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- Henry Lee delivered the funeral oration for Washington in Philadelphia, 26 December 1799, before both houses of Congress.
- Lee published his oration in 1800, which is the text used here.
- His eulogy is rightly famous for the phrase
First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen …
In obedience to your will, I rise, your humble organ, with the hope of executing a part of the system of public mourning which you have been pleased to adopt, commemorative of the death of the most illustrious and most beloved personage this country has ever produced; and which, while it transmits to posterity your sense of the awful event, faintly represents your knowledge of the consummate excellence you so cordially honor.
Desperate, indeed, is any attempt on earth to meet correspondingly this dispensation of Heaven; for, while with pious resignation we submit to the will of an all-gracious Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in our finite view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation for which our nation weeps. When the civilized world shakes to its centre; when every moment gives birth to strange and momentous changes; when our peaceful quarter of the globe, exempt as it happily has been from any share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be compelled to abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the doleful casualties of war; what limit is there to the extent of our loss? None within the reach of my words to express; none which your feelings will not disavow.
The founder of our federate republic — our bulwark in war, our guide in peace, is no more! Oh, that this were but questionable! Hope, the comforter of the wretched, would pour into our agonizing hearts its balmy dew. But, alas! there is no hope for us; our Washington is removed forever! Possessing the stoutest frame and purest mind, he had passed nearly to his sixty-eighth year in the enjoyment of high health, when, habituated by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold, disregarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on Saturday, and, defying every medical interposition, before the morning of Sunday put an end to the best of men. An end, did I say? His fame survives! bounded only by the limits of the earth, and by the extent of the human mind. He survives in our hearts — in the growing knowledge of our children — in the affection of the good throughout the world. And when our monuments shall be done away; when nations now existing shall be no more; when even our young and far-spreading empire shall have perished; still will our Washington’s glory unfaded shine, and die not, until love of virtue cease on earth, or earth itself sinks into chaos!
How, my fellow-citizens, shall I single to your grateful hearts his pre-eminent worth? Where shall I begin, in opening to your view a character throughout sublime? Shall I speak of his warlike achievements, all springing from obedience to his country's will, all directed to his country’s good?
Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela, to see your youthful Washington supporting, in the dismal hour of Indian victory, the ill-fated Braddock, and saving, by his judgment and by his valor, the remains of a defeated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe? or when, oppressed America nobly resolving to risk her all in defense of her violated rights, he was elevated by the unanimous voice of Congress to the command of her armies? Will you follow him to the high grounds of Boston, where, to an undisciplined, courageous, and virtuous yeomanry, his presence gave the stability of system, and infused the invincibility of love of country? Or shall I carry you to the painful scenes of Long Island, Work Island, and New Jersey, when, combating superior and gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs high in the roll of fame, he stood the bulwark of our safety, undismayed by disaster, unchanged by change of fortune? Or will you view him in the precarious fields of Trenton, where deep gloom, unnerving every arm, reigned triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided ranks — himself unmoved? Dreadful was the night. It was about this time of winter. The storm raged. The Delaware, rolling furiously with floating ice, forbade the approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed the tremendous scene. His country called. Unappalled by surrounding dangers, he passed to the hostile shore; he fought; he conquered. The morning sun cheered the American world. Our country rose on the event; and her dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed in the lawns of Princeton what his vast soul had conceived on the shores of Delaware.
Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his small but gallant band; and through an eventful winter, by the high efforts of his genius, whose matchless force was measurable only by the growth of difficulties, he held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a chief experienced in the art of war, and famed for his valor on the ever memorable heights of Abraham, where fell Wolfe, Montcalm, and since, our much lamented Montgomery; all covered with glory. In this fortunate interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers, ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied around our country’s standard, and continued to follow her beloved chief through the various and trying scenes to which the destinies of our Union led.
Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandywine, the fields of Germantown, or the plains of Monmouth? Everywhere present, wants of every kind obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering, himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited our privations, and upheld our tottering republic. Shall I display to you the spread of the fire of his soul, by rehearsing the praises of the hero of Saratoga, and his much loved compeer of the Carolinas? No; our Washington wears not borrowed glory. To Gates, to Greene, he gave without reserve the applause due to their eminent merit; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga and of Eutaws receive the grateful respect of a grateful people.
Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to his most distant satellites; and combining the physical and moral force of all within his sphere, with irresistible weight he took his course, commiserating folly, disdaining vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency; until the auspicious hour arrived, when, united with the intrepid forces of a potent and magnanimous ally, he brought to submission the since conqueror of India; thus finishing his long career of military glory with a lustre corresponding to his great name, and, in this his last act of war, affixing the seal of fate to our nation’s birth.
To the horrid din of battle sweet peace succeeded; and our virtuous chief, mindful only of the common good, in a moment tempting personal aggrandizement, hushed the discontents of growing sedition, and, surrendering his power into the hands from which he had received it, converted his sword into a ploughshare; teaching an admiring world that to be truly great you must be truly good.
Were I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete, and the task imposed unfinished. Great as was our Washington in war, and as much as did that greatness contribute to produce the American republic, it is not in war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous. His various talents, combining all the capacities of a statesman with those of a soldier, fitted him alike to guide the councils and the armies of our nation. Scarcely had he rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable parental advice was still sounding in our ears, when he, who had been our shield and our sword, was called forth to act a less splendid, but more important part.
Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and sound judgment, calmness and temper for deliberation, with invincible firmness and perseverance in resolutions maturely formed; drawing information from all; acting from himself, with incorruptible integrity and unvarying patriotism; his own superiority and the public confidence alike marked him as the man designed by Heaven to lead in the great political as well as military events which have distinguished the era of his life.
The finger of an over-ruling Providence, pointing at Washington, was neither mistaken or unobserved, when, to realize the vast hopes to which our revolution had given birth, a change of political system became indispensable.
How novel, how grand the spectacle! Independent States stretched over an immense territory, and known only by common difficulty, clinging to their union as the rock of their safety; deciding, by frank comparison of their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the guidance of reason, a common government, through whose commanding protection, liberty and order, with their long train of blessings, should be safe to themselves, and the sure inheritance of their posterity.
This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the people, from knowledge of their wisdom and confidence in their virtue. In this august assembly of sages and of patriots, Washington of course was found; and, as if acknowledged to be most wise where all were wise, with one voice he was declared their chief. How well he merited this rare distinction, how faithful were the labors of him-self and his compatriots, the work of their hands, and our union, strength, and prosperity, the fruits of that work, best attest.
But to have essentially aided in presenting to his country this consummation of our hopes, neither satisfied the claims of his fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those duties which the possession of those talents imposed. Heaven had not infused into his mind such an uncommon share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor bestowed on him his genius unaccompanied with the corresponding duty of devoting it to the common good. To have framed a Constitution was showing only, without realizing, the general happiness. This great work remained to be done; and America, steadfast in her preference, with one voice summoned her beloved Washington, unpracticed as he was in the duties of civil administration, to execute this last act in the completion of the national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the high office with that self-distrust peculiar to his innate modesty, the constant attendant of pre-eminent virtue. What was the burst of joy through our anxious land on this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged, the young, the brave, the fair, rivaled each other in demonstrations of their gratitude: and this high-wrought, delightful scene was heightened in its effect by the singular contest between the zeal of the bestowers and the avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed.
Commencing his administration, what heart is not charmed with the recollection of the pure and wise principles announced by himself, as the basis of his political life? He best understood the in-dissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and individual felicity. Watching with an equal and comprehensive eye over this great assemblage of communities and interests, he laid the foundations of our national policy in the unerring, immutable principles of morality, based on religion, exemplifying the pre-eminence of a free government by all the attributes which win the affections of its citizens, or command the respect of the world.
0 fortunatos nimium, sua fl bona norint!
Leading through the complicated difficulties produced by previous obligations and conflicting interests, seconded by succeeding Houses of Congress, enlightened and patriotic, he surmounted all original obstruction, and brightened the path of our national felicity.
The Presidential term expiring, his solicitude to exchange exaltation for humility returned with a force increased with increase of age; and he had prepared his Farewell Address to his countrymen, proclaiming his intention, when the united interposition of all around him, enforced by the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced a further sacrifice of inclination to duty. The election of President followed; and Washington, by the unanimous vote of the nation, was called to resume the chief magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence! Which attracts most our admiration, a people so correct, or a citizen combining an assemblage of talents forbidding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself? Such a nation ought to be happy; such a chief must be forever revered.
War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke out; and the terrible conflict, deluging Europe with blood, began to shed its baneful influence over our happy land. To the first, outstretching his invincible arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the American eagle soared triumphant through distant forests. Peace followed victory; and the melioration of the condition of the enemy followed peace. Godlike virtue! which uplifts even the subdued savage.
To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate was the conjuncture, and great was the stake. Soon did his penetrating mind discern and seize the only course, continuing to us all the felicity enjoyed. He issued his proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole subsequent conduct was sanctioned by the approbation of both Houses of Congress, and by the approving voice of the people.
To this sublime policy he inviolably adhered, unmoved by foreign intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence.
Justum et tenacem propositi virum, Non civium ardor prava jubentium, Non vultus instantis tyranni, Mente quatit solida.
Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no duty, America, faithful to herself, and unstained in her honor, continued to enjoy the delights of peace, while afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter under the accumulated miseries of an unexampled war; miseries in which our happy country must have shared, had not our pre-eminent Washington been as firm in council as he was brave in the field.
Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public happiness, preventing foreign war, and quelling internal discord, till the revolving period of a third election approached, when he executed his interrupted, but inextinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks of private life.
The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the anxious wishes of an affectionate people from adding a third unanimous testimonial of their unabated confidence in the man so long enthroned in their hearts. When before was affection like this exhibited on earth? Turn over the records of ancient Greece ; review the annals of mighty Rome; examine the volumes of modern Europe — you search in vain. America and her Washington only afford the dignified exemplification.
The illustrious personage called by the national voice in succession to the arduous office of guiding a free people had new difficulties to encounter. The amicable effort of settling our difficulties with France, begun by Washington, and pursued by his successor in virtue as in station, proving abortive, America took measures of self defense. No sooner was the public mind roused by a prospect of danger, than every eye was turned to the friend of all, though secluded from public view, and gray in public service. The virtuous veteran, following his plough, received the unexpected summons with mingled emotions of indignation at the unmerited ill treatment of his country, and of a determination once more to risk his all in her defense.
The annunciation of these feelings in his affecting letter to the President, accepting the command of the army, concludes his official conduct.
First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and endearing scenes of private life. Pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting.
To his equals he was condescending, to his inferiors kind, and to the dear object of his affections exemplarily tender. Correct throughout, vice shuddered in his presence, and virtue always felt his fostering hand. The purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues.
His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life. Although in extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him; and with undisturbed serenity he closed his well-spent life. Such was the man America has lost! Such was the man for whom our nation mourns.
Methinks I see his august image, and hear, falling from his venerable lips, these deep sinking words:
Cease, Sons of America, lamenting our separation. Go on, and confirm by your wisdom the fruits of our joint councils, joint efforts, and common dangers. Reverence religion; diffuse knowledge throughout your land; patronize the arts and sciences; let liberty and order be inseparable companions; control party spirit, the bane of free government; observe good faith to, and cultivate peace with all nations; shut up every avenue to foreign influence; contract rather than extend national connection; rely on yourselves only: be American in thought and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union, which was the constant object of my terrestrial labors; thus will you preserve undisturbed to the latest posterity the felicity of a people to me most dear; and thus will you supply (if my happiness is now aught to you) the only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Heaven bestows.
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There is a great lack of quantitative and qualitative data (particularly disaggregated data), research and verified information on the situation of children deprived of liberty.
Deprivation of liberty has very negative consequences for the child’s harmonious development and is to be a “measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time” (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 37.b) in cases of criminal detention, and “unaccompanied or separated children should not, as a general rule, be detained”.
Children deprived of liberty are exposed to increased risks of abuse, violence, acute social discrimination and denial of their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights; certain disadvantaged groups are more affected than others; and society is affected at large as deprivation of liberty tends to increase social exclusion, recidivism rates, and public expenditure.
The Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty will shed light on the scale and conditions of children deprived of liberty, identifying good practices and making recommendations for effective measures to prevent human rights violations against children in detention and reduce the number of children deprived of liberty.
In order to ensure that deprivation of liberty is clearly understood and thus used as a measure of last resort, there is also critical need to improve the clarity around key concepts which are related to children’s rights and deprivation of liberty (such as last resort, shortest possible time, best interests of the child; access to justice; pre-trial detention; diversion; restorative justice; formal and informal justice systems; alternative measures; protective measures; age of criminal responsibility; rehabilitation and reintegration; administration detention; inter alia).
The Study will map out, through monitoring and evaluation analysis, how existing international laws and standards are being implemented on the ground and assess the concrete possibilities for States to improve their policies and responses. Through the collection of sound evidence and reliable data, the Study will also provide a consolidation of good practices and the formulation of recommendations, to support the work of States, UN agencies and other stakeholders to more effectively implement international standards and ensure that children deprived of liberty actually enjoy their human rights.
The key output of the Study should be an in-depth, comprehensive global report to be presented to the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) at its 73rd regular session (2018).
To invite the Secretary-General to commission an in-depth global study on children deprived of liberty, funded through voluntary contributions and conducted in close cooperation with relevant United Nations agencies and offices, including but not limited to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict and the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, as well as the Interagency Panel on Juvenile Justice, and in consultation with relevant stakeholders, including Member States, civil society, academia and children, and to include good practices and recommendations for action to effectively realize all relevant rights of the child, including supporting the implementation of the United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, and invites the Secretary-General to submit the conclusions of the study to the General Assembly at its seventy-second session. (A/RES/69/157, paragraph 52, d)
In line with the UNGA and the recommendations of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Study will accomplish the following:
- Collect qualitative and quantitative data to document the situation of children deprived of liberty, in all its forms;
- Assess the implementation of applicable international laws and standards, and the effectiveness of existing approaches;
- Identify alternative approaches to deprivation of liberty;
- Formulate recommendations for action at national, regional and international level to meet international obligations, reduce the number of children deprived of liberty, and put in place effective non-custodial measures.
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Tuesday, January 31, 2012
Creating the Federal Government
Article VIII of the Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to our Constitution, is the only piece of that document that deals with taxes, and it’s worth quoting verbatim:
All charges of war and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the united states in congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several states within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.
You don’t have to be a Philadelphia lawyer to see that this approach was rife with problems and horrific ambiguities. Who, for instance, estimates the value of the land, and what, if any, are the options for challenging that estimate? But the central problem lies in the last sentence, which leaves tax collection entirely up to the states, with no means provided of compelling them to pay. If a state legislature doesn’t agree with congress’ determination of its fair share, or if it can’t agree on what form of tax should be used to raise the necessary monies, nothing much is going to happen, revenue-wise.
And that, in a nutshell, is why Washington’s Continental Army froze and starved in the midst of plenty at Valley Forge, unable to pay for food and clothing. It’s also why America borrowed most of the money it needed to fight the War of Independence; then, as now, it was deemed easier to borrow than to tax.
We learned in school that the Articles of Confederation were too weak and ineffective to allow for a functioning government, which is how we ended up with the Constitution. In contrast to the mealy-mouthed language of its predecessor, Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution is absolutely explicit about the government’s taxing power. Its first paragraph reads,
The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Posts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.
Then, after further enumerating the powers of Congress that section of the Constitution concludes by granting Congress the power:
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Say what you will about the Founding Fathers, but they learned from their mistakes. The Constitution they wrote was vehemently attacked in its time as being a springboard to tyranny. It hasn’t delivered tyranny (at least not yet), but it has allowed for some semblance of governance, without which no nation can progress or prosper.
Those today who profess to love the Constitution often forget that it was written for the purpose of creating the Federal Government. Its tone in the sections above is bold and assertive, compared to the passivity of the Articles. Even the capitalization speaks volumes; the Articles refer to a lower-case united states in congress assembled, while the Constitution speaks of the United States and the Government of the United States. In this case, the capitals don’t lie.
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Gerd), also known as acid reflux is a condition in which the acid in the stomach is forced up into the esophagus often causing great pain and discomfort.
There are several potential causes for this condition including such things as an esophagus that contracts abnormally or a stomach that empties slower than normal.
These conditions could be due to a damages stomach and could cause severe damage and burns to the esophagus lining.
Acid Reflux is more prominent and painful when lying down at night. The body is lying down leaving behind all the hard work for the acid of climbing up the esophagus. It can easily creep up and make sleeping nearly impossible.
There are several ways of avoiding the burn of acid reflux. The one that is the most permanent and works most effectively is a change in the way you eat and in fact the way you sleep.
To stop or lessen the effects of acid reflux when sleeping you should try to keep your head somewhat elevated. This will make the job of climbing up the esophagus more difficult for the acid thanks to gravity.
Diet and Acid Reflux
In addition to altering your sleeping positions many find results by changing their diet. There are several food types that seem to aggravate reflux due to a reduction in pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter.
If you have been diagnosed with GERD, your doctor will suggest that you avoid the following:
- fatty foods,
- alcoholic beverages,
- citrus fruits and juices,
- tomato products,
- pepper and
These weaken the lower esophageal sphincterwhich causes the Acid Reflux in the first place.
In addition to choosing the appropriate foods you should also change your eating schedule.
If you are used to a large meal at the end of the day you might consider a smaller meal earlier in the evening.
The reason for this is that your body has a chance to move the food from the stomach to be digested thereby eliminating it as a pressure to cause the reflux.
Learning the process of avoiding the burn of acid reflux might take a bit of time but will be well worth the effort. Taking stock in what you eat both at home and when you are out is a vital part of reducing symptoms of acid reflux.
For those suffering from this issue, the symptoms of acid reflux can be debilitating. Understanding how the foods you eat affect your body is the best way to conquer the pain of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
More than 60 million people over the age of 50 (and some pregnant women) experience Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) at least once a month. The most common symptom is heartburn, a burning feeling behind the breastbone.
What Causes Acid Reflux?
Unlike pain associated with heart disease, heartburn pain is not usually associated with exercise, and becomes more acute when you lie down and after eating.
It is caused when the muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach (lower esophageal sphincter – LES) is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach’s contents to flow up into the esophagus.
The stomach contents can cause the burning sensation called heartburn because stomach contents are acidic, and the lining of the esophagus is not protected from acid.
Your doctor may also recommend losing weight, eating meals at least 2 to 3 hours before bedtime, reducing the size of portions at mealtime, and elevating the head of your bed on 6-inch blocks, or sleeping on a specially-designed wedge.
Nonprescription antacids can provide temporary or partial relief.
For chronic reflux and heartburn, your doctor may prescribe medications. H2 blockers, which inhibit acid secretion in the stomach, relieve symptoms in up to 70% of patients with GERD.
If H2 blockers are not effective, your doctor may prescribe proton-pump inhibitors, which decrease the acid in the stomach. As with all conditions, follow your doctor’s advice and make the lifestyle changes he or she has recommended. Take your medication as directed. If you have followed these measures, but your heartburn returns, consult with your doctor.
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Fifty years ago today (Dec. 14), NASA's Mariner 2 spacecraft made its closest approach to the planet Venus, marking the first-ever flyby of another planet.
Mariner 2 zoomed to within 21,564 miles (34,675 kilometers) of Venus on Dec. 14, 1962, gathering a trove of data about Earth's hellishly hot sister planet. The probe took the first close-up measurements of Venus' scorching temperatures, for example, helping confirm scientists' suspicions that a runaway greenhouse effect had taken hold of the world.
Tracking Mariner 2's radio signals, researchers also calculated Venus' mass with unprecedented precision, NASA officials said.
The spacecraft's flyby also marked a proud moment for NASA and the United States, after a five-year stretch in which the Soviet Union had claimed all of the world's big space firsts. The Soviets successfully launched the first artificial satellite in 1957, sent a probe to the moon in 1959 and put the first human in space in 1961. [Video: Mariner 2's Venus Flyby]
"JPL has always attempted to do mighty things on behalf of NASA and our nation," Charles Elachi, director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., which managed Mariner 2's mission, said in a statement. "Achieving America's first 'first in space' is among the lab's proudest achievements."
Mariner 2 had a bumpy ride. Shortly after launch on Aug. 27, 1962, an electrical short caused the probe's rocket to roll, rendering it unresponsive to guidance commands. But the short circuit mysteriously healed itself about a minute later, NASA officials said.
Things got dicey during Mariner 2's cruise to Venus, too. A solar panel on the spacecraft stopped working on two separate occasions, and attitude-controlling gyroscopes misbehaved. Further, the probe's temperature rose dramatically as it approached Venus, causing managers to worry that Mariner 2 might be cooked before it could complete its mission.
But Mariner 2 overcame all of this, and the rest is history. In addition to lifting Venus' veil, the spacecraft's observations also confirmed the existence of the solar wind and enabled scientists to refine the value of the astronomical unit — the distance from Earth to the sun, which is about 93 million miles (150 million km).
In the half-century after Mariner 2's close encounter, other spacecraft have further studied the second planet from the sun. The Soviet Union even landed a number of probes on Venus' surface, beginning with Venera 7 in 1970. But Mariner 2 will always have a special place in history.
"There will be other missions to Venus, but there will never be another first mission to Venus," Jack James of JPL, Mariner 2's project manager, said before his death in 2001.
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Some Facts About Reading. Americans’ average reading level: 8th-9th grade. 1 in 5 people read at 5th grade or below. Almost 2 in 5 older (65+) Americans and inner city minorities read at 5th grade level or below. Roughly 1/2 of students learn to read with relative ease.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
If you don’t write for the reader,
the reader won’t read.
Text and graphics must work together so that the reader’s task is simplified.
Overwhelmingly, people go to the Web
“to find useful information
as quickly as possible.”
Progression is word by word across the page and down.
Meaning is gathered from the syntax (the way words are put together to form phrases or clauses) and the ongoing process of reading each word.
Key information is not visually called out.
Progression is rapid and not in order around the page as user looks for specific facts or key words and phrases.
Meaning clusters around key words and phrases as the user finds them. There may not be an ongoing process of good meaning-making.
Key information is visually called out.
Oversized headings alert the reader to the topic of each paragraph.
Colored headings and bullets distract the eye from its left-to-right, top-to-bottom progress and visually organize the material.
Numbers: imply hierarchy.
Bullets: No order of
The newspaper page structure is an excellent aid to scanning.
Tables of Contents
Edit the sample of “readable” text to make it more scannable.
Failure of Leadership
Certain principles and freedoms are guaranteed by our Constitution. Yet, without enforcement, the Constitution is just a piece of paper. Where does one turn if national leaders fail to uphold these fundamental rights?
President Roosevelt ignored reports from Naval Intelligence, the FBI and other official sources that there was no need for either mass removal or incarceration of people of Japanese ancestry. According to then FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, " ... the decision to evacuate was ... based primarily on public and political pressures rather than factual data." Perhaps Roosevelt was influenced by anti-Japanese sentiments or misled by key advisors. Perhaps it was because there was no strong opposition to the incarceration on the West Coast. In any case, President Roosevelt encountered little resistance when he chose to violate the civil rights of a small, easily identifiable and politically powerless minority group rather than go against the rising tide of hostility. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt's decision. In sharp contrast to the mainland, the military leadership in Hawaii discouraged public hysteria and there was no mass incarceration on the islands.
1943 U.S. War Relocation Authority newsreel titled: "Japanese Relocation."
Rewrite the copy to make it more concise.
If text seems too over-the-top, readers will begin to call its validity into question. This creates a distraction that increases their cognitive load.
Rewrite the copy to make it more objective.
Rewrite the copy to make it more conversational.
Copy can aid navigation.
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Protecting the Atlantic
It's become increasingly clear in recent years that fossil fuels contribute to climate change. The 2013 IPCC report states with 95 percent certainty that we are warming the planet. On top of that, America’s frenzied efforts at domestic drilling have brought more domestic spills and pollution, while leaving us dependent on foreign oil and hostage to high gas prices. Progress towards renewables is not as robust as it could be, either. Dominion Energy’s announcement that it won’t build a planned wind farm in Virginia anytime soon has rightly disappointed climate activists. The U.S. is already home to more offshore drilling than any other country, and leasing in the Atlantic Ocean’s Outer Continental Shelf will do much more to pollute our water and air than it will to access an abundance of oil or decrease our fuel costs.
By the numbers, the brief history of experimentation with Atlantic offshore drilling is not a very successful one. According to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, between 1976 and 1983 there were nine lease sales held in the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf; the result was 51 drilled wells. Of these, only eight wells in the Hudson Canyon area discovered anything. But falling oil and gas prices, a lack of efficient deep-drill technology, and complaints from residents resulted in a 1990 Congressional ban on drilling in the region. Subsequently, the state of North Carolina bought its offshore land back for a hefty $600 million—double what energy producer Mobil Oil had paid.
Despite the money and time invested—and wasted—in unsuccessful Atlantic exploration, interest in drilling off the coast persists. Today, the Department of the Interior can only quantify 2 billion barrels of Atlantic oil with 95 percent confidence. That’s about enough to satisfy U.S. demand for three months. Estimating with a 5 percent confidence, an educated shot-in-the-dark, that number only climbs to 10 billion barrels. Atlantic drilling is an unsurprisingly risky investment. It would take almost a decade for any oil production to come online, would devastate fishing and tourism, and may not even generate enough oil to affect global markets. In fact, given that our proven reserves make up two percent of the world’s supply (while we consume 24 percent), and that unconventional sources of oil are still expensive to refine, our ability to dramatically alter markets is unlikely.
Not convinced? Drilling operations elsewhere have been no cure for America’s energy woes. The Bush Administration, between 2001 and 2007, offered more than 340,000,000 acres of leases in the OCS, selling 33,000,000. As a result, the U.S. has a fleet of 1,928 oil drilling rigs, while only 1,512 rigs operate elsewhere in the world. The number of platforms has done little to keep gas prices from soaring over the past decade. They have contributed to emissions and spills, though. U.S. drilling operations spill and leak 800,000 gallons of oil annually. In 2005, according to the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy, storms Katrina and Rita destroyed huge amounts of oil infrastructure, including 113 oil platforms and 457 pipelines. The result was 9 million gallons of petroleum products stewing in the Gulf of Mexico.
Instead of developing dirty and dangerous drilling, the U.S. should be seeking more effective returns from clean energy sources. The East Coast should never have to experience a large-scale tragedy like the Gulf and the Pacific Coasts have, so that oil companies can eke out higher profits. Instead, it should deter offshore drilling by investing in renewables, especially offshore wind. Remember that at best, Atlantic drilling briefly pushes back that day when we run out of oil. At worst it results in a weakened tourism industry on an East Coast blighted by air and sea pollution. The only way to mitigate that pollution is to keep it in the ground, where it belongs.-- Conor Schultz
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From hospitals to private laboratories and clinics, phlebotomists can be found in a number of medical facilities. Phlebotomists are highly trained professionals who draw blood from patients. They see patients ranging from newborn babies to elderly. Working as a phlebotomist is an extremely fun and rewarding career.
A phlebotomist’s primary responsibilities are drawing blood from patients, properly labeling the blood vials, and delivering them to the laboratory for testing. In addition, phlebotomists are expected to practices proper patient identification procedures. The most important aspect of their job lies with the skill involved with selecting the proper vein and the insertion of the needle by determining the best method for drawing blood for each specific patient. In some states, they are required to centrifuge collected blood samples per state guidelines. Furthermore, they must be capable of working with a large variety of patients of differing age and health status. This requires being friendly and sympathetic to all patients and family members they may come in contact with.
The hazardous nature of dealing with blood also means phlebotomists must educate themselves on and strictly adhere to all laboratory safety procedures. These procedures are not only mandated by the phlebotomist’s employer, but also the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The phlebotomist’s lab or station must be meticulously cleaned and sanitized after every patient to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
The average phlebotomist may encounter thirty or more patients in a single day. This requires excellent dexterity and the ability to remain calm under pressure. Facing a multitude of patients in a fast paced environment requires the ability to maintain consistent focus to ensure accurate drawing and labeling to prevent cross contamination of samples.
Cross-contamination occurs when two or more blood samples interact unintentionally with each other. This can be disastrous for patients and the lab. At best, these types of errors mean automatically having to retest all affected samples. At worst, they lead to health conditions being misdiagnosed in patients. A phlebotomist must practice extreme caution with all samples from the initial draw to final delivery of the samples to the testing laboratory. In the event that there is an issue, they must be able to properly communicate and interact with patients to create a comfortable and stress free experience.
The most successful phlebotomists have a comprehensive knowledge of human anatomy combined with a pleasant disposition that enables them to counsel and relax patients during the procedure. They not only are able to locate the three veins that are the most preferred phlebotomy sites, but have also studied basic anatomy and physiology to enable them to quickly recommend other procedures in the event that the preferred sites are unavailable or difficult to obtain a sample from. Combining this knowledge with the ability to reduce a patient’s anxiety and comfort attending family members is crucial to a long and prosperous career in phlebotomy.
The average workday of a phlebotomist varies greatly according to their place of employment. However, most phlebotomists can expect to work sometime between the hours of 7am to 7pm during the week and various hours on the weekend. Hospitals and 24 hour clinics may require a phlebotomist to work the night shift.
For more information on the rewarding field of phlebotomy or to begin the journey towards your new career, contact us today. Whether you prefer to attend class online or in person, our committed staff is committed to helping you find a school perfectly suited to your particular needs and our list of state by state guidelines ensures you are always working towards the proper certification requirements for your prospective workplace.
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Who ere the Samaritans?
The Samaritans occupied the country formerly belonging to the tribe of Ephraim and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The capital of the country was Samaria, formerly a large and splendid city. When the ten tribes were carried away into captivity to Assyria, the king of Assyria sent people from Cutha, Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim to inhabit Samaria (2 Kings 17:24; Ezra 4:2-11). These foreigners intermarried with the Israelite population that was still in and around Samaria. These “Samaritans” at first worshipped the idols of their own nations, but being troubled with lions, they supposed it was because they had not honored the God of that territory. A Jewish priest was therefore sent to them from Assyria to instruct them in the Jewish religion. They were instructed from the books of Moses, but still retained many of their idolatrous customs. The Samaritans embraced a religion that was a mixture of Judaism and idolatry (2 Kings 17:26-28). Because the Israelite inhabitants of Samaria had intermarried with the foreigners and adopted their idolatrous religion, Samaritans were generally considered “half-breeds” and were universally despised by the Jews.
Additional grounds for animosity between the Israelites and Samaritans were the following:
- The Jews, after their return from Babylon, began rebuilding their temple. While Nehemiah was engaged in building the walls of Jerusalem, the Samaritans vigorously attempted to halt the undertaking (Nehemiah 6:1-14).
- The Samaritans built a temple for themselves on “Mount Gerizim,” which the Samaritans insisted was designated by Moses as the place where the nation should worship. Sanballat, the leader of the Samaritans, established his son-in-law, Manasses, as high priest. The idolatrous religion of the Samaritans thus became perpetuated.
- Samaria became a place of refuge for all the outlaws of Judea (Joshua 20:6-7; 21:21). The Samaritans willingly received Jewish criminals and refugees from justice. The violators of the Jewish laws, and those who had been excommunicated, found safety for themselves in Samaria, greatly increasing the hatred which existed between the two nations.
- The Samaritans received only the five books of Moses and rejected the writings of the prophets and all the Jewish traditions.
From these causes arose an irreconcilable difference between them, so that the Jews regarded the Samaritans as the worst of the human race (John 8:48) and had no dealings with them (John 4:9). In spite of the hatred between the Jews and the Samaritans, Jesus broke down the barriers between them, preaching the gospel of peace to the Samaritans (John 4:6-26), and the apostles later followed His example (Acts 8:25).
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Cancer is a fatal disease in which abnormal cells multiply and divide in an uncontrolled manner. These abnormal cells form malignant tissues called tumors that threaten lives. There are over 200 types of tumors present. One of them is throat cancer. It refers to the cancer of vocal cords and other parts of the throat. Other parts may include organs with which you speak, swallow or breathe. Half of the cancer starts in the pharynx, which is the tube that starts behind the nose, while others may occur in the larynx which is also called the voice box.
There are two types in which throat cancer can spread:
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: It is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in squamous cells. It occurs in the flat-lining of the throat and is the second most common cancer diagnosed in The United States.
Adenocarcinoma: It generally occurs in the cells of the glands present in the throat. They also form in the esophagus.
The complication of this cancer tends to grow more rapidly. This is the reason why it is important to treat it as soon as possible.
Symptoms of Throat Cancer:
There are some signs that show whether a person has throat cancer or not:
What is the risk factors and causes regarding Cancer?
It has been found that men have been more vulnerable to throat cancer as compared to women. It may also be due to different lifestyles like:
People who have throat cancer are most likely prone to other cancer like lung cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, etc. This is because the cells that developed throat cancer may also travel to other parts of the body causing other cancer as well.
How to detect throat cancer?
To detect the cancerous cells in the throat, the doctor must be told all the changes that you are experiencing in your body. He will ask all about your medical history. If you have been getting some signs of constant cough, hoarseness, sore throat, this means you are most likely to develop throat cancer. In that case, there are various tests that are conducted to detect throat cancer and at what stage it has reached.
- Biopsy: In this, the sample of tissues is collected and observed under the microscope to find cancer cells. In this way, you will surely find out that whether the tumor formed is cancerous or not. This could be performed with the help of many things like needles or endoscope which is a process in which there is a tube fitted with a camera that will be lowered into the throat or mouth. The tool will properly perform the biopsy.
There is another test called imaging test which is also helpful in diagnosing throat cancer. It helps find the tumor and its size. It can be done by taking an MRI scan, X-Ray, etc.
What are the stages of Throat Cancer?
Each stage explains the severity of cancer that how much the dangerous cells have spread into the body. Generally, Stage 1 and Stage 2 are not that severe but when the stage reaches Stage 3 may have started spreading to other parts and stage 4 has spread to distant organs of the body.
Also Read: What are integrative medicines for cancer?
What are the treatments?
There are various treatments that are carried out by doctors to cure throat cancer. They may try to get rid of the cancerous tumors by carrying out these treatments. But that only depends on various factors:
- Where actually in the cancer
The treatments are:
Radiation: In this method, a high beam of energy radiations are emitted from the machine to kill cancerous cells. They could also be used for early-stage cancer.
Surgery: It could be done with a tube called an endoscope and kill the cells of cancer. If cancer has spread to your voice box, then it is removed via surgery and the windpipe is attached to an opening in your neck. In different ways, cancer could be treated with the help of surgery.
Chemotherapy: Cancer is treated with the drugs that kill the cancerous cells and stop them from spreading. This treatment is also used to shrink a tumor or keep the cells from growing more.
After the treatment, you need to make sure to regularly visit your doctor and keep him updated on the progress. If you are facing any kind of inconvenience, make him informed about it. Quit your consumption of alcohol and smoke.
Tags: Larynx cancer, Throat cancer treatment, Is throat cancer curable, How to check for throat cancer at home
Annie is the oldest writer at Cheap Medicine Shop and is the subject and publishing expert. She has a graduate degree in medicines along with a diploma in creative writing.
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For more than half a century, saturated fat has been regarded as a deadly nutrient that clogs your arteries and causes heart disease. However, when you consider the fact that we’ve been eating saturated fat for millions of years, it just doesn’t make sense that it could be so unhealthy.
Modern science often neglects the importance of nature and this is one of the more prominent examples. Many reputable sources of information are now revealing that we’ve been misled and saturated fat does not cause heart disease. In fact, the “heart healthy” vegetable oils that we’ve been told to use instead of saturated fat pose a much more significant risk.
What is Saturated Fat?
All fatty acids are molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbon atoms have the capability of forming single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms, and it is primarily this characteristic that distinguishes a fatty acid as saturated or unsaturated. Double and triple bonds are much more reactive and unstable than single bonds which can have significant implications for the fatty acid molecules that contain them.
Unsaturated fatty acids are characterized by having one or more double bonds while saturated fatty acids only have single bonds. This is why saturated fats are much more stable than unsaturated fats. Because of this difference in bonding, unsaturated fatty acid molecules tend to have a bent shape while saturated fatty acid molecules are straight. For this reason, fats that are more saturated tend to be more dense and are typically solid at room temperature.
Based on the number of carbon atoms in a saturated fatty acid, it is considered to be either short chain, medium chain, or long chain. As such, there is a variety of different saturated fatty acids and they each have a varying level of importance in the function of the human body.
Despite the bad reputation that saturated fat has undeservedly earned, it supports many of the body’s critical functions. The following are 12 reasons why saturated fat is an essential part of a healthy diet.
1. Physical Protection
Because saturated fat is dense and is able to remain solid at body temperature, it’s used to pad bony surfaces such as the palms, soles, and sitting bones and cushion vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and intestines.
2. A Good Source of Energy
Fat contains more than twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates and protein making it an efficient source of energy. When consumed, fat can be used immediately for energy or stored for later use. Saturated fat accounts for nearly half of our body fat and can be produced by the body from excess carbohydrate consumption. This ability to produce and store body fat is what enabled our prehistoric ancestors to survive long winters and avoid starvation.
The heart, the liver, and resting muscles consume most of the energy used by the body and prefer fat as their source of fuel. In fact, the saturated fats stearic acid and palmitic acid are the preferred source of energy for the heart which is a major contradiction to the idea that saturated fat causes heart disease.
Unlike most other fats, short and medium chain fatty acids such as caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid and lauric acid are easily absorbed through the intestines without the need to be broken down by bile acids. They’re transported directly to the liver, and as such, are an excellent and quick source of energy. Coconut oil and palm kernel oil are both abundant sources of medium chain fatty acids, particularly lauric acid.
3. Safe Cooking
The high temperatures of cooking can easily damage fats and oils and make them a health concern. This is especially the case with unsaturated fats because of their shared bonds. Polyunsaturated fats are the most unstable, and when exposed to the high temperatures of cooking, they easily become oxidized and form free radicals that are highly damaging to cells. In fact, free radical damage from polyunsaturated fats is now believed to be a major contributor to atherosclerosis and heart disease. As such, the polyunsaturated vegetable oils that have been pushed as “heart healthy” alternatives, such as soybean oil, corn oil, safflower oil, and canola oil, are anything but, especially for cooking. These oils are also commonly used in restaurants and in the manufacturing of processed foods.
Fats that contain a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids, such as butter, coconut oil, and palm oil, are excellent to cook with because they’re very stable and are also highly nutritious.
4. Healthy Brain and Nervous System Function
More than half of the human brain consists of fat and cholesterol, and between a third to more than half of the fat in the brain is saturated. Both saturated fat and cholesterol represent a significant portion of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers and preserves proper function of the brain and nervous system. If this protective layer is compromised in any way, it can lead to a number of neurological disorders.
5. A Source of Fat Soluble Vitamins
Saturated animal fats are an excellent source of fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, and K2 which are essential for good health and are deficient in most diets. These vitamins are important to immunity, gene expression, bone production, and many other critical functions.
6. Healthy Cell Function
According to Bruce Lipton, a cell biologist and the author of The Biology of Belief, the cell membrane regulates gene expression based on its surroundings and has a significant influence on our health and wellbeing. Saturated fat constitutes more than half of the cell membrane, and as such, contributes greatly to this influence. Because saturated fat increases the strength of cell membranes, it also provides cells with physical protection.
7. Strong Bones
According to research cited from Purdue University, saturated fat is essential to proper bone development and it’s incorporation of calcium. The fat soluble vitamins D and K2 that can be obtained from saturated animal fats are critical for healthy bone development as well.
8. Protection Against Toxins
Research has shown that saturated fatty acids help to reverse liver damage caused by alcohol and other toxic substances. Because saturated fats produce fewer free radicals, they’re also less likely to cause liver damage and impair it’s detoxification capabilities.
9. Stronger Immunity
Short and medium chain saturated fatty acids, particularly the lauric acid found in coconut oil and palm kernel oil, have natural antimicrobial properties that can provide protection against undesirable microorganisms in the intestines and promote a healthy balance of intestinal bacteria. This is important because the intestines account for more than two thirds of the immune system and have a tremendous influence on our health.
10. Good Lung Capacity
The alveoli of the lungs, which are where gas exchange occurs with blood, are lined with a material called surfactant. This material is what enables the alveoli to expand and facilitates the ease of breathing. As such, saturated fat is essential to healthy lung function, and it’s believed that when trans fats are consumed and used by alvoli cells to produce surfactant, lung function can become compromised and lead to the development of asthma.
11. Resilient Skin
Saturated fat makes skin cells more resistant to oxidative damage from the sun which can help to prevent sunburn, wrinkles, and skin cancer.
12. Proper Utilization of Essential Fatty Acids
Essential fatty acids are criticial to our health, and because they cannot be produced by the body, they must be obtained through diet. Among the many ways in which they support optimal health, they are important for proper immune, brain, and cardiovascular function. Saturated fats are believed to play a key role in the importance of essential fatty acids by promoting their proper utilization and protecting them from oxidation.
Know Your Fats
Fats are an essential part of a healthy diet, and to truly promote optimal health, it’s important that you understand their importance. To learn more, I highly recommend that you read Know Your Fats by Mary Enig PhD. This book is an excellent resource that dispels much of the popular misinformation about the health impact of various fats, particularly saturated fat. Nourishing Traditions by Sally Fallon is another excellent resource that also doubles as a great recipe book.
Photo credit: Freeimages.com/Anna Moderska
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Accountability: Ensuring Success of Your Goals and Lead Measures
Author: Leader in Me
January 17, 2019
Accountability is critical to achieving goals and lead measures. It is the secret ingredient to ensuring one’s success with them. And it’s not even a secret. It’s simply a step many people forget about after they are done with the goal-setting process. But I’m here to tell you, without accountability, how does one know they are making progress? By taking control of this critical process in goal setting, you are not only ensuring gains toward a goal, but you’re also raising the bar of your own expectations.
Accountability, Goals, and Lead Measures
A student creates a goal of reading 12 books over the summer. So they come up with a plan, write down the plan, and start working toward their goal. The student starts off by reading 1 book a week but slowly starts falling behind the pace needed to complete this goal. At the beginning of the school year, the student managed to read 10 books over the summer, not 12.
What did the student do wrong?
The answer is who knows? Without accountability, there is no way to track the student’s progress over the summer. There is also no way to see any problems the student may have had that hindered them from achieving their goal.
In fact, in this common scenario, many people would agree that the student was on the way to achieving their goal—they made a plan, they wrote it down, and they read. But how does one know for sure that the student was on their way to achieving their goal?
The answer is accountability.
With accountability built in to the goal-setting process, one can ensure that one will successfully reach their goals or lead measures. Why? Because in this stage of the goal-setting process, we can reach out to another person to help us remain accountable. This person is called an “Accountability Partner” or an “Accountability Buddy.”
This is a person holding you accountable for your goals or lead measures. One way for this person to help hold you accountable is through a cadence of accountability.
For example, an action plan might look like this:
Accountability Partners/Buddies, Teachers, and Parents
- Hold weekly or biweekly meetings to review scoreboards and discuss progress made toward goals and lead measures.
- Congratulate and cheer on progress.
- Offer insightful information if progress slows or stops.
For the Person Working Towards a Goal or Lead Measure
- Focus on a few critical goals.
- Identify and carry out high-leverage activities to achieve those goals.
- Use scoreboards to increase engagement and monitor progress.
- Have people hold you accountable through regular check-ins.
Of course, this is only one piece of the puzzle. Sean Covey will be speaking in depth about this subject as well as the other puzzle pieces this year at TASA (Texas Association of School Administrators) Midwinter Conference. This conference has become the most popular conference of the year for Texas school leaders because it provides such a valuable opportunity to come together to discuss and share innovative practices, network with peers, address the administrative issues administrators face every day, and gain fresh insights. Mr. Covey is humbled to have the opportunity to speak at this conference and will be at Booth 239 on Monday, January 28, 2019, at 10 A.M. Feel free to come by, pick up a copy of The 4 Disciplines of Execution, and talk goal setting and lead measures with him.
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14 Dec 2015
Arsenic filter units using sustainable biopolymers
In many rural areas, substitution of arsenic contaminated drinking water by a safe source may not be possible and arsenic removal may be a more appropriate water supply option in these situations. Removal methods like coagulation, suffers from the drawback of sludge disposal and have difficulty consistently meeting a low-level MCL of 10 µg/l. Reverse osmosis and electrodialysis requires power input, results in 20 -25% water wastage, expensive and thus not suitable for rural areas, especially in regions of water scarcity. Methods like ion exchange resins remove only arsenate. The main drawback of AA adsorption technology –is the cost of the material, decreasing uptake at pH 8, requirement of regeneration and lack of selectivity for arsenic. The biggest challenges ahead lie in applying the technologies described in poor, rural settings, and in enabling those communities to choose safe sources of water for drinking and cooking.
Chitosan, has been reported to be an efficient heavy metal scavenger due to the presence of hydroxyl and amino group. Peninsular India with a large coastline contains numerous seafood processing industries, which generate chitosan as a waste product. Due to the versatility of chitosan towards heavy metal adsorption and efficiency of iron oxide hydroxide towards arsenic removal the iron oxide coated chitosan proved to be a novel adsorbent for the removal of both As (III) and As (V) from real life arsenic contaminated ground water (1). A domestic filter unit has been developed and design of the same is shown in Fig.1. An orifice was made (1.5 mm) using the brass and nut assembly. Flow rate was found to be 7 l/h and nylon filter bag was used in the upper chamber to hold the adsorbent. Around 500g of iron coated chitosan flakes was used as the adsorbent. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 2. It should be noted that with 10 ppb as the cut off, 500 l of water could be treated and with 50 ppb as cutoff 950 l of water could be treated. Further the used chitosan flakes could be easily regenerated with 0.1 N NaOH and exhausted adsorbent was found to be non-hazardous as per EPA’s TCLP leaching test. Additional advantage of using chitosan is that it has antibacterial property and hence fouling of the sorbent bed will not occur. Thus this chitosan-based adsorbent is cost effective and environment friendly and could be applied to treat both As (III) and As (V) contaminated ground water streams.
1. Anjali Gupta and Nalini Sankararamakrishnan, Preparation and Evaluation of iron – chitosan composites for removal of As (III) and As (V) from arsenic contaminated real life groundwater, Water Research, 43, 2009, 3862 – 3870.
Fig. 1. Schematic Representation of Arsenic domestic filter unit
Fig. 2 Validation of Arsenic filter unit using Arsenic contaminated water
Total Arsenic concentration 192 ppb, pH of the water 7.82, flow rate 7 l, adsorbent dose 500 g of Iron Chitosan Flakes
About the Author:
Nalini Sankararamakrishnan is a Scientist at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian institute of Technology, Kanpur
For more information, contact: firstname.lastname@example.org
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During the First World War, fierce fighting took place between Russian forces and those of the Central Powers in the land of Galitzia. It was a scene of mass carnage.
Hundreds of thousands of Jews fought for both sides. One Russian Jewish soldier related the following event.
Yom Kippur was approaching and Jewish soldiers in a battalion asked their commander for permission to gather and pray. Their request was granted and they gathered in an empty storehouse for prayers.
They prayed with heightened emotion and shed bitter tears over their difficult plight as soldiers on the front. Also prominent on their minds was the welfare of their families in Poland and Russia facing untold dangers due to the war.
When the time for the concluding prayer, Neilah, arrived a young soldier named Arontzik was asked to serve as Chazzan (cantor).
It was a very special Neilah service. Aronchik’s prayers were powerful his voice was melodic and piercing. The emotions emitted by his prayers were indescribable, everyone present shed a river of tears as they pleaded for their lives in the face of the horrors of combat.
Soon the fast was over, but no one rushed to eat. Everyone just sat contemplating the intensity of their prayers.
Black bread and tea were finally brought and the soldiers broke their fast, yet the cantor for the closing prayer, the baal neilah who had aroused them to repentance, did not partake.
With the fast and the day over the soldiers lied down on the ground, exhausted, but they could not sleep as they were anxious about the battles that lay ahead.
The following day a new battle erupted. The fighting was furious. The cannons began pounding and the bullets flew like hail. Men were falling all around, one never knew which moment might be his last.
Eventually the fighting stopped and the enemy retreated. The soldiers began to regroup and were horrified to see that Aronchik, the baal neilah, had fallen.
A grave was dug for him by his Jewish comrades, giving him his final honor. On his gravestone they wrote, “Here lies Aronchik, the ‘Baal Neilah’; May his righteous soul rest in peace.”
May his heartfelt prayers inspire us to pray with greater ferver.
In Aronchik’s merit and in the merit of the multitudes of Jewish soldiers who made the supreme sacrifice on the battlefields of the First World War, may all our prayers be answered.
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|In the absence of Western investment, Zimbabwe has relied heavily on Chinese trade ties [GETTY]
As direct foreign investment from the West dried up over the past few years, Zimbabwe's economy started to go into free fall.
When the US and several EU countries spoke out vehemently against a land redistribution programme that saw white commercial farmers and their farm workers removed from the land, the Zimbabwean government looked to its old friend China for aid.
China and Zimbabwe have a history of co-operation, dating back to Beijing's support for the military campaign Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe's president, waged against white rule in the 1970s.
China continued to help prop up Zimbabwe's economy even as other foreign investors fled in recent years due to the forceful land redistribution programme and national elections in 2002.
At the time, Western observers had said the elections were marred by wide spread vote-rigging and violence against opposition supporters.
The Western economic sanctions on Zimbabwe increased Harare's reliance on China for imports of telecommunications, road building, irrigation and farming equipment, as well as a host of other critical items.
Chinese firms have contributed, sold or bartered arms, aircraft, buses, and hydroelectric generators to their African ally.
China is also said to have supplied building materials for Mugabe's lavish mansion in a plush Harare suburb.
As payback for standing by Mugabe during turbulent times, China siphons out millions of dollars worth of precious minerals.
Zimbabwe has the second largest reserves of platinum in the world and other precious metals, like gold and copper.
And the African nation has potentially billons in yet-to-be-exploited natural resources like coal-bed methane gas, huge coal reserves and immense hydroelectric power potential - as well as chromium, nickel and copper.
China is also a major consumer of tobacco and its companies have been given huge tracts of fertile land in Zimbabwe to grow the leaves and other agricultural products.
China's voracious appetite for these natural resources has resulted in its disbursement to Zimbabwe of soft loans with no-strings attached.
Zimbabwe has used these loans to finance schools, clinics, roads and other infrastructure.
In June, Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwe's prime minister, said an official had secured lines of credit worth $950m from China.
Zanu-PF, Mugabe's party, had mocked Tsvangirai, Mugabe's main rival, for failing to bring home much aid from his tour of the US and Europe earlier this year.
Zimbabwe's government needs an estimated $8bn to rebuild the country's ruined economy. Western countries have been wary of giving the government large amounts of cash, calling on Mugabe to halt alleged human rights abuses.
As the majority of Zimbabweans are poor, the country has become a big market for cheap Chinese products.
There are over 40 Chinese-run companies in Zimbabwe making a profit.
One store Al Jazeera visited sells products for as little as $0.16, and is always packed with customers.
A Chinese firm was given the contract to complete the Matabeleland-Zambezi water project - a dam meant to supply water to over a million people in the parched region.
Some $600mn is needed to finish the dam, which would take two years to complete if the money were available.
State funds to complete the dam dried up in 2007, and there is no indication that the $950m line of credit secured from China last month is being channelled toward it. But the dam has to be completed so people can grow more food.
Dumiso Dabengwa, from the Matabeleland-Zambezi water trust, says: "It should have been done yesterday. We started working on this project in 1990. By 1997, it [was] approved by government, and it's supposed to be done as a matter of urgency. Up to this day, we still haven't [finished]."
Analysts say China is under no pressure to help Zimbabwe finish this project. Zimbabwe needs China more than China needs Zimbabwe
"Had there not been a power like China that threatens to be the next super power to parallel with the United States," says Brian Badza a political analyst in Harare,.
"I think by now, Zimbabwe could have been part of history, [and] by Zimbabwe, I mean the current administration."
Who loses out?
While China and some politicians seemingly benefit from this cosy arrangement, ordinary Zimbabweans lose out.
Black farmers who benefited from the land redistribution programme struggle to get a good crop because the region is so dry.
Sheila Chinhamo, a Zimbabwean farmer, grows maize, ground nuts and rears cattle in the dry Matabeleland region.
"It has food shortages. Last year people, were dying of hunger," she tells Al Jazeera. "There was hunger last year - because of the rains."
Chinhamo says she does not believe the dam, which the Chinese are working on, will ever be completed.
Meanwhile, Chinese businesses continue to permeate Zimbabwean society.
The secretive nature of both the Chinese and Zimbabwean governments makes it difficult to know how the deals are being drawn up.
And it's impossible to know how much of the country Mugabe has mortgaged off to China in exchange for political and financial support.
Source: Al Jazeera
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A puzzle book filled with natural history facts, jokes, and images of Alaska.
The Share a Story, Shape a Future theme today is Literacy Your Way, Literacy My Way.
As the theme suggests, there is more than one path to literacy. Reading with kids may be the expressway, but there are scenic byways that offer fresh views and fun while still getting us there. Puzzles are a scenic byway that shouldn’t be missed.
Puzzles–math, word, logic, you name it–approach words, ideas, and literacy in a roundabout way. They highlight the drama of language, the absurdities, the bizarre, and the fun. Puzzles tease us, make us laugh, challenge us, and surprise us. In short, they entertain us while leading us to our destination: literacy.
Just as a Sunday drive is associated with recreation and relaxation, puzzles are associated with games and play, even though they require reading, understanding, and following instructions. They are short excursions into brain work–they don’t require a huge commitment of time, and the reward comes quickly. As kids attempt more difficult puzzles, they build the stamina that reading longer books requires.
When kids solve puzzles they learn to play with words. They get comfortable with them and enjoy them. They learn that sometimes words don’t mean what they seem to mean and that sometimes they can mean more than one thing. Discovering the complexity of words introduces kids to their beauty, revealing what’s clever and what’s funny. When kids embrace words as play things, they aren’t intimidated by them.
Like unfamiliar roads, puzzles have an air of mystery. We don’t know where they’re going, but we’re eager to find out. In the process of solving the mystery, kids learn how to think.
Puzzles can help pre- and early-readers develop letter recognition and writing skills and build vocabulary. Solving more advanced puzzles requires critical and creative thinking: developing and using logic, reasoning, fluency, associative thinking, and identifying forced relationships.
The challenges posed by puzzles can encourage us to step back and take a panoramic view of a problem, searching for a new perspective. Learning to try different approaches and to see things from new angles teaches kids flexible thinking and persistence, useful skills as they tackle more difficult words and text.
I approach puzzles from the opposite direction: I write them. Making puzzles is as fun, mysterious, and surprising as solving them. It’s the same adventure, just in reverse. I start with an answer–riddles and trivia are great puzzle fodder–then select a puzzle style that fits the answer: is it a one-word answer, a sentence, a shape or picture, a number? From there I work backward to generate the necessary clues, seeking out twists and turns to challenge puzzle solvers.
We all want kids to reach a place where they can read and write effectively. How they get there doesn’t matter. Providing alternate routes entices more kids to find their way.
How do we improve kids’ chances for success and thereby improve the world? By way of literacy. Be sure to include puzzles in your itinerary.
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Testudo is a Diamondback turtle. Like some other famous personages born into the Depression of the 1930s, the derivation of his name is cloudy. But it is likely that his moniker is derived from the scientific classification for turtle (testudines). Or the top turtle could be named after testudo gigantia, a species native to the African nation of Seychelles and one of its remote islands, Aldabra. Or the name could have come from a dictionary definition that says the word, testudo, was derived from the Latin and meant a shelter held over the head of Roman soldiers -- like a tortoise shell. These explanations are a long way from the Chesapeake Bay where the Diamondback lives.
When Testudo had his coming out on May 23, 1933, he was thrown into a world filled with intimidating mascots -- Wildcats, Tigers, Devils, Wolves, Bears -- thought up over a half-century of intercollegiate competition. Maryland College Park was consolidated from different state schools in 1920 to form the base of today's wide-ranging state system, and the remodeled Maryland needed a flag carrier to do battle with Wahoos, Lions and Generals.
Dr. H.C. Byrd, a football coach who later became University President, recommended the Diamondback as mascot in 1932 in response to the student newspaper's search for an "official" leader. Byrd's childhood in Crisfield, Md., apparently included skirmishes with this brand of snapping turtle, indigenous to the Bay. The school paper was in fact already called The Diamondback, and when the Class of 1933 stepped forward with the idea of giving the University a permanent bronzed version as its graduation gift, Testudo's family was in to stay.
Maryland had been referring to itself as Old Liners, yet another name whose derivation of which no one seems sure. Historians are in a scrimmage over whether the nickname is a reference to a Revolutionary War Troop of Maryland soldiers who distinguished themselves on the field of battle, or they feel it could refer to a squabble with Pennsylvanians over just where the border between the two states should be.
The Class of '33 raised money for casting a Diamondback by holding its Senior Prom on campus to save money on expenses. And the yearbook and Student Government Association chipped-in. Edwin C. Mayo, Class of '04 and a former quarterback, donated at cost the 300 pound bronzed beauty as President of Gorham Manufacturing in Providence, R.I. Robert J. Hill cast the inspired sculpture accomplished by company artist Aristide Cianfrani. Further turtleization came when the student yearbook, The Reveille, became The Terrapin in 1935. Newspapers, even then exploring every angle, shortened Terrapin to Terp for headline writing ease when it wasn't trying to cram Old Liner into a single column head. The name was in place; now came the stuff of legend.
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The Early Childhood program of study combines early childhood education and early childhood special education into one license birth through age 8. Early Childhood pre-service teachers have experiences with children birth through the age of 8 (third grade). Southwestern College operates an early learning center for children ages 2-5 and an after school program for children up to age 13, which provides opportunities to observe innovative teaching practices. Southwestern College also partners with several special education programs in the country such as PALS (Preschool and Language Stimulation), REACH program, and other early child care centers. In-classroom experiences and student teaching are planned and sequenced to develop candidates' knowledge skills, and professional dispositions necessary to promote the development and learning of young children across the entire development period of early childhood.
Anyone interested in the program who resides in a state other than Kansas must check with that state’s department of education to determine specific licensure requirements for teaching within that state and the acceptability of out-of-state licensure.
How does higher education help create the type of person that businesses want to hire? Learners will explore the answer to this question, and in doing so, help lay the foundation for academic and professional success. Each learner will develop a core set of skills needed to be both an effective college student and a successful professional in the 21st‐century workplace. Learners will develop and practice practical strategies with which to become more efficient and effective learners, while also developing higher‐order learning skills to reflect on critical issues relevant to both academic and professional environments such as personal responsibility and ethics.
This course helps learners develop writing skills that are transferrable to any academic or workplace writing task. The course guides learners through the process of planning, drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading academic and workplace writing. Learners will develop skills necessary to craft coherent sentences and paragraphs, to edit editing their writing for proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation. They will learn about narrative structure and techniques as well as the elements of successful argumentation and persuasive discourse. This course also guides learners through every stage of the research process. Learners will develop a research plan, conduct research, organize and draft a research paper, and then revise, edit, and proofread that research paper.
This course builds on the thinking and writing skills introduced in Composition 1. Learners will write critical, argumentative essays based on their interpretations of nonfictional texts, including literary, film, and cultural texts, and in doing so, will recognize the role of rhetoric in the writing situation as they craft persuasive discourse. In doing so, they will learn methods of questioning, analyzing, and evaluating their own beliefs as well as the perceptions and perspectives of others. These methods of critical thinking are intended to improve the quality and organization of learners’ writing for any purpose, including academic and workplace purposes. In addition to writing essays, learners will develop more advanced research strategies, as well greater proficiency in APA style.
This course helps learners majoring in any discipline strengthen communication skills essential for success in academics and the workplace. Learners will focus on listening, evaluating, and delivering spoken discourse based on audience and purpose. Learners will evaluate why some people are more effective than others as public speakers, analyze speeches and audiences, study ethical considerations for speakers, research and organize findings on a topic, and present findings before an audience, and learn techniques for identifying and reducing speech anxiety.
This course acquaints learners with the tools and major components of statistics. Learners will apply technology to analyze data. The course also includes the foundational terminology and practices used in contemporary statistics, such as data collection, metrics, score interpretation, and experimental design. Additionally, this course will promote the skills that learners need to be able to take information from the world around them and use it to make sound decisions based on solid evidence.
Learners in this course will gain a basic understanding of the biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial development in humans from birth through adolescence, with additional emphasis on young adult through death.
Seniors from various majors will share approaches from their different disciplines towards dealing holistically with issues that shape the future, seeking to integrate disciplines and to synthesize knowing, caring and doing.
Education Entrance Seminar provides an introduction to education as a career for second career and delayed start undergraduate learners . This course is designed to assist each prospective teacher in gaining a valid and comprehensive knowledge of what is involved in a teaching career. Emphasis is placed upon inquiry and personal involvement in planning an effective and successful career in education. This course is only for second career and delayed start learners.
This course explores the theories and applications of educational philosophies for students’ use in both the classroom and their personal and professional lives. Additionally, educational institutions will be examined from historical, economic, sociological, and political perspectives.
This course provides an opportunity for prospective teachers to observe, tutor, or mentor students in a school where there is a diverse population. Students must complete at least 20 hours of work in a school with a diverse population.
Prerequisite: EDUC215 (or concurrent enrollment).
Students will investigate and evaluate the significant impact technology has on learning, motivation, and pedagogy. Students will interpret and implement the National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS‐T) and for students (NETS‐S) and apply the NETS‐T to construct valuable teaching experiences, as well as experiences to highlight student learning that reflect the NETS‐S. Technology integration across the curriculum will be explored and students will develop and design lessons and use technology tools to support learning in an educational environment.
Students will familiarize themselves with the literacy components of writing, speaking, and listening. Students will refine their own writing skills, explore the writing process, understand the role of grammar in writing, and identify strategies to helppre‐K through 12th grade learners develop their own skills. The skills needed to view and comprehend material, arrange it, and aid pre‐K through 12th grade learners in the various ways information can be processed will also be addressed. Additionally, students will examine the benefits of cooperative learning in enhancing the speaking and listening skills of pre‐K through 12th grade learners, as well as the characteristics of exemplary speakers and listeners in the classroom.
This is a survey of literature K‐12. It explores literature and relevant contemporary issues regarding literary works and pedagogy for pre‐K through 12th grade.
This is an introductory course for those preparing for licensure to teach in the early childhood area. This course is designed to assist each prospective teacher in gaining a valid and comprehensive knowledge of what is involved in early childhood education. Emphasis is placed upon reflection, inquiry and personal involvement in planning an effective and successful career in early childhood, and developing an understanding of how children develop and learn successfully. Current trends, issues, developmental theories, and research findings related to the education of young children will be explored.
This course will examine the curricula, instructional strategies, and classroom organization for motor development, expressive arts, and social studies relevant to children ages birth through 8. Emphasis will be placed on the uniqueness as well as interrelatedness of the content areas, teaching methodology, and their successful implementation in the classroom environment. The course is designed as lecture with a co‐requisite 45 hours lab practice with children in an early childhood setting.
This course is designed to prepare prospective early childhood teachers in the understanding and appreciation of young children with exceptionalities. It will provide an overview of early childhood special education including service delivery models, atypical infant/toddler development, the effects of early intervention, and characteristics and etiologies of disabilities in young children. Appropriate delivery systems, assessment, curriculum, and intervention strategies will be considered.
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to growth and development issues related to infants and toddlers and to provide experiences with the organization and management of high quality environments for infants. Appropriate play activities will be introduced.
This course introduces prospective early childhood and elementary teachers to children’s speech and language development, the recognition and development of emergent literacy, and the foundational knowledge of the reading process. This will include an understanding of basic literacy development and the cultural and linguistic diversity issues related to this development, knowledge of the major components of reading, appropriate methodologies for building an effective balanced reading program, and a variety of assessment tools and practices used to plan and evaluate effective reading instruction.
This course is designed to prepare teachers to conduct reliable and valid assessments of children’s growth and development in the early childhood arena. Students are introduced to and have an opportunity to practice developing formal and informal assessment devices. Practice in developing and evaluating both open and closed assessment format is also provided. Special attention is given to performance‐based assessments, particularly in the context of instruction that is developmentally appropriate.
This course will emphasize the various methods of teaching and assessing reading in the elementary school. It will prepare prospective teachers to develop programs to strengthen vocabulary and comprehension skills, assess growth in reading skills, diagnose reading problems, and adapt instructional materials and delivery methods to meet the special needs and learning styles of students. In conjunction with regular course work, the prospective teacher will gain experience through practical application with a required 20 hour practicum in the public schools.
Prerequisite: Admission to Teacher Education.
The purpose of this class is to promote the understanding that quality services for young children and their families are best ensured by establishing collaborative relationships between the home, school, program, and community. A portion of the course focuses on techniques for establishing collaborative relationships with parents and involving family members in the growth and development of the young child. Health, nutrition, and safety issues also will be explored.
This course introduces prospective educators to children’s speech and language development, recognition and development of readiness skills, and appropriate methodologies for developing the communications skills of young children.
This course will provide an overview of the responsibilities of administrators, directors, and teachers in school and program management. Legal and financial issues also will be covered, as well as ethical aspects of early childhood programs. Additionally, students will be introduced to successful classroom management strategies.
This course will focus upon the administration and interpretation of test instruments including screening tests, formal and informal tests, norm and criterion‐ referenced tests, and diagnostic and achievement tests. Individual assessment of developmental skills, academic achievement, adaptive behavior, and processes will be included.
The goal of this course is to provide an overview of assistive technology and what it can do for learners with special needs. In addition, students will be able to implement a framework for identifying student needs and determining desired outcomes when choosing technological solutions.
This course will prepare prospective teachers to teach science and mathematics in the early childhood (birth through eight) setting. Theories and methodologies will be explored. Special attention will be given to developmentally appropriate activities, with significant emphasis placed on integrating subject matter. Technology issues also will be covered.
A course designed specifically to study the behavior of individuals and groups in educational settings. Emphases are placed upon development, motivation, assessment, individual differences, teaching modalities and learning preferences. Attention is also given to character education and attitudes. Directed observation and participation in the public schools provide practical application of course theory. Twenty hours of observation/participation in a public school classroom is required.
Prerequisite: Admission to Teacher Education.
A course designed to prepare prospective elementary and secondary teachers in the understanding and appreciation of students with exceptionalities. Emphases are placed upon characteristics and categories of exceptionality, processes of referral, assessment, and placement of exceptional students. Effective teaching practices and observation in the public schools provide practical application of course theory. Twenty hours of observation/participation in a public school classroom is required.
Prerequisite: Admission to Teacher Education.
This course focuses on the development of professional teaching skills for the early childhood teacher, including a personal philosophy of education; classroom management procedures; a discipline plan; and instructional methods. This course is for online learners only.
A seminar course designed to be taken in conjunction with the student teaching block. This course focuses on the theory and application of educational philosophies for the student’s use in both classroom and personal professional life. Candidates practice reflection and problem solving of professional issues and tasks which may be encountered by the beginning teacher. Students are also prepared to seek professional positions.
Prerequisites: Unconditional admission into student teaching. Concurrent enrollment with either EDUC446, 447, 448, or 449.
Clinical experiences in kindergarten through third grade public school classrooms for teacher licensure candidates.
Prerequisites: Unconditional admission into student teaching.Concurrent enrollment with EDUC440.
All degree requirements are subject to change. Please see Southwestern College Catalog for the most current degree requirements.
*Online courses are six weeks long with the exception of some RN to BSN and Education courses. Please review the course catalogs for more information.
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22 Sep 2021
Venue: Online | Webex
This virtual side-event to the 48th Session of the Human Right Council, is convened by the Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights, Marcos Orellana, within the framework of the Geneva Toxic Free Talks, with logistical support of the Geneva Environment Network. The Special Rapporteur will present his annual thematic report to the UN Human Rights Council, dedicated to the human right to science with regard to the risks and harms associated with the life cycle of hazardous substances and wastes, examining the dynamics and interconnections between scientific progress, the diffusion of scientific information and the science-policy interface.
About this Session
Science provides the international community with knowledge about the risks and harms posed by hazardous substances on human health and the environment and thus enables the elaboration of evidence-based policies to address those threats. Science-based policies protect the range of human rights that are compromised when individuals and communities are exposed to hazardous substances and waste. The creation of effective channels connecting science with policymaking is indispensable to advancing the contribution of scientific knowledge to human rights protection.
The right to science implies the availability and accessibility of accurate scientific information to the general public and specific stakeholders. The right to science also requires that governments correct scientific disinformation. It implies an enabling environment where scientific freedoms may be realized and where governments foster needed scientific research on toxic substances that endanger human health and the environment.
The ability of society to benefit from scientific knowledge is threatened by the propagation of disinformation about scientific evidence. The manufacturing of doubt about the risks and harms of hazardous substances by producers of deadly products has become a lucrative business. Certain business entities specialize in deliberately spreading ignorance and confusion in society. Tactics of denial, diversion and distortion are intended to keep hazardous products on the market, despite knowledge of their risks and harms, and at the expense of adequate human rights protections. Scientists themselves are often the target of campaigns that harass, discredit, threaten or undermine them if they question, publish or speak out about the risks and harms of hazardous substances.
The side event will be dedicated to an exchange of views on these and other aspects related to the right to science in the context of toxic substances.
The Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights
About the Mandate
The mandate on hazardous substances and wastes was first established in 1995 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (Commission Resolution 1995/81). Today, it is under UN Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/RES/45/17 of 2020.
Current Mandate Holder
Marcos A. Orellana was appointed Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights (full title – Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes) in August 2020. He is an expert in international law and the law on human rights and the environment. His practice as legal advisor has included work with United Nations agencies, governments and non-governmental organizations.
About the Geneva Toxic Free Talks
Geneva Toxic Free Talks
Geneva is a central place for those struggling against the threat of contamination by the use of toxic substances. As the Special Rapporteur reports every Fall to the Human Right Council and to the UN General Assembly on these issues, the Geneva Toxic Free Talks take the momentous opportunity in the year to reflect on the challenges posed by the production, use and dissemination of toxics and on how Geneva contributes to bringing together those working in reversing the toxic tide. This year, the Special Rapporteur will also be presenting a report on Plastics and human rights on 23 September 2021 at 13:30 CEST.
By order of intervention.
H.E. Amb. Álvaro MOERZINGER
Permanent Representative of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva
Head, Global Affairs Section, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment
UN Special Rapporteur on Toxics and Human Rights
Laura N. VANDENBERG
Associate Dean of Undergraduate Academic Affairs and Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Executive Director, Pesticide Action Network Asia Pacific
Monika GAIL MACDEVETTE
Chief, Chemicals and Health Branch, UNEP
Yves LADOR | Moderator
Representative to the United Nations in Geneva for Earthjustice
Opening Remarks | H.E. Amb. Álvaro MOERZINGER | Permanent Representative of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay to UN Geneva
Yesterday, the UN Secretary General stressed that “science is under assault”. In that sense, we need to take positive action against disinformation, which directly violate the right to science, through global cooperation and solidarity, by disseminating scientific knowledge in a transparent manner and communicating it in plain language, allowing the public to receive the best available scientific evidence, which improves the realization of this right.
Read the full statement of the Ambassador here.
Uruguay expresses its gratitude to the Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights, Marcos Orellana for timely convening this side event.
I would like to quote the recent UN Secretary General words at the opening of the 76th UN General Assembly “We see the warning signs in every continent and region. Scorching temperatures. Shocking biodiversity loss. Polluted air, water and natural spaces”. In summary, we face three planetary crises: climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.
Interconnectedness characterizes our time and is reflected in the crisis we face in the XXI Century. These phenomena have multiple ramifications, they require coordinated actions from the States and multiple stakeholders covering different areas, as UN Bodies, civil society, scientists, academy and the private sector. We need to continue working together to address this crisis that know no borders and due to their dimensions, require agile and efficient responses.
In this sense, for better decision-making at the national, regional and international levels, an independent and intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals and Waste should be established. For what purpose? to harmonize, synthesize and evaluate existing scientific knowledge; to facilitate the determination of risks and harmful effects on human health and the environment with a special focus on human rights. International cooperation is of critical importance for developing countries and for the benefit of the international community.
The science-policy panels make a valuable contribution to international negotiations and to the progressive development of international environmental law, which Uruguay promotes since 1981, with the Montevideo Programme for the Development and Periodic Review of Environmental Law. Also, we will be able to strengthening the new framework for SAICM Beyond 2020, the plastic waste management, as well as the global governance of chemicals and waste.
Also, we will be able to accelerate actions to tackle the three current environmental crises at the same time as climate change, protecting biodiversity and preventing and reducing global pollution. We hope to deepen the discussions on the creation of the SPI in the next segment of UNEA-5.
We welcome the report of the Special Rapporteur on “The right to science in the context of toxic substances” that was presented yesterday to the 48° Session of the Human Rights Council, and especially, we would like to highlight the interrelation between the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, referred to as “the right to science” and the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment to face the severe toxification of the planet and its people.
He presented a clear picture that the unsound management of chemicals and waste create dangerous sources of pollution for our societies and environment. In fact, most of the global population is exposed to hazardous substances and wastes without their consent, which adversely affect a range of human rights, including the rights to life, health, adequate food and housing, clean air and safe water, a healthy environment and safe and healthy work.
In that sense, several international law instruments as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of everyone to “share in scientific advancement and its benefits”. Also, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights expands upon this right and the obligation of States.
The right to science is also reflected in regional human rights instruments and several national constitutions. For instance, as recognized by the Special Rapporteur´s report, in the Americas, the inter-American system provides a comprehensive protection of the right to science. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, recognizes the right to science in language similar to that of the Universal Declaration. Also, the Charter of the Organization of American States, calls for the sharing of the “benefits of science and technology” among its member States. Lately, the Protocol of San Salvador signed in 1988, further elaborates upon the right to science.
Uruguay legislation recognizes the State´s obligation to prevent the exposure of people to hazardous chemicals and waste and protect them from their risks and harmful effects.
Yesterday, the UN Secretary General stressed that “science is under assault”. In that sense, we need to take positive action against disinformation, which directly violate the right to science, through global cooperation and solidarity, by disseminating scientific knowledge in a transparent manner and communicating it in plain language, allowing the public to receive the best available scientific evidence, which improves the realization of this right.
Likewise, we would like to highlight the importance to protect scientists that are often subject to intimidation, harassment, threats, and persecution, and to promote the exercise of academic and scientific freedoms as well as the right to freedom of expression, which are indispensable for scientific research.
The Special Rapporteur, in the introductory paragraph of his report, expresses: “Science provides the international community with knowledge about the risks and harms posed by hazardous substances on human health and the environment and thus enables the elaboration of evidence- based policies to address those threats. Science-based policies protect the range of human rights that are compromised when individuals and communities are exposed to hazardous substances and waste.”
As an example of the positive link between science and policy, we can describe our response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Uruguayan government has taken decisive actions based on science and on the recommendations of the WHO. Transparent and constant communication, ensuring the population the right to information, public participation and responsible freedom of the population have characterized our management of the crisis.
In this case, all decisions taken were based on the permanent advice of 58 multidisciplinary science experts, members of the Honorary Scientific Advisory Group (GACH) which was created during the health emergency. Several disciplines debated, cooperated and conducted an interdisciplinary dialogue of broad scope. This avoided doubts from the public opinion and allowed to organize successful vaccine campaigns.
Thank you very much
Opening Remarks | Felix WERTLI | Head, Global Affairs Section, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment
Thank you very much for the opportunity to speak today, and for the report. I would like to very much support what His Excellency Moerzinger has mentioned before. I will focus my intervention on the Intergovernmental Science Policy Panel. You might have heard that at the Berlin Conference on Chemicals, earlier this year, Switzerland has made a proposal to take at UNEA5 a decision to establish such an Intergovernmental Science Policy Panel and to launch negotiations for it.
A few thoughts on where we are coming from, what we’re expecting, and also some linkages to the report we have received from the Special Rapporteur. The report highlights the very importance of communication, effective channels connecting science with policy making, and that is exactly what we are aiming to enhance and to improve. At the moment, the Chemicals and Waste Cluster has no international institution such as the climate with the IPCC or biodiversity with IPBES. They have instruments such as the Global Chemicals Outlook, however those are not sufficient. Besides many very important valid information in it, they don’t have the standing and capacity to reach a large audience and to have policy makers be provided the necessary information.
One point we have also seen in the report is that a lot of fragmentation comes in international science policy. I have to admit I’m not fully sure if fragmentation is the right term to describe it, because we have currently very important science policy bodies: for example for the MEAs like POPs for the Stockholm Convention or the Ozone in Montreal Protocol. They have a specific task to fulfill: it is well defined and very important, which makes us think that they work on their own, that they do what they have to do. For sure, there’s always room for improvement. There’s room for adaptation to take up if there’s specific challenges. But in principle they have a clear function.
What we talk about is something else: a science policy panel for the entire Chemicals and Waste Cluster. Switzerland and most probably a few other countries are going to submit together at UNEA 5.2 a resolution suggesting the establishment of such a panel and to launch negotiations. When we talk about a science policy panel, we emphasize that it’s important that it has to be intergovernmental. We need an effective channel connecting academia with policy making and to have the best channel. It is when policymakers can ask questions to academia and academia can respond. It’s a two-way stream because we know in Chemicals and Waste, there is a lot of science and information involved. However, we need to have a way in which policymakers can act on them. This is the best way in our view to achieve this. For example, for climate change, if the policy side can ask questions and get responses that are consensus-based, state-of-the-art, and policy-relevant without being prescriptive. It has to be advice that we can use for policy making. For sure it can’t say how we have to do it. It gives option and then governments have to decide on it.
One part of the report also addresses the question, what is a scientific fact? When we talk about science in the context of the governmental science policy panel then we have kind of a wide meaning. It includes all relevant disciplines, such as chemistry, physics, ecotoxicology, material science, sustainability and economics. So depending on the issue, on what the policies are asking for, we have to get the right scientists, the right academia on board to provide those annual answers.
A very important element is the conflict of interest in policies. Where we have good examples we can build upon their experiences, such as the IPCC’s to work on those issues.
The science policy panel should have three key functions. The first is horizon scanning, the examination of information to identify potential threats, risks, emerging issues and opportunities. It could also be a tool to identify issues of concern and provide evidence-based options on how to address them.
A second function would be undertake assessments on the nature and scale of particular issues. So this assessment of assessments will be basic science, it gathers available information, brings them together, and then answers the questions made by the policy side.
The third would be communications or to provide up-to-date relevant information, catalyze scientific research, have a communication team of scientists and policy makers, and also to present themselves to the public. It’s also the chance to emphasize to better communicate on the huge challenges. As mentioned we have those environmental crisis, we have the climate with IPCC, we have biodiversity where we have IPBES, and now we need one for the Chemicals and Waste Cluster to respond to this one.
For sure we could not make a copy-paste from existing institutions such as the IPCC. We have to find a specific form that is adjusted and adapted to the needs and functions of the chemicals and Waste Cluster. We have to take into account what we have already, such as the Conventions. We have to address, to find and to access the knowledge that exists. In particular, we have to include the IOMCs and UN organizations that work on chemical safety, design measures of chemicals and waste. As it goes it shouldn’t only be about the environment, it has to be about environment and health, so we have to very strongly include UNEP and WHO. To fulfill the list also we have to find a way to work with our stakeholders, non-governmental organizations, private sector and so on, to harness from their experience and their knowledge to have really fulfilled the sound information.
Thanks again for the opportunity to be part of this panel today and for the report. As mentioned it was quite a good food for thought. You have highlighted some important challenges. You’ve also raised the opportunities and what we see as a key opportunity is to establish such a panel to take up important questions to deliver sound information and policy relevant options to improve the sound management of chemicals and waste. Thank you.
Presentation of the Report to the Human Rights Council | Marcos ORELLANA | UN Special Rapporteur on toxics and human rights
Thank you very, and thank you also to Uruguay and Switzerland for co-sponsoring this event, as well as Earthjustice, Center for International Environment Law, and the Geneva Environment Network.
I am very pleased to be with you today, and to speak about the report that I presented yesterday to the Council on the Right to Science and its implications for the sound management of hazardous substances. By way of introduction, I could start by saying as I mentioned yesterday that the Right to Science has largely until recently been ignored by the human rights community, and it’s high time for it to be given the role and implementation that it deserves.
In that regard, General Comment 25 of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights that was produced last year in 2020 provides already a solid basis to explore the implications of the Right to Science in the in the toxics context. These implications must take cognizance at the outset of at least two elements of reality that I wish to highlight the first one as already mentioned by His Excellency Ambassador of Uruguay, and quoting Secretary General also the High Commissioner’s opening statement to the Council a few days ago, talked about the triple crisis of pollution, climate change, and loss of nature that is affecting humanity. In the face of this crisis, we need all the tools that we can muster in order to confront it and overcome it. That’s the first very big point.
The second one is the attacks against science either for profit or ideology. We have seen over the last years and decades a concerted attack against science and scientists. Whether it’s disinformation for profit or ideology, whether it’s attacks against scientists for other reasons the outcome of that is confusion, and that is to the benefit of those who want to continue to profit from the status quo. The report puts an emphasis on the science policy interface which is also guided by the most recent Human Rights Council resolution that we knew puts an emphasis on this element.
The report describes science. It describes what is scientific evidence then provides an overview of how the right to science is recognized in global and regional human rights instruments. It identifies threats against science and scientists. It also identifies mechanisms for science to inform toxics. I will speak to these elements in a moment but I also wish to highlight what the report does not cover. This is not the first report of a Special Rapporteur on the Right to Science. There have been previous reports that focused on intellectual property rights, for example, so I do not get into that. I do also not get into the question of how science or its applications and themselves violate human rights.
So in terms of what is sciene only a couple key points to highlight. Science is a body of specialized and specific knowledge, of knowledge accumulated through an iterative, logical and empirically-based process. I emphasize this because this body of knowledge can be distinguished from other forms of knowledge such as experiential knowledge of local communities that may be affected by chemicals and waste, or traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples. Now this distinction has a couple implications: one is on the participation in the process of science. So there, the report speaks for example to so-called citizen science and the importance of protocols and the information derived from that experience. This is an element also that ties with agency in that communities, where with the information, they are able to take their destiny in their own hands and be the best advocates for their interests. Then there’s participation in decision making, or how the decisions flow from the scientific process. This is where the right to science connects quite directly with the right to participate in the decision-making and right to information as well. That’s another element that I wish to highlight: science as a specific form of knowledge.
A second element is that science involves an enabling environment for scientific evidence to flourish. What are some of the elements that go into this enabling environment? The freedoms to determine topics of research, whether it’s basic science or applied science. Perhaps a counterpart to that freedom is the government’s duty to also make sure that there are resources available for research on issues of particular social need. So not only the interests of some segments of the population, especially wealthy components that can afford certain technologies but also what does the right to science mean for the prevention of exposure to hazardous substances. Another freedom that is central to enabling environment is the freedom to act from undue pressure. This links to a freedom of expression and information which is so often curtailed, and I’ll come back to this when talking about threats to science and to scientists.
The second big component in the anatomy of the report is the analysis of international instruments. It goes into looking at the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as well as the Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights; the way that the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights has interpreted the totality of Article 15, not just the element that focuses on the right to benefit from scientific progress and applications but a point that i wish to highlight is that even those regional systems that do not explicitly recognize a standalone Right to Science have nevertheless in their jurisprudence, in hearing cases, elaborated on the significance of scientific evidence. For example in the jurisdictions of the European Court of Human Rights, in relation to Article Six on fair trial latency periods and the denial of justice in exposure of toxics, Articles Two and Eight on privacy and private life, the right to life in relation to environmental risks jurisprudence takes account and builds on issues of environmental risks and environmental evidence. Similarly with the African Commission on Human People’s Rights where the right to a healthy and safe environment has been interpreted in relation to scientific evidence and the participation of communities in decision making.
On normative content, what does the Right to Science actually require? How can science be used and should it be used to inform policy? The starting point here is to recognize that one of the key benefits of science is the generation of scientific knowledge. But that scientific knowledge will not benefit society unless it is translated into actual measures that provide protection to the population in relation to the risks and harms that scientific evidence reveals or uncovers. That’s where the science policy interface becomes so important.
Now in order to operationalize that unpacking several duties is first of all the availability and accessibility of scientific information. This includes the underlying data on legislative proposals. For example, the availability of scientific evidence enables the taking of measures on that basis and that can be regarded as the duty to take measures and some positivity to align the existing regulations with best available scientific evidence. This brings in a dynamic concept of, for example environmental and health regulations, as science progresses so it is expected that regulations will also progress.
One point I wish to highlight here it also came up in the interactive dialogue yesterday is the best available scientific evidence is not a monolithic body of knowledge. At times scientific evidence close to a core of consensus may show precisely that level of consensus, of what is a fact but moving out of that. Or there may be divergent or minority views. Now so long as the knowledge is derived from scientific method that it follows peer review, that there’s ample opportunity for expression opinion for testing interrogating, that there’s transparency, etcetera, the components of what makes an enabling environment for the scientific undertaking, those divergent minority opinions can very well form the basis of policy. The WTO for example in its jurisprudence has recognized at least that much.
Another point that’s worth highlighting here is on the precautionary principle. This was also a question yesterday in the interactive dialogue because it is at times argued that the precautionary principle is anti-science. It would justify measures without scientific evidence and that’s a complete distortion of what the precautionary principle’s function and role is about. The precautionary principle begins to fill gaps and complements scientific process. Scientific processes by its own nature are inherently an interrogation, a constant process of interrogation and review. The knowledge is incremental. There may well be gaps and there are unavoidable uncertainties and so in order to take measures and frame policies in those situations and circumstances, the precautionary principle plays that role. It has been understood as an element of due diligence by recent decisions of international courts that have looked at this. For example the Interamerican Court’s advisory opinion on human rights and the environment a couple years ago, and similarly the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea. It has been critically important for decisions at a national level.
To another key element of normative content which is international cooperation. International cooperation is critical as the pandemia has shown. Solidarity is one of the critical elements that are needed in order to overcome this global threat. Now it can take place bilaterally, but developing countries often lack the resources and capacity to conduct original scientific research and very well can benefit from the information that is derived in other parts of the world, and not just bilateral cooperation, information clearing houses, among others but also globally or internationally. That’s where science policy interface platforms play a very important role. The report scans the landscape of existing platforms, particularly on Multinational Environmental Agreements and concludes that they’re fragmented. I take the point just made by Felix from Switzerland that fragmented may not be the most felicitous expression. What’s intended here is that the scope of meas is focused it’s limited, and so the science policy interface serving that MEA is necessarily so also limited. So we have kind of an archipelago of platforms. In that sense they’re fragmented.
In some other senses they’re limited in that at times the evidence so derived and assessed in those platforms has not translated into actual measures of protection. The example of the Rotterdam Convention in regards to asbestos or paraquat is ostensible, and steps to overcome that paralysis is very important. So to echo again Felix Wertli, the need for a global platform, as he said horizon scanning — not just on the terms of reference of one MEA but on the whole field, of what’s coming up in the horizon, authoritative assessments and and he also spoke about communication, but perhaps i would frame and nuance it as awareness in the public. There’s an element of education.
So very quickly then passing to talk about a few of the threats that the report identifies against science and against scientists. The tactics to divert and delay: some of the playbook here often deployed by industry was developed in the 1950s, originally by the tobacco industry. This has since been applied in a range of areas (climate change, chemicals, etc.) to highlight alternative explanations and divert attention, or to claim lack of proof and demand ever increasing scientific evidence so paralysis by analysis, or funding front groups that appear legitimate to appear as devoted to the public interest but are really there to confuse, and thus producing uncertainty and disinformation. This, in this way, is a direct attack against the Right to Science.
Another point worth highlighting here is conflicts of interests. Conflicts of interest, inappropriate financial relations between those scientists other persons involved in the science policy platforms can undermine the whole effort of translating science into policy. There is a big debate as to whether conflicts of interest should be managed or should be avoided altogether. Managed as in disclosures of affiliations are avoided as in clear terms of reference for who can sit in or who is not welcome to sell these platforms. The report takes a very clear position that conflicts of interest should be avoided in order to preserve the credibility of the scientific enterprise. There’s more that could be said about greenwashing, or the appearance of efforts while nothing changes or “woke-washing”, so blaming the poor for not taking measures that could affect the poor. This is big in climate change as well but those are a few of the threats that are directed against science. The threats against scientists campaigns of harassment intimidation against them and their families this is all very worrying. One point that the report makes is that scientists who sound the alarm on risks and harms associated with hazardous substances should be regarded and protected as human rights defenders and benefit from international national instruments for their protection, including whistleblowing protections.
To conclude very quickly the Right to Science is a key tool for humanity to confront the triple crisis of pollution climate change and biodiversity. For this it requires that measures be aligned with the best available science. In order to achieve that, science policy interface platforms that are free of conflict of interest are key and critical to transform knowledge into policy.
Thank you very much for your attention and I very much look forward to any comments and questions that you may have. Thank you.
Disinformation campaigns through distortion of scientific information and dissemination of fake science, silencing of scientists and means to combat such practices | Laura N. VANDENBERG | Associate Dean of Undergraduate Academic Affairs and Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
I appreciate the opportunity to be here and to contribute with comments on the issues related to why providing people with information, scientific knowledge is a human right. My work has focused on two aspects of this question.
One is as a laboratory scientist, a research scientist, I and the folks that work in my lab have worked hard to evaluate the effects of numerous chemicals on health effects using laboratory animals. My work has contributed a lot of knowledge specifically on a class of chemicals that are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals or EDCs. There has been a lot of work that’s been done at the United Nations, at the WHO and in international organizations that focused on identifying why EDCs pose such a hazard to the public. These are chemicals that pose threats because they’re hazardous to individuals and to communities. They’re hazardous to workers who are exposed during the production of the chemicals themselves or products. And they’re also hazardous because many of these chemicals persist in the environment and continue to affect populations, long after their use was ever intended. They in fact they affect more than just human populations but also wildlife populations.
More recently my work has also started to focus on understanding why the best evidence is not actually used by regulatory agencies or governments to protect public health. One of the reasons why is that there’s a there’s a large concerted effort by polluting industries and manufacturing industries to continue to promote the use of chemicals, even after those industries themselves have knowledge of the harm that those chemicals can pose.
This is not news to anyone who’s been around for the last 50 years and saw many tactics that were used by the tobacco industry to try to promote the health of tobacco in some cases, or to refute really solid scientific knowledge that’s not refutable about the effects of tobacco on human health. The tobacco industry provided us with what they referred to themselves as a playbook. In Industry documents that were released after lawsuits against the tobacco industry, the tobacco industry acknowledged that their goal was not to um sell tobacco alone but also to convince the public that there was insufficient evidence of harm associated with tobacco.
Work that myself and my colleagues have been doing for the last several years is intended to understand these tactics that were developed by the tobacco industry, and that now we see widely used by other industries. Several experts have referred to these tactics that collectively are used as ways to manufacture doubt. We define this as actions that deliberately alter and misrepresent noble facts. These aren’t areas where there’s honest scientific debate, but where there’s knowable information that individuals deliberately alter or misrepresent to promote an agenda often to benefit a broader industry, a specific corporation, or a group of individuals. This last point is very important. It is where we separate those who manufacture doubt from those who perpetuate doubt.
The average person who is sharing a meme on facebook or tweeting a tweet that is outside of their area of expertise, may be doing something that benefits industry, but without the knowledge that they’re doing it for that reason. We refer to those as doubt perpetuators. In fact, the use of social media and the spread of information in more modern ways has allowed doubt to be perpetuated in lay audiences in ways that it was not in previous generations.
One of the things that we have been doing is to look across industries and try to understand the various tactics that been that have been used across different industries. My colleagues and I selected case studies that are exceptionally well documented. We can get primary documents from these various industries from individuals that were involved in these cases, and we compared them to see where is their consistency and the kinds of tactics that are used by industries to manipulate knowledge and to manufacture doubt. The five industries that we have looked at to date include some that are really large industries like tobacco or the sugar industry, others that are much smaller so focused on a single chemical, in this case the production of atrazine, which is a pesticide used to control weeds, and also things that don’t just involve a single industry but multiple organizations, like discussions around climate change. What we did is to evaluate as many documents as we could from those five industries. We identified 28 unique tactics that are used by one or more of these industries to manufacture doubt.
- Attack study design
- Gain support from reputable individuals
- Misrepresent data
- Suppress incriminating information
- Contribute misleading literature
- Host conferences/seminars
- Avoid/Abuse peer review
- Employ hyperbolic language
- Blame other causes
- Invoke liberties/censorship/overregulation
- Define how to measure outcome/exposure
- Take advantage of scientific illiteracy
- Pose as defenders of health/truth
- Obscure involvement
- Develop a PR strategy
- Appeal to mass media
- Take advantage of a victim’s lack of money/influence
- Impede government regulation
- Alter product to seem healthier
- Influence government/laws
- Attack opponents
- Appeal to emotion
- Inappropriately question causality
- Make strawman arguments
- Abuse credentials
- Abuse data access requests
- Make slippery slope arguments
There’s a range of tactics that are used. These target different audiences. In some cases, the point is to try to convince the public that there’s nothing to worry about, in other cases the point is to try to convince the judicial system or regulatory systems, sometimes it’s to try to influence other scientists and experts in the field. Different tactics are better employed depending on who is the intended audience of that manipulated information. Of these 28 tactics several were shared by all five of the industries that we examined, which means that these are incredibly effective tactics that are used broadly to try to manipulate public knowledge and to manipulate decision making around obvious public health threats.
Other tactics were unique to specific industries because the tactic was designed to protect some aspect of that industry’s behavior. These are the tactics that are widely shared across industries and are quite effective:
- Attack the scientific studies: this is not to say that there is such thing as a perfect study. There is no such thing as a perfect study. Every study has flaws or limitations to it. When using this tactic what industries do, is they take science and they tear it apart. They emphasize study designs that really would only have a minimal impact on the outcome. And they emphasize flaws in studies that are often some of the best evidence that the polluting industry is causing harm to the public.
- Gain support from reputable individuals: they’ll look for politicians, members of industry, doctors, scientists, health officials, to try to defend the product. In some cases, these are experts who would have a reasonable reputation that’s involved in the field. So finding a doctor to talk about an effect on the liver makes sense, finding a physicist to talk about an effect on the liver doesn’t make sense, and yet you can find physicists who will speak outside of their zone of expertise and will use their credentials to support unsupportable cases.
- Use misrepresent data: there’s a bunch of ways that this can be done. Industry can design studies purposefully to fail and then use them to pollute the scientific literature to suggest that there is doubt when no doubt actually exists. There are plenty of ways we all know to cherry pick data to support one viewpoint versus another. Oftentimes when this is done, the cherry-picked data also have other conflicts of interest, so there’s other reasons to not support using those data.
- Use of hyperbolic language: we’ve seen this a lot with climate change, we’ve seen this a lot with studies of agrochemicals. This use of buzzwords like junk science versus sound science is a really easy way to dismiss entire fields of study. I’ve seen this done with environmental epidemiology, to suggest that an entire field of study should not be trusted. The public has a very hard time understanding the nuances of various scientific fields and they can fall victim very easily to these kinds of labels of junk science or sound science.
- Use power and proximity to regulatory bodies to influence government action or change laws in ways that are pro-industry: an example of this that we saw in the United States, were laws that were meant to protect companies involved in coal mining, to actually be able to legally define medical thing, like what is black lung, or what criteria have to be met to be considered a case with black lung.
There are series of other tactics that have been identified that were used by multiple industries but not all of them, which suggests that they’re highly effective, but maybe not essential tactics. These include tactics where:
- industries actively suppress information that they have access to that would be incriminating.
- industries are involved in determining how to measure an outcome or an exposure. Again, the exact example of black lung would be um a great example of this. With biomonitoring, if a chemical isn’t found at a certain concentration, we determine if that concentration is hazardous or not hazardous. It doesn’t matter what scientific consensus actually says about that.
- Industries contribute misleading literature: they take advantage of the fact that non-scientists often lack scientific literacy or are entirely scientifically illiterate.
- they pose as a defender of health or truth. We already heard about that this today, that the ability to sort of create front groups that pretend that they have the public’s best interest in mind, but really their goal is to manipulate knowledge and to manufacture doubt about the harms that come from chemicals. We see this widely in my field of study.
- the ability to blame other causes.
There’s a lot of appealing to emotion that we see. The suggestion that regulations will cause people to lose their jobs, to lose their ability to farm that will lose our ability to feed people. Those are arguments that are not often grounded in any science at all and are used to appeal to emotion.
One of the best things that we can do to combat the use of manufactured doubt is to teach people, including decision maker, because we are all prone to falling victim to logical fallacies. In fact, there are studies that show that scientists are often no better than the average member of public at identifying logical fallacies, because we’re prone to falling for them. We have to find ways to educate people, and this means educating our colleagues as scientists, but also educating decision makers so that everyone at all levels of public health promotion can recognize when doubt is being manufactured and combat it so that we can prevent the harm that pollution, that climate change, that other very serious public health harm could bring to people can be fought with competing logic.
Citizen science, practical application of the right to science to the benefit of communities | Sarojeni RENGAM | Executive Director at Pesticide Action Network Asia Pacific
Thank you, Yves, and thank you for the invitation to the side event. Thank you also for the excellent report of the Special Rapporteur on Toxics.
My topic is Citizens Science, and we actually have developed what we call a community-based pesticide action monitoring. These are some of the photos from that monitoring and the one highlighted in the middle is this paraquat (a toxic chemical used as a herbicide) we found being sold in plastic bags. It was about three years ago in India, and it’s not just in India but it’s all over. This is the kind of documentation that groups on the ground at the community level are documenting and bringing up for policy changes at the Rotterdam Convention to show that paraquat is a dangerous pesticide and that action needs to be taken.
In 2017, the human rights experts call highly hazardous pesticides a global human rights concern because of the catastrophic impact on the environment, human health, and society as a whole. It was a joint report from the Special Rapporteurs on the Right to Food and Toxics.
So why did we start this process of you know community monitoring? One of the key things was that we were very concerned about the impact both in terms of environment and health of pesticides. There was very little information of the reality of pesticide use in communities and on the ground there was a big information gap. We also thought we need to have the community involved to be empowered, to take action based on the kind of documentation of the harm that is caused by pesticides but also the way that it’s being used at the local level.
In 2020, there was a report that showed that there’s an estimated 385 million cases of unintentional acute pesticide poisoning every year, which are mainly occupational including 11,000 deaths. You’re talking about 44 of all farmers and farm workers and mostly from the south and that’s a big concern. This CPAM tool was important to make sure that we have the documentation, that we have the community engaged in this so that they can take action at the community level as well as at the policy level. This is how we envisioned this would work we talked about. We always discuss with the communities through the partner organizations at the national community level. It’s community empowerment, using available knowledge and tools to document what’s happening on the ground. Increasing the level of scientific and technical competence at all levels. We train farmers and workers and women gather that information working with the CSOs on the ground. Of course, there’s big collaboration between the community, health groups, health workers, NGOs, CSOs, scientists, public health experts, etc. This documentation becomes very important not only to assist in organizing and mobilizing farmers at the community level but also reaching out to others who are being affected by these pesticides and feeding that into policy both in terms of local government and at the national level through campaigns, policy discussions, as well as to promote alternatives or agroecology alternatives to hazardous pesticides.
Through this documentation, we are feeding it also at the international level so it’s basically what is CPAM a systematic method of participatory action documentation on the impact of pesticides. It’s done by farmers and agricultural workers and by the communities with the support of the CSOs. It’s for action.
Moving on, these are some steps in CPAM. Training our facilitators on the use and conduct of CPAM, analyzing and developing the report together with the community so that we can always validate and the information goes back to the community, then follow-up and action as mentioned earlier.
This was one of the results of CPAM at the regional level but we have lots of national reports. This was done for two years. A thousand farmers and workers were interviewed and became part of the CPAM process. These are some of the findings that we found. Through that monitoring we were also able to identify some of the highly hazardous pesticides where the community then can take action to start campaigning and demonstrating public protests as well to create awareness at the community and national level. I just want to show how the the documentation looks like. What is interesting for us was that seven out of the ten interviewed suffered symptoms of pesticide poisoning. This goal is actually quite similar to the monitoring that FAO was doing in the Mekong countries. They also found seven out of ten farmers and workers interviewed suffered symptoms of pesticide poisoning.
Some of the successes we have found was due to the support from the community, the local CSOs that we were able to work with, as well as some of the government officials. We have banned pesticides in Vietnam, Malaysia, India and Sri Lanka. In fact, Sri Lanka got the World Future Council award because of the tremendous work they have done to reduce the risks of pesticides in the country. It was a long struggle and it took years. I really feel for what Laura was saying because that’s exactly what happened in all the cases, where we were able to bring CPAM documentation with secondary data in scientific studies to show that this particular pesticide is a problem. For example paraquat, it took so many years to get it banned in Malaysia. The documentation helped communities to identify the problems, the pesticides and to take action. What is foremost very important was the community getting organized because they see what’s happening, where they get to say, “This should not be affecting us and our families nd we should work together and organize ourselves to take action.”
One of the other key elements of this was that while they were doing these campaigns they also say what the alternatives are, and how can we get out of this cycle of poison. That’s when they start to talk about exploring (alternatives) with other farmers, in terms of agroecology or organic farming and practices. Awareness building is for us another critical element. This is a five-year-old son of an activist who said, “I love organic food.” He was five and we took a photo of what he felt: that he wants organic food.
I wanted to share two cases case studies. One, where we were in Sri Lanka we started to work with a group of women. They started CPA monitoring and then they found, when the farmers were getting sick and suffering the adverse effects and they said let’s organize. Let’s mobilize women farmers to confront these pesticides. They identified paraquat then they had a big campaign. Sri Lanka finally banned it. This was you know a decade ago and they started to strengthen their perspective and expose the corporate control of the trade of these chemicals. They also started to organize themselves as a company, as a national federation. After three decades they have succeeded. In a big way there lots of women farmers and workers who are practicing agroecology. You have Sri Lanka as very progressive in terms of bans of pesticides compared with other countries in Asia. They’ve continued to advance their struggle for land for women farmers, so it went beyond pesticide issue to also take on issues on the ground that was so important for women farmers.
Then another case study was more recent. This happened in Yavatmal in india in 2017. Over 80 farmers were poisoned and died. In fact when the government investigation did the investigation, they found 272 farmers have died due to pesticide poisoning in four years in that area. Together with PAN-India Panel, Public Eye, and another German group, we we did the documentation and we found that Polo or Diafentiuron was used. Some farmers linked it to their poisoning and so now the documentation was compiled and brought to the OECD. Through their complaint mechanism 51 victims have been identified suffering ill effects of Polo and this is in a kind of process right now. Furthermore, we had an additional three victims using uh Polo who said that they were incapacitated and they have filed legal suits. One passed away and so his wife is part of this legal suit. PAN-India has demanded Syngenta to stop selling brands like Polo. In India, because farmers cannot do not have any access to PPE, and it’s impossible in a climate like India. Of course polo is banned in Switzerland where the company is based but what’s also very important is that the community has organized itself. It’s gone to do national policy advocacy campaigning and they are called the Maharashtra Association of Pesticide Poisoned Persons (MAPPP). That is a way that they can continue the struggle even when some of the cases don’t [move forward] because it will take a long time for the legal case, etc.
In conclusion, I just wanted to emphasize that citizen science or CPAM is really for us a way to meet the needs of communities and contribute to the relevance of science so it adds to the level of scientific knowledge but as well as a tool that could use that we could use for campaign and advocacy. It provides the underpinning and supports the Right to Science at the community level. That’s why we find this document and the report of the Special Rapporteur very important: it helps to strengthen community organizing around impacts of pesticides and chemicals on health and the environment.
This is a photo from Vietnam where they’re taking action. They’re saying these are the impacts of pesticides and we need to do something about this. It also empowers farmers to make the shift from pesticides dependency to agroecology, and we know thousands of farmers in Asia uh and elsewhere are showing agroecology works and is economically feasible.
Thank you very much for this opportunity.
Relevance to UNEA and ICCM5 process | Monika GAIL MACDEVETTE | Chief, Chemicals and Health Branch, UNEP
Thank you very much. I just would like to take these last few minutes of the webinar and perhaps recap and reiterate and reinforce some of the things that have already been said and mentioned about the need for a science policy interface, but from UNEP’s perspective.
What I’d like to do is bring to your attention that the work that UNEP did on the Science-Policy Interface recommendations was a mandate from the UNEA, so the member states asked UNEP to do this. This builds on the recommendations that came out of the Global Chemicals Outlook 2 to strengthen the Science-Policy Interface because some of you may recall that the 2nd edition found that progress had been made but much more needs to be done. So UNEP was called upon to come up with some options on a Science-Policy Interface. There’s the language that was used to give us our marching orders.
So just to recap what was in the report. The report reviewed of a variety of existing Science-Policy Interface platforms and models and discusses some of the lessons learned from these. In terms of looking at some of the impacts and the outputs of a strengthened science-policy platform, how such platforms can inform different stages of the policy making process, some of the key characteristics of science policy interfaces, noting that they are rarely linear and are more accurately represented as several iterative phases that feed into and shape one another. So what we need to keep in mind — I think this was really borne out in some of the previous presentations, and the need for unbiased and a sort of scientific fact presentation — is that a science policy interface that seeks to facilitate and inform discussions on how to strengthen the science policy dialogue for, in this case in particular, chemicals and waste management. Thus supporting and promoting science-based local, national regional and global action on the sound management of chemicals and waste. We’ve seen some really amazing and very powerful examples from the local level also to the global action level.
The science policy interfaces also aims to provide elements for bringing agendas together and how science policy platforms need to interact with and inform each other. We did hear of some of the examples of the IPCC for example and the IPBES for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Very key to looking at science policy interface are the ability to support national agencies and other groups; with, as was rightly pointed out by by Marcos, awareness raising activities, also building capacity; access to and development of information to prepare policy through tools and other methodologies; and also the ability to implement actions related to the sound management of chemicals and waste. So there are a lot of really good reasons why we should be moving in this directio.
I just want to acknowledge in this particular slide the very generous, both financial and moral support from the government of Switzerland but also the University of Massachusetts, and I suppose in some ways the father of a lot of the science policy interfaces, Sir Bob Watson and the real support that was given by John Roberts. This was also done in consultation with the inter-organization program for the sound management of chemicals or the IOMC, and also the Multilateral Environmental Agreements and their Seecretariats.
So as has been mentioned in the past, some of the key sort of characteristics of science policy platforms are sort of articulated on this particular slide here and they need to be considered together. I think we have already heard the need for science policy interfaces to be able to engage in horizon scanning, looking into the future to identify emerging issues of concern, monitor the trends that are happening; identify, assess, and communicate environmental and human health issues associated with, in this case again, chemicals and waste; evaluate and refine response options, practices, policies and technologies; and potentially stimulate the negotiation and enactment of new policy approaches. As we’ve found out from our previous speakers, you can really only gain a lot of success and be authoritative when you’re credible, relevant, legitimate and transparent and so these are the hallmarks of science policy interfaces that really do need to to be captured.
What I’d like to do is just conclude that by the findings in this report, it really did look at the landscape of existing science policy platforms and it did conclude that what is currently out there is not comprehensive enough to address the multiple facets of the sound management of chemicals and waste. There’s fragmentation, isolated approaches and perhaps even siloed approaches that are not overall and overarching and comprehensive but sometimes even in an ad hoc manner. So the current models do not really allow for informed decision making or actions at the national or international level in a comprehensive manner. Akin to the IPCC for climate change and the IPBES for biodiversity and ecosystem services, the call for something of an equal footing for the sound management of chemicals and waste really is timeous.
I’m going to end there and perhaps leave just a few minutes for questions. It’s been a very rich and very full session and I hope this has helped to sort of wrap up some of the things that has been said. As always UNEP stands ready to support its member states and stakeholders in the directions that we want to take the world. Thank you very much.
Considering that there are only a couple minutes left, I will undertake to answer any questions by email to any of the participants, and only at this time, thank my fellow panelists for their insightful presentations.
The report on the Right to Science in the toxics context provides analysis, a diagnosis that elaborates on what are the tools that are offered by the Right to Science to overcome the detoxification of the planet that we’re facing. It gets into questions of normative content. It analyzes some of the tactics used with impunity. This is a point that I want to stress because in order for the report to be meaningful, it has diagnosis but it also needs to be translated into actual solutions.
The report has several recommendations that I hope are viable and measurable and can be implemented. Much of it comes down to meaningful public participation, access to information but also back to the issue of impunity, actual sanctions, actual measures adopted by states to combat misinformation. There are sanctions for lying in the securities market, in the free competition act: there’s fraud. But what about lying when it comes to uh the formation of regulation and the toxics and waste field? There’s much to be done there so with that all antennas tuned to the next 5.2 session of the UN Environment Assembly where we may see good progress on a global science policy interface platform as discussed in the panel.
I invite you the audience to use the report. I thank you very much for your attention and I thank also all the co-conveners. Thank you.
In addition to the live WebEx and Facebook transmissions, the video is available on this webpage.
- The right to science in the context of toxic substances | Special Rapporteur on the implications for human rights of the environmentally sound management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes | A/HRC/48/61
- 48th session of the UN Human Rights Council
- Environment @ 48th Session of the UN Human Rights Council
- Developing a Global Science-Policy Body on Chemicals and Waste
- Human Rights and Hazardous Substances | UNEP and OHCHR
- Toxics exposure: ‘Follow the science’ to protect lives – UN expert | SR Toxics | 21 September 2021
- Chemicals and Waste | From Science to Policy, Global Issues of Concern, Challenges and Opportunities | GENeva UNEA Briefing | 20 October 2020
- UNEP Report | Assessment of options for strengthening the science-policy interface at the international level for the sound management of chemicals and waste
- UN expert slams chemical industries for spreading fake news about risks | Michelle Langrand | Geneva Solutions | 22 September 2021
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Environment Counts | The World’s Lungs
An outstanding eight-part article which describes the state of forests and the rising threats they face from human exploitation and climate change. The Economist – Part 1
Forests are indispensable to life on earth as we know it but they’re being chopped down at an alarming rate. As the destruction spreads, so does the economic and environmental impact on the planet and its climate. In an eight-part special report for The Economist, notable for its breadth, sophistication and even-handedness, journalist James Astill clearly explained the stakes and examined the options for action to save the remaining tropical forests. The article was published as a full supplement in The Economist(September 2010) and was the winner of the 2011 environment communications prize of The Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment.
The problem, Astill wrote, is that forests are undervalued, even by those who depend on them, and changing that fundamental disconnect will require not just creative policies but political will.
Astill traveled thousands of miles to Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and Uganda to report first hand on “the world’s lungs” and the critical role forests play in sequestering carbon, regulating runoff, preserving biodiversity and providing livelihoods and food to millions of people. The stories introduced readers to scientists, indigenous communities, loggers and planters who all have a direct interest in the future of forests. The report makes clear that forests today face severe risks but the situation is not hopeless.
Illustrated with stunning photos and revealing maps, this meticulously researched and thoroughly reported series deserves acclaim for spotlighting forests as an often-misunderstood component of the international debate on climate change policy. It pays particular attention to REDD (The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries), an international effort to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation by paying people in developing countries not to cut down trees. Astill’s timely reporting generated an enormous public response and its impact was apparent from the broad circulation of the story in advance of last year’s UN climate conference in Cancun, which ended with an agreement on REDD.
To research the series, Astill travelled to the forests of Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, and Uganda, where he interviewed many people trying to protect trees or destroy them. The report was also informed by his previous assignments in the forests of Congo, Cameroon, India, and Kenya, and Astill compiled an impressive and extensive bibliography of forest literature as part of his reporting. To add further context to the series, Astill conducted over one hundred telephone and email interviews with experts in the USA, Australia, Canada, China, Gabon, and Switzerland.
This special issue of The Economist generated a huge response from readers. For the scope and quality of his reporting, and for the significant impact that this series had upon discussions at the UN Climate Change Conference in 2010, James Astill was awarded The Grantham Prize for 2011.
Click here to read Astill’s report in The Economist. The World’s Lungs – 2011 Grantham award – The Economist
The report/supplement is organised in six main parts. The individual sections can be viewed by clicking in the right hand panel headed “In this special report”. A direct link to each of the six parts is listed below, along with a link to an interview with the series author James Astill.
Listen to an Interview with the author James Astill.
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The hammock has become an intrinsic part of vacation iconography, a shorthand for the act of relaxation. It is a symbol, often a performative one, of leisure, of escapism, of a kind of luxury—in environment, if not materials.
This, of course, all comes from the minds of people who live far away from where the hammock was invented. The hammock is, at its core, just an incredibly good idea, one that has spread almost immediately wherever it is introduced. If you see a hammock, you want to tell people about it, and get one for yourself. Yet, like many things with a more or less global reach, it has taken on different meanings over time, not all of them positive.
The early days of the hammock are not well understood, but they certainly did come a long time ago. Woven of organic materials that eventually decompose in tropical environments—where pretty much everything decomposes eventually—hammocks were well established in the Caribbean when the first Europeans landed there. The English word “hammock” derives from the Spanish hamaca, a direct loanword from the Taíno languages of the Caribbean.
Just about all of the major early European expeditions to the New World talked about the hammock. Columbus described it in his journal: “Their beds and bags for holding things were like nets of cotton.” Bartolomé de las Casas, the first real European historian to go to the Americas, went on at length about them. In his book Historia de las Indias, written between 1527 and 1559, de las Casas described beds “like cotton nets,” with elaborate, well-crafted patterns. The ends, he wrote, were made of a different, hemp-like material, to attach to walls or poles.
The materials used for hammocks at the time of European contact likely varied. Cotton is mentioned in the historical record, and it was probably used, at least sometimes. The other material de las Casas described is almost certainly fique, an extremely hardy, rough textile made from the tough leaves of the maguey plant—a close relative of agave.
De las Casas said that he adored the hammock, because it was so hot and humid that this style of bedding was far preferable to the European options: mattresses filled with straw or wool for the very wealthy, straw pallets for the less wealthy, piles of straw or nothing at all for most people.
By the time Europeans made it to the mainland, hammocks were also fully established in the cultures of Mexico, Central America, and the hotter parts of South America. Their utility is obvious: They elevate the sleeper well above the ground, away from tropical insects and reptiles, and the woven netting maintains airflow—vital in the heat. They’re also incredibly portable. In the Caribbean, de las Casas described hammocks as being fairly stationary, attached to poles within a permanent house, but the form is versatile enough to serve those who live in one place as well as those who sleep somewhere different every night.
The hammock was likely the first human-created product (as opposed to a crop or mineral) that the European conquerors decided they simply must have. In the Spanish and Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén, or the Taíno Rebellion of 1511, the Spanish often took hammocks as spoils of war. Within 50 years of Columbus’s first journey to the Caribbean, hammocks had become the standard bedding on the ships of both the Spanish and English navies. They’re great at sea, swaying gently much of the time, and fully collapsible to take up as little precious space as possible.
It took a further couple of centuries for the hammock to gain any import other than “great idea from the people we’re destroying.” Its next associations weren’t much better. Soraya Serra-Collazo, of the University of Puerto Rico, documented the strange journey of the hammock in a 2014 paper in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. “During the 18th century,” she wrote, “hammock use has been reported by Spanish officials and the clergy as means to claim the laziness of local people.”
Alexander O’Reilly, an Irishman sent to Puerto Rico by King Charles III of Spain, was one of many prominent Europeans to brand the Taíno as lazy. He complained, upon his 1765 trip to Puerto Rico, that the land was simply too abundant, the climate too nice. “With only five days of work,” he wrote, “a family had enough plantains for the whole year.” The hammock was specifically singled out as a symbol of the laziness of the people of Puerto Rico: Nothing this comfortable and un-European could possibly be acceptable.
The denigration of something as basic as a sleeping method reads as an attempt to disparage an entire people, to make them feel inferior and erase their cultural heritage. The association between hammocks and laziness has been incredibly enduring—for good and ill. Essayist Richard Hedderman, in 2013, wrote, “Few other contrivance [sic] so invite such joyous abandon to sloth and indifference as the hammock, and it is justly emblematic of pure lassitude.” Paul De Smit, a guy who runs a store in Los Angeles called “Exotic Hammocks” says he tells people he’s in “the relaxation business.”
Europeans, and those of European descent who live in cool climates, have never stopped exoticizing the theoretically easy-living, leisurely, romantic existence of the tropics. And the hammock is wholly of the tropics—a direct, practical response to a hot, humid environment. Alongside topless indigenous women (at least, up until the last few decades), palm trees, white sand beaches, and cocktails with tropical fruit, hammocks are now emblems of a chill lifestyle. They’ve become essential for social media influencers—a component of an ideal life, so much so that they pop up in the feeds of algorithm-constructed fake influencers created by marketing teams.
To share a photo of yourself in a hammock is to brag, in a way that a photo of yourself in bed is not.
There is no consensus on the spiritual home of the hammock today. (China, on the other side of the world from the hammock’s birthplace, is a major manufacturer.) But undoubtedly one of the great hammock cultures of the world is to be found in El Salvador, a country slightly smaller than the state of Massachusetts, a country that Americans, if they think of it at all, associate with gang violence and fleeing refugees.
“For me, [the hammock] is also a metaphor for Central American migrants in that, like the snail or turtle that carries its home on its back, Central Americans bring our homes with us in our hearts and make a home where we choose to relocate,” says Karina Oliva Alvarado, a Salvadoran lecturer in the Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles.
The capital of El Salvador, San Salvador, is nicknamed El Valle de Las Hamacas—the Valley of the Hammocks—due to the city’s location. Nestled among active volcanoes, in a zone where earthquakes hit on a regular basis, the city is accustomed to rocking from side to side. But El Salvador is also literally a country of hammocks. Concepción Quezaltepeque, in the north, hosts a hammock festival every year. Hammocks are everywhere, a Salvadoran staple, throughout the socioeconomic spectrum. “Hammocks swing from doorways, inside living rooms, on porches, in outdoor courtyards, and from trees. Just about everywhere a hammock can be hung, there will be a Salvadoran swinging from one,” according to travel writer Wade Shepard.
Hammock retailers around the world swear by the skill and beauty of the Salvadoran hammock. Companies, such as this Brooklyn-based “design collective,” go to great lengths to procure Salvadoran hammocks over all others.
Salvadoran hammocks are traditionally woven, says Oliva Alvarado, with a vertical weave technique, in which the hammock-in-progress is strung between two vertical poles. Sometimes called a “Maya hammock,” this particular type is rather heavy, due to the quantity of string used in them. The string is thin, and strands cross over each other, rather than knotting at intersections. They’re also gathered at each end, unlike the more American styles that feature a spreader bar to make hammocks more rectangular and bed-like.
El Salvador exports a lot of textiles, T-shirts especially, but serious hammock-heads—there are forums for them—prize the Salvadoran ones.
Hammock history is complicated. In El Salvador and other countries where the hammock is essential and very old, it has taken centuries to reclaim them as a fundamental symbol and thing of value. For some of those from colder climates, the stereotype of the hammock as a symbol of laziness—staining the people who make and use them when not on vacation—has never really left. The converse, in which the hammock is a symbol of luxury and leisure, is problematic, too. The hammock itself? Just a great idea.
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Has Age Management Medicine Saved Lives in the Era of COVID-19?
The COVID-19 virus has confounded doctors and researchers for months due to its varying symptoms, ease of spread, and inconsistent outcomes. It has been the subject of innumerable studies conducted in a very short amount of time, with the result that none have yet had an ideal number of subjects or sufficient length to be conclusive.
With that said, there are however certain clear observations that can be made, and conclusions that can be drawn from what is known, and they are the basis for an upcoming digital lecture by Cesar Pellerano, M.D. Dr. Pellerano is a preventive cardiologist and age management medicine physician in Miami, Florida. He has been practicing for over 30 years, and is the president, founding partner and chief medical officer of Hillstar Health LLC in Miami. You can probably guess from the title of the lecture, “COVID-19 and Inflammation: The Role of HRT” the direction in which Dr. Pellerano is heading. But let’s hear how he made his deductions.
“As you know, COVID is probably the number one conversation point in the U.S., if not the world, right now,” said Dr. Pellerano. “COVID is an inflammatory virus; everything it does is through inflammation. It comes in through your nose or eyes—any mucosal surface—and eventually goes to the lungs.”
Many young people get the virus but are asymptomatic carriers; that is because in most cases they have efficient immune systems. “When our immune systems are compromised,” said Dr. Pellerano, “the virus goes into the cell and creates what is called a cytokine storm. All of the inflammatory markers start festering in the cell, then burst the cell and spread throughout the body. This produces inflammation in the lungs, and from there it spreads to other organs. That’s why we get inflammation in the heart, sometimes in the brain, in the kidneys, or we get blood clots.”
The bottom line, Dr. Pellerano said, is that the worse your immune system is, the worse the symptoms and the attack of the virus is going to be. “It all boils down to how good your immune system is and how much inflammation you have,” he said. One of the main risk factors for the virus is obesity, and as Dr. Pellerano notes, we have a lot of obese people.
“When we looked at the data, people with BMI greater than 40 really got sick,” Dr. Pellerano said, noting that he usually does not hold to the accuracy of using BMI, but that in this case, BMI is a pretty good indication that the person is overweight. When you’re obese, he said, you have a lot more inflammation, and we’ve known for a long time that obese people have diminished immune symptoms. As a general rule, he said, “if a fat guy gets a cold, and a skinny guy gets a cold, the fat guy is going to get it worse. He’s going to have more symptoms, he’s going to feel worse. So if you have an inflamed individual, and you add an inflammatory virus, you’ve got the perfect storm—you’re adding fuel to the fire.”
Other things that cause inflammation in people, and a diminished immune systems, said Dr. Pellerano, are all of the other risk factors that we’re now seeing with COVID: hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. “All of these people, from their illness, already have a diminished immune system. It stood to reason that maybe, if we tackle inflammation, we could help people with the virus.”
One of the things we know for a fact tackles inflammation, said Dr. Pellerano, is testosterone—it improves muscle mass, and it helps you burn body fat. “There are two studies that have looked at this, and they both showed the exact same results,” Dr. Pellerano said. One, by a Dr. Rastrelli in Italy, published in May 2020, looked at 31 men with the virus in the respiratory intensive care unit. Briefly, the six patients who died were the six with the lowest testosterone levels. Higher testosterone and free testosterone levels were proportionate to degree of recovery.
In a second observational study, there was a group that had fortuitously had their testosterone levels measured before they came down with COVID. Again, their outcomes correlated with their testosterone levels. “Nobody is using testosterone yet as part of the protocol, but I think at some point we’re going to need to look at it,” said Dr. Pellerano.
An even more startling anecdotal discovery related by Dr. Pellerano is this. “I’ve spoken to a couple of other doctors who have decent sized age management practices,” he said. “Nobody has had an age management patient hospitalized for COVID.”
Dr. Pellerano has other observations based on some of his own patients that also seem to point to testosterone improving their immune response and preventing serious illness. “Obviously we can’t draw any conclusions, and I think we’re going to be looking at this in greater depth in the future,” he said.
“What we can say about our age management patients,” said Dr. Pellerano, “is they all put emphasis on a good diet, on being fit, on taking their hormones, and they overall have a healthier lifestyle than the average population. I do think these people are ahead of the curve, in a better position to deal with the virus and have a better immune response.”
The first priority for his patients, emphasizes Dr. Pellerano, is to avoid getting the virus in the first place, by continuing strong mitigation—face shields, gloves, masks, washing hands—and to avoid being in crowded places in the first place. “If you can’t control the environment, you shouldn’t be there,” he said. He then recommends adhering to a low glycemic diet, to exercise, and to take supplements that are known to lower Interleukin-6. “A colleague told me they’re looking at Interleukin-6 because people who are sick with COVID have been found to have crazy high levels—and we know that testosterone blocks Interleukin-6,” Dr. Pellerano revealed. “So maybe testosterone needs to be looked at as part of the treatment.”
Dr. Pellerano will go into the studies, observations, and discuss the implications in much more depth in his upcoming digital lecture, part of AMMG’s Digital-on-Demand Conference beginning November 14th. To learn more about the conference and how to register, visit www.agemed.com.
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Operations linked with
This is an investigation of the bladder, while you are under anaesthetic; the doctor inserts a telescope in to the urethra. By looking into the telescope, he or she can see inside your bladder and detect any problems. It is done to help in the diagnosis of lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) symptoms.
Biopsies can also be taken from any abnormal looking areas.
It is also used as a part treatment for bladder tumours and stones, and in gynaecology as part of operations such as TVT- (i.e. tension free vaginal tape) and collagen bladder neck injections
Types of cystoscopes:Rigid cystoscope
this a straight solid metal tube with a high intensity light source and a separate channel to allow other instruments to be attached.
Flexible cystoscope: this is a fibre optic instrument, which bends easily and has a manoeuvrable tip.
The cystoscopy may be done under local anaesthetic, but if it is a planned surgery it may be better to have a general anaesthetic.
A flexible cystoscope can be passed along the urethra with just a lubricating jelly and manoeuvring the tip helps to view all the corners of the bladder.
A rigid cystoscope is used with a general or local anaesthetic. A much wider range of instrument can be employed with this instrument.
Normal saline solution will be sent down the scope to fill the bladder and allow the surgeon to look all around inside the bladder.
An attached camera will allow a view of the bladder to be projected on to a TV monitor.
The information obtained:
As the instrument is passed inside the urethra it is carefully examined for a narrowing or obstruction.
Once inside the bladder the following are carefully looked at:
- The lining (mucous membrane)- for any polyps (usually simple growths) diverticulea (bulges) tumours, calculi (stones), inflammation(irritation) and the capacity of the bladder and any deformities.
- The opening of the urinary passage from the kidneys to the bladder.
- The link to the urethra (bladder neck).
Biopsies may be taken and bladder stones removed.
In procedures like pubovaginal sling to note whether the introducer needle has passed through the bladder.
Following the procedure:
After a short stay in the recovery room, you will return to the ward, your nurse will take your observations, and make sure that you are comfortable, if you have any discomfort you should be able to have some pain-killers.
2-4 hours after your return to the ward, and as long as you don’t have any anaesthetic sickness, you can start eating and drinking.
When you first pass some urine after the procedure it may be slightly blood stained, this does not always happen, but if it does it is nothing to worry about.
Occasionally a patient may get a water infection after a cystoscopy.
If temperature, pain, or continuous burning is noted the doctor should be contacted.
What about driving?
We recommend that you have a few days off work to get over the anaesthetic, if you have a difficult job then see your GP and he/she will advise you.
Back to navigation
Preparing for surgery
The Transobturator Tape (TOT)
A transobturator tape is a synthetic tape inserted through a small cut at the top of the groin area to support the urethra and helps improve stress incontinence. It s guided in to position by a small cut in the front wall of the vagina. The TOT is a surgical treatment option for stress incontinence.
What are the benefits of a TOT?
In supporting the urethra, when stress is put on the bladder (coughing, sneezing, lifting) the urethra squeezes against the tape to prevent leakage. 85 – 90% of women with a TOT are completely dry or their symptoms have significantly improved.
What are the risks of the operation?
- 2 in 100 (2%) women will experience bleeding from the wound site.
– there is a 2% risk of infection in the surgical wounds or bladder itself. These can be easily treated with antibiotics. You should not use tampons etc until the area is fully healed (4- 6 weeks).
Urinary Retention –
this means an inability to empty the bladder. It is usually temporary. A small number of women have to go home with a catheter in place and return 1 – 2 weeks later for its removal. This occurs about 15% of the time. We will perform a bladder scan before you go home to make sure you are emptying the bladder adequately. Very rarely the tape needs to be loosened or removed. Some women prefer to self catheterise rather than be incontinent again.
Bladder irritation –
5/100 (5%) of women will develop the sensation that the bladder is full and need to empty it often. This often settles spontaneously but sometimes needs physiotherapy and/or medication. If these symptoms are present prior to tape insertion the symptoms may worsen.
Pain/numbness in the groin –
5% will experience this where the cuts are made.
Damage to the bladder, urethra or vagina –
The risks are 1% for any of these and do not usually present a problem so long as they are recognised and repaired. Sometime a catheter is left in place for a few days afterwards.
Tape erosion –
this is where the tape wears through the tissue of the urethra (<1%) or vagina (4%). The latter is more common in older women.
Two small cuts are made to the groin area and on the anterior wall of the vagina. The bladder is catheterised and the neck of the bladder identified. A small vaginal cut is made to guide the needle and tape in to position. A needle is inserted through the groin cut and mesh attached vaginally. It is then removed back out through the vaginal opening and back out through the groin cut. The second needle is passed through on the other side and the synthetic mesh is brought under the urethra and back out to the groin. The tape lies just in front of the urethra and under the opening of the bladder. Each cut is then closed with dissolvable stitches.
After the operation
You may have light vaginal bleeding. When you pass urine the nurse will measure how much you have passed and how much is in your bladder. When the volume left is under 150mls you will be allowed home. Some women will need a catheter for a few days so do not be unduly concerned if this happens to you. The stitches all dissolve.
Most normal activities can be resumed within a few weeks of surgery. Avoid heavy lifting, exercise or sexual intercourse for four weeks after the operation.
Bladder and Bowel Foundation – www. bladderand bowelfoundation .org
Back to topPreparing for surgery
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Financial management accounting is a portmanteau term for financial accounting and financial management. Accounting and management are two different departments that rely on each other. The two departments contribute to a business’ growth, and we shall see how later on. An organization can’t employ a financial manager and leave out the accountant and vice versa. By enlisting the services of experts, you can focus on your business while they handle the numbers side of things.
Entrepreneurship has slowly become popular, with many people ditching their 9 to 5 jobs. Entrepreneurs claim that they can make much more money on their own. The statement is true, but other entrepreneurs soon declare bankruptcy. It is not uncommon to hear that some businesses make financial losses. Many losses occur due to various reasons, but it all comes down to using the money you earn.
Some entrepreneurs admit not knowing how to grow their businesses. It is for this reason that they employ an accountancy firm to handle financial tasks. An accountancy firm will provide the two services earlier identified, and you are going to learn their differences below.
Differences between accounting and financial management
Accounting is mainly concerned with recording financial transactions and then processing data. Its main objective is, therefore, to report financial information. Financial management, on the other hand, suggests measures to handle finances well. Financial managers rely on the data from accountants to come up with suggestions for managing money. Their objective is, therefore, to maximize profit.
Accounting looks into the past, while financial management looks into the future. If a worker wishes to confirm a transaction on a specific date, the accountant will refer to their books of accounts where they recorded it. Financial managers then use this information to suggest better ways they could have made a particular transaction.
Accounting is an activity that is conducted within a particular time frame, whether monthly or yearly. You may have seen annual reports of financial institutions such as banks. Financial management, however, is not time-bound and can offer their services anytime they feel like it.
It also measures funds on an accrual basis, while financial accounts measure funds on a cash flow basis. Accountants determine the accumulation of finances, whether profits or losses. They do not concern themselves with where the funds went or what the funds were used to buy. Financial managers, however, are concerned with the movement of cash in and out of the business or organization. They must know how the funds are being used.
Most businesses can survive without a financial manager but not without an accountant. All companies or organizations need to record their transactions if any future financial dispute may occur between traders. Financial managers mainly advise businesses on how they can grow their business. Some companies do well despite not growing as fast as other businesses.
Lastly, accounting reports are concise. By their nature, the information indicates the time transactions took place. For financial management reports, they tend to be very detailed and specific. The details would include several suggestions that may make a company grow; hence they do not merely look at the accountant’s data but also explain it.
Why should I hire the two departments?
You have realized how important the two departments are in your business. Now that you have agreed to hire them, you may be wondering whether it is the right move. Here are some essential tips to consider before hiring them:
• Ensure they have a degree in accounting and finance. You cannot teach yourself financial skills without going to school; these skills are not soft skills. There are online platforms that allow you to post a job position. In the post, you will detail the requirements needed to be hired.
• Only consider hiring them if you are looking to expand your business, particularly a financial manager. Some entrepreneurs are comfortable running a small kiosk as opposed to building another branch.
• Ensure you can pay them since the salaries of the two departments are pretty high. No worker wants to work for an organization that underpays them or delays their compensation.
• Make sure they know how to handle tax matters. The two departments process tax reports on your behalf, so you do not need to worry about filing tax returns. What you do not need is for your government to label you a tax evader.
• Some financial workers prefer to do things the ‘old school way’ such as having files. Make sure they are tech-savvy. You can use your computer for bookkeeping as opposed to using a pen and paper. Furthermore, it is not environmentally friendly to rely on paper.
As an entrepreneur, you have to admit that you do not possess all the financial skills. If your organization is making enough money, then you will need these departments to assist you. After all, making more profits is what every business desires.
Has worked for many Internet marketing companies over the years, and has contributed to many online publications. If there is a story, he will find it.
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Mid-Book Test - Easy
|Name: _____________________________||Period: ___________________________|
This quiz consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How does Socrates appear when he meets Aristodemus before going to the party?
(a) Neither bathed nor wearing sandals.
(b) Bathed and in sandals.
(c) Wearing sandals, but not bathed.
(d) Bathed, but not in sandals.
2. What is the "art" that Eryximachus refers to as the inspiration for the ideas in his speech?
3. Where does Phaedrus think that Achilles was sent after his death?
(a) The Islands of the Blest.
(b) Ionian Islands.
4. What is Apollodorus' old name?
(a) Apollodorus the orator.
(b) Apollodorus the wise man.
(c) Apollodorus the madman.
(d) Apollodorus the thinker.
5. According to Eryximachus, what elements create rhythm?
(a) Short, medium length, and long.
(b) Medium length and long.
(c) Short and long.
(d) Short and medium length.
6. According to Phaedrus, which other motive is able to implant as well as Love?
(c) No other motive.
7. How does Pausanius describe the countries of Elis and Boeotia?
(a) Having both eloquence and gifts.
(b) Having no gifts or eloquence.
(c) Having eloquence, but no gifts.
(d) Having gifts, but no eloquence.
8. How does Eryximachus describe Pausanias' speech?
(a) A fair beginning with a fair ending.
(b) A fair beginning with a lame ending.
(c) A lame beginning with a fair ending.
(d) A lame beginning with a lame ending.
9. According to Pausanius, which type of people partake in the physical form of love?
10. Which goddess does Pausanius associate with love?
11. What example does Pausanius use in explaining the role of tyranny?
12. What does Eryximachus say about his omission of certain things in his speech?
(a) He maintains that he did not leave anything out.
(b) It is intentional.
(c) He cannot remember any more.
(d) It is not intentional.
13. What causes the "man-woman" creatures in Aristophanes' story to become adulterers?
14. How is the muse, Urania, described in Eryximachus' speech?
(a) Neither fair nor heavenly.
(b) Fair and heavenly.
(c) Heavenly, but unfair.
(d) Fair, but not heavenly.
15. When does Agathon's sacrifice of victory take place?
(a) One week before the party.
(b) Two weeks before the party.
(c) The day before the party.
(d) Two days before the party.
Short Answer Questions
1. How does Eryximachus describe Polyhymnia?
2. How many types of "creatures" does Aristophanes think there were in the beginning of man?
3. What is the order of the three things in Hesiod's theory, as referenced by Phaedrus?
4. How many kinds of love does Pausanius think there are?
5. In Pausanius' view, who is the father of the youngest goddess of love?
This section contains 444 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
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Are Bats Dangerous to People or Pets?
The short solution is “not normally”. It’s true that there are a lot of cases of rabies transmission in the United States because of bats. However it’s also incredibly unusual. If you’ve had a bat in your house, no healthcare professional is going to suggest to “not do anything”, as a result of a liability risk in America. However the odds that the bat bit you are incredibly small, as well as the odds that it had rabies. That said, bats do carry a few health risks, more from their droppings as well as their parasites than from their bites. Looking for Houston Texas bat removal services near me? Give us a call today!
According to the US Fish and Wildlife Service more than over fifty percent of the bat varieties are jeopardized, which is depressing when you take into consideration that bats are eco handy in nature. Bats regulate the insect population by eating bunches of them every night. The bats make use of a high frequency constructed in navigation system that can detect out bugs immediately.
Why Are Bats a Nuisance?
Bats are generally forced to roost in buildings when natural roosts, such as caverns as well as trees with exfoliating bark are destroyed. Deforestation, specifically removal of diseased or old trees with hollows, have likewise lowered the number of offered natural bat roosts.
Bats that have actually adapted from their natural roost type to human structures are currently imperiled not just by some individuals intolerance towards them, but also because of adjustments in building construction. Old barns and also homesteads drop, are taken down, or are redesigned, leaving the remaining modern-day frameworks securely built without areas for bats.
The basic demands for structures as bats roosts are known. Colonial bats that stay in frameworks typically happen in locations near water and at the edges of timbers where insects are located in sufficient numbers and also variety. Less understood is the relevance of other aspects that regulate specific site selection such as temperature, moisture, disruption, as well as the physical features of roost sites.
Do All Bats Have Rabies?
Some Bats Do Have Rabies – It is true that some types of bats lug rabies as do many tiny pets, but the cases that humans were infected with rabies are so little in comparison to other transmitted illness that it creates extremely little hazard. Of these deaths only one was from the usual residence bat discovered in the United States. If a bat is located on the ground than it may have rabies as well as must be left alone.
Airborne Diseases And Bats – Bats are known to carry a dirt fungus called Histoplasma casulatum that can be found in the bats feces called guano. When huge quantities of guano are disturbed the spores become airborne which humans can breathe in when entering a bat roost. The disease can create flu like signs as well as has actually been misdiagnosed as tuberculosis.
What Time of Year Do You See Bats?
Most house discoveries of bats occur in the autumn and also are generally just one or two of them trying to find an area to hibernate for the winter or looking for a place to establish a home. If you see bats towards the end of summer then it is likely that there is a nest nearby. This has to do with the moment that babies start to become independent and fly off. If a bat does enter into your home the most effective option is to open the windows and doors and let it out. Bats do not fly into people; on the contrary they do everything they can to stay clear of them.
By permitting the bats to leave an area as well as having the guano cleaned out, then sealing off any entry points will certainly discourage any future problems. If you see a bat on the ground it is most likely sick-do not pick it up. The major danger a bat positions is in the conditions its guano or droppings carry.
Read More On
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What is a Designer Dog? A designer dog is a hybrid or a crossbreed between two different purebreds where the percentage of the foundation breeds is known, unknown breeds or mixtures are called mixed breeds. In designer dogs, the breeding is carefully chosen. Some may think that hybrid dogs is a new trend, but actually it is centuries old and is based on selective breeding.
Historically all breeds of purebred dogs have gone through their own period of being a so called "Designer Breed" at some point in their historical development or breed creation.
In fact all of today's recognized purebred dogs are by products of a breeder's or a group of breeder's creative endeavors to enhance or further develop specific traits within the canine species.
Today's purebred dogs owe their existence to dedicated breeders of the past who had the vision to develop new breeds or the desire to improve upon the existing breeds of their era.
Breeders of the past set out to design dogs that were more capable and better suited to perform a specific task or required function. Often out of necessity the purpose was to reduce their workload or to assist their owners in some helpful manner.
A few of the historical duties that dog breeds were designed or created for were pulling of carts, herding livestock, protection of livestock, protection of property or guardianship, pest and varmint control, hunting and retrieving and sports are just some examples.
One such example of a designed breed is that of a German tax collector named Louis Doberman. Louis Doberman began to develop his versatile breed in the Apolda region of Germany. He set out to create a type dog that met his own personal requirements and specific needs pertaining to loyalty and obedience, yet he desired a dog that was capable of protecting him while accompanying him on his dutiful rounds as a tax collector.
Over a period of time and with great dedication Louis Doberman’s dogs began to fix a certain phenotype and reproduce themselves true, the birth of a breed had begun.
No one knows with 100% accuracy what breeds or what percentages of those breeds went into the development of today's Doberman Pincher.
It is a common belief that Mr. Doberman himself may not have known with 100% accuracy which breeds were used in the development of his breed.
History tells us that Mr. Doberman fixed the type of his dogs afterwards and thereby creating his breed.
Today’s "Designer Breeds" or "Hybrid dogs" are created by similar methods of the past, often a decided mating is done between dogs of two different purebred breeds resulting in the designer dog or hybrid dog.
Most breeders of designer dogs utmost desire is to combine the best aspects and desired traits of each of the foundation breeds into one designer breed usually with an emphasize on creating a healthier companion dog.
There are those that state that the Cockapoo was the original modern day designer breed, as the Cockapoo was first known to be breed intentionally around the early 1960s.
Yet there are others of the strong opinion that the creation of the Labradoodle was the beginning of today’s designer breeds.
It is not easy to identify exactly when or where the origin of today’s designer breeds came about but we do know that today the designer or hybrid breeds have an ever increasing popularity and many believe justifiable so.
Many owners of designer breeds state that the enormous popularity of the their dogs is well deserved and in part due to the fact that most designer breeds are created with one or more of the so called hypoallergenic breeds such as the Poodle, Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier or Bichon Frisé.
There is a thought or common belief that some designer breeds such as the Cockapoo,
Labradoodle, Goldendoodle, Maltipoo and Yorkipoo are perceived to be safer for highly allergic persons than many purebred breeds.
Quite often people who suffer from severe allergies to pet dander and animal fur can often own a designer breed as a pet without any complications or side affects.
Although designer dogs are often celebrated for their cuteness and uniqueness, a fundamental motive for their creation and development is the attempt to reduce the occurrence of certain hereditary health problems frequently found in the purebred breeds used for the designer cross, while retaining their more appealing and often healthier traits.
The sincere objective of many of today’s breeders of designer dogs is to try and improve their health characteristics while emphasizing the companionship qualities of the designer breeds.
The vast majority of today's breeders of designer dogs believe that a large number of the health issues often associated with "purebred" dogs can be greatly attributed to poor breeding practices such as excessive line breeding and inbreeding.
These type of irresponsible breeding practices in the past have greatly inhibited the amount of genetic diversity within many purebred dogs, resulting in pure breed dogs inheriting a large range of diseases and disorders such as severe hip and bone issues and numerous skin disorders often resulting from suppressed immunities. As a result of their acutely suppressed immunities purebred dogs often suffer from increased susceptibilities to various highly contagious and lethal viruses such as the parvo virus.
Many of today's responsible breeders of purebred dogs are attempting to correct these mistakes of the past, by practicing more responsible breeding strategies and doing pre-breeding health screening and tests.
However, breeders of pure breeds are still working with a limited gene pool. Indeed, part of their strategy involves limiting their breeding dogs to those that pass various health tests and screenings thus effectively reducing the gene pool even further.
Most breeders of designer dogs believe that a more effective method to improving health within the breeds is by actively widening the gene pool or increasing genetic diversity, which is exactly what cross-breeding accomplishes.
It is this train of thought that has led to the creation and increasing popularity of today's Designer Breeds.
The appearance of the various designer breeds can vary a great deal. Appearance is based on the parents that were bred together to create that particular new hybrid litter.
The resulting designer pups will almost always have some variation.
The initial foundation crosses will almost always be more predictable and consistent than the lower percentage crosses.
However even within the same litter, each pup may look slightly different than the other. This may include coloring, markings, facial features, and stature.
Just as with the appearance of the designer breed, the temperament can vary as well. As in the case of all dog breeders, breeders of designer pups focus on preserving desired temperament qualities in their pups by only using parents that they themselves possess the desired stable temperament suitable to excel as a family companion.
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It is important to remember that not getting 8 hours of sleep every night does not mean you are putting your health at risk. Different people have different sleep needs. Some people do fine on 6 hours of sleep a night. Others only do well if they get 10 to 11 hours of sleep.
Treatment often begins by reviewing any drugs or medical conditions that may be causing your insomnia or making it worse.
Thinking about any lifestyle and sleep habits that may be affecting your sleep is an important next step. This is called sleep hygiene. Making some changes in your sleep habits may improve or solve your insomnia.
Using medicine to treat insomnia can sometimes be useful, but there can be risks.
Antihistamines (the main ingredient in over-the-counter sleeping pills) may cause memory problems over time, especially in the elderly.
Only use sedatives under the close care of a doctor, because they can cause tolerance and sometimes dependence. Stopping these medications suddenly can cause rebound insomnia and withdrawal.
Lower doses of certain antidepressant medicines may help. These medicines do not carry the same problems with tolerance and dependence as sedatives.
It may help to see a psychiatrist or other mental health provider to test for a mood or anxiety disorder that can cause insomnia.
They may use talk therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to help you gain control over anxiety or depression.
A psychiatrist may also prescribe antidepressants or another medicine to help your sleeping problem and any mood or anxiety disorder you might have.
Most people are able to sleep by practicing good sleep hygiene. See a doctor if you have insomnia that does not improve.
Daytime sleepiness is the most common complication of insomnia. There is also evidence that a lack of sleep can lower your immune system's ability to fight infections.
A lack of sleep is also a common cause of auto accidents. If you are driving and feel sleepy, take a break.
Calling your health care provider
Call your doctor if insomnia has become a problem.
Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, Friedman L, Boehlecke B, Brown T, et al. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: an update. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep. 2006;29:1415-1419.
Vitiello MV, Rybarczyk B, Von Korff M, Stepanski EJ. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia improves sleep and decreases pain in older adults with co-morbid insomnia and osteoarthritis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:355-362.
David B. Merrill, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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In December 2014, the city of San Jose shut down what was then America’s largest homeless camp — a shantytown that stretched for sixty-eight acres along Coyote Creek where a few hundred men and women were living in tents, shacks, treehouses, and adobe dugouts. Happening during the midst of the holiday season, the event captured widespread media attention. News stories like “In Wealthy Silicon Valley, 300 Evicted from Homeless Camp” and “Hanging out with the Tech Have-nots” portrayed the camp, also know as “the Jungle,” in terms of the polarized urbanization that characterizes contemporary Silicon Valley, where the headquarters of some of the richest corporations in the nation co-exist with rapidly growing homeless populations. As KQED News, a local NPR station, wrote in its coverage of the eviction:
Nearby companies like Google, Apple, Yahoo, eBay and Facebook have amassed incredible wealth as the tech sector roars back to life following the recession. The growth has driven up home prices in the Bay Area, and many available units are unaffordable for low and middle-class residents. “To not be able to house our people in the richest place in the world at the richest time in its history shows us that something’s completely broken about our city,” [housing advocate Sandy] Perry said.
This is, of course, the “tale of two cities” narrative that has become depressingly familiar in what many are calling a new gilded age. But to view the camps simply in this light is to overlook the deeper and more durable history of encampments for the homeless in the United States, and of the campaigns both to dismantle and defend them. Like many informal settlements across the country, the Jungle had existed for more than a decade; it was a product of neither the Great Recession nor the uneven recovery.
Homeless camps can be found in cities rich and poor, big and small, liberal and conservative.
Indeed, mass encampments, with fifty or more residents, have become increasingly common across America. Since the turn of the millennium, more than three dozen cities have accommodated camps of this scale for a year or more. 1 Homeless camps can be found in cities rich and poor, big and small, liberal and conservative; they range from the tech corridors of San Jose and Seattle, to the post-industrial outskirts of Detroit and Providence, to the college towns of Ann Arbor and Eugene. The settlements are diverse both socially and formally, including self-described eco-villages, political occupations in city hall plazas, and makeshift campsites in church parking lots. And if many cities have sought to remove the informal settlements, often forcefully, others have responded with toleration, sometimes legalizing the camps through zoning ordinances. 2
“Weed-thatched enclosures, paper houses, a great junk pile”
To understand the resurgence of mass encampments, it is useful to recall that homeless camps have been more or less permanent fixtures within U.S. cities since the rise of modern industrialism in the latter half of the 19th century. Before then vagrants might be sent to the almshouse or penitentiary, or to police stations, which in the 1840s began to provide overnight lodging for the destitute. Only after the Civil War, with the expansion of the national rail system and the new markets it opened up, did cities witness the emergence of large squatter camps on their outskirts — so-called tramp colonies or jungles. 3 Often located near train stations or along roads, many jungles became deeply rooted, serving as way stations for a new proletariat of migratory and seasonal workers. Though camps usually had a handful of longtime residents, or “jungle buzzards,” who took on the task of running things, most of the hobos — including veterans of the Union and Confederate armies — were passing through. Nels Anderson, who was not only a protégé of sociologist Robert Park at the University of Chicago but also, in the years before World War I, a hobo himself, described the transience of these encampments:
Jungle populations are ever changing. Every hour new faces appear to take the place of those that have passed on. They come and go without ceremony, with scarcely a greeting or “fare-you-well.” Every new member is of interest for the news he brings or the rumors that he spreads. Each is interested in the other so far as he has something to tell about the road over which he has come, the work conditions, the behavior of the police, or other significant details. But … there is seldom any effort to discuss personal relations and connections. Here is one place where every man’s past is his own secret. 4
Starting around the turn of the 20th century, during the Progressive era, migrant camps became places of political action. 5 Some were hotbeds of radical and socialist organizing, where representatives of the newly formed union, the Industrial Workers of the World, or “Wobblies,” sought to recruit members. Other camps were incubators of protest. In the midst of the depression that followed the Panic of 1893, Coxey’s Army — several thousand laid-off rail workers from the Midwest led by an Ohio businessman named Jacob Coxey — marched to Washington to petition Congress to create public works projects to put the unemployed to work, camping along the way. In 1932, tens of thousands of jobless World War I veterans formed the “Bonus Army” and marched to Washington to demand advances on promised bonuses for their military service. Many camped in a self-governed tent city on the banks of the Anacostia River, with makeshift streets and sanitation facilities, that lasted for several months until they were forcibly removed by troops commanded by General Douglas MacArthur. And as the Great Depression deepened, throughout the ’30s, the seasonal jungles of transient workers became entrenched shantytowns of the chronically unemployed, widely known as Hoovervilles, after President Herbert Hoover, whom many blamed for the financial crash.
Hoovervilles were found coast to coast, often along rivers, which offered access to food and water, or near soup kitchens. In New York the homeless set up camp in Central Park and in alleys and along the rivers; in Los Angeles they occupied a vacant site near Watts. “There was a Hooverville on the edge of every town,” wrote John Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath, his Depression epic about tenant farmers who journey from Oklahoma to California. Here Steinbeck describes a camp in the Central Valley:
The rag town lay close to water; and the houses were tents, and weed-thatched enclosures, paper houses, a great junk pile. The man drove his family in and become a citizen of Hooverville — always they were called Hooverville. The man put up his own tent as near to water as he could get; or if he had no tent, he went to the city dump and brought back cartons and built a house of corrugated paper. And when the rains came the house melted and washed away. 6
To offer alternatives to the “rag towns,” the new administration of Franklin Roosevelt set up the Federal Emergency Relief Agency, which opened several hundred camps in rural counties and “transient centers,” or lodging houses, in cities. But the funding was insufficient; ultimately it was not social policy but military action that put a real end to the Hoovervilles. With the entry of the United States into World War II, and with the conscription of military-age men and the vast mobilization of the economy, the homeless colonies faded away. 7 And they would not return for decades. For the veterans of World War II there would be no need for bonus marches. During the fat decades of postwar prosperity and low unemployment, tent cities largely vanished from the American landscape. To be sure, there were occasional protest demonstrations — like “Resurrection City,” the temporary tent colony of the Poor People’s Campaign, organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and erected on the National Mall in spring 1968 — but these were short-lived and exceptional.
The contemporary era of chronic homelessness in America began with the Reagan Revolution of the 1980s.
Whether the long postwar boom ended because of the oil embargo and recession of the mid 1970s, or because of competition from rebounding European and Asian economies, is open to debate. But few dispute that the contemporary era of chronic homelessness in America began with the Reagan Revolution of the 1980s. Dedicated to lowering tax rates and shrinking the size of government, and more broadly to deregulation and privatization, the administration of Ronald Reagan slashed federal subsidies for low-income housing and psychiatric health centers and deinstitutionalized thousands of mentally ill patients. The all too predictable consequence was a dramatic rise in the ranks of the homeless, and the return of encampments to the streets and open spaces of American cities. 8 In 1982, to call attention to the growing problem, the D.C.-based Community for Creative Non Violence pitched a group of tents in Lafayette Park, across from the White House, and called it “Reaganville,” with a banner reading: WELCOME TO REAGANVILLE / REAGONOMICS AT WORK / POPULATION GROWING DAILY. Around the same time, the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now, or ACORN, staged tent cities, called “Reagan Ranches,” in cities across the country. 9
But most homeless camps were not agit-prop; most were zones for bare survival. On Skid Row in central Los Angeles, the Justiceville camp, consisting of plywood and cardboard houses and even a few portable toilets, lasted for five months in 1985, sheltering several dozen people until it was bulldozed by police. On the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the notorious tent city in Tompkins Square Park lasted for several years and sheltered hundreds in rough conditions before being removed by police in riot gear in 1991.
Tompkins Park and Justiceville were, in their size and prominence, exceptional; most of the encampments that proliferated in the ’80s and ’90s were small, rarely larger than a dozen people, and usually in out-of-the-way locations like highway underpasses, vacant lots, or remote corners of public parks. 10 Increasingly the homeless sought to remain out of sight, which is not surprising, given the violence with which urban camps were dismantled. Describing the 1991 Tompkins Park raid, the New York Times reported that “more than 350 police officers, some in riot helmets, converged on the park shortly after 5 A.M. in a show of force that gradually pushed out about 200 homeless people who had set up tents, lean-tos and shanties in the southern portion of the park.” Little wonder that homeless people in New York have sometimes sought shelter underground. Some of the most tenacious — and out of sight — homeless colonies in New York are located in the rail and subway tunnels that crisscross the metropolis. Journalist Jennifer Toth’s account of the “mole people,” first published in the mid ‘90s, remains relevant:
New York City’s underground homeless live in the secluded tunnels that run beneath the busy streets in an interconnected lattice of subway and railroad train tunnels, often unused now, that in some areas reach seven levels below the streets. Often shunned by the street homeless, the underground homeless are outcasts in a world of outcasts. … Some go down for safety, to escape thieves, rapists, and common cruelty. They go down to escape the law, to find and use drugs and alcohol unhassled by their families, friends, and society. Some, ashamed of their poverty and apparent “failure” in society and impoverished appearance, go to escape seeing their own reflections in passing shop windows. 11
“A world in which a whole class of people have no place to be”
By the late ’90s, homeless encampments were becoming semi-permanent, increasingly visible, and growing to scales unseen since the Hoovervilles of the Depression. And so they remain; they have persisted, no matter the cyclical fluctuations of the economy, no matter housing costs or poverty rates, rising or falling rates of unemployment or even homelessness. Indeed, to fully grasp today’s tent cities, we need to dig into policies that date back decades. It was in the early 1980s that homelessness — or to be more specific, the basic daily actions of people who cannot afford to rent or own a place to live — began to be increasingly viewed in criminal terms, and since then the trend has only accelerated. As the authors of No Safe Place, a recent report on the criminalization of homelessness in America, put it:
Imagine a world where it is illegal to sit down. Could you survive if there were no place you were allowed to fall asleep, to store your belongings, or to stand still? For most of us, these scenarios seem unrealistic to the point of being ludicrous. But, for homeless people across America, these circumstances are an ordinary part of daily life. … Homeless people, like all people, must engage in activities such as sleeping or sitting down in order to survive. Yet, in communities across the nation, these harmless, unavoidable behaviors are treated as criminal activity under laws that criminalize homelessness. 12
In the majority of U.S. cities, it is illegal, in certain areas, to camp, rest, loiter, sit, lie, or loaf in public places, or to share food or sleep in cars.
No Safe Place documents the rise of so-called “quality of life” laws that push well beyond the more typical vagrancy laws, which prohibit panhandling. The majority of U.S. cities have now passed ordinances making it illegal, in certain areas, to camp, rest, loiter, sit, lie, or loaf in public places, or to share food or sleep in cars. Citywide bans of these activities increased sixty percent in the past five years, the fastest growth since the early 1980s. Another recent study focuses on the criminalization of “efforts to feed people in need.” In Share No More, the National Coalition for the Homeless describes municipal laws that “restrict or eliminate food-sharing” — for instance, by prohibiting individuals or organizations to share food with homeless people without a permit, and by requiring that groups that distribute food meet strict safety regulations. Such laws against sharing food with a destitute person — surely one of the most basic acts of civic compassion — constitute the fastest growing anti-homeless campaign in the country. 13 The urban geographer Don Mitchell has characterized such policies as the “annihilation of space by law.”
The anti-homeless laws being passed in city after city in the United States work in a pernicious way: by redefining what is acceptable behavior in public space, by in effect annihilating the spaces in which people must live, these laws seek simply to annihilate homeless people themselves. … We are creating a world in which a whole class of people simply cannot be, entirely because they have no place to be. 14
To a significant degree today’s tent camps are a response to these intensifying efforts to rid streets and parks of the evidence of homelessness — the evidence of our collective social failure. And since these efforts are usually enforced most vigorously in prime downtown areas, by both metropolitan police and private security forces, the illegal camps usually crop up on the edges of town. During visits to a dozen West Coast cities, I invariably found that encampments were set up following laws banning sitting or lying on sidewalks or camping in public parks. In Fresno, California — one of the poorest cities in the U.S. — the sidewalks and railyards near the rescue mission had long been the site of small camps. It was not until the city passed aggressive laws to crack down on loitering and panhandling — laws designed to safeguard the central business district and its investment in a new minor league baseball stadium, and which required offenders to serve six months in jail or pay fines of up to $1,000 — that a tent city of over 300 emerged on the edge of downtown. 15
If downtown vagrancy is a police problem, the illegal camps are to some extent viewed as police solutions. 16 A few years ago I lived for a summer in Fresno’s tent camp, and as the city’s homeless policy manager explained to me, “The tent city has taken pressure off the downtown parks and pedestrian mall. Since the police stopped chasing homeless people around, which is ineffective and inhumane, we’ve gotten fewer complaints from business owners and residents.” On my second day at the camp, I met Alan, a thirty-seven year-old white man from Merced, who was surviving by selling recycled scrap metal. He explained how he came to live in the tent city:
I don’t naturally gravitate to large groups. My first night I slept out in Courthouse Park and a number of spots near downtown, but I could never stay anywhere longer than a few nights. Then I hooked up with a couple of guys who I recycled with. We wanted to avoid the craziness of the tent camp, and set up camps behind abandoned shops — I mean really out of the way. Still the police would roost us out every week. One night an officer woke me up with his boot. I had no idea he was a cop and drew a knife on him, just instinct you know, which ended me up in jail. After that, I wasn’t gonna mess around anymore and just did what the officers had been telling us for months — “go south of Ventura and no one will bother you.” 17
I heard similar stories in the other tent colonies where I’ve done field research. But most people didn’t need any official guidance to find the local encampment. It was well understood that the laws that applied downtown wouldn’t be enforced on the edge — that you could (illegally) construct a shanty or put up a tent without citation while also (illegally) warming yourself by a fire, cooking a meal, having sex, urinating or defecating, and drinking alcohol and taking drugs — all the usual activities of people who live in houses.
Fresno’s tent camp, like most, was an adaptation to anti-homeless laws. But in some cities homeless communities have formed in resistance to the increasingly punitive regulations. In Seattle, in the early ’90s, a local non-profit called Share/Wheel established a tent city to help people who’d been displaced as a result of an anti-camping ban; today the group runs Tent City 3 and Tent City 4 (the names reflect the group’s successive efforts). 18 More recently, in 2008, homeless people and advocates pitched 150 bright pink tents in an industrial zone and dubbed it “Nickelsville,” to protest the policies of then Mayor Greg Nickels. Today Nickelsville is a 501(c)3 with a website, mailing list, and PayPal account. As one Nickelodian explained to me, “We’re not simply homeless here, we are activists for the entire population of homeless in this city.”
Seattle is not alone. Dignity Village and Right 2 Dream Too, in Portland, Oregon; Quixote Village, in Olympia, Washington; Safe Park, in Tucson, Arizona; and Occupy Madison Inc., in Madison, Wisconsin — all have emerged in reaction to the criminalization of destitution. All have tight connections with local advocacy groups and, like Nickelsville, articulate their agendas and organize their activities via websites or Facebook. And unlike the squatter camps on the urban edges, the protest camps sometimes stake out central and symbolic spaces. 19
The new tent cities have been shaped by anti-homeless laws; but their growing ranks are the results as well of a long-term crisis in shelter policy and management. The Reagan administration’s deep cuts to federal assistance for low-income housing (from $32 billion in 1981 to $7.5 billion in 1988) and its deinstitutionalization of thousands of psychiatric patients led not only to a dramatic rise in homelessness but also to intense new pressures on the social service agencies that offer short-term assistance, from meals to beds to showers to medical check-ups. 20 These pressures continue to this day, and many observers point to unmet shelter needs — to underfunded and understaffed facilities — to explain the emergence of illegal encampments. But the dysfunctions of the system go well beyond questions of capacity. In dozens of interviews, homeless campers — diverse in age, race, gender, and class background — told me again and again that the problem with municipal shelters wasn’t simply lack of available space but rather the strict and often depersonalized atmosphere they so often encountered. Here is Geoff, a forty-four-year-old African American at Sacramento Safe Ground:
The shelter is just a jail that you can leave. I was in the pen for twelve years before getting out. I spent the first week out in the shelter, but never again. The way the staff can talk down to you. The schedule, like curfew, dinner, wake-up call, showers. You got people trying to prove themselves, like they all tough so not to try to steal anything from them. Hell, I swear the bunk beds and food are made by the same freakin’ companies. Out here in the camp I at least have a bit of the freedom I’d been waiting for those twelve years.
Tony, a thirty-seven-year-old white man, described the differences between his experiences at a city shelter and at Seattle’s Tent City 3:
It may only be a tent, but this is the only privacy I can afford. When I first became homeless it drove me crazy, being out in public in parks or café’s all day, and then coming back to the shelter to sleep in public with no privacy. When I zip up my tent, I can read, watch a movie, do whatever. I can store my things here, so I don’t have to lug around a cart of stuff all day, and I know it’s safe. It’s my last piece of space, and the shelter doesn’t give you that.
And Carol, forty-nine, a white resident of F-Street Camp in Fresno, put it this way:
I camp here because it’s the only way I can stay with my family. My social worker wanted me to go into the shelter, but if I did that I’d have to give up my dog who I’ve had for seven years, and me and my boyfriend would have to stay at different places. These guys are all I got.
Almost everyone I talked with emphasized these kinds of contrasts; but for most homeless campers the really crucial difference had less to do with personal comfort than with the more ineffable matter of dignity. To this point, consider the names of the legal encampments: “Dignity Village,” “Village of Hope,” “Community First!,” “Right 2 Dream too,” “Opportunity Village.” In describing why they preferred camps to shelters, some deployed the right-wing rhetoric of “self sufficiency” and “no government handouts,” while others used vaguely anarchist terms like “autonomous rule.” In the Village of Hope, in Fresno, Brad, a longtime truck driver before becoming homeless at age sixty, explained to me that “in the shelter you’re forced into dependence. You’re served food, people clean up after you, and you have no control over your day-to-day schedule. In the Village, we’re not a burden to anyone.” Many of those I interviewed referred to fellow campers as their family, and some emphasized that it was the first time they’d ever lived anywhere with a sense of community.
“These are not homes, these are tool sheds”
San Jose’s Jungle was not exceptional; most mass camps are eventually dismantled and their residents evicted. Tent City in Fresno, Camp Hope in Ontario, American River in Sacramento, the Slough in Stockton, the Bulb in Albany — these are a few of the camps that have been torn down, just in California, in the past few years. 21 Yet at the same time alternatives are emerging. Throughout the country, grudging toleration of the squatter camps is giving way to efforts to legalize them — and also to sustained campaigns to create better, more substantial, and sometimes even permanent alternatives.
Grudging toleration of squatter camps is giving way to efforts to legalize them, and to create more substantial and even permanent alternatives.
In Seattle, Share/Wheel has maintained Tent City 3 and Tent City 4 for more than a decade by arranging for the encampments to be sited in church parking lots. In Eugene, Oregon, housing advocates mobilized to create Opportunity Village, which describes itself as a “transitional micro-housing” pilot project. Built on an acre of land donated by the city, and with approximately $200,000 in cash donations, labor, and materials, Opportunity Village consists of thirty tiny houses with communal spaces for cooking, sanitation, and laundry, and with shared wi-fi and computer facilities. In central Florida, on several acres of industrial land outside St. Petersburg, a Catholic charity runs Pinellas Hope; started in 2007 as a five-month pilot program, the community has endured as a cluster of tents and sheds that can house approximately 300 people. In Fresno, the Village of Hope and Community of Hope, both run by a local soup kitchen, house several dozen formerly homeless people, including some families, in prefabricated Tuff Garden Sheds; nearby tents offer facilities for cooking and watching television.
The most ambitious effort to date is in Austin, Texas, where a Catholic group called Loaves and Fishes has been developing a “master planned” cluster of micro-homes, RV’s, and large canvas tents on twenty-seven acres of donated land. Scheduled to open this fall, the Community First! Village will enable a few hundred homeless people to rent tiny dwellings for modest sums (averaging $200 per month). The village already has a community garden and raises chickens and bees; earlier this year an outdoor cinema opened with a showing of The Karate Kid. In the works are a medical clinic and even a columbarium — the latter perhaps underscoring the ambitions of the village to be more than a short-term or transitional place. You can see a similar ambition — a scaling up from camp to campus — at River Haven, in Ventura, California, which consists of Buckminster Fuller-inspired U-Domes, and at the Cottages at Hickory Crossing, in Dallas, where residents live in smartly designed single-room cottages. River Haven is classified by city officials as “transitional,” and the Cottages as “permanent” support housing; both benefit from HUD funding and, unlike municipal emergency shelters, both communities require residents to pay rent.
These new villages are undoubtedly improvements over the illegal camps. For the most part conforming to local building, health, and safety codes, many feature on-site toilets and showers, laundry facilities, shared kitchens, communal gardens, propane heating, electricity, wi-fi, real beds, and personalized decor; some even have computer labs and libraries. Most of the new communities maintain websites detailing their various amenities. 22 Yet somehow, much like the evolving squatter cities of the developing world, these new quasi-formal communities seem not quite fully legitimate — and as such they raise uneasy questions. 23
Should the new and improved encampments be viewed as innovative housing models to be added to the existing policy menu of shelters and transitional housing like single-room-occupancy hotels? In some cities, officials have been eager to take credit for what can seem a flexible and low-cost expansion of the municipal shelter system. In Fresno, the mayor held a press conference at the ribbon-cutting for the Village of Hope, hailing it as a “demonstration of our government’s determination and capability to take responsibility for the homeless.” A couple of years ago, Seattle planners acknowledged the tent cities run by Share/Wheel as a “viable temporary living option” and “lower cost alternative to more permanent and costly housing options.” 24
Should the new and improved encampments be viewed as innovative solutions? Or as regressive forms of affordable housing?
Advocates argue that providing the homeless with legal, organized, and self-sufficient spaces will improve the public’s perception of a population often perceived as disorderly or dependent. Yet some view these new settlements as little more than coping strategies — regressive forms of affordable housing. Most legal encampments are situated in undesirable zones on the urban margins. Portland’s Dignity Village is bordered by a compost dump and state prison. The tiny cottages of Olympia’s Quixote Village are clustered in an industrial park near a truck depot. After an effort to locate in central Austin, Community First! settled for a parcel of land bounded by a fence marking the city limit. The tent cities of Seattle relocate every three months, from one parish to another, a practice that eases the anxieties of property owners even as it heightens the stress of homeless campers. Proponents of the tiny house movement argue that city regulations are being wielded by wealthier residents to prevent the development of affordable, easy-to-construct shelter. Others counter that the micro-units represent a lowering of the standards of affordable housing. Describing the Tuff Garden Sheds of the Village of Hope, each of which is occupied by two residents, one of Fresno’s homeless advocates was dismissive. “These are not homes, these are tool sheds,” he said. “When I show friends the site of the Village, the initial reaction is that these things are more like doghouses than people’s homes. Many are more disturbed by the sheds than the tents.”
The reaction is understandable, and speaks to the growing concern that the new forms of legal encampment constitute a quick-fix, low-cost solution to the immediate problem of relieving homelessness that largely ignores the more fundamental problem of ensuring decent housing for all citizens. As such, it’s all too clear that the encampments, in whatever form they take, are becoming semi-official institutions of social welfare and poverty management — depoliticized components of the growing shadow state in which private entities are assuming responsibilities once defined as public.
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DARIUS THE MEDE.
THE received views respecting this celebrated monarch have lately been impugned by the noble author of |The Times of Daniel.| He gives five reasons for believing him to be Darius Hystaspes instead of the Cyaxares of Xenophon, the uncle and father-in-law of Cyrus. This assertion will therefore require some notice in detail, and compel us to repeat some statements with which the student of ancient history is familiar.
The views of the author already alluded to are, thus expressed, -- |Three kings,| it is said, |of the name of Darius occur in Scripture; must we not presume that the first Darius there corresponds with Darius the first in profane history? that the second in each equally agree; and that the third Darius, with whom the list terminates in Scripture, is the third Darius with whom the line of Persian kings closes?| There are strong marks in corroboration of the Median of this verse being Hystaspes; some of these are as follows: -- First, each is said to have taken Babylon. Both levied taxes, so that the second verse of chapter.6 is said to be parallel to Herodotus, Book 3, and Strabo, Book 15. This levying taxes leads to a similar assertion respecting Ahasuerus in Esther, Esther 10:1, who reigned |from India even to Ethiopia.| (Esther 1:1.) |Now, Ahash-verosh, (meaning Ahasuerus,) who succeeded Darius the Median, reigned over India,| and, according to Herodotus, Darius Hystaspes conquered India; hence this Mede was Darius Hystaspes. Pliny's testimony is brought forward to shew that Susa was built by this Darius; Ahasuerus resided at Shushan, which is identical with Susa, hence the conclusion is the same. Other reasons are given, and other collateral assertions made. Authorities are quoted by which it is laid down that Ahasuerus was Xerxes, the history of Esther occurred during the captivity, the son of Ahasuerus was Darius Nothus, the third Darius was Codomanus. |To complete the evidence, I will contrast the identification which I propose with that which is now most generally approved of.|
CANON OF PTOLEMY
SCRIPTURE AS I PROPOSE
Darius the First
Darius the Median.
Artaxerxes the First.
Artaxerxes the First, (Coresch.)
Darius the Second.
Darius the Second.
Artaxerxes the Second.
Son of Ahashverosh.
Artaxerxes the Second.
Darius the Third.
Darius the Third, (fourth from Coresch, Daniel 11.)
It is also suggested that Jeremiah 50 and Jeremiah 51 of Jeremiah apply to this Darius and not to Cyrus, as Dr. Keith asserts. Jeremiah 51:11 and 28, are said to apply to Zopyrus, and the language of the chapter is on the whole more suitable to the capture of Babylon by this Darius, according to Herodotus, Book 3, than to that by Cyrus.
The commonly received view is stated shortly by Rosenmuller, -- that this Mede was the Cyaxares II. of Xenophon, the son of Astyages, the uncle and father-in-law of Cyrus. AEschylus, in his tragedy of the Persae, introduces Darius the son of Hystaspes, recounting his origin from Darius the Mede. Josephus, in the tenth Book of his Antiquities, says he was the son of Astyages; and Theodoret, in his Commentary, identifies him with Cyaxares. Jerome states that, in conjunction with his uncle Cyrus, he subverted the Chaldean empire.
|If Xenophon's account of Cyrus be in general admitted,| says Wintle, |we cannot be at a loss to determine who was Darius the Mede; and if even the defeat of Astyages be received according to Herodotus, and it be placed in the tenth year of Cyrus's reign over Persia Proper, yet there seems no necessity to conclude but that the kingdom of Media might still, with the consent of Cyrus, be continued to Cyaxares, his mother's brother, who might retain it till his death, after the conquest of Babylon, which Herodotus attributes to Cyrus, after he had reduced the neighboring powers.| He next proceeds to obviate one or two chronological difficulties often considered as weighty objections to Xenophon's account. |The name of Darius is omitted in the Canon, although he is allowed to have reigned more than one year, if he reigned at all. How shall we then reconcile his history with the Canon? and where or in what part must this reign be placed? The same answer will serve for both inquiries. The Canon certainly allots nine years to Cyrus over Babylon, of which space the two former years are usually allowed to coincide with the reign of Cyaxares or Darius the Mede by the advocates of Xenophon.| A MS. of Archbishop Secker is then quoted, in which he gives reasons why Berosus might have overlooked this reign as short-lived and nominal. Prideaux and Usher, and the Ancient Universal History, are referred to for additional information. With reference to the period before us, it is concluded, from the close of this Daniel 5, |that Darius the Mede did not begin his reign till after the capture of Babylon; and this event I am inclined to place in the next year after the 17th of Nabonadius, in the 210th year of the Chaldean era, or 538 years before Christ, which was the first of Cyrus's nine years. Whether the defeat of Nabonadius and the taking of the city happened near the same time, I need not determine; but it seems clear from Daniel, (Daniel 5:31,) as well as from Xenophon, that the king was slain on the same night that the city was taken; and this, I apprehend, must have happened about the real year of the captivity 67, supposing the fourth of Jehoiakim to agree with the year 605 before Christ, according to Blair.|
Here again the researches of Hengstenberg afford us valuable aid in discussing and reconciling the various statements of historians. The silence of Herodotus and Ctesias concerning a Median king of Babylon is noticed, and even concealment on the part of the Persians is shewn to be highly probable.
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Iguanodon (or /ɪˈgwænədɒn/, meaning "Iguana tooth") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived roughly halfway between the first of the swift bipedal hypsilophodontids and the ornithopods' culmination in the duck-billed dinosaurs. Many species of Iguanodon have been named, dating from the Kimmeridgian age of the Late Jurassic Period to the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous Period from Asia, Europe, and North America. However, research in the first decade of the 2000s suggests that there is only one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, that lived from the Barremian to the early Aptian (Early Cretaceous) in Europe, between about 130 and 120 million years ago. Iguanodon's most distinctive features were its large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defence against predators.
Discovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, Iguanodon was the second dinosaur formally named, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria. A large, bulky herbivore, Iguanodon is a member of Iguanodontia, along with the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.
Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from the fossils. The numerous specimens of this genus, including nearly complete skeletons from two well-known bonebeds, have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically well-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs, its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains.
Iguanodon was a bulky herbivore that could shift from bipedality to quadrupedality. The best-known species, I. bernissartensis, is estimated to have weighed about 3.08 tonnes (3.5 tons) on average, and measured about 10 metres long (32.8 ft) as an adult, with some specimens possibly as a long as 13 metres (42.6 ft). Other species were not as large; the similarly robust I. dawsoni is estimated at 8 metres long (26.2 ft), and its more lightly-built contemporary I. fittoni at 6 metres (19.7 ft). This genus had a large, tall but narrow skull, with a toothless beak probably covered with keratin, and teeth like those of an iguana, but much larger and more closely packed.
The arms were long (up to 75% the length of the legs in I. bernissartensis) and robust, with rather inflexible hands built so that the three central fingers could bear weight. The thumbs were conical spikes that stuck out away from the three main digits. In early restorations, the spike was placed on the animal's nose. Later fossils revealed the true nature of the thumb spikes, although their exact function is still debated. They could have been used for defense, or for foraging for food. The little finger was elongate and dextrous, and could have been used to manipulate objects. The legs were powerful, but not built for running, and there were three toes on each foot. The backbone and tail were supported and stiffened by ossified tendons, which were tendons that turned to bone during life (these rod-like bones are usually omitted from skeletal mounts and drawings). Overall, in body structure, it was not too dissimilar from its later relatives, the hadrosaurids.
Iguanodon gives its name to the unranked clade Iguanodontia, a very populous group of ornithopods with many species known from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Aside from Iguanodon, the best-known members of the clade include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Ouranosaurus, and the duck-bills, or hadrosaurs. In older sources, Iguanodontidae was shown as a distinct family. This family traditionally has been something of a wastebasket taxon, including ornithopods that were neither hypsilophodontids or hadrosaurids. In practice, animals like Callovosaurus, Camptosaurus, Craspedodon, Kangnasaurus, Mochlodon, Muttaburrasaurus, Ouranosaurus, and Probactrosaurus were usually assigned to this family. With the advent of cladistic analyses, Iguanodontidae as traditionally construed was shown to be paraphyletic, and these animals are recognized to fall at different points in relation to hadrosaurs on a cladogram, instead of in a single distinct clade. Essentially, the modern concept of Iguanodontidae currently includes only Iguanodon. Groups like Iguanodontoidea are still used as unranked clades in the scientific literature, though many traditional iguanodontids are now included in the superfamily Hadrosauroidea. Iguanodon lies between Camptosaurus and Ouranosaurus in cladograms, and is probably descended from a camptosaur-like animal. At one point, Jack Horner suggested, based mostly on skull features, that hadrosaurids actually formed two more distantly-related groups, with Iguanodon on the line to the flat-headed hadrosaurines, and Ouranosaurus on the line to the crested lambeosaurines, but his proposal has been rejected.
The discovery of Iguanodon has long been accompanied by a popular legend. The story goes that Gideon Mantell's wife, Mary Ann, discovered the first teeth of an Iguanodon in the strata of Tilgate Forest in Whiteman's Green, Cuckfield, Sussex, England, in 1822 while her husband was visiting a patient. However, there is no evidence that Mantell took his wife with him while seeing patients. Furthermore, he admitted in 1851 that he himself had found the teeth. Not everyone agrees that the story is false, though. Regardless of the exact circumstances, he combed the area for more fossils, and consulted the fossil experts of the time as to what sort of animal the bones might belong to. Most of the scientists, such as William Buckland and Georges Cuvier, thought that the teeth were from fish or mammals. However, Samuel Stutchbury, a naturalist from the Royal College of Surgeons, recognized that they resembled those of an iguana, albeit twenty times larger. Mantell did not describe his findings until 1825, when he presented a paper on the remains to the Royal Society of London.
In recognition of the resemblance of the teeth to those of the iguana, Mantell named his new genus Iguanodon or "iguana-toothed", from iguana and the Greek word odontos ("tooth"). Based on isometric scaling, he estimated that the creature might have been up to 12 metres (40 ft) long. His initial idea for a name was Iguanasaurus ("Iguana lizard"), but his friend William Daniel Conybeare suggested that that name was more applicable to the iguana itself, so a better name would be Iguanoides ("Iguana-like") or Iguanodon. He neglected to add a species name to form a proper binomial, so one was supplied in 1829 by Friedrich Holl: I. anglicum, which was later amended to I. anglicus.
A better specimen was discovered in a quarry in Maidstone, Kent, in 1834, which Mantell soon acquired. He was able to identify it as an Iguanodon from its distinctive teeth. The Maidstone slab allowed the first skeletal reconstructions and artistic renderings of Iguanodon. As such, he made some mistakes, the most famous of which was the placement of what he thought was a horn on the nose. The discovery of much better specimens in later years revealed that the horn was actually a modified thumb. Still encased in rock, the Maidstone skeleton is currently displayed at the Natural History Museum in London. The borough of Maidstone commemorated this find by adding an Iguanodon as a supporter to their coat of arms in 1949. This specimen has become linked with the name I. mantelli, a species named in 1832 by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in place of I. anglicus, but it actually comes from a different formation than the original I. mantelli/I. anglicus material.
At the same time, tension began to build between Mantell and Richard Owen, an ambitious scientist with much better funding and society connections in the turbulent worlds of Reform Act-era British politics and science. Owen, a firm creationist, opposed the early versions of evolutionary science ("transmutationism") then being debated and used what he would soon coin as dinosaurs as a weapon in this conflict. With the paper describing Dinosauria, he scaled down dinosaurs from lengths of over 61 metres (200 ft), determined that they were not simply giant lizards, and put forward that they were advanced and mammal-like, characteristics given to them by God; according to the understanding of the time, they could not have been "transmuted" from reptiles to mammal-like creatures.
Shortly before his death in 1852, Mantell realized that Iguanodon was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as Owen was putting forward, but his passing left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of the dinosaurs became that seen by the public for decades. With Waterhouse Hawkins, he had nearly two dozen lifesize sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two Iguanodon, one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. Before the sculpture of the standing Iguanodon was completed, he held a banquet for twenty inside it.
The largest find of Iguanodon remains to date occurred in 1878 in a coal mine at Bernissart in Belgium, at a depth of 322 m (1056 ft). With the encouragement of Alphonse Briart, supervisor of mines at nearby Morlanwelz, Louis Dollo, with Louis de Pauw, oversaw excavation of the skeletons and reconstructed them. At least 38 Iguanodon individuals were uncovered, most of which were adults. Many of them went on public display beginning in 1882 and are still present for viewing; 11 are displayed as standing mounts, and 20 as they were (approximately) found. The exhibit makes an impressive display in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, in Brussels. A replica of one of these is on display at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and at the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge. Most of the remains were referred to a new species, I. bernissartensis, a larger and much more robust animal than the English remains had yet revealed, but one specimen was referred to the nebulous, gracile I. mantelli (now Dollodon bampingi). The skeletons were some of the first complete dinosaur skeletons known. Found with the dinosaur skeletons were the remains of plants, fish, and other reptiles, including the crocodilian Bernissartia. The science of conserving fossil remains was in its infancy, and was ill-equipped to deal with what soon became known as "pyrite disease". Pyrite in the bones was changing to iron sulphate, damaging the remains by causing them to crack and crumble. When in the ground, the bones were exposed to moisture that prevented this from happening, but when removed into the drier open air, the natural chemical conversion began to occur. Not knowing the true cause, and thinking it was an actual infection, the staff at the Museum in Brussels attempted to treat the problem with a combination of alcohol, arsenic, and shellac. This combination was intended to simultaneously penetrate (alcohol), kill any biological agent (arsenic), and harden (shellac) the fossils. This treatment had the unintended effect of sealing in moisture and extending the period of damage. Modern treatments instead involve either monitoring the humidity of fossil storage, or, for fresh specimens, preparing a special coating of polyethylene glycol that is then heated in a vacuum pump, so moisture is immediately removed and pore space is infiltrated with polyethelene glycol to seal and strengthen the fossil.
Dollo's specimens allowed him to show that Owen's prehistoric pachyderms were not correct for Iguanodon. He instead modelled the skeletal mounts after the emu and wallaby, and put the spike that had been on the nose firmly on the thumb. He was not completely correct, but he also had the disadvantage of being faced with some of the first complete dinosaur remains. A problem that was later recognized was the bend he introduced into the tail. This organ was more or less straight, as shown by the skeletons he was excavating, and the presence of ossified tendons. In fact, to get the bend in the tail for a more wallaby or kangaroo-like posture, the tail would have had to be broken. With its correct, straight tail and back, the animal would have walked with its body held horizontal to the ground, arms in place to support the body if needed.
Excavations at the quarry were stopped in 1881, although it was not exhausted of fossils, as recent drilling operations have shown. During World War I, when the town was occupied by German forces, preparations were made to reopen the mine for palaeontology, and Otto Jaekel was sent from Berlin to supervise. The Allies recaptured Bernissart just as the first fossiliferous layer was about to be uncovered. Further attempts to reopen the mine were hindered by financial problems and were stopped altogether in 1921 when the mine flooded.
Iguanodon was not part of the initial work of the dinosaur renaissance that began with the description of Deinonychus in 1969, but it was not neglected for long. David B. Weishampel's work on ornithopod feeding mechanisms provided a better understanding of how it fed, and David B. Norman's work on numerous aspects of the genus has made it one of the best-known dinosaurs. In addition, a further find of numerous Iguanodon skeletons, in Nehden, Nordrhein-Westphalen, Germany, has provided evidence for gregariousness in this genus, as the animals in this areally-restricted find appear to have been killed by flash floods. At least 15 individuals, from 2 to 8 metres long (6.6 to 26.2 ft), have been found here, although at least some of them are gracile iguanodontians and belong to the related Mantellisaurus or Dollodon (described as I. atherfieldensis, at that time believed to be another species of Iguanodon).
Iguanodon material has also been used in the search for dinosaur DNA and other biomolecules. In research by Graham Embery et al, Iguanodon bones were processed to look for remnant proteins. In this research, identifiable remains of typical bone proteins, such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans, were found in a rib.
Because Iguanodon is one of the first dinosaur genera to have been named, numerous species have been assigned to it. While never becoming the wastebasket taxon several other early genera of dinosaurs became (such as Megalosaurus and Pelorosaurus), Iguanodon has had a complicated history, and its taxonomy continues to undergo revisions. Remains of the best-known species have come from Belgium, England, Germany, Spain and France. Remains of similar animals possibly belonging to this genus have been found in Tunisia and Mongolia, and a distinct species is present in Utah, USA. Gregory Paul has recommended limiting use of I. bernissartensis to the Bernissart finds, and using I. sp. (meaning undetermined species) for robust iguanodontian remains from Barremian-age rocks of Europe. Thus, after thorough restudy, what had been seen as a quintessentially British dinosaur may in fact be poorly known from England.
I. anglicus was the original type species, but the holotype was based on a single tooth and only partial remains of the species have been recovered since. In March 2000, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature changed the type species to the much better known I. bernissartensis. The original Iguanodon tooth is held at Te Papa Tongarewa, the national museum of New Zealand in Wellington, although it is not on display. The fossil arrived in New Zealand following the move of Gideon Mantell's son Walter there; after the elder Mantell's death, his fossils went to Walter.
Two species described by Richard Lydekker in the late 1800s are valid, but rarely discussed. I. dawsoni, described by Lydekker in 1889, is known from two partial skeletons found in East Sussex, England, from the middle Valanginian-age Lower Cretaceous Wadhurt Clay. I. fittoni was also described by Lydekker, in 1888. Like I. dawsoni, this species is known from the Wadhurst Clay of East Sussex. Remains from Spain may also pertain to it. Norman (2004) wrote that three partial skeletons are known for it, but this is an error. The two species are separated on the basis of vertebral and pelvic characters, size, and build. For example, I. dawsoni was more robust than I. fittoni, with large Camptosaurus-like vertebrae featuring short neural spines, whereas I. fittoni is known for its "long, narrow, and steeply inclined neural spines". Neither of these species may actually pertain to Iguanodon.
Other than the two species described by Owen which have been reassigned to other genera, fourteen other species have since been reclassified. Iguanodon albinus (or Albisaurus scutifer), described by Czech paleontologist Antonin Fritsch (correctly Frič) in 1893, is a dubious nondinosaurian reptile now known as Albisaurus albinus. I. atherfieldensis, described by R.W. Hooley in 1925, was smaller and less robust than I. bernissartensis, with longer neural spines. It was renamed Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis in 2007. I. exogyrarum (also spelled I. exogirarum or I. exogirarus) was described by Fritsch in 1878. It is a nomen dubium based on very poor material and has been reassigned, by George Olshevsky, to Ponerosteus. I. valdensis, described by Hulke in 1879 from vertebral and pelvic remains, was from the Barremian stage of the Isle of Wight. Originally named Vectisaurus, it may be a partially-grown specimen of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, or from an undetermined species of Mantellisaurus. I. gracilis, named by Lydekker in 1888 as the type species of Sphenospondylus and assigned to Iguanodon in 1969 by Rodney Steel, may belong to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis.
I. foxii (also spelled I. foxi) was originally described by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1869 as the type species of Hypsilophodon; Owen (1873 or 1874) reassigned it to Iguanodon, but his assignment was soon overturned.I. hollingtoniensis (also spelled I. hollingtonensis), described by Lydekker in 1889, has been regarded as a synonym of I. fittoni,, although this assessment has not been evaluated in detail. Another specimen assigned to I. hollingtonensis by Richard Owen in 1874, with an unusual combination of hadrosaurid-like lower jaw and very robust forelimb, may represent an unnamed taxon. I. prestwichii (also spelled I. prestwichi), described by John Hulke in 1880, has been reassigned to Camptosaurus prestwichii. I. seeleyi (also spelled I. seelyi), described by Hulke two years after I. prestwichii, has been synonymized with I. bernissartensis, although this has been disputed. I. suessii, described by Emanuel Bunzel in 1871, has been reassigned to Mochlodon suessi.
I. lakotaensis was described by David B. Weishampel and Philip R. Bjork in 1989. The only well-accepted North American species of Iguanodon, I. lakotaensis was described from a partial skull from the Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota, USA. Its assignment has been controversial. Some researchers suggest that it was more basal than I. bernissartensis, and related to Theiophytalia, but David Norman has suggested that it was a synonym of I. bernissartensis. Gregory S. Paul has since given the species its own genus, Dakotadon.
Iguanodon mantelli (also spelled I. manteli or I. mantellii), described by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1832, is actually based on the same material as I. anglicus. Several skeletons, however, including the Maidstone specimen and one of the Bernissart skeletons have been assigned here over the years, and their attribution is not complete. The gracile Bernissart skeleton, for example, has been reassigned, first to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, and upon further review, to its own genus and species, Dollodon bampingi. I. orientalis, described by A. K. Rozhdestvensky in 1952, was based on poor material, but a skull with a distinctive arched snout that had been assigned to it was renamed Altirhinus kurzanovi in 1998. At the same time, I. orientalis was considered to be a nomen dubium indistinguishable from I. bernissartensis. Harry Seeley described I. phillipsi in 1869, but later reassigned it to Priodontognathus.
I. ottingeri, described by Peter Galton and James A. Jensen in 1979, is a nomen dubium based on teeth from the possibly Aptian-age lower Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. I. praecursor (also spelled I. precursor), described by E. Sauvage in 1876 from teeth from an unnamed Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) formation in Pas-de-Calais, France, is actually a sauropod, sometimes assigned to Neosodon, although the two come from different formations.
Finally, several other poorly known genera and species are included with Iguanodon without being separate species, although their assignment is less certain with the renaming of I. atherfieldensis. These include Heterosaurus neocomiensis (Cornuel, 1850), Hikanodon (Keferstein, 1834), and Therosaurus (Fitzinger, 1840), and the species "Streptospondylus" recentior (Owen, 1851), "Cetiosaurus" brachyurus, and part of "C." brevis (Owen, 1842; "C." brevis is a chimera). The nomen nudum "Proiguanodon" (van den Broeck, 1900) also belongs here, and possibly the very obscure "Streptospondylus" grandis (Owen, 1851) and meyeri (Owen, 1854).
Iguanodon teeth are, as the name suggests, like those of an iguana, but larger. Unlike hadrosaurids, which had columns of replacement teeth, Iguanodon only had one replacement tooth at a time for each position. The upper jaw held up to 29 teeth per side, with none at the front of the jaw, and the lower jaw 25; the numbers differ because teeth in the lower jaw are broader than those in the upper. Because the tooth rows are deeply inset from the outside of the jaws, and because of other anatomical details, it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, Iguanodon had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to retain food in the mouth.
The skull was structured in such a way that as it closed, the bones holding the teeth in the upper jaw would bow out. This would cause the lower surfaces of the upper jaw teeth to rub against the upper surface of the lower jaw's teeth, grinding anything caught in between and providing an action that is the rough equivalent of mammalian chewing. Because the teeth were always replaced, the animal could have used this mechanism throughout its life, and could eat tough plant material. Additionally, the front ends of the animal's jaws were toothless and tipped with bony nodes, both upper and lower, providing a rough margin that was likely covered and lengthened by a keratinous material to form a cropping beak for biting off twigs and shoots. Its food gathering would have been aided by its flexible little finger, which could have been used to manipulate objects, unlike the other fingers.
Exactly what Iguanodon ate with its well-developed jaws is not known. The size of the larger species, such as I. bernissartensis, would have allowed them access to food from ground level to tree foliage at 4–5 metres high (13–16.5 ft). A diet of horsetails, cycads, and conifers was suggested by David Norman, although iguanodonts in general have been tied to the advance of angiosperm plants in the Cretaceous due to the dinosaurs' inferred low browsing habits. Angiosperm growth, according to this hypothesis, would have been encouraged by iguanodont feeding because gymnosperms would be removed, allowing more space for the weed-like early angiosperms to grow. The evidence is not conclusive, though. Whatever its exact diet, due to its size and abundance, Iguanodon is regarded as a dominant medium to large herbivore for its ecological communities. In England, this included the small predator Aristosuchus, larger predators Eotyrannus, Baryonyx, and Neovenator, low-feeding herbivores Hypsilophodon and Valdosaurus, fellow "iguanodontid" Mantellisaurus, the armoured herbivore Polacanthus, and sauropods like Pelorosaurus.
Early fossil remains were fragmentary, which led to much speculation on the posture and nature of Iguanodon. As discussed, Iguanodon was initially portrayed as a quadrupedal horn-nosed beast. However as more bones were discovered, Mantell observed that the forelimbs were much smaller than the hindlimbs. His rival Owen was of the opinion it was a stumpy creature with four pillar-like legs. The job of overseeing the first lifesize reconstruction of dinosaurs was initially offered to Mantell, who declined due to poor health, and Owen's vision subsequently formed the basis on which the sculptures took shape. Its bipedal nature was revealed with the discovery of the Bernissart skeletons. However, it was depicted in an upright posture, with the tail dragging along the ground, acting as the third leg of a tripod.
During his re-examination of Iguanodon, David Norman was able to show that this posture was unlikely, due to the presence of a long tail stiffened with ossified tendons. To get the tripodal pose, the tail would literally have to be broken. Putting the animal in a horizontal posture makes many aspects of the arms and pectoral girdle more understandable. For example, the hand is relatively immobile, with the three central fingers grouped together, bearing hoof-like phalanges, and able to hyperextend. This would have allowed them to bear weight. The wrist is also relatively immobile, and the arms and shoulder bones robust. These features all suggest that the animal spent time on all fours.
Furthermore, it appears that Iguanodon became more quadrupedal as it got older and heavier; juvenile I. bernissartensis have shorter arms than adults (60% of hindlimb length versus 70% for adults). When walking as a quadruped, the animal's hands would have been held so that the palms faced each other, as shown by iguanodontian trackways and the anatomy of this genus' arms and hands. The three toed pes (foot) of Iguanodon was relatively long, and when walking, both the hand and the foot would have been used in a digitigrade fashion (on the fingers and toes). The maximum speed of Iguanodon has been estimated at 24 km/h (14.9 mph), which would have been as a biped; it would not have been able to gallop as a quadruped.
Large three-toed footprints are known in Early Cretaceous rocks of England, particularly Wealden beds on the Isle of Wight, and these trace fossils were originally difficult to interpret. Some authors associated them with dinosaurs early on. In 1846, E. Tagert went so far as to assign them to an ichnogenus he named Iguanodon, and Samuel Beckles noted in 1854 that they looked like bird tracks, but might have come from dinosaurs. The identity of the trackmakers was greatly clarified upon the discovery in 1857 of the hind leg of a young Iguanodon, with distinctly three-toed feet, showing that such dinosaurs could have made the tracks. Despite the lack of direct evidence, these tracks are often attributed to Iguanodon. A trackway in England shows what may be an Iguanodon moving on all fours, but the foot prints are poor, making a direct connection difficult. Tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Iguanodon are known from locations including places in Europe where the body fossil Iguanodon is known, to Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway.
The thumb spike is one of the most well-known features of Iguanodon. Although it was originally placed on the animal's nose by Mantell, the complete Bernissart specimens allowed Dollo to correctly place it on the hand, as a modified thumb. (This would not be the last time a dinosaur's modified thumb claw would be misinterpreted; Noasaurus, Baryonyx, and Megaraptor are examples since the 1980s where an enlarged thumb claw was first put on the foot, as in dromaeosaurids.)
This thumb is typically interpreted as a close-quarters stiletto-like weapon against predators, although it could also have been used to break into seeds and fruits, or against other Iguanodon. One author has suggested that the spike was attached to a venom gland, but this has not been accepted, as the spike was not hollow, nor were there any grooves on the spike for conducting venom.
An argument against herding is that juvenile remains are very uncommon at this site, unlike modern cases with herd mortality. They more likely were the periodic victims of flash floods whose carcasses accumulated in a lake or marshy setting. The Nehden find, however, with its greater span of individual ages, more even mix of Dollodon or Mantellisaurus to Iguanodon bernissartensis, and confined geographic nature, may record mortality of herding animals migrating through rivers.
Unlike other purported herding dinosaurs (especially hadrosaurs and ceratopsids), there is no evidence that Iguanodon was sexually dimorphic, with one gender appreciably different from the other. At one time, it was suggested that the Bernissart I. "mantelli", or I. atherfieldensis (Dollodon and Mantellisaurus, respectively) represented a gender, possibly female, of the larger and more robust, possibly male, I. bernissartensis. However, this is not supported today.
Since its description in 1825, Iguanodon has been a feature of worldwide popular culture. Two lifesize reconstructions of Iguanodon built at the Crystal Palace in London in 1852 greatly contributed to the popularity of the genus. Their thumb spikes were mistaken for horns, and they were depicted as elephant-like quadrupeds, yet this was the first time an attempt was made at constructing full-size dinosaur models.
Several motion pictures have featured Iguanodon. In the Disney film Dinosaur, an Iguanodon named Aladar served as the protagonist with three other iguanodonts as other main characters; a loosely-related ride of the same name at Disney's Animal Kingdom is based around bringing an Iguanodon back to the present. Iguanodon is one of the three dinosaur genera that inspired Godzilla; the other two were Tyrannosaurus and Stegosaurus. Iguanodon has also made appearances in some of the many Land Before Time films, as well as episodes of the television series.
Aside from appearances on the silver screen, Iguanodon has also been featured on the television documentary miniseries Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) produced by the BBC, and played a starring role in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book, The Lost World. It also was present in Bob Bakker's Raptor Red (1995), as a Utahraptor prey item. A main belt asteroid, , has been named 9941 Iguanodon in honour of the genus.
Because it is both one of the first dinosaurs described and one of the best-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has been well-placed as a barometer of changing public and scientific perceptions on dinosaurs. Its reconstructions have gone through three stages: the elephantine quadrupedal horn-snouted reptile of the Victorians; a bipedal but still fundamentally reptilian animal using its tail to prop itself up; and finally, its current, more agile and dynamic representation, able to shift from two legs to all fours. The second representation dominated the twentieth century, but was slowly overturned during the 1960s.
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The Body Covers: The XIII International AIDS Conference
New Developments in Affordable Antiretroviral Therapy
July 13, 2000
One novel approach, presented here, is to use short cycles of medication in an attempt to control HIV with medication, but allow regular time off of antivirals. This is done partly to conserve resources in resource-poor countries, and partly in the hope that pauses will limit the cumulative side effects of medications. These pauses are done for short periods of time to prevent damage done to the immune system when medications are stopped and viral load rebounds. One observation that underlies some of this work comes from studies which stopped antivirals in a NIH-sponsored trial presented last year. After about two weeks, virtually all participants saw a rebound in their viral load. However, for those with a viral load below detection who then stopped meds, it was noted that during the first week off meds there was very little if any return of detectable HIV. While it is virtually certain that there is some growth going on in that first week, the amount that is growing is so low as to not result in any obvious damage to the immune system. These observations have led to the following clinical studies.
Two studies from the NIH were presented with preliminary observations on just a few participants, and was presented by Dr. Mark Dybul. All study participants had a viral load suppressed to below 50 copies on a standard antiviral regimen. Starting with those who have viral load suppression is a key to this research, since stopping meds with a higher viral load potentially increases the risk of developing drug resistance to some of the antivirals. Three cycles of times "on/off" antivirals were studied. One was a cycle of two months on, one month off. Second was one week on, one week off. Third was a two-day on, five days off. Each had theoretically interesting reasons why it was worth further investigations.
The two day on/five day off cycle had only three participants studied before that approach was discontinued. It was found that there was some risk in not quickly reestablishing control of replication when going back on treatment using this schedule, and thus no further work is planned with this short cycle. The one week on/one week off cycle also had just a few (four) participants with information about their response out to about three months. To date, however, all were successful in reestablishing a suppressed viral load while on medication, and there was no loss of CD4 cells noted with this approach. While of great interest, it is cautioned that this approach should not be tried outside of research settings before more results are presented since there were significant concerns that these multiple rapid cycles might risk the development of medication resistance, and thereby threaten the longer term success of using antivirals.
Dr. Dybul also presented the results of a small study that cycled with one month off, two months on. Here, after two cycles, nine of nine participants were able to reestablish viral suppression after the two month "on" period. While there was some drop in the CD4 count in the first cycle off of medications, they noted less of a drop in the CD4 counts during the next cycle. However, there was little evidence that these patients had any increase in their immune response directed against HIV -- these very early observations suggest that restoring HIV-specific immunity will be much harder in those treated after seroconversion than in those treated during the six month period following exposure to HIV.
The results of the Swiss/Spanish study are out to just about one year, and provide some of the best available data about the longer-term outcomes of an intermittent therapy approach. The cycle starts, as with all of these studies, after they first establish suppression of HIV to below 50 copies with standard antiviral combinations. Then, the cycle is to go off medication for two weeks, followed by eight weeks back on treatment. At one year, there was little evidence that continuous pulsing off meds with this schedule leads to immunologic control, as they showed that during the one month time off, the 122 participants continued to have viral load returns during each "off" cycle. On average, the viral load came up to about 1,000 copies during each of the two-week cycles off medication, and didn't show a declining trend in the one-year period of the study. (It was also noted that during the first two-week interruption, about 12% had a viral load rebound over 100,000 copies.) However, while there was no evidence for decreasing peaks in the viral load over time in the majority of participants, there was a suggestion that in perhaps 20% of participants, there was some possible decline in the peak viral load off medication over the one-year period. Of those who successfully did reestablish virologic control, the CD4 counts were stable in this group for the entire one-year period, maintaining a mean of just over 700 cells/mm over this one-year period.
However, the study was not uniformly successful for all of those enrolled. Of concern is that about 15% of the group did not get a viral load back down to <50 copies after the eight-week re-treatment period, a finding which happened to about 5% of participants after each two-week interruption. Finally, they reported in one person that drug resistance to the medications taken did develop.
So where do these studies bring us? The larger Swiss study suggests that at best perhaps 20% of those who start treatment years after seroconversion might -- through these cycles -- have some improvement in immunologic control of HIV that leads to lower viral loads when off medication. In the remaining 80%, this cycle was not fully successful in that 15% did not get a viral load back down to <50 in the eight-week period back on medications. In addition, one person did develop drug resistance. Perhaps if the re-treatment period were longer than eight weeks, more participants would be successful in meeting this goal. This may be important to accomplish since interruptions of medications may be riskier in those with higher levels of HIV growth, since in the time period that the medications are leaving the body, there is more of a chance that some of the virus will develop resistance to the medications. Alternatively, as in the NIH studies, the period of time off of medications could be shortened to just one week as a way to decrease the degree of viral rebound.
It is also important to emphasize that, except for the decrease in the amount of antivirals actually taken in these studies, it remains completely unknown which if any of these schedules might result in fewer long-term complications than what is seen in those who take antivirals daily. Thus, active ongoing research will be needed in order to provide guidance to those living with HIV infection and their providers about how to apply these initial observations.
This article was provided by The Body PRO. Copyright © Body Health Resources Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Issue: Access to Higher Education / Closing the Achievement Gap
Grant Amount: 35000
Year Funded: 2010
Project GEM tackles the achievement gap by providing both elementary, middle and high school students with experiences in books, dance and art enrichment and mentoring that will instill in youth the ability to become a self-reliant thinker, reader and learner. Knox College students will work weekly with a group of middle school students who are first-generation potential college students. These middle school students will in turn learn how to mentor and work with elementary school students from the Galesburg community.
Project GEM will close the achievement gap by providing access to first-rate educational services that will support and nurture young learners. The Gale Scholars program allows fifteen middle school students annually to be identified for enrollment in a program for a tuition-free Knox College degree. Project GEM seeks to initiate a mentoring program for Knox College students to work weekly with Gale Scholars to provide them a Great Books experience. The Gale Scholars will in turn run a Junior Great Book
Art in Project GEM
Project GEM has been focused on exposing students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, students who are english language learners, and other under represented populations to a variety of classic english texts through the Junior Great Books series.
In conjunction with this, students have been regularly exposed to different forms of art, and classic paintings, to broaden their perspectives on what art is, how we talk about it, and the role it plays in our society. It is this discussion and appreciation for art that members of the project hopes assist kids in a higher cultural awareness, and begins to move them towards more enrichment opportunities.
Junior Great Books Training
A key to project GEM has been the training from Junior Great Books. Program participants are trained in the shared inquiry method of questioning. These skills have been applied to the weekly reading and art seminar, as well as in the local middle schols Lombard and Churchill and other community outreach programs that have been run by program participants.
The training has established a excellent core of people who work with students in group and one on one settings around the galesburg areas to teach them comprehensive reading skills as well as increasing their abilities to question and reference examples in their answers.
The model for Project GEM was decided upon through rigorous study of the most productive models for gifted enrichment and pulling from these it was determined that not only was the project meant to improve academics, but also service. With this in mind, the Triad Model types of Enrichment were combined with the Levels of Service approach to form an adequate basis. Following this, activities consistent with the Great Books Foundation and materials were implemented into the structure of the program.
The Great Books were chosen within this, because of their highly appropriate readings on service, citizenship and active engagement, as well as their focus on critical thinking and shared inquiry. These values serve as the cornerstone of Project GEM and have contributed to the Knox College Students and Gale Scholars continued insistence of personal and academic growth for those involved
|
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Sequence retrieval, alignment and phylogenetic trees
Introduction to protein sequence retrieval and analysis
The last lecture gave an introduction into protein sequences
(or primary structures), and we have learnt which information can be
extracted on the sequence level. In short, these include:
- protein function prediction (when a homologue with known function is
- secondary structure prediction (from the amino-acid propensities
in the sequence)
- tertiary structure prediction (when a homologue's structure is
- identification of conserved (and possibly functionally or
structurally essential residues), by alignment with related sequences
- prediction of hereditary information, by alignment with related sequences
Today, we will focus on the last two aspects, as structural analyses
will follow later. First we will analyse the peptide hormone
Multiple sequence alignment of insulin
As you may know, insulin is essential for normal metabolism,
as it stimulates glucose uptake after a meal. Malfunction of insulin
leads to diabetes, which is characterized by decreased glucose
tolerance resulting from a relative deficiency of insulin (or,
alternatively, a lack of sensitivity to insulin on the receptor side).
If you are interested in more background information on diabetes, here
is a good source.
For a sequence analysis of insulin, we obviously first need its sequence.
For this, we visit the SWISS-PROT database, which can be accessed via
Server. Please open the ExPASy web page in another browser window
(right click -> open in new window in mozilla), follow the
"Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL" link (first link under "Databases"), and
search for "insulin". As you will see, there are hundreds of matches,
but none directly corresponds to human insulin. This is because on the
sequence level, insulin is stored as a precursor. After synthesis, the
precursor protein is then split into the A and B chain that together
form the active form of insulin. Thus, we select the sequence of the
human insulin precursor : INS_HUMAN (P01308).
The SWISS-PROT entry of human insulin starts with some general
information on the sequence, starting with basic entry information,
the name and origin of the protein, literature references connected
with this sequence, and some comments concerning the function. This
section is followed by a number of cross-references to other databases
concerning insulin, like for example the Protein Data Bank (PDB),
where protein structures are stored. As we can see, lots of structural
information on insulin is available. In the section entitled
"Features", we can learn how the precursor sequence is related to the
active form of the hormone. As can be seen, the first 24 residues are
a signal sequence, followed by a stretch of 30 residues (25-54) that
corresponds to the B chain of insulin, and residues 90-110 make up the
A chain of insulin. Also annotated in the SWISS-PROT entry are a
number of natural mutations, leading to different forms of diabetes.
Finally, near the bottom of the page we find the sequence. Click on
the link on the bottom-right of the page to retrieve the sequence in
the so-called "FASTA" format. This is the sequence as we will feed it
to BLAST. Prepare the sequence for copy-and-paste to the BLAST window by
selecting the sequence (without the top title line) with the mouse and
activate "copy" in the mozilla "Edit" menu.
Now we open a new browser window to run BLAST, which also can be accessed
Server. On the right half of the screen, under "Tools and software
packages,", you'll find a line "Similarity searches [BLAST]". Click on
BLAST, paste your sequence, and run BLAST with the default parameters.
After some time, we obtain the 100 database sequences closest to the human
insulin (precursor), sorted to their level of similarity. Select all sequences,
by clicking the button
"Select up to" and then the checkbox next to the last sequence. After that, from the drop-down menu next to the button
"Submit query", hit "Retrieve sequences (FASTA format)" and hit
We now get presented the raw sequences in FASTA format. Select all
Institute from which we will run the multiple alignment server.
Question: Using BLAST, the selected
sequences have already been aligned, to assess the similarity to our
target sequence. Why do we need to do another alignment?
answer the question, and check if your idea matches our answer.
On the Services site of the EBI, under "C", click on
"ClustalW". Paste your sequences in the window and run ClustalW with
the default parameters. Depending on the load on the server, ClustalW
will take a while to complete. The results window shows an informative
header, with the number of sequences that was aligned and some other
statistics, followed by the actual alignment. Press the "Jalview"
button for an instructive, detailed view of the alignment. To focus on
conserved residues, under "Calculate", click "Conservation". This way,
those residues that are highly conserved get highlighted.
On the right, a picture of the insulin structure is shown, with the A
chain in yellow and the B chain in magenta. As can be seen, there are
two "bridges" connecting the A and the B chain, formed by Cysteine (C)
residues on both chains. This is an important structural feature of
insulin, strongly stabilising the structure. Therefore, it can be
easily understood that these C residues are among the strongly
conserved residues in the hormone. As is known from other structural
studies, residues interacting with the insulin receptor include:
the N-terminus of the A-chain (G-I-V-E), the C-terminus of the A-chain
(Y-C-N), and the C-terminus of the B-chain (G-F-F-Y), so also for
these residues there is a clear reason for their conservation. For the
other conserved residues, the reason for their conservation is less
clear, although their mutation has shown altered activity, hence
indicating a functional role.
Phylogenetic analysis of hemoglobin
Another application of multiple sequence analyses is the derivation of
evolutionary information, in particular the analysis of common ancestors
among different species, and their grouping (also known as taxonomy)
based on sequence similarity. This analysis is known as phylogenetic
analysis, and trees representing the sequence relationships are known
as phylogenetic trees.
In this course we will generate two phylogenetic trees, and compare
the results, to see if the mutational pattern in the one protein
(and the associated phylogenetic tree) is similar to that of the
other. For this we will take the alpha and beta chain of hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is the universal oxygen transporter in nature. It takes up
oxygens in the lungs (or gills for fish) and transports it via the
blood in red blood cells to the brain, muscle, or another destination
in the body where oxygen is required. In fact, the reason why blood is
coloured red is because of the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron,
which in that particular state is colored red, nut unlike rust.
Although part of the same protein, the two sequences of the alpha and
beta chain have evolved
independently, and hence, two separate phylogenetic trees can be constructed.
For the sequence retrieval, we follow the same sequence as we have
done above for insulin, first for the human hemoglobin alpha chain (search
for "human hemoglobin alpha"), and then for the hemoglobin beta chain.
The sequence to select for the alpha chain is HBA_HUMAN (P69905), for the beta
chain it is HBB_HUMAN (P68871).
In the BLAST search, search for "Eukaryota" only.
From the BLAST results, select only the sequences that start with HBA,
and HBB, respectively (i.e. no HBD or HBA2, etc); the easiest way to
achieve this is to select all
sequences and then to deselect the undesired sequences. Paste the sequences
in the ClustalW window, and this time, before hitting "run", select
"phylip" as "tree type" under "phylogenetic tree". After some
computation time, the EBI server will show the tree. Keep the ClustalW
window for the alpha chain open and repeat the procedure for the beta
chain. By default, the results are presented in a "cladogram", which
enables easy comparison of the individual groups. If you'd like to
have a time estimate along the horizontal axis (as an indication of
the difference between the sequences end hence the time evolved since
the diversion from a possible common ancestor), right-click on the
tree, and under "format", click "phylogram".
- Which species are most similar to human?
- Why are no Chimpanzee sequences listed? answer
- How related are humans to rabbits (RABIT), and the pacific walrus (ODORO)?
- How does this example illustrate that it is dangerous to derive a
phylogenetic tree from the sequences of a single protein? hint
If time allows, build a phylogenatic tree of a very different protein
(like a ribosomal elongation factor or F1-ATPase and compare the
result to that of hemoglobin.
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Suicide Prevention For Children And Adolescents
What do I need to know about suicide prevention?
Your child may see suicide as the only way to escape emotional or physical pain and suffering. Call 911 if you feel your child is at immediate risk of suicide, or if he talks about an active suicide plan. Assume that he intends to carry out his plan. Watch for warning signs, and get him the help he needs.
What should I do if I think my child is considering suicide?
Resources are available to help you and your child. You can help provide emotional support for him and get the help he needs:
- National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 1-800-273-TALK (8255)
- Suicide Hotline: 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433)
- Contact your child's therapist. Your child's caregiver can give you a list of therapists if he does not have one.
- Keep medicines, weapons, and alcohol out of your child's reach. Do not leave your child alone. Stay with him if he says he wants to commit suicide or you think he may try it. Make sure you do not put yourself at risk if your child has a weapon.
- Do not be afraid to ask if he is thinking of ending his life. Ask if he has a plan for hurting or killing himself. Ask what he would use to kill himself and if he has it.
What warning signs should I watch for?
Your younger child may injure himself in an attempt to feel better rather than to commit suicide. These actions are often a sign that your child needs help. Do not ignore these injuries or any of the following warning signs:
- Your child talks about his plan for committing suicide.
- Your child starts doing poorly in school. He may stop turning in homework or struggle with subjects that were not difficult before.
- Your child does dangerous things that could kill him.
- Your child cuts himself, burns his skin with cigarettes, or drives recklessly.
- Your child begins to joke, read, or write about suicide, killing, and death.
- Your child says he will not see you again or that soon he will not be a problem for you.
- Your child withdraws from others or stops doing things he enjoys. He gives or throws away his favorite things.
- Your child is sad every day. Then he becomes suddenly very happy and cheerful after a time of depression and sadness.
- Your child has changes in how he eats, sleeps, or dresses. He may gain or lose weight, or have less energy than usual. He may have trouble sleeping or spend a lot of time sleeping.
What may increase my child's risk of suicide?
- Depression or mental illness: Depression is the main reason people attempt suicide. Alcohol and drug abuse can increase depression and thoughts of suicide. The death of an important person, or the anniversary of a death, can cause intense grief and depression. Mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also increase the risk of suicide.
- Suicide history: Your child's risk is higher if he attempted suicide before. He is also at risk if someone close to him attempted or committed suicide.
- Mental, physical, or sexual abuse: Your child may be in a relationship that is not healthy or is abusive. The risk also increases if he has a history of violence or aggression toward others. Your child may feel guilty for hurting someone else.
- Loss, grief, and fear: Your child may feel loss caused by the divorce of his parents. He may feel grief from the death of a friend or family member. He may feel anxious or insecure if he moves to a new school or is bullied. Your child may have recently broken up with a boyfriend or girlfriend. Your daughter may feel scared or guilty if she becomes pregnant.
- Sexual orientation: Adolescents have an increased risk of suicide if they struggle with being gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
How will caregivers help my child?
- Assess his risk: Your child's caregiver will talk to your child without you so he can be honest about how he feels. The caregiver will ask about his suicide plans and how often he thinks about suicide. He will ask your child if he has tried it before and if he has begun to hurt himself. He may also ask if your child has weapons or drugs.
- Create a safety plan: Your child's caregiver may ask you to make a safety plan with your child. This will include a list of people or groups for your child to contact if he has suicidal feelings again. Your child may be asked to make a verbal agreement or sign a contract with you that he will not try to harm himself. His belt or shoelaces may be removed so he cannot harm himself.
What treatment may my child need?
- Therapy: Your child's caregiver may recommend counseling or other therapy. Your child may receive therapy from school counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, or others. Ask your caregiver for a list of caregivers or support groups that can help your child. Caregivers may recommend that your child be admitted for care to the hospital to ensure his safety.
- Medicines: Medicines can help your child feel well enough to continue with all of the treatment he needs. Your caregiver will talk to you and your child about the need for medicines. Rarely, antidepressants can make your child more likely to act on his suicidal thoughts. This can happen during the first few months after he starts taking an antidepressant or changes the amount he takes. You will need to watch your child very closely for any such changes during the first 4 weeks he is taking it. Do not let your child stop taking this medicine unless directed. A sudden stop can be harmful.
How can I help my child?
Do not make your child feel you are judging him or tell him that his suicide would be hard on you or others. Tell him you are here to support and help him.
- Give your child the contact information for services that can help him. Talk to him about therapy and medicines available to help him. He may follow through with treatment if he feels he was included in the planning.
- Listen when your child wants to talk. Let him know that you take his feelings and thoughts very seriously. Help your child understand that he can talk to you, another parent, or a close friend about his feelings. He can also talk to a therapist, religious or youth leader, or school counselor. Tell your child that these people want to help. Encourage him to talk to others about the way he feels. He may want to keep a daily journal where he can write about how he feels.
- Help your child spend time with family and friends. Get him involved with school events, a local community center, or activity groups.
- Help him make a list of things he hopes to do. Encourage him to make plans for what he is going to do for the next day, month, and year. Help your child make goals for his life. Encourage him to start doing things to make his goals happen.
- Have your child help you plan healthy meals and snacks. Ask his caregiver for more information if you have questions. Help your child make a bedtime schedule so he does not get too little or too much sleep.
Where can I find more information?
- National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
New York , NY 10004
Phone: 1- 800 - 273-TALK (8255)
Web Address: http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org
- Suicide Awareness Voices of Education
8120 Penn Ave. S., Ste. 470
Bloomington , Minnesota 55431
Phone: 1- 952 - 946-7998
Web Address: http://www.save.org
When should I contact my child's caregiver?
Contact your child's caregiver if:
- You begin to see warning signs.
- Your child has changes in behavior when he starts on depression medicine or his dose is changed.
- Your child acts out in anger or has reckless behavior.
- Your child withdraws from friends or loved ones.
- You have questions or concerns about your child's condition or care.
When should I seek immediate care?
Seek care immediately or call 911 if:
- Your child does something on purpose to hurt himself, such as cutting his wrists.
- Your child swallows medicines or other harmful substances, such as antifreeze.
- Your child says he wants to commit suicide.
- Your child feels that he cannot stop himself from hurting himself or others.
- Your child has sudden mood changes, such as angry outbursts or despair.
Care AgreementYou have the right to help plan your child's care. Learn about your child's health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your or his caregivers to decide what care you want for yourself or your child. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.
© 2014 Truven Health Analytics Inc. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. All illustrations and images included in CareNotes® are the copyrighted property of A.D.A.M., Inc. or Truven Health Analytics.
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If you told a friend about your new diet and she responded by giving you a coupon for some discounted fast food, you would probably question whether she really wanted you to succeed. This is not unlike what the federal government is doing with its subsidization of the fossil fuel industry.
Although no formal strategy exists to reach Canada's stated emission reduction target of 17 per cent between now and 2020, the government has stated repeatedly in recent weeks that it has a plan. How the continued subsidization of oil, coal, and gas producers, whose products are making Canada carbon-heavy, fits into this vision is a mystery. Why is the government making the super-value menu cheaper when Canada should really be turning up the speed on the carbon-reduction treadmill?
The Government of Canada is giving the fossil fuel sector $1.4 billion dollars per year in subsidies, $840 million of which is in the form of special tax breaks. Phasing out these subsidies would provide a number of benefits. First, analysis by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) shows that carbon pollution from the tar sands would be 12 per cent lower if the industry were not subsidized and expanding at such a rapid rate. This would also help level the playing field of Canada's energy market. Canada has not embarked on the transition to cleaner energy sources as quickly as many other nations. The price of fossil fuels has been kept artificially low, by subsidies and the fact that industry is not accountable for its carbon emissions or contributions to air pollution. Delaying the expansion of clean technology by favouring the intensification of finite resource extraction is not a sustainable long-term strategy. The Obama administration has just announced that it will seek to repeal US$46.2 billion in subsidies for oil, natural gas and coal companies in the next 10 years, in order to increase government funding of renewable energy spending. As we emerge from a recession and politicians everywhere stress the importance of fiscal responsibility, we could surely find a more productive way of spending this money, at the very least to fund public services that don't endanger our environment and health.
As we near the release of the federal government's 2011 budget, the David Suzuki Foundation and our coalition partners under the Climate Action Network believe it's time to put an end to special tax breaks to oil, coal, and gas companies. We have created this slick oil subsidies counter to show how much money has been given away since Prime Minister Harper agreed with other G20 leaders to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies at a 2009 meeting.
Send a letter to the Prime Minister and your MP to let them know you're tired of seeing the government propping up the fossil fuel industry and cheating on its carbon-reduction diet.
|
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New Report Suggests the Speed of the Energy Transition Is Rapid
That the world is engaged in a profound transition in the way we use energy is undeniable. The era of carbon-intensive energy derived from the burning of fossil fuels is coming to an end, and a cleaner, more reliable energy future based on renewables like wind and solar will be the new normal. How long this change will take is, however, still a matter of fierce debate. But a new report from the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council on Energy, The Speed of the Energy Transition offers compelling evidence that stakeholders in the global energy system—which means all of us—must prepare for change urgently, because it is coming fast.
Two Roads Diverge
The report, principally authored by Kingsmill Bond of Carbon Tracker, Angus McCrone of Bloomberg NEF, and myself, examines a key question: will the energy transition be gradual or rapid? A gradual transition means that oil, gas, and coal remain the dominant energy sources even as renewable energy supply increases at a steady but linear rate. And it means that there is growth in energy demand for fossil fuels—with demand for fossil fuels not reaching its peak for a generation or more—allowing the traditional businesses of energy sector incumbents to continue to flourish. In this transition scenario, we miss the climate change goals of the Paris Agreement, but the global energy sector doesn’t face the near-term prospect of wrenching change.
A rapid transition, on the other hand, means that renewables like wind and solar quickly start to supplant fossil fuels as their supply increases at an exponential rate, following the familiar S-curve growth pattern of new technologies like personal computers and mobile phones. It means that renewables supply all the net growth in global electricity demand, displacing oil, gas, and coal —with demand for fossil fuels peaking in the 2020s —and thus seriously disrupting the traditional businesses of the energy sector incumbents. In the rapid transition scenario, the energy sector will face massive change, but humanity has a chance of achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement to limit climate change to well below 2 degrees.
The question of the timing of the energy transition is a critical one: either the tipping point is right before our eyes in the decade to come, or it is far into the future, beyond the planning horizon of most companies. If stakeholders, whether they are governments setting policy, or businesses making investment decisions, assume a gradual transition while the trajectory is actually a rapid one, they will end up making the wrong decisions. Society will bear the costs of uneconomic investments and stranded high-carbon assets. But equally important, humanity will miss an early opportunity to achieve a sustainable world where the risk of catastrophic climate change is limited.
Reading the Signs
The new report describes how the two narratives—gradual and rapid—are distinguished by four main features, and how views on these issues largely determine conclusions on where the energy markets are heading. How one reads the evidence on either side of these questions determines whether one believes the gradual or rapid energy scenario more likely. They are:
At what point do renewables get big enough to impact the incumbency?
It is possible to judge the coming transition by the percentage of total energy supplied by renewable or fossil fuels, and doing so makes the changes seem gradual; solar and wind are said to be only about 1 percent of total energy supply and so too small to have much of an impact. But the key moment of significance in the transition is when renewables make up all the growth in energy supply, and this will likely come in the 2020s, long before fossil fuels lose their dominant share of total energy supply. The effects of the change will be felt by incumbents as market growth turns to decline, and financial markets constrain capital to declining industries, reallocating it to those that are growing.
Is growth in new energy technologies linear or exponential?
Until just a few years ago, solar and wind power were more expensive than fossil-fueled electricity in most places, but cost parity has now arrived. Some argue that renewable costs will stop falling. But the evidence suggests that prices for renewables will drop far below incumbent energy sources, and fast. Consider: solar and wind are already cheaper than fossil fuels for the generation of electricity, and electric vehicles are close to challenging internal combustion engine cars on price. The barriers to growth are soluble for the foreseeable future, and even further waves of change are likely to arrive due to nascent but viable technologies such as green hydrogen.
Will policy change be static—as policymakers remain cautious—or dynamic—as new technologies open up new opportunities to better design markets?
Inertia is a powerful force and existing policies have only gone so far, but history teaches us that change, once it comes, is adopted rapidly everywhere, as with the adoption of laws prohibiting smoking indoors. We live in an era of increasing pressure to change policy related to carbon-intensive fossil fuels. In the face of catastrophic global warming, continuously accelerating innovation, and the huge energy windfall opened up by low renewable costs, change is inevitable. As technology opens up the opportunity to provide better solutions for consumers’ energy needs, policy makers will respond by redesigning markets. Once politicians see that the transition is not expensive and improves competitiveness, they will rapidly change the rules that govern energy markets so as to accelerate the transition.
Will emerging markets follow the fossil fuel path taken by developed markets or will they leapfrog to new energy technologies?
Some in the energy sector are convinced that emerging markets will broadly follow the path taken by developed markets and use more fossil fuels as they get richer and energy demand rises. Nations like China and India do indeed require more energy for their citizens. Close to one billion people around the world still do not have access to electricity. But providing consistent access to sufficient energy does not mean that developing countries have to choose a polluting energy system based on fossil fuels, particularly when the developed world is rapidly shifting to lower-cost, cleaner solutions. Just as mobile phones leapfrogged land-line telephony in much of the developing world, developing and emerging countries can leapfrog to the new energy technologies of the future.
There Is Time to Act but it Is Time to Choose
From the perspective of RMI, the evidence clearly points to a rapid energy transition scenario. The key is to feel the winds of change early and move into position so that it can fill all sails. Electric vehicles had a global market share of just 2 percent in 2018, but the global auto sector has committed $300 billion to a strategic transformation that seeks to ensure that auto industry incumbents from Detroit to Stuttgart will continue their centurylong dominance far into the future. As we published in a report earlier this week, clean energy portfolios now make natural gas-powered generation unprofitable across the United States. Developing countries will opt for the more cost-effective new technologies, rather than adopting solutions from the past. And increasing policy pressure, together with financial markets that reallocate capital, will all drive in the same direction. We can all of us—innovative technology start-ups, global energy incumbents and government policymakers alike—travel together and deliver the benefits of the energy transition profitably. But first recognizing what road we are traveling will make all the difference.
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There is perhaps no protest sign more synonymous with the African-American civil rights movement than the Memphis sanitation strikers’ bright-red ‘I AM A MAN’ placards.
On March 29, 1968, thousands of people marched with the city’s sanitation workers, who were fighting to broker better work and pay conditions. Somewhere among the crowd, carrying one of the iconic signs, was a 35-year-old virologist from Balclutha.
“That really comes from a sense of fairness,” says Robert Webster. When the protests took place, he had only recently moved to Memphis to take up a position at St Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital. Fifty years later, Memphis is still home for Webster, and the young Kiwi scientist protesting racial inequality has become one of the world’s most-renowned virologists.
Webster, now aged 86, has dedicated his professional life to understanding the relationship between animal, bird and human influenza, making key discoveries that have led to the development of new vaccines, such as Tamiflu. His work has inspired the nickname Flu Hunter, which is also the title of his recent autobiography.
“I probably couldn’t have had a more exciting career,” Webster tells New Zealand Geographic. “It’s been a real adventure, I tell you.”
Despite a lifetime of research so far from home, Webster remains a true Mainlander. His accent, with its distinctive heavy vowels, reflects his Otago roots. He blames a slight limp on an old rugby injury he picked up playing hooker for South Otago High School’s 1st XV.
Born in Balclutha, Webster grew up on a dairy, sheep and grain farm in the Clutha River Valley, with no electricity and 12 brothers and sisters.
“The advantage of growing up in a really big family is it makes you competitive, which has helped me,” he says.
He began studying chemistry at the University of Otago, on the recommendation of a half-brother, but his dislike of mathematics, and an inspirational lecture by microbiologist Molly Marples, led to a switch to microbiology.
After his studies, in the early 1960s, he set up the first virology lab for the New Zealand Department of Agriculture in Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, isolating and recording a range of animal diseases for the first time in New Zealand.
“It made you realise there was a vast number of viruses out there not really receiving a great amount of attention,” he says. “There was an almost-untapped field of science.”
In 1964, he took a job in the microbiology department of the renowned John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University in Canberra, where he assumed he was going to continue studying animal diseases. There, his scientific life changed for good.
“When I arrived, I remember sitting in my new boss’s office and he told me, ‘You’re going to work on influenza’. I was disappointed, but that’s where it all started.”
Webster’s dismay evaporated as he made breakthroughs alongside Australian microbiologist Graeme Laver, with whom he formed a lifelong research partnership.
Little was known about flu pandemics at the time. Half a century earlier, the 1918 Spanish influenza had killed up to 20 million people around the world, but the origin of such outbreaks was unknown.
One of Webster and Laver’s most significant discoveries occurred during a walk along a New South Wales beach together.
“The beaches were just loaded with dead muttonbirds—every few metres,” says Webster.
He and Laver showed, for the first time, that there was a connection between bird flu and human flu. Webster also demonstrated that the combination of bird and human flu strains was all that was required for a pandemic to begin.
Later, Webster worked on reducing the flu virus component in vaccines—meaning fewer patient side effects—and studied two subtypes of flu virus: H1N1, known as swine flu, and H5N1, or bird flu. Testament to his rural Kiwi roots, it was only in the past decade that he stopped putting in long hours at the lab. But he still has an office at St Jude’s—there is a stuffed groper above his desk, and the room is filled with photos from fishing trips, including a picture of his biggest catch, a 60-kilogram halibut he hooked in Alaska.
Memphis has been home for Webster and his New Zealand wife, Marjorie, since 1968, apart from a six-month break following the assassination of Martin Luther King in the city—“we felt it was too dangerous”—and they’ve brought up three children there. Trips back to New Zealand are rare now, though 2005 saw them endow the Webster Family Chair in viral pathogenesis at the University of Otago.
Webster says his proudest achievement in Memphis is bringing dozens of young virologists to work alongside him at St Jude’s—Kiwi protégé Richard Webby is one.
Given how much Webster has added to our understanding of flu, it seems as though this one-time farm boy may have got the upper hand on the disease.
“Oh, no, no,” he says, with a firm shake of the head. “You’ve never got the upper hand. We thought we were getting on top of it with bird flu, and predicted the next pandemic was going to be bird flu. What happened? We got an H1N1 out of Mexico. Oh, no, you’ve never got it beaten.”
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« ՆախորդըՇարունակել »
The purpose of this subtitle is to provide the Federal Government with an economical and efficient system for the following activities:
(1) Procuring and supplying property and nonpersonal services, and performing related functions including contracting, inspection, storage, issue, setting specifications, identification and classification, transportation and traffic management, establishment of pools or systems for transportation of Government personnel and property by motor vehicle within specific areas, management of public utility services, repairing and converting, establishment of inventory levels, establishment of forms and procedures, and representation before federal and state regulatory bodies.
(2) Using available property.
(3) Disposing of surplus property.
(4) Records management.
$ 102. Definitions
The following definitions apply in chapters 1 through 7 of this title and in title III of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.):
(1) CARE AND HANDLING.-The term "care and handling" includes
(A) completing, repairing, converting, rehabilitating, operating, preserving, protecting, insuring, packing, storing, handling, conserving, and transporting excess and surplus property; and
(B) rendering innocuous, or destroying, property that is dangerous to public health or safety.
(2) CONTRACTOR INVENTORY.-The term "contractor inventory" means
(A) property, in excess of amounts needed to complete full performance, that is acquired by and in possession of a contractor or subcontractor under a contract pursuant to which title is vested in the Federal Government; and (B) property that the Government is obligated or has the option to take over, under any type of contract, as a result of changes in specifications or plans under the contract, or as a result of termination of the contract (or a subcontract), prior to completion of the work, for the convenience or at the option of the Government.
(3) EXCESS PROPERTY.-The term "excess property" means property under the control of a federal agency that the head of the agency determines is not required to meet the agency's needs or responsibilities.
(4) EXECUTIVE AGENCY.-The term "executive agency"
(A) an executive department or independent establishment in the executive branch of the Government; and
(B) a wholly owned Government corporation.
(5) FEDERAL AGENCY.-The term "federal agency" means an executive agency or an establishment in the legislative or judicial branch of the Government (except the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Architect of the Capitol, and any activities under the direction of the Architect of the Capitol).
(6) FOREIGN EXCESS PROPERTY.-The term "foreign excess property" means excess property that is not located in the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, Palau, and the Virgin Islands.
(7) MOTOR VEHICLE.-The term "motor vehicle" means any vehicle, self-propelled or drawn by mechanical power, designed and operated principally for highway transportation of property or passengers, excluding
(A) a vehicle designed or used for military field training, combat, or tactical purposes, or used principally within the confines of a regularly established military post, camp, or depot; and
(B) a vehicle regularly used by an agency to perform investigative, law enforcement, or intelligence duties, if the head of the agency determines that exclusive control of the vehicle is essential for effective performance of duties. (8) NONPERSONAL SERVICES.-The term "nonpersonal services" means contractual services designated by the Administrator of General Services, other than personal and professional services.
(9) PROPERTY.-The term "property" means any interest in property except
(A)(i) the public domain;
(ii) land reserved or dedicated for national forest or national park purposes;
(iii) minerals in land or portions of land withdrawn or reserved from the public domain which the Secretary of the Interior determines are suitable for disposition under the public land mining and mineral leasing laws; and
(iv) land withdrawn or reserved from the public domain except land or portions of land so withdrawn or reserved which the Secretary, with the concurrence of the Administrator, determines are not suitable for return to the public domain for disposition under the general public land laws because the lands are substantially changed in character by improvements or otherwise;
(B) naval vessels that are battleships, cruisers, aircraft carriers, destroyers, or submarines; and
(C) records of the Government.
(10) SURPLUS PROPERTY.-The term "surplus property" means excess property that the Administrator determines is not required to meet the needs or responsibilities of all federal agencies.
$111. Application to Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949
In the following provisions, the words "this subtitle" are deemed to refer also to title III of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 251 et seq.):
(1) Section 101 of this title.
(6) Section 121(c)(2) of this title.
(7) Section 121(d)(1) and (2) of this title.
(9) Section 121(f) of this title.
(17) Section 313(a) of this title.
(18) Section 528 of this title.
(19) Section 541 of this title.
(20) Section 549(e)(3)(H)(i)(II) of this title.
(21) Section 557 of this title.
(22) Section 558(a) of this title.
(23) Section 559(f) of this title.
(24) Section 571(b) of this title.
(25) Section 572(a)(2)(A) of this title.
(26) Section 572(b)(4) of this title.
§ 112. Applicability of certain policies, procedures, and directives in effect on July 1, 1949
(a) IN GENERAL.-A policy, procedure, or directive described in subsection (b) remains in effect until superseded or amended under this subtitle or other appropriate authority.
(b) DESCRIPTION.-A policy, procedure, or directive referred to in subsection (a) is one that was in effect on July 1, 1949, and that was prescribed by
(1) the Director of the Bureau of Federal Supply or the Secretary of the Treasury and that related to a function transferred to or vested in the Administrator of General Services on June 30, 1949, by the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949;
(2) an officer of the Federal Government under authority of the Surplus Property Act of 1944 (ch. 479, 58 Stat. 765) or other authority related to surplus property or foreign excess property;
(3) the Federal Works Administrator or the head of a constituent agency of the Federal Works Agency; or
(4) the Archivist of the United States or another officer or body whose functions were transferred on June 30, 1949, by title I of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949.
§ 113. Limitations
(a) IN GENERAL.-Except as otherwise provided in this section, the authority conferred by this subtitle is in addition to any other authority conferred by law and is not subject to any inconsistent provision of law.
(b) LIMITATION REGARDING THE OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY ACT.-The authority conferred by this subtitle is subject to the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 401 et seq.).
(c) LIMITATION REGARDING CERTAIN GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS AND AGENCIES.-Sections 121(b) and 506(c) of this title do not apply to a Government corporation or agency that is subject to chapter 91 of title 31.
(d) LIMITATION REGARDING CONGRESS.-This subtitle does not apply to the Senate or the House of Representatives (including the Architect of the Capitol and any building, activity, or function under the direction of the Architect). However, services and facilities authorized by this subtitle shall, as far as practicable, be made available to the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Architect of the Capitol on their request. If payment would be required for providing a similar service or facility to an executive agency, payment shall be made by the recipient, on presentation of proper vouchers, in advance or by reimbursement (as may be agreed upon by the Administrator of General Services and the officer or body making the request). The payment may be credited to the applicable appropriation of the executive agency receiving the payment.
(e) OTHER LIMITATIONS.-Nothing in this subtitle impairs or affects the authority of
(1) the President under the Philippine Property Act of 1946 (22 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.);
(2) an executive agency, with respect to any program conducted for purposes of resale, price support, grants to farmers, stabilization, transfer to foreign governments, or foreign aid, relief, or rehabilitation, but the agency carrying out the program shall, to the maximum extent practicable, consistent with the purposes of the program and the effective, efficient conduct of agency business, coordinate its operations with the requirements of this subtitle and with policies and regulations prescribed under this subtitle:
(3) an executive agency named in chapter 137 of title 10, and the head of the agency, with respect to the administration of that chapter;
(4) the Secretary of Defense with respect to property required for or located in occupied territories;
(5) the Secretary of Defense with respect to the administration of section 2535 of title 10;
(6) the Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force with respect to the administration of the Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act (50 U.S.C. 98 et seq.);
(7) the Secretary of State under the Foreign Service Buildings Act, 1926 (22 U.S.C. 292 et seq.);
(8) the Secretary of Agriculture under
(A) the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.);
(B) the Farmers Home Administration Act of 1946 (ch. 964, 60 Stat. 1062);
(C) section 32 of the Act of August 24, 1935 (7 U.S.C. 612c), with respect to the exportation and domestic consumption of agricultural products;
(D) section 201 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 (7 U.S.C. 1291); or
(E) section 203(j) of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (7 U.S.C. 1622(j));
(9) an official or entity under the Farm Credit Act of 1971 (12 U.S.C. 2001 et seq.), with respect to the acquisition or disposal of property;
(10) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (or an officer of the Corporation) with respect to the disposal of—
(A) residential property; or
(B) other property
(i) acquired or held as part of, or in connection with, residential property; or
(ii) held in connection with the insurance of mortgages, loans, or savings association accounts under the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.), or any other law;
(11) the Tennessee Valley Authority with respect to nonpersonal services, with respect to section 501(c) of this title, and with respect to property acquired in connection with a program of processing, manufacture, production, or force account construction, but the Authority shall, to the maximum extent it considers practicable, consistent with the purposes of its program and the effective, efficient conduct of its business, coordinate its operations with the requirements of this subtitle and with policies and regulations prescribed under this subtitle; (12) the Secretary of Energy with respect to atomic energy; (13) the Secretary of Transportation or the Secretary of Commerce with respect to the disposal of airport property and airway property (as those terms are defined in section 47301 of title 49) for use as such property;
(14) the United States Postal Service;
(15) the Maritime Administration with respect to the acquisition, procurement, operation, maintenance, preservation, sale, lease, charter, construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning (including outfitting and equipping incidental to construction, reconstruction, or reconditioning) of a merchant vessel or shipyard, ship site, terminal, pier, dock, warehouse, or other installation necessary or appropriate for carrying out a program of the Administration authorized by law or nonadministrative activities incidental to a program of the Administration authorized by law, but the Administration shall, to the maximum extent it considers practicable, consistent with the purposes of its programs and the effective, efficient conduct of its activities, coordinate its operations with the requirements of this subtitle and with policies and regulations prescribed under this subtitle;
(16) the Central Intelligence Agency;
(17) the Joint Committee on Printing, under title 44 or any other law;
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To borrow a phrase from Oscar Wilde, to fall victim to a ransomware attack once may be regarded as a misfortune. To fall victim to a ransomware attack twice looks like carelessness.
And yet, that is exactly what happened to an organisation just this month. They paid the ransom, received the decryption key, restored systems, and returned to ‘normal’, without carrying out post event analysis, and thinking the story was over and done with.
Until they were attacked by the same cyber criminals a second time, just two weeks later. They neglected to carry out a full post event analysis exercise to find out how the attack happened in the first place, and by doing that, let the attackers back in.
The lesson of this story is that without post event analysis which identifies compromised or vulnerable components of the network, and steps to remove or mitigate them, cyber criminals could take advantage, and successfully attack them again.
Why it’s important to understand the causes of a cyber attack
Cyber criminals are opportunistic attackers. Most victims are chosen simply because it is easy for them to make a profit from attacking them. Now that the attackers know that an organisation’s network is vulnerable to attack, they may try again.
In addition, most cyber attacks are not one and done. In some cases, the attackers may have been lurking inside a network for some time before they are detected. According to research, the dwell time, or time between the attackers first infiltrating a network, and the attack being identified, varies between 43 days and 56 days on average. Some ransomware attackers piggyback off other forms of software which lurk undetected in systems until ready to strike (see the example of the now defunct Emotet).
They will not withdraw from a network just because the attack is over, they will wait for the next opportunity. Therefore it is up to the victim to analyse the causes of the attack, and investigate the tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) that allowed the attacker to insert malware into the network, and compromise the organisation.
Once this post event analysis is done, the organisation needs to ensure that they have put the necessary control in place to both reduce the likelihood of another attack, and also to reduce the impact of an incident if it does happen again.
Post event analysis is a crucial step to recovery
For most organisations, a cyber attack is just the tip of the iceberg. Once the attack is over, they begin the long, arduous journey of rebuilding. Incident response and recovery requires the organisation to assess the damage, understand how their network security controls were compromised, rebuild systems, recover data, and more. This post event analysis can take weeks, disrupting operations and causing concern to customers.
However while understandably, efforts are focussed on returning to operations, incident recovery must also work quickly to identify the cause of the attack to avoid the attackers coming back in before the organisation has had the opportunity to close the vulnerability.
Avoid becoming a victim once, let alone twice
Cyber criminals are opportunistic – they attack organisations that they feel have weak defences. Avoid falling victim to a ransomware attack by ensuring that the organisation’s network security posture is mature enough to keep cyber criminals out.
Just some of the elements of securing an organisation’s network security include:
- Monitor the network perimeter at all times, and ensure alerting systems are in place to pick up and notify of attacks
- Segment networks to ensure that an attacker can’t compromise the entire network in the event of a breach
- Prevent malware being delivered through emails by setting filters that only allow permitted file types, and alert when suspicious files are received
- Make sure security patches are up to date
- Change default passwords across all access points
- Apply multi factor authentication to all systems where applicable
- Support employees to set strong passwords and recognise the signs of a social engineering attack (for example a phishing or smishing attack)
- Require the use of a VPN to access the organisation’s network from a remote location
And if these defences fail, ensure that there are solid incident response and recovery plans in place.
Incident response – ensuring all is not lost
Sadly, not all ransomware attacks can be prevented, and that’s why it is recommended to have a comprehensive, fully documented and tested incident recovery plan in place.
A complete, tested plan which includes requirements such as creating regular system backups will ensure that in the event of a ransomware attack the organisation is able to restore systems successfully, potentially avoiding the need to pay the ransom – avoiding a reputation hit, and the double costs of the ransom and post event analysis.
Further damage can also be avoided by including the tasks, roles, and responsibilities for team members to carry out, and in which order. For example, assign team members to inform the public or authorities, identify IT team members who need to work quickly to carry out the post event analysis and recovery functions, and even identify any expert support needed to achieve this.
And that circles back to the starting point. It’s not over until the post event analysis says so.
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In just two weeks, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, having used up almost all of its fuel by circling Saturn for 13 years, will wave goodbye to Earth and plunge into its old companion, melting within minutes.
The scientists who have led the mission are sad to see it go, but they always knew this was coming. “We planned this end,” said Linda Spilker, a project scientist, during a press call held by NASA on Tuesday. “We had the fuel last exactly the amount of time we needed to get to Saturn’s summer solstice, so it’s time.” Even better, the bitter end will make sure that nothing contaminated by Earth’s microbes can reach potentially habitable moons like Enceladus.
But before Cassini meets its fate, it has a whole lot of science to get done. And because NASA didn’t want to risk the spacecraft earlier in its mission, what’s left are some of the coolest and most dangerous maneuvers. Now, even if everything goes wrong, NASA doesn’t have much to lose, Cassini project manager Earl Maize said, since “the spacecraft has been used to its fullest.”
Right now, Cassini is 20 loops into its closest ever tango with Saturn, during which it slips through the gap between the planet and its rings, then dances away to approach again from the same angle. Each orbit takes less than a week in Earth time, and its last skim beneath the rings is scheduled for September 9.
The dives, 22 in all, offer not just a new perspective on the rings, but also the chance to learn how they were formed. The key piece of information scientists are missing here is how much material is actually in the rings. If they’re larger, that means they’re older—possibly just as old as Jupiter itself. If they’re smaller, which is currently looking more likely, it means they’re younger, and possibly created by a comet or a moon creeping too close to Saturn and being shredded by its massive gravity.
Cassini’s last dives also are also giving scientists front-row seats to chemical interactions happening between the rings and the outermost layer of the planet’s atmosphere, which have turned out to be much more complex than scientists had expected. And the spacecraft has already dipped cautiously into the heavy atmosphere to gather data about what it’s made of.
“All of this is actually good news,” says Spilker. “Scientists love mysteries, and the grand finale is providing mysteries for everyone.” She added that although the dramatic circumstances and exotic location are new, the team’s day-to-day process—gather as much data as possible—is basically the same as it's always been.
And, of course, photographs are a huge priority for these last dives. The team has been particularly intrigued by the increasingly close views of the rings, which are showing patches of clumpiness and streakiness that scientists can’t yet explain.
As Cassini leaves the rings for the final time, it will swing back out into space, sliding near Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, in what project manager Maize calls the “final kiss.” The pull of Titan’s gravity, even from more than 74,000 miles away, will steal a bit of the spacecraft’s momentum—and that will mean that the next time it flies by Saturn, it won’t be able to escape.
On that last ride in toward the massive planet, Cassini will snap one last burst of photographs on September 13 and 14. These last postcards home will include a last view of Titan’s weather, a glimpse of the moon Enceladus setting behind Saturn, a color montage of the aurora that circles Saturn’s north pole, and a checkup on Saturn’s tiny, wanna-be moon, nicknamed Peggy, which may be breaking free of the planet’s rings.
At about 4:22 p.m. Eastern time on September 14, the spacecraft will turn toward Earth one last time, sending home all the images and data collected so far. Cassini is so far away that the signal will take an hour and a half to reach us.
With all its knowledge safely submitted, the spacecraft will transform itself from an orbiter into an atmospheric probe. Late in the night, it will stop storing data, setting up a stream straight to Earth, with only seconds of delay to suck as much science as possible out of its last dozen hours.
Then, with eight of its instruments turned on, Cassini will plummet into Saturn’s thick atmosphere. “There is absolutely no coming out of it on this one,” Maize said. “We are going so deep into the atmosphere, the spacecraft doesn’t have a chance.”
As it goes, it will gather data for as long as it can, including measuring the ratio of hydrogen to helium and identifying chemicals found in very small quantities, the sort of measurements scientists can’t take from Earth.
In its last moments just before 8 a.m. Eastern time on September 15, Cassini will be traveling at 76,000 miles per hour into the gas giant. “We’ll basically disintegrate,” said Julie Webster, who oversees the spacecraft’s health. “We’ll melt long before we hit any surface of Saturn.”
The first to go will be the thin, gold-colored thermal blankets that have kept Cassini warm on its journey, then the aluminum that shields its recorders. Next, the small plutonium heart that has helped power the spacecraft will melt, safe inside the box designed to isolate it in case anything went wrong during the spacecraft’s launch 20 years ago. That box, made of sturdy iridium, will be the very last piece of Cassini.
Then it, too, will melt away, dissipating into the vastness of Saturn, leaving the questions and answers of scientists here on Earth as Cassini’s only legacy.
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Being an empath can be challenging, as it means that you are highly sensitive to the emotions and energy of others. However, there are a few things you can do to manage your empathy and prevent it from becoming overwhelming.
But what is an empath?
An empath is a person who has a heightened ability to sense and feel the emotions, energy, and experiences of others. Empaths are able to tune into the feelings of people around them, often to the point of feeling those emotions themselves. This sensitivity can be both a gift and a challenge, as it allows empaths to be deeply compassionate and understanding, but it can also be overwhelming and draining.
Read also: The Secret Powers of Introverts
Empaths often have a strong intuition and are able to pick up on subtle cues in body language, tone of voice, and other nonverbal communication. They are often very sensitive to the emotions of others and may feel overwhelmed or drained after being around people who are experiencing strong emotions. Empaths may also have a tendency to absorb the emotions of others, which can lead to feeling overwhelmed or burdened by the emotional experiences of others.
It’s important to note that being an empath is not a scientifically recognized condition, but rather a term used to describe people who have a high degree of empathy and sensitivity to the emotions of others.
As an empath, it is challenging to live a “normal life” especially after a long cocoon stage of my spiritual and emotional healing where I have spent few years alone, getting to know myself, healing my inner child, doing my passion and just creating. Returning to school and being around other people is overwhelming and draining not to mention the weight of the lessons and lectures I am exposed with and on my third language.
However, there are strategies that I am using to cope and thrive in a school and work environment:
Read also: 7 Gifts I am Giving Myself Today
Taking care of the physical, emotional, and mental well-being is crucial and became more crucial especially that I am now in my thirties and a lot has changed. I need to make sure that I am getting enough sleep especially when I am in the field.
Read also: Mind, Body, and Soul: The Divine Balance
Here in Germany, nursing is a technical vocation where the time spent in school is equal to the same time spent in different fields of medicine unlike in my country where it is a four year degree and the practical side starts on the third year (or second year to some).
Here, after a month (or so) learning theories in the school, a month (or so) would be spent in the field and the students are already experiencing what the licensed nurses are doing but of course only up to some extent. It is tiring to be on my feet the whole day so I have to make sure that I am eating energy giving meals and engaging in regular exercises even just walking along the river to relax and meditate.
Read also: Goodbye Freedom Lifestyle: A New Chapter
My self-care game has been increased to a lot of notches higher since I started going back to school. I am still adjusting so it is normal to get so emotional at this point and confused which emotions and energies I have absorbed so I make sure to do more activities that help me manage my emotions.
Set healthy boundaries.
When I got clear that I’d go back to school after spending a lot of time alone, I also looked forward to meeting new people and make new friends. But it’s not as easy as I imagined it to be. The school is already exhausting enough. As much I wanted to be making new meaningful connections, boundaries must be established to protect my energy.
If I had learned how to say “no” before, I am saying more “no” this time to avoid overextending myself and even if I needed to cancel plans that I previously got excited to. I am getting better at communicating my needs to my teachers, family, friends, colleagues, classmates about the time alone and space to recharge.
Grounding techniques are helping me stay centered and connected to the present moment. I am doing a lot of deep breathing exercises, mindfulness techniques and physical activities such as walking on the sandy shore of the nearby river or on the grass to help me feel grounded. I read my favorite books or look for new books to read.
Read also: 10 Books That Dramatically Changed My Life.
I would make a list of all the things that I love and I would make sure to do even one of them at least an hour day to return to myself again.
Embrace your empathy.
Rather than trying to suppress or ignore my empathy, I am embracing it as a strength and a gift. I am using it to connect with others and help them in meaningful ways.
Develop coping strategies.
Identify coping strategies that work for you. It could be taking short breaks, journaling, talking to a trusted friend, or engaging in a creative outlet. Find what helps you manage stress and emotions and incorporate it into your daily routine.
Read also: How to Create Sweet Mornings That Guarantee Sweeter Days
For me, journaling upon waking up and before going back to sleep helps me a lot. It also helps that I know my “ride or die” people and they’re on my speed dial. I also don’t hesitate to share them my thoughts, silly jokes or funny memes I have seen.
Read also: 31 Self-Discovery Journal Prompts
Though blogging and podcasting have been put on the side for now for new inspiration, I am still on Instagram often to share photos I took, graphic cards I have designed and made or quotes that made my day. Social media is a creative outlet for me and where I find like-minded people even if in real life, I don’t know anyone.
Create a support system.
Surround yourself with supportive people who understand and respect your empathic nature. Having a trusted friend, family member, or mentor who you can talk to about your feelings can provide comfort and validation. It’s not easy at first but when I allowed myself to be vulnerable and mindful enough, I have come to create a support system that I now call my “ride or die” team. I feel like the richest person alive.
Read also: What Having Less Money Taught Me
Use shielding techniques.
Shielding techniques can help protect your energy field from external energies. You can visualize yourself surrounded by a protective shield of light or imagine a bubble around you that filters out negative energies. Experiment with different techniques and find what works best for you.
Seek professional help if needed.
If you find yourself struggling with overwhelming emotions or feeling unable to cope, consider seeking support from a therapist or counselor who can provide you with tools and techniques to manage your emotions. This is one thing that I have never tried but at this point, will not hesitate to do in case I feel like my emotions are getting out of hand.
Understanding myself and healing my life made me realize that there is no shame in seeking professional help and I will not suffer in silence again like how I did before when my mental health was at its worst.
Read also: Midnight Thoughts: Dear Life, where are we going?
Now I understand that mental health is as important as physical health and must be a priority too.
Remember that being an empath is a gift, and with the right strategies, you can thrive in a school environment while managing your empathic abilities. Take care of yourself, set boundaries, and seek support when needed. You deserve to have a positive and fulfilling life experience.
10 Serious Signs You are on the Wrong Path in Life
The Exact 10 Steps I Took to Kill the Old Me: A Self-Reinvention
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In an era where technology development has transformed the way we connect and communicate, an efficient system of healthcare has become possible to be altered. Nowadays, it is possible for a doctor or a physician to provide consultation and healthcare without being in the same room or even in the same region, and one of the forms of a system that makes this happen is telehealth. Telehealth or also known as telemedicine is a term for a telecommunication technology system that allows healthcare professionals such as doctors and physician to have an online consultation and engage in a long distance monitoring. The data of the patients also can be accessed by any authorized users regardless of their regions, making collaboration between specialist can be done remotely. But with its digital platform, how can telehealth influence the job ratio in the health sector? The question will be answered below.
Telehealth might be a healthcare system but it cannot work without a specialist or a real human behind it. That’s why recruiting credible healthcare professionals are needed to fulfil the demands of remote healthcare services. It is reported from The U.S. Department of Education that the demand of the careers in telehealth has been invested by the government. It is ensured that the government will give adequate training for any individuals that would be accepted into the programs to increase the operation of telemedicine networks industry.
According to NEJM, telemedicine also allows specialist at universities to expand their work and offerings in underserved rural areas. By having this program, many junior apprentices who are qualified can get more experience in their field. It is including the rural and remote communities as well that maybe lack of medical infrastructure.
In these communities, many new jobs are available at clinics and many smaller institutions can connect patients with doctors through the telehealth system. It is true that a professional clinician is necessary to manage this system but a support staff such as IT staffs will also be required so that the system will run smoothly. That’s why telehealth could increase the job ratio and influence the change in the recruitment system.
The use of telehealth digital health system has made digital employment for healthcare professions a thing. It is an employment opportunity using technology and equipment management that is also adopted by the telemedicine technology. This helps many clinics to hire an individual that is qualified for administrative operation and healthcare services from others area. It can also filters individual based on their special skills and makes the process of recruitment more efficient.
In Missouri times, it is stated that telemedicine technologies has expanded globally around the world and brings the same employment opportunities. It is stated that over 22.000 jobs have been created in Colombia after using this digital telemedicine initiative. The effect of digital telemedicine initiative is not only affecting the improvement of health care capabilities but also creating new opportunities for the community of healthcare professional as well. So does it increase the job ratio? It does, with a digital futuristic system, telehealth brings health care as well as healthcare associate closer with no barriers.
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WASHINGTON – In a story March 24 about colon cancer screening tests, The Associated Press reported erroneously that the Colosure test from LabCorp is approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It has not been approved by the agency. The story also incorrectly stated that another test from Epigenomics is a stool test. It is a blood test.
A corrected version of the story is below:
FDA reviews DNA-based colon cancer screening kits
FDA has questions about accuracy of 2 screening tools that use DNA to spot colon cancer
By MATTHEW PERRONE
AP Health Writer
The Food and Drug Administration is weighing the benefits and risks of two experimental colon cancer screening tests which use patients’ DNA to detect dangerous tumors and growths.
FDA scientists have questions about the accuracy and the potential real-world impact of the kits from Epigenomics and Exact Sciences, according to briefing documents posted online Monday. The agency released its reviews of the tests ahead of a two-day meeting that starts Wednesday. Epigenomics’ Epi proColon test uses a blood sample, while Exact Sciences Cologuard uses a stool sample.
Doctors have long used stool tests to look for hidden blood that can be a warning sign of tumors and precancerous polyps. Colon cancer is usually treatable if growths are detected and removed before they multiply and spread to other parts of the body.
Both tests under review were more accurate at detecting tumors and worrisome growths than traditional blood stool tests. However, both tests also returned more false positives — reporting growths when none were actually present.
In addition, the tests were less accurate in patients of certain racial and ethnic groups, including African-Americans. The FDA will ask a panel of experts whether the tests should have special warnings for those patients, among on other questions, at its meeting later this week. The agency is not required to follow such expert advice.
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., with over 50,000 deaths expected this year, according to the American Cancer Society. Deaths from the disease have been declining for more than two decades, a development attributed to increased screening in patients ages 50 to 75. Still, only about 60 per cent of people in that age group have had recommended screenings.
Colonoscopy is the most accurate test but many adults are reluctant to undergo the invasive procedure, which requires several hours under sedation as doctors probe the colon with a camera-fitted catheter. Guidelines
Blood stool tests are less accurate but can be just as effective if used every year, according to a federally-appointed panel that sets testing recommendations. A positive result doesn’t automatically mean a patient has cancer but is usually a red flag that leads to confirmatory testing via colonoscopy.
Approving either of the new tests could reshuffle current testing practice, a fact reflected in the FDA’s review. The agency suggests both tests would require additional follow-up studies to see how accurately they perform over several years. Neither company has offered instructions for how frequently patients should be tested with the technology, which is expected to be more expensive than traditional blood tests.
An editorial by two doctors from the Department of Veterans Affairs addressed the cost question in last week’s issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
“Only through a better understanding of other key factors, such as the screening interval, adherence, cost and diagnostic evaluation of positive results, can we determine the appropriate place for stool DNA testing on the screening menu,” stated the authors, Dr. Douglas Robertson and Dr. Jason Dominitz. Neither author has any affiliation with the test makers. The journal published study results for Exact Sciences’ Cologuard test ahead of this week’s meeting. Exact Sciences Corp. is based in Madison, Wis.
Cologuard appeared to be the more effective of the two tests, according to the FDA’s analysis.
The test accurately detected colorectal cancer 92 per cent of the time in patients who had cancerous tumors. That was better than the 74 per cent accuracy of the traditional blood stool test. In patients with precancerous polyps the test was accurate 42 per cent of the time, compared with 24 per cent for the blood test.
However, Cologuard was less accurate at ruling out cancer in healthy patients. When the test cleared patients it was correct about 87 per cent of time, less than the traditional test which accurately identified cancer-free patients 95 per cent of the time.
The FDA will ask its panelists what kind of follow-up instructions should be given to patients who test negative with Cologuard, so they don’t presume they are cancer-free. Agency scientists express concern that “patients could defer additional screening after a negative result indefinitely if insufficient advice on follow-up testing is provided.”
Benchmark analyst Jan Wald said the FDA review appeared positive for Exact Sciences. “We believe that approval is as close to a done deal as any regulatory process can be,” the analyst wrote in a note.
Wald expressed less optimism about Epigenomics’ Epi proColon test, which did not meet all of its study goals.
According to the FDA review, the Berlin-based company’s test accurately detected cancer in 68 per cent of patients with cancerous tumors. The test only successfully identified healthy patients 79 per cent of the time, not good enough to meet the study’s goal of achieving parity with traditional blood testing. FDA scientists warned that “lower specificity could lead to an increase in the number of avoidable colonoscopies” and “adverse events associated with such invasive procedures.”
Neither company tested their product against the only DNA stool test currently on the market, ColoSure from LabCorp, which is based in Burlington, N.C.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force — the federal testing advisory board — has not endorsed ColoSure, saying there is not enough evidence available about its benefits and harms.
Shares of Exact Sciences Corp. rose 66 cents, or 4.9 per cent, to close at $14.22. Shares of LabCorp, whose full name is Laboratory Corp. of America Holdings, fell $2.18, or 2.3 per cent, to close at $94.85.
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About Project Nature
“Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts.” – Rachel Carson, The Sense of Wonder
Playing and exploring outdoors can improve a child’s overall health and wellbeing. But not all children and families spend time in nature—there are many barriers and disadvantaged families often have more barriers than others.
Project Nature wants to break down these barriers to help improve child health. Nature engagement can begin early with advice and tools from health professionals, and is supported with resources online and in the community to keep kids getting outside and thriving.
What is Project Nature?
Backed by pediatricians, Project Nature empowers families and child caregivers to explore nature with children, with a goal to reach families with the most barriers and greatest need.
Our approach includes:
- Tools for outdoor play and exploration and information physicians can share in wellchild visits to help parents and caregivers familiarize kids with nature and build excitement for the outdoors.
- Web-based resources such as outdoor places and activities finders, helping parents and caregivers discover nature across Washington and just outside their doors.
- Social media engagement for parents, caregivers and Project Nature partners to share information and build community.
Project Nature will gather research to help support this work and spread the benefits for children through its network of partners.
Project Nature is an initiative of BestStart Washington. BestStart Washington, founded and led by Washington state pediatricians, gives children their best start toward lifelong success and resilience by working to improve their physical health, emotional wellbeing and academic achievement. BestStart Washington collaborates with community pediatricians, families and other partners to develop and fund innovative programs that give children the best possible start on healthy and productive lives.
BestStart pediatrician leaders believe in emerging research showing the health benefits of nature for children. Through years of providing patient care, BestStart leadership felt a call to action and created ProjectNature from their strong desire to make nature an important aspect of a child’s best start.
Louv, R. (2016). Vitamin N: The essential guide to a nature-rich life. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books. • Sampson, S.D. (2016). How to raise a wild child: The art and science of falling in love with nature. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. • Hanscom, A.J. (2016). Balanced and barefoot: How unrestricted outdoor play makes for strong, confident, and capable children.Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.• Meier, D.R., & Sisk-Hilton, S. (Eds.). (2013). Nature education with young children: Integrating inquiry and practice. Abingdon-on-Thames, UK. • Routledge.Finch, K. (2009). A parent’s guide to nature play: How to give your children more outdoor play…and why you should! Omaha, NE: Green Hearts Institute for Nature in Childhood.• Kharod, D., & Arreguín-Anderson, M.G. (2015). Wild beginnings: How a San Antonio initiative instills the love of nature in young children. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 3(1), 72-84.• Johnson, K. (2014). Creative connecting: Early childhood nature journaling sparks wonder and develops ecological literacy. International Journal of Early Childhood Environmental Education, 2(1), 126-139.• Lieberman, Gerald A.; Hoody, Linda L. (1998) Closing the Achievement Gap: Using the Environment as an Integrating Context for Learning. Results of a Nationwide Study. San Diego: SEER. • Rios, José M.; Brewer, Jessica. (2014). Outdoor Education and Science Achievement. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, v13 n4, p234-240. • Chawla, L. (2015). Benefits of Nature Contact for Children. J Plan Lit, 30(4), 433-452. • Chawla, L (2007). Childhood Experiences Associated with Care for the Natural World: A Theoretical Framework for Empirical Results. Children, Youth and Environments, 17.4, 144-170. • Wells, M. and Lekies, K. (2006). Nature and the Life Course: Pathways from Childhood Nature Experiences to Adult Environmentalism. Children, Youth and Environments,16.1, 1-24. • Faber Taylor, A. and Kuo, F. (2009). Children With Attention Deficits Concentrate Better After Walk in the Park. Journal of Attention Disorders12.5, 402-409. • Cleland et al. (2008). A Prospective Examination of Children’s Time Spent Outdoors, Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Overweight. International Journal of Obesity32.11, 1685-1693. • Burdette et al. (2004). Parental Report of Outdoor Play-time as a Measure of Physical Activity in Preschool-Aged Children, Archives Of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158.4, 353-357. • Dadvand et al. (2015). Green Spaces and Cognitive Development in Primary Schoolchildren. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112.26, 7937-7942. • Chawla, et al. (2014). Green schoolyards as havens from stress and resources for resilience in childhood and adolescence. Health & Place, V28, 1-13. Wu et al. (2014). Linking student performance in Massachusetts to the greenness of school Surroundings Using Remote Sensing. PLoS ONE,9(10): e108548.• Roe & Aspinall (2011). The Restorative Outcomes of Forest School and Conventional School in Young People with Good and Poor Behavior. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 10, 205-212.• Younan et al. (2016) Environmental Determinants of Aggression in Adolescents: Role of Urban Neighborhood Greenspace. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 55(7), 591, 601.
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Ethical dilemmas are often more complex in the real world than they are in theory, but using some imagination can provide the right resolutions.
To act ethically in practice is very different to solving ethical problems in theory. Our ethics in practice are affected by many influences from within ourselves, the contexts we are in, and the issues themselves.
A key capability to acting ethically in practice is being able to imagine options, possibilities and consequences.
Finding ethical solutions to work issues requires thinking outside the box, particularly if the box is empty of ethical content.
Even if our ethical values at work are strong and shared, we need to be able to understand the subtleties of each situation we face, so we can do the right thing.
How then should we develop and expand our ethical repertoire? How can we identify possibilities that go beyond our prior experiences and the way we have been doing things? How can we look at consequences that go beyond our individual or organisational interests and the short term? It takes imagination.
"Our ethical imagination is malnourished when it comes to the workplace"
Ethical creativity is important so we can develop business solutions that are both ethical and profitable. This is not about being ethical because it is good for the bottom line. It’s about considering ethics as a prerequisite of how we make profits.
We need to keep focusing on answering this question on every issue: I want to be ethical and profitable, what do I do? Unfortunately, our ethical imagination is malnourished when it comes to the workplace. We have not developed many ways of thinking that allow us to be ethically imaginative.
As an example, in a business that is about to go to the wall, most of us will consider only a limited number of options. For instance: should we be dishonest with a client to make a sale that will save the jobs of hundreds of employees?
Most of us will consider only a limited number of options. Yet there are potentially many ethical options that might be considered. However, to properly develop them they need attention, time and different lenses and perspectives to be applied.
Professional ethics - a practical guide: gain an understanding, or refresher, of ethics and what it means in practical terms for day to day purposes.
Moral imagination is the ability to identify the ethical dimensions of a situation, then determine and evaluate a range of ethical options that go beyond the existing organisational scripts and take into account a broader group of affected parties and consequences.
Moral imagination requires a certain degree of stepping outside our narrow personal and organisational views and interests.
It requires us to focus not only on the economic web of relationships but also on the ethical web, so that we imagine ethical possibilities and actions.
The focus should not be ‘how do we not do wrong’ but ‘how do we do what is right’ to achieve ethical excellence.
Moral imagination is not uninformed by our principles and sound reasoning, of course, but it is the medium that enables their practice in our life.
Given that no ethics theory or model provides us with specific answers to all the ethical issues we face, we need to be able to create them ourselves.
Prevent unethical behaviour taking root
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By Gael Stirler, owner of Renstore.com
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
The Maid of Orléans
by Gael Stirler
At the start of the 15th century the Hundred Years War, famine, and plague had left France demoralized and exhausted. The English King, Henry V, asserted his right to the throne of France through his lineage on his mother's side. This caused civil conflict in France between the supporters of the English king and the supporters of the Dauphin, Charles VI. Henry V defeated the French at Agincourt in 1415 but never completely consolidated his power. In May of 1420, Henry married the Valois princess, Catherine, and all rights to kingship were passed to him from Charles VI of France. Just two years later, Henry V died leaving his infant son to inherit the throne. When Charles VI died the same year, his son, Charles VII claimed that he was the rightful King of France, but he was too weak and indecisive to press his claim. It took a fiery young maiden named Joan to inspire the people of France.
Joan of Arc claimed to be chosen by God to lead France against the English and that only through her would they be victorious. She convinced Count Robert de Baudricourt who then gave her an escort of five veteran soldiers to conduct her before the Dauphin in Chinon.
She made a pledge before God to remain a virgin "until God wills it otherwise." When she set out for Chinon, she wore a red woolen dress. Her escorts urged her to don male clothing so that she would be safe from ruffians. They gave her a black doublet, a short black tunic, hosen, and a black cap, which she wore over her newly shorn hair. After she convinced the Dauphin of her claims she was given all the appointments of a noble knight, including a horse, armor, weapons, tunics made of gold cloth, a banner, and an entourage.
Letter writers of the day comment on how Joan the Maid was commanding when dressed in armor atop her steed, but when she was wearing women's clothes, she was as demure and naive as any young maiden. Whether this means that she was only emboldened when she was wearing men's clothing or if men only saw a shy teenage girl when she wore a dress, we don't know. She must have perceived how she was treated differently depending on her attire. When she wore a dress, older men dismissed her as a child and young men looked on her with lust. But the more masculine she looked and behaved, the more they listened and respected her. She always asserted that she wore men's clothing because it was practical in battle and when she was riding. She said it also was to prevent rape because, with the way the the conjoined hose were laced to the doublet, it was difficult to molest her sexually. Shortly, she began to dress and behave at all times as a man, so much so that on two separate occasions women were brought in to prove her gender and claims of virginity. But unlike a true cross-dresser, she didn't try to fool anyone into thinking she was a man, she always presented herself as a maid in men's clothes.
Four month later, after victories in Orléans and Patay, Joan saw Charles crowned King. In October, after more victories uniting France under one king, Joan and her family were granted nobility with this extraordinary language "[the Virgin and her family] and their male and female posterity can when and all times that they will like it, to obtain and receive from any knight the badges of the knighthood." So women of her family line were granted equal rights to become knights!
Joan of Arc's Death at the Stake,
by Hermann Stilke (1803-1860).
The Trial of Condemnation
In May of 1430, Joan was captured by the Burgundians in Compiègne. After several escape attempts she was sold to the English so that they could put her on trial. The English knew that they must discredit her character while maintaining the appearance of fairness at her trial in order to undermine Charles VII claim to the throne. They didn't try her in a court of civil or military law because even the "English notary, Nicolas Bailly, commissioned to collect testimony against Joan, could find no adverse evidence." Instead they accused her of heresy and tried her in an ecclesiastical court of inquisition. They stacked the court with partisan English judges and bishops. They denied Joan, who was illiterate, any legal council. She was subjected to torture, denied sleep, and for most of the trial, she was chained to the bed in her cell. Even so, she astonished her judges with her carefully worded answers. We know so much about her trial because there are multiple copies of all the testimony plus translations made during the trial still in existence.
In 1431, just 24 months after she left her home, Joan of Arc, age 19, was put to death at the stake. Of all the crimes she was accused of, only two stuck. First, heresy for claiming that the "voices" that guided her were divine, and second that she wore masculine clothing against the laws of God as written in Deuteronomy. Eventually she confessed and signed the bill of abjuration stating that she would never wear men's clothing again. Since heretics could only be burned if they relapsed, the English arranged for her relapse by stealing her female clothing and leaving only male clothing for her to wear.
After her death, the city of Orléans held a procession and Mass in her honor every year. Then, starting in 1435 they also sponsored a religious play about her. In 1452 the Church declared that attendance at this play would earn the faithful an indulgence from the penalty of sin as if it were a pilgrimage to the site of a saint.
The Trial of Rehabilitation
The second trial of Joan of Arc was held 19 years after her death in 1456 at the request of her family to clear her name. To avoid partisan politics, the judges selected were highly respected legal and Biblical experts from many countries. They determined that the "...trial and sentence- being filled with fraud, false charges, injustice, contradiction, and manifest errors concerning both fact and law" was a mistrial. They found that the prisoner should have been given a counselor to advise her and read all documents to her. She should have been housed in an ecclesiastical prison and guarded by nuns to protect her from "acts of outrage" by the English guards. They found numerous examples of falsification in the transcripts of the first trial. They heard testimony that the judges had been intimidated and threatened with death if they didn't find her guilty. Above all they found that the inqisitors had wilfully misinterpreted the law of God by ignoring the long established exceptions allowed for women to wear men's clothing without sin.
"...it is sinful for a woman to use male clothing or vice-versa... Nevertheless, in some circumstances this may be done without sin due to some necessity, whether for the purpose of concealing oneself from enemies, or due to a lack of any other clothing, or due to some other matter of this type..." from Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas, 1273
"If a woman should have a proper purpose, such as in order to [safely] travel abroad, or to protect her chastity under other circumstances when there is fear of losing it, or if some other necessity should arise, she is not committing a sin if she should then make use of male clothing to more easily evade danger or otherwise engage in proper and fitting activity."...from "Rosarium super Decreto" by Guido de Baysio, Archdeacon of Bologna, 1300
Church literature is filled with the stories of female saints who wore men's clothing, some for safety when traveling, others to disguise themselves and escape being married to a pagan, and some to pass as male and become monks or hermits. Cross-dressing that was modest and chaste and had some purpose other than sensuality, was of no concern to the Church. Socially it was still scandalous, of course, but not a matter for the law.
At the end of the second trial, the Archbishop read a lengthy speech condemning the first trial and excommunicating the judges who sentenced an innocent girl to death. Then he ceremoniously tore up a copy of the charges against Joan of Arc and pronounced her completely innocent of all charges, paving the way for her beatification and sainthood. It took until 1920 for Joan to become a recognized saint in the Catholic Church, however she was always a saint in the hearts and minds of the people inspired by her heroism.
References online about Joan of Arc
About.com. Joan of Arc
Wikipedia. Joan of Arc.
Williamson, Allen, 2009, Joan of Arc Archive, accessed 8/12/10. http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/index.html.
References in print about Joan of Arc
Crane, Susan, The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing, and Identity During the Hundred Years War,
If you want to add this article to your list of favorites or email it to a friend, please use this permanent URL, http://stores.renstore.com/-strse-template/1008B/Page.bok. Permission is granted by the author to quote from this page or use it in handouts as long as you include a link back to Renstore.com.
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SINGAPORE - The next time you buy a product that touts itself as using extremely tiny chemical particles, you might want to find out more about its ingredients.
Researchers at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) have found that products which contain nano-particles of a chemical called zinc oxide could potentially cause cancer.
Zinc oxide is used as a protective sunscreen in products because of its ability to absorb harmful ultraviolet light.
The researchers said that the possibly harmful effects of zinc oxide at such tiny sizes are compounded when a person's cells lack a protein to prevent damaged cells from multiplying and causing cancer.
The researchers are calling for regulation of nano-particles, which they say is currently lacking in the industry.
The year-long study was conducted by assistant professors Joachim Loo and Ng Kee Woei, both from NTU's School of Materials Science and Engineering, together with Assistant Professor David Leong from the Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering at the National University of Singapore.
The findings, which were shared yesterday, have been published in this month's issue of the Biomaterials journal.
Dr Loo said there is no cause for alarm yet, as it was a preliminary study done on human cells in a laboratory. The next step would be to translate the results to more cells and conduct animal trials, he said.
"We are not trying to link cosmetics and sunscreen with cancer," he said, adding that much more research is needed before any definite link can be drawn. Eventually, they hope to design safer nano-materials that can be used in consumer products, and work with the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) to define a safe scope of use.
The United States Food and Drug Administration currently does not regulate the production, handling or labelling of nano-products.
When contacted, HSA said zinc oxide is currently allowed as an ingredient for cosmetic products under the Asean Cosmetic Directive. The authority "has not received any adverse reports related to the use of cosmetic products containing nano- particle ingredients locally".
HSA is monitoring the situation and "will take into consideration the relevant scientific developments in this area".
Mr Alain Khaiat, president of the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association of Singapore, said the results might cause "unnecessary worries" among consumers.
Cosmetics are complex formulations, not simple chemicals put directly in contact with cells, he said.
"Sunscreen formulations are carefully designed not to penetrate the skin, and the skin barrier prevents the penetration, if any."
For more my paper stories click here.
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Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder. If you have thalassemia, your body makes an abnormal type of hemoglobin, which is a protein carried inside red blood cells. According to PubMed Health, the damaged hemoglobin induces large numbers of red blood cells to die prematurely, thus causing anemia. Traditional Chinese medical practitioners may use herbs to treat this condition. Consult a qualified health care provider before adding herbs to your regimen.
Thalassemia has two main types--alpha and beta--and many subtypes, PubMed Health explains. Two proteins, alpha-globin and beta-globin, form the protein called hemoglobin. When there are defective genes in alpha-globin, the result is alpha-thalassemia. Likewise, if the genes involved in beta-globin production are damaged, you develop beta-thalessemia. Both alpha and beta thalassemia manifest as thalassemia major and thalassemia minor. Thalassemia major is the most severe form of the disease and can result in failure to grow, fatigue, facial bone deformities and jaundice. This type is treated primarily through folate supplements, routine blood transfusions and sometimes bone marrow transplants.
Folate supplements are given to those with thalassemia major. This naturally occurring B vitamin is now available in a synthesized form as folic acid. Folate helps build red blood cells and is involved in the production of DNA. Green leafy herbs are a rich source of folate, including nettle leaf, red clover leaves and oatstraw, explains the Wise Woman Tradition website.
Herbs High in Zinc
Zinc is a crucial mineral that is needed for cell metabolism and immune system function and to promote healthy growth in children, according to the U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements. Patients with thalassemia sometimes have low zinc status and taking zinc supplements appears to help with linear growth. One disease associated with thalassemia-major patients is osteoporosis. According to ClinicalTrials.gov, a current clinical trial is under way that involves children with thalassemia major who are given zinc supplements to prevent osteoporosis. Herbs high in zinc include rose hips, alfalfa, nettle, parsley, dandelion, burdock root and chickweed, according to the book “Natural Health Techniques.”
Homeopathy is a healing modality codified two centuries ago by a German medical doctor named Samuel Hahnemann. Homeopaths give highly diluted medicines primarily made from plant tinctures that seek to stimulate the natural healing process, according to the book “Prescription for Nutritional Healing.” A clinical study evaluating homeopathic treatment for thalassemia patients showed promising results as reported in a 2010 article in the journal “Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.”
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC
November 25, 2014
Just 30 percent of Americans with HIV had the virus under control in 2011, and approximately two-thirds of those whose virus was out of control had been diagnosed but were no longer in care, according to a new Vital Signs report published today by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The new study underscores the importance of making sure people with HIV receive ongoing care, treatment, and other information and tools that help prevent transmission to others, as well as the need to reach more people with HIV testing. Among those whose infection was not under control, more than three times the proportion (66 percent) were no longer in care as had never been diagnosed (20 percent).
The HIV epidemic continues to threaten the health and well-being of many Americans - with more than one million people living with the disease in the U.S. and 50,000 new infections each year.
When used consistently, antiretroviral medication can keep HIV controlled at very low levels in the body (known as viral suppression), allowing people with HIV to live longer, healthier lives and reducing the likelihood they will transmit HIV to others. Treatment has been shown to reduce sexual transmission of HIV by 96 percent, and U.S. clinical guidelines now recommend that everyone diagnosed with HIV receive treatment, regardless of their CD4 cell count or viral load.
"For people living with HIV, it's not just about knowing you're infected - it's also about going to the doctor for medical care," said CDC Director Tom Frieden, M.D., M.P.H. "And for health care facilities, it's not just about the patients in your care - it's every person diagnosed, and every person whose diagnosis has not yet been made. Key to controlling the nation's HIV epidemic is helping people with HIV get connected to - and stay in - care and treatment, to suppress the virus, live longer and help protect others."
The new study estimates that of the 1.2 million Americans living with HIV in 2011, 70 percent did not have their virus under control. Among the nearly 840,000 people who had not achieved viral suppression:
66 percent had been diagnosed but were not engaged in regular HIV care
20 percent did not yet know they were infected,
4 percent were engaged in care but not prescribed antiretroviral treatment, and
10 percent were prescribed antiretroviral treatment but did not achieve viral suppression.
The percentage of Americans with HIV who achieved viral suppression remained roughly stable (26 percent in 2009 vs. 30 percent in 2011).
CDC focus on stopping HIV transmission through treatment
CDC has increased the focus on diagnosing people with HIV, supporting linkage to ongoing care and treatment, provision of risk reduction information, and increasing medication adherence. By making the most of these strategies for those who are HIV-positive, as well as other high impact strategies to protect those who remain uninfected but are at highest risk for HIV, CDC believes substantial progress can be made in reducing new infections.
"There is untapped potential to drive down the epidemic through improved testing and treatment, but we're missing too many opportunities," said Jonathan Mermin, M.D., director of CDC's National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention. "Treatment is crucial. It is one of our most important strategies for stopping new HIV infections."
Current initiatives to promote HIV testing and treatment include innovative partnerships to make HIV testing simple, accessible and routine; programs to help health departments identify and reach out to infected individuals who have fallen out of care; and public awareness campaigns to urge testing and encourage people with HIV to seek ongoing care.
These efforts are an essential component of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, launched in 2010. Key goals of the strategy include reducing HIV incidence, increasing access to care and optimizing health outcomes, and reducing HIV-related health disparities.
Younger adults with HIV least likely to have virus under control
Today's study also found that viral suppression increased with age, with young people significantly less likely than older age groups to have their virus under control - only 13 percent of people aged 18-24 were virally suppressed, compared to 23 percent among those aged 25-34, 27 percent among those aged 35-44, 34 percent among those aged 45-54, 36 percent among those aged 55-64, and 37 percent among those aged 65 and older. The researchers attribute the disparity in large part to the fact that fewer than half (49 percent) of 18- to 24-year olds with HIV have been diagnosed, underscoring the need for more HIV testing in this population.
"It's alarming that fewer than half of HIV-positive young adults know they are infected," said Eugene McCray, M.D., director of CDC's Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention. "Closing that gap could have a huge impact on controlling HIV - knowing your status is the first critical step toward taking care of your own health and avoiding transmission to others."
The study did not find statistically significant differences in viral suppression by race or ethnicity, sex, or risk group.
For additional resources on today's analysis, visit www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom
|
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When a tufted puffin chick hatched in the Oregon Coast Aquarium’s Seabird Aviary on July 24, it seemed as if everything was going to plan.
The baby bird, nicknamed Stella, weighed in at a healthy 64 grams, and was under the care of experienced parents.
By Stella’s day-two checkup, something was clearly amiss. The chick was not gaining weight, and the parents were not delivering fish or brooding the chick to keep it warm as puffin parents should.
Following a second day of careful observation, it was clear Stella needed a helping hand. The aviculturists brought Stella behind the scenes to be hand raised.
“We do not want Stella to imprint on us, so we limited interactions to feeding and cleaning time, and made adult puffin noises as we feed,” said CJ McCarty, Curator of Birds for the Aquarium.
“Stella is so fluffy she’s is a little hard to resist cuddling, but because we plan to reintegrate this puffin with the population in the Seabird Aviary, minimizing human contact is in its best interest.”
During the early days, a heat lamp kept Stella warm, and a feather duster stood in its parents’ stead for snuggling. The Aquarium’s aviculturists fed Stella every two hours, and even came in late and early to ensure she receives the nourishment she needed.
Despite its early circumstances, Stella is growing at a healthy rate and weighed 574 grams during its day 31 checkup.
Now just over one month old, Stella is losing the downy chick feathers on her chest and face to make way for grown-up feathers. A complete set of adult, waterproof feathers indicates the little seabird is ready for water.
Aviculturists will start Stella’s practice swims in small pools behind the scenes, making sure she is a strong swimmer before her next transition.
If Stella turns out to be a male, the bird will be assigned an identification number, as all the Aquarium’s birds are, and transition to the Seabird Aviary. If Stella is a female, she will be placed with another Association of Zoos & Aquariums accredited facility that has requested a female tufted puffin.
The Aquarium’s other puffin chicks, are thriving in their burrows, and should start to explore the Aviary on their own in the next week or two. The common murre chick is already exploring the aviary, and maintains constant vocal communication with its parents while away from its nest site.
Like Stella, the other new additions will find a home at other facilities, or take up permanent residence in the Seabird Aviary among Black Oystercatchers, Rhinoceros Auklets, Pigeon Guillemots and Horned Puffins.
The Oregon Coast Aquarium is open every day this summer from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. For more information and to buy tickets visit aquarium.org or call (541) 867-FISH.
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Australia's population to hit 46 million by 2075
AUSTRALIA'S population is projected to double to 46 million by 2075, according to the latest population projections released today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
"Based on our projections, with medium growth, Australia will double its population by the year 2075," said Bjorn Jarvis, Director of Demography at the ABS, "but under our high and low scenarios it could be as early as 2058, or after 2101."
"Highlights from the ABS projections include Perth overtaking Brisbane in 2028, at three million people, and then ten years later, the Australian Capital Territory overtaking Tasmania.
"Melbourne and Sydney should be neck and neck by 2053, with 7.9 million people each."
"By 2040, Western Australia's population is projected to almost double in size, from 2.4 million people in 2012 to 4.7 million. Queensland will have gone from 4.6 million people to 7.3 million, and the Australian Capital Territory will have grown from 375,000 people to 586,000.
The population of the Northern Territory is projected to grow from 240,000 people in 2012 to 360,000 people in 2040 (a 51 per cent increase), Victoria 5.6 million to 8.4 million (50 per cent), New South Wales 7.3 million to 9.9 million (35 per cent), South Australia 1.7 million to 2.1 million (26 per cent) and Tasmania 510,000 to 570,000 (11 per cent). Tasmania's population is projected to level out by around 2040 and then fall slightly from 2047 onwards.
Population projections are based on assumptions of future levels of fertility, life expectancy and migration, which are guided by recent population trends.
"The ageing of Australia's population as a result of sustained low fertility, combined with increasing life expectancy is likely to continue. In 2012 Australia's median age was 37 years old; by 2040 it could be 40.5 years." said Mr Jarvis.
In addition, the number of people 65 and over is projected to double, from 3.2 million people, (14 percent of the population) in 2012 to 6.8 million (20 percent) by 2040.
Similarly, the number of people aged 85 years and over is projected to almost triple by 2040, increasing by 770,000 people to reach 1.2 million in 2040. By then, people aged 85 years or over will make up four per cent of Australia's population, compared to only two per cent in 2012.
Further information is available in Population Projections, Australia, 2012 (base) to 2101 (cat. no. 3222.0), available for free download from the ABS website.
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Snake plants are tough: they propagate easily, don’t need much water, and tolerate full sun and deep shade alike.
However, these awesome traits present a double-edged sword. It’s easy for species such as Dracaena trifasciata to spread in ideal conditions outdoors… too easy.
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A snake plant doesn’t know or care where its designated space in your garden begins or ends – if it has the room and resources to expand, it will do so if planted in the ground in a suitable climate.
And while this spreading habit helps it to survive, it can throw a wrench into your landscape design plan.
Having an invasive species growing in your garden doesn’t do your other specimens any favors, either. Not to mention the potential effects it can have on the ecosystem at large.
This guide will help you manage any unwanted specimens in your landscape.
Necessary background info, control protocols, clear reasons to keep these guys under control – it’s all covered here.
Check out what’s to come:
What Are Snake Plants?
Formerly honoring the Italian polymath and seventh Prince of San Severo, Raimondo di Sangro, all Sansevieria species were recently reclassified as members of the Dracaena genus alongside existing Dracaena species, such as D. draco and D. reflexa.
Though all species formerly classified as Sansevieria are known commonly as snake plants, all species of Dracaena are not.
And some of these are more likely to become invasive in home gardens than others.
Native to the tropics of western Africa and hardy to USDA Zones 9 to 12, these clumping evergreen perennials tolerate a wide range of growing conditions.
The keen adaptability of these species makes them fantastic additions to the garden when intentionally cultivated – or a real nuisance in ideal climates when they’re unwanted.
But given a choice, I’m sure snake plants would gladly take the hot, humid, and cramped conditions of the jungles that they call home.
Perhaps that’s why they grow aggressively in similarly warm, moist, and tightly-packed environments such as what you might find in certain parts of Florida and Australia… but I’m getting ahead of myself.
Snake plant species vary in size – D. stuckyi, for example, reaches up to 10 feet tall, while D. trifasciata ‘Hahnii’ usually doesn’t grow more than six inches tall.
In general, they flaunt evergreen succulent leaves that vary in shape, waviness, arrangement, and hue, although they usually don’t stray too far from a green color palette.
On occasion, snake plants produce wispy, aromatic flowers that are borne on upright racemes – especially in fertile, sunny, and root-bound conditions.
Though spread via sexual reproduction is typically rare, as these plants don’t often produce colorful seed-filled berries after the flowers are fertilized, rhizomatous spread is much more common.
The latter, asexual reproduction via clones that sprout from underground, is typically the target of gardeners who wish to eradicate invasive mother in law’s tongue from their gardens.
They also utilize crassulacean acid metabolism, a process whereby plants conserve water by only opening their stomata for gas exchange at night, another advantage that makes survival and spread all the more feasible in backyard gardens and beyond.
An awesome bunch of flora, am I right? Minus their potential for invasiveness when planted in the ground or allowed to go to seed, snake plants are pretty much perfect.
But what’s a gardener to do when they begin to overstep their bounds? Let’s take a look.
Just How Invasive Are They?
Mother-in-law’s tongue has the potential to grow invasively from USDA Hardiness Zones 9 to 12 in the US and in regions with comparable climates that they aren’t native to elsewhere.
Two places in particular that are known to suffer from unwelcome takeover are Australia and Florida, and ecologists there classify its invasiveness in different ways.
In the Land Down Under, D. trifasciata qualifies as an “environmental weed” in the Northern Territory, New South Wales, and Queensland, while the rest of Oz labels it a “sleeper weed.”
Both are alien to Australia, but environmental weeds are widespread and displace native species, while sleeper weeds do not yet pose a threat to local ecosystems.
In Florida, snake plants were introduced in 1800 for use in landscaping and hemp production, and later deemed a “nuisance” starting in 1951, thanks to their tendency to exclude desirable native vegetation. D. trifasciata and D. hyacinthoides are primarily problems in the lower half of the state.
Sanibel Island, off the western coast of Florida, also suffers from snake plant invasiveness.
Two-thirds of the island is protected conservation land, and effective management is mandated by local codes prohibiting the planting or transplanting of D. hyacinthoides and seven other species of invasive plants.
According to the Florida Invasive Species Council, D. hyacinthoides is classified as a Category II invasive, which means it has significantly increased in number from its pre-Category II state, but has not yet altered the ecological functions of, displaced, or hybridized with native species to the extent of Category I invasives.
For a more collegiate assessment, the University of Florida’s Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences determined via their Assessment of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas that D. trifasciata has a “High Invasion Risk,” and its use is not recommended in north, central, or south Floridian landscapes.
Why Bother with Control?
Well, for starters, I’m willing to bet that all of you gardeners reading this would rather not disrupt the local ecosystem knowingly.
But even if there’s no chance of your snake plants spreading beyond your landscape into the surrounding environment, an unchecked spread within your own garden can result in a dense ground cover that will prevent the growth of other, more desirable plantings.
As a general rule, any specimen that you don’t wish to cultivate will hog space, water, and nutrients, keeping these resources from the ones that you do want to grow.
And while mother-in-law’s tongue isn’t all that thirsty, its large leaves will definitely block sunlight from reaching your smaller annuals and perennials.
Even in shaded environments where sunlight-hogging isn’t as much of an issue, a snake plant’s root system will still take up nutrients and real estate that could be going to your other garden specimens.
Speaking of root systems and soil spacing, root bindage in mother-in-law’s tongue actually spurs flowering, which potentially leads to even further spread via seeds.
Tips for Managing Invasive Snake Plants
Along with being worth a pound of cure, prevention will save you the hassle of later removal.
First and foremost, check your local laws and environmental regulations. If they say that you can’t grow these guys in your landscape, then don’t.
If you have the okay to grow them, then make sure to contain them within an enclosed area so that they can’t spread via their rhizomes.
Pots, planters, raised beds, or plots surrounded by walls, concrete, and/or walkways all count as enclosed planting spaces, so you have a ton of options!
Our guide to growing snake plants indoors covers the ins and outs of container cultivation.
But if you have any out-of-bounds specimens – or their designated zone is overcrowded with them – you’ll have to remove them to check their spread.
As the fictional snake venom expert Dr. Steven Price once said, “Make it fast. Time is tissue.” Venomous bites aren’t going to be a concern here, but unless you get to work quickly, those snakes are just going to keep on growing.
Due to the waxy coating of their leaves, chemical controls aren’t guaranteed.
But squelch your inner pyromaniac and skip the blowtorch. Your best bet is to physically remove snake plants from the ground via digging.
Dig down about two feet deep, and about a foot away from each snake plant, going around the perimeter.
Any severed rhizome fragments left in the soil can easily resprout to form a new mother-in-law’s tongue, so try to avoid damaging the root system as you dig. This may require switching out your bulky shovel for a small hand trowel as you get close to the root system.
Once the intended specimens have been lifted, check for and remove any rhizomes that may be stealthily lying in the soil.
Living vegetation can take root in organic refuse, so dispose of any removed specimens in the garbage if you don’t want them growing from your compost pile, or spreading into wild lands beyond cultivation in your own backyard.
If you don’t want any seeds to be spread by animals, deadhead flower stems before they give way to seed-bearing berries.
Tools used for any of the above procedures should be sterilized beforehand – you don’t want to spread disease!
After you remove the snake plants, you’ll end up with gaping holes in your garden where they used to be. You can either fill them with soil, or put new plantings in their place.
For the latter, I’d recommend warm tropical specimens native to your local area.
Elephant ears, birds of paradise, or canna lilies may be suitable. Solid companions for the snake plants you didn’t remove include colorful choices such as petunias, marigolds, and coleus.
Unwanted specimens that have self-propagated around your garden can also be divided and potted up. See our snake plant propagation guide for tips.
If you give any cuttings or divisions away to friends, be sure to warn them of the invasive tendencies for in-ground planting, and pass along the tips that you’ve acquired here!
An Occasionally Abrasive Invasive
Even the best of friends can get on your nerves at times. If you consider snake plants near and dear to your heart, don’t be surprised if they bug you on occasion with their aggressive expansion.
As Samuel L. Jackson’s Neville Flynn might put it: enough is enough! Have you had it with these *expletive* snake plants in your *expletive* garden? Then this guide is certain to come in handy.
Whether you decide to put a barrier between yourself and the snakes, trim any flower stalks prior to fruit production, or pull out your trusty garden weapons and get to digging – shovels are much preferred to sporks here, so there’s a bonus tip for you – the job ahead isn’t overly onerous, and you can get back to enjoying your landscape in no time.
Questions or remarks can go into the comments section below! We’d be delighted to read and respond.
Do you want to learn more about snake plants? We’ve got the fix for you right here:
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Recruiting began with the military and dates all the way back to ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. The birth of the modern recruiting industry, however, did not take place until the 1940′s as a result of WWII. Employment agencies began to advertise for workers who were not obligated to military service in an effort to fill the void in the workplace left by those who were called to duty. The end of the war led to an influx of workers returning from the army, many with new skills that could be applied to the blossoming technology field. Headhunting companies became popular as a response to the growing workforce. Headhunting agencies worked in service of those seeking employment until the strong economy of the 1970s led to a shift from working for the employee to working for the employer. Enjoying a period of relative prosperity and growth, large corporations began outsourcing their hiring efforts to recruiting companies. Because of IRS employment taxes, recruiters only made placements for full time, executive positions.
The headhunting industry continued to operate in this way until labor laws began to change and the line between employee and independent contractors was blurred. In 1986, Congress eliminated safe harbor for certain technical workers, thus affecting the way engineers, drafters, system analysts, designers, computer programmers and other professionals in similar lines of work were classified. The Revenue Act of 1978 had previously permitted employers to appeal reclassification of an employee if the industry had categorized certain types of workers as independent contractors in the past. However, this was changed by the 1986 amendment by preventing employers from appealing reclassification if the employee had been placed by a third party agency.
In response, corporations simply began doing what the IRS had accused them of failing to accomplish in the first place. Large companies began reclassifying all their employees, shifting their status from 10-99s to W-2s. As web and technology based businesses began to blossom with the Internet boom in the 1990′s, the path had been cleared for recruiters to place programmers, system analysts, designers, drafters, computer programmers and engineers as well as senior and executive level positions for the hundred of new and thriving companies.
In the 90′s, headhunting had begun to spring into new forms and took on a variety of trendy names and specialized strategies such as “synthesized” recruiting, “broadband” staffing, “converged” recruitment strategies as well as something that became known as MARS, or “Multi-disciplinary Advanced Rapid Staffing.” At the peak of the Internet boom, companies were desperate for staffing solutions that would help meet the demands of the swelling economy and the seemingly endless supply of wealth.
Unfortunately, the economic downturn has been hard on the recruiting industry. Not only are unemployment rates high, but those companies who are hiring usually make an effort to save money by doing their own staffing and human resource management. One can predict, however, that when the economy begins to get back on its feet, the recruiting business will be in high demand once again.
ABOUT THE WRITER
Ken Sundheim runs a New York executive sales search firm and marketing employment agency
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Maybe you’ve noticed “gluten free” displayed prominently on products up and down the grocery store aisle. Is this a new food trend or is something else going on?
I would say it’s a little of both. First, let me briefly explain what gluten is. Gluten is a protein found in wheat and related gains, including barley, spelt and rye. It is what gives dough elasticity and helps it rise; much desired qualities for making breads and pasta.
On one hand, people without gluten sensitivity are buying gluten-free products with the idea that these foods are healthier to eat. So in this sense, it can be looked at as a health trend akin to fat-free fad (or debacle as I like to call it).
On the other hand, gluten can cause unpleasant and often dangerous symptoms in people who have sensitivity to it. While celiac disease, an auto-immune disease involving an adverse reaction to gluten, was once uncommon, it is clearly on the rise, which might explain the surge in gluten-free products. A study done by the Mayo Clinic found that celiac disease has increased four fold in the last 45 years. What is interesting about this study is that it was able to test frozen blood samples taken between1948 and 1954 and compare them to blood samples from similar recent study groups. This shows that the actual rate of celiac disease is on the rise and not just a rise in the diagnoses of it.
Unfortunately, the study did not say why we are seeing more problems with gluten. One common speculation is that the wheat that is grown today in our country has a much higher percentage of gluten than older varieties.
Gluten sensitivity is actually an autoimmune disease that creates inflammation throughout the body, so the symptom can include a wide range of ailments such as abdominal cramping/bloating, mouth sores, muscle cramping, constipation, night blindness, dry skin, weakness, fatigue, arthritis, osteoporosis, depression, anxiety, dementia, migraines, epilepsy and acne. Since the symptoms are so varied, a diagnosis of gluten sensitivity may be overlooked.
There are different degrees of gluten intolerance ranging from gluten sensitivity to Celiac disease. Gluten sensitivity symptoms can range from mere annoyances to downright debilitating ailments. Celiac disease can be quite dangerous if left untreated (the treatment is eliminating gluten). The disease can be confirmed with a blood test and intestinal biopsy.
Basically, celiac disease is malnutrition. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse states, “When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi—the tiny, fingerlike protrusions lining the small intestine. Villi normally allow nutrients from food to be absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Without healthy villi, a person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food one eats.” Eating healthy food does no good unless your body is absorbing the nutrients.
My friend and blogger, Suzanne (http://sthibeault.wordpress.com) is gluten sensitive. Suzanne had been suffering from arthritis. “I had been experiencing joint pain in my fingers for several years,” she told me. “I read an article in The Chicago Tribune, which linked arthritis to an inflammatory response gluten-sensitive people experience when they ingest gluten.” So she gave gluten-free a try. “Hazzah! Clouds part, angels sing! Within a week, my fingers stopped aching for the first time in years,” she said.
My neighbor Ann was diagnosed with celiac disease last year. She went to the dermatologist because of acne that had plagued her since her late teens. A few tests later she was diagnosed with celiac disease. She cut out all the gluten from her — her acne cleared up and she feels great. If she eats even a few wheat crumbs, the acne comes back along with a host of other unpleasant symptoms.
She has a brand new blog, Naturally Gluten Free, where you can read her whole story.
Of course, these anecdotes are not suggesting that giving up gluten will cure your arthritis or clear up your acne, but if you’ve tried everything else, talk to your doctor about food intolerance. In addition to wheat, eggs and dairy can also be culprits.
In the interest of solidarity to my celiac and gluten sensitive friends, I decided to give up gluten for a couple of weeks. I wanted to see if a.) I felt different and b.) how hard it was. I dragged my poor husband along for the ride.
Yes, it is hard, at least until you get the hang of it. There is gluten in everything from, of course, bread, cakes, and cookies to soy sauce, bourbon, lipstick, and the glue on postage stamps. Plus there isn’t always a gluten-free option available when you’re hungry, so you need to be prepared. It can also be expensive. A small loaf of gluten-free bread can run you six bucks.
I also found that gluten free prepared foods, like packaged cookies, in general taste bad. Plus I think processed food is still processed food so I try to steer clear from them, gluten- free or not.
Ann mentioned to me that she finds it easy to go with foods that are inherently gluten free. Mexican and Asian foods are a good place to start as long as you stick to corn tortillas and rice or bean-thread noodles. If you eat dishes that never had gluten in them in the first place, they’ll most likely taste better and won’t break the bank.
I can’t say I felt better, but luckily I wasn’t feeling bad before I started my experiment. I did loose a few pounds but that was mainly because I wasn’t always prepared and didn’t eat the snacks containing gluten that I might otherwise have eaten to get me through the day.
I don’t plan to entirely cut out wheat, but I might pass up some items containing gluten. Wheat cereal, I can do without, but a hot baguette with butter is something I plan to hold on to.
Now that I’m back eating wheat, I try to notice if I feel differently. I’m still experimenting but I think I’m a little congested on the days I eat wheat. Spring, though, probably isn’t the best time to blame wheat for my congestion!
Stay tuned for recipes!
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It’s safe to say that the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus shook up the whole Universe. Well, our understanding of our place in the Universe. It was Copernicus who came up with the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the Solar System, with the Earth as just another planet.
Transcription services provided by: GMR Transcription
Female Announcer: This episode of Astronomy Cast is brought to you by Swinburne Astronomy Online – the world’s longest running online astronomy degree program. Visit astronomy. swin. edu. au for more information.
Fraser Cain: Astronomy Cast episode 335 – The Photoelectric Effect. Welcome to astronomy cast; our weekly, facts-based journey through the cosmos. We’ll help you understand what we know; how we know what we know. My name is Frasier King. I’m the publisher of Universe Today. And with me is Doctor Pamela Gay, a professor at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, and the director of Cosmoquest. Hey Pamela, how are you doing?
Pamela Gay: I’m doing well. We’re have windstorms here that seem to have deeply upset the dogs, so I apologize in advance for the upset interlude in the back.
Fraser Cain: I can hear some upset dogs. And now you’ve muted yourself. That’s perfect. They must be going really crazy.
You’re just nodding – no one can hear; she’s just nodding. They’re still going crazy? A lot of –
Pamela Gay: No, no; they stopped.
Fraser Cain: They’ll be back.
Pamela Gay: It’s winter, for those of you who are listening to this in the archive, and Frasier and I are having a Monday. My roof did bad things; it led to several inches of water. And Frasier’s garage –
Fraser Cain: Yep, my garage is flooded.
Pamela Gay: But, we have good things to announce for the future!
Fraser Cain: Yeah, the future will be bright. The future’s gonna be much better than it is right now.
Pamela Gay: And spring will come. So, on April 26/27 we’re going to repeat our hangout that’s on craziness, and do 36 straight hours of science content and fundraising to support Cosmoquest and all of our media programs, and all of our science programs, and all of our education programs –
We’re promoting this well in advance so you have no excuse for not saving the time to be with us for all 36 hours – or at least for a couple of them.
Fraser Cain: Yeah, no – we learned a lot of lessons – you guys learned a lot of lessons. What things really flew, and what things maybe didn’t fly, and what things you wanna do less of, and how to get people involved.
So I think it’s gonna be – hopefully people will see a whole new version of the hang-ma-thon. It’s gonna be fun. I’m in, and I’m sure we’re gonna see all of our space friends participating at various points during the show. So this is going to be great!
Pamela Gay: And I’m gonna start contacting people, so if you haven’t heard from me yet it’s because we’re recording this in advance, and if you’re listening to the live or in YouTube, I haven’t actually contacted you yet.
Fraser Cain: Okay; surprise! You’re being volunteered!
Alright, let’s get on with the show.
Female Announcer: This episode of Astronomy Cast is brought to you by 8th Light Inc. 8th Light is an agile software development company. They craft beautiful applications that are durable and reliable. 8th Light provides disciplined software leadership on demand and shares its expertise to make your product better. For more information, visit them online at www.8thlight.com. Just remember, that’s www.8thlight.com. Drop them a note. Eight Light – software is their craft.
Fraser Cain: Pop quiz – how did Einstein win his Nobel Prize? Was it for relativity? Nope. Einstein won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for the discover of the discover of the photoelectric effect – how electrons are emitted from atoms when they absorb photons of light. But what is it? Let’s find out. Nobel Prize, please!
So let’s go back to the story. If you ask most people – if you tell them, “Einstein one a Nobel Prize. What do you think it was for?” They’d be like, “E equals MC squared?” But no – photoelectric effect. So what’s going on?
Pamela Gay: So his very first Nobel Prize was this weird thing called the photoelectric effect that doesn’t really have anything to do with the whole E equals MC squared, gravity bending of light – none of that. What it has to do with, instead, is the weird realization that scientists have been having for several decades, at that point, that you could get electrons to be emitted from some sort of a metal surface if you shined the correct color of light on the surface.
And this was really confusing because at this point in time we didn’t really understand light at all. Or, they didn’t; I was very much not born yet. So scientist in general really didn’t have any understanding of what light was. There were people that thought that is was a wave, so you didn’t have discreet particles of light. Instead, you have this field that is waving through space, and if you increase the amount of light then that’s just a bigger wave. Right?
Then we had people that looked at it, instead, as a bunch of individual particles. But when you looked at it as individual particles people suddenly couldn’t explain a lot of things that had to do with diffraction, with interference effects, that seemed to only be related to waves.
So this was one of those, “Huh. How do we explain this,” moments, because if it’s a wave effect then you should either be able to send more red light at something – which is more energy – or, “What the heck’s going on? We’re just changing the color to blue,” ends up causing things to bounce off.
Fraser Cain: So particle or wave? They had to decide.
Pamela Gay: And the answer was one no one liked, and no one really likes today, and it’s both.
Fraser Cain: Right. And so what was – so they had this idea that light moved in waves in some instances. In other instances, light reacted like particles. So how does this play into the photoelectric effect, though?
Pamela Gay: It was actually when people were looking at the theory of black body radiation. They were trying to understand, “Why is it that?” When you turn up the temperature of something, if you make a measurement of how much light is given off at each color you see that it doesn’t keep getting brighter, and brighter, and brighter as you go to longer, and longer wavelengths. And as you go to shorter, and shorter wavelengths and higher, and higher frequencies – this was confusing because at the time all of the understanding that we had of light was that you should end up at this exponential growth, which was called the ultraviolet catastrophe.
And people got around – yeah, strange name, but that’s what it was called because, well, it was in the ultraviolet and you ended up with this exponential growth that no one could explain. Well, eventually it got explained, and that was a useful thing. The idea was you can’t really explain light unless you look at it as a bunch of individual particles where individual particles must have at least a certain amount of energy. And as energy goes up, it goes up discreetly.
Fraser Cain: In quanta, for example.
Pamela Gay: In quanta. As you look at this quanta the fact that it’s quantized – as we like to make up words – the fact that it’s quantized was what eventually allowed the black body curve to settle back down as you got to higher wavelengths.
Fraser Cain: So what’s going on then? Instead of it just – the amount of output increasing to infinity and causing the ultraviolet catastrophe –
Pamela Gay: Ultraviolet catastrophe –
Fraser Cain: – it’s got – what do we see now, as we’re observing the light and it’s going through this quantized state? What are we seeing?
Pamela Gay: What we see is what’s called a black body curve, because again, we’re not very original with how we name things. And when you have a low temperature object, you have a black body curve that never gets very bright that as you make a graph of number, or intensity, of the light coming off at different wavelengths, you see there’s a whole lot of photons coming off in the very red infrared wavelengths, it will eventually peek at whatever color of light corresponds to that temperature, and then it will drop back down. Cooler objects peek more to the red. As you heat something up more, and more, and more, as anyone who’s ever welded knows, the peek color – the color you see with your eye and the color that comes off of the object – shifts more and more to the blue.
Fraser Cain: So if you were just following our instincts on this – I take a black body – and don’t take responsibility for naming objects that were named before you were born Pamela; it’s really not your fault. If you take – we’re going to take some black ball – we’ll take a toaster. We’ll put it out in space and we’ll heat it up. And it’s gonna get hotter, and hotter, and hotter, and it’s gonna start to emit photons. So if you’re following your instincts, the toaster heats up, and it starts emitting photons of the color of light that matches the temperature that the toaster is.
We would be expecting to see photons streaming off this toaster that match the temperature that it set. But in fact, what we see, is we see this curve. We see some of the lower energy phots and some of the higher energy photons across this curve that is predicted by this black body radiation.
Pamela Gay: And what’s neat is the hotter and hotter the object gets, the more intense the light coming off of it is. You end up with a steeper peaked black body curve.
Fraser Cain: So if we push that temperature all the way up to thousands, millions, billions –of degrees, we’re still seeing lower energy photons –
Pamela Gay: The exact same shape of curve.
Fraser Cain: – and high energy photons – it’s still the same curve, it’s just shifted towards the shorter wavelengths and the higher energies.
Pamela Gay: And it was Plank who figured out, “This is what you need to do.” Gustav Kirchhoff – he’s the one who in 1860 came up with the phrase ‘black body’ to describe this phenomenon as you –
Fraser Cain: Just to be clear: not your fault.
Pamela Gay: It’s his fault; yes. And then it was Max Plant who eventually came up with a mathematical formula, involving a constant that later became Plank’s Constant, that describes how all of this works. Now, in coming up with this rule, he realized there’s a certain minimum energy – that there’s steps in the energy that you go through; everything’s quantized.
When Einstein looked at all of this experimental evidence that if you shine light on a surface just right, electrons bounce off. And he looked at Plank’s law – he started to think, “Well, what does it mean that we have quantized light?” You have the wavelength of the light, which defines the energy – so far so good – but if it’s a particle that wavelength is defining the energy of a specific particle.
If you have a wave the total energy of the wave is going to be the amplitude of the wave and – it all plays in together. But it’s not a wave that’s hitting the atoms on the surface – it’s a bunch of individual particles. So if I shine a bunch of low-energy – which means long wavelength, frequency is very slow – when that hits the surface each individual particle doesn’t have a lot of energy in it.
I can throw as many of these particles as I want at the surface, and the total energy hitting the surface is going to go up, and up, and up, because I’m hitting it with a bazillion particles. But if I’m an atom, because atoms are mostly empty the probability that I’m going to get hit by more than one these things – very, very low. So the atom’s just going, “Oh, I got hit by a very low energy photon. Oh! I just got hit by another very low energy photon. I don’t care.”
This is because the electrons in atoms are also quantized; they’re also restricted to specific energy levels. If you want to move an electron from one energy level to another you have to hit it with the precise energy required to make that jump.
Fraser Cain: If you’ve got one of these atoms in our toaster and it gets hit by a photon of light, if that photon of light doesn’t give enough energy to kick that atom up into a higher state, what happens to the photon? Does it get absorbed?
Pamela Gay: It just keeps going on with its day. There’s no interaction.
Fraser Cain: There’s not interaction so it could have gotten absorbed by the atom, but it didn’t bring enough to the table, didn’t commit.
Pamela Gay: And it was rejected.
Fraser Cain: It was rejected, which is back to that wave particle duality. It’s like a bullet – it’s like you’re shooting a bullet at a person and the bullet just gets to the person’s heart and, “Oh, you know what, it wasn’t a killing shot,” so it just passes through. But if it was a killing shot, then it would kill them. That’s just mind-bending.
Pamela Gay: Yes, and human beings – our brains tend to break a bit when trying to put all these pieces together. As we put all of these pieces together, what we start to realize is, “Okay, this starts to have consequences to what I need to do to do bad things to atoms.” In this case the bad thing we’re trying to do is get the electrons to go flying out of the atoms on the surface.
Fraser Cain: Well, it’s good if you want electrons, which we do.
Pamela Gay: Electrons are fine. But this can actually lead to a problem within other circumstances –but we’ll get to that in a bit.
Fraser Cain: Right, so we want to do the terrible things of getting an electron out of an atom. How do we need to do this?
Pamela Gay: What we need to do is slowly adjust the wavelength of the light we’re emitting until we match the energy of that wavelength to the energy needed to get an electron to go flying out of a surface.
Fraser Cain: And those are – I’m assuming just follow your periodic table of elements, because there’s math required and they all match up. Right? You can tune the right wavelengths. You can hit the right toaster, and you’re gonna get electrons streaming out of it.
Pamela Gay: Exactly. And what’s cool is we see this happening on the surface of the moon, where sunlight is capable of creating electrons flying off the surface, which lead to charged particles. We see this with a nice, friendly slab of metal if you throw light at it in the correct wavelength electrons come flying off of it. The wavelength needed completely correlates to whatever it is you’re trying to get the electrons off of.
Fraser Cain: What decides the energy level required to make that happen? Is it a more massive atom? Is it that it’s reflective? What causes that?
Pamela Gay: It’s the binding energy of the particular electron. So when you look at electrons, their binding energy is related to what orbital they’re in and how much energy it takes to get them to go from that orbital to being completely released from the atom. This is more, fancy quantum mechanics. It’s fairly easy to calculate for hydrogen; anything other than hydrogen it starts to become annoyingly difficult.
The nice thing is that, for instance, if you have a crystalline material you can often use x-rays to excite the crystalline material and get electrons to come flying out. With certain metals it just takes ultraviolet light. So we can produce free electrons and get a charged surface so when you remove the electron you’re left with a positive surface. That’s good for a number of things. For instance, if I want to detect light I can create a photon multiplier tube by making a sensor that at the color of light that I’m interested in it will cause electrons to be released. Then I just count those electrons and I use that as a surrogate for detecting the light.
Fraser Cain: Right –okay, okay! You need to look at the light – you’re using it as – it’s almost like an electron microscope. Right? Yeah.
So let’s talk about solar power, because I think that’s one of the ‘where the rubber hits the road’ with this effect. Right?
Pamela Gay: Exactly. So in the development of some solar panels – I can’t speak for all solar panels, so if there’s an exception to this don’t send us emails. What you end up with is you have a material that when it’s hit with sunlight, it is hopefully to a variety of different wavelengths of light – it’s sensitive will end up losing electrons, and this causes charge to flow. Now, over time the materials will degrade because you’re removing electrons, you’re created a charged surface, you do have to cycle the electricity all the way through so that they don’t stay charged forever otherwise you’ll run out of electrons and it just doesn’t work –
But this is a way to start the electricity flowing, charge your battery, complete the circuit.
Fraser Cain: Right, so essentially you are synchronizing the wavelength of sunlight with the material so that you’re in – you’re trying to find if you’re material’s [inaudible] [00:19:26] – you’re looking for the right kind of material that’s gonna be generating the most electrons that’s best synchronized with the wavelength of sunlight. And that if we lived in – for example, were constantly bathed in x-rays, our solar panels might look like crystals. Right?
Pamela Gay: So another neat way of using this is actually night vision goggles. What you have with night vision goggles are detectors that are sensitive to infrared radiation, and so something like a gallium chip, and when it gets hit with the infrared it, again, triggers charge and suddenly you’re seeing in infrared.
Fraser Cain: So, this is a way that, maybe, we could see – we talk about if you could see the sky with x-ray eyes, or gamma ray eyes, that that’s what we’re doing, for example we’re getting – if there was a way that you could have some kind of detector that’s releasing these electrons, and then mapping it, you could see what the world would look like. That’s really cool; that’s a really neat way to look at it.
So where – I think we talked a bit about Einstein. So where did Einstein pick up on this trail? Where did he figure it out, and carry the ball?
Pamela Gay: As near as we can tell it was a matter of there had been people working on this, literally, for decades, trying to figure out why it was that when you hit different surfaces with different colors of light you were able to get an emission – they weren’t fully clued in on electrons at this point. But initially they were able to figure out that there were negatively charged particles of some sort that came flying off of whatever was being illuminated.
People played with this phenomenon with a variety of different materials, a variety of different colors of light, and it was mostly experimentalists. Then you see Plank’s results and the beginning of quantanization. It seems that it was Einstein that basically combined Maxima’s equations for the electromagnetic effect with Plank’s concept of quantized light and black body radiation, and put together all of these pieces to realize what’s happening is you have a quanta of light with the precisely right energy to ionize one of these atoms coming along. He just put all of the pieces together and when he published this in 1905 it led to a, “Oh, that explains all of this,” kind of moment.
Fraser Cain: I love that this was during his miracle year, when he was working on all kinds of stuff. And this is – it feels like he was – not only was he so smart that he could work on relativity, but he was also like, “Oh, I need to win a Nobel Prize. What is something that I could just fix really quickly? Hold on – oh, this one. There. Solves all your problems. No one’s going to have a problem with it. Experiments are easy. Nobel Prize, please. Now let’s go back to relativity and –”
Pamela Gay: Well, and the experiments were already done –
Fraser Cain: Yeah, he was like, “Here is the answer. I’ve explained it. Nobel Prize.” No one would argue; done. So I just love that idea, that he just takes his level of genius to the next level.
Pamela Gay: It was actually Robert Millikan who, in 1914, said, “Okay, I’m going to very precisely verify everything that Einstein said,” and did the ultimate set of, “Dang it, light is a wave and particle set of experiments.
Fraser Cain: Was it some of the interference type experiments, or –? Yeah.
So now, obviously, we want to bring all of this back to astronomy, and we talked a bit about it. So how do astronomers use the photoelectric effect in their work?
Pamela Gay: It’s clearly part of all the detectors we use. We have to take it into account, unfortunately, when we’re building space craft because one of the problems that we deal with is the sun side of a spacecraft is experiencing the photoelectric effect – sunlight hits the spacecraft, electrons go flying off, you end up with a negatively charged – no, with a positively charged surface –
Fraser Cain: Right, this is the part we need to mention because if you get a positively charged surface, and you get momentum kicking off the space rock. Right?
Pamela Gay: Well, that’s less of an issue here so much as you end up with the shadowy parts due to the flow of electrons, and you end up with them being negatively charged. So shadow is negatively charted, then sunlight positively charged, and that flow of charge can do bad things to various sensitive instruments. There has to be a lot of care taken to figure out, “Okay, how do we protect things from these stray charges that will build up on the outside of our spacecraft?”
Fraser Cain: So they have to balance the electrical charge of the whole spacecraft?
Pamela Gay: Well, and use lots of insulation. That’s, at the end of the day –
Right, you can’t get rid of the photoelectric effect; sunlight hits, you’re going to end up with electrons flying off. But what you can do is realize that’s gonna happen and take extra care to isolate and insulate all of the spacecraft’s fragile circuitry.
Fraser Cain: Well, let’s talk about the momentum part, too, because that’s awesome. In addition to trying to deal with this charge, when mission planners are putting their trajectories for a spacecraft they have to account for the fact that it’s in sunlight and it’s gonna get pushed off of its trajectory because of the sunlight hitting it and the photoelectric effect.
Pamela Gay: So that’s not so much the photoelectric effect, in general, as you actually have light pressure. So this is the problem of lighter colored asteroids are going to experience more of a push than darker colored asteroids, so we can actually, in theory, go out and paint asteroids to move them around; which is just humorous.
With the photoelectric effect you have the light hitting the object and getting absorbed, so that’s a transfer of momentum. But, you have the momentum going this way, and you have the little tiny electron flying off this way, and the object continuing to move forward, but the light pressure still continuing to do that anyways.
Fraser Cain: Do you think there could be a way that spacecraft could harness this electricity? They harness it already with solar panels, but I wonder if there’s a way to sap up this extra charge differences that’s happening
Pamela Gay: Charge differences is one of those things where you can harness it for good in some instances, which is what solar rays are doing, but at the same time it tends to be an equalizing situation where you can only strip off so much charge from one set of electrons, you can only donate charge so much from another set – or, strip so many electrons off of atoms, rather. So it’s a self-limiting phenomenon.
Fraser Cain: There was an idea for cleaning up space junk that I had heard, that I think uses this – and tell me if I’m getting this wrong. But they would have a spacecraft fly out into places where there’s a lot of space junk. It would charge itself, negatively or positively, and then it would get close enough to these pieces of debris, which had gotten themselves charged up as well, get to certain distance, and then it would start to attract the positive side of the spacecraft would attract the negative side of the space junk. And the tug could then just move away with these – could change its position with these objects in tow, but it not actually have to touch them because they would be tumbling, or whatever.
You could, over time, have this tug move around, and actually gather up a lot of these objects – watch a bunch of them – they would have to track them down and gather up a bunch of this space debris without actually take it close enough to have to attach them or try to grab them or anything, and just let the difference in charge keep the attraction going.
Pamela Gay: The problem with something like that is when you say that something is tumbling, that action of tumbling means that you’re not going to end up with enough charge building up, because as it tumbles the part of it that’s – sorry, the dog is deeply offended again.
Fraser Cain: They don’t like tumbling spacecraft.
Pamela Gay: No, they don’t.
As the object is tumbling it’s constantly getting hit by sunlight, and so this doesn’t give it a chance to have sufficient charge building up in any one place. You’re much better off using magnetism.
Fraser Cain: I’m sure we’ll be doing more digging into the story, because it seemed a pretty fascinating idea to me. But I just thought I would just add that to the queue. I think we’re good. Well, thanks a lot, Pamela.
Pamela Gay: My pleasure.
Fraser Cain: Talk to you next week.
Male Announcer: Thanks for listening to Astronomy Cast, a nonprofit resource provided by AstroSphere New Media association, Fraser Cain, and Dr. Pamela Gay. You can find show notes and transcripts for every episode at astronomycast.com. You can email us at email@example.com. Tweet us at Astronomy Cast, like us on Facebook, or circle us on Google Plus.
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Duration: 30 minutes
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Editor's Note: Dr. Frank Ochberg is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Michigan State University and former Associate Director of the National Institute of Mental Health.
By Frank Ochberg - Special to CNN
School shootings are far more frequent in America than in other countries, although terrible massacres have occurred in Russia, Israel, and several European nations. In the high-crime neighborhoods of inner cities, school turf is relatively safe. We have learned to harden the target and patrol with vigilance.
And even in those suburbs and small towns where spree killings have occurred, the rates, per capita, are lower now than in previous decades. School is a safe place - until, as in Chardon, Ohio, the unspeakable happens. Then, even though the risks are low, it is fair to ask, why does this still happen? Why here, in America?
Let's be clear. There is no single, certain answer to these questions. The possible factors include failure by classmates, parents and school officials to see the warning signs; bullying and revenge; serious mental illness; violent role models; drugs; access to guns, and a culture that condones extremism.
America has its share of these factors, but which are significant and which are more prevalent here than across the Atlantic?
Students do not become mass killers overnight. They nurse their fantasies and they leak evidence. Insults, threats and plans are posted on websites. Classmates often know when a student is ready to strike back. Parents hear rumblings and have accurate gut sensations.
Within our country there are communities and neighborhoods and school districts that are relatively cohesive, vigilant and able to discuss warning signs of danger. There are some communities that are not as well integrated. They must be coached and helped.
After Columbine and Virginia Tech and other notorious school shootings, new programs to share information were developed and several plots were nipped in the bud. This evolution of information sharing occurs in other countries, but it is difficult to measure, nation to nation, who is ahead and who is behind. I see no proof that America is losing this race to improve detection of warning signs.
Bullying and revenge
We have too many bullies and too many youngsters at the mercy of bullies. But we also have a growing system of anti-bullying school programs. Despite rumors to the contrary, the Columbine killers were not bullied. There is no evidence that America, compared to other nations, has more bullies, more bullying, more victimization, and more victims who are ticking time bombs, hatching plots of lethal vengeance. However, we certainly can and should promote school programs that protect all children from stalking, hazing, and the new, evolving forms of abuse: Ostracism and humiliation through electronic social networks.
When boys are bullied they may fantasize about revenge. To dream of turning the tables on a bully is common to all eras, most cultures, and the source of drama, film and literature from the Elizabethan stage to the spaghetti Western. But whether a slowly evolving fantasy of mass murder is a product of mental illness, of bullying or of other sources, there are usually signs along the way.
Major mental illness
We do not have more major mental illness than most other countries. But we may be less caring of our mentally ill. Back in the Kennedy era, we launched community mental health programs to care for people with schizophrenia and similarly severe disorders, including depression. We wanted treatment available close to home, with compassionate supervision and with proper medication. We tried to stop the revolving door to the asylum, and, in fact, we tore down the large state hospitals. Our best intentions failed.
The program was never fully funded and our American system of care leaves much to be desired. The most serious mental illnesses, schizophrenia and depression, often become overt in adolescence. A boy who is smart enough to get into a good college becomes deluded, obsessed, strange, scary - and he gets rejected, isolated and stuck in a fantasy world. Those fantasies can become lethal. These forms of mental illness are seldom the source of homicide (far more often they torment and demoralize the disturbed individual). But when they are dangerous to others, we need good answers.
We do not have a sophisticated system of care and protection. If we did, Mr. Cho would not have killed 32 students at Virginia Tech. But America is really no worse than other nations when it comes to the numbers of seriously mentally ill, of violently mentally ill, of insufficiently treated violent mentally ill school-age boys. (Yes, we are talking about boys and young men; by far, they are the school shooters).
Violent role models
Violent role models, on the street, in the cinema, in the news, have been with us for as long as I recall, and are not limited to America. Back in the '60s, an American counter culture leader said, "Violence is as American as cherry pie." But other parts of the world, such as Northern Ireland, the Balkans, the children's armies of Africa, the terrorist camps of the Middle East, have their violent role models. Machismo is not an American word, nor is Hooligan.
We do have drugs and a drug culture and aspects of this problem are more severe here than in many other parts of the world. Crime is connected to the drug trade and this crime can spill into the school. But the type of school shooting that occurs in the suburb is seldom connected to this urban issue. There may be an indirect connection, since drug wars arm young soldiers of drug wars, and arms are a large issue in America.
Access to guns
Access to guns is a significant factor in American school shootings. If kids could not and did not bring guns to school, we wouldn't have Columbine, Virginia Tech or Chardon, Ohio. There have been crimes with knives and bats and fists. But school shootings are gun crimes. Kids with guns kill kids at school.
I do not think America is an extremist nation, compared to other nations with bloody histories and despotic leaders. True, we have polarized political speech, and some of that speech is about access to guns. But the reason we have an American school shooting problem that exceeds other nations has to do with access to loaded weapons by kids who should not have that access.
I'm not offering a gun control solution. But any serious attempt to prevent school shooting will have to attack the problem by determining who should not be armed, and preventing dangerous boys from bringing guns to school.
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US Constitution Gave Legal Ownership
and Control of the United States to London
They who Own The Law Own the Banks. They Who Own The Law and Banks Own the Corporations. They Who Own The Law and Banks and Corporations Own the Media. They Who Own The Law and Banks and Corporations and Media Own the Governments. They Who Own The Law and Banks and Corporations and Media and Governments Own the World.
House Rothschild Owns Common Law Crown Temple In The Center Of London.
Who really owns the United States, Canada, Britain, Ireland and much more besides? What Legal Guild setup the Common Law system in the World, and the obedience to it by all nations?
The government and 'legal' system of the United States is controlled by the 'Crown.' The Crown is not only the British monarch as widely believed, but is the 'City,' an independent legal-guild state in London. In turn, the 'City' or the 'Crown' is really the Knights Templar Church, also known as the Crown Temple or Crown Templar, and this is located between Fleet Street and Victoria Embankment.
The Temple grounds are also home to the Crown Offices at Crown Office Row. The Crown Temple controls the global 'legal' system, including those in the United States and Canada, because all Bar Associations are franchises of the International Bar Association at the Inns of Court at Crown Temple based at Chancery Lane in London. All Bar Associations' are franchises of the Crown and all Bar Attorneys throughout the world pledge a solemn oath to the Temple, even though they are not told that this is what they are doing.
Bar Association 'licensed' Attorneys must keep to their oath, pledge and terms of allegiance to the Crown Temple if they are to be "called to Bar" and work in the 'legal' profession anywhere in the world. The 'ruling' monarch is also subordinate to the Crown Temple and has been so since the reign of King John in the 13th century when royal sovereignty was transferred to the Crown Temple and, through that, to the Roman Church.
King John (1167-1216) is a key to this story. It was at the Chancel, or Chancery, of the Crown Inner Temple Court in January 1215 that King John was faced with the demands of the English barons to confirm the rights enshrined in the Magna Carta. When he signed the Magna Carta in 1215 historical propaganda promoted, and still does promote, this as an event that extended human freedom, but the reality, obedience to the Crown's writing of Common Law, was very different.
The 'governments' of the United States and Canada, and Australia and New Zealand, and all of the UK are subsidiaries of the Crown Temple and so is the US 'central bank,' the Federal Reserve. Indeed the global banking system is controlled by the Crown Temple as well as the worldwide 'legal' system. Bar Associations are awarded their franchises by the four Inns of Court at Temple Bar. These are the Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn -- and they are nothing less than exclusive secret societies without charters or statutes. The secret government. They are a law unto themselves.
The Inner Temple controls the legal system franchise for Canada and Britain while the Middle Temple does the same for the United States. Queen Elizabeth II is a member of both temples. These so-called 'Illuminati' always seek to control both 'sides' in any situation.
Thus at least five signatories to the American Declaration of Independence were Temple Bar Attorneys who had pledged allegiance to the Crown. And their Constitution gives first authority and control of the US Government to the Crown and Banks of England. [Viz. also in Australia where the Crown can remove the Prime Minister at any time for any reason, and in New Zealand where the Crown is the ultimate legal appellate for all.]
Another Middle Temple agent during the formation of the United States was Alexander Hamilton who structured the American banking system in line with the Crown Temple agenda for control of the new United States (a 'State' is actually a legal entity of the Crown - a Crown Colony!).
As Michael Edward points out in an excellent Internet study:
"Americans were fooled into believing that the legal Crown Colonies comprising New England were independent nation states, but they never were nor are they today. They were and still are Colonies of the Crown Temple, through letters patent and charters, who have no legal authority to be independent from the Rule and Order of the Crown Temple. A legal State is a Crown Temple Colony.
"Neither the American people nor the Queen of Britain own America. The Crown Temple owns America through the deception of those who have worn their allegiance by oath to the Middle Templar Bar. The Crown Bankers and their Middle Templar Attorneys rule America through unlawful contracts, unlawful taxes, and, contract documents of false equity through debt deceit, all strictly enforced by their completely unlawful, but 'legal,' Orders, Rules and Codes of the Crown Temple Courts Our so-called 'judiciary' in America. This is because the Crown Temple holds the land titles and estate deeds to all of North America."
Seven Middle Inn Templars who had pledged an oath of allegiance to the Crown Temple (including Alexander Hamilton) were among the members of the Constitutional Convention who signed the completed 'American Constitution' giving secret control over to London. How symbolic it is that copies of the American Constitution and the Declaration of Independence hang on the wall of the library of the Middle Temple in London. After all, they were the force behind both of them.
While Middle Bar Templars were orchestrating the illusion of freedom from the perceived rule by King George III, the king, too, was a sworn member of the same Middle Temple.
Michael Edward continues:
"1776 is the year that will truly live in infamy for all Americans. It is the year that the Crown Colonies became legally subservient Crown States. The Declaration of Independence was a legal, not lawful, document. It was signed on both sides by representatives of the Crown Temple. Legally, it announced the status quo of the Crown Colonies to that of the new legal name called 'States' as direct possessive estates of the Crown. "The American people were hoodwinked into thinking they were declaring lawful independence from the Crown. Proof that the Colonies are still in Crown possession is the use of the word 'State' to signify a 'legal estate of possession.'
Had this been a document of and by the people, both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution would have been written using the word 'states.' By the use of 'State' the significance of a government of estate possession was legally established. All of the North American States are Crown Templar possessions through their legal document, signed by their representation of both parties to the contract, known as the Constitution of the United States of America."
Britain, Ireland, the US, and the UK are owned by the Roman Church
So the United States, together with Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland, are controlled by the Knights Templar 'Crown,' but who owns the Knights Templar 'Crown'? Well, er..., the Pope, or rather the Crown Templar Illuminati that control him.
On May 15th 1213, our own friend King John, who was a puppet of the Templars, effectively signed away the Kingdom of England and Ireland to Pope Innocent III and the Roman Church, witnessed by the Crown Templars.
As King John said at the time:
"I myself bearing witness in the house of the Knights Templars."
The King John charter stated:
"We wish it to be known to all of you, through this our charter, furnished with our seal ... not induced by force or compelled by fear, but of our own good and spontaneous will and by the common counsel of our barons, do offer and freely concede to God and His holy apostles Peter and Paul and to our mother the holy Roman Church, and to our-lord Pope Innocent and to his Catholic successors, the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland, with all their rights and appurtenances .. : we perform and swear fealty for them to him our aforesaid lord Pope Innocent, and his Catholic successors and the Roman church ... binding our successors and our heirs by our wife forever, in similar manner to perform fealty and show homage to him who shall be chief pontiff at that time, and to the Roman church without demur.
As a sign ... we will and establish perpetual obligation and concession ... from the proper and especial revenues of our aforesaid kingdoms ... the Roman church shall receive yearly a thousand marks sterling ... saving to us and to our heirs our rights, liberties and regalia; all of which things, as they have been described above, we wish to have perpetually valid and firm; and we bind ourselves and our successors not to act counter to them.
And if we or anyone of our successors shall presume to attempt this, whoever he be, unless being duly warned he come to his kingdom, and his senses, he shall lose his right to the kingdom, and this charter of our obligation-and concession shall always remain firm."
Historical accounts concentrate on the fact that this charter obligated the Crown to pay money to the Roman Church, but it also states that if the terms of this charter are broken, the 'right to the Kingdom' shall be lost, returned to the Crown Templars.
When King John signed the Magna Carta on June 15th 1215 he broke the terms of the charter with the Pope and therefore lost the right to his kingdom. Pope Innocent III then declared the Magna Carta null and void.
From this time the 'Crown' passed from the monarch to the Knights Templar who, to this day, govern Britain on behalf of the Roman (Illuminati) Church. This means, if we take it a stage further, that ultimately, through the Crown Temple, the Roman Church also owns the United States, Canada and all countries and Bar Associations controlled (overtly or covertly) by the Crown!
This is why the Peace Treaty between the American Colonies and the British Crown in 1783, stated:
"It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince George the Third, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, arch-treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc., and of the United States of America ... "
How ironic that a Roman Catholic is barred from being the British monarch while all along the monarch and the 'kingdom' have been owned by the Roman Catholic Church.
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Now, compare that to the roughly 3 pieces of white bread that provide the same ~50 grams of digestible carbohydrate. Or sweet potatoes where it takes two 5″ sweet potatoes to provide the same digestible carbohydrates. Sugars are more or less 50 grams total weight to 50 grams of carbohydrate but even 50 grams of fructose will make most people sick to their stomach. So does fiber which may has it’s own separate health benefits. One early observation is that protein invariably lowered the GI (and one super old book I have on controlling blood glucose for diabetics talks about adding protein to carbohydrates specifically for that reason. This led to the truly moronic idea in the late 80’s or early 90’s that the way to decrease the problems with high GI foods was to add a bunch of fat to them.
- Some foods, such as porridge oats, show variable results, which may reflect true differences in refining and processing that affect the degree of starch gelatinization .
- Though a couple of fruits rank higher on the GI scale, eating fruits and non-starchy vegetables are usually a safe bet for low-glycemic foods.
- Some such conditions are type 2 diabetes and heart disease; it may be due to the raising of blood sugar and insulin levels.
- Results from our RCT would suggest that a low GI dietary intervention in early pregnancy may benefit women at risk of exceeding the GWG goals for pregnancy or those with a BMI in the overweight/obese category entering pregnancy.
- Results of a 16-year study that tracked the diets of 120,000 men and women were published in 2015.
- Think of it as the glycemic index for a specific amount of that food.
- Yet, the use of published GI values of individual foods to estimate the average GI value of a meal or diet may be inappropriate because factors such as food variety, ripeness, processing, and cooking are known to modify GI values.
- This means that it does not take into consideration the total amount you are consuming.
- Scientific evidence has shown that those who consume foods with a low GI over many years are at a significantly lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration.
- And, of course, I never felt like I was starving, because if I was hungry, I ate.
- Recent studies have shown that even though high glycemic foods were taken prior to endurance exercise, the resulting performance was not affected.
- It’s a measure used for carbohydrates, as these are the only foods that can convert into glucose.
- The good ones—like whole grains, vegetables, and legumes—are minimally processed and loaded with nutrients.
- The information we’ve included in the sweetener comparison is the Glycemic Index , the Carbohydrates per Serving and Glycemic Load of the item.
For optimal health, you should aim to keep your daily glycemic load under 100. Carbohydrates are an essential part of our diet since they provide fuel for the brain, most other organs and muscles during exercise. The views/opinions expressed by contributors and/or product reviews are their own and not necessarily those of 1MD.org.
In other words, instead of counting the total amount of carbohydrates in foods in their unconsumed state, GI measures the actual impact of these foods on our blood sugar. We rank our WHFoods as being very low, low, medium, or high in their GI value. You can find a GI value for each individual food in its food profile. Just go to any food profile and take a look at the DRI%/DV% bar chart that is located towards the beginning of the article.
Feeling Overwhelmed By Food Advice?
These subjects had no family history of diabetes or of glucose intolerance and did not use any medications that affected glycemia. These subjects were (mean ± SD) 22.8 ± 3.1 years old and had a body mass index of 21.4 ± 2.5 kg.m-2. The consumption of HGI meals resulted in higher areas under the glycemic and insulinemic curves in the postprandial period. However, glycemia did not differ by study treatment during exercise. There were no differences in free fatty acids in the postprandial period or in lactate levels during exercise. LGI meals resulted in lower fat oxidation and higher carbohydrate oxidation than the HGI meal in the postprandial period.
Glycemic Index Diet And Diabetes
For more information about how GI can assist those with diabetes, visit More slowly digestible carbohydrates and minimally processed starchy foods produce a different response compared to rapidly digestible carbohydrates. They produce a slower and more prolonged increase in blood glucose levels, rising to a lower peak. The Glycemic Index is a measurement that ranks the effects of carbohydrates on our blood sugar levels on a scale of 0 to 100.
Pure fructose has a GI of ~25, but it is a pure sugar carb calorie. For decades, fructose’s low GI tricked the medical community into thinking that you can eat a lot of fructose without raising blood sugar too much (and justifying high-fructose corn syrup intakes too). A chronic intake of high GI carbohydrates has been linked to several health issues including obesity, metabolic syndrome , type 2 diabetes and Is delta 8 safe? cardiovascular disease . There is a growing body of literature to support the therapeutic potential of low GI diets for diabetes[10-14] and cardiovascular disease[15-18]. Traditionally, GI has been used as a tool to assist people with diabetes in controlling their blood glucose. In recent years, it has gained popularity among the general population as an effective means of monitoring carbohydrate intake.
This is an important consideration because if you consume a high GI food that only has a few grams of carbohydrates in it, you don’t have to worry about impact on blood sugar level. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load are used in The Glycemic Index Diet (or Slow-Carb Diet) to help you decide which foods to eat based on which foods will keep you full for the longest time throughout the day. To make this easy, we’ve included a glycemic index food chart as well as well as a list of foods by their glycemic load. When sugar levels are low, you become hungry and crave foods that have a high glycemic index because these foods raise your blood sugar quickly. Eating a lower-GI diet may also decrease the risk for complications in those previously diagnosed with diabetes. Overall improvements in glycemic variability and control have been shown to reduce the incidence and risk for microvascular complications associated with diabetes.
How The Glycemic Index Works
Conversely, there are areas such as Peru and Asia where people eat high-glycemic index foods such as potatoes and high-GI rice without a high level of obesity or diabetes. The high consumption of legumes in South America and fresh fruit and vegetables in Asia likely lowers the glycemic effect in these individuals. The mixing of high- and low-GI carbohydrates produces moderate GI values. Several dietary intervention studies found that low-GI/GL diets were as effective as conventional, low-fat diets in reducing body weight. Both types of diets resulted in beneficial effects on metabolic markers associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
Relevance Of The Glycemic Index And Glycemic Load For Body Weight, Diabetes, And Cardiovascular Disease
However, it is not helpful to use the GI values in isolation, as we generally eat food in combination with other foods. GI needs to be taken in the context of varied balanced eating for it to be successfully incorporated into a healthy diet. Carbohydrates are digested at different rates and this has an effect on your blood glucose levels. The Glycaemic Index is a ranking from and relates to how quickly these foods make your blood glucose levels rise after eating them. Both the small baked potato and the apple have the same amount of carbohydrate . However, because their GIs differ , their GLs also differ, which means the baked potato will cause the blood glucose level of the person eating it to rise more quickly than the apple.
Similarly, eggs and skinless chicken or turkey can provide the protein you need in your diabetes diet. Just be sure to choose baked or grilled poultry or fish instead of fried varieties. Many medical organizations, including the ADA, recommend eating fish at least twice a week, substituting it for other, less healthful options, such as beef or processed meats . Starchy vegetables—potatoes, green peas, corn, and acorn or butternut squash—can pack a nutritional punch, but choose them wisely.
It’s also essential to remember that GI doesn’t necessarily determine a food’s overall healthfulness. For example, white potatoes and watermelon are high-GI foods, but we know they have nutritional value in a balanced diet. Lower-GI foods usually have more protein, fiber, and sometimes fat. NHS-approved evidence-based behaviour change app for people with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, obesity and those looking to optimise their health and wellbeing. The GI and carbohydrate values may vary slightly between different types and slice sizes of whole grain bread.
We’ve also put them into charts, so that they’re easier to compare. The information we’ve included in the sweetener comparison is the Glycemic Index , the Carbohydrates per Serving and Glycemic Load of the item. Research suggests that a low GI diet may be beneficial and help prevent some health issues. Reminding you to include GI-lowering nutrients, such as healthy fats and lean proteins, in your meals and snacks.
Your body’s glycemic response depends on both the type of food eaten and the amount of carbohydrate calories consumed. The more concentrated a carbohydrate is, the more sugar it dumps into your bloodstream. Although all of the sugar that is in the carrots is absorbed into the bloodstream quickly , there is not a lot of sugar to begin with . As you can imagine, the same amount of dense white pasta would have both a high glycemic index and a high glycemic load.
Does Fruit Cause Insulin To Go Up?
That means that the Fullness Factor is supported for all foods in ND’s database, and also all new recipes. That makes it easy to use the Fullness Factor in conjunction with any diet plan. This chart of the glycemic indices of foods is ever-changing and growing, based on new research that is being carried out. Just enjoy them in smaller portions, and offset them with nutritious, low-glycemic index foods when you do.
And what works to control blood sugar, the theory goes, should help you drop extra weight. Can CBD Products Help With Anxiety? is a numerical value between 0 and 100 and it basically describes how eating one food will raise blood sugar levels. Foods with GI below 55 are considered to have a low glycemic index, those with GI between 55 and 70 are considered to have medium GI, and those with GI above 70, are considered to have a high and very high glycemic index.
Glycemic Index And Alcohol
To calculate the GL of a single serving of food, multiply the GI number by the grams of carbohydrate in one serving, then divide the total by 100[22-24]. Also for a complete breakdown of the index, also check out our complete glycemic index food list. Weight loss results are self-reported by our members, and individual weight loss results from person to person will vary. • Complement the meal with a healthy fat source such as olive oil or an avocado. Also unsurprising based on the GI, whole grain breads are 50 percent more filling than white breads.
Instead of instant rice, cook brown rice or converted long grain rice for yourself, both of which have lower GIs. GI numbers are only assigned to foods that have carbohydrates in them.Therefore, foods such as oil or meat do not have a GI number. Other factors that can affect the GI are how long you cook the food , the type , and how ripe a piece of fruit is.
However, now that Mark is diabetic, simple and complex carbohydrates both can potentially spike his blood sugar levels. This is where understanding the glycemic index and diabetes comes into play. You should avoid high-GI foods most often, but they can be combined with low-GI foods to help balance your meal. Any food with a value of 70 or greater is on the high-glycemic foods list. White foods will often have a high GI, and may include processed foods with white flour and white sugar.
Does It Allow For Dietary Restrictions Or Preferences?
Based on the research, for most people with diabetes, the best tool for managing blood glucose is carbohydrate counting. When you have type 2 diabetes, one of the best ways to control your glucose levels is to eat foods that don’t cause major blood sugar spikes. Picking good sources of carbs can help you control your blood sugar and your weight. Eating healthier carbohydrates can help prevent a host of chronic conditions, especially diabetes, but it can also ward off heart disease and various cancers.
To avoid inhibiting fat loss, the idea was to keep insulin low although, as I talked about last time, this may not matter since even small increases in insulin basically shut down fatty acid release. While diabetes is really an issue of blood glucose response, there is also the issue of insulin since either insulin deficiency or insulin resistance are a big part of why blood glucose levels become uncontrolled. As you might imagine, the development of the GI was examined for other populations. One was weight loss and at least some studies showed that low GI foods were more filling than higher GI foods and generated better fat loss.
In fact, a low glycemic index diet can have a more positive impact on cardiovascular health than any other dietary factor. A 2012 review of available scientific evidence found that a high glycemic index diet increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by 23 percent. Low-GI foods include most fruits and vegetables, whole or minimally processed grains, beans, pasta, low-fat dairy products and nuts. Although data quality has been improved, many foods have been tested only once in 10 or fewer subjects, and caution is needed.
Jim has enough white rice to make a 130g portion of rice which will provide 40g of carbohydrate. He also has enough couscous to make a 200g serving of couscous which will also provide 45g of carbohydrate. While many carb-conscious eaters default to tracking their daily grams of carbohydrates, another popular way to keep tabs on carbs is by using the glycemic index . Whereas carbohydrate counts measure the amount of this nutrient, GI measures the carbohydrate quality of foods. It’s critical to note that the glycemic index of food differs when it’s eaten alone than when it’s mixed with other foods.
Now, the caveat here is that all of the groups were eating industrial food. In fact, I think the saturated fat they got through margarine. If you’re confused right about now, the relationship between glycemic load and How many CBD gummies should I take for sleep? can be a little confusing.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the acute effects of dietary glycemic index on energy metabolism and voluntary food intake in obese subjects. The glycemic index is a numerical system of measuring how much of a rise in circulating blood sugar a carbohydrate triggers–the higher the number, the greater the blood sugar response. So a low GI food will cause a small rise, while a high GI food will trigger a dramatic spike. A list of carbohydrates with their glycemic values is shown below.
What Are The Best Low Glycemic Index Gi Foods?
However, there is a paradox, many foods with a low GI are relatively high in fat. The International Glycemic Index Database provides access to data tables containing the glycemic index and glycemic load of foods. Data is collected in spreadsheet format , imported into a Filemaker database, then presented in a searchable format on the Glycemic Index website. The Glycemic Index website is a nutrition and health information resource for students, researchers, nutritionists, and the community. Diabetes or diabetes mellitus, is an endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time. The Insulin Connection – A surge in glucose causes high secretions of insulin from the islets of Langerhans in your pancreas.
Always keep in mind that spikes in the body sugar levels can be devastating for health! Basically the glycemic index ranks carbohydrates on a scale of 0 to 100, and it’s based on how they can raise your blood sugar levels after you eat. Foods with a higher GI level are digested faster, and therefore create a spike in your blood sugar levels.
You should study the free glycemic index chart carefully, and try to eat the foods that have a lower GI ranking in order to keep your blood sugar under control. Foods that have a greater effect on your blood glucose levels will be ranked with a higher GI, while those with a lower GI ranking will not affect your blood sugar as much. Another resource we like is the website established by medical writer David Mendosa and devoted to issues involving glycemic index, glycemic load, and diabetes management. The Mendosa site also provides comprehensive lists of foods and their GI values.
Use blood glucose monitoring to analyze individual responses to specific foods. Talk with patients about choosing more whole-grain products and fewer refined, white carbohydrates. Suggest that patients look for “whole grain” listed on the label, and remind them that just because bread is brown does not mean that it is a good source of fiber or has a low GI value. There is some evidence available that lowering the GI of the diet may be helpful in improving lipid profiles and reducing the risk for cardiac disease. More studies are needed to confirm this, but there are no data indicating any detrimental cardiac effects from consuming a lower-GI diet. All raw, unsalted nuts are on the low glycemic index chart and are a good source of essential fatty acids and protein as they are high in unsaturated fat, the omega 3 fatty acids.
Low And Medium Gi Foods
Glycemic index is a ranking system for carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose levels. GL is the measure of the overall effect of the food on your blood glucose level. The GL is the more accurate indicator because it incorporates both the quality and quantity of the carbs consumed.
To look up the GI values for other foods, visit the University of Sydney’s GI website. Evidence that high-GI or -GL diets are related to cancer is inconsistent. A recent meta-analysis of 32 case-control studies and 20 prospective cohort studies found modest and nonsignificant increased risks of hormone-related cancers and digestive tract cancers with high versus low dietary GI and GL . A significant positive association was found only between a high dietary GI and colorectal cancer . Yet, earlier meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies failed to find a link between high-GI or -GL diets and colorectal cancer (44-46). Another recent meta-analysis of prospective studies suggested a borderline increase in breast cancer risk with high dietary GI and GL.
Low Gi Foods
They give a sweet taste to drinks and meals and are even several times sweeter than sugar. In addition, as a sugar substitute, they are suitable for people suffering from obesity and type 2 diabetes. They are a good alternative for baking, cooking, and sweetening your favorite drinks. If we eat food that has a high glycemic index, we get hungry sooner.
A1c test tells your average blood sugar level in the past 3 months and helps check whether your diabetes is in control. Fruits are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, all of which make them part of a healthy diet. At the end of the day, as long as you pay appropriate attention to portion sizes of the fruits you eat, there’s no reason you can’t enjoy them on a daily basis.
Low Glycemic Foods Ensures A Steady Blood Sugar Level
Maternal diet, and particularly its carbohydrate type and content, influences maternal blood glucose concentrations. However, different CHO foods produce different glycemic responses. The GI was conceived by Jenkins in 1981 as a method for assessing the glycemic responses of different CHO .
Then, wheat is another staple cereal which has a glycemic index of 62. Barley , maize and bajra are other cereals which you can choose over rice or wheat. Chick peas (kadalekalu/chana), red kidney beans , kidney beans , pigeon pea (togribele/toor dal), green gram hesarkalu , grean peas , soybean , and black matpe (uddinbele/urad) are native to Indian cuisine.
Depending on your health goals, following a GI-based diet might mean you’ll be able to rely less on standard dieting measures, such as calorie counting or regimented portion control. For example, rice milk has a high GI of 86, while brown rice has a medium GI of 66. The GI value of the test food is then calculated by dividing the glucose AUC for the test food by that of the reference food for each person. Processed foods such as candy, breads, cake, and cookies have a high GI, while whole foods such as unrefined grains, non-starchy vegetables, and fruits tend to have a lower GI.
Limit milk/dairy (1-2 servings/day) and juice (1 small glass/day). WATERVegetablesThe more veggies — and the greater the variety — the better. VEGETABLESFruitsEat plenty of fruits of all colors FRUITSHealthy ProteinChoose fish, poultry, beans, and nuts; limit red meat and cheese; avoid bacon, cold cuts, and other processed meats. HEALTHYPROTEINWhole GrainsEat a variety of whole grains (like whole-wheat bread, whole-grain pasta, and brown rice). WHOLEGRAINSStay ActiveIncorporate physical activity into your daily routine. Here’s a list of the glycemic index and glycemic load for the most common foods.
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Although the concept of a group often brings to mind spatial connotations,
such as the different neighborhoods of a city or the "turfs"
of street gangs, groups can also be understood as temporal systems. Members
of work groups, for instance, cross the temporal boundary between family
and work when they "punch in" at the company time clock. They
are reminded of the pressures of group existence through such exhortations
as "don't waste time" and "time is money." Mothers
attempting to get all family members to the dinner table for a shared meal
are attempting to reaffirm family solidarity through establishing the centrality
of family time boundaries. It is the group that creates "time to get
serious," "born-again experiences," the pressures of deadlines,
and the daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal flows of activities. As Emile
Durkheim observed in The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life,
it "is the rhythm of social life which is at the basis of the category
Pitirim Sorokin (Sociocultural Causality, Space, Time, 1943) noted how human life is an persistent competition for time by various social activities and their often conflicting motives and objectives. With Robert Merton, he illustrated the significance of associating a group activity or event with a temporal setting, thereby reaffirming the centrality of the group to the individuals who observe its temporal demands as well as coordinating activities that promote group solidarity and/or productivity. "They arise from the round of group life, are largely determined by the routine of religious activity and the occupational order of the day, are essentially a product of social interaction" ("Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis," The American Journal of Sociology, 1937:621).
And what conceptual scheme is to be used for analyzing these temporal patternings of social life? Consider the following elements that Robert Lauer (Temporal Man) and others have focused on:
It's hard to believe that only about a century ago most towns in this country had their own time. The hands of the clock in the town square would be synchronized with cosmos, "high noon" being established when the sun being at its highest point for the day. But owing to technological innovations (particularly the railroads, whose schedules of arrival and departure times required greater temporal uniformity) and enhanced interdependencies between social members, "standard time" emerged. This replacement of local time- reckoning with supralocal standards of time marked a fundamental change in our relationship to time: human activity was to be increasingly oriented to social as opposed to natural times. Take a look at WebExhibits Calendars Through the Ages for "the fascinating history of the human endeavor to organize our lives in accordance with the sun and stars," and Simon K. Chung's Chronology for an illustrated history of the clock in the West.
The day that starts bad, ends bad.
--Old Mexican saying
Even though human activities have become increasingly divorced from the natural rhythm of day and night, society still often specifies that certain things should be done during certain times of the day. Consider, for instance, our temporal socializations during the school day. Students are taught that certain subject matters are to be studied during specific times of the day. "Johnny, put away those crayons! Art time is over and math time has begun." Querie: Are there certain times of the day when we are best able to do math, social studies, music or art? Consider looking at the mean grades given to students who take the same course with the same instructor but at different times of the day.
Individuals vary considerably in terms of their preferred times of the day. During the Fall and Spring terms of the 1986-87 academic year, Trinity University undergraduates (n=166) were asked: "In general, do you consider yourself to be a `morning person' (11% so identified themselves), an `afternoon person' (17%), an `evening person' (41%) or a `night owl' (41%). Majors in the arts, humanities and social sciences were significantly more likely to be "night people" than those majoring in business, economics, and the natural sciences.
For your "Trivial Pursuit" files: Why is midday called "noon"? Fasting Christians were permitted centuries ago a snack at the ninth hour after sunrise, a time called "Nones," usually occurred around 3 p.m. But the most devout got hungry and had an early snack. In the 12th century, such fudging stabilized at midday and became "noon."
In "Night as Frontier" (American Sociological Review,43,1979:3-22), Murray Melbin developed the parallels between the colonization of space and the colonialization of time, night-time that is. "Many of the factors that stimulated expansion into the dark are the same as those that led to expansion across the land. ...Demand push operates when over-population and crowding begin to impel people toward new areas. That push is complemented by supply pull, the lure of the untapped resources in areas beyond established areas."
Do you know why it's hotter in the summer than in the winter? Because in the summer we have an extra hour of daylight, which we take away in the winter.
Debates over daylight savings time continue around the world. Widespread opposition in Mexico, for instance, postponed its nation-wide implementation until 1996. Many viewed such alteration of their time as a exercise of centralized power. When Colorado first experimented with Daylight Savings Time newspapers were filled with hostile letters to the editor. One person complained that the government had no business fiddling with "God's time" and hinted that the principle of separation of church and state had been violated. Another griped how the extra hour of sunlight was burning up her yard (Chance, Paul. 1988. "Got a Minute?" Psychology Today Nov.:59-60).
Blame our "Spring forward, Fall back" ritual on the Brits. Although Benjamin Franklin toyed with the idea in a 1784 essay, credit is generally given to William Willett, a British builder and astronomer, who campaigned in 1907. Willet suggested that the clock be moved ahead by 80 minutes in four 20-minute increments during the spring and summer months. The benefits, he reasoned, would be extra time for recreation, less crime, and higher energy savings as people would use less fuel for lighting. But it took world war to finally put the time change into practice, and even then it didn't stick. Congress adopted year-round daylight-saving time for a two-year trial period that began Jan. 6, 1974. But it only lasted one season, once again a victim of public complaints. From 1975,the number of months falling to daylight-saving time was reduced until 1987, when Congress passed an amendment to the Uniform Time Act that made daylight-saving time run a full seven months.
In his The Seven Day Circle: The History and the Meaning of the Week, Eviatar Zerubavel develops how the history of the week is a story involving religion, holy numbers, planets, and astrology--hence our shortened labels for Saturn Day, Sun Day, and Moon Day (see the story of the origin of the seven-day week from Bill Hollon and from the National Institute of Standards and Technology). Some numbers are considered desirable, lucky, or holy in many nations. The number seven is one of these. This is one reason why there are seven days in the week (in fact, in many languages the word for week is synonymous with the word for seven).
Much of our lives is centered and structured around a weekly pattern. Indeed, as Pitirim Sorokin observed, the week is "one of the most important points in our `orientation' in time and social reality." As children, we learn the meaning of the weekend before we learn the meaning of a month. There are clear phenomenological differences between Friday time and Monday time; we are not biologically hardwired nor naturally triggered to feel knotted stomachs on Sunday evenings. When Trinity University students were asked what their favorite day of the week was, 25% said Thursdays, 37% said Fridays and 22% Saturdays.
Is it not the case that each day of the week has evolved to have its own "flavor"? (see Global Psychics page on superstitions associated with each week day) I've often thought about how early Boomers may have been socialized toward such weekday distinctions. Consider, for instance, the lessons of one of their most popular after-school television programs, "The Mickey Mouse Club." Do you remember how the days went?
Among the weekly rhythms (and myths of daily differences) we find:
Certainly one driving force behind these weekly cycles is the rhythm of working (or "week") days and days of the weekend. Speaking of manmade times that have come to accrue a sense of "naturalness" and to compartmentalize a very clear set of "appropriate" social activities, the weekend is one of the most obvious.
Yet this special time for familial, religious, leisure, and consumptive activities is a historically-recent creation. According to Witold Rybczynski in Waiting for the Weekend, the Oxford English Dictionary finds the earliest recorded use of the word in an 1879 English magazine. Battles over the precise meaning of this time continue. Through the eighteenth century when the workweek concluded on Saturday evenings, not only was Sunday the only weekly "day off" but was to be a day of moral restraint (no merriment please) and religious ritual. This was the legacy of the Reformation and Puritanism; Sunday was the weekly holy day, a time designed to displace Catholicism's numerous saints' and religious festival days. But then there is the fact that work time and play time was more blurred in the past, unlike their strict segregation nowadays. The workplace featured a number of recreational activities. Rybczynski notes how trade guilds often organized their own outings and singing and drinking clubs.
In 1926, Henry Ford closed all of his factories on Saturdays--not to increase time for moral reflection or personal development but to increase consumption. But it was not until the Great Depression that the two-day weekend became firmly fixed, and that was to remedy the shortage of jobs.
Another Month Ends All Targets Met All Systems Working All Customers Satisfied All Staff Eager and Enthusiastic All Pigs Fed and Ready to Fly. --Entry in Weekly Schedule of New Zealand Symphony Orchestra
Like the days of the week, each month has a rich folklore tradition of associated beliefs shaping the course of human activity. Take a look at the Les tres riches heures du Duc de Berry at the Paris Webmuseum. Each month has its own portrait featuring the activities of the peasants and aristocracy. Is it not interesting how varied the monthly activities are even for the peasants, especially compared with nearly indistinguishable monthly activities of the contemporary post-industrial "peasants" working in fast food franchises and malls?
For events associated with each day of the month in addition to material on Black, Women's, and Lesbian and Gay History Months click here.
As portions of the day and week have taken on their own separate meanings and activities, so too do we see differing rhythms of the month (even though they are generally less significant to our lives than the seasons in which they are grouped). There are, for example, times of the month to pay bills or to summarize economic activities of the previous four weeks.
In examining the natural rhythms of life,, a number of seasonally-related phenomena were observed, such as:
What annual social rhythms can you think of that cannot be accounted for by biometeorological factors?
Here we consider such rhythms as the liberal-conservative cycles studied by political scientists, the boom-bust cycles detected by economists, the rural-urban migration cycles measured by demographers, and the cycles of nostalgia and utopianism analyzed by sociologists.
In Civilization and Capitalism 15th-18th Century: Vol. III The Perspective of the World, Fernand Braudel develops the various endless periodic movements shaping human life. The combination of these movement forms what he calls the conjuncture, affecting economics, politics, demographics, crime, artistic movements, and popular culture. Of these he writes:
These conjunctures, just like the tide, carry on their backs the shorter movements of more short-term waves. Each can be studied during its upward trend, peak and crisis, and downward trend, and then how its phase synchronizes with the other social movements.
For instance, historians have observed how economic declines can encourage
cultural explosions. In describing the creative surges spawned by the collapse of cultures,
Harold Innis writes:
With a weakening of protection of organized force, scholars put forth greater efforts and in a sense the flowering of the culture comes before its collapse. Minerva's owl begins its flight in the gathering dusk not only from classical Greece but in turn from Alexandria, from Rome, from Constantinople, from the publican cities of Italy, from France, from Holland, and from Germany (Innis, 1951:5).
In speaking of the surge of creativity in war-ravaged Lebanon, Charles Rizk, president of Lebanon's state-run television system, reflected in 1982: "A political shock is always pregnant with cultural achievement. When simply walking down the street becomes a matter of life and death, people start to ask themselves very fundamental questions. And what is culture if not expressions of man's questioning himself about his ultimate destiny"?
So how are these various rhythms experienced by the individual?
Dava Sobel's Longitude (1995) is an engaging story of how the Navigation Problem, that is knowing one's longitude, was ultimately solved by thinking in time. If one always knows what time it is at some agreed-upon zero-meridian (Greenwich, England, where else?) as well as one's own time (by setting the local clock to noon when the sun was directly overhead), then the following calculation can be made: one hour of difference in time equals 15 degrees of longitude separation.
This idea of knowing where we are by using time has evolved considerably, from measuring where we personally are in space to where we are both in our personal and collective endeavors. There are, for instance, the micro-measures of scheduled time: At Oxford's slacks factory in Monticello, Ga., a new system clocks every worker's pace to a thousandth of a minute. The workers, mostly women, are paid according to how their pace compares with a factory standard for their job. An operator who beats the standard by 10% gets a 10% bonus over her base rate. If she lags 10% behind the standard, she has 10% knocked off her wages.
In 2007, the American Civil Liberties Union first wound its “Surveillance Society Clock” to countdown the extinction of privacy. It was set at 11:54 p.m. Theirs was not the first symbolic time piece to gauge where we are in history. It joins a myriad of clocks marking social change:
I've been on a calendar, but never on time. --Marilyn Monroe
A Sampling of Special Days in 2004
|Jan. 4: National
Joygerm Day, celebrating people who are "delighted, ignited and
Jan. 12: National Clean-Off-Your-Desk Day, to make room for a new year's paperwork
Jan. 18-24: Hunt for Happiness Week (www.sohp.com)
Feb. 12: Darwin Day (www.darwinday.org)
Feb. 23: Curling is Cool Day (www.wellcat.com)
March 8: Uppity Women Day (www.uppitywomenrule.com)
March 18: Awkward Moments Day (www.theshowworks.com)
March 20: National Quilting Day (www.NQAQuilts.org)
April 2: Reconciliation Day (thanks to Ann Landers)
April 5: National Workplace Napping Day (www.napping.com)
April 12-18: Egg Salad Week (www.aeb.org)
May 16-22: National Dog Bite Prevention Week
May 23: World Turtle Day (www.tortoise.com)
June 4: Hug Your Cat Day (www.apricat.com)
June 19: World Juggling Day (www.juggle.org/wjd)
July 1: I Forgot Day, time to make up for all the events forgotten in the first half of the year
July 13: Embrace Your Geekness Day (www.wellcat.com)
July 25: National Parents' Day, proclaimed by federal law (www.parentsday.com)
Aug. 1: Sisters' Day (email@example.com)
Aug. 7: National Mustard Day (www.mustardmuseum.com)
Aug. 12: Vinyl Record Day (www.VinylRecordDay.com)
Sept. 5: Be Late For Something Day (www.geocities.com/
Sept. 19: Talk Like a Pirate Day (www.talklikeapirate.com)
Sept. 19-25: Balance Awareness Week. (www.vestibular.org)
Oct. 2: World Farm Animals Day (www.wfad.org)
Oct. 11: National Kick-Butt Day (www.springboardtraining.com)
Oct. 17-23: National School Bus Safety Week (www.napt.org)
Nov. 4: National Men Make Dinner Day (www.menmakedinnerday.com)
Nov. 6: International End Gossip Day (www.EndGossip.com)
Nov. 21: World Hello Day (www.worldhelloday.org)
Dec. 10: Human Rights Day (by U.N. and presidential proclamation)
Dec. 17: Underdog Day, to salute underdogs and unsung heroes
Source: "Chase's Calendar of Events 2004"
One basis of social life is the predictability of others' actions. One way that this is obtained is through the social creation of regulated rhythms and temporal boundaries for specific social activities. From the perspective of individual actors, these periods are understood (and internalized) to be "appropriate times;" culture and society specify not only how things are to be done but when.
This is the essence of what Jeremy Rifkin refers to in Time Wars as "calendrical power." These specified times not only specify the timings of various activities but also become the bases of in-group solidarity and identity. As Evitar Zerubavel concluded in "Easter and Passover: On Calendars and Group Identity" (American Sociological Review 47 [April 1982]:288),
The calendar helps to solidify in-group sentiments and thus constitutes a powerful basis for mechanical solidarity within the group. At the same time, it also contributes to the establishment of intergroup boundaries that distinguish, as well as separate, group members from "outsiders."
Not surprisingly, changes in group solidarities have historically brought demands for calendrical reform, as can be seen in the Calendar Reform Homepage.
As is the case for all social endings, the conclusion of a calendrical year brings reflection, comparison, and anticipation. Increasingly it seems there the "Best Ofs" and "Worst Ofs." The year's end brings the National League of Junior Cotillions list of the 10 best- mannered people of the year. Newspaper articles of late December and early January feature box scores of crime rates, rainfall totals, and host of economic measures. And there are "milestone" summaries of who of note had died.
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Climate change is having significant financial, ecological and human health impacts across the US, according to a new report.
The third National Climate Assessment, released by the White House, says the number and strength of extreme weather events have increased over the past 50 years.
Infrastructure is being damaged by sea level rise, downpours and extreme heat.
The report says these impacts are likely to worsen in the coming decades.
Coming hot on the heels of the trio of reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the assessment re-iterates the finding that climate change is real, and “driven primarily by human activity”.
“If we don’t slam the brakes on the carbon pollution driving climate change, we’re dooming ourselves and our children”
Frances Beinecke Natural Resources Defense Council
A key element driving this conclusion is the observed evidence on extreme weather events such as heavy downpours of rain.
Between 1958 and 2012, the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy events increased by 71% in New England and the north east, while in the drier West it went up by just 5%.
“There is no equivocation,” said lead author Prof Gary Yohe from Wesleyan University.
“It is fundamentally the pace of observations of extreme weather that makes it clear it is not natural variability.”
The report suggests that it is not just wet events that are becoming more common. The human influence on climate has “roughly doubled the probability of extreme heat events”, it says.
The authors point to the record-breaking summer temperatures in Texas and Oklahoma in 2011, where even during the night the mercury continued to soar.
“There have been episodes of temperatures in urban areas that are amplified by the heat island effect, where it just never recovers over the night and that dramatically affects humans,” said Prof Yohe.
“It’s impossible for the night to cool the earth.”
The report also highlights the well-documented threats from wildfires in the West and how warming could, ultimately, cut agricultural productivity.
Impacts from Sea to Shining Sea
- North East – heat waves, more extreme precipitation, coastal flooding
- Mid West – Longer growing seasons, increased crop yields, heat waves, droughts
- South West – drought, wildfires, water stress
- Alaska – Shrinking glaciers, damage to roads and ecosystems
As well as food security, the report warns that millions of people and properties are at risk from rising seas. Five million people live in areas that are 1.2 metres above the local high-tide level.
The increasing acidification of the oceans, blamed on global warming, is having financial impacts right now, said another lead author, Dr Drew Harvell from Cornell University.
She said that shellfish hatcheries were being particularly affected in the Pacific north west.
“They are being very heavily hit,” she said.
“Everything they do now requires them to monitor pH, to have sensors in their hatcheries. Some of the hatcheries have moved out of the north west because of the corrosiveness of the waters, this is a very now impact with economic consequences.”
The assessment warns that current efforts to implement emissions cuts and to adapt to changes are “insufficient to avoid increasingly negative social, environmental, and economic consequences”.
The report’s authors believe that it provides crucial ammunition for President Obama as he looks to regulate US emissions.
Last year, the President unveiled his Climate Action Plan that sets new rules on carbon emissions from power plants. However, the scientists are pessimistic that the assessment will have much of an impact in Congress.
“One of the few places in the US where it looks like climate change is a 50-50 proposition is in the Congressional record,” said Prof Yohe.
“That is problematic.”
Other scientists involved in the report believed that the deadlock in Washington didn’t reflect the breadth of US attitudes towards climate change.
Businesses, traders and people from all walks of life were seeing the impacts and wanted more information.
“It is frustrating – but I am reasonably optimistic,” said Dr David Wolfe, another lead author.
“When I move out of the Beltway, I am seeing different things, even among the farmer audience. They are all about making a profit, so they are interested in protecting what they’ve got.”
Campaigners have endorsed the report and are calling for swift action.
“Our leading scientists send a stark message: Climate change is already seriously disrupting our lives, hurting our health and damaging our economy,” said Frances Beinecke, president of the Natural Resources Defense Council.
“If we don’t slam the brakes on the carbon pollution driving climate change, we’re dooming ourselves and our children to more intense heat waves, destructive floods and storms, and surging sea levels.”
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South Africa, once the most advanced African state, has fallen behind its neighbours in economic growth. Its welfare system is also placing undue strain on its revenue base. Is South Africa on an economic decline? Is more effective government part of the answer?
By Jeffrey Herbst and Greg Mills
THERE IS considerable gloom today about South Africa’s economic performance, especially as the rest of Africa, so long seen as a basket-case, is demonstrating unprecedented economic dynamism. The African Development Bank (AfDB) now ranks South Africa in the bottom ten of African countries in its annual economic growth outlook.
After 1994 it was assumed that South Africa, then comprising around a half of the sub-Saharan Africa’s total GDP, would be the locomotive of regional economic prosperity and would pull other, less developed neighbours along with it. The reality is, however, disappointingly different.
Africa rising, South Africa lagging behind
As noted by the AfDB (Chart1), while South Africa’s real per capita income (in constant US dollars) has increased since 1994, the ratio of its income to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa has decreased. This is especially so in recent years, as Africa in general has performed better than South Africa. Since 2008, South Africa seems to have plateaued while African growth has remained relatively high (accordingly, the ratio drops).
Today South Africa’s GDP comprises just 30 percent of sub-Saharan Africa’s total. In part this is good news, since the African continent is no longer so economically lop-sided and its people unequal.
But South Africa’s poor performance suggests that neighbours looking to integrate more closely with it to lift their own prospects might think again. Also, South African businesses are correct in targeting Africa outside of South Africa as a key source of growth. For example, this past year, while the revenue of the South African packaging company Nampak was up seven percent overall, in Africa it was up 19 percent. While its South African trading profits were lower, they were up 39 percent from Africa, comprising more than one-fifth of those of the group.
Similarly, Imperial’s African logistics business – including in South Africa – saw operating profit increase by one percent, and revenue by 9.5 percent. However, revenue in Africa, excluding South Africa, was up 23 percent to R4.6 billion, with operating profit up 45 percent to R224 million.
Reasons for South Africa’s relative decline
South Africa is locked in a low-growth trap. The AfDB’s chief economist Mthuli Ncube says the country’s great inequality is a drag on growth, but could be resolved if we can help South Africa create more jobs, intervene in the quality of training, vocational education in job search schemes, capacitating companies to take on more youth and new employees’. Critically, the best way to reduce inequality is through the creation of new jobs.
But the country remains trapped in a high-unemployment bind as well. Growth averaged just over three percent for the two decades from 1993. Unemployment (broadly defined, including discouraged work seekers) has risen today to over 35 percent of the workforce, or more than seven million people.
At the same time, South Africa has developed a welfare system which is placing unsustainable demands on its tax base. The Economist noted recently that ‘Almost 44 percent of households rely on welfare payments to make ends meet. In five of South Africa’s nine provinces at least half of households rely on welfare. The share of individuals claiming social grants has been steadily rising, toward 30 percent.’ South Africa is at or past the limit of redistribution via the tax system and will have to grow more quickly in order to reduce poverty significantly via job creation.
More effective and not simply more government is part of the answer. While the effect of the apartheid legacy should not be overlooked or understated, it is the steady decline in governance since the advent of non-racial democracy in 1994 and especially in the 21st century that is of more concern, in spite of the improved scrutiny that goes with democracy.
For example, South Africa’s ranking on Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index fell from 38th in 2001 (above Costa Rica) to 69th in 2012, and on the Index of Economic Freedom from 58th in 1999 to 74th in 2012. Its position on the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitive Index slipped from 45th in 2008 to 53rd in the 2013-14 ranking.
While it does well on some aspects of governance such as the quality of its institutions (41st) and accountability of private institutions (2nd), it scores poorly on other key indicators such as the diversion of public funds (99th), wastefulness of government spending (79th), public trust in politicians (98th), and security (109th).
Similarly South Africa’s score on the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators that measures 215 economies across a range of governance indicators fell from the 74.6 percentile in 1998 to the 64.9 percentile in 2011.
Other big African countries including Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo have similarly struggled compared to the rest of the continent, despite recent high economic growth rates nudging at times over ten percent. It appears that scale in Africa is not an advantage. As a result, South Africa’s relatively large population may be another challenge to be overcome through better governance.
Indicators of governance
Of course it would be politically expedient to selectively dismiss the governance challenges signalled by these indices.
China, for example, is among those unhappy about its lowly ranking on the Doing Business rankings, in 91st place. Instead of doing something about it, they are among a group which includes anti-business NGOs which have pressured the World Bank to scrap the index. However, since it reflects a willingness – and ability – to implement market-friendly policy reforms designed, as the economist Steve Hanke notes, to reduce the costs imposed by government on businesses and increase prosperity, one can only assume critics are unwilling or unable to do so.
South Africa has, in fact, performed consistently in the Doing Business rankings, up from 41st in 2012 to 39th in 2013. Yet in key areas it performs badly and in others too well. In trading across borders it sits at 145th, and in getting electricity 150th. But in accessing credit it is number one.
If South Africa can emulate the approach of those countries at the top of the Doing Business table – of transparent and efficient government – it will create the jobs it so sorely needs. There is no other path to reducing poverty.
Jeffrey Herbst is President of Colgate University in the United States and Greg Mills heads the Johannesburg-based Brenthurst Foundation. They are co-authors of ‘Africa’s Third Liberation: The New Search for Jobs and Prosperity’ (Penguin), and contributed this joint article specially to RSIS Commentaries.
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Adrian I of Rome
Pope Adrian I of Rome, also Hadrian, was the Pope of the Church of Rome from 772 to 795. Backed by Charlemagne, Pope Adrian ended the threat by the Lombards to the Papal States and signified papal independence from the Eastern Empire by dating his documents by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks instead of by that of the Emperor in the east. His pontificate of over twenty three years was the longest until that of Pope Pius VI in the late eighteenth century.
The date of Adrian's birth is unknown, but is believed to be about the year 700. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman, but little else is known of his youth. He served under Popes Paul I and Stephen IV. He ascended to the papal cathedra on February 1, 772 with the support of the Frankish party in Rome. Adrian's policies thereafter were determined generally by the Frankish alliance rather than by his relations with emperors of Constantinople.
Shortly after having become the Pope of Rome, the Byzantine territories of the Exarchate of Ravenna and the Duchy of Rome were invaded by the king of the Lombards, Desiderius. Answering Adrian's call for help, Charlemagne attacked the Lombard capital, Pavia. After taking Pavia, Charlemagne defeated Desiderius and took the title of King of the Lombards himself. Under the protection of the Frankish king, Adrian was able to add to the Duchy of Rome the territories and cities along the Adriatic Sea that came under his temporal control as the Papal States. With these successes, Pope Adrian celebrated by striking the earliest papal coin.
An iconodule, Pope Adrian faithfully upheld the veneration of images in the face of the position of Charlemagne and the bishops of France and yet still remained faithful to his alliance with Charlemagne and the Franks. Favoring the position of the eastern bishops, he approved the decree of the Seventh Ecumenical Council of Nicea held in 787 defending the veneration of images. To Charlemagne's objections set forth in his Libri Carolini, Adrian replied with a dignified and wordy letter (grandis et verbosa epistola). Pope Adrian also vigorously opposed the heresy of Spanish Adoptionism, which proclaimed a doctrine of the dual sonship of Christ which was one of the few Christological errors that began in the West.
- Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol. 5. Kessinger Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-4191-2419-6. p 37.
Adrian I of Rome
|Pope of Rome
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Viewed from the south
Heaton Moor shown within Greater Manchester
|OS grid reference|
|Metropolitan county||Greater Manchester|
|Sovereign state||United Kingdom|
|EU Parliament||North West England|
Heaton Moor is a suburb located in Stockport, Greater Manchester, in North West England. It is one of the Four Heatons and borders onto Heaton Chapel, Heaton Norris and Heaton Mersey. Heaton Moor is characterised by the affluent Victorian housing built between 1852 and 1892 along tree lined streets which follow the field patterns of a former agricultural economy.
Heaton Moor is affluent. During the Victorian era, Heaton Moor had an equal residential status to Alderley Edge and Bowdon. Today this moneyed reputation continues as the SK4 postcode is typically characterized by high disposable incomes. The estimated household weekly income for Heaton Moor in 2001 was significantly above the average for Greater Manchester.
Heaton Moor is in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, mainly within the Heatons North ward. It was originally in the township of Heaton Norris, in the Salford hundred of Lancashire. Following the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act it was administered by Heaton Norris Local Board as part of the Stockport Poor Law Union. In 1913, Heaton Moor, as part of Heaton Norris was absorbed into Stockport, in the county of Cheshire.
The land in Heaton Moor is predominantly flat with no rivers or streams. The soil is black and fertile as expected from land that was previously peat moor. Heaton Moor has little public open space with the exception of Heaton Moor Park and Thornfield Park, but because of its tree lined roads and the building line set well back from the street, it gives the impression of having more space, and a Victorian business class style.
Today the conservation area including the Clifton Road and Mauldeth Road streets make up what is locally known as "Millionaire's Row".
Before the opening of the railway, Heaton Moor was agricultural land in Heaton Norris. The land supported pigs cattle and cereal. Heaton Norris was part of the Manchester barony of the Grelley family, but between 1162 and 1180 it belonged to William le Norreys. In the early 13th century, Heaton Norris was a sub manor of Manchester, it encompassed all of the Four Heatons. It was escheated (i.e. reverted) to the manor of Manchester around 1280. In 1322, there were 32 dwellings suggesting a population of 150, the ten freeholders of the escheated manor had the right to graze on common pasture and to cut wood. Evidence of this pre railway existence can be seen from the name Shaw Farm, Shaw Fold farm, and the road pattern Heaton Moor Lane, Shaw Lane, Shaw Fold Lane, Pin Fold, Green Lane. Parsonage Road and Cranbourne Grove follow the lines of ancient tracks.
The opening of Heaton Chapel railway station marked a turning point in development of the area. Land was acquired, and streets were planned. The houses and new buildings along Heaton Moor Road were of a grandiose scale with generous gardens. They are set back from the road, and have imposing stone gate posts. The new residential roads such as Broomfield Road, Derby Road, and Peel Moat Road which were built when agricultural land was acquired, have the same characteristics. The building and infilling continued into the Edwardian era. There were a wide range of sporting facilities, such as crown green bowling, tennis and golf. A substantial terrace of shops was built on Heaton Moor Road,with glass and cast iron awnings. Intellectual life was provided for when the Reform Club was built in 1886 by Alfred Darbyshire.
The Savoy Cinema opened 1923, built in the Baroque Style in red brick with white terracota dressings. The Savoy Cinema had announced its closure due to low audiences. This caused an uproar amongst locals, especially when it was announced it could be replaced by a Varsity bar - though, much of the uproar was concerned around the owners of Varsity, the Barracuda Group. A campaign entitled 'Save Our Savoy' was launched. Although the plans for the Varsity were thrown out, the cinema is still on the market on a "to let" basis through Roger Hannah & Co but is still open for business.
Mauldeth Hall is a large Greek Revival villa, built in 1832-60, for Joseph Chessborough Dyer; extended in 1880-82 by Charles Heathcote so that it could become a "hospital for incurables". After it became derelict in the late 20th century the hall was converted to offices; most of the park and gardens of the hall have been taken over by Heaton Moor Golf Club. On Mauldeth Road is a classical lodge (probably also by Heathcote). It has been a Grade II listed building since 1975.
The original owner was obliged to sell the hall in the early 1840s and it was acquired by Edmund Wright (1781-1852) as his residence. It was then named Leegate Hall but Wright renamed it Heaton Hall; since there was also a Heaton Hall at Prestwich he renamed it again as Mauldeth Hall. On the death of Edmund Wright in 1852 the hall was acquired by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners as the residence of the first Bishop of Manchester. The bishop was James Prince Lee, bishop since 1848, who lived in the hall until his death in 1869. In 1915 the Hospital for Incurables at Mauldeth Hall and Walmersley House had accommodation for 125 inpatients.
Diplomatic mission of the People's Republic of China.
Heaton Moor is currently home to the Consulate and residence of China.
Tithe Barn Primary School is located in Heaton Mersey. The Heaton Secondary Special School is available for students with disabilities, and the Heaton Moor campus of Stockport College was on Buckingham Road. This is now demolished and is being converted into new homes. Heaton Moor is also home to Charnwood Nursery, which provides inclusive education for children with and without Special Educational Needs. The district had for many years a boys boarding school called Heaton Moor College. Boys from mainly the middle east stayed in the main school building that was a beautiful former Victorian house. Its large rear garden harboured other class room buildings as well as a playground. It was at its height in the early to mid 1950's. In 1953 there were 202 pupils and a teaching staff of 12. A block of flats now stands on the site on Heaton Moor Road
- St Paul's Church - low Anglican built 1876 by Bird and Whittenbury, extended in 1896 and the octagonal tower added in 1900 by EP Oakley.
- Congregational Church - now Virgin St Mary and St Mina Coptic Church - built 1896 by Derbyshire and Smith.
- Heaton Moor United Church (Methodist & United Reformed - united in 2010) (formerly Heaton Moor Methodist Church) - corner of Heaton Moor Road and Stanley Road.
- Heaton Moor Evangelical Church, Green Lane - also known as Church on Green Lane.
- United Reformed Church (See Heaton Moor United Church above).
The Manchester and Birmingham Railway Company built the line from Manchester to Crewe, the Manchester to Heaton Norris section opened in 1840. Heaton Chapel Station opened in 1852. Heaton Moor is built along Heaton Moor Road, a road leading from Reddish to Didsbury. Various bus routes run through Heaton Moor including the 197 from Stockport to Manchester, the 22 from Stockport to Bolton, and the 84 from Reddish to Manchester Piccadilly, along with various education buses. There is no designated taxi rank within Heaton Moor.
The Heaton Moor Rugby Club has been representing the area in the Rugby fraternity for over 100 years. After a number of years of decline from near top level status pre league structures, a steady improvement in form in recent years has led to a re-emergence of the club in the local leagues. It has some of the best facilities in the region due to a unique sporting set up featuring Rugby, Cricket, Lacrosse and Tennis facilities in a multi million pound development. The lacrosse team has been part of Heaton Moor since 1879, with Heaton Mersey Lacrosse club, going under the name Heaton Mersey, but playing in Heaton Moor on Green Lane at the Heatons Sports Club.
West Heaton Bowling, Tennis and Squash Club was established in 1873 and provides 6 all weather tennis courts (6 floodlit), two squash courts and a bowling green.
Heaton Moor Golf Club was founded in 1892 and is an 18 hole undulating parkland course.
There were a number of independent professional wrestling federations that originated and were based in Heaton Moor. Most notable amongst these was WDW, which disbanded in 2002 but is set to make a comeback in spring 2016.
The crime author Val McDermid and TV screenwriter Danny Brocklehurst (Shameless, Sorted, Clocking Off) currently reside there.
Basketball star John Amaechi is a Heaton Moor resident also.
Stuart Flinders from BBC North West Tonight.
- Heaton Moor Conservation Area Appraisal
- "Million pound estate in Heaton Moor". Manchester Evening News. June 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- Medieval and early modern Manchester, G.H.Tupling in Manchester and its region, pub The British Association and Manchester University Press 1962
- Payne, Eileen (2 August 2006). "Savoy cinema faces last picture show". Stockport Express (Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 2006-10-15.
- Payne, Eileen (23 August 2006). "Campaign to save the Savoy is stepped up". Stockport Express (Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 2006-10-15.
- "Save the Savoy! Community try to save legendary Stockport site". Dial2Donate. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- Payne, Eileen (11 October 2006). "Plan to turn Savoy into pub rejected". Stockport Express (Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 2006-10-15.
- Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew & Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004) Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East. New Haven: Yale University Press; p. 252-53
- "Mauldeth Hall, Stockport". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- South Manchester Reporter; 28 February 2013, p. 19
- McKechnie, H. M., ed. (1915) Manchester in Nineteen Hundred and Fifteen. Manchester University Press; p. 58
- Jeger, Lena (18 September 2002). "Mary Stott". The Guardian (London).
- Recorded on Facebook page
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heaton Moor.|
- Heaton Moor Council link
- Heaton Moor Conservation Area Appraisal
- heatonmoor.com - All the Moor - A community site for Heaton Moor and the surrounding areas.
- onthemoor.com - Local Community Website - News and events for the Four Heatons.
- On the Moor - Heaton Moor blog of news and gossip.
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Great Spotted Woodpecker
Great Spotted Woodpecker Facts
|Size||9-10 in (23-26 cm)|
|Speed||Up to 15 mph (24 km/h)|
|Weight||2-3 oz (60-90 g)|
|Food||Insects, seeds, nuts|
|Predators||Birds of prey, hawks|
|Scientific name||Dendrocopos major|
|Characteristics||Uses its bill to noisily hammer holes into trees|
The great spotted woodpecker is a bird from the family of Picidae. Its most distinctive feature are the black, white and red plumage and the characteristic pecking into the woods.
Biologists don’t fully agree how many types of great spotted woodpeckers there are. The number hovers between 12 and 25 types. For example, there is the white-backed woodpecker, the stripe-breasted woodpecker, the crimson-breasted woodpecker and the Sunda pygmy woodpecker.
Distribution and Habitat
It lives in both deciduous and coniferous forests. But it prefers mixed oack and beech forests.
Why Do They Hammer?
Great spotted woodpeckers hammer for one of four reasons:
- 1. They want to create a little cavity in the tree for nesting.
- 2. They're looking for insects, which are hiding under the bark of trees.
- 3. They want to attract female woodpeckers. This is also called “drumming”, because the males use their bills to very quickly perform about 10-15 blows on a trunk or branch.
- 4. They defend their territory.
Why Don't They Get Headaches?
The great spotted woodpecker is hammering all the time, but it does not need painkillers and does not suffer from brain concussion. A kind of suspension between its bill and skull protects the bird so that it can hammer all day long.
Anatomy and Appearance
Great spotted woodpeckers have very long tongues. After having hacked little holes into the trees, they insert their tongue to catch the insects inside. They also use their tongues to slurp tasty nectar.
Well protected against wood chips! As soon as the woodpecker starts drumming, the wood chippings fly everywhere. Little feathers cover its nostrils in order to prevent the chippings from getting stuck in its nose.
Senses and Abilities
The great spotted woodpecker likes to eat nuts, and it has a special way of cracking them. While other birds hold nuts steady with their feet, the great spotted woodpecker sticks them into a crack or hole in a tree. This makes sure it doesn’t roll away, so it can comfortably peck at it until it reaches the tasty treat in the center. These holes or splits in trees are called “anvils”.
All woodpeckers use the same flight pattern: They flap their wings three times and glide along.
The great spotted woodpecker lays four to seven eggs which are incubated for 11-13 days. The little baby woodpeckers are fed by their parents for three to four weeks before they start their first attempts at flying.
The Woodpecker Cavity
The nest of the great spotted woodpecker is usually at a height of 6-30 feet (2-10 meters). It prefers old, rotten or even dead trees because their wood is softer. The entrance to the cave is only about two inches (5-6 cm).
The woodpecker loves its self-made home, but it usually does not like to stay there for longer than a year. It moves on to build cave after cave. The old ones can then be used by tits, starlings, and even owls (if the cave is big enough).
Congratulations, Mr. Wodpecker!
In 1997, the woodpecker was Bird of the Year in Germany.
Video: 28 Facts About Great Spotted Woodpeckers
(Video opens on YouTube)
- Watch Now on animalfunfacts.net:
- All About Birds
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3. Castanea pumila (Linnaeus) Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. Castanea no. 2. 1768.
Chinquapin, chinkapin, dwarf chestnut
Fagus pumila Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 998. 1753; Castanea alnifolia Nuttall; C. alnifolia var. floridana Sargent; C. floridana (Sargent) Ashe; C. pumila var. ashei Sudworth
Shrubs or trees , to 15 m, often rhizomatous. Bark gray to brown, smooth to slightly fissured. Twigs puberulent with spreading hairs, occasionally glabrate with age. Leaves: petiole 3-7(-10) mm. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 40-210 × 20-80 mm, base rounded to cordate, margins obscurely to sharply serrate, each abruptly acuminate tooth with awn usually less than 2 mm; surfaces abaxially typically densely covered with appressed stellate or erect-woolly, whitish to brown trichomes, sometimes essentially glabrate especially on shade leaves, veins often minutely puberulent. Pistillate flower 1 per cupule. Fruits: cupule 2-valved, enclosing 1 flower, valves irregularly dehiscing along 2 sutures, longest spines usually less than 10 mm; nut 1 per cupule, ovate-conic, 7-21 × 7-19 mm, round in cross section, not flattened, beak less than 3mm excluding styles.
Flowering spring (May-Jun). Forest, open woods, forest understory, dry sandy and wet sandy barrens; 0-1000 m; Ala., Ark., Del., Fla., Ga., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.
Castanea pumila was thought to be extirpated from Long Island, New York, but it was recently recollected in Suffolk County.
Numerous names have been applied to populations included here under Castanea pumila (see also C . ozarkensis ). In general, the pattern of morphologic variation suggests three forms that have some geographic and ecologic continuity, but among which sufficient clinal variation occurs to prevent easy recognition. Plants of higher elevation and northern populations tend to be trees or large shrubs with densely tomentose vestiture of the abaxial leaf surface, while southern coastal populations typically have flat-stellate vestiture, often very sparse or even glabrate (e.g., C . floridana ). These coastal populations may be separated into forms that are trees or large shrubs with leaves sparsely to not at all glandular versus low rhizomatous shrubs with prominent globose glands on twigs and leaves (centered in northern Florida and adjacent Georgia). The latter form is probably the same as C . alnifolia .
Various preparations of the leaves of Castanea alnifolia were used by Native Americans medicinally to relieve headaches and as a wash for chills and cold sweats; preparations from unspecified parts of the plants were used to treat fever blisters (D. E. Moerman 1986).
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What is UT Gauging?
UT (Ultrasonic Testing) gauging is an NDT Technique used for measuring the thickness of material (plate, pipe, forging or casting or any other material shape) using the contact pulse-echo technique at temperatures not to exceed 93◦C [200◦F] where only one-sided access is available for the inspector.
UT gauging technique is used a lot in oil & gas sector where corrosion mapping of piping’s, vessels and other equipment is part of inspection plan on regular intervals.
Ultrasonic (UT) thickness gauging can be carried out of metals, rubber, glass, plastic, ceramic, fiberglass or composite materials.
Read more: Ultrasonic Testing of Welds.
How does ultrasonic thickness gauge work?
Ultrasonic thickness gauging applies the principle of the UT contact pulse-echo technique.
A sound beam is sent to the material to be tested and this sound beam is reflected back from the other side of the material.
The time taken by the sound to travel is calculated by the gauging machine and converted to the distance (in millimeters or inches).
Conventional Ultrasonic Testing machines can also be used for UT gauging with a 90-degree probe instead of using UT gauging equipment as shown in the above figure.
What is the minimum thickness limit for manual UT?
UT gauging can be carried out for thickness range of 0.003 inches (0.08 mm) to 25 inches (635 mm), however it depends on the type of material and probe selection.
Generally, by considering standard probes a minimum nominal thickness of 6mm and pipe diameters of above 2” NB is recommended to be inspected using UT gauging or ultrasonic testing.
Before starting the work, calibration of UT gauging equipment is mandatory to ensure the inspection or check of the actual material thickness used on the job.
Any wrong data can lead to component failure in-service which could have a lethal substance or liquid or vapors.
How accurate is ultrasonic thickness measurement?
The accuracy of thickness measurement on clean surface materials can achieve high accuracies but this is not the case for in-service materials/fixed equipment etc. like live pipelines, vessels, columns, and heat exchangers in oil and gas industries.
A list of the affected factors can be considered to achieve the highest accuracy is:
- Test surface condition
- Reflecting surface condition
- Flaw reflecting face morphology
- The temperature of the component
- The velocity of the component
- Coupling medium to suit the test surface conditions.
In addition to the above, the accuracy of the thickness will depend on accurate calibration, probe type and size, and resolution capability of the flaw detector(equipment).
Can we do UT gauging below 6mm?
Yes, under certain situations UT for material thickness less than 6 mm can be performed.
In such scenarios, UT probe choice is very important and should evaluate to decide its thickness measurement abilities, delay line and surface resolution of the probes also play significant roles as per job requirements.
Advantages of Ultrasonic Thickness Gauging
- Reliable and accurate,
- Easy to use,
- Only one side access is required,
- Non-destructive testing method,
- Broader thickness measurement range,
- Instant result,
- Equipment’s can log the data for further analysis.
UT gauging procedure
Following are the simple steps in UT gauging procedure based on the component thickness, diameter, surface condition, etc.
- Select the right probe, cable, equipment, and standard calibration block.
- Do all the connections and switch on the equipment.
- Set the initial echo to zero.
- Select the right technique like single echo, single echo delay line or multiple echoes.
- Do the range calibration on the standard calibration block.
- Check resolution, sensitivity, horizontal linearity, and vertical linearity.
- Select appropriate couplant as per surface conditions.
- Apply couplant on the test locations and start scanning the surface and record the readings.
- Prepare the report.
Ultrasonic Velocities in common Materials
The velocity of ultrasonic sound waves in commonly used material are:
- Aluminum: 0.2490 in./μsec (6320 m/sec)
- Brass: 0.1740 in./μsec (4430 m/sec)
- Copper: 0.1830 in./μsec (4660 m/sec)
- Fiberglass: 0.1080 in./μsec (2740 m/sec)
- Inconel: 0.2290 in./μsec (5820 m/sec)
- Cast Iron: 0.2200 in./μsec (5600 m/sec)
- Nylon: 0.1020 in./μsec (2600 m/sec)
- austenitic stainless steel: 0.2260 in./μsec (5740 m/sec)
- Titanium: 0.2400 in./μsec (6100 m/sec)
- 4340 steels: 0.2300 in./μsec (5850 m/sec)
- Polyethylene, high density (HDPE): 0.0970 in./μsec (2460 m/sec)
- Silicone: 0.0580 in./μsec (1485 m/sec)
UT Gauging report
UT gauging report should include the location map for gauging.
For piping, it shall have the piping sketch, gauging locations and direction as North, south, east & west. Additional direction can also be given.
Types of UT gauging Transducers
The main types of Ultrasonic testing thickness gauging transducers (probes) are:
- Contact probe,
- Immersion probe,
- Delay line probe,
- Dual element probe.
UT Gauging standards
- ASTM E797 and
- EN 14127
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William Topaz McGonagall
The Funeral Of The Late Prince Henry Of Battenberg - Poem by William Topaz McGonagall
Alas! Prince Henry of Battenberg is dead!
And, I hope, has gone to heaven, its streets to tread,
And to sing with God's saints above,
Where all is joy and peace and love.
'Twas in the year of 1896, and on the 5th of February,
Prince Henry was buried at Whippingham- a solemn sight to see.
As the funeral moved off, it was a very impressive sight-
First came the military, and police, and volunteers from the Isle of Wight.
Then came the carriage party of the Scots Guards;
While the people uncovered their heads as it passed onwards
And many of them did sob and sigh
When the gun carriage with the coffin was passing by.
Prince Henry's charger was led by Richter, his stud groom;
And depicted in the people's faces there was a sad gloom
When they saw the noble charger of the dead-
It seemed that all joy from them had fled.
The Queen's carriage was followed by the Princess of Wales, and other Princesses,
All clad in gorgeous mourning dresses;
And there was a number of military representatives, which enhanced the scene;
And as the procession moved along it was solemn in the extreme.
Her Majesty looked very sad and serene,
Leaning back in her carriage could plainly be seen;
And the carriage was drawn by a pair of greys in grand harness;
And Her Majesty seemed to be in deep distress.
By Her Majesty's side sat the Princess Beatrice
And the two younger Battenberg children, looking very nice;
And by the coffin walked the elder Prince, immediately
Between Prince Louis and Prince Joseph, holding their hands tenderly.
The "Dead March" was played by the Marine Band;
And the music was solemn and very grand,
And accompanied by the roll of muffled drums;
Whilst among the spectators were heard sighs and hums.
And when the procession arrived at the church of Whippingham,
Then the coffin was carried inside- of the good man-
And was then laid in its resting place,
While sorrow was depicted in every face.
Then there was the firing of guns, with their earthly Thunder
Which made the people start and wonder;
And the tolling of the village bells,
While the solemn music on the air swells.
And the people said, "Prince Henry was a good man,
But now he's laid low in the church of Whippingham."
But when the Grim King his dart does throw,
None can escape death, high or low.
The funeral service was certainly very nice-
Which was by the request of Princess Beatrice-
Which was the rendering of Sullivan's anthem, "Brother, before us thou art gone"-
I hope unto thy heavenly home.
No Doubt the Princess Beatrice will mourn for him-
But to mourn for the dead it is a sin!
Therefore I hope God will comfort her always,
And watch o'er her children night and day.
Prince Henry was a God-fearing man-
And to deny it few people can-
And very kind to his children dear,
And for the loss of him they will drop a tear.
His relatives covered the coffin lid with wreaths of flowers,
While adown their cheeks flowed tears in showers.
Then the service concluded with "Christ will gather His own";
And each one left with a sad heart and went home.
Comments about The Funeral Of The Late Prince Henry Of Battenberg by William Topaz McGonagall
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
Still I Rise
The Road Not Taken
If You Forget Me
Edgar Allan Poe
Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening
A Dream Within A Dream
Edgar Allan Poe
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The posterior tibial tendon serves as one of the major supporting structures of the foot, helping it to function while walking. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition caused by changes in the tendon, impairing its ability to support the arch. This results in flattening of the foot. PTTD is often called adult acquired flatfoot because it is the most common type of flatfoot developed during adulthood. Although this condition typically occurs in only one foot, some people may develop it in both feet. PTTD is usually progressive, which means it will keep getting worse, especially if it isn’t treated early.
The most common cause of acquired adult flatfoot is posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. What causes adult acquired flat foot? Fracture or dislocation. Tendon laceration. Tarsal Coalition. Arthritis. Neuroarthropathy. Neurological weakness.
The types of symptoms that may indicate Adult-Acquired Flat Foot Deformity include foot pain that worsens over time, loss of the arch, abnormal shoe wear (excessive wearing on the inner side of shoe from walking on the inner side of the foot) and an awkward appearance of the foot and ankle (when viewed from behind, heel and toes appear to go out to the side). It is important that we help individuals recognize the early symptoms of this condition, as there are many treatment options, depending upon the severity, the age of the patient, and the desired activity levels.
Diagnostic testing is often used to diagnose the condition and help determine the stage of the disease. The most common test done in the office setting are weightbearing X-rays of the foot and ankle. These assess joint alignment and osteoarthritis. If tendon tearing or rupture is suspected, the gold standard test would be MRI. The MRI is used to check the tendon, surrounding ligament structures and the midfoot and hindfoot joints. An MRI is essential if surgery is being considered.
Non surgical Treatment
Footwear has an important role, and patients should be encouraged to wear flat lace-up shoes, or even lace-up boots, which accommodate orthoses. Stage I patients may be able to manage with an off the shelf orthosis (such as an Orthaheel or Formthotics). They can try a laced canvas ankle brace before moving to a casted orthosis. The various casted, semirigid orthoses support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot and either hold the heel in a neutral alignment (stage I) or correct the outward bent heel to a neutral alignment (stage II). This approach is meant to serve several functions: to alleviate stress on the tibialis posterior; to make gait more efficient by holding the hindfoot fixed; and thirdly, to prevent progression of deformity. Devices available to do this are the orthosis of the University of California Biomechanics Laboratory, an ankle foot orthosis, or a removable boot. When this approach has been used, two thirds of patients have good to excellent results.
Until recently, operative treatment was indicated for most patients with stage 2 deformities. However, with the use of potentially effective nonoperative management , operative treatment is now indicated for those patients that have failed nonoperative management. The principles of operative treatment of stage 2 deformities include transferring another tendon to help serve the role of the dysfunctional posterior tibial tendon (usually the flexor hallucis longus is transferred). Restoring the shape and alignment of the foot. This moves the weight bearing axis back to the center of the ankle. Changing the shape of the foot can be achieved by one or more of the following procedures. Cutting the heel bone and shifting it to the inside (Medializing calcaneal osteotomy). Lateral column lengthening restores the arch and overall alignment of the foot. Medial column stabilization. This stiffens the ray of the big toe to better support the arch. Lengthening of the Achilles tendon or Gastrocnemius. This will allow the ankle to move adequately once the alignment of the foot is corrected. Stage 3 acquired adult flatfoot deformity is treated operatively with a hindfoot fusion (arthrodesis). This is done with either a double or triple arthrodesis – fusion of two or three of the joints in hindfoot through which the deformity occurs. It is important when a hindfoot arthrodesis is performed that it be done in such a way that the underlying foot deformity is corrected first. Simply fusing the hindfoot joints in place is no longer acceptable.
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AUSTIN, Texas -- A star born from the same cloud of gas as our sun 4.5 billion years ago has been found at last, astronomers say.
This solar sibling is a little bigger than our sun, and a little hotter at its surface. But an international team of researchers says it has the same chemical fingerprint as the star at the center of our solar system, leading them to conclude both stars were born in the same stellar nursery, at the same time.
"Stars that were born in different clusters have different compositions," said Ivan Ramirez, an astronomer at the University of Texas at Austin. "If a star has the exact same chemical composition as our sun, that establishes that they were born in the same place."
Mr. Ramirez is the lead author of a paper about the discovery that will be published June 1 in the Astrophysical Journal.
The sun is a star at the center of our solar system. It is about 93 million miles from Earth, the closest star to our planet.
"The sun, a huge sphere mostly of ionized gas, supports life on Earth," a note on NASA's website reminds us. "The connections and interactions between the sun and the Earth drive the seasons, ocean currents, weather and climate."
Not surprisingly, even before the sun was an object of scientific inquiry, it was an object of worship and subject of mythologies by people around the world.
Like most stars, our sun emerged from an immense cloud of gas and space dust that gave rise to 1,000 to 10,000 stars. Those baby stars stayed clustered together for hundreds of millions of years -- a relatively short time on the astronomical scale.
But as they grew up, their cluster broke up and the individual stars began to drift apart. Billions of years later, these stellar siblings are now scattered across the Milky Way galaxy.
Our sun's newly discovered solar brother from the same gas-cloud mother is known as HD 162826. It is just 110 light-years away from our sun, which Mr. Ramirez said is remarkably close.
"It is almost certain that if there is another star like this one this close to us, we would have found it already," he said, "so the next siblings we find are going to be further away."
Mr. Ramirez wasn't expecting to find a solar sibling even this close to our own sun. In an interview, he explained that the original intent of his research was to determine efficient ways of identifying our sun's closest relatives in the future when surveys like space-based telescope Gaia's provide astronomers with a flood of new data.
"There are number of surveys that are happening right now that will allow us to learn more about stars beyond the solar neighborhood," he said. "Right now there are about 100,000 stars we can look at in this way. In five or 10 years it could be as many as a billion."
His plan was to determine which chemical elements would be key in finding solar siblings, and in the process, he and his team actually found one.
By happy coincidence, it turns out that HD 162826 is actually a fairly well-studied star. The McDonald Observatory Planet Search team at UT/Austin has been observing it for more than 15 years. So far they have found no evidence of any planets around the star, but Mr. Ramirez said it is possible that they just can't see one.
"We know there are no hot Jupiters around this star, but there could be small planets," he said.
This solar sibling, and hopefully the discovery of future ones, should help researchers better understand the origins of our solar system.
"If you track their orbits back in time and find where they intersect 4.5 billion years ago, we can finally see in what part of the galaxy our sun was born," Mr. Ramirez said. "We would like to know the environment of the solar system when it was forming, and if it has anything to do with the way things are today."
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Paisanos: 3 Tips To Help Your Child During the HolidaysDecember 9, 2014
By Ana Vela
When we think of the holidays, we think about being with family. Well, what if your family is in a different country? You then travel hundreds, even thousands of miles to be with your loved ones. That’s what paisanos, about 2 million people, do every year. Paisanos (countrymen) are Mexican citizens who live and work in the United States and travel to Mexico to visit family. For paisanos, this migration can start as early as one week prior to Thanksgiving, returning to the U.S. after New Year’s.
When I was growing up, we were considered paisanos, as my father would drive us from our home in Virginia to spend the holidays in Mexico. I recall other paisano families leaving before the school holiday break to get a head start on the long drive to Mexico and to spend as much time with family as possible. While it’s wonderful to spend an extended amount of time with their families, taking children out of school before the designated break can have a serious impact on them as students.
Schools who serve students from paisano families understand the setbacks these students experience when they return to school. El Valor, the second-largest provider of early childhood education programs in Chicago, plans for this every year. “Sometimes families leave for a whole month,” says Clara Lopez, vice president of El Valor. “It’s important to build awareness around the importance of attendance so families can make better decisions. Routines are everything for a child.”
The Mexican government established a Paisano Program to help make travel to Mexico during the holidays as smooth and safe as possible. Yet, there is no information regarding the impact to U.S. students during this migration. Here are some tips to help your child have a successful return to school:
Do not take your child out of school before the holiday break. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, attendance is an important factor in student achievement. Each day your child misses class is a day that your child misses an opportunity to learn and may fall behind, making it more difficult to catch up. If you have no other option, then at least notify the school and your child’s teacher of his or her planned absence so you can work together to ensure your child does not fall behind academically.
Keep up the routines
Although it may be challenging during travel, try to keep some level of consistency for your child such as bedtime, meals, reading, and learning activities. This will help your child have a smoother transition when he or she returns to school. Contact your child’s teacher for ideas to help him or her continue to learn while traveling. “At El Valor, we hand out educational goody-bags to families filled with books and activities to provide some level of comfort for the children,” says Lopez.
Take advantage of the quality time
Life can get busy. Use the substantial travel time to catch up with your child. Ask about school, friends, and how he or she is feeling. It’s also a great time to discuss your child’s cultural identity and encourage practicing his or her native language. According to an article in The New York Times, “Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.” Being bilingual also prepares your child to succeed in a globalized job market.
Enjoy your travels and family, and remember to make every opportunity a learning experience for your child. I myself still hold on to the fond memories during our paisano travels.
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What kind of President would Donald Trump be for the United States? The answer has come in bits and pieces since Trump took over as President.
President Trump is no doubt concerned about immigration, the border wall with Mexico, US financial support to the UN, obsolescence of the NATO, improvement of ties with Russia, protectionism against China and a generally aggressive, if not roguish, posture towards the world in general.
Within a week of assuming office (January 20), President Trump had passed 12 different executive orders.
On January 27, Washington Post revealed that President Trump personally pressured the Park Service head to back up his extravagant claim on the size of the crowd that had been present at his inauguration.
On January 27, the President of Mexico decided to cancel his visit Washington to meet President Trump since he would not be dictated to pay for the border wall between Mexico and the US.
Most controversially, Trump observed on January 25 that torture was acceptable to him and cited the support of a top CIA official.
Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions prohibits torture.
Donald Trump’s presidency may thus turn out to be highly controversial. The views of Noam Chomksy, radical intellectual and activist on Trump are thus instructive, Chomsky has witnessed and critiqued sixteen US Presidents in his life time.
In a recent conversation with Mehdi Hasan of the Al Jazeera TV network, Chomsky has observed: ‘Trump is off the spectrum; there’s never been anyone like him before. He has no background at all in any political activities. Never held office or been interested in office. He has no known political positions’.
‘He’s basically a’ showman’ said Chomsky. ‘Trump is an ignorant, thin-skinned megalomaniac’ and a ‘greater evil’ than Hillary Clinton’.
Though analysts predicted that Hillary Clinton would win by a landslide, Trump emerged successful thanks to complex political reasons.
Chomsky told Mehdi Hasan that Trump is ‘basically a showman’ and the ‘only predictable thing about him is his unpredictability.’
During his electoral campaign and later Trump focused his attack mainly on the media and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
During his campaign for president, Trump attacked reporters as ‘dishonest’ ‘disgusting’and ‘scum’. At a press meet on January 12, he shouted at CNN’s senior White House correspondent, Jim Acosta for reporting that former President Obama had been briefed on the ‘lurid allegations’ about him in an intelligence dossier prepared by a former British spy (Lloyd, 2017). Trump alleged that the dossier had been leaked by the CIA to the media in an act that resembled Nazi tactics.
Trump had previously ridiculed the CIA for holding that Russian hackers had broken into data held by the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and leaked a mass of material embarrassing to Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate for President. Since they had earlier wrongly held Saddam Hussein for holding weapons of mass destruction, they could no longer be trusted.
Trust and impartiality are vital for the credibility of journalism. Similarly, secret intelligence reports furnished by the CIA to the President need to be seen as credible to be trusted. During his campaign, Trump had attacked the alleged shameful behavior of both the media and the CIA, which gave publicity to unverifiable salacious intelligence reports on him. Trump called the reports ‘fake news’.
The CIA could not be trusted because of its earlier errors of judgement such as reporting on Saddam Hussein’s possession of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Trump said during his campaign that he had no use for error-stricken intelligence reports. He might have had in mind US intelligence failure to detect the terrorist attackers of 9/11 and the 2013 massive leakage by Edward Snowden of intelligence documents the National Security Agency (NSA), which revealed that communications by US citizens were being monitored without their knowledge. These intelligence agencies are turned to because the citizens fear threats from Islamist terrorists.
It is a fact that newspaper journalism in the US has been undermined by the rapid emergence recently of Internet technology, Facebook and Googles. A large majority of Americans view mainstream media with increasing skepticism. Trump is a regular and frequent user of Twitter technology to communicate his views.
Trump has ex pressed appreciation of Julian Assange for publishing the leaked DNC documents and emails.
Journalists like Glenn Greenwald have advocated the need for ‘strong highly factual, aggressive and adversarial journalism’ as the only suitable form fitting for societies in which the political power has comprehensively lost any claim to trust or respect.
The Internet mixes fact, conjecture,partisan spin and deliberately constructed fake news to gain attention and fortune.
The culture of leaking by individuals and agencies such as Edward Snowden (who stole 1.5 million files from the NSA), the WikiLeaks of Julian Assange and in 2016 the most dramatic leak of estimated 11-5 m files from Mossack Fonseca, the Panamanian law firm, has emerged as a major challenge to the CIA and the media.
Glen Greenwald, lawyer and journalist has said that ‘strong, highly factual, aggressive and adversarial journalism’ is required today in societies in which political power has lost its claim to trust.
In this sense, the leaking movement is perceived to have made common cause with populist politicians. Donald Trump has praised Assange for publishing the leaded DNC documents. But what would he say about Chelsea Manning, a soldier who leaded sensitive military and diplomatic material to WikiLeaks in 2010, who has received a commuted sentence from his 35 years, from President Obama?
After the post-9/11 war on terror and the subsequent debate over methods of interrogation and surveillance by intelligence agencies, the US Intelligence Community USIC) today consists of 17 government agencies (The Economist, 2016) including especially the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) all overseen by the Director of National Intelligence who sets intelligence priorities and briefs the President daily.
The ‘intelligence-industrial complex’ is a huge network of agencies and private contractors. More than 1200 state organisations and nearly 2000 private companies,according to an estimate by Washington Post in 2010, work on diverse aspects of counter-terrorism, intelligence, homeland security and others. No individual, committee or agency can effectively monitor this majestic archipelago.
The National Security Adviser is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President.
The need for security on the part of intelligence agencies conflicts with the openness of American democracy (Weiner, 2007). The issue has become increasingly intractable as has been evident in current controversies in the US.
Mass leaks and unpredictable whistle blowers have posed a huge challenge to the CIA and the media.
Tim Weiner, former Director of the CIA, has said that the CIA’s mission was to know the world; when it did not succeed in doing so, it set about changing the world. ‘Its failures have left us a ‘Legacy of Ashes’. the title of his 2007 book!
As the incoming commander-in-chief of the intelligence agencies, President Donald Trump has tended to see the CIA as hostile to his short term interests.
Maybe he is seeking his revenge!
Lloyd, John, 2017 ‘Secrets and Lies: Intelligence and the Media in the Trump Era’ Financial Times, London, January 19
Weiner, Tim, 2007, Legacy of Ashes: History of the CIA
The Economist, London, 2016 ‘Shaken and Stirred’, November 12
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We want pupils to be confident to explore novel technologies and computing concepts and begin to develop an awareness of digital literacy concerns and critical thinking. They use common computer science vocabulary and can identify uses of technology in their own lives. Children will also:
- Know what to do if they feel unsafe/uncomfortable and understand that not all information on the internet is true.
- Begin to use common computer science vocabulary.
- Appreciate uses of technology inside and outside of school.
- Begin to use and ‘tinker’ with technological toys and write simple algorithms, understanding their role in achieving a goal.
- Begin to understand the impact of screen time, how they can self-regulate this, and why it is important.
We want pupils to know how to use technology safely and responsibly to understand and demonstrate key computational thinking concepts. To begin to make choices about which technology to use in order to achieve a specified outcome and use critical thinking skills to analyse digital information. To identify uses of technology in their own lives and the wider world. Children will also:
- Know what to do and where to go if they feel unsafe/uncomfortable and begin to develop simple strategies for identifying trusted sources of information.
- To broaden and develop their use of computer science vocabulary and concepts.
- Make an informed choice about which technology to use in order to achieve a given purpose or complete a specific task and understand that particular technologies are more suited to specialised tasks.
- To draw upon knowledge of simple algorithms and debugging in order to create more complex algorithms to achieve specific goals and apply this in different contexts.
We want pupils to know how to use technology safely and responsibly and develop autonomy and self-discipline within their technology use, using critical thinking skills to be discerning in evaluating digital information. They can use a range of technology to achieve specified outcomes and understand key computing concepts are applicable and can be used across a variety of contexts. They understand the importance and applications of technology, as well as beginning to consider the ethical considerations of contemporary and future technology use. Children will also:
- Understand own responsibilities to themselves and others in terms of online safety and security and having identified strategies for dealing with digital literacy concerns.
- Understand the age restrictions for games and social media and why they are in place.
- Understand the difference between a friend and an online friend, and approach information presented as fact with a sense of criticality.
- Appreciate the impact of the digital footprint, and the portrayal of self and others online, as well as developing an awareness of issues surrounding filtering and transparency.
- Be able to use an increasing range of technology and resources to achieve specific and specialised outcomes and make an informed choice about which technology to use.
- To consolidate knowledge of more complex algorithms and use these to define and achieve specific goals with increasing efficiency and in a range of different contexts.
- To begin to consider the ethical implications of current and future technology use, particularly in terms of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and their proliferation in everyday life.
- To empower children to understand and consider the opportunities that technology can offer in shaping their future and that of others, as well as its ability to solve problems and enhance quality of life on a global scale.
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CHICAGO - The larger economic environment during infancy may be associated with subsequent substance use and delinquent behavior during adolescence, according to a report published Online First by Archives of General Psychiatry, a JAMA Network publication.
The current economic crisis has received much attention from policy makers, although the focus has been on short-term effects, while the long-term influences of such financial crises, especially on young children, have generally not been examined, according to the study background.
Seethalakshmi Ramanathan, M.B.B.S., D.P.M., of the State University of New York Upstate Medical University, and colleagues examined the relationship between the high unemployment rates during and after the 1980 and 1981-1982 recession, and rates of subsequent adolescent substance use and delinquent behaviors. Researchers used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, which included a group of 8,984 adolescents born from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1984.
"The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the unemployment rate during infancy and subsequent behavioral problems. This finding suggests that unfavorable economic conditions during infancy may create circumstances that can affect the psychological development of the infant and lead to the development of behavioral problems in adolescence," the authors note.
According to the study results, exposure to a 1 percent deviation from mean regional unemployment rates at the age of 1 year was associated with an increase in the odds ratios of engaging in marijuana use (1.09), smoking (1.07), alcohol use (1.06), arrest (1.17), gang affiliation (1.09), and petty (1.06) and major theft (1.11). No significant associations were noted with the use of hard drugs and assaultive behavior, the results indicate.
"Although the past does not necessarily predict the future, it provides important lessons. Our findings suggest an important static risk factor that mental health professionals may want to take into account when dealing with children exposed to the current economic crisis," the authors conclude. "We hope that the study inspires mental health professionals to look for potential causes and explore interventions that can mitigate some of these long-term consequences."
(Arch Gen Psychiatry. Published online December 31, 2012. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.280. Available pre-embargo to the media at http://media.
Editor's Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.
To contact Seethalakshmi Ramanathan call or email Susan Cole.
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“Wood frogs emerge from hibernation when warm rainfall thaws them. They participate in a yearly migration that brings them to vernal pools for breeding, starting in late February and March. Males search for a mate by hugging other frogs until they find one who is round enough to be carrying eggs. Females lay approximately 1000 eggs, often in the deeper sections of the pools. Communal egg masses are attached to vegetation within the pools. Eggs will hatch in 10-30 days, depending on the temperature. Tadpoles typically take a little over a month to mature into frogs.” ― Univ. of Maine Cooperative Extension
Spouse and I try to get to the Oak Hill Trails in Concord NH when the wood frogs are mating, usually in April. They sound like a flock of ducks quacking, which is what most people think they are the first time they hear them (I did). If you approach their pool or pond, and they notice (which they almost always do — it takes only one, who tells the others, right?), they become silent, and even if you stand there without moving or making noise, the frogs won’t start their calls again for quite a long time. But you can probably already hear more frogs in another vernal pool not too far away, so try to sneak up on them.
The day we walked the trails, mid-April, the high temp was 62F in Concord, with a low of 26F, which is a fairly large spread. We were there from about 1:30 to 3, once the day had warmed, and the frogs were quacking. (Part of the pond had ice cover, as you can see, but part of it further on was open.)
Same frog as above, with more context.
There were a few ground bees about, too. I think this is some sort of Andrena, a mining bee, one of the first pollinators every spring.
At this time of year, there’s not much colour, so the red berries of wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens; some berries are visible even in winter if they’re not covered in snow) attracted me.
And this lovely luxurious long-haired moss.
There wasn’t much ice on the trail except a few patches.
Featured image: I liked this artsy shot of the frog pond.
This is one in a series of posts revisiting field trips taken from January to June 2019, as described here.
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Emily Roden hopes to teach parents to be more intentional when it comes to educating their young children.
“The achievement gap starts way before kindergarten,” said Roden, who was an elementary school teacher and has worked in educational publishing. Children are already coming in kindergarten behind, she said.
Parents need to start training their children to be good thinkers and problem solvers early on, she said.
Roden struggled to come up with ideas for teaching her two children. She thought a quick video everyday would be an easy way to solve the dilemma.
That’s why Roden created ReadyRosie, a video-based readiness curriculum for parents and adults who care for children up to age 4. The program was named after her 4-year-old daughter.
She consulted with education experts to build a curriculum and gathered local talent to create the videos based on the curriculum.
The two-minute videos teach adults how to improve the child’s literacy and math skills while they are in everyday situations such as at the grocery store, doctor’s office, a restaurant and on the bus.
“They are consistent reminders of what we can be doing to take advantage of instructional moments,” Roden said.
One of the ReadyRosie videos to teach literacy shows a mother teaching her daughter how to echo words and sounds as she’s driving. Another video shows a father teaching his daughter how to count while they are at a restaurant.
“One of the most important things research is showing us is word knowledge,” Roden said. “Kids come to school without a lot of word exposure.”
The ReadyRosie videos try to highlight six or seven words in each video, she said.
The videos will be e-mailed out to parents, teachers and caregivers Monday through Friday. In each e-mail, there is an English video, a Spanish video and an expert video, which Roden describes as the “why” behind the activity.
Roden and the ReadyRosie team are approaching school districts around the state about offering the curriculum to parents.
The school districts would pay per child and offer it to the parents at no cost, Roden said.
School districts in Texas are given grants specifically geared toward parent education, Roden said.
It’s part of the Texas State Literacy Plan, the goal of which is to “ensure that every Texas child is strategically prepared for the literacy demands of college and/or career by high school graduation,” according to the Texas Education Agency website. “To achieve this goal, the plan centers on early language and pre-literacy skills for age 0 to school entry and on reading and writing instruction for students in grades K-12.”
The ReadyRosie team is building the curriculum on evidence-based components for literacy learning, such as phonological and phonemic awareness, concepts about print, letter knowledge and alphabetic recognition, emergent writing, speaking skills, vocabulary development and phonics and word recognition.
Roden enlisted the help of other teachers she knows, such as Candis Grover, who helps come up with bilingual content for the videos.
“I was really fascinated with the idea,” Grover said when Roden approached her through Facebook. “I’ve always been in education, but this has been a new way. It’s very creative.”
Parents are the child’s first teachers, Grover said. As a parent herself, she’s identified strengths and challenges in her children. She knows one of her daughters learns through song and the other daughter draws. She said it will make her a better advocate for them when they start school.
Melissa Nast is the math consultant for ReadyRosie.
“What I’m trying to do with the math is show parents how they can incorporate math in their everyday life … at the dinner table or the grocery store,” Nast said.
The goal of the math videos is to help parents teach their children numbers, geometry, measurement, probability and data analysis. And it doesn’t have to be standard measuring with a ruler; it can be measuring how long the table is in menus, Nast said. Or creating a pattern by doing something such as setting the table, she added.
“I think a lot of times when the school asks the parents to reinforce things at home — like patterns — parents, especially if they don’t have a strong math background, may not have the time to come up with things at home,” Nast said.
Nast has a background in math education, teaching fifth- and sixth-graders as well as writing a book of math activities.
What’s taught in the ReadyRosie videos is something parents can recreate, and it will reinforce what will be taught in the classroom, she said.
Nast was excited to be involved in the project.
“It’s something I thought has been needed for a long time,” she said.
Grover said the goal with the videos was to use everyday items that are already accessible to parents so they wouldn’t have to go purchase items or make them.
“We want it to have a big academic influence,” she said, as well as build stronger relationships between parents and children.
RACHEL MEHLHAFF can be reached at 940-566-6889. Her e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Physics aligns with the other sciences but also tends to involve a lot of math, which makes room for physics puns of many different types. These puns are great for helping people to learn the new processes and problem solving that is used in physics, but also to just make fun of it a little bit when it becomes complicated and difficult to grasp.
What does every Physics Research starts with?
– A Quest_ion
Physics is like incest.
– It’s all relative
What are environmentally conscientious European physicists called?
My physics teacher asked what I think it’d be like to walk in a town at night only illuminated by candles
– I said it would be pretty lit
Breaking up is like physics
– She keeps saying that I have no energy.
– I keep telling her that I have potential.
After 20 years of working on it, I finally finished my physics book.
– It was about time
A photon checks into a hotel and is asked if he needs any help with his luggage
– It replied, “No, thanks, I am traveling light.
Physics lesson: When a body is submerged in water, the phone rings.
Am i gravity?
– Bc im letting everyone down.
When my physics lecture ended, I asked my professor, “What happened before The Big Bang?”
– He said, “Sorry. There’s no Time.”
Amazon finally delivered my physics book
– It’s about time.
Where does bad light end up?
– In a prism.
Physics Puns for Work
When in any workplace it is important to use only clean physics puns, or any other type of pun, but this does not limit the choices much and there are still many short physics puns to be shared. They can be heard around the break room or the lunch table. Though many who work in the field may be tempted to take their best physics jokes
home with them it is likely their coworkers are more likely to enjoy them than their families will. It is a niche topic that is most popular with those who work, teach, or study it.
People who teach physics are likely to have different ways to approach the topic, but there are many who will use top physics puns to break the ice with a new class or to keep the attention of those who are becoming distracted. Their families may have their own cheesy physics puns to tease them with though, and to comment on how much their loved one enjoys the topic and the puns that go with it. Corny physics puns can become the traditional inside joke within a family.
Physics Puns in Class
Some physics puns involve the math and the equations that need to be solved, which often fuel the funniest physics jokes. Often maths and physics are considered to be difficult subjects and hard to become proficient at, so they are treated as a challenge. Once something has been labelled as difficult or as a challenge, they become a target, so there are many silly physics pun based on how hard it is to be successful and to learn.
Classrooms that are home to physics classes are often decorated with top physics puns to try and keep the space fun and welcoming. They are even found in the labs and other areas of schools to encourage a focus on the topic but also to make it familiar, as things that are familiar are less scary. Physics puns for kids can be found in lower grade classrooms as they are introduced to easy aspects of the topic and each year there is more added to that. The funniest physics puns can make some of the important facts easier to remember or to recall, and they can be carried from year to year and recalled whenever necessary to remember an important point. These are not just there for fun but also to boost learning and memory, making the classroom both successful and fun.
Older grades still have short physics puns, but they are more complicated and difficult than the ones for the younger grades. As the students get older and more mature the types of puns and information that they are supplied with become more complicated and difficult, and this continues through to college as well. They can help to keep the topic fun even during the difficult phases and make things more enjoyable as they become difficult. Puns can be used to ease tension and stress when the equations become difficult, or the experiments go wrong.
Physics Puns in Entertainment
Television shows have been bringing attention to more of these types of topics in the jobs that characters have. These are prime opportunities to learn about jobs and careers that they may not have otherwise been exposed too. Using the top physics puns to keep the show funny allows for more people to keep watching them and to become involved in the shows, opening up ideas and opportunities. Shows and movies help to create the culture of a community and can affect how the next generation grows up and who they become as they become adults. With more science jobs and different opportunities being shown by the entertainment industry they are creating interest in people who otherwise wouldn’t have considered them, changing the way that a generation views jobs and careers just by what they watch.
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Principles of Dance/Movement Therapy
Goodill & Morningstar 1993
Body and Mind are extrictably linked in the process or growth and development.
Movement heightens sensation, kinesthesia, and proprioceptive functions in such as way as to make the body image a dynamic, rather than static aspect of self-concept.
The movement channel is our first communication system and is established in infancy. The nonverbal mode is available to those who cannot successfully utilize verbalization in therapy, or to express that which is verbally inaccessible.
The therapeutic relationship can be successfully established at a nonverbal level via movement interaction.
The creative process, with the elements of improvisation and symbolic express, is inherently therapeutic in nature.
Principles of Dance Movement Therapy
Marian Chace 1993
Rhythmic Group Activity
According to Marion Chace, “dance is communication and thus fulfills a basic human need.” (Foundations of Dance/Movement Therapy p.77-81)
Please answer those questions only base on the materials that I upload ,don’t copy and paste . paraphrase and analyze the materials
• How does a person hold his/her body?
• How does a person move?
• Where is his/her movement limited?
• How is his/her breathing?
• How does a person experience the action of his/her body?
• Are their postural changes that relate to psychic shift?
• What is the relationship between one’s motility and emotional expression?
• What is the larger meaning behind this movement?
• What is the underlying complexity of thought or emotion?
• How does this symbol help the person to recall a memory?
• How is the person able to reenact this moment or experience?
• How is this re-experience different form the original experience?
Therapeutic Movement Relationship
• How is movement being used to connect to another person?
• How does the therapist incorporate the patient’s movement in her responses?
• How does the therapist reflect movement?
• How does the therapist build trust?
Group Rhythmic Movement Relationship
• How does rhythm help to organize people’s behaviors and attention?
• What rhythms or energies are predominant in the group?
• How does rhythmic action relate to the feelings of the group?
• How does rhythm help in group cohesion
Principles of Dance/Movement Therapy
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Kansas is a midwestern state that is located in the center of the United States and is famous for its thriving agricultural productivity. It neighbors Nebraska from the North, Missouri from the East, Oklahoma from the South and Colorado from the West. Kansas has 105 counties and 628 cities, and is located equidistant from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It has many nicknames to describe the beauty of the landscape and fertility of the soil such as The Garden of the West, The Sunflower State (due to the abundance of wild sunflowers), The Wheat State (as it is one of the most wheat-producing states), The Central State and The Midway State which both describe the convenient geographical location of Kansas. The state is famous for the Kansas river, the Missouri River and the Arkansas River that passes through Kansas.
There are many natural historic sites and natural parks in Kansas for people to visit all year round such as the Fort Scott National Historic Site, the Pony Express National Historic Trail and the California National Historic Trail. Kansas has humid continental climate on average, which means that its winters are cool to cold and summers are humid with precipitation usually falling in the spring and summer seasons. Kansas is a great place to live in for those who prefer peace and quiet as it is the fifteenth largest state in the United States by area yet the only the thirty-fourth most populous state in the United States. The second most spoken language in Kansas after English is Spanish. People from Kansas are normally referred to as Kansans due to their patriotism and pride for their state. Some famous state symbols that represent Kansas are the amphibian, sunflower, bird, soil, tree, and seal.
HVAC, which is short for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, is the technology that is mainly involved with controlling indoor temperature. HVAC is very important as HVAC technicians are needed to work with commercial, residential and industrial clients to make sure that indoor areas are made suitable for living and working conditions. So not only is HVAC important to people all around the world, but it is also in demand for office workers, company owners and indoor facilities of all sort such as schools, hospitals, factories, senior homes, apartment buildings skyscrapers, etc.
HVAC systems are usually implemented in the early stages of design of skyscrapers, apartments buildings, and single homes. That is why HVAC professionals usually work hand-in-hand with construction professionals throughout the process of building. HVAC is an important field of study and HVAC professionals are in demand almost everywhere in the world. Even businesses and home residences which already own installed HVAC systems will need system repairs at some point or even system replacements. So, for those passionate about this field of study, you will always have an opportunity to make someone’s life easier. HVAC study programs have become increasingly popular over the last few decades and obtaining a degree or certificate in HVAC is now made easier than ever. There are a number of great HVAC schools and training facilities in Kansas, which will be explored in this article.
Bryan University – Topkea
Located in Topeka, Kansas, Bryan University’s mission is to serve individuals who wish to pursue a traditional or hybrid college career, Bryan University aims to provide quality learning by implementing virtual learning in its degree programs. Bryan University’s mission is to provide students with career focused training that will allow them to learn exactly what they need in order to excel in their future careers. The university offers an HVAC diploma program that can be obtained in just one year before graduating and working as an entry level HVAC technician. The one year program includes the following areas of study: Basic Refrigeration, Electrical Training, Geothermal Systems and Residential Heating and Cooling Systems. The cost of the degree program is approximately $30,000. Students receive hands on learning in these fields and are able to implement their knowledge and theory practice in real life scenarios. Bryan University also provides the opportunity to gain EPA certification afterward completing the program.
Highland Community College
Highland Community College is located in Highland, Kansas and offers two-year college programs in various areas of study. HCC was the first college in Kansas and was founded in 1858. In 2008, the regional technical college combined with Highland Community College and allowed it to expand the range of different majors that it offers. Highland’s mission statement is to provide students with quality learning that will allow them to contribute to their communities and societies upon the completion of their degree and certificate programs. Highland Community College offers four associate degree programs and fifteen certificate programs. One of these programs is a one year certificate program in HVAC and plumbing. This program is known for being very practical and hands-on from the very beginning of the program. Students work with building trades and electrical technology programs in the construction of a house and get to diagnose, install and repair HVAC and plumbing problems that arise. Students may complete this program from as little as nine months. This certificate costs a little over $3,000 and consists of two academic semesters in order to complete the required courses.
Kansas City Kansas Community College
Kansas City Kansas Community College (KCKCC) is a two-year community college located in Kansas City, Kansas and offers several different degree programs. Among these programs is a technical certificate in Heating and Refrigeration. This certificate emphasizes the fundamentals of heating and refrigeration and specifies in central and room systems. The program offered at KCKCC is approved for EPA and R-401A refrigerant certification. This program requires 44 credits in order to be completed and costs around $6,000. This program also provides hands-on learning to help students implement theories in their daily lives and future careers.
Johnson County Community College
Johnson County Community College is located in Overland Park, Kansas and is one of the state’s largest schools for higher education with over 46,000 students currently enrolled. Johnson Community College offers various undergraduate programs and 150 career and certificate programs that prepare students to enter their future careers upon completion. With strong values that include integrity, collaboration, responsiveness and leadership, JCCC is a great place to earn a degree or certificate at while learning through educational excellence and innovation. JCCC offers a nationally accredited certificate program in HVAC with an accreditation from the Partnership for Air-Conditioning, Heating, Refrigeration Accreditation (PAHRA). JCCC offers to programs which include Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Technology, AAS and a Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technology Certificate. The total cost to obtain an HVAC degree or certificate in JCCC ranges from about $3,000 to about $5,000 with scholarships available to apply for.
Fort Scott Community College
Established in 1919 in Fort Scott, Kansas, Fort Scott Community College has satellite locations in other cities providing two-year degree programs and certificates. FSCC is one of the oldest colleges in Kansas providing higher education and is a private, non-profit institution. The college offers more than 40 different academic fields of study. One can transfer to a four-year degree college or university with credits earned at FSCC upon the completion of their degree. FSCC calls for togetherness and diversity and takes pride in its cultural background and various cultural events that take place all year long. The HVAC program at Fort Scott Community college is supervised by an advisory board consisting of industry representatives and instructors that help students succeed in their college careers. The program consists of learning about the electrical and mechanical systems involved with HVAC and refrigeration and hands-on training in the field of study. Students are ready to obtain an EPA certificate after completing their field of study. The cost for attending FSCC for this particular program is about $5,000.
Northwest Kansas Technical College
Northwest Kansas Technical College is located in Goodland, Kansas and also offers two-year degrees to students. NKTC or ‘Northwest Tech’ takes pride in being a school that provides quality learning for its students by maintaining small sized classes and faculty and staff that are willing to help students with every step of the way. Northwest Tech is concerned with providing affordable education to students and has work-study programs that help students work while seeking a degree or certificate program. Northwest Tech provides an Electrical Training program that teaches students to apply the theory of electrical technology and perform installation of electrical equipment and materials in residential, industrial and commercial locations. The program costs about $5,000 to attend. The program length is two years long which allows a student to receive an Associate of Applied Science or technical certificate upon completion.
Manhattan Area Technical College
Founded in 1965 in Manhattan, Kansas, Manhattan Area Technical College offers 8 different Associate Degree programs and several technical certificate programs to students. It received the Aspen Prize for community college excellence and was ranked among the top 150 community colleges in the United States and the second-best college in Kansas. Manhattan Area Technical College is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission. Programs at the college merge hands-on working with in-class course learning to encourage critical thinking, problem solving and communication skills for students. Manhattan Tech helps students receive “the skills to pay the bills”. The college offers an Air Conditioning and Refrigeration program that lasts for nine months and costs about $7,000 for a technical certificate and about $11,000 for an Associate’s degree. A student can earn an EPA Refrigerant Handling Certification after completing this course.
Salina Area Technical College
Also accredited by The Higher Learning Commission, Salina Area Technical College, which is located in Salina, Kansas was ranked as the number one college in Kansas for student success by the Kansas Board of Regents Students Success. All programs at Salina Tech last between 9 to 18 months with ‘real world ‘experience that makes students ready for their future careers. Most instructors come from the industrial field and are able to assist students with acquiring the skills they need to succeed. The HVAC program at Salina Tech lasts for 9 months and upon graduation students will be ready to work as entry level HVAC technicians. The program offers a wide range of courses that range from HVAC fundamentals and safety, to compressor controls and troubleshooting. The total cost for this course is about $5,000.
North Central Kansas Technical College
North Central Kansas Technical College takes pride in offering students intensive career-training programs that ready students for their future careers in the fields of their preference. It is accredited by the Kansas Board of Regents and the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and offers 24 different programs. The school offers convenient housing and meal plans for students as well as financial aid. North Central Kansas Technical College provides a certificate program in Plumbing, Heating and Air-Conditioning that prepares students to pursue entry-level careers in those industries right after graduation. Internship opportunities are available with local employers and upon completion of the one year program, students should be prepared to sit for the journeyman license and industry competency examination.
Job Market Growth in Kansas for HVAC
About 70% of Kansas jobs are in the technical field. This is due to the fact that Kansas is a huge and thriving agricultural state which means that it needs numerous factories and buildings to keep the agricultural industry operating at full capacity. Without HVAC technicians, these factories and buildings would not operate as well. Therefore, HVAC technicians are of a crucial need especially in Kansas where small businesses are only growing larger. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that by 2022, the HVAC job market will grow by more than 20%, far higher than many other occupations. Therefore, the HVAC industry in Kansas as well as the rest of the United States is currently in good shape and is estimated to only get better in the upcoming years. That makes it a great field to dive into as HVAC technicians are needed everywhere.
HVAC Wages in Kansas
HVAC wages in Kansas seem to be pretty good at the moment and are only expected to get better. On average, an HVAC technician in Kansas earns an hourly wage of about $22. They typically range from around $16 and go up to $33. The median salary that HVAC technicians earn annually is about $45,000 which begins at about $33,000 and goes up to $70,000. The breakdown of the earnings according to the experience level of an HAV technician in Kansas is as follows:
Top End HVAC Technician – $33/hr or $70k/yr
Senior HVAC Technician – $27/hr or $56k/yr
Experienced HVAC Technician – $22/hr or $45k/yr
Junior HVAC Technician – $18/hr or $37k/yr
Starting HVAC Technian – $16/hr or $33/yr
Things to Do in Kansas
Strataca is an underground salt mine museum that was established in 2007 in Hutchinson, Kansas. It is built in one of the world’s largest deposits of rock salt and allows one to travel 650 feet beneath the Earth’s surface. It is popular as it is the only one of the 15 United States salt mines that are accessible to tourists. Galleries and exhibits within the museum of Strataca includes The Dark Ride which allows visitors to enter a maze of chambers beyond the museum area to explore various features of the mine environment. It is called The Dark Ride as part of the ride allows attendees to pause for a while in complete darkness. Also in the museum is The Mantrip Gallery which features some ‘mantrips’ or train like vehicles that miners used back in 1980 to transport to and from the mining area. Other galleries within Strataca include The Mining Gallery, The Geology Gallery and The Underground Vaults & Storage Gallery which all have information about Strataca and the mining process.
The Garden of Eden
Samuel Perry Dinsmoor, a civil war veteran, began building this bizarre garden at the age of 62 in 1907 and stopped in 1929 when he went blind. Cryptic sculptures fill this garden which have different meanings about politics, modern civilization, and the Bible that often amaze visitors due to the humor conveyed in the messages that they portray. While Dinsmoor was building the garden, locals tried to kick him out of town not knowing that decades later, the Garden of Eden would become the Grassroot Art Capital of Kansas and a main tourist attraction. It costs $6 for an adult to explore this beautiful and unique work of art and only $1 for children.
Mushroom Rock State Park
This park is the smallest state park in Kansas yet happens to be the coolest in the eyes of many tourists and local visitors. Located in north central Kansas in Smoky hills, Mushroom Rock State Park has become famous for its unusual rocks which have incredible mushroom shapes. The bizarre shapes of the rocks attract tourists from all over the nation. There are two large mushroom-shaped rocks which tourists usually climb and take pictures on, a large shoe rock, and many other rocks with interesting shapes. These rocks are completely natural due to nonuniform erosions and weathering and were not influenced by human design. This is why they are a wonder to many who come to visit these beautiful pieces of Godly art.
Museum of World Treasures
Museums are always a fun place to visit, especially world museums that have all kinds of different cool things on display. The Museum of World Treasures is located in Wichita, Kansas and was established in 2001. It features some of the most amazing and ancient treasures in the world. Some of the most popular artifacts displayed at this museum are dinosaur specimens such as the Tyrannosaurus, Daspletosaurus, and Tylosaurus specimens. Some Egyptian mummies are also displayed from ancient Egypt as well as signatures of the United States’ early presidents. The museum has several exhibits that individuals and families can learn from and entertain throughout. These exhibits carry out the museum’s mission which is “To provide a gateway to the past that educates, entertains and inspires lifelong learning”. It costs about $9 for an adult to enter the museum, about $8 for a senior and $7 for a child. This a great way to spend the day with the family and friends while learning altogether!
Deanna Rose Children's Farmstead
For those of you who plan to move to Kanas with a family, Deanna Rose Children’s Farmstead is the perfect place to visit when touring. It is a great place for the entire family to enjoy, especially young children. The Farmstead is located in Overland Park, Kansas and was established in 1978 when it began as a petting zoo. In 1985, the park changed its name to honor police officer Deanna Rose who was the first officer to be killed in the line of duty. The farmstead displays various farm animals, birds of prey, show gardens, butterfly gardens, a nature trail, a Native American display, and a full-scale country schoolhouse. There are also playgrounds, a fishing pond, horse-drawn wagon rides, and pony rides within the park that are perfect for children to enjoy. Not only is the Deanna Rose Children’s Farmstead a great place to take the family to, but it can also be very educational and informative for the children, and for adults too!
With all the HVAC training schools in Kansas, it is simply hard not to find a perfect fit for yourself in terms of career training. Not only is Kansas a great place to learn heating, ventilation and air conditioning skills in, but it is also a great place to work in within the field afterwards. With the beautiful nature and landscape of Kansas and the many things to do there, it makes it a great place to live alone, with friends, or even with family. The future seems bright in Kansas for HVAC technicians, so to all aspiring HVAC technicians, the very best of luck!
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Newton’s recipe for alchemists’ mercury rediscovered
The document, which dates back to the seventeenth century was handwritten by Isaac Newton himself and explains the fundamental part of the process to create the mythical Philosopher’s Stone, a substance that alchemists believed could transmute base metals into gold.
The document was previously located for decades in a private collection but last month, the alchemical manuscript was acquired by the Chemical Heritage Foundation from the United Statis, who aims at making the ancient manuscript available to the public.
According to website Chemistry World, ‘Philosophic mercury was [thought to be] a substance that could be used to break down metals into their constituent parts,’ explains James Voelkel, the CHF’s curator of rare books. ‘The idea is if you break the metals down you can then reassemble them and make different metals.’ The process was part of the effort to make the philosopher’s stone, he adds, a mythical substance that alchemists believed could turn lead into gold.
Translated from Latin, the manuscript title is: ‘Preparation of the [Sophick] Mercury for the [Philosophers’] Stone by the Antimonial Stellate Regulus of Mars and Luna from the Manuscripts of the American Philosopher’. The manuscript is believed to describe the necessary process to make ‘sophick’ – short for ‘philosophic’ – mercury.
Researchers are not sure whether Newton ever tried to create the substance, even though, knowing the work of the genius and his interest in the esoteric subjects, they are inclined to say yes.
Isaac Newton was one of the most important scientists of the past and is best known for his formulation of the laws of universal gravitation and great influence in the world of physics He was also an enthusiastic alchemist. In fact, the manuscript in question also briefly describes one of his experiments in this field of hidden knowledge.
‘It’s often the case with Newton’s manuscripts that if they lie around long enough he turns them over and writes something else on the back,’ says Voelkel. ‘In this case, there is a note of an experiment that he did. It’s a recipe for distilling a volatile spirit out of lead ore … which corresponds nicely with Newton’s interpretation of various alchemical authors.’
While scholars are unsure when exactly it was written, the estimate that Newton’s copy of Philalethes’ sophick mercury text could even possibly pre-date the first known printed version, published in 1678.
It’s probably the case that he was copying a manuscript that existed before the publication of the printed work,’ says Voelkel. ‘The manuscript he’s copying has, at least, one mistake in it. At some point, the author writes the Latin word ‘ex’ which means ‘out of’ instead of ‘et’ which means ‘and’ – Newton recognises this as being a mistake and corrects it in square brackets. In the printed source this has been corrected.’
‘The collection is gigantic … the estimate of Newton’s alchemical output is something like a million words in his own hand. This is just another little page in a corpus of hundreds and hundreds of documents,’ said Voelkel.
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In a comment on someone’s post about alternative autism treatments I mentioned neurofeedback therapy. I stumbled across this intervention while researching autism for my education class, so for the sake of the reader I did not really provide many details about HOW it works, but I was still pretty curious so I tried to find more information on the process. First of all, it was very hard to find information beyond case studied and correlational results that simply stated improvements and progress for many patients. I found a cool website, EEG Spectrum International (http://www.eegspectrum.com/IntroToNeuro/) that uses neurofeedback (they refer to it as biofeedback) to help alleviate symptoms from a huge variety of disorders. Some of the disorders mentioned were ADHD/ADD, anxiety, DEPRESSION, chronic pain, epilepsy, ADDICTION, and autism. (Note the subtle emphasis on the topics we’ve covered… perhaps this is the common link in addition to stress – I bet it’s been used for schizophrenia, too!) Anyway, I’ll just explain a bit about how neurofeedback is used for people with autism.
First, baseline EEG levels over the course of several hours are taken and clinicians work with their patients to determine which behaviors they would like to modify. The clinicians program a computer to detect abnormalities and to know the alterations that must be made to bring brain activity in that region back to normal. Sensors are placed on the scalp, and one on each ear, and are connected to a computer processing system that registers the brain waves and (somehow) integrates it into a sort of video game. For example, when brain activity in a desirable region increases, the game will speed up (or the patient will be rewarded in some other way), and when brain activity in an undesirable region increases, the game will be slowed down/inhibited. Over many trials, the brain presumably “learns” this new brain activity and the person can train him or herself to maintain that activity. The new activity pattern more closely resembles those of pathology-free patients.
The benefits of neurofeedback therapy differ from person to person, as each individuals’ goals are different. Results suggest that it may be more beneficial for individuals with Asperger’s than severe autism, as the patient must be able to engage with the video screen and computer game for a significant amount of time (about 40 minutes), and must be able to tolerate the EEG paraphanelia on his/her body (this can be tough due to hypo/hyper-sensitivity tendencies, and may require some prior training). As for the duration of these effects, this site claims that most patients see improvements by at least their tenth session, and that in general the effects will last indefinitely (though stressors can degrade this newly learned pattern and “booster” sessions may be required). Do you think that this could be a useful and successful therapy for other disorders as well?
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The CW Sandbox Tool
Create a thesis and an outline on Survey about the CWsandbox tool used for dynamic malware analysis.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. General Sandbox Architecture: A sandbox is deployed to secure a computer system from external attacks that are attempted through malware (malicious program). According to Hoopes (2009), the approaches used are either to block the critical accessibility of a malware or to introduce a simulated environment with completely virtual computing resources like CPU, file system and the memory. This virtual environment enables the program to get executed in a completely isolated environment which is disconnected from the real execution environment within which it resides. The main idea is to monitor the accessibility of program (under observation) to system resources. This way the system can be brought back into the safe state after complete behavioral analysis of the suspected program. The fringe benefit of this approach is the usage of a lighter security protocol for the underlying system that improves its working efficiency. The behavioral analysis keeps the execution environment intact. This gives it an edge over instruction level analysis (basically done using debuggers or dis-assemblers). CWSandbox architecture and functioning: CW sandbox is one the sandbox applications that are in use. Every sandbox application has its own mechanism to secure the computer system environment. CWSandbox comprise of two executable files namely cwsandbox.exe and cwmonitor.dll. The former is the central application that initiates the malware and manages the complete process of analysis. The latter on the other hand is a DLL (Dynamic Link Library). This library is introduced into all processes in the malware that are under observation.
This way the malware is actually executed and being interacted by the sandbox along with its own execution. The function of the DLL file is to catch each API critical call from malware and to inform the central application (cwsandbox.exe) about it. The sandbox (main application) then takes some time to analyze the call in order to either delegate the control to the required API (in case of safe conclusion) or to answer the call with a virtual error message (in the opposite case). Along with the keeping an eye on every malware call, the DLL also makes it certain that the sandbox is kept informed about other malware activities like injecting a code into an already executing process or creating a child process. In both cases the DLL is instantiated again to be injected into the child process or the already running process. Figure 1.0 below, elaborates the described functioning. The CWSandbox uses the native execution environment unlike other sandbox schemes. This in turn reduces the delay caused by the analysis mechanism. Enormous communication exists between the main application (executable) and planted instances of DLLs. Each notification call from a DLL to sandbox contains a lot of information that requires a formal and reliable mechanism of communication between processes. In order to fulfill this requirement the sandbox is usually equipped with high efficiency IPC (Inter Process Communication) mechanism. Figure 1.0. Sandbox Instance using CWSandbox (Source: Hoopes J. 2009. Virtualization for Security) CWSandbox Malware Handling and Analysis Mechanism: The mechanisms that are performed by a sandbox can be distinguished into three parts.
|
<urn:uuid:858053d7-42d8-4bd9-90af-e3ada2c2bd9a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://myhomeworkwriters.com/356635-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00454.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923895
| 668
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Two-Year-Old Curriculum Information
Our preschool curriculum focuses on providing a variety of developmentally, age-appropriate experiences that are essential to early childhood education. Our students are continuously building on and mastering various skills through a variety of different lessons, centers and activities. Our teachers lesson plan weekly and include art, cooking, science, and reading in the plan for the week. In addition to this plan, teachers provide the opportunity for daily experiences through imaginative play, manipulatives, motor and sensory activities, and fine and gross motor activities. Students are encouraged to explore through play and to try new things. Little Oak’s philosophy has always been that children learn wonderful things about themselves and the world around them through play and exploration.
Our preschool program includes a curriculum for each of our age groups as our students grow and transition into the different classes. Our goal for each of our classes is to develop and enhance a child’s love of learning and to provide an array of experiences that promote positive growth in all areas. Here are some of the areas that are included in our two-year-old curriculum:
Social Interaction and Developmental Skills
- Children’s Sharing Days- Monthly event where a child brings an item to present in front of the class.
- Cooking – Through the weekly activity of spreading, pouring, counting, etc. students practice many critical skills as well as hand-eye coordination.
- Conflict resolution skills are taught and implemented with teacher support.
- Communication skills are developed through interaction with peers and teachers.
- Group discussions of the weekly theme, daily calendar, etc. build confidence and group speaking skills.
- Teacher directed group activities that encourage team building are provided daily.
- Single step direction and age-appropriate problem solving skills are developed and nurtured.
- Weekly Theme – Children learn about our themes through a variety of activities each week.
- Arts and Crafts – Children explore their creativity and imagination through teacher directed projects and free art.
- Music, Movement and Stories – Musical instruments, dance and movement to music, and teacher led story time all build motor and listening skills.
- Letters and Numbers – Through books, songs and activities, children are exposed to all letters of the alphabet and number from 1-10.
- Fine Motor Skills – Activities in art and cooking, and using manipulatives, helps to build fine motor development.
- Colors and Shapes – Early recognition is provided through teacher led activities, discussions and experiences.
- Group listening skills and manners in a group setting are explained and encouraged daily.
- Working in and tending to our Children’s Garden builds social, motor, cognitive and listening skills.
For more Red Bird classroom news, click here.
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Transport: A collapsible shipping container could help reduce the environmental impact of transporting goods
Origami on the high seas
OVERHAULING an industry of which you know little is not easy, but neither is it impossible. In 1956 Malcolm McLean, a trucker from North Carolina, launched the first “intermodal” shipping container, which could be transferred easily between lorries, trains and ships. It revolutionised the transport of goods by abolishing the traditional (and back-breaking) system of “break bulk” loading, and thus helped oil the wheels of globalisation. Now another outsider to the shipping industry is trying to get a similar change under way.
Rene Giesbers, a heating-systems engineer from the Netherlands, has invented a collapsible plastic shipping container which, he hopes, will replace McLean's steel design. Because it is made of a fibreglass composite, it weighs only three-quarters as much as a standard container but—more importantly— when empty, it can be folded down to a quarter of its size. The composite is more resistant to corrosion than the steel it replaces, is easier to clean and floats. It is also greener to manufacture. Making one of the new containers produces 25% of the carbon dioxide that would be generated by the manufacture of its steel counterpart.
A collapsible shipping container would be useful for several reasons. Patterns of trade mean that more goods travel from China to America, for example, than the other way around, so ships, trains and lorries inevitably carry some empty containers. If these were folded, there would be more room for full containers and some vessels would be liberated to ply different routes. If collapsed containers were bundled together in groups of four, ships could be loaded more quickly, cutting the time spent in ports. They would also take up less space on land, allowing depots to operate more efficiently.
Mr Giesbers is not the first to invent a collapsible container. Several models were experimented with in the early 1990s but failed to catch on, mainly because of the extra work involved in folding and unfolding them. There were also concerns about their strength. Mr Giesbers says the Cargoshell, as he has dubbed his version, can be collapsed or opened in 30 seconds by a single person using a forklift truck. It is now undergoing tests to see if it is strong enough to meet international standards.
There are currently about 26m containers in the world, and the volume of goods they carry has risen from 13.5m “twenty-foot equivalent units” in 1980 to almost 140m today. It is expected to reach 180m by 2015. Mr Giesbers aims to have 1m Cargoshells plying the seas, rails and roads by 2020, equivalent to 4% of the market.
Bart Kuipers, a harbour economist at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, thinks that is a little ambitious, but he reckons the crate could win 2-3% of the market. He thinks it is the container's lower weight, rather than its collapsibility, that makes it attractive. It will appeal to firms worried about their carbon footprints—and if oil prices rise, that appeal will widen.
Ultimately, the main obstacle to the introduction of the Cargoshell may be institutional rather than technical. As Edgar Blanco, a logistics expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, points out, “Everyone is vested in the current system. Introducing a disruptive technology requires a major player to take a huge risk in adopting it. So the question will always boil down to: who pays for the extra cost, and takes the initial risk?”
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“While kayaking in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge on Feb. 11, 2004, Gene Sparling of Hot Springs, Ark., saw an unusually large, red-crested woodpecker fly toward him and land on a nearby tree. He noticed several field marks suggesting the bird was an ivory-billed woodpecker.” (Science Daily)
The only problem with Sparling’s sighting is that the ivory-billed woodpecker was thought to be extinct. The last sighting was over sixty years ago.
A week later, after learning of the sighting, Tim Gallagher, editor of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Living Bird magazine, and Bobby Harrison, associate professor at Oakwood College, Huntsville, Ala., interviewed Sparling. They were so convinced by his report that they traveled to Arkansas and then with Sparling to the bayou where he had seen the bird.
On Feb. 27, as Sparling paddled ahead, a large black-and-white woodpecker flew across the bayou less than 70 feet in front of Gallagher and Harrison, who simultaneously cried out: “Ivory-bill!” Minutes later, after the bird had disappeared into the forest, Gallagher and Harrison sat down to sketch independently what each had seen. Their field sketches, included in the Sciencearticle, show the characteristic patterns of white and black on the wings of the woodpecker.
“When we finished our notes,” Gallagher said, “Bobby sat down on a log, put his face in his hands and began to sob, saying, ‘I saw an ivory-bill. I saw an ivory-bill.'” Gallagher said he was too choked with emotion to speak. “Just to think this bird made it into the 21st century gives me chills. It’s like a funeral shroud has been pulled back, giving us a glimpse of a living bird, rising Lazarus-like from the grave,” he said. (Science Daily)
I listened to an interview with Gene Sparling on NPR in the mid-nineties after it was discovered that the ivory-billed woodpecker was indeed not extinct. I was ecstatic that this rare bird had managed to survive, but I was intrigued by what he said in his interview. He shared that as a boy he used to look at drawings of the woodpecker and dream that one day he would find an ivory-billed woodpecker still alive in the swamps. That was his dream. He admitted that it was an impossible dream because the bird was extinct. Nonetheless, it was the dream he carried within his boyish imagination. So, he would go kayaking in the swamps with a flicker of a hope that he might spot the extinct bird. And, beyond any expectation, he did! The little boy’s dream came true! Gene Sparling was the first man to spot an ivory-billed woodpecker in 60 years!
It’s this story and stories like these that inspire me, and I hope they might light a fire within you on days when you feel tempted to despair. I see God’s very nature in this story. Gene Sparling had a dream. An impossible dream. He got in his kayak and searched. Is it possible that he might never have seen that woodpecker? Yes, but what did this man find in the search for it? What might we find in our search for the impossible? What might change in us in our journey to realize the impossible? Whatever your impossible dreams are, I believe that the Tale of The Ivory-Billed Woodpecker tells us that we are designed to try. Just because everyone tells you that it’s not possible doesn’t mean that you can’t. After all, if Gene Sparling’s boyhood dream of finding an extinct bird came true, then why can’t my dreams come true? Why can’t yours? Desire is the catalyst, and time and effort is the crucible.
Look what happened with Gene’s time and effort?
What might happen with yours? It really excites me to think about it.
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|Posted on 10 August, 2020 at 4:20||comments (1835)|
Dr. Gottman identified four “types” of parents in his research that reflect stereotypes we often learn ourselves, or from our peers, as children:
The Dismissing Parent disengages, ridicules or curbs all negative emotions, feels uncertainty and fears feeling out of control, uses distraction techniques, feels that emotions are toxic or unhealthy, uses the passage of time as a cure-all replacement for problem solving.
Effects: Children learn that there is something wrong with them, cannot regulate their emotions, feel that what they are feeling is not appropriate, not right, and abnormal.
The Disapproving Parent is similar to the dismissing parent but more negative, judgmental and critical, controlling, manipulative, authoritative, overly concerned with discipline and strangely unconcerned with the meaning of a child’s emotional expression.
Effects: Similar to the dismissing parenting techniques.
The Laissez-Faire Parent (is endlessly permissive, offers little to no guidance about problem solving or understanding emotions, does not set any limits on behavior, encourages “riding out” of emotions until they are out of the way and out of sight).
Effects: Kids can’t concentrate, can’t get along with other others or form friendships, can’t regulate their emotions in a healthy way.
The fourth and last “type” of parent identified by Dr. Gottman is not a common stereotype, perhaps because it isn’t negative, or because when we were kids, playing with Tommy and Phoebe on the playground, they didn’t really understand what made their parents so “good.” This “good” parent is what Dr. Gottman calls The Emotion Coach. When you look back on memories of your own childhood, you may recognize that some of the strategies below were used by your parents when you felt the closest to them – when you felt that they could really relate to you, when you were truly understood.
The five essential steps of Emotion Coaching:
Be aware of your child’s emotion
Recognize your child’s expression of emotion as a perfect moment for intimacy and teaching
Listen with empathy and validate your child’s feelings
Help your child learn to label their emotions with words
Set limits when you are helping your child to solve problems or deal with upsetting situations appropriately
Effects of Emotion Coaching: Your child’s mastery of understanding and regulating their emotions will help them to succeed in life in a myriad of different ways – they will be more self-confident, perform better in social and academic situations, and even become physically healthier.
This weekend, when your child expresses negative emotions about something, or misbehaves in some manner, try to figure out the underlying cause of their feelings. Put the steps of Emotion Coaching to work in your relationship with your child. Try the following exercises in the next few days, and discover the benefits of these strategies!
Show your child respect and understanding in moments when they feel misunderstood, upset, or frustrated. Talk through their feelings with them and try to understand their source.
Be aware of your child’s responses to your method of working through the moment with them.
In difficult interactions, make your child feels your empathy, by patiently validating their feelings and getting to the root of their expression.
Instead of focusing on your parental agenda in these situations, show your child that you respect their attempts to solve problems, and guide them with trust and affection. Work through these experiences together.
|Posted on 23 July, 2020 at 0:10||comments (1837)|
Neurodiversity therapy recognises the strentghs of the non neurotypical student or adult. In the words one of these people who posted this on the internet to explain it from the client's point of view we attach this previous post:
They Were Wrong
Well, folks, it’s official. I am a high school graduate! Well, technically I’ve been “graduated” since May, but the school held the actual ceremony this week. Despite the delay, I walked across the stage and got my diploma last Thursday on the school's football field.
Black graduation caps with gold-colored tassels are tossed into the air against a cloudless blue sky. Image labeled for fair use.
I think that for everyone a high school graduation is a moment of relief and achievement that has come at the end of a long and tiring journey. For me though, this is especially surreal given my background. School has been generally very difficult for me. Simply being in the classroom every day was too much. There was a period of time five or six years ago when the narrative was that I would never graduate from high school. In fact, school counselors and therapists (supposedly people who were supposed to be on my side) explicitly said this several times.
Well, they were wrong, because here I am very much a high school graduate. I've hinted at my story regarding school before, but I'll elaborate on it a bit more here. In middle school, the school administrators (and many teachers) took the approach of focusing so much on what they deemed "disruptive behaviors" that they didn't bother to try and actually work with and teach the "challenging kid," or figure out why it was I couldn't get through a school day without some sort of "burst-out." There seemed to be this culture of low expectations for anyone who couldn't go through a school day just like the other kids. And honestly, it wore on my mental health. I became so anxious and depressed from constantly getting in trouble for not being able to control my body and impulses, from having most of the other kids in the middle school seemingly resent me, and from overhearing hushed conversations through closed doors that I would never amount to anything.
Every day felt like a roulette wheel; a random roll of the dice as to whether I'd have a meltdown, or be sent to the office and spend the rest of the day in a little room with nothing but a desk (because I was being "disruptive"), or be punished for running out of the classroom from being overwhelmed, or be verbally harassed by other students to the point I was uncontrollably sobbing. The principal once called my mom and said she had to pick me up early because she thought I looked too agitated. It's not like literally every day ended in a major catastrophe, but it was enough that it sure felt that way.
I wanted so badly just to be "good." What I think I knew deep down but couldn't apply or articulate is that I experienced tsunami-sized Big Emotions that I couldn't process or handle, and that my sensory system was constantly overloaded or out of whack. I also simply needed someone, anyone, to believe in me, to treat me as a valuable student with potential rather than just a Problem to be dealt with and sent away as efficiently and conveniently as possible.
Unfortunately, the public school system is largely unaccommodating and inaccessible to autistic students, especially since what passes as "support" for autism is often just behavioral therapy that attempts to try and make the autistic student appear less autistic rather than teach actually useful regulation and life skills. Actually, this is true for more than just autistic students (it's a problem for any student that the administration labels "Difficult™"), but it's especially true for autistic students. I remember being taken out of class every day down to the school counselor's office where we'd look at picture after picture of people with cartoonish facial expressions and I was supposed to say what emotion they were feeling, or we'd read a story where I was supposed to fill in the ending with an "appropriate reaction" from a character, or we'd learn little songs (with hand motions!) with lyrics like "Stop / Name your feelings / Calm down" (buh DUM BUH dum)! I had a school counselor tell me that more people would like me if I didn't talk about insects so much. What I needed though wasn't "empathy training," I needed regulation techniques other than "take ten deep breaths," I needed a better support network, and I needed to understand myself and my body and mind better.
Initially my parents went with the philosophy that it was best to go with what the school counseling and administration team said, because they're supposed to be the experts. And though my parents (like everyone else) made a lot of mistakes, in the spring of my seventh grade year they did the best thing they could have done and removed me from that school, and as it would eventually turn out, from traditional public school entirely.
You see, when a flower won't grow you don't try and manipulate the plant into blooming, you move the pot to a different location or environment. And just a change in philosophy, support, and location made all the difference. That eighth grade year I did online school and I also took a few community college courses (yes, as an eighth grader). This was also the year that I learned about the neurodiversity paradigm and found the blogs of other autistic people online, and through reading those I began to develop a better understanding of myself, and from there begin my journey as a self-advocate.
In my story though, it wasn't only the middle school teachers and counselors who were wrong about my future. The first high school I was going to go to was a charter school, a school I was accepted to via a lottery system, but that summer upon attending what was supposed to be an IEP meeting the principal informed us that I would not be enrolled at the school, because I wasn't the "kind of student" the principal wanted at his preppy little charter school. So yes, I was denied entry into a school on the basis of being autistic because the principal didn't want a kid with autism at his school (and yes, apparently it is legal for charter schools, but not public schools, to discriminate against students in this way in Colorado).
The happy ending though is that this caused us to enroll me in a small private school, where my parents and I were able to advocate for an actual, real useful support system, and high school has overall been by far the best years of my K-12 experience. It was the neurodiversity paradigm, rather than the behaviorist paradigm, that got me through high school.
So, I say a rhetorical "thank you" to Mr. Charter School Principal who didn't want me, because though he was wrong about me his ableism led me to the place where I was able to bloom, and because of my experience I will hopefully soon be testifying in favor of a Colorado State House bill that would make charter school discrimination on the basis of disability illegal.
That overview of my story ended up being longer than I intended, but hopefully now everyone can have an idea of why receiving my diploma was particularly meaningful to me, so much so that I just about cried when I walked across the stage.
Oh, and I almost forgot to mention that I graduated #1 in my class! That's right: Valedictorian! Now to be fair I didn't actually have straight A's, but the high school assigns a higher weighted GPA to honors and college-level classes taken by students, and since I took so many college courses online and through the school I ended up with the highest weighted GPA in the class. So there's a win for my alternative learning plan!
Part of me wants to scream off the figurative rooftops "You were wrong! The autistic kid graduated #1 in the class! That kid you said couldn't do it did it!" And that's because I know that there's an autistic student out there just like me who hears the same narrative every day that they are incapable of reaching their goals and who is not getting the support that they need. In schools across the world it seems there's this culture of low expectations for students who can't just do it the same way as everyone else the first time, for disabled students. And there's so much misunderstanding about autism out there, myths and misunderstandings that are actively harming autistic people. That's why I'm telling my story, and blogging generally: to help people understand autism, provide a resource for other autistic people, and help build a culture of presuming competence so that every person can reach their highest potential. I'm not trying to say that you have to be academically gifted or whatever to be reaching your potential, I only want the autistic people out there to know that they are valuable, are worthy of being believed in, and are worthy of being understood.
Quincy | July 22, 2020 at 11:00 am | Tags: accomodations, Autism, graduation, presume competence, school, story | Categories: Accessibility, Advocacy, Autism, Blog News/Updates, Education | URL: https://wp.me/paBYAq-ao
|Posted on 24 March, 2020 at 22:00||comments (1517)|
|Posted on 24 March, 2020 at 21:55||comments (936)|
For the last three years provding therapy over the internet has been shown to be evidencedbased and effective.
To do this you will need a computer or ipad with a camera. We will send you the link and you click on it and we can see each other as if we are in the same room.
Then therapy continues as if normal. Sometimes the therapist comes close to the camera. With younger children parents may need to be there and the therapist will direct them how to work with their child especially during testing. With older children parents can be working on their work and can hear that all is going well with the class from another room. The kids love the technology.
This solution can be especially good for older adults at home who are in isolation and cant have a therapist attend their home. We can do it all through the computer or even by their phone. This includes billing solutions such as billing medicare.
Distance learning is struggle for parents to help with. We have qualified tutors and teachers who can take over and provdie home learning support across the whole curriculum for all ages and schools throughout the Asia region.
WE make telehealth engaging with excursions to aquariums and use of ipads and engaging fun videos for children and adults with asd and intellectual and language disorders. Have a look at this engaging way to teach about nad washing and covid:
All the best. The kids love it!!!
|Posted on 9 February, 2019 at 18:30||comments (1188)|
Occupational therapy (OT) is the use of assessment and intervention to develop, recover, or maintain the meaningful activities, or occupations, of individuals, groups, or communities. It is an allied health profession performed by occupational therapists and Occupational Therapy Assistants. OTs often work with children and adults with mental health problems, disabilities, injuries, or impairments.
We work with children and adults or all ages, especially with autism spectrum disorders, both highly intellgent, highly functiontiong an those with sever learning difficulties. We can much such a difference in your lives as parents or care-ers. We can help you to get your child ready for school in the morning without problems, co-operate with you in the home and in the school, and reduce challening behaviours like tantrums and hitting out when angry.
We have put on a new occupational therapsit for 2019, who has a university degree in Occupational thereapy and extensive experience in special education and helping children/adults with autism.
|Posted on 30 July, 2018 at 5:00||comments (4901)|
|Posted on 30 September, 2017 at 3:05||comments (2141)|
Follow the links to find the most recent information from Professor Harasty
Where to find a Diagnosis
Importance of Early Diagnosis
Difficulties Coping With Adolescence
|Posted on 28 June, 2017 at 9:15||comments (1150)|
Setting up the right “feeding environment” is vital when preparing your toddler to eat and drink.
Here are 5 tips on how you can set up the right “feeding environment”:
1. Make sure distractions like the TV and music are turned off. This will ensure your child remains focused on the task at hand- eating and drinking!
2. Make sure your child is comfortable and positioned upright in their high chair. When a child is comfortable, they are more likely to start eating and drinking.
3. Don’t feed your child too quickly. Just as you like to give yourself breaks between mouthfuls of food, your child also enjoys a break every so often.
4. Don’t wipe your child’s face after every spoonful of food. By not wiping away the food, you are allowing them to get used to the sensation of food on their face.
5. Eat as a family. With the whole family eating together, you can provide a model for how to eat. Your child also learns about the social aspect of eating.
As a parent, you may have concerns about your child’s feeding, for example:
“My child only eats certain foods”
“My child is gagging after food is put into their mouth”
"My child is having difficulty chewing food”
“My child is having difficulty drinking from a cup without spilling”
Speech pathologists are specifically trained in how to manage children with feeding difficulties. If you are concerned about your child’s feeding difficulties, give Childthink a call, they would love to help your child.
The speech pathologists will provide a thorough assessment, and use specific strategies to assist your child.
Amelia Laurendet (Student Speech Pathologist)
|Posted on 9 May, 2017 at 20:20||comments (1302)|
What is a social communication disorder?
A social communication disorder refers to any difficulty experienced with social communication and interaction.
This comprises of:
1. Non verbal communication skills, such as:
- Body language
- Eye contact
- Facial expression
- Starting conversations
- Asking questions to maintain a conversation
- Taking turns in a conversation
- Making comments
- Theory of mind: The ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes and realise that they may have beliefs, attitudes and feelings that contrast to your own.
- Metalanguage: Understanding humour, jokes, sarcasm, metaphors and inferences.
- Self-monitoring: The ability to recognise when you are behaving inappropriately, and knowing how to adjust your behaviour and communication accordingly.
- Joint attention: The ability to focus on an object or event with another person, because you are both interested in it.
- Emotional regulation: The ability to control and manage your emotions, as opposed to behaving negatively such as having a tantrum or becoming upset.
- The ability to adjust your style and manner of communication depending on who you are talking to and where you are e.g. talking to a peer vs talking to a teacher.
- Using manners.
- The ability to resolve conflict when it arises in group play.
- The ability to participate and take turns in play with other children.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Specific Language Impairement
- Decrease unwanted behaviours (e.g. tantrums)
- Increase alternate positive behaviours (e.g. sharing)
- Give your child the opportunity to practise target social skills
Client profile: Josh (not the client's real name).
- Give people eye contact
- Greet people without having to be reminded
- Make comments and ask questions when talking to others
- Identify emotions (angry, sad, happy etc.)
- Their ability to recognise how others may be feeling (show empathy).
- Their own behaviour, as they can name the emotion they are feeling, rather than becoming upset or displaying unwanted behaviours.
|Posted on 15 April, 2017 at 4:10||comments (990)|
Click down below to access regular and frequent updates along with informative blog posts on a range of interesting and important topics.
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Bengali theatre has its origins in British rule. It began as private entertainment in the early 19th century. In the pre-independence period, Bengali theatres played a pivotal role in manifesting dislike of the British Raj in India.
After the independence of India in 1947, leftist movements in West Bengal used theatre as propaganda tool. This added some unique characteristics, but the aftermath is still strong. These groups differentiate themselves ideologically from commercial Bengali theatre.
There are many theatres in West Bengal, which can be divided into Kolkata-based theatres and rural theatres. The Kolkata-based groups perform in Kolkata. The rural theatre groups are less known though they perform year round. Outside the area, Kolkata-based groups are regarded as Bengali theater. The two types are similar in n form and content, the two types of theatres are similar, but the Kolkata-based theatres are better funded and staffed. This is mainly due to the influx of expertise from rural areas to Kolkata in search of a larger audience.
There are some Bengali folk theatres. Bengali has many dialects in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The standard Bengali language is that spoken in Kolkata. The Bengali folk theatres vary in language.
Bengali theatre is not run commercially by any group or company. A famous Bengali commercial theatre after independence is Nahabat. There is a category of Bengali theatre called Jatra, which is run commercially in rural West Bengal and Bangladesh. The most prominent characteristic of Jatra is over-acting with extreme use of traditional musical instruments. At present, Jatra has been modernized to feature crisis through stories. Jatra is good employment for those who can do it. Many popular Bengali film-artists participate in Jatra.
The evolution of theatre in Bangladesh, which follows more or less the South Asian tradition with a European mix later, may be narrated in terms of three distinct streams: (i) Sanskrit theatre and derivatives, (ii) the indigenous theatre and (iii) the European theatre. In the South Asian tradition dramatic conflict is not an indispensable structural element.
Sanskrit theatre and derivatives
Ancient period With the Gupta annexation of the greater portion of Bengal by the 4th century AD, the Aryan culture of the upper Gangetic plain penetrated into the region. The flourishing trade of Bengal led to the rise of urban centres patronising art and culture. It is quite logical to believe that in such urban centres, performances of classical Sanskrit theatre would be a part of cultural life, at least among the urbane classes of the society. A few literary evidences strongly support this assumption. The most important of these is a Sanskrit play titled Lokananda by chandragomi (6th c), a reputed Buddhist grammarian from Bengal. Lokananda is structured in four acts with a prologue. The play must have been popular, for I-Tsing states, 'people all sing and dance to it throughout the five countries of India'.
Bengal was connected with the Aryan culture until the mid-8th century, during which period Harsavardhan of Northern India, Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa, Yashovarman of Kanyakubja and Lalitaditya of Kashmir exerted influence. Harsavardhan a renowned Sanskrit playwright, was a patron of Bengali theatre. Bhavabhuti, the author of Malatimadhava, was the court-poet of Yasovarman. However, the most interesting account of a performance is recorded by the Kashmiri poet Kalhan in his Rajatarangini. According to him, Jayapida, the grandson of Lalitaditya, witnessed a performance given by a highly skilled dancer named Kamala in the temple of Kartikeya in the city of pundravardhana. The performance was given in accordance with Bharat's Natyashastra (a Sanskrit treatise on theatre ascribed to Bharat).
Nothing much is known about Sanskrit theatre during the Pala Rule in Bengal (mid-8th to mid-12th c) although the Tibetan historian Taranath mentions 'a grand dramatic performance that formed part of seasonal festival' in the city of Vikramapura.
The Senas, with their strong Brahmanical and south Indian background, were patrons of performances derived from Sanskrit tradition. King Vijayasena (c 1096-1159) and Bhavadev Bhatta (minister of King Hari Varman and a noted scholar) sponsored deva-dasis in the temples they established. Highly skilled in song, dance and music in the classical tradition as formulated in the Natyashastra, deva-dasis performed publicly in the temples and privately at royal courts. There are references in religious tracts of the period to nata (actor) as a separate class. Halayudh Mishra's sekhshubhodaya, a historical kavya or poem written in Sanskrit, also mentions nata (actors) and nartaki (danseuse) in the Sena court. Vidyapati's Purus Pariksa refers to a performance by an actor, Gandharva, in the court of King Laksmanasena. Prevalence of classical Sanskrit theatre in the Sena court can also be inferred from Govardhan Acharya's work, Aryasaptashati. Shlokas 174 and 538 of Aryasaptashati clearly refer to acting, curtain, and actress, which obviously imply the existence of Sanskrit theatre in the court of the Sena rulers.
Ragatarangini, a critical work on music composed in 1160 by Lochan Pandit, refers to an earlier text, Tambaru-nataka, a critical work on dramaturgy. A significant play written in this period is a Sanskrit performance-text, Gitagovindam (c 1200 AD) by Jaydev, the court-poet of Laksmanasena. In the Gitagovindam, Jaydev blended the existing popular tale of radha and krishna with one of the uparupakas of the classical Sanskrit tradition and set a new trend, which was to be echoed in the centuries. Jaydev performed the Gitagovindam as a singer with his wife Padmavati as a dancer.
The Gitagovindam has twelve parts and features three characters: Krishna, Radha, and Sakhi. The characters may be performed by three dancers or by a single dancer. The dancers sing their lines simultaneously as they dance with mimetic gestures (angika abhinaya). Between songs, the sutradhar (narrator) speaks verse narration, describing and commenting on the action, and introduces the characters and describes their mental states. The structure follows the pattern of Sanskrit theatre. The text resembles sangit-natakas (verse-plays) of the Nepalese court. The Gitagovindam and the Aryasaptashati bear evidence that in Laksmanasena's court, the love theme of Radha and Krishna, performed by courtesans, was a regular feature. Jaydev's text stood out as the model, to be emulated by the later poets in vernacular during the course of the following centuries.
Medieval period Sanskrit theatre received a serious setback towards the beginning of the 13th century when the Turkish took north-western Bengal from the Senas. Sagaranandi composed a critical work on Sanskrit dramaturgy, Natakalaksanaratnakosa; the very existence of a critical work on drama presupposes the continuance of the tradition of Sanskrit theatre in Bengal.
From the 16th century onwards, literary evidence appears in greater number. Towards the end of the same century, King Laksmana Manikya of Bhulua composed two plays, Vikhyata-vijaya and Kuvalayashva-charita, his son, Amara Manikya composed Vaikuntha-vijaya and a court poet, Kavitarkik, composed Kautuka-ratnakara. Krishnachandra Roy, tributary king of Nabadwip, continued the tradition in the 18th century. Chandi, unfinished play of court poet Bharatachandra, based on the mythological tale of Mahisasura Vadha (the slaying of the buffalo shaped asura), was influenced by Sanskrit dramaturgy, although the play is not entirely in Sanskrit. Although the play was never performed, the court of Krishnanagara is known to have produced a similar play, Chitra-yajna by Vidyanath Vachaspati, in 1777/78.
Rupa Goswami, one of Chaitanya's close associates based at Vrindavan, composed three Sanskrit plays, Bidagdha Madhava (1524), Lalita Madhava (1529), Dankeli-kaumudi (1549), as well as a critical work on Sanskrit dramaturgy, Nataka Chandrika. Jagannathavallabha by Ramananda Ray, Chaitanyachandrodaya by Kavikarnapur and Sangit Madhava by Govinda Das, were written outside Vrindavan. The plays by Rupa Goswami and Ramananda Ray are based on mythological tales of Krishna. Kavi Karnapur's play is based on the life of Chaitanya. Only Jagannathavallabha is known to have been performed. All save Govinda Das's play were translated into Bangla in the 17th century.
Modern translations of Sanskrit play-texts continued in the 19th century. A few of these are Krishna Mishra's Prabodhachandrodaya, kalidasa's Abhijnana-shakuntala (1848) and Ratnavali (1849). Scholars in Bengal composed Sanskrit texts in the modern period. Amara-mangala by Panchanan Tarkaratna (published c 1913), Nala-damayantiya and Syamantakoddhar by Kalipada Tarkacharyam are examples. Sanskrit theatre influenced Bangla plays initially. Jogendranath Gupta's Kirtibilas, credited as the first original Bangla play and the first tragedy, uses Nandi, the Sutradhara and Nati. The first Bangla play to be performed on stage, Ramnarayan Tarkaratna's Kulinkulasarvasva (composed in 1854, performed in 1857), uses the Nandi, the Sutradhara and the Nati.
With rising social consciousness and effects of western education, the conventions of Sanskrit theatre were seen to be ineffective in portraying the social ethos of the period. Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824-1873), the literary giant of this period, bridged the transition to an urban theatre independent of Sanskrit influence by introducing techniques of European dramaturgy. From the mid-19th century onwards, Sanskrit theatre and its derivatives ceased to be an effective force in the theatre of Bengal.
Narrative forms In the narrative forms of theatre, the lead-narrator (gayen) describes an event, portrays various characters related to the event and enacts the action, all in the third person. While engaged as described above, s/he partly speaks his/her lines in prose, partly recites in verse, and partly sings his/her story. S/he is assisted by the choral singers-cum-musicians (dohars), who employ musical instruments (Mridanga and Mandira) and sing choral passages. The gayen carries a chamar (whisk) in religious performances and occasionally dances while singing. Usually, the performer makes effective use of vocal inflections and physical gestures in his/her portrayal of the characters. Sometimes s/he also readjusts his/her basic costume, and uses a few props to make the portrayal more effective.
The earliest evidence of narrative theatre in Bengal can be traced to the charyapada or charyagiti, a form of songs popular in Bengal from the 9th to the 12th century AD. These songs were composed by Tantric Buddhist mendicants to expound their religious doctrine. They were presented to the lay populace with the help of dance, in a manner similar to the charya dance still seen in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
Ethnological studies indicate a long tradition of narrative theatre in the Natha cult. These performances were based on oral compositions of those dealing with the origin of the Natha siddhas and the subsequent rescue of Minanatha by his disciple Goraksanatha from the enticement of worldly pleasure and = those dealing with the exploits of Queen Maynamati and her son King Govindachandra (or Gopichandra), the disciple of Hadipa. Narrative performances based on the Maynamati-Gopichandra legend were created after the 11th century and gained wide currency in northern India. On the other hand, the performances based on the Goraksanatha-Minanatha legend are more difficult to date. If the Natha cult evolved in the 9th century, it is possible to place the earliest performances of the Goraksanatha-Minanatha legend in the 10th century.
None of the extant literary and liturgical texts of the Dharma cult can be dated beyond the 17th century. It is possible that in the 12th century, when the cult was in existence, there existed a body of oral narratives on which the later texts were built. Extant texts and current practice among the followers of the cult indicate that celebrations of the ancient period included narrative performances of oral compositions.
A large number of orally composed folk tales prevail at the popular level, such as Madhumalar Kechchha, Sakhisona, Malanchakanyar Kechchha, Shit-Basanta, Kanchanamala and Malatikusumamala, indicate that their original nuclei were created in the 12th century. All the tales are secular in content, and some of them are still performed in Bangladesh. It has been only since the first half of the 20th century that they have been scribed and published in editions such as Thakurmar Jhuli. For a predominantly non-literate audience, stories would be told rather than read, and the most expedient way to commit a story to memory is to have it composed in verse. Terra-cotta plaques depicting secular (Sanskrit Panchatantra) stories have been discovered in the temple of Somapura Monastery. It can be argued that the secular tales of the ancient period were orally composed in rhymed metrical verse and rendered as narrative performance.
Various political and social factors, including state-patronised Brahmanical hegemony in the 12th century and the advent of the Muslims in the early 13th century, caused a qualitative change in the culture of Bengal. There was a gradual acculturation, decay and transformation in Buddhist, Dharma and Natha cult performances. On the other hand, a new set of narrative performances appeared in the indigenous theatre of Bengal. Distinguishing between their subject matter, these can be divided into performances glorifying the Aryan pantheon and legendary heroes as recounted in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the indigenous pantheon as recounted in the mangalkavya or those on Muslim legendary heroes. The tradition of secular narratives continued, invigorated by interaction with the above. Early bangla literature was dependent on lyric. Literary compositions of the period under study should be held as performance-texts, rather than written and printed texts.
Largely based on the Bhagavata, Srikrishnavijay was composed in 1473-80. It is possible that narrative performance based on oral compositions of Krishna legends existed since the beginning of the 13th century. The translation of Valmiki's Ramayana in the first half of the 15th century presupposes the existence of narrative performances drawing from oral texts based on the exploits of Ramachandra.
Initiated in the early 16th century by Chaitanya (1486-1533), Gaudiya Vaisnavism made a significant contribution to the theatre of Bengal by giving rise to the narrative form known as Lila Kirtan, which had its formal inception at the famous festival of Kheur in 1576. Narottama Das, credited with having given structure to Lila Kirtan, strUng together brief Vaisnavite devotional songs known as padavalis to produce a coherent narrative based on a particular lila of Radha and Krishna. He synthesised the indigenous musical tradition of Bengal with the north Indian classical tradition.
Vijay Gupta's Padmapurana (1494) and Bipradas Pipilai's Manasavijaya (end of 15th c) are clear indications that narrative performances on the serpent goddess Manasa existed in the 15th century. Narrative performances based on oral compositions were prevalent in Bengal in the 13th and 14th centuries, before written texts. From the 16th century onwards, there are a number of mangalakavyas on Manasa, such as Narayan Dev's Padmapurana (first half of 16th c) and Ketakadas Ksemananda's Manasamangala (mid-17th c). Quite a few popular versions based on oral compositions came up during this period. Vijay Gupta's Padmapurana is still performed in south-western Bangladesh as Rayani Gan, while an adaptation of Narayan Dev's text is performed in north Bengal as Padmapurana Gan.
The 16th century is known as the era of mangalakavyas on chandi, for it was in this period that these gained widest currency. The most renowned mangalakavya on the goddess was composed by Kavikankana Mukundaran Chakravarti (c 1555-56). The signature-piece (bhanita) indicates that the poet performed Chandimangala and parts of it were rendered in lyric. His signature-pieces suggest that the poet was in the company of skilled musicians (kalanta, lit. well versed in classical music) and actors (natuya). Another section indicates that the performance was composed of git (song), badya (music), natya (acting) and dance, executed by actors and skilled musicians. This textual evidence proves that Chandimangala was in narrative form in the 16th century.
References in Chaitanya Bhagavata (Part I, Chapters 2 & 13; 1535-36) indicate the existence of Mangal Chandir Git (narrative performance based on eulogies of Mangal Chandi), in the first half of the 16th century. The same text testifies that narrative performances of Shiver Git, based on oral compositions in praise of Shiva, existed in the first half of the 16th century. A lone performer, who danced and played the damaru (drum) as he sang, would perform in a courtyard.
The appearance of yusuf-zulekha (c 1390-1410) marks the entry of a new element, the Perso-Arabic influence, in the history of performance in Bengal. rasulbijay (1474), which recounts the life of the Prophet, emphasised the keen interest of the Muslims in exerting their distinct identity by attempting to create a tradition parallel to the Hindu puranas. Both texts were composed under court patronage of the Muslim rulers and point to the beginning of narrative performances based on Islamic root-paradigms. By the 16th century, a number of texts dealing with Islamic cosmology and legends began to appear. Some of these (such as Maktul Hosain, Kashemer Ladai, Karbala and janganama), focus on the deaths of Imam Hasan and Imam Hosain and the revenge of their legendary half-brother, Hanifa. Others (nabi bangsha, Rasulbijay and amir hamza) illustrate a vast area, often beginning with the creation of the world, running right through legends related to various prophets, and ending with the life and accomplishments of the Prophet. The textual composition suggests that most of these were given as narrative performance.
Besides the two groups of texts mentioned above, there evolved a third, the stories of which were indigenous in origin. Based on various legends associated with a number of Muslim saints (pirs), these can be termed 'miracles of saints'. Most of these texts, composed in rhymed metrical verse, profess the efficacy of the cult of their respective pirs ie, Khwaja Khizir, Pir Madar, Gazi Pir, Satya Pir and Manik Pir. They seek to generate devotion in the cult followers and warn the non-believers of dire consequences.
Khwaja Khizir is the earliest Muslim saint whose miracles gained wide currency in the form of narrative (Khwaja Khizirer Jari) and processional performance (Beda Bhasan). Historical records on the celebration of Beda Bhasan by the ruling elite in 1626-27 indicate that the celebration was in existence by the mid-16th century. The hey-day of the cult and its performances were the 17th and the 18th centuries. On the other hand, granting privileges to the followers of Pir Madar by a Mughal viceroy of Bengal in 1659 (which included taking out processions in honour of the pir) indicate that narrative and processional performances related to the cult must have evolved by 1600 AD. Celebrations in honour of Pir Madar on the day of the full moon in Magh (mid-January to mid-February), accompanied by processions with bamboo poles and music played on dhak, dhol and kasi, date back to the first half of the 15th century when the cult was introduced in Bengal. Performances of the cult, which still exist in Bangladesh, are Madariya Michhil, Madar Bansher Gan and Madar Pirer Gan. These performances show that the cult had incorporated elements from Tantric practices. Historical accounts (Risalat al-Shuhada, second half of 15th c), textual evidence (Sheikh Faizullah's Gazibijay, second half of 16th c), ethnological studies and traditions reveal that the legend related to Pir Gazi arose shortly after 1600 AD. The earliest performance of the cult of Gazi, a narrative form known as gazir gan still seen in Bangladesh today, arose by the mid-17th century. The earliest literary reference to satya pir is to be found in kavi kanka's Vidya-Sundar (1502) while the earliest written text on the miracles of the pir was composed by Dvija Giridhara in 1663. It is believed that a form of narrative performance (Satya Pirer Gan), based on oral compositions, evolved in the second half of the 16th century. It was in the 18th and 19th centuries that the performance gained wide currency. Literary references to Manik Pir begin to appear in the first half of the 18th century and extant written texts in his honour were composed in the same century. It is possible that narrative performances based on oral compositions (Manik Pirer Jari) began to develop in the second half of the 17th century.
Secular narrative performances based on folk and fairy tales continued in the medieval period. Chaitanya Bhagavata mentions performances known as Yogi Paler Git, Bhogi Paler Git and Mahi Paler Git. The most significant development occurred in the kingdom of Arakan, where Bahram Khan (16th c) composed laily-majnu, a free translation of a Persian poetic text of the same title. Bahram Khan's text is important for it is one of those rare specimens of Bangla literature which end in separation and pathos. The text marks the beginning of a new trend of pathetic lore. The Arakanese court was a fertile ground for Muslim poets, the most famous of whom was Alaol (c 1607-1680), whose compositions include masterpieces such as padmavati (1651) and Saiful Muluk-Badiujjamal (1659-69). All these texts are secular and romantic in character. They draw their material from Hindi and Persian sources, thus enriching the theatre of Bengal with new vitality. All these texts were performed in narrative form and gained currency among the Muslim population. By the late 18th century, the pala gan appeared, the form that features the oral version of maimansingha-gitika.
The charyagiti reveal that song-and-dance performances were well known among Tantric Buddhists of the Pala society. The song composed by Kahnapa (text no 10)is an example; it contains the words 'dancing' and 'the profession of acting' as well as in the concluding two lines of another song composed by Vinapa (text no 17) which contains the words 'dancing', 'singing' and 'Buddhist drama'. Sketches of siddhacharyas in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries show Vinapa and Sarahapa with musical instruments, while Minapa, Dombipa and Jalandharipa are shown in dancing postures. These and other references to performances made in Tantric esoteric texts (such as Guhyasamajatantra) suggest that song-and-dance performances, aiming at spiritual liberation, were held in secluded spots at night or in temples. These song-and-dance performances were given by a male ascetic with his female partner and were accompanied by song (dohas and charyas sung by fellow ascetics) and dance.
The Tantric Buddhist tradition of song-and-dance performances continued among the followers of the Natha cult in performances such as Yogir Gan and Yugi Parva, seen in Bangladesh today. A glimpse of ancient song-and-dance performances of the cult can be seen in Goraksanath's performance in the presence of Minanatha as recounted in three narrative texts composed in the 16th century: goraksavijay by Sheikh Faizullah, Gorkha-vijay by Bhimsen Ray and Minachetan by Shyamadas Sen, and a play-text, Goraksa-vijay, by Vidyapati c 1403. Gopichandra Nataka (17th c), another play-text from the Nepalese royal court, further substantiates the contention made above.
Krttivas, in his preface to the Ramayana (1415-1433), records the popularity of song-and-dance performance in the royal court of the Muslim rulers of gauda. The so-called account of ma huan recorded in Ying Yai Sheng Lan (1408-1411) also confirms song-and-dance performance in the Muslim royal court. According to the Chinese text, song-and-dance type of performance were given by 'good singers and dancers' in gorgeous costume 'to enliven drinking and feasting'.
The composition of Srikrishnakirtan by c 1400 indicates that, by the 13th century, there existed among the people a song-and-dance performance based on oral compositions featuring three characters: Radha, Krishna, and Badai. The characters danced as they sang their lines. Like the Gitagovindam, these performances could be given by a single performer who would enact all the three characters or by three performers who would enact the characters separately. These were performed in rural festivals or during ritualised worship of deities in temples.
The existence of song-and-dance performances in the early 16th century is substantiated by Chaitanya Bhagavata (II, 18) which elaborately describes Chaitanya and his disciples enacting such a performance. Characters portrayed were Rukmini, Radha, her companion Suprabha, Badai, Kotala, Narada and his follower. One part of the performance featured Rukmini while the other, Radha. The spectators, all Chaitanya's followers, sat on all four sides of the performance space; the green room was situated at a little distance. At least one source of lighting was a torch held by a stagehand who moved with the performers. There exist only two more references to early song-and-dance performances within the fold of Vaisnavism. One is from Sylhet, in the first half of the 16th century, which may have given rise to ghatu gan of mymensingh. The other, from the second half of the same century, to a form referred to as Shekhari Jatra featuring Radha, soon became extinct. By the late 17th century, these early attempts matured into what is known as Pala Kirtana in Bangladesh today.
Supra-personae forms The masked dance of the Gambhira festival was originally an ancient shamanist or spirit cult performance of the Koch community. By the 9th century, the Tantric Buddhists in Bengal assimilated the performance to evolve their own forms of masked dance, which were similar to Astamatrika Dance, Mahakali Pyayakhan, Devi Pyayakhan (Kathmandu, Nepal) and Tibetan Buddhist masked dances. These dances were performed in the Buddhist monasteries during religious festivals, very much as in Tibetan and Nepalese practice. These performances were given at the year-ending celebration of chaitra sangkranti and were given after processional performances.
By the end of the 12th century, when Tantric Saivism in Bengal had assimilated decaying Tantric Buddhism, Buddhist masked dances were also adapted to give rise to Mahakali Pyayakhan, Devi Pyayakhan and similar dances. Tantric Saivite masked dances in Bengal, unlike those of Kathmandu Valley (Nepal), decayed because of Muslim conquest. What remains today can be seen in Mukho Nacha, Kali Kach, Gambhira festival and Sang Jatra.
Performance with scroll painting The existence of patuya sangit (performances with scroll paintings) in ancient Bengal is confirmed by two sources: Yama-pattika as referred to in Harsa-charita (7th c AD) and scroll painting of the santals. Banabhatta (the court-poet of Harsavardhan) in his Harsa-charita briefly describes a popular performance of Yama-pattaka witnessed by Harsavardhan on his way back to the capital after he learnt of the death of his brother. It was given by a performer with the help of a scroll-painting showing Yama, the King of the Underworld. On the other hand, recent ethnographic studies have shown that the Santal people have among them a type of scroll painting representing the origin of life (Ko Reyak Katha) and the passage of the dead from the mortal world to the life beyond (Chaksudan Pat). These too point to the ancient origin of Patuya Gan performances in Bengal. In the medieval period, scroll painting performances eulogising Ramachandra, Krishna, Manasa, Chandi were extremely popular. By the 18th century, scroll-painting performances gained popularity even among the Muslims, as evinced by Gazir Pat (scroll-painting performances eulogising Pir Gazi), which can still be seen in Bangladesh today.
Puppet theatre It is not known when puppet theatre was introduced in Bengal. The earliest extant literary evidence of the existence of the form in Bengal is a couplet in Yusuf-Zulekha (1391-1410). As signified there, these performances were given with the help of string puppets. It is possible that orally composed tales of gods and goddesses, such as those of Krishna, Rama, Manasa etc, were produced in these performances. Mukunda Chakravarti's Chandimangala (1555-56) and krishnadas kaviraj's chaitanya charitamrita (c 1560-80) definitely point to the existence of puppet theatre during this period. Judging by the popularity of cults and the existing tradition among current performers, it could be safely assumed that these were related to Krishna, Rama, Manasa, Chandi and Chaitanya. Interestingly, no Islamic narrative ever seems to have been performed by puppets in Bengal. String puppets still exist in Bangladesh today.
Processional Forms Processional performances are characterised by the use of tableaux, music, song and dance, all of which form a part of large processions (jatra) attended by adherents of a particular religious faith. In many ways, these performances hold the key to the history of indigenous theatre because they brought together all the three types discussed above, to give birth to jatra, the most popular form of the indigenous theatre which can claim to be indeed the national theatre idiom.
From the description provided by fa-hien during his visit to India (399 to 414 AD), it is known that on the 8th day of the second month (roughly the last week of May), a highly popular Buddhist religious festival used to be held in Pataliputra. In it, a number of well-decorated chariots (ratha) with the image of the Buddha and other deities installed within, were drawn through the streets and were accompanied by 'singers and skilful musicians'. Hiuen Tsiang witnessed similar festivals at Kanauj and Allahabad. Harsavardhan himself accompanied the procession dressed as Indra, and his friend, Bhaskaravarman, the king of kamarupa (assam), appeared disguised as brahma. Each day of the festival opened with lavish performances of dance and music, vocal and instrumental. I-Tsing also reports about similar processions in samatata (eastern Bangladesh) in the second half of the 7th century. These evidences clearly point to the existence of Buddhist processional performances in the 7th century Bengal, which featured chariots with images of deities, song, music, dance and character impersonation (such as Indra and Brahma). At the end of these processions, masked dance and narrative performances were given in the monasteries. The existence of Matsendranatha Jatra in Nepal makes it possible to believe that the followers of the Natha cult in Bengal may also have developed their own procession in 10th or 11th century.
By the early 12th century, processional performances had spread among the followers of the Dharma cult. Extant literary and liturgical texts and current practice among the followers of the cult indicate that in the 12th century, its followers participated in religious celebrations, which included processional performance. The processions would be led by 'the sandal of Dharma (placed) on a golden palanquin', followed by music (played on various instruments), song and dance of the devotee. The processions also included a sang, ie, a clown with a painted face (or wearing a mask) and dressed as a mythical character. The clown may also be seen today in Dharmer Gajan processions. The clown of ancient Dharmer Gajan processions possibly performed brief mimetic dance pieces which depicted legends related to the cult. In all probability, these performances would begin from the temples of dharma thakur, circumambulate neighbouring habitations and end at the temple again. There, narrative performances and masked dances were held in honour of deities of the cult.
By the end of the 12th century, Tantric Saivism had assimilated the Tantric Buddhist and the Dharma cult processions. Tantric Saivite processions, given as a year-ending celebration of Chaitra Samkranti, included impersonation of various deities, mythical heroes, animals and supernatural beings singing and dancing to music played on drums and cymbals. The processions began from Saivite temples, circumambulated neighbouring habitations and ended at the point of origin. Ritualistic and masked dances would be given at temple precincts in the evening and would continue through the night. Remnants of these ancient performances, known as Shiver Gajan, Niler Gajan, and processions of Sang Jatra and Astak Jatra, can still be seen in Bangladesh.
Possibly around the 14th century, the Shakta cult was beginning to incorporate processional performances into its fold. Kalika-purana specifies that the celebration in honour of Kali (in her manifestation as Durga, the slayer of Mahisasura) is to culminate on the 10th day with a procession for immersion of the idol (visarjana). The procession is to be made up of virgins and courtesans well-versed in music, performers (nata) and musicians who are to play sangkha, turi, mrdanga and dhak. Others are to carry colourful flags, scatter fluffed rice (khai), flower, dust and mud. It is also prescribed that erotic conduct is to prevail in absolute carnivalesque abandon in order to please the goddess. It is possible, as recent ethnological studies reveal, that some form of performance would also be given in temple precincts after the procession. By the late medieval period, the Sakta cult had developed a large number of processional performances. Bamakesvar-tantra (a Tantric text) specifies sixteen processions to be taken out annually in honour of the goddess Bhagavati.
By the 16th century, processional performances were immensely popular among the Vaisnavites as well. Raghunandan, a famous smrti scholar from 15th-16th century, ruled twelve processions in honour of vishnu. The Vaisnavite processional performances gradually incorporated tableaux of Vaisnavite mythologies placed on chariots drawn by devotees and characters representing major mythological characters accompanying the procession on foot. During his lifetime, Chaitanya brought out processions accompanied by singing and dancing of his followers, for mobilising mass support. Vaisnavite processional performances still exist in Bangladesh today in the form of Janmastami Michhil in dhaka (initiated in 1555) and Nauka-vilas Michhil in tangail (possibly acculturated from ancient Buddhist/Dharma cult practice).
The Vaisnavites (particularly the Gaudiya Vaisnavites) are to be credited with further development of the processional performance. During his residence at Puri, Chaitanya and his followers enacted a curious form of performance, best described as 'environmental', which has been recounted in Chaitanya Charitamrta (Part II, Chapter 15). In one of these, they appeared in a procession at a festival site, dressed as Hanumana and his army of monkeys. There they enacted an excerpt from the Ramayana (the attack on and the destruction of the castle of Lanka), on a locale that was created in advance at the festival site. References to similar performances have also been given in the Chaitanya Bhagavata, where it is described that in their childhood, Nityananda and his friends play-acted various tales of Rama and Krishna. In these, the locale of each scene was created in advance in natural environs in a manner similar to Rama Lila of north India. At some time during the lifetime of Chaitanya, the processional performances got linked with the environmental so that the performers and the spectators moved bodily in procession from one locale to another. Narayan Bhatta, a disciple of the 16th century goswamins or ascetics, Rupa and Sanatana, is credited with having established Bana jatra in the countryside of Braja (north India). In Bana jatra, devotees moved in procession to spots where Krishna lilas are believed to have occurred; in each spot, young boys enacted a particular lila associated with the spot. After Chaitanya's death, processional-environmental performances based on various legends associated with Krishna (such as the slaying of the Kaliya serpent) appear to have continued and can still be seen today in nauka-vilas michhil of Tangail. Some scholars believe that similar performances existed in the Shakta fold as well, in the form of Chandi Jatra, the content of which was based on Chandimangala.
The basic characteristics of these processional-environmental performances were (i) the enactment of each scene in separate out-door environs specially created or adapted from natural sites and (ii) processions of spectators who accompanied the performers from one environment to another. Generally, these performances were given during religious festivities and celebrations as a part of processions in honour of the cult deity. By the end of the medieval period, the Buddhist-Dharma-Natha processional performances of the ancient period (which entailed narrative performances and masked dances at the end of the procession in temples/monasteries) had evolved into Vaisnavite processional-environmental performances (which incorporated performances in specific natural environs). During the evolution, the two performances were linked by the processional performances of the Tantric Saiva-Sakta cult.
By the second half of the 18th century, professional performance troupes began to produce various lilas of Krishna not in actual environs but in nat-mandapas or courtyards of rural homesteads and public grounds, that is, any 'non-environmental' space. More importantly, these began to be given not only on religious festivals but also on other days as desired by sponsors. Generally known as kaliya-daman jatra, these performances may have had some interaction with the court-sponsored Sanskrit theatre of Nabadwip. The kaliya-daman texts were based on Krishna legends, drawn from the puranas and popular sources. Kaliya-daman jatra was predominantly lyrical. The adhikari (regisseur or proprietor of the troupe) played the role of Vrinda (a companion of Radha) or Muni Gonsai (Narada) and guided the entire action like a sutradhara by narrating parts of the action in improvised prose and pre-composed verse and lyric. The other parts were rendered as dialogue between him/her and various characters. Shishuram Adhikari (c mid-18th century) was possibly the earliest exponent of the form. Concurrently with kaliya-daman jatra, a few more forms were also popular in Bengal, all of which were similar in form but varied in content. These were Chaitanya jatra (based on the life of Chaitanya), Chandi jatra (with content drawn from Chandimangala) and Rama jatra (with content drawn from the Ramayana). By the early 19th century there evolved the Bhasan jatra, the content of which was drawn from Manasamangala. However, vestiges of medieval processional-environmental performances continued with rasa jatra in which the rasa dance of Krishna and the milkmaids was enacted.
Kaliya-daman jatra lost its popularity after 1840s, to be replaced by Krishna jatra, which can still be seen in Bangladesh. Although both the forms were based on Krishna lila, the texts of Krishna jatra were entirely dialogic, with a greater portion being in prose. Its popularity faded after the early 20th century. Similar structural changes affected Chandi jatra and Bhasan jatra as well. The latter still exists in Bangladesh.
The first half of the 19th century ushered in a qualitative transformation in the social life of the Bengalis belonging to the Hindu community, especially in urban areas such as calcutta. The essence of the change can be summed up as laying greater emphasis on the material as opposed to the spiritual and Eurocentricism as opposed to tradition-bound conservatism. A section of the indigenous theatre based in Kolkata responded to the social changes. Thus from Krishna jatra arose natun jatra (lit. 'new jatra') in the 1820s. Natun jatra aimed entirely at secular entertainment by enacting pseudo-mythological tales with emphasis on the human aspects (such as vidyasundar) but its structure was similar to Krishna jatra. Natun jatra performances were given by professional troupes, the most famous of which was that of Gopal Ude (1819-1859). In the 1860s, the sizzling sensation of natun jatra began to wear out and gitabhinay appeared, which projected a curious blend of bhakti from Krishna jatra, merriment from natun jatra and pathos from European-influenced Bangla theatre. Gradually, gitabhinay reduced emphasis on lyric and dance, and, in its place, prose dialogue began to play a more dominant role. In terms of plot construction, it gradually began to assimilate techniques of building action based on conflict, from the European theatre. However, its content was drawn from Hindu mythology. The rise of Neo-Hinduism in the 1870s brought about a temporary reversal by reinstating the spiritual and religious tradition. Consequently, there grew a demand for performances which would promote religious devotion. Madanmohan Chattapadhyay responded to the demand and reformed natun jatra by drawing elements from gitabhinay. Known as Pauranic jatra (lit 'mythological jatra'), the new form drew its content from the Ramayana, the Bhagavata, the Brahma-vaivarta Purana, the Harivangsha, etc.
The partition of bengal (1905) raised the question of nationalism to the forefront. Consequently, social life in Bengal witnessed a surge of interest on the theme of national identity. This trend is reflected in the indigenous theatre with the evolution of aitihasik jatra (lit. 'historic jatra'), and swadeshi jatra (lit. 'nationalist jatra'). Whereas aitihasik jatra drew its content from semi-historical stories, swadeshi jatra incorporated contemporary issues such as colonial exploitation, patriotism, anti-colonial struggle, oppression of feudal lords etc. The latter, under the guidance of actor-playwright Mukunda Das, earned unprecedented popularity in Bengal. The colonial government banned three of his plays and he himself faced imprisonment.
From the 1920s, jatra failed to respond to the rising heat in the political arena and chose to dwell safely on mythologies and histories. From the mid-20th century, jatra turned to social themes and reflected crises in family life in confrontation with society. Popularly known as samajik jatra, it did raise questions of Hindu-Muslim relationships, but the approach was sentimental rather than analytical. The jatra is a spent force today, and its principal device to arouse public interest is erotic song-and-dance numbers.
No major innovation can be noticed among the 'Islamic' forms in the 19th and the 20th centuries. The number of followers of Pir Madar declined sharply after their rebellion failed. Performances related to Khwaja Khizir also declined after the rise of the Islamic reform movement of the Faraizis (1818-1860s), which called for pristine purity of Islam. Performances related to the three other pirs managed to survive in pockets where the faraizi movement was relatively weak: Gazi (around Sundarban Forest), Satya (in Dinajpur-Rangpur-Rajshahi belt) and Manik (in Khulna-Jessore belt). The followers of the last three pirs were drawn into the rising popularity of jatra performances and, by the mid-19th century, evolved Gazir jatra, Satya Pirer jatra and Manik Pirer jatra. These forms can still be seen in Bangladesh.
European theatre Political and economic measures undertaken by the English colonisers from 1757 onwards led to the bengal renaissance in the early 19th century, which affected all aspects of intellectual pursuits in Bengal. Its immediate effect was a bifurcation of society into the rural and urban cultures. The elitist urban culture and the European theatre of the economically powerful minority fashioned itself around European models. It demonstrated tremendous vitality, opened new directions, but, as in most cases, also lost touch with the majority and their rural culture. The indigenous theatre, which in most cases remained a part of the rural culture, has failed to meet the demands of the 21st century life in Bangladesh and a process of fossilisation has already set in. On the other hand, the European theatre has been dynamic because the elite urban intelligentsia, who have been responding to the needs of urban spectators, have sustained it.
Until 1947, the theatre of the urban elite in Bengal was centred in Calcutta, the economic and political seat of power of 19th century India. With the creation of Pakistan, Dhaka gained importance as the urban cultural centre of eastern Bengal and continued its dominance in independent Bangladesh. In the following section, the history of theatre of undivided Bengal will be traced until 1947, following which it will focus on eastern Bengal, later Bangladesh.
Introduction of European theatre The earliest known English theatre in Bengal, a proscenium playhouse known as 'The Theatre', was built in Calcutta in 1753 and was closed following Nawab sirajuddaula's attack on the city in 1756. In 1775 'The New Playhouse', also called 'The Calcutta Theatre', came up. Until 1808, when it went out of business, the theatre performed Shakespeare, Massinger, Congreve, Sheridan etc. Initially, male actors performed female roles but the practice soon gave way to female performers. A host of other proscenium playhouses soon followed, of which the Chowrangee Theatre (1813-39) and the Sans Souci Theatre (1839-1849) gained wide fame and renown. dwarkanath tagore was the only Bengali associated with the Chowrangee and he later purchased the theatre. However, until the day the Chowrangee was burnt down, the English managed it, produced English plays (Sheridan, Goldsmith, Shakespeare and other popular plays from the London stage) and the performers were all English. However, by the time of the Sans Souci, Bengali participation was on the rise. A number of Bengalis were associated with it and a Bengali performed the title role in Othello (1848), although all the other performers were English. However, the Sans Souci too performed only English plays. The English theatre continued in the second half of the 19th century, but lost its significance due to the rise of native Bangla theatre.
Imitation, assimilation and formation The first performance of a play in Bangla, on a proscenium stage, by an all-native cast (both male and female), was produced by a Russian named gerasim stepanovitch lebedeff (1749-1817), on 27 November, 1795. The play, a translation of Richard Jodrell's comedy, The Disguise, was performed at the Bengally Theatre at 25 Doomtullah (presently Ezra) Street, Calcutta. Lebedeff himself translated the play. Although the cost of admission was high, the interest of Bengali spectators can be gauged from the full house the performance enjoyed.
In the first half of the 19th century, colonial educational institutions such as Hindu college and Oriental Seminary played the most influential role in disseminating interest in European theatre. As a part of the newly introduced educational curricula in the schools and colleges, Shakespeare soon assumed the position of an ideal model. After a few stray attempts in the first half of the 19th century, the proscenium theatre was considered fashionable enough to be sponsored by affluent zamindars as private theatre in and around the mid-19th century. The most important of these was the Belgachia Theatre (1858-1861), credited as being the first permanent proscenium theatre of Bengal, which was built by the Rajas of Paikpara at their Belgachia Villa. The theatre took pride in its quality orchestra, fine perspective backdrops, gas-lanterns, and limelight.
From the mid-19th century, Bengalis began attempts at assimilating European dramaturgy. Michael Madhusudan Dutt paved the way for future playwrights by successfully demonstrating the techniques of European dramaturgy with plays such as Sharmistha (premiered at the Belgachia where he made his debut in 1859), Padmavati (published 1860, premiered 1865) and a historical tragedy titled Krishna Kumari (published 1861, premiered 1867). Madhusudan shines most brilliantly with his farces, where the language is easy, the attack is sharp and relevant, and the characters are drawn distinctly. In Ekei Ki Bale Sabhyata (published 1860, premiered 1865), he ridicules the ultra-progressive Young Turks who blindly copied European culture and in Buda Shaliker Ghade Ron (published 1860, premiered 1867), he aims at unmasking the hypocrisy of the affluent. Ironically, the Sanskrit theatre, whose fetters he tried to break, tightened its grip on his last play, Mayakanan (1874).
dinabandhu mitra (1830-1873), a contemporary of Madhusudan Dutt, wrote Nildarpan (1860), which effectively deals with the ruthless exploitation of Bengal peasants by the powerful English indigo planters in rural Bengal. Considered a realistic play of popular protest by many, the play is in effect melodramatic in its treatment of blood and torture but its content reflected contemporary social reality in a manner meaningful to urban middle-class Bengali society. Although he composed a number of other plays, Mitra is also celebrated as 'a veritable magician of laughter' for his farces: Biye Pagla Buda (1866), Sadhabar Ekadashi (1866) and Jamai Barik (1871).
Early years of the public theatre (1870s-1920s) On 7 December 1872, history was made with the opening of the first public playhouse in Bengal, the National Theatre, with Mitra's Niladarpana. The playhouse with its proscenium stage was a temporary construction in the courtyard of a private residence in Calcutta and was formed by a group of theatre-crazy youths belonging to Baghbazar Amateur Theatre (1869-1872), some of whom were to become stars of professional theatre in the next few years. The public playhouse opened European theatre to the urban middle class. No longer the handmaid of the affluent, the theatre was free to serve a wider public and thereby gain strength and maturity. The Bengal Theatre, which opened in 1873, was the first permanent playhouse with a proscenium stage in Bengal. The maiden performance of Bengal Theatre, Madhusudan's Sarmistha, also created history because for the first time in professional European theatre, female performers (Jagattarini, Golap, Elokeshi and Shyama) enacted female roles. Gaslight was used to light these playhouses until 1887 when dynamo-produced electric lighting was introduced for the first time at the Emerald Theatre. Stage locales were usually established with the help of painted wings and backdrops. In playwriting, the five-act romantic tragedy, especially that of Shakespeare, was the model. The acting was mostly declamatory and melodramatic. At the risk of oversimplification, one may describe the productions as escapist entertainment in which songs and dances of dancing girls (sakhis) and other sensational contrivances were indispensable elements.
Soon after its inception, public theatre faced the wrath of the British Raj when the Great National Theatre staged a farce named Gajananda O Yubaraj (19 February 1876). The play was immediately banned. Soon after, the British government passed the Dramatic Performance Control Act of 1876, which empowered it to 'prohibit certain dramatic performances, which are scandalous, defamatory, seditious, obscene or otherwise'. The Act was repealed in 2001. As for the public theatre of Calcutta, it found political criticism too hot to handle and the wrath of the state too strong to defend with its tinsel arms. Hence, after the first skirmish, for the most part it chose to play shy, even when faced with the swadeshi movement beginning in 1905. The major exceptions were some of the historical plays of girish chandra ghosh (1844-1912) and dwijendralal roy (1863-1913).
The second half of the 19th century saw a gradual rise of religious revivalism and traditionalism within the urban middle-class Bengali Hindu society in Calcutta. In theatre, the trend was reflected in plays by girish chandra ghosh, an exceptionally versatile actor and director of high merit. He wrote about seventy plays, many of which were based on mythological tales, lives of saints and religious heroes and projected intense devotional fervour. An example of these is Chaitanya Lila, based on the life of Chaitanya. Whereas Michael Madhusudan and Mitra strove to emulate European dramaturgy both in form and spirit, Girish Chandra Ghosh chose only the form (for him, Shakespeare); his ideological frame and mental makeup was structured on Krttivas's Ramayana and Kashiram Das's Mahabharata. It is only in his social and historical plays (Prafulla and Sirajuddaula, respectively) that Ghosh manages to extricate himself from a revivalist fervour. He is also credited for introducing psychological dimension in character interpretation, acting, and training of performers.
From about 1900 until the Great War, historical plays, often based on patriotic themes began to dominate the scene. Although Girish Chandra Ghosh continued to exert his influence, Dwijendralal Roy was an equal if not a greater factor to be considered. A good example of an intellectual of the colonial period who successfully assimilated the culture of the ruling race, Roy was not directly attached to any theatre. Infused with patriotism that was at once secular and humanist, he redirected the attention of his spectators to the spiritual realm of humanity. Some of Roy's better known plays are Rana Pratap Singha (1905), Nurjahan (1908) and Shajahan (1909).
Beside the mythological and historical plays mentioned above, the period also produced social dramas, domestic comedies, and gitabhinay musicals. Two other playwrights of this period were jyotirindranath tagore (1849-1925), and amrita lal basu (1852-1929). Jyotirindranath contributed a number of quality translations (Julius Caesar, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme etc) and historical plays. Amrita Lal Basu, also a well-known actor, earned his fame for his farces, which ridiculed the influence of European culture on Bengali society.
Blending of the indigenous and the European: Rabindranath Tagore Parallel to Girish Chandra Ghosh, Dwijendra Lal Roy and others in the public theatre but distinctly independent, rabindranath tagore (1861-1941) wrote and directed plays that were unique for their blend of the indigenous and the European - a blend so subtle that it almost appears organic. The form of theatre which Tagore evolved in his so-called symbolic-allegoric plays is a fusion of the song-and-dance (in the abundant use of song and in the absence of cause-and-effect formula for building action) and the European dramaturgy (in the use of conflict and a few techniques in building character). The conflict of spirit and matter that drives Raktakarabi (1926) and Muktadhara (1922), also Achalayatan (1922) to a large extent, disappears after the battle in Raja (1911) and is hardly present in Dakghar (1912). The influence of the song-and-dance tradition continues in Basanta (1923), Nabin (1931) and Shrabanagantha (1934). The absence of dramatic conflict is so apparent that a few scholars have refused to acknowledge them as plays.
Finally, in Chitrangada (1936), Chandalika (1938) and Shyama (1939), when he successfully blends the song-and-dance tradition, plays low on dramatic conflict and instead focuses on rasa, the influence of the indigenous is more than apparent. Vocal against the painted backdrop and the proscenium frame, Tagore preferred an intimate performance space like that of the jatra. His work, other than a few farces, mostly proved failures in the public theatre on the rare occasions when they were performed until the 1950s when Bahurupi, a theatre group in Calcutta, performed them. Nevertheless, his work has proved to be immensely influential on theatre practitioners and in literary circles.
Social concerns and nationalism (1920s-1940s) The First World War and the death of the two stalwarts, Girish Chandra Ghosh and Dwijendralal Roy, saw a decline in the public theatre. When it began to revive again in the 20s, a qualitative change was noticeable. Socially, theatre began to be accepted by the cultured elite as an artistic medium, and an increasing number of persons with institutional education began to take up theatre as a serious artistic career. Plays on social themes began to attract greater attention than those on historical and mythological themes. The five-act model began to give way to the techniques of Ibsen and Shaw. The mythological plays that survived shifted focus from the supernatural to the human, while the historical plays attempted to project historical accuracy instead of melodramatic heroism.
The shift of emphasis was noticeable in production style as well. The acting style, pioneered by shishir kumar bhaduri (1889-1959), became less declamatory and more natural. Ensemble acting, meaningful composition, and non-melodramatic speech began to acquire importance. Picture-frame illusion of contemporary social life began to acquire increasing dominance. In 1931, Satu Sen returned from America to revolutionise lighting and set design in the Calcutta-based Bengali theatre. Foot-lights gave way to overhead directional lighting. The painted backdrop began to be replaced with the 'Box set'. Historical accuracy in costume and set design gradually replaced anachronism. Background music played by a live orchestra began to take on a more subdued note. The quality of songs and dances improved, and the indispensable troupe of dancing girls (sakhis) of the previous era gradually disappeared. The period also marked the emergence of the director as a co-ordinator who sought meaningful unity of all elements of a production.
Important playwrights of this period were Manmatha Roy (1899-1988), Sachindra Nath Sengupta (1892-1961) and Bidhayak Bhattacharya (1907-1986). Manmatha Roy shot into prominence in 1923 with his one-act play, Muktir Dak, and set the trend of one-acters. Roy's plays reflected current issues, although he made use of mythological and historical materials. In Karagar (1930), banned by the British Government, he uses a familiar mythological tale from the Bhagavata Purana to project Krishna as the liberator from Kangsha's oppressive regime. Shachindranath Sengupta is remembered for his historical play Gairik Pataka, which proclaimed patriotism when the Civil Disobedience Movement was at its height. However, Sengupta's primary contribution to Bengali theatre was the change he initiated both in content and form in plays on social themes. Here he abandoned the five-act structure and attempted to depict the psychology of his characters. In Jhader Rat (1931), an avant-garde play of his time, Sengupta probed into feminine psychology and championed the emancipation of women. Bidhayak Bhattacharya, who made his public appearance with the social play Meghamukti (1938), is known for his depiction of the urban middle class in a changing society and the resulting clash of values in family life experienced during the 30s and the 40s. Some of his well-known plays are Matir Ghar (1939), Bish Bachhar Age (1939), Rakter Dak (1941).
However, even with the best of Manmatha Roy, Shachindranath Sengupta and Bidhayak Bhattacharya, the public playhouses of Calcutta failed to project critical consciousness regarding contemporary social and political reality. Leading artists with socio-political concerns attempted to join the Progressive Writers' Association (1936) and the Anti-Fascist Writers' and Artistes' Union (1942), without significant success. Fhe Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA; 1943) organised the city-based artists in an honest attempt to join the rank and file. Soon after its creation, Bengal was faced with a man-made spectre: the famine of 1943, which left 5 million dead. Faced with the reality of hunger and death, the Bengal branch of IPTA produced Bijan Bhattacharya's Nabanna (1944), which had a far-reaching influence on Bengali theatre. It initiated a new era of play- writing (by projecting immediate reality in familiar language) and acting (that was closer to daily life. Primarily it challenged the role and function of theatre practitioners in society and infused political direction in theatre. The post-Nabanna theatre of Calcutta created the trend of Group Theatre, ie, ideologically motivated groups of theatre activists who strove to attain artistic excellence as well as socio-political relevance in their work. Since such a concept of theatre was not economically viable, they chose not to accept payment for their work and therefore, for their daily sustenance, sought alternative employment.
The language movement of 1952 intensified the political polarisation of the language-based and the religious-based camps. In the theatre scene, there was a marked rise in social awareness and political commitment in the language-based nationalist camp. They continued their dominance in Dhaka, with the university as their bastion. Munier Chowdhury wrote his epoch-making Kabar as a political prisoner in the Dhaka Central Jail, and it was performed by other political prisoners on 21 February 1953. Although the play reveals a strong influence of Irwin Shaw's Bury the Dead, it has remained one of the most important theatre pieces for its simplicity and social relevance. The play was performed at night by the prison inmates who improvised a set on a shoestring budget and used hurricane lanterns, lamps, and matchsticks as their lighting source. The appeal of the play lies in its central political issue (the inalienable right of a people to its cultural heritage) and poignant human suffering (police brutality and massacre).
In 1956, the Drama Circle was created. This was an amateur group of committed theatre activists, who played an important role in introducing contemporary Euro-American design concepts and performance techniques through their productions of European classics, contemporary American and local plays. Akm Bazlul Karim (d 1977), associated with the group since its inception, is still remembered for his dedication and directorial excellence.
Martial Law was clamped down in 1958, silencing the growing demand for social justice and political rights voiced by the language-based nationalists. Theatre lay impoverished in terms of socio-political awareness, concentrating on plays toeing the central government's policy of religion-based nationalism or experimental work which were 'subtle' or 'neutral'. In Dhaka as well as district towns, the number of productions grew. These were run-of-the-mill social plays, along with some historical and mythological plays. There was also a short-lived attempt at professional theatre at the Minerva Theatre (1957-1964). Major experimental playwrights were Syed Waliullah (1922-1971) and Saeed Ahmed (b 1931). Waliullah brought to his work (Bahipir, Taranga Bhanga and Ujane Mrtyu) a European artistic sensibility and insight that had been unknown in Bangla theatre. Termed a symbolist, Waliullah's symbolism is far removed from that of Maeterlinck or Tagore because of a strong materialist bias and the absence of spiritualism. Saeed Ahmed's Kalbela (The Thing, 1966) is a milestone in the theatre of South Asia for it introduced the theatre of the absurd for the first time. Later, he came up with two more plays that were avant-garde: Milepost and Trsnay. Zia Hyder's (1936-2008) Shuvra Sundar Kalyani Ananda is another important avant-garde addition to contemporary theatre, where he seeks to explore the myth of peace in human society.
A popular uprising in 1969 cracked the central government's authoritative and suppressive rule. Politically conscious theatre activists responded to the growing language-based nationalist movement with street-plays and open-air performances that projected militant nationalist sentiment. Surprisingly, there were no organised attempts in putting up plays during the war of liberation either in the liberated areas or in the refugee camps in India.
Bangladesh: the flowering that was not (1971-1999) Theatre was possibly the most forceful and exuberant expression of post-liberation Bangladesh. Numerous non-professional theatre groups were formed all over the country, modelled after the group theatre movement in post-Nabanna Calcutta. The most important among these in Dhaka city were Theatre (established February 1972), Nagarik Natya Sampraday (established 1968, first performance August 1972), Natyachakra (established August 1972), Aranyak Natyadal (established 1972), Dhaka Theatre (established July 1973) and, in Chittagong, Theatre '73 (established 1973), and Arindam (established September 1974).
All these groups are committed to a language-based nationalism and, in varying degrees, believe in raising social consciousness through theatre. Most of the members are students, while a few belong to independent vocations. There are no professional theatre practitioners because the profession is not economically viable. During the early years of theatre in Bangladesh, none of the practitioners had formal training in theatre. However, they made up this deficiency with their zeal and exuberance. They raised the money for their productions through individual contributions, advertisements inserted in programme folders and box-office sales. Undaunted by the absence of a proscenium stage equipped with modern technical facilities, the theatre groups staged their productions in the small and poorly equipped Mahila Samity Auditorium that had originally been built for seminars. The range of texts performed by the groups varied widely: from Euro-American plays to contemporary originals written by group members themselves. A completely new set of playwrights appeared, important among whom were Abdullah al-Mamun, Mamunur Rashid, Syed Shamsul Huq, Salim al-Deen, Mumtazuddin Ahmed and SM Solaiman.
The post-liberation exuberance in theatre resulted in saturation in the early 80s when the middle-class practitioners found it difficult to make ends meet with the little money performance generated. There were also developments in various directions. The most significant of these was the induction of a number of theatre practitioners trained abroad, who added technique and skill to acting, design, and direction. By the end of the decade, three universities had theatre as a course of study: Chittagong University (introduced in 1970 by Professor Zia Hyder), jahangirnagar university (introduced in 1986) and the University of Dhaka (introduced in 1989). Two more institutes were also functioning by then: Natya Shikshangan (1976) and Theatre School (1990). Faced with autocratic rule in the political arena, many groups also took up theatre as a viable medium for popular protest. Significant among these were Jago Laksa Nur Hosain by Karak Natya Sampraday, Royal Bengal Tiger by Lokanatya Dal and Maharajer Gunakirtan by Desh Natak. Another important area of proliferation was the Mukta Natak movement initiated by Aranyak, in which members of the group sought to conscientise rural landless peasants and create performances with them. In mainstream theatre, the most interesting development was the attempt taken up by Dhaka Theatre and a number of other groups to incorporate indigenous performance elements in modern theatre practice in productions such as Keramat Mangal and Hat Hadai by Salim al-Deen (produced by Dhaka Theatre), Mahuyar Pala by Nazmul Ahsan (produced by Khulna Theatre) and Inggit and Ei Deshe Ei Beshe by S M Solaiman (produced by Dhaka Padatik).
During the 90s, three important attempts were made towards creating professional theatre: Bangla Theatre (1991), Theatre Art (1992) and the Centre for Asian Theatre (1994). All these, save the last, have failed. Although Aranyak's Mukta Natak movement has lost all its energy, theatre is being used by non-government organisations for addressing issues related to development. There have been some interesting productions, which include Chaka by Salim al-Deen (produced by Dhaka Theatre), adaptation of bisad-sindhu by mir mosharraf hossain (produced by Dhaka Padatik), Shes Sanglap by the Egyptian playwright Tawfiq al-Hakim (produced by Ganayana), Meraj Fakirer Ma by Abdullah al-Mamun (produced by Theatre), Irsa by Syed Shamsul Huq (produced by Nagarik), Kamalaranir Sagar Dighi (produced by the Department of Theatre and Music, University of Dhaka), an adaptation of Arthur Miller's Crucible (produced by Natyakendra) and Nitya Purana by Masum Reza (produced by Desh Natak).
In 2001, urban theatre in Bangladesh has lost much of its ideological commitment and is gradually being marginalised. The middle-class practitioners who bore the burden of performing for passion appear to have run out of steam. In an increasingly free-market economy and globalised cultural sway, theatre may soon find itself redundant. One option for it to survive is to turn professional, but it does not seem economically viable in the near future. The other option is to trust popular instinct. It has managed to survive against many odds for over fifteen centuries; surely it will survive as a cultural expression of the people*.
In Bangladesh there is nothing called the theatre season. The show goes on throughout the year, there is no recess or official beginning of the new season; in practice, the theatre season begins in Sept-Oct with the advent of autumn and the easing of long monsoon rains. The traditional folk-theatre Jatra had very elaborate rituals at the beginning of its season, which commenced with the harvesting and Durga Puja, the major religious festival of the Hindus. The Jatra season was connected with nature's cycle, performances being held in villages during winter when harvesting is over. Growing urbanization has changed that pattern and the theatre has not replaced it.
Dhaka Theatre, Nagorik, Aranyok continued with their previous productions, drawing full houses. The productions were Nagorik’s Raktokarobi, and Kaalshondhya, Dhaka Theatre’s Prachya and Banapangshul and Aranyok’s Sangkranti. So they have not ventured into any new production during the period under review. Among the new productions we can identify a significant presence of women playwrights and directors. Samina Lutfa Nitra has writtern the play Tirthanker based on the epic Shahnama. It was staged by Subachan Natya Samsad and directed by Faiz Zahir. It can be treated as a reenactment of Persian influence on Bengali culture and Nitra could turn it into a play with strong anti-war message. The young playwright has earned praise for her maiden venture and is now working on a play about Khana, a medieval lady of wisdom. Versatile actress of Dhaka stage Rokeya Rafique Baby has directed the play Golapjan based on contemporary reality. She also excelled in the lead role. The play has been produced by Theatre Art Unit. Munira Yousuf Memy, another talented actress showed her skill in directing Bhubaner Ghat written by Syed Manzoorul Islam and produced by Natyajon.
New plays show a preference for myth or recreation of myth.Recreation of myth proved to be a popular genre with different groups approaching the myth from different angles. Lokanatyadal presented Siddhidata, a plot mixing mythological characters and worldly creatures to achieve hilarious impact, directed by Liaquat Ali Lucky. Nagorik Natyangan Ensemble produced the Sanskrit classic Mrichakatik, directed by Jamaluddin Hossain, Natyadhara presented Atish Dipanker Saparza, written and directed by Alok Basu about a Buddhist monk of 10th century Bengal. Very recently the students of Theatre art and Music Department of Dhaka University impeccably produced a play by classical Sanskrit playwright of early age, Bhasa's Madhyam biyog (Missing the Middle Brother) adapted into Bangla. It was beautifully choreographed and acted. Two major male characters, Bhim and Ghatotchkoch were competently portrayed by two young actresses of the department.
Translated and/or adapted plays are another popular trend in Bangladesh theatre. Prachyanat, a vibrant young group, presented Eugene Ionesco's Rhinoceros, directed by Towfiqul Islam Imon. Natyachakra staged August Strindberg’s Janak (The Father) directed by Debprasad Delmath. Theatre Art Unit presented Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard, directed by Kamaluddin Nilu. Ganayan of Chittagong presented Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman (directed by Kuntal Barua). Centre for Asian Thatre (CAT) presented a very well-knit production of Heiner Muller’s The Mission adapted by Saidus Saklaen and directed by Kamaluddin Neelu.
Reinterpretation of folk traditions - a major trend A major trend in Bangladesh theatre is re-interpretation of the folk tradition. Among such notable recent productions we can mention Sojan Badiar Ghat produced by Padatik Natya Samsad, Bahe Prantojan by Anushilon of Rajshahi, Sampan Naia by Uttaradhikar of Chittagong. Nrityanchal, a dance group, presented the traditional folk musical Mahua as a dance-drama.
Children's » theatre In recent years we have seen positive development in children’s theatre. Various groups all over the country are working with children. Although we do not have any permanent place for children theatre, that could not dampen the enthusiasm to work with children in theatre. The Peoples' Theatre Association annually organises festival of children theatre groups. Recently artist and dramaturg Mostafa Monwar established his own puppet theatre and fascinated the young audience with his imagination and innovation. Tona Tuni, a children theatre group performed Torai Bandha Gorar Dim, based on limericks by Edward Lear and Satyajit Ray. This production with dazzling costume, lighting, scenography, music and dance enthralled the audience both young and old. Palakar Kids, a children's drama school, has taken initiative to present weekly performance at their studio theatre. Sishu Theatre has produced two short skits under single bill titled Bhuth Shikar (Hunting the Demon), written and directed by Rezanur Rahman.
Contemporary problems on stage Due to various reasons, intolerance of the people in power being one of them, contemporary reality and problems did not find direct reflection on stage although it was popular even a decade ago. Theatre in their new play Balod (The Fool) based on a story of renowned author Mohmmad Zafar Iqbal and directed by K. M. Haroon has exposed the evil face of religious fundamentalists in the backdrop of liberation war of Bangladesh. The play relate the past with present. Another play with contemporary significance was a docu-drama Tamas (Deep Darkness), presented by a theatre group from Chittagong. It was based on newspaper writings and reports about the brutal attack on religious minority at different places of the country. Sangkranti, the popular play of Aranyak, depicted the problem involved in exposing the evil side of people in power where a group of rural performers put their life and existence in danger by mimicking the power groups in the annual village funfare through their song and dance. Amid such real life backdrop many theatre groups found it safe to revive of their past successful plays which still have contemporary significance. Among such revivals are Ingeet (The Hint) by Dhaka Padatik, (exposing the barbarity of religious fundamentalists), Muntasir Fantasy by Dhaka Theatre (caricaturing the nouveau-riche class), The Captain of Kopenick, translation of Carl Zuckmayer's classic play presented by Nagorik (undermining the autocratic practices) etc.
Festivals Festivals have become an integral part of theatre in Bangladesh, to compensate for the lack of theatre space and also attract new audiences. Street theatres are performed in the open centering major cultural events. Bangladesh Street Theatre Federation organises an annual festival in February at the Martyrs Memorial with participation of groups from all over the country. This year it attracted a large number of audience and proved the appeal of street theatre. Similar National Street Theatre Festival is also organised by Bangladesh Group Theatre Federation is association with Bengal Foundation. There were many different theatre festivals organised by various groups, including a Festival of Theatre of Myth and Festival of Moliere's Plays. The biggest of the festivals was organised by ITI Bangladesh Centre in December, 2003. 'Celebrating Diversity' was the theme of the festival and 16 plays were staged in two different halls during the weeklong festival. There was also open-air performance of music, dance, street theatre children, theatre and folk plays. ITI Executive Council held its session in Bangladesh for the first time. Four of the permanent committees of ITI also held their Board Meeting during the festival. The committees included Cultural Identity and Development Committee, Dramatic Theatre Committee, Theatre Education Committee and Communication Committee. A two day international seminar on the theme ‘Celebrating Diversity’ also took place in Dhaka during this period.
Workshops for young theatre artists Recently ITI Bangladesh Centre organised two regional theatre workshops in succession which generated lot of interest among regional theatre artists. The first of the workshop was held under participatory programme of UNESCO and 26 young theatre artists from India, Nepal and Bangladesh participated in it. The theme of the 10-day workshop was ‘Space in theatre : choreography and innovation’ and the anchor person was Prabir Guha, eminent theatre director of India. The other workshop was initiated by CIDC of ITI Worldwide of which Nasiruddin Yousuff, noted theatre director of Bangladesh, is the President. The workshop was conducted by Alexander Stillmark of Germany and participated by theatre artists from India, Pakistan and Nepal. The workshop titled ‘My Unknown Enemy’ aspired to hold meeting between people of theatre from different countries and regions, which face each other in political, cultural and religious conflict situation. Similar workshops took place in 2002 in Bonn and in 2003 in Cairo. This unique workshop in Dhaka was done on the text excerpts of Samuel Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot keeping in mind the socio-political realities of India, Pakistan and Nepal.
Theatre for Bangladesh is a celebration of life, but like life in Bangladesh it faces many odds. Nevertheless people tap their great source of energy to move forward and life goes on. Likewise the show goes on and theatre tries to fathom the deeper meaning of existence in order to gain spirit to overcome all the barriers. Theatre is facing many difficulties in Bangladesh but it is as exciting as ever.
Mofidul Hoque is a theatre critic and cultural activist. He is also a Board Member of ITI Communication Committee.
(World of Theatre 2004, International Theatre Institute)
Bibhash ChakrabortyPrabir Guha
Centre for Asian Theatre
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1439, Papal States, Roman Senate. Certified and graded by NGC as UNC Details: Cleaned! Peter standing right, holding book of gospels and presenting banner to kneeling senator. Legend: S PETRVS / SEN (vertical along banner) / ATOR VRBIS Reverse: Christ standing facing, raising hand in benediction and holding Gospels, surrounded by elliptical halo containing nine stars. Legend: ROMA CAPVT - MVNDI SPQR.
Facing head of John the Baptist. Expanded: ROMA CAPUT MUNDI - S ENATUS P OPULAS Q UE R OMANUS Translated. Rome capital of the world, The Senate and People of Rome.
SPQR is an initialism from a Latin phrase, S enatus P opulus q ue R omanus ("The Senate and People of Rome"), referring to the government of the ancient Roman Republic, and used as an official signature of the government. It appears on coins, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stone or metal, in dedications of monuments and public works, and was emblazoned on the standards of the Roman legions. Since the meaning and the words never vary, except for the spelling and inflection of populus in literature, Latin dictionaries classify it as a formula. Was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, being established in the first days of the city (traditionally founded in 753 BC).
It survived the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC, the fall of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC, the division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, and the barbarian rule of Rome in the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries. During the days of the kingdom, it was little more than an advisory council to the king. The last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown following a coup d'état led by Lucius Junius Brutus, who founded the Republic.During the early Republic, the Senate was politically weak, while the executive magistrates were quite powerful. Since the transition from monarchy to constitutional rule was most likely gradual, it took several generations before the Senate was able to assert itself over the executive magistrates.
By the middle Republic, the Senate had reached the apex of its republican power. The late Republic saw a decline in the Senate's power, which began following the reforms of the tribunes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. After the transition of the Republic into the Principate, the Senate lost much of its political power as well as its prestige. Following the constitutional reforms of the Emperor Diocletian, the Senate became politically irrelevant, and never regained the power that it had once held.When the seat of government was transferred out of Rome, the Senate was reduced to a municipal body. This decline in status was reinforced when the emperor Constantine the Great created an additional senate in Constantinople. After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476, the Senate in the West functioned for a time under barbarian rule before being restored after the reconquest of much of the Western Roman Empire's territories during the reign of Justinian I. The Senate in Rome ultimately disappeared at some point after AD 603 (the year in which the last known senator was mentioned), although the title "senator" was still used well into the Middle Ages as a largely meaningless honorific. However, the Eastern Senate survived in Constantinople, until the ancient institution finally vanished there c.
The item "1439, Papal States, Roman Senate. NGC UNC+" is in sale since Friday, September 27, 2019.This item is in the category "Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ World\Gold". The seller is "coinworldtv" and is located in Europe. This item can be shipped worldwide.
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There are two main types of brakes available in vehicles today. There are drum and disc brakes. When the time comes to learn how to replace brakes, you need to know which one you need in your car. Most people know how to look for the best car batteries or windshield wipers, but far too many people assume brakes are the same. Here are the basics of what you need to know about disc brakes, so you can make sure you can safely operate your vehicle.
What Is This Brake?
A disc brake is a form of brake that utilizes calipers to apply pressure to a pair of pads. This creates friction against the disc, which may also be called the rotor. Through this, the rotation of the shaft slows down. This converts the energy of motion into waste heat, which the system needs to disperse. The most common type of brake you find in cars made today is the hydraulically actuated disc brake.
What Are the Benefits of Disc Brakes?
When you compare disc and drum brakes, you will quickly find that disc brakes come with numerous advantages. They come with more stopping power, and you can apply them more quickly for a shorter stopping distance. They are lighter, so they make your entire vehicle weigh less. Disc brakes are highly recommended if you typically drive in wet conditions because they can better stand up to rain. There is far less hardware associated with these brakes. They are more durable but less prone to pulling or grabbing.
What Are the Signs Disc Brakes Are Failing?
You need to look at a repair guide when you suspect your brakes are on their last legs. The most common signs of disc brake failure include strange noises, vibrations coming from the system and grooves forming on the rotor. You should replace your brakes as soon as you notice it takes far longer for your vehicle to come to a complete stop once you apply pressure to the brake pedal.
What Is the Difference Between Hydraulic and Mechanical Disc Brakes?
The benefits you can gain from disc brakes apply no matter which variation you buy. The primary difference between hydraulic and mechanical disc brakes is the way in which the lever force transfers to the brake rotor and caliper. Hydraulic disc brakes utilize a sealed, fluid-filled system to bring about actuation. It allows for the best level of braking consistency due to limitations in friction and how both brake pads can move in and out as they need to. Meanwhile, mechanical disc brakes rely on a cable made of braided steel to move pistons.
Where Can You Buy New Disc Brakes?
You should never delay installing new disc brakes in your vehicle if you suspect yours are about to fail completely. You can browse for new disc brakes online to see which ones work for the make and model of your vehicle. Search online today to see what you can find. Place your order, and you will be able to drive your car with peace of mind shortly.
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First, it defines a “domestic domain name” as a domain name “that is registered or assigned by a domain name registrar, domain name registry, or other domain name registration authority, that is located within a judicial district of the United States.” Since every dot-com, dot-net, and dot-org domain is managed by a domain name registry in the U.S., the law effectively asserts jurisdiction over tens of millions of domain names regardless of where the registrant actually resides.
Second, it defines “domestic Internet protocol addresses” – the numeric strings that constitute the actual address of a website or Internet connection – as “an Internet Protocol address for which the corresponding Internet Protocol allocation entity is located within a judicial district of the United States.”
Yet IP addresses are allocated by regional organizations, not national ones. The allocation entity located in the U.S. is called ARIN, the American Registry for Internet Numbers. Its territory includes the U.S., Canada, and 20 Caribbean nations. This bill treats all IP addresses in this region as domestic for U.S. law purposes.
To put this is context, every Canadian Internet provider relies on ARIN for its block of IP addresses. In fact, ARIN even allocates the block of IP addresses used by federal and provincial governments. The U.S. bill would treat them all as domestic for U.S. law purposes.
Third, the bill grants the U.S. “in rem” jurisdiction over any website that does not have a domestic jurisdictional connection. For those sites, the U.S. grants jurisdiction over the property of the site and opens the door to court orders requiring Internet providers to block the site and Internet search engines to stop linking to it.
Should a website owner wish to challenge the court order, U.S. law asserts itself in a fourth way, since in order for an owner to file a challenge (described as a “counter notification”), the owner must first consent to the jurisdiction of the U.S. courts.
If these measures were not enough, the fifth measure makes it a matter of U.S. law to ensure that intellectual property protection is a significant component of U.S. foreign policy and grants more resources to U.S. embassies around the world to increase their involvement in foreign legal reform.
U.S. intellectual property lobbying around the world has been well documented with new Canadian copyright legislation widely viewed as a direct consequence of years of political pressure. The new U.S. proposal takes this aggressive approach to another level by simply asserting jurisdiction over millions of Canadian registered IP addresses and domain names.
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Your future hard drive might be grown with magnetic bacteria
Share This article
In the future, ultra-high-density non-volatile storage — such as hard drives — could be grown using magnetic bacteria.
This breakthrough, shepherded by researchers from the University of Leeds in the UK and the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, relies on certain strains of bacteria that ingest iron, which is then converted into magnetite (iron II, III oxide), the most magnetic naturally occurring mineral on Earth. These microbes, by following the Earth’s magnetic field, use this built-in magnet to navigate.
To turn this behavior into something that can actually act as magnetic storage, the researchers identified and extracted the protein responsible for converting iron into magnetite — Mms6. A gold substrate is then covered in a checkerboard fashion with chemicals that bind to Mms6, and the substrate is dunked in the protein. The whole caboodle is then washed with an iron solution, turning each of the Mms6 sites into a magnetic bit (pictured above)
For now the researchers have only managed to create magnetic bits that are 20 micrometers wide, which equates to 20,000 nanometers — a wee bit larger than the 10nm magnetic sites found on modern hard drives. Speaking to New Scientist, though, Sarah Staniland, the lead researcher, seems confident that a checkerboard of 20nm magnetic sites should be possible. Ultimately, Staniland wants to refine the process so that there’s just one magnetite molecule per bit, which equates to around eight terabits (1TB) per square inch. This is comparable to Seagate’s HAMR hard drive technology, but I suspect Staniland has no idea whether her one-molecule-per-bit platters will be read/writable by conventional hard drive heads.
Ultimately, though, the real appeal here is that we might eventually be able to grow non-volatile storage, rather than manufacture it. Imagine if your computer had a hard drive that simply grew another platter when it approached capacity; imagine if repartitioning a hard drive actually split your hard drive platter into multiple fragments, which could then be re-grown to become complete platters. We should also bear in mind that quite a lot of money is being spent on researching biological computers; devices that use chemical reactions to perform calculations. We have already seen a biological computer that uses DNA to store small amounts of data, and computer memory made out of salmon DNA (pictured right) — maybe Staniland’s discovery could become the basis of a biological mass storage device.
Read more at University of Leeds
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What are the geographical benefits of Bangladesh?
Our geographic location supplies us with a strategic benefit over our friends. Sri Lanka has a central place within the Indian Ocean, however it’s an island state. In distinction, Bangladesh has a balanced sharing of land and sea so the nation can reap the benefits of land transport with India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar.
Which of the geographic line passes by Bangladesh?
The Ganges in Bangladesh is called the Padma, and it’s divided into two segments, the higher Padma and the decrease Padma. The river enters Bangladesh from the west and constitutes, for about 90 miles (145 km), the boundary between Bangladesh and West Bengal.
What is Bangladesh’s panorama like?
The panorama is principally flat. A big a part of Bangladesh is made up of alluvial plain, brought on by the consequences of the 2 nice river techniques of the Ganges (Padma) and the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and their innumerable tributaries. In the northeast and east of the nation, the panorama rises to type forested hills.
What is the land space of Bangladesh?
Is Bangladesh protected for feminine?
Bangladesh is without doubt one of the most secure international locations for solo feminine vacationers. You won’t face any drawback anyplace being a solo feminine traveler.
Is Bangladesh a violent nation?
Crime in Bangladesh is current in varied kinds comparable to drug trafficking, cash laundering, extortion, contract killing, fraud, human trafficking, theft, corruption, black marketeering, political violence, terrorism and abduction, wildlife trafficking, amongst others.
Is Bangladesh lovely?
Bangladesh has flourished herself as a phenomenal nation all over the world because of its limitless pure magnificence just like the longest sea seaside in Cox’s bazaar, the biggest mangrove forest & the royal Bengal tiger in Sundarbans. Its magnificence lies in its distinctive pure environment.
What is probably the most harmful place in Bangladesh?
Chittagong, Bangladesh – Ten most harmful locations to offshore your IT….10. Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Corruption and organised crime.
- Network and infrastructure safety.
- Currency stability.
- Personal crime price and police-to-citizen ratio.
- Environmental waste and air pollution.
- Legal system.
- Weather/local weather threats.
Is Bangladesh a protected place to stay?
Safety and Security in Bangladesh The nation is usually protected and the crime degree in most areas is comparatively low. However, crime — significantly theft — does happen all through Bangladesh, particularly in crowded cities.
Can you put on shorts in Bangladesh?
In this sizzling and humid days , you possibly can put on shorts, no drawback for common factor. Get some lengthy trunk thigh size underwear to cease your legs rubbing collectively in sizzling & humid climate & then purchase up some Bangladeshi lungi/sarongs. They are cool , comfortable and really native type.
How many wives can you might have in Bangladesh?
A Bangladeshi Muslim man can marry as much as 4 wives on the identical time however should have permission from current wives. There isn’t any identified restrict for the variety of wives a Hindu man can soak up Bangladesh.
Is Bangladesh appropriate for residing?
Bangladesh is a really protected place to be and stay. Like any huge metropolis, you simply must be cautious at night time when travelling alone (particularly in a rickshaw). This place is completely low key.
What are the advantages of residing in Bangladesh?
7 Benefits of Living in Dhaka City
- Administrative Center. Dhaka hosts many of the administrative headquarters of the federal government.
- Technological Hub. Citizens of Dhaka have the privilege of getting first style of all of the tech development.
- Food Diversity.
- Recreational Options.
- Educational Institutions.
How a lot does it price to stay in Bangladesh?
Summary: Family of 4 estimated month-to-month prices are 1,385$ (117,447৳) with out hire. A single particular person estimated month-to-month prices are 398$ (33,784৳) with out hire. Cost of residing in Bangladesh is, on common, 53.33% decrease than in United States.
Is it protected to work in Bangladesh?
It is estimated that over 11,000 staff endure deadly accidents and an additional 24,500 die from work associated ailments throughout all sectors every year in Bangladesh. Working with employers organisations to cascade primary OSH coaching to 750,000 – 800,000 staff in 400 RMG factories. …
What is the very best paid job in Bangladesh?
Top 10 Highest Paying Jobs in Bangladesh in 2021
- Bank Managers.
- Financial Analysts.
- Mobile App Developer/Software Engineer.
- Social Media Marketer.
- Electrical/Civil Engineers.
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A longer-than-expected maintenance shutdown of the Canadian nuclear reactor that produces North America’s entire supply of molybdenum-99 — from which the radioactive isotopes technetium-99 and iodine-131 are made — has caused delays to the diagnosis and treatment of thousands of seriously ill patients.
Now in a surprise move the Canadian government has overruled the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) — which is still concerned about the reactor’s safety — so that production can be restarted sooner.
The National Research Universal (NRU) reactor in Chalk River, Ontario, was closed down on 18 November for a planned five days of maintenance. However, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), the government-owned company that owns the 50-year-old reactor, had to extend the shutdown amid concerns about its safety back-up equipment. On 7 December the company announced that the reactor would be unlikely to come back online until January 2008.
If the disruption continues much longer, our therapeutic capacity will also be compromised
By that point hospitals had begun to run short of the molybdenum isotope — which has a half-life of just 66 hours — forcing them to cut back on their technetium-based scans, which account for 75 to 80 per cent of the roughly 400,000 nuclear medicine scans carried out each week in North America. “Presently only the diagnostic aspect of nuclear medicine is affected,” the Canadian Society of Nuclear Medicine declared in a statement released on 6 December. “But if the disruption continues much longer, our therapeutic capacity will also be compromised.”
Radioactive isotopes tend to accumulate in particular organs in the body, and the radiation they emit can be used to produce images of these organs. Unlike purely structural scans such as CT, nuclear medicine provides radiologists with information about how well organs are functioning, since they can see how the isotope disperses and circulates. Tc-99 — which emits gamma radiation that is detected by a gamma camera — is used to, among other things, spot cancer and infections in bones and to monitor their healing. “A lot of therapy decisions are made on the basis of a nuclear medicine scan,” says Sandy McEwan, who is also chair of oncology and director of the imaging department at the Cross Cancer Institute in Edmonton, Alberta.
Few alternative sources are available to compensate for the loss. Hospitals can use thallium-201 as an alternative to Tc-99 for cardiac imaging, but it yields images that are more difficult to interpret. The other three commercial producers of molybdenum-99 — in Belgium, the Netherlands and South Africa — have stepped up production but their capacity is insufficient to overcome the loss of NRU’s output as well as supplying the rest of the world.
As a result the medical community in North America has been exerting pressure on Canada’s government to restart production. On 11 December the Canadian parliament agreed a bill that temporarily suspends the CNSC’s oversight role, allowing the reactor to start up again even though it still does not fully meet safety standards. The AECL can now complete the rest of the maintenance work while the reactor is in operation, which it expects to take around 16 weeks. A date for the restart has not yet been announced.
The next time the NRU needs to be shut down for maintenance work the AECL should be prepared. It has built two new reactors, MAPLE 1 and MAPLE 2, for exclusive production of medical isotopes, which will have the capacity to meet the world’s entire needs for Mo-99 and other medical isotopes. Originally scheduled to go online in 2004, they are now due to start up in October 2008 and October 2009 respectively.
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Why children love tablet PCs – Usability implications
Tablet PCs’ easy method of interaction is central to their attraction for children. Tablet PC experiences designed for children should promote: user control (including levels of difficulty and repetition), a wide variety of experiences and regular touch-interactions.
Children love tablet PCs
A recent study found that amongst 6 – 12 year old children, tablet PCs are the ‘most wanted’ electronic gift in the US.1 Another study showed that 3.6 million tablet PCs have been sold in the UK since they became available in April 2010.2
While these figures do not directly indicate the adoption of tablet PCs by children, it does show that tablet PCs are increasingly entering into the mainstream. The increasing adoption of tablet PCs is part of a wider trend. Between the ages of 8 to 18 years old, children now spend 300% more time using a computer than 10 years ago.3
All of the above studies, alongside plenty of anecdotal evidence, strongly suggest that tablet PCs are entering the mainstream and will become a part of an increasing number of children’s lives.
If we accept that children seem to love tablet PCs, it may be interesting to consider ‘why’? Trying to answer this question is not only interesting for its own sake – it may also help us to identify how to better design for children on tablet PCs.
Psychology – behind children’s love for tablet PCs
Although no-one can say that they fully understand the psychological attraction of tablet PCs for children, there do seem to be some factors of tablet PCs’ design which accord well with children’s general preferences.4 Amongst these are:
Children like to be able to feel that they are in control over their environment and experiences. Tablet PCs offer easy interaction and immediate feedback, which helps fulfil these needs.
Children typically have rather short attention spans. A tablet PC is a device that can offer a wealth of features, games and experiences. This diversity of content may well help keep children interested in tablet PCs.
Most parents will tell you that children love watching the same film over and over again. Or perhaps they like singing the same song over and over again. Tablet PCs are capable of offering a large degree of repetition and predictability for children.
Most Children prefer the activity of ‘play’ to the more passive experience of consumption (hence their often singing along to certain cartoons and films). The tablet PC offers children the opportunity to do both.
- Mimicking adults
Children will often try to mimic the behaviour they observe in adults. As such, it is only to be expected that a child’s interest will be aroused if they see a parent using a tablet PC.
Not all of the factors mentioned will, of course, apply to all children’s relationships with tablet PCs. We do, however, believe that they can help us understand important aspects of children’s attraction to tablet PCs.
Touch – children love touching tablet PCs
Tablet PCs fulfil a very basic human pleasure – that associated with touch. We have observed many adults habitually touching their tablet PCs during usability testing sessions, even when they are not actually interacting with its functionality. We would suggest at least two major reasons why children love to touch tablet PCs:
- Pleasure of touch
Children love touching, grabbing and playing with almost object (as any parent will tell you!). Tablet PCs’ design encourages and rewards this behaviour.
- Simplicity of interaction
Tablet PCs have a gloriously simple method of interaction. The user does not have to learn how to use any complicated devices – such as a keyboard and mouse – that require significant hand/eye coordination. All users have to do is touch the relevant part of the screen. We would suggest that this makes tablets PCs more accessible (and attractive) to many children.
It seems an obvious statement, but their use of ‘touch’ is a defining characteristic of tablet PCs which many children seem to find immensely attractive. As such, any consideration of the tablet PC usability for children should take this into account.
Usability tips for children and tablet PCs
We would recommend that the factors which make tablet PCs attractive to children are emphasised when designing for children on tablet PCs. In our experience, this increases children’s engagement and enjoyment of a tablet PC experience. Here are some factors that we would recommend designers consider when creating experiences for children on tablet PCs:
- Levels of difficulty
Allowing children to set a task’s level of difficulty can be very beneficial. Not only does it promote their feeling ‘in control’ of the experience, but it also reduces the risk of children getting bored by tasks that are too easy and/or abandoning tasks which are too difficult.
- Diverse activities and experiences
Tablet PC experiences should offer children a choice between a wealth of different activities. In our experience, this helps counteract children’s short attention spans and maintains their interest.
Offering the ability to repeat the same (or very similar) experiences over and over again on a tablet PC is likely to prove popular with children (if not their parents!). We recommend giving children the option to engage in repetitive tasks on a tablet PC, but not forcing them to.
- Encouraging touch & interaction
We would recommend that any tablet PC design targeted at children encourage them to touch and interact with the tablet PC more than when one might, for example, design for adult audiences.
- Mimicking adults
Some of the best designs for children on tablet PCs encourage them to mimic adults’ real-world behaviour. Such behaviour does not have to be based on traditional tablet PC tasks, it could be representation of other real-world tasks (such as ‘taking the dog for a walk’, for example).
These guidelines are not, of course, all-inclusive – but they do represent some useful issues to consider when designing for children on tablet PCs. It is interesting to note that none of these guidelines contradict the general guidelines for designing web experiences for children – they simply add extra elements with regards to tablet PCs.
Summary – children and tablet PCs
We recommend that tablet PC experiences designed for children should encourage regular touch-interactions. Tablet PCs’ interaction model is their defining characteristic and seems particularly attractive to children.
We also recommend that children’s tablet PC experiences should offer user control over levels of difficulty and repetition. They should also offer a wide variety of experiences, in order to keep children engaged and prevent them becoming bored.
About the author – usability for tablet PCs and iPads
This article was written by usability and online copywriting expert Tim Fidgeon, who works with Spotless Interactive – a leading usability consultancy. Spotless Interactive are experts in the field of mobile and tablet usability testing.
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You know that talking on a Bluetooth headset, texting, and touching up your mascara mid-commute are all off-limits, but there is one thing you don’t have to fret about doing behind the wheel: cranking up the radio. Listening to music while driving doesn’t pose a dangerous distraction, according to a new study. On the contrary, participants in the study often drove even better and focused more intently on the road when the radio was playing in the background.
Researchers from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands actually suspected that listening to the radio would make driving more hazardous, so they tested the effects of music on experienced drivers by conducting two studies: The first placed fifteen participants into driving simulators while they watched a video of someone else driving and listened to the radio (but didn’t actually “drive” themselves). At the end of a 40-minute session, researchers asked participants to recall what they had heard on the radio. They found that, overall, participants remembered little of what they’d heard, indicating that they focused much more on the road than they did on the music and often tuned it out.
The second study tested the same people while they actually drove in the simulators. Participants got to choose the type of music they listened to and drove through both low- and high-risk traffic situations. As a control, researchers also had these participants drive through the exact same traffic simulations without background music.
By comparing the drivers’ ability to focus on the road in both situations, researchers found that participants who listened to music while driving in high-risk situations effectively tuned it out to focus more carefully on driving safely. And interestingly, participants who listened to music while driving in low-risk situations actually focused even more intently on the road and drove better than they did when they didn’t have the radio on.
Study author Linda Steg, PhD, professor of environmental psychology at the University of Groningen, says that because low-complexity driving situations—think long, winding roads—can be very boring, music helps improve your performance by sharpening your focus and keeping you alert.
So should you be blasting Beyoncé every time you turn on your engine? While researchers found nothing to suggest that high-tempo music would cause problems, cranking up the volume might not be the smartest strategy in stressful driving situations, says Steg.
“People almost automatically turn it off when the situation becomes too complex,” she says, based on anecdotal observations. Participants in the study didn’t have this option, but they were able to mentally block out the music anyway.
Not all noise is created equal, though. Steg cautions against listening to talk radio while driving—and of course “listening” to a cell phone call isn’t the same as listening to music. Since these require more attention than music does, you’re less likely to devote your full attention to the road—and more likely to get into an accident. Ditto changing the station or CD while on the move.
"Should I Worry About Driving When I'm Tired?"
Should I Worry About Driving with a Hands-Free Cell Phone?
Should I Worry About... Driving After a Drink?
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Presentation on theme: "INTERNET SAFETY FOR STUDENTS"— Presentation transcript:
1 INTERNET SAFETY FOR STUDENTS Using the Internet safely and responsibly.
2 Internet Users Are At Risk There are no censors on the web.There are crimes being committed on the internet.Children and Teenagers are particularly at risk from child predators.
3 Be Aware of Strangers A stranger is anyone you do not know personally. Protect Yourself from Physical Harm when using the Internet.Do not provide information or arrange a meeting with a stranger. Some bad people pose as children or teenagers on the internet to get information from you and to make you more comfortable chatting with them.
4 If you feel uncomfortable or afraid, tell someone. If you feel Harassed, Bullied, or Embarrassed let an adult know what is going on.If someone says something that makes you uncomfortable or is not appropriate, tell an adult you can trust such as your parent, teacher or counselor.
5 Be careful when downloading files or opening e-mail. Viruses, Spyware and Hackers can harm your computer.Phishing schemes are when someone tries to get your name, social security or credit card numbers, and can allow someone to steal your identity or your parent’s.
6 Never give out personal or credit card information. You could do something, such as giving out a parent’s credit-card number, that can cause legal or financial harm for you or your parents.Only your parents should use credit cards on the Internet.
7 Rules for Safety Online Make the following pledges to always practice safety while using the internet.
8 Pledge 1I will not give out personal information such as my address, my telephone number, where I am, my parents’ work address/telephone number, or the name and location of my school without my parents’ permission.
9 Pledge 2I will tell my parents or my teacher right away if I come across any information that doesn’t feel or look right or makes me feel uncomfortable or embarrassed.
10 Pledge 3I will never agree to get together with someone I "meet" online without first checking with my parents. If my parents agree to the meeting, I will be sure that it is in a public place and bring my mother or father along.
11 Pledge 4I will never send a person my picture or any information about me without first checking with my parents.
12 Pledge 5I will not respond to any messages that are mean or in any way make me feel uncomfortable.It is not my fault when I get a message like this. I will tell my parents or teachers right away so that they can handle the situation.
13 Pledge 6I will talk with my parents so that we can set up rules for going online. We will decide upon the time of day that I can be online, the length of time I can be online and appropriate areas for me to visit.I will not go to other sites or break these rules without their permission.
14 Pledge 7I will not give out my Internet or network password to anyone (even my best friends) other than my parents.
15 Pledge 8I will check with my teachers or parents before downloading or installing software or doing anything that could possibly hurt the computer or jeopardize my school or family.
16 Pledge 9I will be a good online citizen and not do anything that hurts other people or is against the law.
17 Pledge 10I will help my parents understand how to have fun and learn things online and teach them things about the Internet, computers and other technology.
18 Have Fun OnlineGet to know the Internet and learn how to find websites that are child friendly.Ask your teachers and other adults you trust for child friendly websites.Go to the Mountain Home School Website Internet Resource Center for a list of many child friendly websites. Under the Student Tab, click on Educational Links.
19 People online may not be who they seem. Everything you read online may not be true.Follow rules and guidelines for computer use by your teachers and family at school and at home.Notify your teacher or family of messages or websites that make you feel uncomfortable.
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Changes in terrestrial carbon storage in the United States. 1: The roles of agriculture and forestry
Article first published online: 25 DEC 2001
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Volume 9, Issue 2, pages 125–144, March 2000
How to Cite
Houghton, R. A. and Hackler, J. L. (2000), Changes in terrestrial carbon storage in the United States. 1: The roles of agriculture and forestry. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9: 125–144. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00166.x
- Issue published online: 25 DEC 2001
- Article first published online: 25 DEC 2001
- carbon emissions;
- carbon sink;
- carbon storage;
- land-use change;
- soil carbon;
- terrestrial ecosystems;
- United States
- 1Changes in the areas of croplands and pastures, and rates of wood harvest in seven regions of the United States, including Alaska, were derived from historical statistics for the period 1700–1990. These rates of land-use change were used in a cohort model, together with equations defining the changes in live vegetation, slash, wood products and soil that follow a change in land use, to calculate the annual flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use.
- 2The calculated flux increased from less than 10 TgC/yr in 1700 to a maximum of about 400 TgC/yr around 1880 and then decreased to approximately zero by 1950. The total flux for the 290-year period was a release of 32.6 PgC. The area of forests and woodlands declined by 42% (160 × 106 ha), releasing 29 PgC, or 90% of the total flux. Cultivation of soils accounted for about 25% of the carbon loss. Between 1950 and 1990 the annual flux of carbon was approximately zero, although eastern forests were accumulating carbon.
- 3When the effects of fire and fire exclusion (reported in a companion paper) were added to this analysis of land-use change, the uptake of carbon calculated for forests was similar in magnitude to the uptake measured in forest inventories, suggesting that past harvests account for a significant fraction of the observed carbon sink in forests.
- 4Changes in the management of croplands between 1965 and 1990 may have led to an additional accumulation of carbon, not included in the 32.6 PgC release, but even with this additional non-forest sink, the calculated accumulation of carbon in the United States was an order of magnitude smaller than the North American carbon sink inferred recently from atmospheric data and models.
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Delinquency is a term that is used to describe illegal or antisocial behaviors and activities. Delinquent behavior may include drug use, underage drinking, violence, sex crimes or property crimes. Individuals who are delinquent typically express antisocial opinions, are involved in activities that are dangerous, harmful and wrong and are often outspoken in their rejection of punishments associated with their crimes.
In some cases, there is a strong link between delinquent behavior and substance abuse. Many delinquents will seek out activities that are considered criminal or wrong. In this case, drug use is both criminal and socially unacceptable in most circles. A delinquent person may be under the influence of alcohol and or drugs when they commit a crime, or they may be committing a crime such as theft to get funds to fuel their drug and alcohol use.
Delinquency is considered a serious issue, with several different theories relating to its cause. Some theorists suggest that delinquency is the result of psychological health. Particular behavior or mood disorders may be associated with the involvement in delinquent activities, including substance abuse. Antisocial personality disorder is one condition that is closely linked with delinquent behavior. This condition is typically associated with abnormal or destructive thinking, perception and relationships with others. In other words, a delinquent does not have any regard for right and wrong, or for other people. Individuals who suffer from this condition are often in trouble with the police, have issues with aggression and violence, abuse drugs and alcohol and have an inability to hold down jobs or create and maintain meaningful relationships with others.
The environment that a person grows up in or is currently residing in can also contribute to involvement in delinquent crimes. Low levels of attachment, poor education, lack of access to health care and services and regular exposure to violent and abusive crimes can cause a person to be involved. Young males are particularly at risk of being influenced by their surroundings and being involved in troublesome and impulsive activities including property damage and public nuisance crimes. This may be because there is a lack of understanding of the consequences of their actions or they have not developed personal self-control.
Young people begin to experiment with drugs, new social groups, music and their sexuality from the age of 14. Many will explore new ideas, have challenging times with their parents and other authority figures and may begin to act out. In the majority of cases, this is perfectly harmless and a key stage in growing up. But others will begin to abuse their body with alcohol and drugs and the consequences can be incredibly harmful.
Underage drinking is a common activity that is considered delinquent. Young people who engage in drinking before the legal age has been met are placing themselves and others at risk. They can be charged with a criminal act in some countries, including Australia and United Kingdom. Additionally, they place themselves at risk of being the victim of abuse, sexual assault or being involved in a crime. Underage drinking can also have negative consequences for a person’s health, which is especially sensitive during certain stages of development. A young person who regularly binge drinks or drinks to excess can do significant damage to their brain and other organs which can lead to long term health problems.
Excessive dangerous drinking and drug-taking can also lead to being involved in traffic accidents which can have fatal consequences. Some young people will get behind the wheel of a stolen vehicle, when they are not licensed or when they are high or drunk. The risk of being involved in a traffic accident, either as a driver, passenger or other road user, is significantly higher when a person is intoxicated. Young people who get behind the wheel when they are under the influence are at an even higher risk of being involved in an accident.
The use of drugs during adolescence can cause significant physical and social problems that can endure. As a young person is going through a distinct period of change, being involved in drugs and drug culture at this time can change the body chemistry, cause harm to sensitive brain cells and even contribute to the development of mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Additionally, because many young people do not have the same thought processes as older adults, they will experiment in dangerous and risky ways and also become involved in antisocial activities, practice unsafe sex and become the victims of crime. Being involved in a crime or criminal activity can have long lasting effects on a person’s life, including restricting their options for jobs and travel.
Once a person has become involved in a lifestyle that is delinquent, antisocial or criminal, they can find it difficult to move beyond that life. The long-term consequences of being involved in delinquent activities can include health problems, difficulties in finding and maintaining a job, family and relationship issues and financial difficulties. These problems can all contribute to a person being again involved in a criminal act or taking drugs or drinking to excess. The cycle of delinquency can be a terribly difficult cycle to break without support and dedication.
For those who are incarcerated as a result of their behaviors, they can find themselves involved in a violent place with violent people. Prisons are typically violent places with reports of prisoner related physical and sexual violence common. In prison they may be encouraged or pressured to take drugs that are on offer inside the cells, typically intravenous drugs such as methamphetamine or heroin. Both these drugs have a high risk of addiction and also increased risk of contracting blood-borne viruses such as HIV or Hepatitis.
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What Is Caliper ?
Most of us are well known with the term “caliper”, simply a tool to measure the complex dimensions of an object. A French mathematician Pierre Vernier contributed to improving the measuring accuracy by upgrading its mechanism. Later on, his upgraded caliper was widely termed as “Vernier caliper” after his name. Actually, today’s modified calipers like Dial Caliper, Digital Caliper are engineered based on the principle of Vernier Caliper.
In the next few lines, I will go through the pros and cons, mechanism, functions and various types of aspects of different calipers. I will also uncover some indeed factors like battery life as well as battery replacement and their parts or components. Finally, I will make the long story short adding some directions on selecting the best calipers that suit your needs. Okay, let’s get back to the drawing board.
Actually, understanding the functions of the calipers is not rocket science. On the other hand, you should not consider this as easy as a cake. A closer look and paying a bit of attention will really come very handy to solve your inner puzzles.
Types of Caliper ?
- Dial calipers
- Vernier caliper
- Digital or electronic caliper
- Micrometer caliper
- Jenny or oddleg caliper
- Spring joint caliper
- Drafting compass
Let’s talk about the Vernier, Dial, Digital Caliper.
Vernier Caliper : What is Vernier Caliper ?
The Vernier caliper is an exceptionally exact measuring instrument. Purpose for use this caliper is measuring internal and external distances accurately. The error may be as little as 0.05 mm – relying on the make. The vernier is a small movable graduated scale for acquiring fractional components of subdivisions on a set primary scale of any measuring tool. With a normal scale we can be able to degree down to 0.50 mm or so, while with a vernier scale the least rely may be zero.10 mm. Usually vernier calipers have each imperial (inches) and metric (mm) scales.
Engineered to measure any dimension perfectly. Really comes handy to measure the diameter, depth etc. Actually, Vernier Caliper comes with some handy features like inner jaws, outer jaws, and depth measuring blade.
Dial Caliper : What is Dial Caliper ?
Unlike Vernier Caliper, Dial Caliper comes with a clock-like measuring kit integrated with the main scale but like the venire caliper, it has inner and outer jaws and depth measuring blade. The measuring unit used here is “Inch”. Each inch is divided into 10 decimals.
You have the decimal calculations on the main scale, and for hundred and thousand calculation you will need to relay on the clock-like measuring kit. You will find a number of videos on YouTube demonstrating how to measure accurately by a Dial Caliper. Just have a try.
Digital Caliper : Digital caliper definition !
As the name demonstrates, Digital caliper displays the measurement in digits. The modern digital calipers are really worthy; ready to go solution for any measurements indeed. The appearance of a digital caliper is nothing different except the digital display. But the measuring mechanism is a bit different from the dial and Vernier caliper. Find here about Components Of A Digital Caliper.
Check below we are select some products from Amazon. You can view individually clicking each link.
What is Micrometer Caliper ?
Micrometer calipers are used to measure small distances like – 1/1000 mm. Its using for measure thickness of of blocks, outer and inner diameters of shafts and depths of slots.
Inside Micrometer Caliper :
We suggest here some of best inside micrometer calipers for your help –
Outside Micrometer Caliper / Digital Micrometer Caliper :
You got lots of related products on internet, but which one is best for you you don’t know. That’s why we suggest here related best outside micrometer calipers. We are researching day by day for you, to provide you best suggestion / advice. Here is few of them –
What is Jenny or Oddleg Caliper ?
This type Jenny calipers are also known as outside caliper, odd leg calipers or hermaphrodite calipers.
What is Spring Joint Caliper ?
This type caliper mixed with inside caliper / outside caliper / divider caliper. This calipers have two legs, a spring, and an adjustable nut.
What is Drafting / Drawing Compass ?
This type drafting / drawing compass have 6 parts. Those are handle, legs, hinge, needle point, pencil lead, adjusting nut. Also known as bow campus, dividing campus. Uses for making circle, angle, radius, measuring distance etc. Lots of variants – beam compass, scribe compass, loose leg wing dividers, proportional compass, reduction compass.
Who Should Buy A Caliper ? Digital Caliper For Woodworking !
Actually, the usage of caliper more widespread and knows no bound. More preciously, it is widely used in workshops and in woodworking because of professional needs. Engineering students may deal with lots of staffs for measuring, their last but not the least measuring equipment most probably is the calipers. As the usage of the caliper is very widespread, so asking – “who should buy a caliper” is actually worthless.
Digital vs Dial vs Vernier Caliper
Actually, three types of the caliper are being sold like hot cake in the market and the digital caliper is the talk of the town without any doubt. Though the dial and old school vernier caliper is good to go but adding a digital caliper will add an extra dimension in your DIY-ing collection. When you are determined to go for a dial or Vernier caliper, think again. We are asking you to think again because no benefit will come by crying over spilt milk. So, first think and then go for it.
How A Digital Caliper Works / Digital Caliper Working Mechanism / Digital Caliper How It Works :
The working mechanism of the digital caliper is pretty simple. You do not need the Harvard Ph.D. for understanding the mechanism as it is not rocket science. But paying a bit of attention will come handy. Let’s start.
If you are thinking that digital caliper works also in rack and pinion mechanism like the dial caliper, you are making a huge mistake. Actually, there is no rack and pinion; rather their built-in mechanism is based on capacitive sensor instead. When you slide the circuit adjusted with the right jaws, the sensor measures the distance and display it in LCD. Okay, let me dig a bit dipper.
When you uncover the main scale of the digital caliper, you will find a number of rectangular-shaped plates. On the other hand, the circuit on the move able jaw contains a series of capacitive sensors. These sensors measure the grid change of the rectangular shaped plates and finally display the number in the LCD. This is as easy as a piece of cake.
Digital Caliper Vs Micrometer / Accuracy of a Digital Caliper/ Digital Caliper Micrometer
As we have already gone through the above context, I think, your concept about digital caliper is almost clear. Go for a Google image search, you will find a wide array of images of both Digital Caliper and Micrometer. Let’s check the major differences between the digital caliper and the micrometer.
- The digital caliper is a gun like substance; on the other hand, Micrometer’s visual structure is like an axe. This is the visual difference if we talk about the functional difference; there are a number of points to take into account.
- The last count that a digital caliper can measure is 0.1 mm; on the contrary, a micrometer can measure 0.01 mm without any error. Really sounds good, isn’t it?
- The last but not the least point is internal measuring capacity. A digital caliper can measure almost all dimensions of an object. We can measure the inner distance and depth without any interruption. But, if we consider the micrometer, its measuring capacity is limited to only outer length. Actually, it is not engineered to measure the inner distance or depth.
What is the difference between Dial Caliper and Vernier Caliper ?
Both provide measurements of the same accuracy. The main difference between Dial Caliper and Vernier Caliper is measurements are displayed.
Digital Caliper Capacitive Sensor
It is frequently apparent from the above discussion that a digital caliper is nothing different from the dial and vernier caliper except the digital display. While dial and vernier caliper depend on rack and pinion’s principle, the digital caliper utilizes the modern capacitive sensor to measure accurately. The up to date micrometer is one step ahead, capable to measure up to 0.01mm without any error, which is considered the last count of visual scale. If you are in a puzzle picking the right measuring equipment as per your requirements, I think this comprehensive guide will prove itself worthy on the go.
Find here Digital Caliper Battery Replacement on this article.
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I am convinced more than ever that inquiry and project based learning is aligned with the direction of future-focused education. Projects, big or small, encourage students to seek solutions to real problems. Having taken the top and bottom academically streamed classes through a design project, I am satisfied that with differentiation all students are able to engage in this unit. The unit of work had four components: 3x Floor Plans, Sample Board, Cushion Design and Model. (As the cushion sewing component of the unit of work was completed by another teacher, I will not be discussing it).
Students are to measure the perimeter of their rooms including doors, windows and built in wardrobes. In class, students could choose to use a 1:20 scaled ruler to draw their floor plans onto graph paper. Most students chose to convert the measurements to a 1:20 scale manually. The higher ability students found this task simple. However, most of the lower ability students did not engage with the mathematics. If students did not bring in measurements from home, a set of standard measurements were provided for them.
Students had to research furniture they wanted to have in their room. The online IKEA catalogue was a convenient place to find measurements for different furniture. Students drew the furniture on graph paper using a 1:20 scale.
The girls handed in 2 pieces of work on grid paper: 1x floor plan and 1x page of furniture. Three copies of each piece of work was made on coloured paper. This allowed the students to experiment with different floor plans without having to redraw their floor plan and furniture.
Students then analysed their floor plans according to the PNI framework: Positives, Negative & Interesting. They chose their favourite floor plan and submitted a half a page explanation as to why it was their favourite.
Students chose a theme for their bedroom redesign and collected samples of fabric, materials (e.g. floor boards), colour swatches and pictures of furniture designs to inspire their project. The samples were presented on a A3 sample board.
A few creative themes (and materials) included:
- Beach (sand, sea shells)
- Harry Potter (posters of the infamous 4 Hogwarts houses)
- Rainforest (bird pictures, plants)
- Music (garage-style band, brick walls)
The most time was spent on the physical model. Students experimented with paper, clay and wood to create their furniture. They used PVA glue and hot glue guns as adhesives and had a lot of fun doing it. Most of the materials were sourced from home and students were encouraged to used recycled materials to demonstrate an understanding for the need of sustainable options for the improvement of the environment. Here are two of the outstanding projects.
Mickey Mouse Theme
Room For Improvement
Funnily enough, “Room For Improvement” was the name of the unit. Although a physical product is satisfying, some teachers agreed that the unit should be designed completely digitally. The technology to create floor plans, sample boards and models of rooms is already here. An example is the app Cam To Plan which uses the camera on your phone to create a 2D floor plan. However, this may pose a problem for students without access to smart phone at home. Alternatively, we can choose one aspect of the project, for example the room modelling, to be completed digitally on the computers at school. This enables students to work creatively whilst developing their digital literacy skills. All in all, the unit was enjoyable and the students and I are looking forward to the next units: jewellery design and food technology.
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