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Saturday, April 17, 2010
"If we treated everyone we meet with the same affection we bestow upon our favorite cat, they, too, would purr.”
Martin Robison Delany (1812–1885) was an African-American abolitionist and arguably the first proponent of American black nationalism.
Shem Hotep ("I go in peace").
The picture above is funny.
Read a Book. African Presence in Early Europe (Journal of African Civilizations) by Ivan Van Sertima
Read a Book. Black Man of the Nile. By Dr. Yosef ben-Jochannan.
Read a Book. Destruction of Black Civilization : Great Issues of a Race from 4500 B.C to 2000 A.D. by Chancellor Williams.
Elizabeth “Bessie” Coleman (1892–1926) was an American civil aviator. She was the first African American female pilot and the first person of African American descent to hold an international pilot license.
ANDREW JACKSON WAS AN INDIAN KILLER.
As a general and politician, ANDREW JACKSON took actions that resulted in the mass killing of Native Americans. He is, nonetheless, commemorated on US currency, and specifically, on the banknote that people regularly take from their ATMs.
Rather than advocating the elimination of the Jackson twenty-dollar bill, however, let's advocates a re-design of the bill so that it would bear the text, "ANDREW JACKSON WAS AN INDIAN KILLER," next to Jackson's image.
In other words, it advocates remembering Jackson's horrendous actions, rather than the removal of what is disturbing from the public sphere and our historical consciousness.
On the suppression of the Native American holocaust:
I learned a lot in school. I We learned about the great American Presidents such as Andrew Jackson (the guy on the $20 bill), I learned about Teddy Roosevelt, I learned about Howard Taft, and all the great American Legends. There are 2 things all these "Great American Legends" have in common.
Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) was the seventh President of the United States.
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (1858–1919 was the 26th President of the United States.
William Howard Taft (1857–1930) was the 27th President of the United States.
1.They all believed in Manifest Destiny
2.They all were "Great Indian Killers."
The American Society makes all these people great, and all these people were great because they were "Indian Killers".
Don't you think it is morally wrong to commit the crime of Genocide?
Don't you think it is morally wrong to consider Indian Killer a complement?
No, it is not wrong, because The American Society makes it right. The
American Propogandist make it right. We think what the want us to think. We believe what they want us to believe.
Well, if all this stuff is morally right in the American Society, then Why
isn't "Jew Killer" a complement? Because Genocide is morally wrong and is a crime thats why Hitler is considered wrong. Hey but Andrew Jackson, and all the American Legends did the same thing, Genocide the Indians. But Hitler Genocided the Jews but he is a given curse in the Soceity today. If Andrew Jackson is considered as a hero, then why isn't Hitler considered as a hero? Instead Hitler is a better Jew Killer than Andrew Jackson was Indian Killer.
Adolf Hitler 1889–? was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party.
But the American Society which is mainly controlled by "Jew Loving
Politicians" make it wrong for us to consider Jew killer as a complement and make it right for us to consider Indian Killer as a complement.
Ques.How many People died in the Holocaust?
Ans. 6 million
Ques.How many days are spent in High School learing about the Holocaust?
Ans. All four years.
Ques.How many people were killed by the Americans? (Indian and Slaves)
Ans. Over 25 million.
Ques.How many days are spent in High School learning abou the
killing of Indian and about the Slaves?
We spend four fucking years learning about the Holocaust which only
killed 6 million Jews but not one fucking day learning about the
25 million Indians and Slaves killed by the Americans. Why?
No one knows about the 25 million Indians and Slaves being killed
by the Americans but it is not as significant as the 6 million Jews
killed in the Holocaust.
Posted by Sawaad Amen Ra at 5:25 PM
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When people think of Artificial Intelligence (AI) they often conjure images of humanoid machines functioning at a level beyond standard human capability. But that concept doesn’t reflect the more common implementation for in today’s business world. Instead, the purpose of AI in most corporate landscapes involves automating mundane tasks.
Advanced computing technologies can manage these duties with an increased level of efficiency when compared to the speed and accuracy of their human counterparts. And, in some cases, they can be programmed to “learn” as they move along.
With all of the potential represented in AI, it’s no wonder that the technology can help businesses work even smarter by efficiently managing resources and lowering operational costs associated with data analysis and management.
AI and Processing Power
Even though AI has been on the technological radar for quite some time, we have only recently been able to create systems with the necessary processing power to make these solutions effective. Advances in CPU technology and GPU acceleration create trainable neural networks. This makes concepts like machine learning, also known as deep learning, and advance algorithm processing a reality.
As the speed of processing and analysis improves, businesses can use the results to alter the course of their business more effectively. Additionally, the ability to automate simple processes means that employee efforts can be directed to more complex development matters instead of spending time managing the nitty-gritty of daily processing requirements.
AI and Data Analytics
The advent of big data in the business world initially represented cumbersome data sets housed across multiple systems and based on varying structures. AI is able to effectively review the information to find meaningful information. This allows businesses to adjust their approach to many standard operations.
For example, data analytics of this nature allow large scale advertising systems to select better-targeted ads based on web-users activities. Other areas of growth include the self-driving cars, the development of virtual personal assistants, and even recommendations regarding how to treat someone with cancer.
AI and Technical Employees
Some of the fear around AI-centered on the likelihood that duties traditionally performed by people would be delegated to their machine-based counterparts. While the idea that improved technology leads to a loss of certain jobs is nothing new, the fact remains that AI is still a developing technology. As mundane tasks are moved from the hands of a person to the processing power of a computerized system, IT professionals can redirect their efforts towards more advanced development or other critical business goals.
AI, as it is seen now, appears to be a point of augmentation instead of straight replacement. By removing certain tasks from the hands of workers, they can focus their efforts in a way that can increase their overall productivity. The activities of people will be enhanced by these sophisticated systems, allowing professionals to prioritize their activities more effectively.
As developments in AI continue, it can be assumed that a disruptive technology will soon emerge that allows businesses to revamp their current methodologies. To take advantage of AI’s potential, a business needs to be prepared to move forward when the opportunity arises.
Are you looking for IT Professionals with up-to-date- technical skills?
If you are interested in finding technical professionals capable of creating or integrating AI-oriented solutions into your business, Solving IT has the expertise in technical staffing that will let your business find ideal candidates for your open positions. Contact Solving IT today and see what the future may hold for your business.
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Welcome to the Coral Digest
Coral reefs are the proverbial "canary in a coal mine" of the oceans. In the face of climate change, there is no doubt that coral reefs are declining worldwide. Increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere have led to warming oceans, ocean acidification, coral disease, and global bleaching events that occur too frequently for coral to recover. Localized threats from overfishing, pollution (including marine plastics), invasive species, and even the sunscreen that we all wear all but ensure that coral reefs, and the amazing assortment of fish and creatures that depend on them, will cease to exist as we know them, despite our best efforts to preserve and manage the reefs.
This site is a collection of student research. For the spring 2020 semester, students are investigating the following topics:
- Role of sound on the reefs
- Coral disease
- Plastic pollution
- Benefits of conservation and restoration measures
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Macro photography is a kind of close-up photography in which the image on film or electronic sensor is at least as large as the subject. Therefore, on 35mm film (for example), the camera has to have the ability to focus on an area at least as small as 24×36 mm, as this is the size of the image on the film. This is a magnification of 1:1.
For example, suppose a photographer wants to take a macro photograph of a coin on film. With the lens set for a magnification of 1:1, he or she moves the camera to and fro until the coin is in focus, then takes the picture. After having the film developed, the photographer can place the coin on the film, and the coin will be exactly the same size as the picture of the coin on the negative or slide.
In recent years, the term macro has come to mean being able to focus on a subject close enough so that when a standard 102×152 mm (4×6 inch) print is made, the image is life-size or larger.
Next, the photographer photographs it from farther away, this time, setting the lens to a magnification of 1:4, again moving to and fro until the coin is in focus, and taking the picture. The real coin is now four times as big across as the image; that is, the image and the coin are in a 1:4 relationship. If a 4× enlargement print (about 100×150 mm) is made, the size of the coin will match the size of the photo of the coin. That is, the image is life-size, or 1:1, in the print.
There are several kinds of equipment for making the image the required size. These include
- Using a special-purpose lens called a macro lens (some manufacturers call it a micro), having a long barrel for close focusing. A macro lens might be optimized to provide its best performance at a magnification of 1:1. Some macro lenses, like the Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8, can achieve even better magnification— up to 5:1 macro, bringing the structure of small insect eyes, snowflakes, and other miniscule but detailed objects into striking focus.
- Placing an extension tube between the camera body and the lens. The tube has no glass in it; its sole purpose is to move the lens farther from the film or digital sensor. The farther the lens is, the closer the focus (and the bigger the magnification). Also, less light will reach the film or sensor, therefore a longer exposure time will be needed.
- Using a bellows attachment between the camera body and the lens to extend the lens to film plane distance. Similar to an extension tube, but adjustable.
- Placing an auxiliary close-up lens in front of the camera's taking lens. Inexpensive screw-in or slip-on attachments provide close focusing at very low cost. The quality is variable, with some two-element versions being excellent. This method works with cameras that have built-in lenses.
- Attaching a telephoto extender between the camera body and the lens. A 1.4× or 2× teleconverter gives a larger image, adding macro capabilities. As with an extension tube, less light will reach the film or sensor, therefore a longer exposure time will be needed.
- Using a smaller film or sensor. Placing a rollfilm adaptor on a 4×5 view camera can give a macro image. Likewise, using only the central 1/4 of the area of a digital sensor (discarding the outer 3/4 of the pixels) results in a larger image. Enlarging a small portion of a 35 mm negative or slide also results in a larger image. Photographers might debate whether this is true macro photography, but semantics aside, it can result in a frame-filling photograph that is as large as the original subject.
- Reversing the lens using a "reversing ring". This special adapter attaches to the filter thread on the front of a lens and makes it possible to attach the lens in reverse. Excellent quality results up to 4x lifesize magnification using fairly cheap, "standard" (not specially designed for macro) lenses can be produced. For cameras with all-electronic communications between the lens and the camera body, such as Canon EOS, reversing rings are available which allow all camera functions, including open aperture metering, to be used. When used with extension tubes or bellows a relatively cheap but highly versatile macro system can be assembled.
- Reversing a lens of lesser focal length in front of a normally mounted lens using a very inexpensive "macro coupler," which uses two male filter threads to join lenses. This method allows most cameras to maintain the full function of electronic communcation with the normally mounted lens for features such as open-aperture metering. Magnification ratio is calculated by dividing the focal length of the normally mounted lens by the focal length of the reversed lens (i.e., when a 50 mm lens is reverse mounted on a 200 mm lens a 4:1 magnification ratio is achieved). The use of automatic focus is not recommended due to the extra weight of the reverse-mounted lens. Attempted use of automatic focus with this technique could result in damage to the camera or lens.
Technical considerations Edit
Depth of field is an important consideration in macro photography. This makes it essential to focus critically on the most important part of the subject. Parts of the subject that are even a millimeter closer or farther might be noticeably blurry. Due to this, the use of a microscope stage is highly recommended for precise focus with large magnification such as photographing skin cells.
Camera movement can be a problem at extremely close distances due to the paper-thin Depth of field. Use of a tripod or other camera support can be extremely helpful, and is essential when lighting conditions require slow shutter speeds. Tripods and other supports can be equipped with a Macro rack, a device that allows fine movement of the camera toward or away from the subject along the lens axis without moving the tripod.
Lighting can be difficult. Some cameras can focus on subjects so close that they touch the front piece of glass in the lens. It's impossible to place a light between the camera and a subject that close, making this extreme close-up photography impractical. A normal-focal-length lens (50 mm on a 35 mm camera) can focus so close that lighting remains difficult. To get more distance between the camera and the subject, photographers use telephoto macro lenses. Focal lengths from about 100 to 200 mm are popular. This permits lighting.
Ring flashes, with flash tubes arranged in a circle around the front of the lens, can be helpful in lighting at close distances. More recently, ring lights have emerged, using white LEDs to provide a continuous light source for macrophotography.
- This article contains information originally taken from the Wikipedia article "Macro_photography". You can see the authorship and revision history of that article here.
- Macro Lenses. Special lenses for close-up work.
- Trick Photography and Special Effects by Evan Sharboneau a very popular instructional eBook that explains how to do most of the trick photos that often capture attention and amazement from viewers.
- Macro photography - photo gallery of macro images.
- Macro and Close up photography - photo gallery with good examples of macro images.
- Use of Microscope Stage for Microphotography
- Macrophotography on a Budget - Extender lens using Pringles Can
- Canon Lens Reviews
- Numismatic Cabinet - Macro Photo Galleries of Coins
- Inespensive Macro Photography DSLR with Manual Focus Lens
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How an ancient North American civilization was plundered in the twentieth century
When a group of relic hunters drove their picks into a lost Indian burial crypt in eastern Oklahoma in 1935, they unearthed a vast treasure trove of Mississippian art—considered by many at the time to be America’s answer to King Tut’s Tomb. They also ignited a controversy that continues to have repercussions throughout archaeological and American Indian communities.
The Spiro Mounds contained some of the most impressive pre-Columbian Indian art ever found. In Looting Spiro Mounds, David La Vere takes readers behind the scenes of this discovery to re-create a Great Depression–era archaeological adventure worthy of Indiana Jones.
The looting of the mounds is considered one of the major archaeological tragedies of all time. Today Spiro artifacts are scattered among the world’s museums, with some still circulating in the antiquities market and eagerly snatched up by collectors. La Vere weaves a compelling story of grave robbers and lost treasures as he pieces together the puzzle of the civilization that thrived at Spiro from A.D. 800 to 1450. He plumbs the mystery of why the people of Spiro abandoned the site, leaving behind their treasures but no forwarding address.
Looting Spiro Mounds explains what the continuing mystique of Spiro artifacts is all about as the book uncovers a controversy—and a mystery—that lives on to this day.
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Reading can be a wonderful pastime. It can broaden your outlook, the way you see the world. Reading can make you more informed about events around you, or even just entertain and amuse you. But how can you get the most of the times you set aside to read? Having good reading skills can be tremendously useful. It can save you time, or at least make sure that you don't waste time, by helping you properly absorb all the words and concepts. This article will discuss some ways that you can improve your reading skills, and perhaps enjoy reading even more!
To gain knowledge and understanding when we read, we need to take time to pause and really think. Yes, take some time to fully understand each phrase that you meet. Some times it takes a while to to really grasp some ideas, as I have often found myself. But don't be afraid to re-read a sentence. This can be really beneficial in connecting the whole book together. So as you come across every sentence, be sure to 'chew' it carefully. Don't cheat yourself by skipping out lines.
Think about how the ideas relate to each other, this will help you form a clear picture of the plot in your head. Try to anticipate what might happen next, and what the writer is trying to express. You might find that this helps you to be more engaged in your book.
Reading can be so hard to do, when you are in a noisy environment. Choosing a calm comfortable area to read can help you to focus and may make reading a pleasure. Also choose somewhere that has good lighting, so you don't find yourself squinting down at your book. That won't be very good for you. Keeping focused while you read is important. If you are constantly raising your head to catch something on the TV, for instance, you will not be able to absorb as much as you would if you focused on the book.
I remember how when I was younger, my teachers always used to encourage us to read for at least 15 minutes a day. And that is a really good habit. Practice makes perfect, so why not practice reading? Of course, you may want to increase the time to 30 minutes a day, so you can really get somewhere, but it's up to you. But like with most things, regularity is important. So stick to the set amount of time to read everyday. You would be surprised how books you may be able to finish in a few weeks, if you just keep to a steady schedule. This will really improve your reading skills, as reading becomes an exciting part of your daily routine.
Improve your reading skills by reading a variety of literature. There are so many books out there on a variety of topics. If you are someone who normally likes to read fiction and fantasy, it may be idea to read some nonfiction material. Go out of your comfort zone, and explore different authors and genres of books. I have found some of my favorite books by doing this. Reading a variety of things will greatly enrich you. It will make you smarter. And it will enable you to understand more situations that you encounter. You may like to plan in advance the next book you want to read, why not choose something slightly different. You can ask your friends and family what books they have recently enjoyed reading, and this may help you discover some good reads.
What are the different types of literature that you can read? Here are a few:
Reading to others is a great way to improve your reading skills. As you read to others you are more aware of the way you are reading and when you misread or mispronounce a word. When you read to others you will also get some feedback which will help you to identify the areas in which you can improve. Reading out loud is generally a good way for you to really hear yourself. It will enable you to reflect on your tone of voice and clarity of speech.
So keep practicing your reading skills, and see the way you improve and become a great reader!
Mar 21, 19 11:57 PM
Let's discuss types of marketing strategy that businesses can deploy to reach their ideal customer in the best way. Select your strategies and watch them work.
Mar 11, 19 11:58 PM
In Other Words has to be one of the best books I've ever read. It tells the story of Jhumpa Lahiri's journey into the Italian language, a journey I relate to...
Mar 04, 19 10:26 PM
On the internet we hear the phrase 'Stay Hungry' quite a lot, but what does it actually mean? Let's talk about what it means to stay hungry & why you should.
If you can see this, please share this post with the buttons below :)
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Doctors call for earlier autism screening
The leading pediatricians' group in the United States is making its strongest push yet to have all children screened for autism twice by age 2, warning of symptoms such as babies who don't babble at 9 months and 1-year-olds who don't point to toys.
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CHICAGO–The leading pediatricians' group in the United States is making its strongest push yet to have all children screened for autism twice by age 2, warning of symptoms such as babies who don't babble at 9 months and 1-year-olds who don't point to toys.
The advice is meant to help both parents and doctors spot autism sooner. There is no cure for the disorder, but experts say that early therapy can lessen its severity.
Symptoms to watch for, and the call for early screening, come in two new reports.
They are being released by the American Academy of Pediatrics today at its annual meeting in San Francisco and will appear in the November issue of the journal Pediatrics and on the group's website, aap.org.
The reports list numerous warning signs, such as a 4-month-old not smiling at the sound of mom or dad's voice, or the loss of language or social skills at any age.
Experts say one in 150 U.S. children have the troubling developmental disorder.
Autism Society Canada puts the figure at about one in 165 children.
The new reports say children with suspect cases should be treated before a formal diagnosis is made.
In Ontario, there has been no push for testing, although the provincial government has explored the feasibility of universal developmental surveillance – which includes early signs of autism – focused on 18 months as a start, said Dr. Wendy Roberts of the autism research program at the Hospital for Sick Children.
There are basic warning signs at 12 months, including babies not pointing at things of interest in attempts to get their parents to look.
Debbie Hrybinsky, president of the Toronto chapter of Autism Ontario, and parent of autistic son Matthew, 7, called the U.S. recommendations a positive step. Her son's autism was confirmed by the time he was 3.
Her son would have benefited from the guidelines being proposed in the U.S., she said.
"If we got the diagnosis sooner I think he'd be further ahead,'' Hrybinsky said last night.
Dr. Chris Johnson, co-author of the new reports and a researcher at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, said: "Parents come into your office now saying `I'm worried about autism.' Ten years ago, they didn't know what it was."
The authors caution not all children who display a few symptoms are autistic and parents should not overreact to quirky behaviour.
Just because a child lines up toy cars or has tantrums "doesn't mean you need to have concern, if they're also interacting socially and also pretending with toys and communicating well," said co-author Dr. Scott Myers, of Danville, Pa.
Recommended treatment for autism should include at least 25 hours a week of intensive behaviour-based therapy, including educational activities and speech therapy, according to the reports.
For very young children, therapy typically involves fun activities, such as bouncing balls back and forth or sharing toys to develop social skills; there is repeated praise for eye contact and other behaviour autistic children often avoid.
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10 Astonishing Facts About America’s Founding Fathers
Many of us will recognize the majority of names on this list, having learned about their integrity, honor, and imprint on American history. However, many of the trivial and unflattering details of their lives are often left out of the classroom. The following stories relate astonishing facts that few of us know about 10 Founding Fathers of the United States of America.
10 Prison For An American Hero
Robert Morris, a Founding Father who signed the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution, was known as the “Financier of the Revolution.” Without Morris, the colonies would have failed to secede from British rule. Nevertheless, he spent a few of his final years behind bars.
Upon his retirement, Morris embarked on risky investments, one of which was building a mansion designed by renowned architect Pierre L’Enfant. When the market crashed, Morris couldn’t make the interest payments and taxes owed on the estate, and in February 1798, a creditor had him arrested.
He was incarcerated in a Philadelphia debtor’s prison for 3.5 years, only to be released following the passage of a federal bankruptcy law. Sadly, in his final years, his wealth was gone and he lived on a small pension that his cousin had arranged for his wife, Mary.
9 Scattered Remains
Thomas Paine—Founding Father, author, and hero of both the American and French Revolutions—spent his final years as an alcoholic who died broke and alone. Only six people attended his funeral in 1809.
Paine had fallen out of public favor because he opposed organized religion and disagreed with the country’s elites. His burial wishes were disregarded, and he was laid to rest in a modest grave on his farm.
A decade later, William Cobbett disinterred Paine’s remains without permission and brought them to London with the hope of giving Paine a proper and honorable burial. Cobbett’s grand plans, however, never materialized.
Paine’s bones were passed down to Cobbett’s descendants and scattered across the world after being sold off piece by piece. Today, it is said that Paine’s head is in Australia while the rest of his remains are at the four corners of the world.
8 The Suffering Of Benjamin Franklin
When the Europeans arrived in North America, they brought crude opium, either alone or dissolved in liquid. The drug was highly regarded as a means to diminish pain and often abused by colonists, including Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.
Few know of Franklin’s physical suffering in his last years of life, much of which was attributed to a kidney stone. During his final 12 months, he was confined to bed.
To treat Franklin’s unbearable intermittent pain, Dr. John Johns provided Franklin with laudanum, a mixture of opiates and alcohol. At the time, few knew of the dangers or addictive power of opium. When Franklin died in 1790, he was severely addicted to the drug.
7 The Wealthy Smuggler
In the 18th century, 40 percent of all British exports to the northern American colonies had to enter via the Port of Boston. These exports were protected by the British through a series of trade taxes imposed by the Navigation Acts.
Although John Hancock was a man of enormous wealth (having inherited most of his fortune in his mid-twenties), he avoided paying these duties to the British by illegally smuggling exports such as French molasses, tea, glass, lead, paper, tobacco, rum, and wine.
His fortune grew until the late 1760s when he was formally charged with smuggling. Hancock sought the counsel of John Adams, an attorney who was the cousin of Hancock’s closest friend, Samuel Adams. Although Hancock was guilty, Adams got Hancock relieved of all charges.
6 William Blount’s Conspiracy
William Blount, Governor for the Territory South of the River Ohio as well as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Department, was a popular frontiersman who led Tennessee to full statehood in 1796. That year, Blount also became one of the first US Senators and served as chairman for Tennessee during the Constitutional Convention.
Soon after, Blount conspired with Britain to conquer the Spanish provinces of Florida and Louisiana with the help of British naval forces, frontiersmen, and Native Americans. These plans were exposed in a letter by Blount that unexpectedly fell into the hands of President Adams. Although the Senate responded by impeaching Blount, no further action was taken.
Surprisingly, neither the conspiracy nor his impeachment daunted Blount’s popularity among the citizens of Tennessee, and in 1798, he was elected to the state legislature. However, he died only two years later at age 50.
5 Dr. Benjamin Rush
Dr. Benjamin Rush, signatory to the Declaration of Independence, is perhaps best known for being the “father of American psychiatry.” Serving on the Pennsylvania Hospital medical staff for 30 years, he brought forth the original idea that mental illness is a disease of the mind rather than a “possession of demons.” In 1812, Rush wrote Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, the first psychiatric textbook published in the US.
Dr. Rush was also the first to believe that people who drank too much alcohol suffered from a disease rather than a failure of free will. This disease concept ultimately led to the term “alcoholic” in 1891. Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, those involved in the temperance movement referenced Dr. Rush’s theory to further their political agenda, which eventually led to Prohibition.
4 The Company You Keep
The city of Dayton, Ohio, is named after Jonathan Dayton, a leading American politician who represented New Jersey. Dayton was the speaker of the US House of Representatives, the youngest member of the US Constitutional Convention, and Senator for the state of New Jersey. In 1807, Dayton’s career in politics came to a sudden end when he met Aaron Burr, who had coincidentally shot and killed Alexander Hamilton three years earlier.
Dayton became involved in Burr’s questionable activities, although the depth of Dayton’s involvement is unclear. After Burr was accused of trying to overthrow and seize the western United States, Dayton was implicated as a coconspirator and arrested for treason.
Although the conspiracy became a national scandal, Dayton was never tried nor was there any proof of his involvement in the Aaron Burr case. Regardless, Dayton’s political career was brought to an end and his reputation tarnished.
3 Thomas Jefferson’s DNA
For two centuries, there has been speculation as to whether Thomas Jefferson fathered children with of one of his slaves, Sally Hemings. Jefferson neither confirmed nor denied the allegations. Meanwhile, two of Hemings’s children insisted that he was their father.
In 1998, Dr. Eugene Foster conducted tests on Y-chromosomal DNA samples of Jefferson and Hemings’s descendants. Foster concluded that an individual carrying Jefferson’s DNA did indeed father Eston Hemings, the last known child born to Sally Hemings.
According to Dr. Foster, this compelling evidence, which has been published in the scientific journal Nature, is the simplest and most probable explanation that Thomas Jefferson was the father of Eston Hemings. To support the study, a DNA expert at the Whitehead Institute in Boston stated that there was a less than 1 percent chance that a person chosen at random would share the same Y-chromosomal mutations as in the Jefferson lineage.
2 Poisonous Coffee
George Wythe, another signatory to the Declaration of Independence, suffered a horrendous death. In 1806, his black servant, Lydia Broadnax, fixed coffee for herself, Wythe, and 16-year-old Michael Brown. Minutes later, all three were stricken with horrific abdominal pains.
Earlier, Broadnax had seen Wythe’s 18-year-old grandnephew, George Wythe Sweeney, toss a piece of paper into the coffeepot, leading Wythe to insist that Sweeney had poisoned them. Before the poisoning, Wythe had threatened to cut Sweeney out of his will. Sweeney had been forging checks and selling Wythe’s prized books to pay his gambling debts.
Two days after the three fell ill, Sweeney was jailed for attempting to cash a forged check in Wythe’s name for $100. Wythe died shortly afterward, along with Michael Brown.
Sweeney stood trial for murder and forgery. However, Virginia prohibited blacks from testifying against whites, so Broadnax’s claims fell on deaf ears. Sweeney was acquitted of murder, and the forgery charges were eventually dropped.
1 Duel To The Death
Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and Vice President Aaron Burr had a long-standing rivalry. Burr even claimed that he lost the presidency because of Hamilton’s interference. As Burr’s vice-presidential term neared its end, he ran for governor of New York, only to lose following Hamilton’s public opposition.
Infuriated, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton accepted. On July 11, 1804, the two men raised their pistols and fired a single shot. Burr walked away from the fight unscathed, but Hamilton succumbed to his injury the following day.
As dueling was against the law in the state of New York, Burr was later charged with murder. Ultimately, the charges against him were dropped and he passed away 32 years later in 1836.
Adam is just a hubcap trying to hold on in the fast lane.
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Posted: 30 Mar 2017 10:23 AM PDT full ScienceDaily article here
Playing ‘natural sounds’ affects the bodily systems that control the flight-or-fright and rest-digest autonomic nervous systems, with associated effects in the resting activity of the brain, new research shows.
The gentle burbling of a brook, or the sound of the wind in the trees can physically change our mind and bodily systems, helping us to relax. New research explains how, for the first time.
Researchers at Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS) found that playing ‘natural sounds’ affected the bodily systems that control the flight-or-fright and rest-digest autonomic nervous systems, with associated effects in the resting activity of the brain. While naturalistic sounds and ‘green’ environments have frequently been linked with promoting relaxation and wellbeing, until now there has been no scientific consensus as to how these effects come about. The study has been published in Scientific Reports…..
When listening to natural sounds, the brain connectivity reflected an outward-directed focus of attention; when listening to artificial sounds, the brain connectivity reflected an inward-directed focus of attention, similar to states observed in anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. There was also an increase in rest-digest nervous system activity (associated with relaxation of the body) when listening to natural compared with artificial sounds, and better performance in an external attentional monitoring task.
Interestingly, the amount of change in nervous system activity was dependant on the participants’ baseline state: Individuals who showed evidence of the greatest stress before starting the experiment showed the greatest bodily relaxation when listening to natural sounds, while those who were already relaxed in the brain scanner environment showed a slight increase in stress when listening to natural compared with artificial sounds.
…Artist Mark Ware commented, “Art-science collaborations can be problematic, often due to a lack of shared knowledge and language (scientific and artistic), but the team at BSMS has generously sought common ground, which has resulted in this exciting and successful outcome. We have plans to continue collaborating and I am keen to explore how the results of this work might be applied to the creation and understanding of time-based art (installations, multimedia performance, and film) for the benefit of people in terms of wellbeing and health.”
Cassandra D. Gould van Praag, Sarah N. Garfinkel, Oliver Sparasci, Alex Mees, Andrew O. Philippides, Mark Ware, Cristina Ottaviani, Hugo D. Critchley. Mind-wandering and alterations to default mode network connectivity when listening to naturalistic versus artificial sounds. Scientific Reports, 2017; 7: 45273 DOI: 10.1038/srep45273
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Tanganyika by night
The exhibit presents nocturnal African animal species, such as Senegal bushbaby, Northern greater galago, Southern tree hyrax (a small mammal related to elephants and so far kept in the zoo back-stage facility), or African rock python. However, visitors will find several new species as well, e.g. African brush-tailed porcupine, Four-toed hedgehog, Electric catfish, or Giant African millipede - a representative of invertebrates.
Nocturnal exhibits are based on a reverse light regime. The lights in the exhibit are switched on during the night, and on the contrary, during the daytime the night light conditions are created by the blue light by which the animals are not disturbed. Therefore, the visitors have a chance to see nocturnal animals naturally active.
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In the broad feeling, apparel also involves headgear, footwear, gloves, and comparable articles or blogposts. Ornamentation plays a supplementary function in outfits.Along with housing, apparel arose as just one of the principal means of defense from the factors. Some bourgeois scholars accept this utilitarian concept of the origin of outfits, but lots of manage an idealistic issue of see and assert that the donning of outfits originated mainly as a final result of modesty, an aesthetic awakening (clothes as an extension of ornamentation), or religious and magical beliefs.Russian garments. The earliest information about historic Russian outfits dates from the time period of Kievan Rus’. With the acceptance of Christianity at the conclusion of the tenth century, the princes adopted Byzantine costume as ceremonial wear. Nevertheless, a sure originality of Reduce was introduced to the costume, and the decoration was fewer lavish. Masculine peasant attire consisted of a coarse, sackcloth shirt, woolen trousers, bast footwear, and onuchi (cloths wrapped all-around the ft). Cool Funny Tshirts A narrow belt, embellished with patterned steel spangles, added a attractive touch to the stylistically straightforward ensemble. A shuba and a sharply pointed fur hat served as outer apparel. The gown of the Kievan princesses carefully resembled Byzantine attire, but the effect of a rigid trunk was avoided by the use of softer fabrics. The principal article of clothes among the city and peasant women was the chemise. Gals possibly wore a garment comparable to a poneva (peasant female’s homespun skirt). An ubrus (ornamental kerchief) served as the head masking. The most commonly applied resources had been sackcloth (canvas) and woolens, which normally had printed patterns.
Apparel is 1 of the most historic inventions of person
Late Paleolithic remains incorporate stone scrapers and bone needles applied for treating and sewing animal skins. Other resources used for clothing in the late Paleolithic incorporated leaves, grass, and bark (for case inpoint, the peoples of Oceania utilized tapa). Hunters and fishermen utilized fish skins, the intestines of Steller’s sea lions and other sea animals, and chook skins. In the Neolithic, immediately after learning the arts of spinning and weaving, folks created apparel from the fibers of wild vegetation. The transition throughout the Neolithic to stock raising and land cultivation led to the use of the wool of domestic animals and fabric created from the fibers of these cultivated vegetation as flax, hemp, and cotton.The prototypes of sewn garments were the primitive cloak (animal pores and skin) and the loincloth. From the cloak progressed these kinds of slipon content articles of garments as the toga, the tunic, the poncho, the burka, and the shirt. Many varieties of waisted garments, this kind of as the apron, the skirt, and trousers, derived from the loincloth.The most easy sort of historic footwear consisted of sandals or just a piece of animal pores and skin that was wrapped close to the feet. The latter is thought of to be the ancestor of the leather morshni (porshni) of the Slavs, the chuviaki of the peoples of the Caucasus, and the moccasins of the American Indians. Bark (in Japanese Europe) and Wooden (amongst sure peoples of Western Europe) ended up also utilized for footwear.Since historic occasions, headgear served as protection and as an emblem indicating social status (for case in point, the headgear of chieftains or of monks of heathen religious cults). It has also mirrored spiritual and magical beliefs (for example, headgear depicting an animal’s head).
Clothes is generally tailored to geographic circumstances
And its varied types and the content from which it is created are identified by climate. The most historic clothing of the peoples of the tropicalforest zone, for instance, in Africa and South The unitedstates, consisted of a loincloth, an apron, and a cape. In moderately chilly and arctic locations, outfits included the complete overall body. A distinction is made among the apparel of the Much North and of northern regions with cold temperate climates. The garments worn by the peoples of the Much North are completely built from fur. The peoples of Siberia have two attribute varieties of fur garments. In the polar zone, a thick, pullover fur garment is worn among the this sort of peoples as the Eskimo, Chukchi, and Nentsy. In the taiga zone, the outfits is loose and opens in entrance (for illustration, amid the Evenki and the Yakuts). Exclusive garments built of suede, chamois, or tanned leather-based appeared among the Indians of the North American forest zone: the Ladies wore a very long, shirtlike garment, and the Guys wore a very long shirt and significant leggings.The forms of garments are closely related with person’s economic exercise. Consequently, in early antiquity a variety of clothing acceptable for horseback riding developed among nomadic peoples who engaged in inventory boosting. Equally the men and the women wore robes and vast trousers.As Culture turned a lot more complicated, variances in social and familial positions significantly motivated clothes. Distinctions appeared amongst Males’s and Girls’s apparel and between the clothes of unmarried and married Gals. Everyday, festive, wedding day, and mourning clothing appeared. As labor grew to become extra diversified, different kinds of occupational garments designed. In the early levels of background, clothing mirrored ethnic (clannish and tribal) characteristics, and subsequently basic countrywide characteristics, such as community variants, had been reflected.
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Key Stage 3
The science curriculum at KS3 covers all areas of biology, chemistry and physics, moving on from one subject to the next approximately every term. This structure is similar to the way that students complete their GCSE course so they are well prepared for KS4. The recent change in the curriculum at KS3 sees an increase in the development of specific skills such as analysis and evaluation, scientific communication and investigative skills. Assessment involves a formal test, approximately every half term, which includes extended writing, numeracy and working scientifically.
The Year 7 content has an emphasis on cell biology, moving onto the structure and function of body systems and a specific focus on reproduction in mammals and plants, and the foundations of chemistry (particles and their behaviour; elements, atoms and compounds; chemical reactions; and acids and alkalis). Forces and space are the two physics topics that are also covered.
In Year 8 health and lifestyle, ecosystem processes and adaptation and inheritance are the biology topics. The periodic table, separating mixtures and the Earth are studied in chemistry while physics focuses on waves, with both sound and light being covered.
This leaves one chemistry topic (metals and acids) and three physics topics (electricity and magnetism; energy; and motion and pressure) to be completed in the first term of Year 9, at which point the students will have completed the KS3 course. After Christmas in Year 9 students start their KS4 science studies.
Key Stage 4
Students follow one of two learning routes:
- The majority of students will complete the AQA Combined Science (Trilogy) course which is a double award and counts as two GCSEs.
- Our most able students will continue to take the three sciences (biology, chemistry and physics) as separate GCSE subjects.
All the courses are linear with all the exams being completed at the end of Year 11
In the Combined Science biology course the Year 9 programme of study covers cells and organisation, moving on to disease and bioenergetics in Year 10. In the final year biological responses, genetics and reproduction and ecology are the main topics. Students taking the separate biology GCSE cover some areas in more depth and also extra topics such as homeostasis and sustainable food production.
The Year 9 chemistry programme focuses on atomic structure, linked to the periodic table, and the structure and bonding of ionic and covalent compounds. Year 10 includes chemical calculations, chemical reactions and energy changes and Year 11 sees the introduction of rates and equilibrium, chemical analysis and environmental chemistry. The separate GCSE chemistry programme also has a significant organic chemistry content, along with an extra section on using resources.
Physics starts with energy and energy resources in Year 9 and then electricity, thermal physics and radioactivity in Year 10. The final year programme focuses on forces and motion and the properties and uses of waves. Those studying physics as a separate GCSE will also cover pressure, space and a much more in-depth study of light waves and electromagnetism.
We offer OCR biology, chemistry and physics courses at A Level. These courses are academically challenging and prepare students well for studying science, engineering and related courses, such as medicine, at university. The courses all have a significant practical element, with students being awarded a practical endorsement alongside their A-level qualification.
Extra Curricular Activities
We aim to stimulate as many minds as possible with a variety of activities that range from lectures and demonstrations to clubs, quizzes and competitions. In recent years groups of KS3 students have competed in the MBDA Robot Rumble and Glider competitions and students of all ages have entered and won prizes at the prestigious Big Bang events. We also organise a variety of external trips, including in recent years Year 8 trips to Whipsnade Zoo and a residential trip to CERN in Switzerland.
Other Useful Websites
Our lively and expanding department is made up of specialist teaching staff, technicians and dedicated learning assistants.
- Dr Richard Blackford – Head of Department
- Ms Helen Bonner – 2nd in Department
- Mr Lawrence Foster – Teacher of Science; Deputy Headteacher (Behaviour & Attendance)
- Mrs Sandra Hibbert – Teacher of Science; Assistant Headteacher (Data & Assessment)
- Mrs Faye Nearney – Teacher of Science; Deputy Headteacher (Curriculum & Safeguarding)
- Dr Alan Reid – Lead Practitioner in Science
- Mrs Cara Matthews – 3rd in Department
- Mr Ben Stokes – Teacher of Science
- Mr Richard Parmar – Teacher of Science
- Miss Alex Duric – Teacher of Science; Head of Year 9
- Dr Carolyn Kisby – Teacher of Physics
- Miss Olivia Bradley – Teacher of Science
- Miss Alice Mills – Teacher of Science
- Mr Simon Poliakoff – Teacher of Science; Lead Practitioner Data & Assessment
- Mrs Joanna Willis – Teacher of Science
- Mrs Julie Simpson – Science Technician
- Ms Natalie Graham – Science Technician
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Distribution of Coal in India
Occurrence: Major coalfields in India lie East- West , starting from a point approximately 185 km NW of Kolkata (Calcutta) and streaching ewestward. Distribution of coals in India can be subdivided into a) Lower Gondowana Coalfields, b) Upper Gondowana Coalfields, c) Tertiary Coalfields. The tables below show over all distribution of coalfields in India.
Gondowana Coals are most important in India and account for more than 90% of coal production in country. The land mass of southern hemisphere was united with South Africa, India, Australia and possibly South America. India drifted north-east relative to Africa and the Gondowana landmass was exposed to sub-aerial conditions for a long period of time. The initiation of Gondowana period is marked by a glacial period (evidenced by Talcher Series). Climate changed to a more temperate condition in later period melting snow and allowing prolific growth of vegetation. This huge vegetation got buried and produced Gondowana Coals. The land subsidence began in the east giving rise to a great depth of Barakar and Ranigunju measures. The great depth along with earth movement allowed the coal seam to lose moisture and volatile matter and change in chemical conditions and sometimes converted to coke (example: Barakar Strata). To the west, subsidence was less as evidenced by thin and poor quality coal seams.
Tertiary Coals contribute very little of the total coal production in India. They usually have high sulfur content (2-8%).
a) Lower Gondowana Coalfields in India:
|West Bengal||Damodar Valley||Raniganj (Trans Barakar),Bankura|
|Darjeeling District||Bagrakote, Tindharia|
|Bihar||Damodar Valley||Ranigunj (Cis Barakar), Jharia, Bokaro, Chandrapura, South Karampura, North Karampura, Ramgarh|
|Rajmahal Area||Hura, Gilhuria and Jilbari, Chuparbhita, Pachwara, Brahmini|
|Deogarh Area||Kundit Kuria, Sahajuri, Jainti|
|Hazaribagh District||Giridhi, Chope, Itkhori.|
|Palamu Region||Anuranga, Daltongunj, Hutar|
|Madha Pradesh||South Rawa Region||Singrauli, Korar, Johilla river, Umaria, Sohagpur|
|North Chattishgarh Region||Jhilmili, Tatapani-Ramkola, Sanhat, Jharkhand, Chirimiri-Kurasia, Koreagarh, Bassar, Bisrampur, Lakhanpur, Panchbhaini, Dambhamunda, Sendargarh|
|South Chattishgarh Region||Hasdo -Rampur, Korba, Raigarh, Mand River, Kankani.|
|Satpura Region||MOhpani, Sonada, Sahpur (Tawa), Dulhara (Tawa), Pathakera, Bamhanwara, Upper Tawa Valley, Kanhan Valley, Pench Valley.|
|Maharashtra||Wardha Valley||Kamptee, Bandar, Warora, Rajur (Wun), Ghugus – Telwasa, Chanda, Ballarpur, Wamanapalli, Antargaon – Aksapur, Sasti – Rajpura.|
|Orissa||Mahanadi Valley||Talcher, Ib river (Rampur – Hingir).|
|Andhra Pradesh||Pranhita – Godavari Valley||Tandur Kanala, North Godavari, South Godavari, Jangam, Chinur-Sendrapalli, Kamavaram, Bandala – Alapalli, Singareni (yellendu), Lingala, Kothagudium, Damar-cherla, Kannergiri, Beddadanuru.|
|Uttar Pradesh||Kota (in Mirzapur District)|
|Assam||Abor, Aka and Daphla Hills|
b) Upper Gondowana Coalfields in India:
|Madhapradesh||Satpura Region||Hard River Valley|
C) Tertiary Coalfields in India:
|Assam||Upper Assam||Namphuk, Namchik, Makum, Jaipur, Nazira, Janji, Disai|
|Mikir Hills||Longloi Hills, Dissoma River, Numbor River, Doigrung River, Koilapahar|
|Khasi and Jaintia Hills||Langrin, Barsoura, Wah, Rongah Valley, Lakma, Umasur, Charigaon, Cherrapunji, Um Rileng, Mawlong, Mawbehlarkar, Rangsonoba, Lairango, Jarain, Lakadong, Satunga|
|Garo Hills||Karaibari, Rongreggiri, Daranggiri, Tura, Sogring, Waimong|
|Jammu and Kashmir||Kalakoth, Methka, Mahogala, Chakar, Dhanswal-Sawalkot, Ladda, Chinkah, Kashmir Valley lignites|
|Rajasthan||Palana (in Bikanir)|
|Madras||Neyveli (South Arkot), Cuddalore – Pondicherry Area|
|Gujrat||Umarsar (in Kutch)|
Note: It is really very hard to find any good book on coals in India. I have used “Advanced Coal Mining” by B.M Vorobjev and R.T Deshmukh published in 1964! If you know some good reference other than the book I mentioned, please let us know.
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An essay can be wonderfully articulated and thought out, but will still result in a poor grade if it doesn’ t adequately answer the prompt provided. break the prompt down into two parts. steps of a basic essay i. introduction ( establishes the paper’ s topic) a. opening statements ( sentences containing some general comments about the subject at hand) b. thesis statement ( 1- 2 sentences saying what the paper is about and how it will be broken down. following this process is the easiest way to draft the steps of writing an essay a successful essay, whatever its purpose might be. Essays written for you. according to kathy livingston’ s guide to writing a basic essay, there are seven steps to writing a successful essay. essay tips: 7 tips on writing an effective essay 1. knowing how to write an essay is a skill that you can use throughout your life.
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Phobias are rather persistent fears which are indeed very irrational. It can be about any object living, non-living or of a situation. It may or may not have any relation to any particular situation in one’s life. Usually, phobias are indeed accompanied by a strong desire to avoid any given particular situation or object that one fears. It can also lead to an inability to function normally at any job, home or at social settings.
What is a phobia you may ask?
Any specific phobia is considered to an intense fear of something that does pose little or no actual danger. Grown-up individuals do no doubt suffer from it, even though they tend to realize that it is an irrational fear and try to avoid the fear factor. Whenever these individuals encounter this phobic stimulant, they do get a severe anxiety attack.
Phobias can be broadly divided into three types: simple, social and agoraphobia (fear of public places).
Simple phobias: These phobias do include a fear of: heights (acrophobia); enclosed spaces (claustrophobia); flying (pterygophobia); water (hydrophobia); dentists (odontiatophobia); tunnels; bridges; animals -lizards, snakes, rats etc.
Fear of public places (agoraphobia) is the fear of the being alone in a place such as a mall or even in an elevator or a room full of people and one cannot escape from it. This usually develops from an anticipatory fear of getting an acute anxiety attack (panic attacks) in a public place and generally occurs in patients who suffer from panic attacks or acute anxiety disorder.
Social phobia: It is a feeling of strong fear that involves the fear of social situations or gatherings, etc. Social phobia involves a combination of being too much conscious of self, a fear of public scrutiny or humiliation in social situations, and a fear of negative evaluation by others.
Homeopathy and phobias
Homeopathic medicines are an effective form of treatment for phobias and fears be it of lizards, heights, cockroaches spider, snakes, cockroaches, mouse, etc. The medication can help treat specific phobia.
Even phobias which are a part of other diseases such as chronic depressions, etc. do require necessary evaluation and needs to be treated accordingly.
This is indeed a very common form of relaxation therapy which is in the form of progressive muscle relaxation (learning to relax one’s muscles) and autogenic relaxation (using imagery to help one relax). Meditation such as yoga can also be of great help.
Desensitising your fear
This therapy helps in altering one’s response to the feared object or situation. Measured, gradual as well as repeated exposure to the cause of the phobia may be able to assist one to learn to conquer one’s fear.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy does aim at altering one’s belief about the feared object or even situation, the impact it has on one’s life and also how one can view and also cope up with the feared object or a different situation.
Lycopodium is useful for anticipation anxiety, stage fright and a lack of self-confidence. This helps one to relax. One suffers from over talking and goes on the binge for sweets on account of being anxious about something.
Aconite is beneficial for excessive fear or outright panic, particularly, if one is in a crowded place. Symptoms that one experiences are agitation, restlessness as well as fearfulness. One may think one is about to die and even may predict death. Other symptoms that one experiences are dry skin and mouth; thirst as well as a pounding heart.
This remedy can be used for all types of fears and anxieties that occur due to an over-active imagination. Stage fright, claustrophobia, and anxiety on account of unexpected situations can be treated by this remedy. One suffers from a superstition that something bad is going to happen. It is useful for reckless behavior and dangerous impulses, such as jumping from a high-level window. Anxiety induced sweats or palpitations can be cured by this medication and is also useful in treating digestive complaints such as diarrhea, flatulence, and vomiting which are brought on by nervous excitement.
This remedy is also ideal in case a one is deeply anxious about one’s health and is extremely concerned with order and security. A person gets obsessive about small details and also gets desperate to control situations.
Bush Flower Essences: Calm & Clear
Calms one’s mind and makes a person less irritable.
Homeopathy does help in controlling anxiety that occurs due to phobias and fears. It is a safe method of treatment.
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At the time of Gaddafi, Libya was producing mustard gas in a clandestine manner in the Rabta chemical plant, 80 kilometers south of Tripoli. Experts estimate that Libya had also built a number of chemical weapons depots located throughout the country.
In 2004, as part of a rapprochement with the West, Libya has ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, agreeing to destroy all its stocks.
According to estimates by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Libya has succeeded in destroying 55% of its reserves of mustard gas before the start of the international operation against the Gaddafi regime on March 19.
According to data from the old Libyan government in March 2011, the country still had 25 tonnes of mustard gas and 1,400 tonnes of material that can be used to manufacture chemical weapons.
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Description of the project: The Community Conservation Resilience Initiative (CCRI) aims to assess the legal, political, moral, socio-economic, financial, technical and capacity-building support that is required to sustain and strengthen the resilience of community conservation and restoration initiatives in different communities around the world. The methodology is a simple guiding framework meant to be adapted to specific nation and local contexts. It includes a gender toolkit to identify and address potential forms of marginalization of women through dialogue within communities about women’s unique rights, roles, needs and aspirations.
Climate Impact: Many of the different communities at the study sites are going through severe weather changes; some have managed to successfully adapt – or are adapting- to such changes by using their traditional knowledge and practices. Women are key knowledge-holders, allowing entire communities to overcome the different challenges. For instance, in Samoa, strong self-organized women groups have established mangrove recovery programs by planting up to two acres of mangrove trees, which help the community face tidal waves, sea rising and ultimately help restore the rich biodiversity providing food, medicine, and income to the local populations.
Gender Impact: In many areas, patriarchal societies settled after colonization and the key role of women in community conservation is now invisible. For instance, in Ethiopia, women have lost most of their inheritance rights; but some traditions remain, bringing women’s key role back: i.e., In Mount Bale women inherit from their mothers a ‘Singe’_ stick as a symbol of respect. This community observes strict non-violence rules for women. The CCRI intends to visualize the gender aspects of community conservation and is paving the pathways to empower women to take on leadership roles.
Scalability/replicability: The CCRI is conducted in 22 countries around the world. The results of this experiment will contribute to the implementation of the Convention on Biodiversity’s 2011–2020 Strategic Plan, and also to Aichi Targets and the proposed SDGs related to forests and climate change. It will provide policy advice on transformative, effective and appropriate forms of support for community conservation to foster climate change mitigation and resilience
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THE HISTORY OF Shushtar
The historical town of Shushtar was called as Adamdun in the past. Also, in Achaemenian time, this city’s name was Šurkutir and later on, it was changed to Susa and Shushtar. It is important to say that Shushtar is very popular for its historical hydraulic system which refers to Sassanid era and is a small town with special tissue and fabulous architecture which is located in the north of Khuzestan province and the North-west of Iran with an area of 2436 square kilometers. The height of this ancient city from sea level is 150 meters and the height of Shushtar’s center from sea level is 65 meters. Both rivers of Karun and Dez pass this city and it is the most important reason that Shushtar has the special situation in pedogenesis. In the winter and springtime, its climate is the Mediterranean. At the end of winter to the beginning of spring, its ecosystem is unbelievably green. Salasel Castel is one of the most important historical sites in Shushtar province which refers to the Achaemenid era.
Shushtar on map
You must see in Shushtar
|Salasel Castel||Amin Zadeh House|
|Chahartaq||Mostofi house and museum|
|Lashkar Bridge||Darioon Creek|
|Kolah Farangi Tower||historical hydraulic system|
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Children are our infrastructure.
America is a country that is fairly young by country existence standards. Born in 1776 and existing to 2017 that makes 241 years of the United States of America as a democratic sovereign nation. In 1776 there were approximately 2.5 million people living in the U.S.’ first 13 colonies – states. Today in 2017, that number has grown to more than 300 million people in 50 states. In terms of population, that is growth by a factor of 125. If you average that growth over the 241 years of existence it amounts to an average growth of about 1.2 million people per year.
American society and its cities, roadways, waterways, and other elements have grown in complexity and scale during these last 241 years. The wikipedia notion of infrastructure searched this day, 9.4.17, reads;
Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. It typically characterises technical structures such as roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, and so forth, and can be defined as “the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions.”
This definition suggests that we commonly use this word “ infrastructure” to describe the man-made physical systems that we create to undergird our society’s functions. It concludes by by breaking the ultimate purpose of having a society into three key themes;
- Enhance …. societal living conditions.
These three themes are key to the wiki-definition. Enable signifying what allows the condition to be. Sustain signifying keeping what is enabled going, and Enhance signifying make the conditions better.
Recently I have been considering my wife and I’s last 32 years of work and service to children in public schools as an effort in enabling, sustaining, and enhancing the “ultimate infrastructure.”
Just thinking of children and infrastructure together seems an activity worthy of the investment. More traditionally, one might think of variety of the physical and social service infrastructure in terms of how they support the development of children. Hospitals, schools, day care, parks, and other basic infrastructure seem all linked to growing the next generation of human citizens to reach the age of adulthood prepared to enable, sustain, and enhance the society they were born or immigrated to.
This post puts the notion physical facilities and systems aside and stops to ponder the actual children of America as infrastructure. They too are physical systems however this post looks at them as fully human systems and more importantly, people.
America has been said to be failing itself in recent decades in terms of sustaining or enhancing or facilities infrastructure. Roads, ports, bridges, subways, airports and the lack of high speed rails are commonly described as less than adequate by people from across the political spectrum whether they believe government or private investment should solve the problem. While there seems political agreement on our current -”needs improvement”- condition it is notable that investments and the condition of our “ultimate infrastructure” children, is less commonly agreed upon or emphasized. On one hand we invest the majority of our state budgets across the country to schools, on the other hand, we find the statistics on youth poverty, literacy, health, nutrition, educational attainment, and general well-being to be equally or even more problematic than our failing bridges, water treatment systems, and pot-holed streets.
In 2017, more than 44% of children live close to the poverty line and 21% live in families in poverty. According to https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-literacy-america,
- 2/3 of students who cannot read proficiently by the end of 4th grade will end up in jail or on welfare. Over 70% of America’s inmates cannot read above a 4th grade level.
- 1 in 4 children in America grow up without learning how to read.
- Students who don’t read proficiently by the 3rd grade are 4 times likelier to drop out of school…..
- As of 2011, America was the only free-market OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) country where the current generation was less educated than the previous one.
- Nearly 85% of the juveniles who face trial in the juvenile court system are functionally illiterate, proving that there is a close relationship between illiteracy and crime. More than 60% of all inmates are functionally illiterate.
Recent census data suggests that we have enhanced our nation’s achievements in terms of college education levels. It suggests some 34% of Americans now have a 4 year college education which is up dramatically from 1940 when we managed only 4.6%. In a sense, we have increased this aspect of the human infrastructure by a factor of 7.4%. 2017, however, is obviously a different time in terms of economics, the work world, and what represents the minimum bar for being basically educated to enter the workforce. It is now fairly easy for people across the political spectrum to recognize that a high school diploma has lots its value in the economy as the four year degree has taken its place. One can think of the infrastructure enhancements in education growing in relation to the demands of the other aspects of the society. Just as two lane roads worked well for many transportation needs and demands in the years between the car’s invention and the 1950s, it was recognized that construction of interstate, multilane highways was an enhancement to road infrastructure that was needed to keep pace with other demands in the society.
These connected facts taking us from 1776 to 2017 demonstrate that different questions should be asked about our children as infrastructure. In some ways, when we average all the children in the country together and state the related %s….our country seems to have enabled, sustained, and enhanced our living conditions at satisfactory rates. When we begin to ask questions such as; which parts of the infrastructure, which groups of children, we open up a 241 year dilemma. While some statistics reported that revolutionary period boasted nearly 100% literacy among the new country’s residents, these data skipped the inclusion slaves and other peoples living in the states. Thus, the question broader questions of which children as infrastructure are we investing in and which benefit?
Historical investments or diminishments in children across the world are also informative. Following the Korean war in the 1950s, thousands of Korean children left their country through international adoption. Since 1987, the country, in recognizing its lack of children deficit, began to legislate quotas on outgoing children and incentivize the sustaining and development of its youth. Other informed countries like Scotland, are realizing that investments in children, the “ultimate infrastructure,” are in the interests of their society as a whole, their “Getting it right for every child” initiatives are testament to this new mindset. http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/1141/0065063.pdf
This rudimentary pondering of children suggests a number of persuasive elements for people considering investing in and thinking of children as the “ultimate infrastructure.” If folks need more to persuade them, several other thoughts come to mind;
As we get older as a society, who will care for us in old age?
As our society becomes more complex, how are we preparing the next generation to sustain much less enhance what we have created?
How are growing well-being differences in sub-groups of our children related to current and future living conditions for all citizens?
Are crime,safety, life-expectancy, quality of life related to the quantity and quality of investment in children?
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Church of S. Miguel de Escalada, near León, Hispano-Islamic, 8th-11th cc.
• Exterior: Formed by a group of monks. Basilica style however the use of Horseshoe shaped arches- Muslims used that style a lot. Timber roof allowed a light, open nave. Clerestory. Christian building using Islamic architecture characteristic (blending of visual cultures)
• Interior: Plain now. They think the interior was at one time covered with paint, tiles, or hanging drapes.
o Polychrome used
Maius, Morgan Beatus, "Woman clothed with the sun", Hispano-Islamic, 8th-11th cc.
Maius was a Mozarabic artist.• Manuscript took it's name from who owns it.
• Beatus was a Spanish monk, who in the 8th c. wrote a commentary on the book of Revelation, which was very popular. It kept getting copied. So you will see many manuscript with it's name. Many different people kept illuminating it.
• Beatus believed the world would end at 838 AD
• He talked about how he was concerned about all the heiracy in Spain.
• This refers the Ch. 12.
• Latin text. Pictures represent words here.
• Upper left, woman clothed in the sun, standing on the moon, with 12 stars above here. Upper right refers heaven. Woman is confronted by a 7 headed dragon. Woman brought forth a child. There is a war in heaven. Dragon doesn't win. Dragon in cast out.
• Text is secondary to the images. Horizontal bands of color, and suggests landscape with foliage patterns.
Ramsey Psalter, "Crucifixion," Anglo-Saxon, late 10th-11th cc.
• Northern tradition: Brown ink, but also a use of blue ink
• Limp body- dead. This is triumphant.
Benedictional of St. Ethelwold, "The Marys at the Tomb," Anglo-Saxon, late 10th-11th cc.
A benedictional is a prayer book used by the bishop during mass. • Story from the Gospel, you see the three marys at the tomb. The Angel has already rolled the stone away.
• The manuscript is drawing from many visual cultures. Corner vegetal designs. Expressionistic clothing
• Northern characteristics: Polychrome
• Roman characteristics: Cantons leaf
• The Marys are in front of the picture plan.
• Highly interactive
Abbey Church of St. Michael, Hildesheim, Ottonian, late 10th-11th c.
• Massive and heavy
• Very volumetric
• Boxes and cylinders to create this building
• Painted ceiling
• Transverse arch
• Nave: A pier, two columns, a pier, two columns. Systematic. This contrasting of horizontal and vertical movement characterizes the new architectural aesthetic and sets Ottonian basilicas apart.
Hildesheim, Column of Bishop Bernward, Ottonian, late 10th-11th c.
• Spiral Freeze- records Christ's early life.
• Mimics tragons column
• Column is a symbol of victory- for Jesus
• Abstract and expressionistic figures- large, intense figures are compressed into a narrow space.
Echternach Master (the artist), Doubting Thomas, ivory, Ottonian, late 10th-11th c.
Diptych, Portable. Comes from gospel of John when Chirst commands Thomas to touch his wound
• The frame contains the images
• The body's are intertwined
• Jesus, who is standing on a pedestal, and facing forward, makes him the more important figure.
• Thomas, who's back is facing us, is a "stand-in". We become Thomas.
• Jesus allows Thomas to test and doubt. intimate
Saint Genis-des-Fontaines, (Fr. Pyrenees), Christ in Majesty with the Apostles, marble, Lombard-Catalonian, m. 10th- m. 11th c.
Lombard-Catalonian architecture;s primary concern was for practical, sturdy construction.• Here we start to see exterior dercor
• Lintile- the long stone that goes over an entrance
• Relief sculpture- Low relief
• Vegetal design. Roman leaf. Apostles define the contours of Mozarabic horseshoe arches- but a Islamic visual design. Cultures are blending here
• Abstract figures. Clothing is linear and outlined.
• The image is for the people coming into the door.
Reliquary of S. Foy, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc., gold & jewels
know reliquary: a repository or receptacle for relics.
St. Albans Psalter, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc.
• Polychrome and decorative
• Christine Marqyat- A woman who knew at an early age she didn't want to marry. This psalter that was made for her
• Story of Gabriel coming to Mary, telling her she will be the mother of Christ
• She is on a throne and has a book in her hand- status already, she is literate
• As if she has been interrupted from reading/ devotional
• Angel- gesture of speech
• Composition that has been divided in half
• Figure style
o More naturalistic
o Yet in part, it is still linear.
Conques (France), Abbey Church of S. Foy, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc.
floor plan, \
Toulouse, France, S. Sernin, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc.
plan, aerial vw, int. nave, ext. façade
• Enormous building
• Rose window is a later addition
• This is the poster child for a Romanesque church- Transverse arches, groin vault, dark and heavy
Moissac, Abbey Church of S. Pierre, Cloister, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc.
• Images of
o Crusaders, Monks Tempted, Wedding @ Cana, Lazarus & Dives, Daniel in Lions' Den, Christ Calling the Disciples, Christ Washing the Disciples Feet
• They become on object of meditation
Moissac, Abbey Church of S. Pierre, Cloister, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc, Capital:Daniel in Lions' Den
become on object of meditation
Fontenay, Former Cistercian Abbey, Romanesque, mid. 11th - 12th cc., interior nave
Perfect proportions in building. Mathematicians create a theory of the universe whose perfection could be expressed through music consonances. • Romanesque: Buttresses, Heavy, Small windows
• Different: No sculpture, Façade is missing the triumphant arch, Interior and capital lacks stories, images. Very geometric. Is it better to have the images?
Arch of Constantine, Late Antique, 4th-6th cc, marble, Rome
Honors Constantine's victory. His victory over Maxenious at the Battle of Milvian Bridge. The re-use of parts of earlier buildings are all over it-spolia. You see a move from naturalism to abstraction. Sculptors began to think in terms of light and dark- they undercut the edges of the forms to create shadow. Figures are simplified and geometric.
Garden of Livia, 1st c BCE, fresco
Example of Classical art. Roman naturalism/realism. Atmospheric perspective. Deep recessional space. Patron: owner of the house, summer retreat, residential/private space. Horizontal compositional lines- meant to draw your eyes outward. Use of fore, middle and background to show space.
The Spoils of Jerusalem, 1st c CE, marble, Rome, Arch of Titus
Arch of Titus is a sign of victory/recognition of Titus and his campaign against the Jews. This is relief sculpture on the inside. Shows distance with high and low relief.
Cubiculum of Good Shepherd, Pre-Constantinian, 1st-3rd cc, fresco, Rome, Catacomb of Domitilla
Peacock is a symbol of eternal like. Orant- Latin term, praying person, posture is one with spread out, upward ams. Ceiling of catacombs were considered heaven/paradise.
Old St. Peter's Church, Late Antique, 4th-6th cc, Rome
Once stood where the Basilica of St. Peter stands today. It is a place of pilgrimage- construction orders by Constantine. Thought to be location of the tomb of St. Peter.
Santa Costanza, exterior, Late Antique, 4th-6th cc, Rome
The mausoleum of Constantine's daughter. Circular central domed structure. Dome- Dome of Heaven. The 12 windows that light this symbolize the 12 apostles. Tomb and Basilica.
Sarcophagus of Junis Bassus, Late Antique, 4th-6th cc, marble, Rome
He was baptized on his death bed. Narrative concerns of the patron: guaranteed salvation and the triumph of the Roman Christian Church. Ten scenes from the Old and New Testaments occupy the two registers (Christ enthroned in heaven- tradio legis- handing down of the law to Peter and Paul. Short trees and buildings suppress the illusion of space. Symbols and narrative are used
Tetrarchs, 1st c. CE, porphyry, Venice
Diecletian, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire made Maximina his co-ruler. Then two more co-rulers where appointed to him and Maximina as their co-rulers. Senior rulers- two figures with beards. Very stylized, not individual. Closed sculpture- no space between arms and legs. Idea of the solidity of the Tetrarch. The porphry- hard, stability, enduring. Purple- royalty.
Good Shepard, in the Tomb of Galla Placidia, Late Antique, 4th-6th cc, Ravenna, mosaic
Lunette- half circle, mosaic over the entrance to the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Use of tessera- the individual tiles. How is it interpreted? The god Hermes or the Shepard Orpheus? A christian knew the image symbolized Christ and the parable of the lost sheep. Gold and purple of Christ's robe and mantle. The gold cross proclaims Christ's victory over death. A deep blue/heavenly/starry mosaic or a flowering meadow of Paradise?
San Vitale, exterior, Early Byzantine, 4th-6th cc, Ravenna
Patron dedicaated the church to the city's patron St. Vitalis, who had been martyred on the site. Has a central octagonal plan. It is "tomb-like" form. Pilgrimage sight.
Hagia Sophia, exterior (Church of Holy Wisdom), Early Byzantine, 4th-6th cc, Architects: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, Constantinople
Church rebuilt by King Justinian; crowning architectural achievement. A place where the human and the divine meet. Mathmations, the architects, built a circle, shallow dome over a square building
Icon of Christ Pantocrator, Encaustic/wood, Early Byzantine, 4th-6th cc, Monastery of St. Catherine, Sinai
One of the earliest surviving icons. Pantocratoe- all powerful; ruler of all. This is an active picture plane- action between viewer and image. Personal. Image shapes viewers ideas, feelings and action. The image's holy qualities could shape the viewer- think of the media shaping us. Christ fills entire picture plane. His gard (robe) is purple. Holding the Book to Life. Big eyes. Gesture- blessing/speaking. Fully human and fully divine. Zeus- broad forehead, full beard, long hair- shows paganism
Medallion w/ bust of Christ, Early Medieval Art, 7th-8th c., cloisonné
Christ is holding text. Faces on the side, could represent the wind (Holy Spirit). Christ is flanked by alpha and omega (the 1st and last letter of Greek alphabet- beginning and the end) Abstract, more interested in the idea. Compositional line of Medallion- straight through Christ, bisects it. Contour lines are used in the Medallion. Portable. Color- Northern. show Christ in the Center, he is of central importance.
Book of Durrow, Matthew page,parchment, Dublin, Early Medieval Art, 7th-8th c.
This is smaller and portable. Book of Durrow only had the four gospels in it. Figure style is abstract. He has no arms. His body and face is frontal while his feet are in profile. Polychrome is used. Matthew is shown wearing precious/ expensive clothing. We have adorned him, showing the idea of his importance.
"Matthew" from the Lindisfarne Gospels, Early Medieval Art, 7th-8th c.
Color and linear lines show the Northern visual culture. Spatial recession is attempted. But it is confusing.
Aachen, Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Carolingian, late 8th-9th c., Plan
Aachen, Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Carolingian, late 8th-9th c., Plan
Abbey Church of Corvey, (Westphalia), Carolingian, late 8th-9th c.
Westwork"- vertical façade • Carolingian Towers- characteristic • Arch of Titus, or victory arches are mirrored. Jesus gets his own victory arch.
Ebbo Gospels , St. Matthew, Carolingian, late 8th-9th c.
Author page • Line o Expressionistic , movement of clothing, feverous, or active o Hand is framed and in the center. Emphases the action of the writing • Back ground is sketchy and faint- not important • Classical heritage- The foot rest, seat and podium • Figure style o Expressionistic o Some lingering of Naturalistic style. Maybe the clothes aren't but you can tell are real body is under there. There was really a human involved in this feverous activity. • The Angel in the background. Matthew is divinely inspired. Infused with the divine.
Great Mosque, Cordova, Spain, Mihrab area, Islamic, 8th-10th cc
Mosque is the center place of Muslim worship • This is a courtyard plan. Comes the closest to looking like Mohammad's house. Mirarb- along the wall that is oriented to Meca. Minbar- like a pulpit in Christian worship. Menerits- the tower were the call the prayer is given • Becomes a church and in the 16th c, they put a cathedral in the middle of it. In Islam, God is one and in the oneness of God (Allah) is contained all diversity.
Hosios Loukas, Phocis, Greece, Interior,Middle Byzantine, mid. 9th-12th cc.
congregation stood to witness here. no sitting
St. Louis Psalter, "King David looks down upon Bathsheba bathing and up to God," Gothic m. 12th - 14th cc., parchment, Paris
• Made of King Louis 9th
• The images were meant to shape/ form Louis as a Christian and as a ruler
• Historiated Initial- a large initial that begins a line and inside are stories
• Medieval person would have seen John as themselves. He is a mediator
Abbey Church of S. Denis, Gothic m. 12th - 14th cc., Nave w/ transept, Paris
• Birth place of Gothic architecture
• Abbey church, monastery
• Church of French royalty, has an early history
• Burial place of French kings
• Abbet Suger- lived here since he was a young boy. He is shown at the feet of Jesus.
o Very smart student, artistic
• Suger added on to the building, the building was completely 100 yrs after his death
Chartres Cathedral (of Notre Dame), Gothic m. 12th - 14th cc.
• Notre Dome, refers to Mary (our lady)
• Housed the tunic of Mary she wore when she gave birth to Christ (relic)
• Façade survives a fire in 1134
• Walls of Glass- flying buttress, this allowed stability
• External sculpture- royal portal
o Subject shifts as well. From last judgment/ apocalypses to more theological themes (this is due to the shift in attitude towards human-beings. Humanism, it is a more optimistic view of people, they take on more value than previously thought about. This idea is reflected in sculpture.
• Where the sculpture occurs becomes a iconographic issue
Chartres Cathedral (of Notre Dame), Gothic m. 12th - 14th cc., north transept, Jamb figures, Ancestors of Christ (Melchizedek, Abraham & Isaac, Moses, Samuel, David)
• North transept portal: Figures on columns, you have to fit them on columns, elongation- it's a functional thing. We are coming back to naturalism again.
Virgin & Child, Gothic m. 12th - 14th cc., silver/gilt w/ enamel and jewels, Paris
• Private sculpture
• A gift from d'everraux
• Mary is often times referred to as a queen
• A gift from a queen to a queen
• Wealthy patron, subject matter is precious
• She has a child on her hip, causing countro poster. Compositional line is somewhat curved
• Compositional line between eyes causes us to focuses on their relationship between each other
English Apocalypse, "Angel Showing St. John the Heavenly Jerusalem, " Gothic m. 12th - 14th cc., parchment
• Polychrome. Very drawn
• Spatial recession:
o No background.
o Figures are breaking over the frame and in your face. It comes over into the viewer space. (inhabits a piece of your world)
o Compositional line:
• Really strong diagonal line, which directs the eye through the story
• Format, Scale, Line, Light and Dark, Spatial attributes, Color, Medium and Texture
Name the 8 Formal Elements:
the objects would be considered large/small independently of its relationship to other objects
Define Absolute Scale:
An object is considered large/small in relationship to others around it
Define Relate Scale:
An object is represented as larger than those around it to indicate its importance.
Define Hieratic scale:
Define shape. The outline or edge of something- contains image.
Define Contour Lines:
Invisible-movement of our eyes over surface of a work follows a path of 'line'. This draws the viewers eye through work.
Define Compositional Line:
Calls attention to something; Symbolic; Shadow or dark as a way of modeling; Sharp light and dark create drama, emotion.
How do light and dark function?
The flat surface of the 2D work
Define Picture Plane:
The area 'behind' the picture plane. Fore, Middle and Background.
Define Picture Space:
Object depicted faithfully as it appears in nature. Looks 'natural', not distorted
Object is naturalistic, but is perfect according to a particular time period or culture.
Object is recognizable, but has been reduced to its basic elements.
Object is recognizable, but one or more of its elements had been exaggerated to express an idea and/or a feeling.
1. Gothic style has its roots in urban settings.
2. For medieval persons, what one saw could act upon the person, changing him or her.
3. Light and space are important to Gothic Architecture
Name 3 things that are important to know about Gothic art:
Has it origins in Paris. Gothic was a term given by people in the Renaissance, they thought it was barbaric and named it after the Goths.
Iconographic- people were really interested in decoding the images.
Gothic art is interested in what?
They thought images sent out rays that effected the person who was looking at the image. Its shaping you and influencing you- what you look at has negative/ positive consequences on you
What did people think during the Gothic Period?
• Strong verticality >
• Developed to Buttresses >
• Rose window then appeared, and elaboration of outside decoration.
• All Basilica form
Talk about the move from Romanesque church styles to Gothic church styles:
• There is an understanding that you can climb yourself up back to god through materials.
• You can work your way to the immaterial from the material world
God is pure light, everything that exists have some of that divine light within it. But the lower you get in matter, the less light there is. Building had to allow an enormous amount of light to flood in.
It is a distinctive blending of Christian and Muslim art. • Figures are first drawn with a pen, making them linear.
• Filled in with color. Which are broad and flat.
• Somewhat abstract
• Abstract animals
• Vegetal design
• Picture space is shallow
What are some characteristics of Mozarabic Art?
1. The center of culture and politics in the Romanesque period is the monastery.
2. Architectural sculpture, inside and outside, are the dominant visual forms.
3. Elaborate iconographies programs are found on these sculptures.
4. Pilgrimage and relics play an important part in religious life and visual art.
Talk about Romanesque Art and Architecture
Monastery, relic, and pilgrimage
What are the three main words of Romanesque Art and Architecture
• was a name given by art historians looking back. It looks like Roman art, but it's not as good. Not a compliment
• As people traveled, Islamic influence was felt
• Most of this art in Monastic, Christian
Talk about some characteristics of Romanesque Art:
• Jerusalem, Rome, and Santiago de Compostela (James the Apostle was believed to be here. These are the main cites
• When relics moves its called translated.
• People went on a pilgrimage as a result of sin, or to find spiritual or physical healing. Or because everyone else was doing it- it was the thing to do. Relics held the mind and spirit.
• It was an Economic thing- people gave money to churches along their journey
Talk about pilgrimage:
• Capitals on the outside with a story
• They were painted
What is a Historiated Captial?
• Churches become very tall and massive
• Groin vault
• Transverse arches
Talk about Vaulting:
• Walls have to be very thick
• Windows will tend to be small
• Busteress- increase the support of the walls
Characteristics of Romanesque Churches:
Life in the monastic community revolved around the cloister area- covered walkway. It is not just a passage from one place to another, they spent a lot of their time there. Reading, writing, meditating happened there. People grew up here. Christ disciples during the 11th c., they were on there own journey.
Talk about monastery life:
• A monk who argues that images are not beneficial. He felt monasteries are becoming to powerful, to wealthy. That images were a distraction.
Who is Bernard Clairvaus?
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House of Mansfeld
The House of Mansfeld was a princely German house, which took its name from the town of Mansfeld in the present-day state of Saxony-Anhalt. Mansfelds were archbishops, generals, supporters as well as opponents of Martin Luther, and Habsburg administrators.
County of Mansfeld
|Status||County of the Holy Roman Empire|
|Historical era||Early modern Europe|
Upon the revolt instigated by the Wettin margrave Dedi I in 1069, Emperor Henry IV appointed the loyal House of Mansfeld counts (Grafen) in the Saxon Hassegau at Eisleben. The family progenitor, Count Hoyer I of Mansfeld, also known as Hoyer the Great, was a field marshal in the service of Emperor Henry V. He was killed at the Battle of Welfesholz on 11 February 1115, fighting the rebellious Saxon forces under Count Lothair of Supplinburg.
The Mansfelds held extended fiefs both in the Archbishopric of Magdeburg and the Bishopric of Halberstadt. The male line became extinct for the first time upon the death of Count Burchard of Mansfeld in 1229; his daughter Sophia married a scion of the Lords of Querfurt, who assumed the comital title. In the 15th century, the primary house divided into cadet branches: Hinterort, Mittelort, and Vorderort, while their County of Mansfeld in 1512 joined the Upper Saxon Circle as an immediate Imperial estate.
Things worsened with the Protestant Reformation: While Count Hoyer VI of Mansfeld-Vorderort (1477-1540) remained a loyal supporter of the Catholic faith, the Mittelort and Hinterort branches sided with Martin Luther. When the county was devastated during the German Peasants' War, Count Albert VII of Mansfeld-Hinterort (1480-1560) not only fought with the Imperial troops in the 1525 Battle of Frankenhausen, but also signed the Protestant Augsburg Confession in 1530 and joined the Schmalkaldic League, wherefore he was banned by Emperor Charles V after the 1547 Battle of Mühlberg.
To settle the enormous debts of the Counts of Mansfeld, their mighty neighbour Elector Augustus of Saxony urged Emperor Maximilian II to appoint a committee. On 15 March 1574, and again on 5 July 1574, in Leipzig and Halle, respectively, the surviving counts Hans Hoyer, Hans Georg, Hans Albrecht and Bruno concluded an agreement for the repayment of debts incurred by Counts Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Hans Ernst and Bruno von Mansfeld. The family's assets were confiscated in 1579, whereafter Imperial immediacy was lost and mediatized between the Electorate of Saxony and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg.
The Mittelort and Hinterort branches died out in 1602 and 1666. The male Mansfeld-Vorderort line finally became extinct in 1780 with the death of Josef Wenzel Nepomuk, Prince of Fondi in Italy, and their fiefs fell back to the Electorate of Saxony and the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg. Josef Wenzel's half-sister and heiress Maria Isabella was only able to retain the Bohemian possessions. In 1771 she had married Prince Franz de Paula Gundaker von Colloredo (1731–1807), last Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1789, thereby establishing the House of Colloredo-Mansfeld, which claimed headship over the family after the German mediatization.
Notable family membersEdit
- Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort (1517–1604), military commander in Spanish Habsburg service, governor of the Spanish Netherlands
- Gebhard I von Mansfeld-Vorderort (c. 1525 – 1562), his brother, Prince-elector and Archbishop of Cologne from 1558
- Karl von Mansfeld (1543–1595), legitimate son of Peter Ernst I, general during the Cologne War and the Ottoman–Habsburg wars
- Ernst von Mansfeld (c. 1580 – 1626), natural son of Peter Ernst I, military commander of the Protestant Union during the early years of the Thirty Years' War
- Philipp von Mansfeld (1589–1657), second-cousin of Ernst, commanded at first Swedish troops during the Thirty Years' War, from 1633 as Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire.
- Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben (1551–1637), wife of the Cologne Prince-Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
- Mansfeld Castle, ancestral seat
- Heldrungen in Thuringia, purchased in 1479
- Allstedt, former Saxon Kaiserpfalz, acquired by Count Albert VII of Mansfeld in 1526
- La Fontaine Castle, Luxembourg-Clausen, built at the behest of Count Peter Ernst I of Mansfeld from 1563
- Dobříš, Bohemia, acquired in 1630
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 599. .
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In what was often described as one of the most beautiful places on the Pacific Coast was once home to the Shoalwater Bay Lighthouse, Shoalwater Life Saving Station and a thriving community. Today, everything is gone, having disappeared from the face of the earth, destroyed by the ever approaching ocean. The casual visitor to the area would have absolutely no idea that there were once tree-covered lands, dunes, homes, schools, and highways extending for miles where now there is nothing but water.
Gone are the lighthouse, the life saving station, the Coast Guard station that replaced it, the Grange Hall, the post office, dozens of homes and small farms, and the many memories that were part of this historic area. The only thing that was really saved was the cemetery which has headstones dating back to 1889. And the only reason the cemetery was saved was because it was moved. This was accomplished by, literally, digging up the coffins and moving them to new land donated by a local citizen.
The lighthouse, originally known as the Shoalwater Bay Lighthouse was first established here in October of 1858 on land donated by the local Indian Chief, Ma-tote, (of the Shoalwater Indian Tribe) known as Toke and whom the nearby town of Tokeland was named after. More commonly, because of the land he donated for the lighthouse, he was referred to by many locals as "Lighthouse Charley."
The lighthouse was a near twin to the Smith Island Lighthouse, built at the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and also commissioned in 1858, the same year as the Shoalwater Bay Lighthouse. (The Smith Island Lighthouse is also gone, having been destroyed by erosion).
The Willapa Bay Lighthouse was only in business for a short period of time. It was discontinued in 1859. It seems because of its severe isolation, adequate oil could not be supplied to the light to keep it lit. Finally the supply problem for the oil was solved, and the lighthouse was re-commission and lit again in July of 1861. Food and other supplies presented a constant problem to early keepers who were forced to buy their provisions from the local Indians.
Many of those problems were solved when the federal government decided to build the nearby Shoalwater Bay Lifesaving Station. In 1889, the federal government decided to change the name from Shoalwater to Willapa (Whil-a-pah) to rightfully honor the tribe of Indians who had inhabited the land for centuries.
Early Keepers at Willapa Bay never seemed to stay in the position for long, most never lasted a year, until H. Peterson, a former keeper at Tillamook Rock, took over in 1895. He must have liked it there, for he remained in the position until his death in 1913. Another Keeper, Olaf Ludwig Hansen, served at the station for 35 years, retiring in 1930.
The last U.S. Lighthouse Service Keeper was John Wilson, who took over the position in 1930, and served until 1939, when the U.S. Lighthouse Service was taken over by the U.S. Coast Guard. However, time had run out for the lighthouse. By that time, the eroding bluff was up to the front door of the lighthouse and it was declared unsafe and was abandoned.
Edith Olson, a correspondent for the Chinook Observer newspaper wrote in a 1992 article for that paper, "Four square miles of land have disappeared into the sea with many homes, the hotel, post office, school, cemetery, lighthouse, Coast Guard station, and countless local landmarks. To say four square miles doesn't sound like much. Try saying over 111 million square feet. Or 2500 acres. Or 7000 good-sized home building sites."
Lois A Robson, the former postmaster, wrote an article called The North Cove I Remember. In that article she wrote, " I have written about how North Cove used to be at the turn of the century, with its named streets, lots and blocks, public buildings and private residences. However, I remember North Cove as it was between 1937 and the fifties. I wish it were like that again. All is washed away now by the insatiable sea . . , there once were people, houses, farms, work, fun and laughter. Now there is only water!"
On December 26, 1940, the lighthouse met its demise. It had been precariously hanging over the side of the bluff, looking as though it might topple at any second. The Coast Guard decided it was endangering the many sightseers who swarmed to get a last glimpse of the light. One wall had already collapsed. First, they washed away the remaining sand from the west side of the structure and then set off a charge of dynamite which toppled the lighthouse over the brink, ending another part of U.S. Lighthouse history.
Interestingly, the demise of the lighthouse was timed almost exactly with the end of the careers of two men closely associated with it. Olaf Ludwig Hansen, at the age of 80, a former crew member at the Willapa Life Saving Station and also a keeper from 1920-1930 at the Willapa Bay Lighthouse, passed away just several weeks before the lighthouse was destroyed. And, Captain Herman Winbeck, USCG Commander of the North Cove Coast Guard Station and the man put in charge of the lighthouse when the U.S. Lighthouse Service was dissolved, retired from the service.
This story appeared in the
January 1999 edition of Lighthouse Digest Magazine. The print edition contains more stories than our internet edition, and each story generally contains more photographs - often many more - in the print edition. For subscription information about the print edition, click here.
All contents copyright © 1995-2013 by Lighthouse Digest®, Inc. No story, photograph, or any other item on this website may be reprinted or reproduced without the express permission of Lighthouse Digest. For contact information, click here.
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Ant Diversity and Abundance Along an Elevational Gradient in the Philippines
- Douglas A. Samson, Eric A. Rickart, Pedro C. Gonzales
- Biotropica SCI(E) SCOPUS
- in 1997
- Cited Count
Ant communities were surveyed along an elevational gradient in the Philippines extending from lowland dipterocarp forest (250 m elevation) to mossy forest (1750 m). Standardized pitfall trapping in arboreal and terrestrial microhabitats at seven sites yielded 51 species. Collecting by hand at five of the sites yielded 48 species. The two methods produced substantially different assemblages, with only 22 species (29%) taken in common. Only a fraction of the total ant community appeared to be sampled at most of the sites. Measures of species richness and relative abundance peaked at mid-elevations and declined sharply with increasing elevation. Ants were extremely rare above 1500 m elevation. Arboreal ants were trapped much less frequently than terrestrial ants at all sites. Ant species that were abundant had broader elevational distributions than those that were less common, but most species were rare and occurred at only one or two sites. The elevational patterns for ants are largely the inverse of those documented for Philippine small mammals which reach their greatest diversity and abundance at high elevations where ants are rare. This suggests that the two groups may interact competitively. Some of the patterns observed or inferred from this study may apply to tropical ant communities in general, and are presented as series of testable hypotheses as a guide and stimulus for future research.
1.Aust. J. Ecol.. Vol. 11. 87(1986) Andersen A. N.
2.Aust. J. Ecol.. Vol. 16. 273(1991) Andersen A. N.
3.Regulation of "Momentary" Diversity by Dominant Species in Exceptionally Rich Ant Communities of the Australian Seasonal Tropics. Vol. 140. 401Alan N. Andersen
4.Pac. Insects Mono.. Vol. 8. 1(1966) Balthazar C. R.
5.Extrafloral Nectaries and Protection by Pugnacious Bodyguards(1977) Barbara L. Bentley Annual Review of Ecology and SystematicsEcology cited 156 times
6.On the Relationship between Abundance and Distribution of Species(1984) James H. Brown The American NaturalistGeneral Sciences cited 1013 times
7.Am. Zool.. Vol. 19. 1129(1979) Brown J. H
8.Patterns in the distribution and abundance of insect populationsKevin J. Gaston et al. NatureGeneral Sciences cited 30 times
9.Oikos. Vol. 58. 329(1990) Gaston K. J.
10.Manila. Vol. 2. 1(1983) Gonzales P. C.
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Tooth Pain Causes
A toothache is a sensation of pain around teeth or jaw that may result from a number of causes. Tooth pain causes can be related either to the tooth itself, the tissues around it, or to a completely different non dental health condition. In either case, your dentist can make the proper diagnosis and recommend the necessary treatment.
What Causes Toothache?
A tooth pain is most frequently caused when a tooth nerve becomes irritated or damaged. This irritation may occur either inside the tooth (pulp) or around the tooth (periodontium), but in some cases it may be caused by other conditions not directly related with our teeth.
The most common causes of severe toothache are tooth decay and its complications such as pulpitis and dental abscesses, but many other conditions may also trigger a tooth pain:
Dental related causes of toothache
Tooth Decay - Cavities are the most common suspect when having a toothache. The acids produced by dental plaque bacteria start to destroy the outer protective tooth structure, the enamel. When a hole in the enamel (cavity) is formed and tooth decay reaches the soft dentine under the enamel, the tooth becomes sensitive. A sharp intermittent tooth pain is the most common symptom of a small dental cavity. As the decay spreads inward into the dentine layer, the tooth becomes increasingly more sensitive to temperature and touch.
Pulpitis – If the tooth decay penetrates through the dentine and reaches the pulp inside the tooth, the pulp tissues become infected and inflamed, irritating the tooth nerves and sending signals of tooth pain to the brain. The pressure on nerves from the inflammation of the pulp can cause mild to extreme pain, depending upon the extend of the infection.
Tooth Abscess Pain – Dental abscesses are the main cause of severe toothaches. Pus is accumulated around the tip of the tooth root and the infection starts to damage the periodontal tissues. You should see your dentist immediately (the severe and continuous throbbing pain will not leave you another option, anyway).
Sensitive Teeth – Dentinal sensitivity is a usual cause of tooth pain triggered by cold, heat or touch. It is a result of exposed dentine micro-tubules which allow external stimuli to reach the nerves of the tooth and irritate them. Enamel loss due to tooth abrasion, tooth erosion or natural wear and tear can create a sensitivity problem.
Gum Recession – Receding gums can expose the roots of the tooth and cause a similar problem.
Periodontal Disease – Gum disease (chronic bacterial infection of the gums) can also be the cause of toothaches, due to irritation of the gums, gum recession or the development of a gum abscess.
Tooth Fractures - Cracked Tooth Pain – When a tooth is fractured or chipped, the tooth may become extremely sensitive due to exposed dentine. The pain is worse if the damage extends to the center of the tooth and affects the pulp. The condition is known as Cracked Tooth Syndrome.
Wisdom Teeth Pain – Wisdom teeth may be the cause of toothache in several ways. Impacted wisdom teeth and pericoronitis are the most common related conditions, but in some cases their eruption (even without problems) may cause severe discomfort.
Bruxism – Teeth grinding can cause severe enamel loss exposing the dentine, tooth fracture or chips. Teeth clenching puts the teeth under excessive pressure, irritating the nerves in the jaw and causing a toothache usually extended to several teeth.
TMJ Disorders (TMD) - TMJ Tooth Pain – Temporomandibular joint disorders caused by injury or irritation of the joint that attaches the jaw to the skull, may cause a soreness to the jaw that may be confused with toothache.
Damaged restorations – Old fillings or crowns may break or crack leaving exposed the inner tooth structures.
Denture Pain – Denture pain is a common problem among denture wearers. The causative factor is in most cases that the denture does not fit properly on the gums and jaw.
Dental treatments – A toothache may follow some dental treatments such as tooth extractions, root canal therapy, fillings, crowns or gum surgery. While some tooth pain or sensitivity may be normal for some days after treatment, you should contact your dentist if the pain persists or worsens as it may be an indication of treatment complications.
Trapped food - Food debris wedged between teeth or trapped below the gum line can cause irritation and tooth pain.
Dental Implant Pain – A dental implant that is not placed properly may cause a toothache. Other problems such as a dental implants infection can also be signaled by tooth pain.
Teething Pain - Teething in babies and young children (eruption of primary and permanent teeth), although not a health problem, can often cause discomfort. The eruption of wisdom teeth can also be quite painful.
Tooth Whitening - Aggressive tooth whitening can damage the tooth enamel exposing the dentine and causing dental pain due to increased tooth sensitivity.
Non dental related causes of toothache
Sinusitis - Sinus Toothache – Sinus infections, usually after a cold, may cause what is called a ‘referred toothache’. Sinuses are empty spaces in the bone, very close above the roots of the upper teeth. Sinus congestion or inflammation often causes a pain that feels like a toothache, affecting mostly the upper molar teeth.
Ear infections - Infections of the inner or outer ear may also cause a referred pain that resembles a toothache.
Heart disease - Angina pectoris, or heart spasm, (caused by inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle because of narrowing of the arteries to the heart) can cause a radiating pain to the left side of the jaw. Patients with a history of heart disease should be alerted by a sudden toothache, especially if they are in good dental health, as it may be a signal of a heart attack.
Trigeminal Neuralgia – The condition affects the trigeminal nerve, which is the main nerve of the face and jaws branching to all teeth. Trigeminal neuralgia is probably caused when a blood vessel pressures the nerve, and it is characterized by a severe stabbing pain that may feel like it originates from the nerve endings inside the teeth.
Cluster headaches and migraines – Immense headaches do often cause the feeling of a dull tooth pain that spreads to all teeth of one side of the head in one or both jaws, possibly due to the irritation of the trigeminal nerve.
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What are Sealants?
Sealants are very thin coatings applied to the biting surfaces of teeth, which often feature predominate grooves. The vast majority of decay originates in these grooves, called pits and fissures, but they can be difficult to keep clean. The thin plastic, seals the grooves, leaving a smooth and easily cleanable surface.
Sealants last for years, but do require checking for wear and chipping. Your dentist will evaluate them during the course of a regular visit. The most common recipients of sealants are children and teens between 6 and 16 years, as they are more prone to cavities. Many dental professionals advise sealants as soon as the six-year molars, the first permanent back teeth, appear.
Some adults also get sealants on decay-free teeth with deep grooves, as an added layer of protection. In some cases, dentists will seal baby teeth for the same reason, or if the child is prone to cavities.
How are Teeth Sealed?
Sealants are easy to apply and take only a few minutes per tooth. First, your dentist or dental hygienist will clean and dry the specific teeth, surrounding them with cotton to keep them dry. A bonding solution is applied to the surface, followed by another rinse and drying of the tooth. The hygienist or dentist will then paint the sealant material onto the enamel; it either hardens automatically, or a curing light helps it set.
Together with proper care, a balanced diet, and routine visits to the dentist, your sealants will help you avoid the problems that come with tooth decay.
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السلام عليكم و رحمة الله,
Okay, so we’ve covered the main indicator of نصب (nasb). Now, for the other indicators, starting with ا. Because there is only one situation where the ا is used to signal nasb, this is going to be a shorter post. Let’s do this:
Substitution of ا for فتحة
وَأمَا الألِفُ فَتَكُونُ عَلامَةً لِلنَصبِ فِي الأسْماءِ الخَمْسَةِ, نَحْوُ رَأيتُ أباكَ وَأخاكَ وَما أشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ
As for ا (alif), it is an indicator of nasb in the “five nouns”, as in رأيتُ أباكَ و أخاكَ (“I saw your father and brother”) and whatever is similar to that.
We already know what the “five nouns” are from when we did Going high with رفع, Part 2: و. We saw then that when they are in رفع, they will show it using the letter و. When their state changes to nasb, you will see the letter ا instead of و. In a future post إن شاء الله, you’ll see that in state of خَفض (also known as جَرّ), you’d expect ي to be there.
Consider these examples: [Read more…] about Standing tall with نَصب, Part 2: ا (Alif)
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Fiber ship : constitutive models
Document typeBachelor thesis
Rights accessOpen Access
Throughout the history of humans, materials and their behaviour have been studied in order to understand their responses to external interactions. The goal of understanding their behavior is to be able to make structures or objects with a function. In the last hundred years, the relation between the applied tension and its deformation as a response has been studied for many materials, and also general methods. Therefore, this work presents the main linear theories that characterize the behavior of different structures, especially plates. In reality, the materials do not have a linear behaviour, so this paper also explains a nonlinear theory that can be implemented together with the first ones explained with the aim of giving a non-linear character to the material. In particular, damage theory and its different types of evolution are studied. In recent decades, advanced composite materials have become a revolution in structural engineering. Their good relation between stiffness and weight makes them optimal for many engineering applications. That is why it is important to characterize its behavior and the relationship between its components. This paper explains the main ways in which we can find composite materials and their main uses in the industry. It also explains a theory that relates the behavior between tension and deformation for composite materials reinforced by long fibers. Finally, different simulations are launched in order to verify that the theories are well implemented in a software called Ramseries ® and at the same time verify that the response is the expected one. With respect to composite materials, this work fits the behaviour of the simulation with the experimental result with the objective of characterizing the behaviour of the material that afterward will be used in the European project called “Fibership” destined to develop the technologies to construct a ship made totally from composite materials.
SubjectsComposite materials, Strains and stresses, Strength of materials, Deformations (Mechanics), Materials compostos, Esforç i tensió, Deformacions (Mecànica), Resistencia de materials
DegreeGRAU EN ENGINYERIA MECÀNICA (Pla 2009)
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. It is "a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks."
Notable studies[edit | edit source]
- 2018, Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer’s Disease (FULL TEXT)
Strong evidence has emerged recently for the concept that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is a major risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This concept proposes that latent HSV1 in brain of carriers of the type 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE-ε4) is reactivated intermittently by events such as immunosuppression, peripheral infection, and inflammation, the consequent damage accumulating, and culminating eventually in the development of AD. Population data to investigate this epidemiologically, e.g., to find if subjects treated with antivirals might be protected from developing dementia—are available in Taiwan, from the National Health Insurance Research Database, in which 99.9% of the population has been enrolled. This is being extensively mined for information on microbial infections and disease. Three publications have now appeared describing data on the development of senile dementia (SD), and the treatment of those with marked overt signs of disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), or by HSV. The striking results show that the risk of SD is much greater in those who are HSV-seropositive than in seronegative subjects, and that antiviral treatment causes a dramatic decrease in number of subjects who later develop SD. It should be stressed that these results apply only to those with severe cases of HSV1 or VZV infection, but when considered with the over 150 publications that strongly support an HSV1 role in AD, they greatly justify usage of antiherpes antivirals to treat AD. Three other studies are described which directly relate to HSV1 and AD: they deal respectively with lysosomal changes in HSV1-infected cell cultures, with evidence for a role of human herpes virus type 6 and 7 (HHV6 and HHV7) in AD, and viral effects on host gene expression, and with the antiviral characteristics of beta amyloid (Aβ). Three indirectly relevant studies deal respectively with schizophrenia, relating to antiviral treatment to target HSV1, with the likelihood that HSV1 is a cause of fibromyalgia (FM), and with FM being associated with later development of SD. Studies on the link between epilepsy, AD and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) are described also, as are the possible roles of APOE-ε4, HHV6 and HSV1 in epilepsy.
- 2018, Multiscale Analysis of Independent Alzheimer’s Cohorts Finds Disruption of Molecular, Genetic, and Clinical Networks by Human Herpesvirus (SUMMARY)
Investigators have long suspected that pathogenic microbes might contribute to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) although definitive evidence has not been presented. Whether such findings represent a causal contribution, or reflect opportunistic passengers of neurodegeneration, is also difficult to resolve. We constructed multiscale networks of the late-onset AD-associated virome, integrating genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological data across four brain regions from human post-mortem tissue. We observed increased human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) from subjects with AD compared with controls. These results were replicated in two additional, independent and geographically dispersed cohorts. We observed regulatory relationships linking viral abundance and modulators of APP metabolism, including induction of APBB2, APPBP2, BIN1, BACE1, CLU, PICALM, and PSEN1 by HHV-6A. This study elucidates networks linking molecular, clinical, and neuropathological features with viral activity and is consistent with viral activity constituting a general feature of AD.
Learn more[edit | edit source]
- Wikipedia - Alzheimer's Disease
- 2016, Reversing Alzheimer’s: What It Could Mean for ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia
- 2018, A Common Virus May Play Role in Alzheimer’s Disease, Study Finds
- 2018, There is mounting evidence that herpes leads to Alzheimer's
References[edit | edit source]
- "What Is Alzheimer's?". alz.org.
- Itzhaki, Ruth F. (2018). "Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease". Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 10. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00324. ISSN 1663-4365.
- Readhead, Ben; Haure-Mirande, Jean-Vianney; Funk, Cory C.; Richards, Matthew A.; Shannon, Paul; Haroutunian, Vahram; Sano, Mary; Liang, Winnie S.; Beckmann, Noam D. (2018). "Multiscale Analysis of Independent Alzheimer's Cohorts Finds Disruption of Molecular, Genetic, and Clinical Networks by Human Herpesvirus". Neuron. 99 (1): 64–82.e7. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.023. ISSN 0896-6273.
- Johnson, Cort (Aug 2, 2016). "Reversing Alzheimer's: What It Could Mean for ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia - Health Rising". Health Rising. Retrieved Oct 23, 2018.
- Belluck, Pam (Jun 21, 2018). "A Common Virus May Play Role in Alzheimer's Disease, Study Finds". Retrieved Oct 23, 2018.
- Itzhaki, Ruth (Oct 23, 2018). "There is mounting evidence that herpes leads to Alzheimer's". bbc.com. BBC - Future. Retrieved Oct 23, 2018.
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The amazing story of a 16th century African Portuguese sailor who commanded a trade expedition to Japan.
This is a layered interactive narrative that traces the life of Captain Antonio DaCosta, a Black Portuguese sailor who visited Japan in 1597. From his early life as a slave in Lisbon to his voyage to Japan, this site weaves together his personal diary and drawings, along with artwork and historical notes from 1500-1700, the Age of Exploration.
Providing in-depth context to these extraordinary historical documents is essential. The interactive narrative mixes art, artifacts, and key world events from the time of DaCosta's voyage.
© 2019 Pixel Fable. All rights reserved.
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To create a custom lesson, click on the check boxes of the files you’d like to add to your
lesson and then click on the Build-A-Lesson button at the top. Click on the resource title to View, Edit, or Assign it.
ES.4. Objects in the sky move in regular and predictable patterns. As a basis for under-standing this concept: ES.4.a. Students know the patterns of stars stay the same, although they appear to move across the sky nightly, and different stars can be seen in different seasons.
ES.4.b. Students know the way in which the Moon's appearance changes during the four-week lunar cycle.
ES.4.d. Students know that Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and that the Moon orbits Earth.
ES.4.e. Students know the position of the Sun in the sky changes during the course of the day and from season to season.
CA.IE.Investigation and Experimentation
Investigation and Experimentation
IE.5. Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations. As a basis for understanding this concept and addressing the content in the other three strands, students should develop their own questions and perform investigations. Students will: IE.5.d. Predict the outcome of a simple investigation and compare the result with the prediction.
IE.5.e. Collect data in an investigation and analyze those data to develop a logical conclusion.
LS.3. Adaptations in physical structure or behavior may improve an organism's chance for survival. As a basis for understanding this concept: LS.3.a. Students know plants and animals have structures that serve different functions in growth, survival, and reproduction. Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Plants
LS.3.b. Students know examples of diverse life forms in different environments, such as oceans, deserts, tundra, forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
LS.3.d. Students know when the environment changes, some plants and animals survive and reproduce; others die or move to new locations.
PS.1. Energy and matter have multiple forms and can be changed from one form to another. As a basis for understanding this concept: PS.1.d. Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by waves, such as water waves and sound waves, by electric current, and by moving objects. Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Energy
PS.1.e. Students know matter has three forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Matter
PS.1.f. Students know evaporation and melting are changes that occur when the objects are heated.
PS.1.g. Students know that when two or more substances are combined, a new substance may be formed with properties that are different from those of the original materials. Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Matter
PS.1.h. Students know all matter is made of small particles called atoms, too small to see with the naked eye.
PS.1.i. Students know people once thought that earth, wind, fire, and water were the basic elements that made up all matter. Science experiments show that there are more than 100 different types of atoms, which are presented on the periodic table of the elements. Quiz, Flash Cards, Worksheet, Game & Study Guide Matter
PS.2. Light has a source and travels in a direction. As a basis for understanding this concept: PS.2.b. Students know light is reflected from mirrors and other surfaces.
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A friend of mine and I were chatting about on-site energy generation and what to do when the seasons change. Specifically, solar pool heating.
“I turn my system off in the winter,” he said. As we are in California and our climate is very mild, I was surprised.
“Why? What kind of system do you have?”
“It doesn’t matter, he replied. “Solar only works in the summer.”
Although his assumption was incorrect, he did get me thinking about the connection between the efficacy of onsite generation systems and weather.
Are some onsite generations only effective in certain climates and temperatures? Is there ever a temperature or time of year that requires you to turn that system off? The answer depends on the type of system that you have.
In the spirit of our ever-changing weather, let’s look at a few systems and when they are optimal to produce energy, and if or when to shut them down.
Solar hot water systems
These systems are typically designed for the climate zone they are in. If you are in a freezing climate, these systems are typically designed and built with a non-toxic antifreeze mixture (not water) circulating in the collector, which heats the water in the tank. That means you can run it effectively in colder states. Granted, if your panels are coated with snow, you may not see a benefit, but if your system is designed for your climate, it should not need to be turned off in the winter.
Solar photovoltaic (aka, solar PV)
Photovoltaic systems require light to make energy and can operate all year long. While solar PV systems need light, they become less efficient in warmer temperatures. The colder the climate, the more energy the PV system creates. So solar PV systems certainly don’t need to be turned off in colder climates. They work better.
Geothermal uses heat from the upper 10 feet of the earth that maintains temperatures between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit all year long. Geothermal systems use this resource to heat and cool buildings, and there is no need to turn off these systems for any season.
Of all renewables, wind is the most contingent upon weather and can be impeded by temperature. Rain creates a drag on the propellers and hot temperatures cause low air density, both of which cause lower production. Also, extremely cold temperatures can cause parts to freeze, requiring the system to be shut down to avoid damage. That said, some turbines are designed to operate at temperatures as low as -22 degrees Fahrenheit.
I think that covers it. Now let’s go for a dip in that solar-heated pool.
Author Mary Nitschke is the first president of the Utility Management Advisory Board, holds an Energy Resource Management Certificate from UC Davis, two BAs from UC Berkeley and is Director of Ancillary Services for Prometheus Real Estate Group, Inc. California.
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Brigham Young University Researchers Take Look at How HIV Adapts in Three Separate Studies
May 3, 2011
BYU researchers are examining HIV in twins, a failed HIV vaccine, and an anti-HIV protein in three separate studies to understand the virus.
A second study is based on a failed HIV vaccine trial in Thailand, during which participants underwent regular blood draws. Scientists have blood samples from participants both at baseline and after some acquired HIV. Due to the close-knit nature of participants' risk groups, some study subjects may have shared needles with each other, acquiring an identical HIV strain. Crandall's team examined how HIV evolves in the different hosts. The study is published on PLoS One (2011;6(3):e16902 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016902).
Deseret Morning News (Salt Lake City)
04.29.2011; Lois M. Collins
Canada: Home Is Where the HAART Is -- An Examination of Factors Affecting Neighborhood Perceptions Among People With HIV/AIDS on Antiretroviral Therapy
Scientists at Retrovirus Conference Present Findings on Microbicide Gel, Truvada, Male Circumcision, ART Care by Nurses
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update.
Add Your Comment:
(Please note: Your name and comment will be public, and may even show up in
Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)
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Topographic Data Resources
Topographic data are information about the elevation of the surface of the Earth. Two such data types are commonly used with GeoPads. The first are data that represent the information typically found on a topographic quadrangle map, such as contour lines, roads, streams, railroads, towns, etc. For simplicity, this first category of data will be referred to as digital topographic map data. The second are grids of data, for which each cell in the grid represents the elevation at a certain point on the Earth. These data are commonly referred to as Digital Elevation Models or DEMs.
Digital Topographic Map Data
Digital topographic map data exists for the United States in both vector (points, lines and polygons) and raster (image) formats. The vector topographic data are called Digital Line Graphs (DLGs) while the raster topographic data are called Digital Raster Graphics (DRGs). Availability of each are described below.
Digital Line Graphs
Digital line graphs (PDF fact sheet) are files that contain the point, line, and polygon data found on a traditional paper topographic map, including the Public Land Survey System (township and range boundaries), contour lines, rivers, lakes, roads, railroads, towns, land cover, survey control points, etc. The advantage to using DLGs in a GIS setting is that the vector features can be rendered at any scale, such that zooming in and out on the map does not change the quality of the topographic data representation. The disadvantages of the DLG format are that importation of the data to a GIS requires more effort than importing a DRG raster image, and that the DLG data are quite large, sometimes slowing down the screen refresh rate of the GIS software, and that not all data layers are available for all topographic map quadrangles. Data layer projections for DLG data vary from state to state. DLG data is available in three series.
- Large-Scale (7.5-minute) DLGs correspond to the USGS 1:20,000-, 1:24,000-, and 1:25,000-scale topographic quadrangle maps. These data are available for download in two file formats, Optional and SDTS. Optional format is available for download through the USGS Earth Explorer. SDTS format is available by 7.5' quadrangle name via File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The Master Data Directory necessary to import SDTS data is also available at this FTP site.
- Intermediate-Scale (1:100,000-scale) DLGs are derived from USGS 30- by 60-minute quadrangle maps and are available in 30- by 30-minute units that correspond to the east or west half of the topographic quadrangle maps. Each 30-minute unit is produced and distributed as four 15- by 15-minute cells. These data are also available for download in two file formats, Optional and SDTS. Optional format is available through the USGS Earth Explorer. SDTS format is available by 30' x 60' half-quadrangle via File Transfer Protocol (FTP). The Master Data Directory necessary to import SDTS data is also available at this FTP site.
- Small-Scale (1,2,000,000-scale) DLGs are derived from the USGS sectional maps from the U.S. National Atlas. These data are available only in SDTS format and are not currently available for Alaska. Data are available by state for download via FTP.
Digital Raster Graphics
Digital Raster Graphics (DRGs) are scanned images of USGS topographic maps, and are available in the standard USGS topographic map series, including 1:24,000, 1:100,000, and 1:250,000 for the United States (with the exception of 1:63,360 for Alaska instead of 1:24,000), and 1:20,000, 1:25,000, and 1:30,000 for U.S. territories. To display multiple DRGs seamlessly in a GIS, it is best to use DRGs with the map boundary information removed. These DRGs are referred to as 'trimmed', 'clipped', 'collarless', or 'enhanced'. DRGs are available for most of the United States from several on-line sources including:
The states of California, Massachusetts, and parts of Tennessee and the surrounding Tennessee Valley Authority maintain and distribute their own DRGs.
Digital Raster Graphics are also available for a large number of commercial distributors for a fee, and many states choose to distribute DRGs through a state-supported web portal. An Internet search on a state name and the keywords 'geospatial data' or 'gis data' will return many useful resources.
Digital Elevation Model Data
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are gridded representations of the surface of the Earth where each pixel in the grid contains an elevation value. Resolution of DEMs is often reported in radial measurements, such as arc-seconds.
Global Digital Elevation Models
Global topographic data including topography and bathymetry is available with a resolution of 1 arc-second (~2 km) as part of the ETOPO1 data set (more info) . The highest resolution DEM data set for the entire world (excluding bathymetry) is the 30 arc-second GTOPO30 DEM, which has a nominal ground resolution of ~1 km. The recent Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) returned 3 arc-second (~90 m) resolution data for most of the continents between 60N and 60S.
National Digital Elevation Models
For much of the United States, the National Elevation Dataset contains 1 arc-second and 1/3 arc-second (~30 m and 10 m, respectively) resolution data. SRTM 1 arc-second DEM data are also available for the United States.
Regional Digital Elevation Models
High-resolution digital elevation models are available for small regions within the United States. The National Elevation Dataset contains some 1/9 arc-second (~3m) resolution DEM data, mostly for urban areas. Both the US Department of Agriculture and the US Coast and Geodetic Data have some airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) DEMs with resolution of 1-5 meters for small regions. Several consortiums in the US also offer sub-meter resolution DEMs generated from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) airborne scanners. GEON hosts an on-line tool to process LiDAR point clouds into GIS-compatible DEMs.
Comparison of Data Sets
Topographic data created by airborne or space-based techniques (e.g. LiDAR or IfSAR, including the SRTM DEM data) have the advantage of being generally smooth and continuous data sets. The National Elevation Dataset is derived from digitization of USGS topographic maps, and the gridded data derived from this technique can be prone to a number of data artifacts. On the other hand, Synthetic Aperture Radar is absorbed by water and snow and generally does not return elevation data from these surfaces. Airborne and space-based techniques may also have difficulty in steep, rugged topography. A comparison of datasets may be necessary to find the most appropriate type for a particular project.
Digital Elevation Model Data Resources
- Global Digital Elevation Data
- ETOPO2 5 km Global Topography and Bathymetry.
- GTOPO30 1 km Global Topography.
- SRTM30 1 km Global Topography - SRTM 3 arc-second data supplemented with GTOPO30 data for global topographic coverage.
- USGS Seamless Data Server (more info) - Global SRTM 3 arc-second data.
- Global SRTM 3 arc-second data - with holes filled and merged into 5-degree x 5-degree tiles.
- Interactive Google Earth interface to SRTM 3 arc-second data
- National Digital Elevation Data
- Earth Explorer - National Elevation Dataset 1 and 1/3 arc-second data.
- USGS Seamless Data Server - SRTM 1 arc-second and National Elevation Dataset 1 and 1/3 arc-second data.
- USDA Geospatial Gateway (more info) - National Elevation Dataset 1 and 1/3 arc-second data.
- Regional Digital Elevation Data
- USGS Seamless Data Server - National Elevation Dataset 1/9 arc-second data.
- USDA Geospatial Gateway (more info) - IfSAR high resolution DEM data.
- NOAA Coastal Services Center - IfSAR and LiDAR high-resolution coastal DEMs.
- EarthScope Spatial Data Repository—LiDAR data sets.
- National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping—LiDAR data distribution site for NCALM.
- Puget Sound LiDAR Consortium—LiDAR data from Puget Sound region of Washington state.
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This video says about itself:
30 Aug 2011
Sharing the results of a massive, worldwide study, geneticist Svante Pääbo shows the DNA proof that early humans mated with Neanderthals after we moved out of Africa. (Yes, many of us have Neanderthal DNA.) He also shows how a tiny bone from a baby finger was enough to identify a whole new humanoid species.
By Matthew MacEgan:
The genetic legacy of the Neanderthals
6 January 2014
New research published in a recent issue of Nature presents the sequencing of the entire genome of a Neanderthal woman who lived in the Altai Mountains in southern Siberia over 50,000 years ago. The data gathered from this study, along with another published study regarding the genome sequencing of a Denisovan hominin, a related group of humans who lived side by side with Neanderthals during this period, has much to say about prehistoric human development and the genetic makeup of modern humans, going far beyond any previous genetic research on archaic humans.
Genome sequencing is a relatively new process that enables researchers to map and examine DNA. The most famous example has been the Human Genome Project, an international effort to map the entire genetic sequence of modern humans all over the world, allowing for a detailed exploration of our biological history. The recent sequencing of Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes are the very first performed on extinct hominins (humans) and dramatically aid in our understanding of gene flow and drift between our archaic predecessors.
The Neanderthal type specimen fossil was discovered in a limestone quarry in the Neander Valley near Düsseldorf, Germany, in August 1856. Its discovery took place just three years prior to the publishing of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, launching the finding into a larger debate about biological evolution. The most commonly debated aspect of Neanderthal history in recent years has been whether Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens and whether such offspring were fertile.
Separating Neandertal DNA from modern human contamination: here.
There are currently known remains attributed to 400 different Neanderthals ranging geographically from Portugal to Siberia, including northern European finds in England and Germany as well as Middle Eastern counterparts in Israel and Iraq. These fossils range in date from 350,000 years ago to 35,000 years ago.
Earlier Neanderthal fossils share traits with the older hominin Homo heidelbergensis, which spread across Africa, Europe, and Asia at least 600,000 years ago. Both Neanderthals and Homo sapiens are believed to have evolved from Homo heidelbergensis, each group developing in isolation due to prolonged quaternary glacial periods. If this hypothesis is correct, Homo sapiens would have developed in Africa, while Neanderthals evolved throughout Eurasia.
Neanderthals share 99.7 percent of their DNA with modern humans but display very specific morphological differences. Neanderthals were considerably more “robust” than Homo sapiens, featuring thicker bones and a larger brain case. While modern humans have an average brain capacity of 1400cc, the average Neanderthal reached 1600cc in size. Neanderthals are also thought to have been much stronger than anatomically modern humans, especially having stronger arms and hands. It has even been suggested that the more robust Neanderthal teeth were used as cutting tools (the more “gracile” Homo sapiens teeth perhaps developed along with the increased use of fire to cook food, which made it softer). Neanderthals are also thought to have consumed a larger percentage of meat as part of their diet, including big game animals. One of the more popular explanations for the physical divergence between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens is climatic. Bodies with shorter limbs and thicker forms retain heat more efficiently in colder geographic areas while more lissome figures with longer limbs disperse heat better in warmer climates.
In 2008, an excavation performed in Denisova Cave in southern Siberia, near the borders of Kazakhstan and Mongolia, yielded the fossil remains of both Neanderthals and those of a potentially new group of hominins that have since become known as “Denisovans.” These remains have enabled researchers to determine that both groups inhabited Eurasia during the period when modern humans emerged from Africa (around 50,000 years ago), leading some to believe that Denisovans similarly evolved from Homo heidelbergensis living in Asia.
According to the recent Nature article, the “Altai Neanderthal” genome was sequenced from DNA extracted from a toe phalanx discovered in Denisova Cave in 2010. The archaeological layer within which the toe was found is located in the east gallery of the cave and is thought to be at least 50,000 years old. While the bone features traits commonly found in both Neanderthals and modern humans, the DNA found within shares a common ancestor with six previously published Neanderthal DNA sequences, providing adequate evidence that it indeed belongs to a Neanderthal.
The main finding of the report, which has been focused on by most media outlets, is a high level of inbreeding in the Altai Neanderthal. According to the published research, her parents were closely related enough to be either half-siblings who shared the same mother or of another close relation such as double first cousins, uncle and niece, or grandmother and grandson. While there has been a high level of discussion about whether inbreeding was common amongst the Altai Neanderthal population, no scientific evidence has surfaced which supports this theory. Inbreeding is more typical of small, isolated populations.
The toe phalanx genome was compared to several other hominin genomes, including the Denisovan genome sequence that was previously recorded from DNA extracted from a finger phalanx. The Denisovan finger, excavated in 2008, was found within the same archaeological layer as the Neanderthal toe. Other genomes used for comparison include those of several other Neanderthals and 25 present-day humans. Researchers were thus able to provide new estimates of population split times.
Their estimates suggest that the ancestors of modern humans split from both Neanderthals and Denisovans between approximately 553,000 and 589,000 years ago, while the Neanderthal and Denisovan populations seem to have split apart later, about 381,000 years ago.
According to the authors of the Nature article and of potentially greater interest is the fact that the population of the ancestors of modern humans began to increase over time after the split, while Neanderthals and Denisovans saw subsequent decreases in population size. This supports previous speculations that Neanderthal populations were small and stable or even declining at the height of the last glacial period.
The new genome sequences also support admixture theories previously suggested by researchers. Much controversy has surrounded the suggestion that archaic humans such as Neanderthals and Denisovans interbred with the ancestors of modern humans, especially amongst those who theorize that other hominin groups were violently eradicated by “blood-thirsty” Homo sapiens. Other earlier writers on the subject placed Neanderthals as direct ancestors of modern humans while more recent scholarly work has suggested a smaller percentage of Neanderthal genetic material in the Homo sapiens genome sequence.
In recent years, new research has strongly indicated that modern humans emerged and dispersed from Africa approximately 50,000 years ago, mixing with Neanderthals in the Middle East before venturing into Europe and Asia, with those anatomically-modern humans who passed into Asia mixing further with Denisovans in Oceania. If these archaic groups intermingled genetically, a newer, clearer picture of our ancestors can be understood, a picture that is far less grim than the violent images of conquest propounded by some analysts.
The Altai Neanderthal genome sequence shows that Neanderthal-derived DNA in all non-Africans is 1.5 to 2.1 percent, while Denisovan-derived DNA found in human inhabitants of Papua New Guinea and Australia is 3 to 6 percent. There are also small traces (0.5 percent) of Denisovan DNA in mainland Asian and Native American populations. Such evidence of archaic human gene flow into modern populations suggests that decreasing populations of Neanderthals and perhaps also Denisovans never became “extinct” but were merely subsumed by increasing numbers of modern humans.
Ultimately this data supports the theory that Neanderthals and Denisovans did interbreed with Homo sapiens and did produce fertile offspring.
Absolutely integral to an understanding of archaic humanity is consciousness of the fact that very much is still unknown to us. In fact, if all of the excavated hominin remains from which we derive our knowledge of our ancestors were gathered together into one collection, it would easily fit into the bed of a single pickup truck.
Several other lineages and archaic human populations are for now beyond our knowledge. For example, 2.7 to 5.8 percent of the Denisovan genome comes from an unknown source, possibly an archaic hominin group which diverged from other hominins around 1 million years ago. Therefore, our current understanding of archaic humans must remain pliable and open to new findings and interpretations of raw data.
Humans appear to have inherited some traits related to skin, hair & autoimmune diseases from Neandertal ancestors: here.
DNA study shows why Neanderthals and modern humans are so different: here.
Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex: here.
A newly discovered hearth full of ash and charred bone in a cave in modern-day Israel hints that early humans sat around fires as early as 300,000 years ago — before Homo sapiens arose in Africa: here. Already earlier, Peking Man is said to have used fire.
Neanderthal faces emerge from the gloom of a Spanish cave. Bones and skulls found in the cave show Neanderthal facial features appearing for the first time 430,000 years ago: here.
The Neandertal branch of the hominid family tree just got a lot more shrublike: here.
Neanderthals may have used their teeth as a third hand. Evolved big brain later: here.
The Denisovans – The Third Species of Human: here.
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Each year 1 in 5 females and 1 in 7 males engage in self injury. Many teens who self harm report being bullied before they started using self harm as a coping strategy for dealing with difficult emotions. Self harm is one of the many negative results of bullying. As elementary counselors we need to continue to provide leadership to in school-wide anti-bullying efforts. To reduce bullying and mitigate its harmful effects all staff must be trained and on board about the importance of receiving bullying reports and developing interventions that reduce bullying behavior. We need to empower students to respond assertively to bullying. Urge students to speak up and challenge mean behavior. Teach the students to say "How do you think it is okay to say or do that to me?" or "Talking that way is not right, leave them alone" (for upstanders).
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Fuels planning : science synthesis and integration. Social issues fact sheet. 19, Impacts of wildland fire on communities.
- Physical Description: 1 online resource (2 unnumbered pages) : color illustrations.
- Publisher: [Fort Collins, Colo.] : United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2007.
|General Note:|| Title from caption (viewed July 21, 2016).
"Synthesizing scientific information for fire and fuels project managers."
"Social Science Team Lead: Pamela Jakes."
|Bibliography, etc. Note:|| Includes bibliographical references (page ).
Search for related items by subject
|Subject:||Wildfires > Social aspects > United States.
Forestry and community > United States.
Search for related items by series
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The other day, while preparing dinner, I listened to two announcers on the radio puzzling over the words in some old Christmas carols. "What's figgy pudding?" one asked. "And bells on Bob's tail ring - who's Bob?' commented the other. Of course, they were trying to be humorous, but I think their ignorance and confusion worked as humour because many people do not know the origins of Christmas carols, or the meaning and origins of many of our Christmas customs.
Without any understanding of the faith-foundation of our religious traditions, it is easy to dismiss their relevance in our lives today. We follow them now because they are familiar, and "It just wouldn't be Christmas without it" but do they help increase our faith? Are artificial Christmas trees a modern convenience or a symptom of a deeper spiritual malnutrition in our society?
OK, so that's a stretch.
But to be serious, I think if we knew why, how and when our Christmas traditions began, we would gain a greater appreciation for our forbears, and for the faith that inspired them to create traditions that enrich our lives and teach our children. The many versions of each tradition do not dilute or contradict one another, but rather point to the universality of our faith; every culture and each family is unique and distinct. Each has its own strengths and blessings. All have something to contribute to the great communion of the Church, and the song of Joy which is the Nativity.
by Shonnie Scarola
used with permission from "Christian Customs, Folklore, Legends and Feast Days of the Christmas Season"
Saint Boniface and The Christmas Tree:
Saint Boniface, an English missionary, known as the "Apostle of Germany", in 722 came upon some men about to cut a huge oak tree as a stake (Oak of Thor) for a human sacrifice to their pagan god. With one mighty blow, Saint Boniface felled the massive oak and as the tree split, a beautiful young fir tree sprang from its center. Saint Boniface told the people that this lovely evergreen, with its branches pointing to heaven, was indeed a holy tree, the tree of the Christ Child, a symbol of His promise of eternal life. He instructed them henceforth to carry the evergreen from the wilderness into their homes and to surround it with gifts, symbols of love and kindness.
Saint Boniface (feast June 5) received the name Winfrid at his baptism but took the name Boniface before he was ordained to the priesthood. He was martyred at the age of 75.
The Paradise Tree:
There is a very old and charming European custom of decorating a fir tree with apples and small white wafers representing the Holy Eucharist. These wafers were later replaced by little pieces of pastry cut in the shapes of stars, angels, hearts, flowers, and bells. Eventually other cookies were introduced bearing the shapes of men, birds, roosters and other animals.
In the Middle Ages, about the 11th century, religious theater was born. One of the most popular plays, the German mystery play, concerned Adam and Eve, their fall and expulsion from the Garden of Eden--from the Early Paradise. The Garden of Eden was represented by a fir tree hung with apples. It represented both the Tree of Life and the Tree of Discernment of Good and Evil which stood in the center of Paradise. The play ended with the prophecy of a coming Savior, and for this reason, this particular play was often enacted during Advent.
The one piece of scenery--the "Paradeisbaum (the Paradise Tree) became a popular object, and was often set up in churches, and eventually in private homes as well. It became a symbol of the Savior. Since the tree represented not only Paradise, and man's fall, but also the promise of salvation, it was hung not merely with apples, but also with bread or wafers (Holy Eucharist) and often sweets (representing the sweetness of redemption). In sections of Bavaria, fir branches and little trees, decorated with lights, apples and tinsel are still called Paradeis.
The German and English immigrants brought the Christmas tree to America. Fruits, nuts, flowers, and lighted candles adorned the first Christmas trees, but only the strongest trees could support the weight without drooping; thus, German glassblowers began producing lightweight glass balls to replace heavier, natural decorations. These lights and decorations were symbols of the joy and light of Christmas. The star that tops the tree is symbolic of the "Star in the East".
A Viking Story:
This story tells us that when Christianity first came to Northern Europe, three personages representing virtues were sent from Heaven to place lights on the original Christmas Tree. They were Faith, Hope and Charity. Their search was long for they were required to find a tree that was as high as hope; as great as love; as sweet as charity; and one that had the sign of the cross on every bough. Their search ended in the forests of the North for there they found the Fir. They lighted it from the radiance of the stars and it became the first Christmas tree.
The Legend of the Pine Tree:
When the Holy family was pursued by Herod's soldiers, many plants offered them shelter. One such plant was the Pine Tree. When Mary was too weary to travel longer the family stopped at the edge of a forest to rest. A gnarled old pine which had grown hollow with its' years invited them to rest within its trunk--then it closed its branches down and kept them safe until the soldiers had passed. Upon leaving, the Christ Child blessed the pine and the imprint of his little hand was left forever in the tree's fruit--the pine cone. If a cone is cut lengthwise the hand may still be seen.
What is the origin of Christmas cards?
The Christmas card is a Victorian creation, which began as a kind of stationery. The first card was produced by Sir Henry Cole who worked for the British Postal Service, and an artist he hired named John Horsley. This early card was a depiction of a Christmas scene framed in three panels. In the center panel was a homey table scene: children, parents and grandparents seated and some raising their glasses for a toast. On either side were panels depicting acts of Christmas charity: to the left, feeding the hungry; to the right, clothing the naked. Underneath appears the now familiar phrase "A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to You." Actually cards were preceded by "Christmas Pieces" written by school boys in England as greetings to their parents and as proof of their progress in the art of writing.
The Advent Wreath is a Lutheran custom that originated in Eastern Germany. They are round as a symbol of God's eternity and mercy, of which every season of Advent is a new reminder; and it is made of evergreens to symbolize God's "ever-lastingness" and our immortality. Green is also the Church's color of hope and new life. Four candles, three purple or violet that represent penance, sorrow, and longing expectation and one rose or pink that represents the hope and coming joy are placed within to represent the four weeks of Advent. They are replaced with white candles for the Christmas season which ends with Epiphany. Wreaths are an ancient symbol of victory and symbolize the "fulfillment of time" in the coming of Christ and the glory of His birth.
In old German tradition, on the first Sunday of Advent, the children write their Christmas letter to the Christ child, Christkindl, who accompanied by His angels, will bring the Christmas tree and all the good things on it and under it. In Denmark, the Christmas season begins on December 1, with the lighting of the calendar candle. The candle is marked with 24 lines, one for each day before Christmas; the burning of the candle represents the waiting and preparing for Christ's coming.
There are many ways to create an Advent Wreath...here's some advice on creating your own Advent Wreath.
|Book related to this story ...|
Legends and Traditions of Christmas: Devotional Ideas for Family And Group Use During Advent by Trudie West Revoir and John H. Pipe
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