of President followed; and Washington, by the unanimous vote of the nation, was called to resume the chief magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence! Which attracts most our admiration, a people so correct, or a citizen combining an assemblage of talents forbidding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself? Such a nation ought to be happy; such a chief must be forever revered.
War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke out; and the terrible conflict, deluging Europe with blood, began to shed its baneful influence over our happy land. To the first, outstretching his invincible arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the American eagle soared triumphant through distant forests. Peace followed victory; and the melioration of the condition of the enemy followed peace. Godlike virtue! which uplifts even the subdued savage.
To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate was the conjuncture, and great was the stake. Soon did his penetrating mind discern and seize the only course, continuing to us all the felicity enjoyed. He issued his proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole subsequent conduct was sanctioned by the approbation of both Houses of Congress, and by the approving voice of the people.
To this sublime policy he inviolably adhered, unmoved by foreign intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence.
Justum et tenacem propositi virum, Non civium ardor prava jubentium, Non vultus instantis tyranni, Mente quatit solida.
Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no duty, America, faithful to herself, and unstained in her honor, continued to enjoy the delights of peace, while afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter under the accumulated miseries of an unexampled war; miseries in which our happy country must have shared, had not our pre-eminent Washington been as firm in council as he was brave in the field.
Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public happiness, preventing foreign war, and quelling internal discord, till the revolving period of a third election approached, when he executed his interrupted, but inextinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks of private life.
The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the anxious wishes of an affectionate people from adding a third unanimous testimonial of their unabated confidence in the man so long enthroned in their hearts. When before was affection like this exhibited on earth? Turn over the records of ancient Greece ; review the annals of mighty Rome; examine the volumes of modern Europe — you search in vain. America and her Washington only afford the dignified exemplification.
The illustrious personage called by the national voice in succession to the arduous office of guiding a free people had new difficulties to encounter. The amicable effort of settling our difficulties with France, begun by Washington, and pursued by his successor in virtue as in station, proving abortive, America took measures of self defense. No sooner was the public mind roused by a prospect of danger, than every eye was turned to the friend of all, though secluded from public view, and gray in public service. The virtuous veteran, following his plough, received the unexpected summons with mingled emotions of indignation at the unmerited ill treatment of his country, and of a determination once more to risk his all in her defense.
The annunciation of these feelings in his affecting letter to the President, accepting the command of the army, concludes his official conduct.
First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life. Pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting.
To his equals he was condescending, to his inferiors kind, and to the dear object of his affections exemplarily tender. Correct throughout, vice shuddered in his presence, and virtue always felt his fostering hand. The purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues.
His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life. Although in extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him; and with undisturbed serenity he closed his well-spent life. Such was the man America has lost! Such was the man for whom our nation mourns.
Methinks I see his august image, and hear, falling from his venerable lips, these deep sinking words:
Cease, Sons of America, lamenting our separation. Go on, and confirm by your wisdom the fruits of our joint councils, joint efforts, and common dangers. Reverence religion; diffuse knowledge throughout your land; patronize the arts and sciences; let liberty and order be inseparable companions; control party spirit, the bane of free government; observe good faith to, and cultivate peace with all nations; shut up every avenue to foreign influence; contract rather than extend national connection; rely on yourselves only: be American in thought and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union, which was the constant object of my terrestrial labors; thus will you preserve undisturbed to the latest posterity the felicity of a people to me most dear; and thus will you supply (if my happiness is now aught to you) the only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Heaven bestows.
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There is a great lack of quantitative and qualitative data (particularly disaggregated data), research and verified information on the situation of children deprived of liberty.
Deprivation of liberty has very negative consequences for the child’s harmonious development and is to be a “measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time” (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 37.b) in cases of criminal detention, and “unaccompanied or separated children should not, as a general rule, be detained”.
Children deprived of liberty are exposed to increased risks of abuse, violence, acute social discrimination and denial of their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights; certain disadvantaged groups are more affected than others; and society is affected at large as deprivation of liberty tends to increase social exclusion, recidivism rates, and public expenditure.
The Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty will shed light on the scale and conditions of children deprived of liberty, identifying good practices and making recommendations for effective measures to prevent human rights violations against children in detention and reduce the number of children deprived of liberty.
In order to ensure that deprivation of liberty is clearly understood and thus used as a measure of last resort, there is also critical need to improve the clarity around key concepts which are related to children’s rights and deprivation of liberty (such as last resort, shortest possible time, best interests of the child; access to justice; pre-trial detention; diversion; restorative justice; formal and informal justice systems; alternative measures; protective measures; age of criminal responsibility; rehabilitation and reintegration; administration detention; inter alia).
The Study will map out, through monitoring and evaluation analysis, how existing international laws and standards are being implemented on the ground and assess the concrete possibilities for States to improve their policies and responses. Through the collection of sound evidence and reliable data, the Study will also provide a consolidation of good practices and the formulation of recommendations, to support the work of States, UN agencies and other stakeholders to more effectively implement international standards and ensure that children deprived of liberty actually enjoy their human rights.
The key output of the Study should be an in-depth, comprehensive global report to be presented to the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) at its 73rd regular session (2018).
To invite the Secretary-General to commission an in-depth global study on children deprived of liberty, funded through voluntary contributions and conducted in close cooperation with relevant United Nations agencies and offices, including but not limited to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict and the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, as well as the Interagency Panel on Juvenile Justice, and in consultation with relevant stakeholders, including Member States, civil society, academia and children, and to include good practices and recommendations for action to effectively realize all relevant rights of the child, including supporting the implementation of the United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and invites the Secretary-General to submit the conclusions of the study to the General Assembly at its seventy-second session. (A/RES/69/157, paragraph 52, d)
In line with the UNGA and the recommendations of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Study will accomplish the following:
- Collect qualitative and quantitative data to document the situation of children deprived of liberty, in all its forms;
- Assess the implementation of applicable international laws and standards, and the effectiveness of existing approaches;
- Identify alternative approaches to deprivation of liberty;
- Formulate recommendations for action at national, regional and international level to meet international obligations, reduce the number of children deprived of liberty, and put in place effective non-custodial measures.
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Tuesday, January 31, 2012
Creating the Federal Government
Article VIII of the Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to our Constitution, is the only piece of that document that deals with taxes, and it’s worth quoting verbatim:
All charges of war and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the united states in congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several states within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.
You don’t have to be a Philadelphia lawyer to see that this approach was rife with problems and horrific ambiguities. Who, for instance, estimates the value of the land, and what, if any, are the options for challenging that estimate? But the central problem lies in the last sentence, which leaves tax collection entirely up to the states, with no means provided of compelling them to pay. If a state legislature doesn’t agree with congress’ determination of its fair share, or if it can’t agree on what form of tax should be used to raise the necessary monies, nothing much is going to happen, revenue-wise.
And that, in a nutshell, is why Washington’s Continental Army froze and starved in the midst of plenty at Valley Forge, unable to pay for food and clothing. It’s also why America borrowed most of the money it needed to fight the War of Independence; then, as now, it was deemed easier to borrow than to tax.
We learned in school that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and ineffective to allow for a functioning government, which is how we ended up with the Constitution. In contrast to the mealy-mouthed language of its predecessor, Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is absolutely explicit about the government’s taxing power. Its first paragraph reads,
The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Posts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.
Then, after further enumerating the powers of Congress that section of the Constitution concludes by granting Congress the power:
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Say what you will about the Founding Fathers, but they learned from their mistakes. The Constitution they wrote was vehemently attacked in its time as being a springboard to tyranny. It hasn’t delivered tyranny (at least not yet), but it has allowed for some semblance of governance, without which no nation can progress or prosper.
Those today who profess to love the Constitution often forget that it was written for the purpose of creating the Federal Government. Its tone in the sections above is bold and assertive, compared to the passivity of the Articles. Even the capitalization speaks volumes; the Articles refer to a lower-case united states in congress assembled, while the Constitution speaks of the United States and the Government of the United States. In this case, the capitals don’t lie.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd), also known as acid reflux is a condition in which the acid in the stomach is forced up into the esophagus often causing great pain and discomfort.
There are several potential causes for this condition including such things as an esophagus that contracts abnormally or a stomach that empties slower than normal.
These conditions could be due to a damages stomach and could cause severe damage and burns to the esophagus lining.
Acid Reflux is more prominent and painful when lying down at night. The body is lying down leaving behind all the hard work for the acid of climbing up the esophagus. It can easily creep up and make sleeping nearly impossible.
There are several ways of avoiding the burn of acid reflux. The one that is the most permanent and works most effectively is a change in the way you eat and in fact the way you sleep.
To stop or lessen the effects of acid reflux when sleeping you should try to keep your head somewhat elevated. This will make the job of climbing up the esophagus more difficult for the acid thanks to gravity.
Diet and Acid Reflux
In addition to altering your sleeping positions many find results by changing their diet. There are several food types that seem to aggravate reflux due to a reduction in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter.
If you have been diagnosed with GERD, your doctor will suggest that you avoid the following:
- fatty foods,
- alcoholic beverages,
- citrus fruits and juices,
- tomato products,
- pepper and
These weaken the lower esophageal sphincterwhich causes the Acid Reflux in the first place.
In addition to choosing the appropriate foods you should also change your eating schedule.
If you are used to a large meal at the end of the day you might consider a smaller meal earlier in the evening.
The reason for this is that your body has a chance to move the food from the stomach to be digested thereby eliminating it as a pressure to cause the reflux.
Learning the process of avoiding the burn of acid reflux might take a bit of time but will be well worth the effort. Taking stock in what you eat both at home and when you are out is a vital part of reducing symptoms of acid reflux.
For those suffering from this issue, the symptoms of acid reflux can be debilitating. Understanding how the foods you eat affect your body is the best way to conquer the pain of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
More than 60 million people over the age of 50 (and some pregnant women) experience Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) at least once a month. The most common symptom is heartburn, a burning feeling behind the breastbone.
What Causes Acid Reflux?
Unlike pain associated with heart disease, heartburn pain is not usually associated with exercise, and becomes more acute when you lie down and after eating.
It is caused when the muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach (lower esophageal sphincter – LES) is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach’s contents to flow up into the esophagus.
The stomach contents can cause the burning sensation called heartburn because stomach contents are acidic, and the lining of the esophagus is not protected from acid.
Your doctor may also recommend losing weight, eating meals at least 2 to 3 hours before bedtime, reducing the size of portions at mealtime, and elevating the head of your bed on 6-inch blocks, or sleeping on a specially-designed wedge.
Nonprescription antacids can provide temporary or partial relief.
For chronic reflux and heartburn, your doctor may prescribe medications. H2 blockers, which inhibit acid secretion in the stomach, relieve symptoms in up to 70% of patients with GERD.
If H2 blockers are not effective, your doctor may prescribe proton-pump inhibitors, which decrease the acid in the stomach. As with all conditions, follow your doctor’s advice and make the lifestyle changes he or she has recommended. Take your medication as directed. If you have followed these measures, but your heartburn returns, consult with your doctor.
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Fifty years ago today (Dec. 14), NASA's Mariner 2 spacecraft made its closest approach to the planet Venus, marking the first-ever flyby of another planet.
Mariner 2 zoomed to within 21,564 miles (34,675 kilometers) of Venus on Dec. 14, 1962, gathering a trove of data about Earth's hellishly hot sister planet. The probe took the first close-up measurements of Venus' scorching temperatures, for example, helping confirm scientists' suspicions that a runaway greenhouse effect had taken hold of the world.
Tracking Mariner 2's radio signals, researchers also calculated Venus' mass with unprecedented precision, NASA officials said.
The spacecraft's flyby also marked a proud moment for NASA and the United States, after a five-year stretch in which the Soviet Union had claimed all of the world's big space firsts. The Soviets successfully launched the first artificial satellite in 1957, sent a probe to the moon in 1959 and put the first human in space in 1961. [Video: Mariner 2's Venus Flyby]
"JPL has always attempted to do mighty things on behalf of NASA and our nation," Charles Elachi, director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., which managed Mariner 2's mission, said in a statement. "Achieving America's first 'first in space' is among the lab's proudest achievements."
Mariner 2 had a bumpy ride. Shortly after launch on Aug. 27, 1962, an electrical short caused the probe's rocket to roll, rendering it unresponsive to guidance commands. But the short circuit mysteriously healed itself about a minute later, NASA officials said.
Things got dicey during Mariner 2's cruise to Venus, too. A solar panel on the spacecraft stopped working on two separate occasions, and attitude-controlling gyroscopes misbehaved. Further, the probe's temperature rose dramatically as it approached Venus, causing managers to worry that Mariner 2 might be cooked before it could complete its mission.
But Mariner 2 overcame all of this, and the rest is history. In addition to lifting Venus' veil, the spacecraft's observations also confirmed the existence of the solar wind and enabled scientists to refine the value of the astronomical unit — the distance from Earth to the sun, which is about 93 million miles (150 million km).
In the half-century after Mariner 2's close encounter, other spacecraft have further studied the second planet from the sun. The Soviet Union even landed a number of probes on Venus' surface, beginning with Venera 7 in 1970. But Mariner 2 will always have a special place in history.
"There will be other missions to Venus, but there will never be another first mission to Venus," Jack James of JPL, Mariner 2's project manager, said before his death in 2001.
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Some Facts About Reading. Americans’ average reading level: 8th-9th grade. 1 in 5 people read at 5th grade or below. Almost 2 in 5 older (65+) Americans and inner city minorities read at 5th grade level or below. Roughly 1/2 of students learn to read with relative ease.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
If you don’t write for the reader,
the reader won’t read.
Text and graphics must work together so that the reader’s task is simplified.
Overwhelmingly, people go to the Web
“to find useful information
as quickly as possible.”
Progression is word by word across the page and down.
Meaning is gathered from the syntax (the way words are put together to form phrases or clauses) and the ongoing process of reading each word.
Key information is not visually called out.
Progression is rapid and not in order around the page as user looks for specific facts or key words and phrases.
Meaning clusters around key words and phrases as the user finds them. There may not be an ongoing process of good meaning-making.
Key information is visually called out.
Oversized headings alert the reader to the topic of each paragraph.
Colored headings and bullets distract the eye from its left-to-right, top-to-bottom progress and visually organize the material.
Numbers: imply hierarchy.
Bullets: No order of
The newspaper page structure is an excellent aid to scanning.
Tables of Contents
Edit the sample of “readable” text to make it more scannable.
Failure of Leadership
Certain principles and freedoms are guaranteed by our Constitution. Yet, without enforcement, the Constitution is just a piece of paper. Where does one turn if national leaders fail to uphold these fundamental rights?
President Roosevelt ignored reports from Naval Intelligence, the FBI and other official sources that there was no need for either mass removal or incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry. According to then FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, " ... the decision to evacuate was ... based primarily on public and political pressures rather than factual data." Perhaps Roosevelt was influenced by anti-Japanese sentiments or misled by key advisors. Perhaps it was because there was no strong opposition to the incarceration on the West Coast. In any case, President Roosevelt encountered little resistance when he chose to violate the civil rights of a small, easily identifiable and politically powerless minority group rather than go against the rising tide of hostility. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt's decision. In sharp contrast to the mainland, the military leadership in Hawaii discouraged public hysteria and there was no mass incarceration on the islands.
1943 U.S. War Relocation Authority newsreel titled: "Japanese Relocation."
Rewrite the copy to make it more concise.
If text seems too over-the-top, readers will begin to call its validity into question. This creates a distraction that increases their cognitive load.
Rewrite the copy to make it more objective.
Rewrite the copy to make it more conversational.
Copy can aid navigation.
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Protecting the Atlantic
It's become increasingly clear in recent years that fossil fuels contribute to climate change. The 2013 IPCC report states with 95 percent certainty that we are warming the planet. On top of that, America’s frenzied efforts at domestic drilling have brought more domestic spills and pollution, while leaving us dependent on foreign oil and hostage to high gas prices. Progress towards renewables is not as robust as it could be, either. Dominion Energy’s announcement that it won’t build a planned wind farm in Virginia anytime soon has rightly disappointed climate activists. The U.S. is already home to more offshore drilling than any other country, and leasing in the Atlantic Ocean’s Outer Continental Shelf will do much more to pollute our water and air than it will to access an abundance of oil or decrease our fuel costs.
By the numbers, the brief history of experimentation with Atlantic offshore drilling is not a very successful one. According to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, between 1976 and 1983 there were nine lease sales held in the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf; the result was 51 drilled wells. Of these, only eight wells in the Hudson Canyon area discovered anything. But falling oil and gas prices, a lack of efficient deep-drill technology, and complaints from residents resulted in a 1990 Congressional ban on drilling in the region. Subsequently, the state of North Carolina bought its offshore land back for a hefty $600 million—double what energy producer Mobil Oil had paid.
Despite the money and time invested—and wasted—in unsuccessful Atlantic exploration, interest in drilling off the coast persists. Today, the Department of the Interior can only quantify 2 billion barrels of Atlantic oil with 95 percent confidence. That’s about enough to satisfy U.S. demand for three months. Estimating with a 5 percent confidence, an educated shot-in-the-dark, that number only climbs to 10 billion barrels. Atlantic drilling is an unsurprisingly risky investment. It would take almost a decade for any oil production to come online, would devastate fishing and tourism, and may not even generate enough oil to affect global markets. In fact, given that our proven reserves make up two percent of the world’s supply (while we consume 24 percent), and that unconventional sources of oil are still expensive to refine, our ability to dramatically alter markets is unlikely.
Not convinced? Drilling operations elsewhere have been no cure for America’s energy woes. The Bush Administration, between 2001 and 2007, offered more than 340,000,000 acres of leases in the OCS, selling 33,000,000. As a result, the U.S. has a fleet of 1,928 oil drilling rigs, while only 1,512 rigs operate elsewhere in the world. The number of platforms has done little to keep gas prices from soaring over the past decade. They have contributed to emissions and spills, though. U.S. drilling operations spill and leak 800,000 gallons of oil annually. In 2005, according to the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, storms Katrina and Rita destroyed huge amounts of oil infrastructure, including 113 oil platforms and 457 pipelines. The result was 9 million gallons of petroleum products stewing in the Gulf of Mexico.
Instead of developing dirty and dangerous drilling, the U.S. should be seeking more effective returns from clean energy sources. The East Coast should never have to experience a large-scale tragedy like the Gulf and the Pacific Coasts have, so that oil companies can eke out higher profits. Instead, it should deter offshore drilling by investing in renewables, especially offshore wind. Remember that at best, Atlantic drilling briefly pushes back that day when we run out of oil. At worst it results in a weakened tourism industry on an East Coast blighted by air and sea pollution. The only way to mitigate that pollution is to keep it in the ground, where it belongs.-- Conor Schultz
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From hospitals to private laboratories and clinics, phlebotomists can be found in a number of medical facilities. Phlebotomists are highly trained professionals who draw blood from patients. They see patients ranging from newborn babies to elderly. Working as a phlebotomist is an extremely fun and rewarding career.
A phlebotomist’s primary responsibilities are drawing blood from patients, properly labeling the blood vials, and delivering them to the laboratory for testing. In addition, phlebotomists are expected to practices proper patient identification procedures. The most important aspect of their job lies with the skill involved with selecting the proper vein and the insertion of the needle by determining the best method for drawing blood for each specific patient. In some states, they are required to centrifuge collected blood samples per state guidelines. Furthermore, they must be capable of working with a large variety of patients of differing age and health status. This requires being friendly and sympathetic to all patients and family members they may come in contact with.
The hazardous nature of dealing with blood also means phlebotomists must educate themselves on and strictly adhere to all laboratory safety procedures. These procedures are not only mandated by the phlebotomist’s employer, but also the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The phlebotomist’s lab or station must be meticulously cleaned and sanitized after every patient to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
The average phlebotomist may encounter thirty or more patients in a single day. This requires excellent dexterity and the ability to remain calm under pressure. Facing a multitude of patients in a fast paced environment requires the ability to maintain consistent focus to ensure accurate drawing and labeling to prevent cross contamination of samples.
Cross-contamination occurs when two or more blood samples interact unintentionally with each other. This can be disastrous for patients and the lab. At best, these types of errors mean automatically having to retest all affected samples. At worst, they lead to health conditions being misdiagnosed in patients. A phlebotomist must practice extreme caution with all samples from the initial draw to final delivery of the samples to the testing laboratory. In the event that there is an issue, they must be able to properly communicate and interact with patients to create a comfortable and stress free experience.
The most successful phlebotomists have a comprehensive knowledge of human anatomy combined with a pleasant disposition that enables them to counsel and relax patients during the procedure. They not only are able to locate the three veins that are the most preferred phlebotomy sites, but have also studied basic anatomy and physiology to enable them to quickly recommend other procedures in the event that the preferred sites are unavailable or difficult to obtain a sample from. Combining this knowledge with the ability to reduce a patient’s anxiety and comfort attending family members is crucial to a long and prosperous career in phlebotomy.
The average workday of a phlebotomist varies greatly according to their place of employment. However, most phlebotomists can expect to work sometime between the hours of 7am to 7pm during the week and various hours on the weekend. Hospitals and 24 hour clinics may require a phlebotomist to work the night shift.
For more information on the rewarding field of phlebotomy or to begin the journey towards your new career, contact us today. Whether you prefer to attend class online or in person, our committed staff is committed to helping you find a school perfectly suited to your particular needs and our list of state by state guidelines ensures you are always working towards the proper certification requirements for your prospective workplace.
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Who ere the Samaritans?
The Samaritans occupied the country formerly belonging to the tribe of Ephraim and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The capital of the country was Samaria, formerly a large and splendid city. When the ten tribes were carried away into captivity to Assyria, the king of Assyria sent people from Cutha, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim to inhabit Samaria (2 Kings 17:24; Ezra 4:2-11). These foreigners intermarried with the Israelite population that was still in and around Samaria. These “Samaritans” at first worshipped the idols of their own nations, but being troubled with lions, they supposed it was because they had not honored the God of that territory. A Jewish priest was therefore sent to them from Assyria to instruct them in the Jewish religion. They were instructed from the books of Moses, but still retained many of their idolatrous customs. The Samaritans embraced a religion that was a mixture of Judaism and idolatry (2 Kings 17:26-28). Because the Israelite inhabitants of Samaria had intermarried with the foreigners and adopted their idolatrous religion, Samaritans were generally considered “half-breeds” and were universally despised by the Jews.
Additional grounds for animosity between the Israelites and Samaritans were the following:
- The Jews, after their return from Babylon, began rebuilding their temple. While Nehemiah was engaged in building the walls of Jerusalem, the Samaritans vigorously attempted to halt the undertaking (Nehemiah 6:1-14).
- The Samaritans built a temple for themselves on “Mount Gerizim,” which the Samaritans insisted was designated by Moses as the place where the nation should worship. Sanballat, the leader of the Samaritans, established his son-in-law, Manasses, as high priest. The idolatrous religion of the Samaritans thus became perpetuated.
- Samaria became a place of refuge for all the outlaws of Judea (Joshua 20:6-7; 21:21). The Samaritans willingly received Jewish criminals and refugees from justice. The violators of the Jewish laws, and those who had been excommunicated, found safety for themselves in Samaria, greatly increasing the hatred which existed between the two nations.
- The Samaritans received only the five books of Moses and rejected the writings of the prophets and all the Jewish traditions.
From these causes arose an irreconcilable difference between them, so that the Jews regarded the Samaritans as the worst of the human race (John 8:48) and had no dealings with them (John 4:9). In spite of the hatred between the Jews and the Samaritans, Jesus broke down the barriers between them, preaching the gospel of peace to the Samaritans (John 4:6-26), and the apostles later followed His example (Acts 8:25).
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Cancer is a fatal disease in which abnormal cells multiply and divide in an uncontrolled manner. These abnormal cells form malignant tissues called tumors that threaten lives. There are over 200 types of tumors present. One of them is throat cancer. It refers to the cancer of vocal cords and other parts of the throat. Other parts may include organs with which you speak, swallow or breathe. Half of the cancer starts in the pharynx, which is the tube that starts behind the nose, while others may occur in the larynx which is also called the voice box.
There are two types in which throat cancer can spread:
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: It is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in squamous cells. It occurs in the flat-lining of the throat and is the second most common cancer diagnosed in The United States.
Adenocarcinoma: It generally occurs in the cells of the glands present in the throat. They also form in the esophagus.
The complication of this cancer tends to grow more rapidly. This is the reason why it is important to treat it as soon as possible.
Symptoms of Throat Cancer:
There are some signs that show whether a person has throat cancer or not:
What is the risk factors and causes regarding Cancer?
It has been found that men have been more vulnerable to throat cancer as compared to women. It may also be due to different lifestyles like:
People who have throat cancer are most likely prone to other cancer like lung cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, etc. This is because the cells that developed throat cancer may also travel to other parts of the body causing other cancer as well.
How to detect throat cancer?
To detect the cancerous cells in the throat, the doctor must be told all the changes that you are experiencing in your body. He will ask all about your medical history. If you have been getting some signs of constant cough, hoarseness, sore throat, this means you are most likely to develop throat cancer. In that case, there are various tests that are conducted to detect throat cancer and at what stage it has reached.
- Biopsy: In this, the sample of tissues is collected and observed under the microscope to find cancer cells. In this way, you will surely find out that whether the tumor formed is cancerous or not. This could be performed with the help of many things like needles or endoscope which is a process in which there is a tube fitted with a camera that will be lowered into the throat or mouth. The tool will properly perform the biopsy.
There is another test called imaging test which is also helpful in diagnosing throat cancer. It helps find the tumor and its size. It can be done by taking an MRI scan, X-Ray, etc.
What are the stages of Throat Cancer?
Each stage explains the severity of cancer that how much the dangerous cells have spread into the body. Generally, Stage 1 and Stage 2 are not that severe but when the stage reaches Stage 3 may have started spreading to other parts and stage 4 has spread to distant organs of the body.
Also Read: What are integrative medicines for cancer?
What are the treatments?
There are various treatments that are carried out by doctors to cure throat cancer. They may try to get rid of the cancerous tumors by carrying out these treatments. But that only depends on various factors:
- Where actually in the cancer
The treatments are:
Radiation: In this method, a high beam of energy radiations are emitted from the machine to kill cancerous cells. They could also be used for early-stage cancer.
Surgery: It could be done with a tube called an endoscope and kill the cells of cancer. If cancer has spread to your voice box, then it is removed via surgery and the windpipe is attached to an opening in your neck. In different ways, cancer could be treated with the help of surgery.
Chemotherapy: Cancer is treated with the drugs that kill the cancerous cells and stop them from spreading. This treatment is also used to shrink a tumor or keep the cells from growing more.
After the treatment, you need to make sure to regularly visit your doctor and keep him updated on the progress. If you are facing any kind of inconvenience, make him informed about it. Quit your consumption of alcohol and smoke.
Tags: Larynx cancer, Throat cancer treatment, Is throat cancer curable, How to check for throat cancer at home
Annie is the oldest writer at Cheap Medicine Shop and is the subject and publishing expert. She has a graduate degree in medicines along with a diploma in creative writing.
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For more than half a century, saturated fat has been regarded as a deadly nutrient that clogs your arteries and causes heart disease. However, when you consider the fact that we’ve been eating saturated fat for millions of years, it just doesn’t make sense that it could be so unhealthy.
Modern science often neglects the importance of nature and this is one of the more prominent examples. Many reputable sources of information are now revealing that we’ve been misled and saturated fat does not cause heart disease. In fact, the “heart healthy” vegetable oils that we’ve been told to use instead of saturated fat pose a much more significant risk.
What is Saturated Fat?
All fatty acids are molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbon atoms have the capability of forming single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms, and it is primarily this characteristic that distinguishes a fatty acid as saturated or unsaturated. Double and triple bonds are much more reactive and unstable than single bonds which can have significant implications for the fatty acid molecules that contain them.
Unsaturated fatty acids are characterized by having one or more double bonds while saturated fatty acids only have single bonds. This is why saturated fats are much more stable than unsaturated fats. Because of this difference in bonding, unsaturated fatty acid molecules tend to have a bent shape while saturated fatty acid molecules are straight. For this reason, fats that are more saturated tend to be more dense and are typically solid at room temperature.
Based on the number of carbon atoms in a saturated fatty acid, it is considered to be either short chain, medium chain, or long chain. As such, there is a variety of different saturated fatty acids and they each have a varying level of importance in the function of the human body.
Despite the bad reputation that saturated fat has undeservedly earned, it supports many of the body’s critical functions. The following are 12 reasons why saturated fat is an essential part of a healthy diet.
1. Physical Protection
Because saturated fat is dense and is able to remain solid at body temperature, it’s used to pad bony surfaces such as the palms, soles, and sitting bones and cushion vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and intestines.
2. A Good Source of Energy
Fat contains more than twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates and protein making it an efficient source of energy. When consumed, fat can be used immediately for energy or stored for later use. Saturated fat accounts for nearly half of our body fat and can be produced by the body from excess carbohydrate consumption. This ability to produce and store body fat is what enabled our prehistoric ancestors to survive long winters and avoid starvation.
The heart, the liver, and resting muscles consume most of the energy used by the body and prefer fat as their source of fuel. In fact, the saturated fats stearic acid and palmitic acid are the preferred source of energy for the heart which is a major contradiction to the idea that saturated fat causes heart disease.
Unlike most other fats, short and medium chain fatty acids such as caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid and lauric acid are easily absorbed through the intestines without the need to be broken down by bile acids. They’re transported directly to the liver, and as such, are an excellent and quick source of energy. Coconut oil and palm kernel oil are both abundant sources of medium chain fatty acids, particularly lauric acid.
3. Safe Cooking
The high temperatures of cooking can easily damage fats and oils and make them a health concern. This is especially the case with unsaturated fats because of their shared bonds. Polyunsaturated fats are the most unstable, and when exposed to the high temperatures of cooking, they easily become oxidized and form free radicals that are highly damaging to cells. In fact, free radical damage from polyunsaturated fats is now believed to be a major contributor to atherosclerosis and heart disease. As such, the polyunsaturated vegetable oils that have been pushed as “heart healthy” alternatives, such as soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil, and canola oil, are anything but, especially for cooking. These oils are also commonly used in restaurants and in the manufacturing of processed foods.
Fats that contain a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids, such as butter, coconut oil, and palm oil, are excellent to cook with because they’re very stable and are also highly nutritious.
4. Healthy Brain and Nervous System Function
More than half of the human brain consists of fat and cholesterol, and between a third to more than half of the fat in the brain is saturated. Both saturated fat and cholesterol represent a significant portion of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers and preserves proper function of the brain and nervous system. If this protective layer is compromised in any way, it can lead to a number of neurological disorders.
5. A Source of Fat Soluble Vitamins
Saturated animal fats are an excellent source of fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, and K2 which are essential for good health and are deficient in most diets. These vitamins are important to immunity, gene expression, bone production, and many other critical functions.
6. Healthy Cell Function
According to Bruce Lipton, a cell biologist and the author of The Biology of Belief, the cell membrane regulates gene expression based on its surroundings and has a significant influence on our health and wellbeing. Saturated fat constitutes more than half of the cell membrane, and as such, contributes greatly to this influence. Because saturated fat increases the strength of cell membranes, it also provides cells with physical protection.
7. Strong Bones
According to research cited from Purdue University, saturated fat is essential to proper bone development and it’s incorporation of calcium. The fat soluble vitamins D and K2 that can be obtained from saturated animal fats are critical for healthy bone development as well.
8. Protection Against Toxins
Research has shown that saturated fatty acids help to reverse liver damage caused by alcohol and other toxic substances. Because saturated fats produce fewer free radicals, they’re also less likely to cause liver damage and impair it’s detoxification capabilities.
9. Stronger Immunity
Short and medium chain saturated fatty acids, particularly the lauric acid found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil, have natural antimicrobial properties that can provide protection against undesirable microorganisms in the intestines and promote a healthy balance of intestinal bacteria. This is important because the intestines account for more than two thirds of the immune system and have a tremendous influence on our health.
10. Good Lung Capacity
The alveoli of the lungs, which are where gas exchange occurs with blood, are lined with a material called surfactant. This material is what enables the alveoli to expand and facilitates the ease of breathing. As such, saturated fat is essential to healthy lung function, and it’s believed that when trans fats are consumed and used by alvoli cells to produce surfactant, lung function can become compromised and lead to the development of asthma.
11. Resilient Skin
Saturated fat makes skin cells more resistant to oxidative damage from the sun which can help to prevent sunburn, wrinkles, and skin cancer.
12. Proper Utilization of Essential Fatty Acids
Essential fatty acids are criticial to our health, and because they cannot be produced by the body, they must be obtained through diet. Among the many ways in which they support optimal health, they are important for proper immune, brain, and cardiovascular function. Saturated fats are believed to play a key role in the importance of essential fatty acids by promoting their proper utilization and protecting them from oxidation.
Know Your Fats
Fats are an essential part of a healthy diet, and to truly promote optimal health, it’s important that you understand their importance. To learn more, I highly recommend that you read Know Your Fats by Mary Enig PhD. This book is an excellent resource that dispels much of the popular misinformation about the health impact of various fats, particularly saturated fat. Nourishing Traditions by Sally Fallon is another excellent resource that also doubles as a great recipe book.
Photo credit: Freeimages.com/Anna Moderska
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Accountability: Ensuring Success of Your Goals and Lead Measures
Author: Leader in Me
January 17, 2019
Accountability is critical to achieving goals and lead measures. It is the secret ingredient to ensuring one’s success with them. And it’s not even a secret. It’s simply a step many people forget about after they are done with the goal-setting process. But I’m here to tell you, without accountability, how does one know they are making progress? By taking control of this critical process in goal setting, you are not only ensuring gains toward a goal, but you’re also raising the bar of your own expectations.
Accountability, Goals, and Lead Measures
A student creates a goal of reading 12 books over the summer. So they come up with a plan, write down the plan, and start working toward their goal. The student starts off by reading 1 book a week but slowly starts falling behind the pace needed to complete this goal. At the beginning of the school year, the student managed to read 10 books over the summer, not 12.
What did the student do wrong?
The answer is who knows? Without accountability, there is no way to track the student’s progress over the summer. There is also no way to see any problems the student may have had that hindered them from achieving their goal.
In fact, in this common scenario, many people would agree that the student was on the way to achieving their goal—they made a plan, they wrote it down, and they read. But how does one know for sure that the student was on their way to achieving their goal?
The answer is accountability.
With accountability built in to the goal-setting process, one can ensure that one will successfully reach their goals or lead measures. Why? Because in this stage of the goal-setting process, we can reach out to another person to help us remain accountable. This person is called an “Accountability Partner” or an “Accountability Buddy.”
This is a person holding you accountable for your goals or lead measures. One way for this person to help hold you accountable is through a cadence of accountability.
For example, an action plan might look like this:
Accountability Partners/Buddies, Teachers, and Parents
- Hold weekly or biweekly meetings to review scoreboards and discuss progress made toward goals and lead measures.
- Congratulate and cheer on progress.
- Offer insightful information if progress slows or stops.
For the Person Working Towards a Goal or Lead Measure
- Focus on a few critical goals.
- Identify and carry out high-leverage activities to achieve those goals.
- Use scoreboards to increase engagement and monitor progress.
- Have people hold you accountable through regular check-ins.
Of course, this is only one piece of the puzzle. Sean Covey will be speaking in depth about this subject as well as the other puzzle pieces this year at TASA (Texas Association of School Administrators) Midwinter Conference. This conference has become the most popular conference of the year for Texas school leaders because it provides such a valuable opportunity to come together to discuss and share innovative practices, network with peers, address the administrative issues administrators face every day, and gain fresh insights. Mr. Covey is humbled to have the opportunity to speak at this conference and will be at Booth 239 on Monday, January 28, 2019, at 10 A.M. Feel free to come by, pick up a copy of The 4 Disciplines of Execution, and talk goal setting and lead measures with him.
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14 Dec 2015
Arsenic filter units using sustainable biopolymers
In many rural areas, substitution of arsenic contaminated drinking water by a safe source may not be possible and arsenic removal may be a more appropriate water supply option in these situations. Removal methods like coagulation, suffers from the drawback of sludge disposal and have difficulty consistently meeting a low-level MCL of 10 µg/l. Reverse osmosis and electrodialysis requires power input, results in 20 -25% water wastage, expensive and thus not suitable for rural areas, especially in regions of water scarcity. Methods like ion exchange resins remove only arsenate. The main drawback of AA adsorption technology –is the cost of the material, decreasing uptake at pH 8, requirement of regeneration and lack of selectivity for arsenic. The biggest challenges ahead lie in applying the technologies described in poor, rural settings, and in enabling those communities to choose safe sources of water for drinking and cooking.
Chitosan, has been reported to be an efficient heavy metal scavenger due to the presence of hydroxyl and amino group. Peninsular India with a large coastline contains numerous seafood processing industries, which generate chitosan as a waste product. Due to the versatility of chitosan towards heavy metal adsorption and efficiency of iron oxide hydroxide towards arsenic removal the iron oxide coated chitosan proved to be a novel adsorbent for the removal of both As (III) and As (V) from real life arsenic contaminated ground water (1). A domestic filter unit has been developed and design of the same is shown in Fig.1. An orifice was made (1.5 mm) using the brass and nut assembly. Flow rate was found to be 7 l/h and nylon filter bag was used in the upper chamber to hold the adsorbent. Around 500g of iron coated chitosan flakes was used as the adsorbent. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 2. It should be noted that with 10 ppb as the cut off, 500 l of water could be treated and with 50 ppb as cutoff 950 l of water could be treated. Further the used chitosan flakes could be easily regenerated with 0.1 N NaOH and exhausted adsorbent was found to be non-hazardous as per EPA’s TCLP leaching test. Additional advantage of using chitosan is that it has antibacterial property and hence fouling of the sorbent bed will not occur. Thus this chitosan-based adsorbent is cost effective and environment friendly and could be applied to treat both As (III) and As (V) contaminated ground water streams.
1. Anjali Gupta and Nalini Sankararamakrishnan, Preparation and Evaluation of iron – chitosan composites for removal of As (III) and As (V) from arsenic contaminated real life groundwater, Water Research, 43, 2009, 3862 – 3870.
Fig. 1. Schematic Representation of Arsenic domestic filter unit
Fig. 2 Validation of Arsenic filter unit using Arsenic contaminated water
Total Arsenic concentration 192 ppb, pH of the water 7.82, flow rate 7 l, adsorbent dose 500 g of Iron Chitosan Flakes
About the Author:
Nalini Sankararamakrishnan is a Scientist at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian institute of Technology, Kanpur
For more information, contact: firstname.lastname@example.org
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During the First World War, fierce fighting took place between Russian forces and those of the Central Powers in the land of Galitzia. It was a scene of mass carnage.
Hundreds of thousands of Jews fought for both sides. One Russian Jewish soldier related the following event.
Yom Kippur was approaching and Jewish soldiers in a battalion asked their commander for permission to gather and pray. Their request was granted and they gathered in an empty storehouse for prayers.
They prayed with heightened emotion and shed bitter tears over their difficult plight as soldiers on the front. Also prominent on their minds was the welfare of their families in Poland and Russia facing untold dangers due to the war.
When the time for the concluding prayer, Neilah, arrived a young soldier named Arontzik was asked to serve as Chazzan (cantor).
It was a very special Neilah service. Aronchik’s prayers were powerful his voice was melodic and piercing. The emotions emitted by his prayers were indescribable, everyone present shed a river of tears as they pleaded for their lives in the face of the horrors of combat.
Soon the fast was over, but no one rushed to eat. Everyone just sat contemplating the intensity of their prayers.
Black bread and tea were finally brought and the soldiers broke their fast, yet the cantor for the closing prayer, the baal neilah who had aroused them to repentance, did not partake.
With the fast and the day over the soldiers lied down on the ground, exhausted, but they could not sleep as they were anxious about the battles that lay ahead.
The following day a new battle erupted. The fighting was furious. The cannons began pounding and the bullets flew like hail. Men were falling all around, one never knew which moment might be his last.
Eventually the fighting stopped and the enemy retreated. The soldiers began to regroup and were horrified to see that Aronchik, the baal neilah, had fallen.
A grave was dug for him by his Jewish comrades, giving him his final honor. On his gravestone they wrote, “Here lies Aronchik, the ‘Baal Neilah’; May his righteous soul rest in peace.”
May his heartfelt prayers inspire us to pray with greater ferver.
In Aronchik’s merit and in the merit of the multitudes of Jewish soldiers who made the supreme sacrifice on the battlefields of the First World War, may all our prayers be answered.
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|In the absence of Western investment, Zimbabwe has relied heavily on Chinese trade ties [GETTY]
As direct foreign investment from the West dried up over the past few years, Zimbabwe's economy started to go into free fall.
When the US and several EU countries spoke out vehemently against a land redistribution programme that saw white commercial farmers and their farm workers removed from the land, the Zimbabwean government looked to its old friend China for aid.
China and Zimbabwe have a history of co-operation, dating back to Beijing's support for the military campaign Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe's president, waged against white rule in the 1970s.
China continued to help prop up Zimbabwe's economy even as other foreign investors fled in recent years due to the forceful land redistribution programme and national elections in 2002.
At the time, Western observers had said the elections were marred by wide spread vote-rigging and violence against opposition supporters.
The Western economic sanctions on Zimbabwe increased Harare's reliance on China for imports of telecommunications, road building, irrigation and farming equipment, as well as a host of other critical items.
Chinese firms have contributed, sold or bartered arms, aircraft, buses, and hydroelectric generators to their African ally.
China is also said to have supplied building materials for Mugabe's lavish mansion in a plush Harare suburb.
As payback for standing by Mugabe during turbulent times, China siphons out millions of dollars worth of precious minerals.
Zimbabwe has the second largest reserves of platinum in the world and other precious metals, like gold and copper.
And the African nation has potentially billons in yet-to-be-exploited natural resources like coal-bed methane gas, huge coal reserves and immense hydroelectric power potential - as well as chromium, nickel and copper.
China is also a major consumer of tobacco and its companies have been given huge tracts of fertile land in Zimbabwe to grow the leaves and other agricultural products.
China's voracious appetite for these natural resources has resulted in its disbursement to Zimbabwe of soft loans with no-strings attached.
Zimbabwe has used these loans to finance schools, clinics, roads and other infrastructure.
In June, Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwe's prime minister, said an official had secured lines of credit worth $950m from China.
Zanu-PF, Mugabe's party, had mocked Tsvangirai, Mugabe's main rival, for failing to bring home much aid from his tour of the US and Europe earlier this year.
Zimbabwe's government needs an estimated $8bn to rebuild the country's ruined economy. Western countries have been wary of giving the government large amounts of cash, calling on Mugabe to halt alleged human rights abuses.
As the majority of Zimbabweans are poor, the country has become a big market for cheap Chinese products.
There are over 40 Chinese-run companies in Zimbabwe making a profit.
One store Al Jazeera visited sells products for as little as $0.16, and is always packed with customers.
A Chinese firm was given the contract to complete the Matabeleland-Zambezi water project - a dam meant to supply water to over a million people in the parched region.
Some $600mn is needed to finish the dam, which would take two years to complete if the money were available.
State funds to complete the dam dried up in 2007, and there is no indication that the $950m line of credit secured from China last month is being channelled toward it. But the dam has to be completed so people can grow more food.
Dumiso Dabengwa, from the Matabeleland-Zambezi water trust, says: "It should have been done yesterday. We started working on this project in 1990. By 1997, it [was] approved by government, and it's supposed to be done as a matter of urgency. Up to this day, we still haven't [finished]."
Analysts say China is under no pressure to help Zimbabwe finish this project. Zimbabwe needs China more than China needs Zimbabwe
"Had there not been a power like China that threatens to be the next super power to parallel with the United States," says Brian Badza a political analyst in Harare,.
"I think by now, Zimbabwe could have been part of history, [and] by Zimbabwe, I mean the current administration."
Who loses out?
While China and some politicians seemingly benefit from this cosy arrangement, ordinary Zimbabweans lose out.
Black farmers who benefited from the land redistribution programme struggle to get a good crop because the region is so dry.
Sheila Chinhamo, a Zimbabwean farmer, grows maize, ground nuts and rears cattle in the dry Matabeleland region.
"It has food shortages. Last year people, were dying of hunger," she tells Al Jazeera. "There was hunger last year - because of the rains."
Chinhamo says she does not believe the dam, which the Chinese are working on, will ever be completed.
Meanwhile, Chinese businesses continue to permeate Zimbabwean society.
The secretive nature of both the Chinese and Zimbabwean governments makes it difficult to know how the deals are being drawn up.
And it's impossible to know how much of the country Mugabe has mortgaged off to China in exchange for political and financial support.
Source: Al Jazeera
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A puzzle book filled with natural history facts, jokes, and images of Alaska.
The Share a Story, Shape a Future theme today is Literacy Your Way, Literacy My Way.
As the theme suggests, there is more than one path to literacy. Reading with kids may be the expressway, but there are scenic byways that offer fresh views and fun while still getting us there. Puzzles are a scenic byway that shouldn’t be missed.
Puzzles–math, word, logic, you name it–approach words, ideas, and literacy in a roundabout way. They highlight the drama of language, the absurdities, the bizarre, and the fun. Puzzles tease us, make us laugh, challenge us, and surprise us. In short, they entertain us while leading us to our destination: literacy.
Just as a Sunday drive is associated with recreation and relaxation, puzzles are associated with games and play, even though they require reading, understanding, and following instructions. They are short excursions into brain work–they don’t require a huge commitment of time, and the reward comes quickly. As kids attempt more difficult puzzles, they build the stamina that reading longer books requires.
When kids solve puzzles they learn to play with words. They get comfortable with them and enjoy them. They learn that sometimes words don’t mean what they seem to mean and that sometimes they can mean more than one thing. Discovering the complexity of words introduces kids to their beauty, revealing what’s clever and what’s funny. When kids embrace words as play things, they aren’t intimidated by them.
Like unfamiliar roads, puzzles have an air of mystery. We don’t know where they’re going, but we’re eager to find out. In the process of solving the mystery, kids learn how to think.
Puzzles can help pre- and early-readers develop letter recognition and writing skills and build vocabulary. Solving more advanced puzzles requires critical and creative thinking: developing and using logic, reasoning, fluency, associative thinking, and identifying forced relationships.
The challenges posed by puzzles can encourage us to step back and take a panoramic view of a problem, searching for a new perspective. Learning to try different approaches and to see things from new angles teaches kids flexible thinking and persistence, useful skills as they tackle more difficult words and text.
I approach puzzles from the opposite direction: I write them. Making puzzles is as fun, mysterious, and surprising as solving them. It’s the same adventure, just in reverse. I start with an answer–riddles and trivia are great puzzle fodder–then select a puzzle style that fits the answer: is it a one-word answer, a sentence, a shape or picture, a number? From there I work backward to generate the necessary clues, seeking out twists and turns to challenge puzzle solvers.
We all want kids to reach a place where they can read and write effectively. How they get there doesn’t matter. Providing alternate routes entices more kids to find their way.
How do we improve kids’ chances for success and thereby improve the world? By way of literacy. Be sure to include puzzles in your itinerary.
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Testudo is a Diamondback turtle. Like some other famous personages born into the Depression of the 1930s, the derivation of his name is cloudy. But it is likely that his moniker is derived from the scientific classification for turtle (testudines). Or the top turtle could be named after testudo gigantia, a species native to the African nation of Seychelles and one of its remote islands, Aldabra. Or the name could have come from a dictionary definition that says the word, testudo, was derived from the Latin and meant a shelter held over the head of Roman soldiers -- like a tortoise shell. These explanations are a long way from the Chesapeake Bay where the Diamondback lives.
When Testudo had his coming out on May 23, 1933, he was thrown into a world filled with intimidating mascots -- Wildcats, Tigers, Devils, Wolves, Bears -- thought up over a half-century of intercollegiate competition. Maryland College Park was consolidated from different state schools in 1920 to form the base of today's wide-ranging state system, and the remodeled Maryland needed a flag carrier to do battle with Wahoos, Lions and Generals.
Dr. H.C. Byrd, a football coach who later became University President, recommended the Diamondback as mascot in 1932 in response to the student newspaper's search for an "official" leader. Byrd's childhood in Crisfield, Md., apparently included skirmishes with this brand of snapping turtle, indigenous to the Bay. The school paper was in fact already called The Diamondback, and when the Class of 1933 stepped forward with the idea of giving the University a permanent bronzed version as its graduation gift, Testudo's family was in to stay.
Maryland had been referring to itself as Old Liners, yet another name whose derivation of which no one seems sure. Historians are in a scrimmage over whether the nickname is a reference to a Revolutionary War Troop of Maryland soldiers who distinguished themselves on the field of battle, or they feel it could refer to a squabble with Pennsylvanians over just where the border between the two states should be.
The Class of '33 raised money for casting a Diamondback by holding its Senior Prom on campus to save money on expenses. And the yearbook and Student Government Association chipped-in. Edwin C. Mayo, Class of '04 and a former quarterback, donated at cost the 300 pound bronzed beauty as President of Gorham Manufacturing in Providence, R.I. Robert J. Hill cast the inspired sculpture accomplished by company artist Aristide Cianfrani. Further turtleization came when the student yearbook, The Reveille, became The Terrapin in 1935. Newspapers, even then exploring every angle, shortened Terrapin to Terp for headline writing ease when it wasn't trying to cram Old Liner into a single column head. The name was in place; now came the stuff of legend.
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The Early Childhood program of study combines early childhood education and early childhood special education into one license birth through age 8. Early Childhood pre-service teachers have experiences with children birth through the age of 8 (third grade). Southwestern College operates an early learning center for children ages 2-5 and an after school program for children up to age 13, which provides opportunities to observe innovative teaching practices. Southwestern College also partners with several special education programs in the country such as PALS (Preschool and Language Stimulation), REACH program, and other early child care centers. In-classroom experiences and student teaching are planned and sequenced to develop candidates' knowledge skills, and professional dispositions necessary to promote the development and learning of young children across the entire development period of early childhood.
Anyone interested in the program who resides in a state other than Kansas must check with that state’s department of education to determine specific licensure requirements for teaching within that state and the acceptability of out-of-state licensure.
How does higher education help create the type of person that businesses want to hire? Learners will explore the answer to this question, and in doing so, help lay the foundation for academic and professional success. Each learner will develop a core set of skills needed to be both an effective college student and a successful professional in the 21st‐century workplace. Learners will develop and practice practical strategies with which to become more efficient and effective learners, while also developing higher‐order learning skills to reflect on critical issues relevant to both academic and professional environments such as personal responsibility and ethics.
This course helps learners develop writing skills that are transferrable to any academic or workplace writing task. The course guides learners through the process of planning, drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading academic and workplace writing. Learners will develop skills necessary to craft coherent sentences and paragraphs, to edit editing their writing for proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation. They will learn about narrative structure and techniques as well as the elements of successful argumentation and persuasive discourse. This course also guides learners through every stage of the research process. Learners will develop a research plan, conduct research, organize and draft a research paper, and then revise, edit, and proofread that research paper.
This course builds on the thinking and writing skills introduced in Composition 1. Learners will write critical, argumentative essays based on their interpretations of nonfictional texts, including literary, film, and cultural texts, and in doing so, will recognize the role of rhetoric in the writing situation as they craft persuasive discourse. In doing so, they will learn methods of questioning, analyzing, and evaluating their own beliefs as well as the perceptions and perspectives of others. These methods of critical thinking are intended to improve the quality and organization of learners’ writing for any purpose, including academic and workplace purposes. In addition to writing essays, learners will develop more advanced research strategies, as well greater proficiency in APA style.
This course helps learners majoring in any discipline strengthen communication skills essential for success in academics and the workplace. Learners will focus on listening, evaluating, and delivering spoken discourse based on audience and purpose. Learners will evaluate why some people are more effective than others as public speakers, analyze speeches and audiences, study ethical considerations for speakers, research and organize findings on a topic, and present findings before an audience, and learn techniques for identifying and reducing speech anxiety.
This course acquaints learners with the tools and major components of statistics. Learners will apply technology to analyze data. The course also includes the foundational terminology and practices used in contemporary statistics, such as data collection, metrics, score interpretation, and experimental design. Additionally, this course will promote the skills that learners need to be able to take information from the world around them and use it to make sound decisions based on solid evidence.
Learners in this course will gain a basic understanding of the biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial development in humans from birth through adolescence, with additional emphasis on young adult through death.
Seniors from various majors will share approaches from their different disciplines towards dealing holistically with issues that shape the future, seeking to integrate disciplines and to synthesize knowing, caring and doing.
Education Entrance Seminar provides an introduction to education as a career for second career and delayed start undergraduate learners . This course is designed to assist each prospective teacher in gaining a valid and comprehensive knowledge of what is involved in a teaching career. Emphasis is placed upon inquiry and personal involvement in planning an effective and successful career in education. This course is only for second career and delayed start learners.
This course explores the theories and applications of educational philosophies for students’ use in both the classroom and their personal and professional lives. Additionally, educational institutions will be examined from historical, economic, sociological, and political perspectives.
This course provides an opportunity for prospective teachers to observe, tutor, or mentor students in a school where there is a diverse population. Students must complete at least 20 hours of work in a school with a diverse population.
Prerequisite: EDUC215 (or concurrent enrollment).
Students will investigate and evaluate the significant impact technology has on learning, motivation, and pedagogy. Students will interpret and implement the National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS‐T) and for students (NETS‐S) and apply the NETS‐T to construct valuable teaching experiences, as well as experiences to highlight student learning that reflect the NETS‐S. Technology integration across the curriculum will be explored and students will develop and design lessons and use technology tools to support learning in an educational environment.
Students will familiarize themselves with the literacy components of writing, speaking, and listening. Students will refine their own writing skills, explore the writing process, understand the role of grammar in writing, and identify strategies to helppre‐K through 12th grade learners develop their own skills. The skills needed to view and comprehend material, arrange it, and aid pre‐K through 12th grade learners in the various ways information can be processed will also be addressed. Additionally, students will examine the benefits of cooperative learning in enhancing the speaking and listening skills of pre‐K through 12th grade learners, as well as the characteristics of exemplary speakers and listeners in the classroom.
This is a survey of literature K‐12. It explores literature and relevant contemporary issues regarding literary works and pedagogy for pre‐K through 12th grade.
This is an introductory course for those preparing for licensure to teach in the early childhood area. This course is designed to assist each prospective teacher in gaining a valid and comprehensive knowledge of what is involved in early childhood education. Emphasis is placed upon reflection, inquiry and personal involvement in planning an effective and successful career in early childhood, and developing an understanding of how children develop and learn successfully. Current trends, issues, developmental theories, and research findings related to the education of young children will be explored.
This course will examine the curricula, instructional strategies, and classroom organization for motor development, expressive arts, and social studies relevant to children ages birth through 8. Emphasis will be placed on the uniqueness as well as interrelatedness of the content areas, teaching methodology, and their successful implementation in the classroom environment. The course is designed as lecture with a co‐requisite 45 hours lab practice with children in an early childhood setting.
This course is designed to prepare prospective early childhood teachers in the understanding and appreciation of young children with exceptionalities. It will provide an overview of early childhood special education including service delivery models, atypical infant/toddler development, the effects of early intervention, and characteristics and etiologies of disabilities in young children. Appropriate delivery systems, assessment, curriculum, and intervention strategies will be considered.
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to growth and development issues related to infants and toddlers and to provide experiences with the organization and management of high quality environments for infants. Appropriate play activities will be introduced.
This course introduces prospective early childhood and elementary teachers to children’s speech and language development, the recognition and development of emergent literacy, and the foundational knowledge of the reading process. This will include an understanding of basic literacy development and the cultural and linguistic diversity issues related to this development, knowledge of the major components of reading, appropriate methodologies for building an effective balanced reading program, and a variety of assessment tools and practices used to plan and evaluate effective reading instruction.
This course is designed to prepare teachers to conduct reliable and valid assessments of children’s growth and development in the early childhood arena. Students are introduced to and have an opportunity to practice developing formal and informal assessment devices. Practice in developing and evaluating both open and closed assessment format is also provided. Special attention is given to performance‐based assessments, particularly in the context of instruction that is developmentally appropriate.
This course will emphasize the various methods of teaching and assessing reading in the elementary school. It will prepare prospective teachers to develop programs to strengthen vocabulary and comprehension skills, assess growth in reading skills, diagnose reading problems, and adapt instructional materials and delivery methods to meet the special needs and learning styles of students. In conjunction with regular course work, the prospective teacher will gain experience through practical application with a required 20 hour practicum in the public schools.
Prerequisite: Admission to Teacher Education.
The purpose of this class is to promote the understanding that quality services for young children and their families are best ensured by establishing collaborative relationships between the home, school, program, and community. A portion of the course focuses on techniques for establishing collaborative relationships with parents and involving family members in the growth and development of the young child. Health, nutrition, and safety issues also will be explored.
This course introduces prospective educators to children’s speech and language development, recognition and development of readiness skills, and appropriate methodologies for developing the communications skills of young children.
This course will provide an overview of the responsibilities of administrators, directors, and teachers in school and program management. Legal and financial issues also will be covered, as well as ethical aspects of early childhood programs. Additionally, students will be introduced to successful classroom management strategies.
This course will focus upon the administration and interpretation of test instruments including screening tests, formal and informal tests, norm and criterion‐ referenced tests, and diagnostic and achievement tests. Individual assessment of developmental skills, academic achievement, adaptive behavior, and processes will be included.
The goal of this course is to provide an overview of assistive technology and what it can do for learners with special needs. In addition, students will be able to implement a framework for identifying student needs and determining desired outcomes when choosing technological solutions.
This course will prepare prospective teachers to teach science and mathematics in the early childhood (birth through eight) setting. Theories and methodologies will be explored. Special attention will be given to developmentally appropriate activities, with significant emphasis placed on integrating subject matter. Technology issues also will be covered.
A course designed specifically to study the behavior of individuals and groups in educational settings. Emphases are placed upon development, motivation, assessment, individual differences, teaching modalities and learning preferences. Attention is also given to character education and attitudes. Directed observation and participation in the public schools provide practical application of course theory. Twenty hours of observation/participation in a public school classroom is required.
Prerequisite: Admission to Teacher Education.
A course designed to prepare prospective elementary and secondary teachers in the understanding and appreciation of students with exceptionalities. Emphases are placed upon characteristics and categories of exceptionality, processes of referral, assessment, and placement of exceptional students. Effective teaching practices and observation in the public schools provide practical application of course theory. Twenty hours of observation/participation in a public school classroom is required.
Prerequisite: Admission to Teacher Education.
This course focuses on the development of professional teaching skills for the early childhood teacher, including a personal philosophy of education; classroom management procedures; a discipline plan; and instructional methods. This course is for online learners only.
A seminar course designed to be taken in conjunction with the student teaching block. This course focuses on the theory and application of educational philosophies for the student’s use in both classroom and personal professional life. Candidates practice reflection and problem solving of professional issues and tasks which may be encountered by the beginning teacher. Students are also prepared to seek professional positions.
Prerequisites: Unconditional admission into student teaching. Concurrent enrollment with either EDUC446, 447, 448, or 449.
Clinical experiences in kindergarten through third grade public school classrooms for teacher licensure candidates.
Prerequisites: Unconditional admission into student teaching.Concurrent enrollment with EDUC440.
All degree requirements are subject to change. Please see Southwestern College Catalog for the most current degree requirements.
*Online courses are six weeks long with the exception of some RN to BSN and Education courses. Please review the course catalogs for more information.
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