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[ "ɒn \\ / is an ion with a positively-charged carbon atom .", "ɒn \\ / ) is an ion with a positively-charged carbon atom ." ]
[ "He dubbed the relationship between color and salt formation halochromy , of which malachite green is a prime example .", "He called the relationship between color and salt formation halochromy of which malachite green is a prime example ." ]
[ "Molecules that can form allyl or benzyl carbocations are especially reactive .", "Molecules which can form allyl or benzyl carbocations are especially reactive ." ]
[ "This ion is predicted to be aromatic by Hückel 's rule .", "This ion is predicted to be aromatic by the Hückel Rule ." ]
[ "The energy difference between `` classical '' carbocations and `` non-classical '' isomers is often very small , and in general there is little , if any , activation energy involved in the transition between `` classical '' and `` non-classical '' structures .", "The energy difference between `` classical '' car...
[ "One textbook to this day retains the older name of carbonium ion for carbenium ion and reserves the phrase hypervalent carbenium ion for CH5 + .", "One textbook to this day stays with the older name of carbonium ion for carbenium ion and reserves the phrase hypervalent carbenium ion for CH5 + ." ]
[ "In essence , the `` non-classical '' form of the 2-butyl carbocation is 2-butene with a proton directly above the center of what would be the carbon-carbon double bond .", "The `` non-classical '' form of the 2-butyl carbocation is essentially 2-butene with a proton directly above the center of what would be the...
[ "The charged carbon atom in a carbocation is a `` sextet '' , i.e. it has only six electrons in its outer valence shell instead of the eight valence electrons that ensures maximum stability ( octet rule ) .", "The charged carbon atom in a carbocation is a `` sextet '' ( that is , it has only six electrons in its ...
[ "A carbocation \\ / ˌkɑrbɵˈkætaɪ .", "A carbocation ( \\ / ˌkɑrbɵˈkætaɪ ." ]
[ "It was the heptamethylbenzenium ion , made by treating hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminium chloride .", "It was the heptamethylbenzenonium ion , made by treating hexamethylbenzene with methyl chloride and aluminium chloride ." ]
[ "One could reasonably assume a carbocation to have sp3 hybridization with an empty sp3 orbital giving positive charge .", "Logic would say that carbocation have sp3 hybridization with an empty sp3 orbital giving positive charge ." ]
[ "The history of carbocations dates back to 1891 when G. Merling reported that he added bromine to tropylidene ( cycloheptatriene ) and then heated the product to obtain a crystalline , water-soluble material , C 7H 7Br .", "In 1891 , G. Merling reported that he added bromine to tropylidene ( cycloheptatriene ) an...
[ "In present-day chemistry , a carbocation is any positively charged carbon atom , classified in two main categories according to the valence of the charged carbon : three in the carbenium ions ( that can be seen as protonated carbenes , hence the name ) , and five or six in the carbonium ions ( protonated alkanes ,...
[ "All subsequent alphabets around the world have either descended from this first Semitic alphabet , or have been inspired by one of its descendants ( i.e. `` stimulus diffusion '' ) , with the possible exception of the Meroitic alphabet , a 3rd-century BCE adaptation of hieroglyphs in Nubia to the south of Egypt - ...
[ "When she was five or six years old , Brodess hired her out as a nursemaid to a woman named `` Miss Susan . ''", "When she was five or six years old , Brodess hired her out as a nursemaid to a woman named `` Miss Susan '' ." ]
[ "Tubman spoke later of her acute childhood homesickness , comparing herself to `` the boy on the Swanee River , '' an allusion to Stephen Foster 's song `` Old Folks at Home . ''", "Tubman spoke later of her acute childhood homesickness , comparing herself to `` the boy on the Swanee River '' , an allusion to Ste...
[ "She found ways to resist , running away for five days , wearing layers of clothing as protection against beatings , and fighting back .", "She found ways to resist such as running away for five days , wearing layers of clothing as protection against beatings , and fighting back ." ]
[ "The first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war , she guided the Combahee River Raid , which liberated more than 750 slaves in South Carolina .", "She was the first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war , she guided the Combahee River Raid , which liberated more than 700 slaves in South Carolina ."...
[ "Because Tubman 's mother was assigned to `` the big house '' and had scarce time for her family , as a child Tubman took care of a younger brother and a baby , as was typical in large families .", "Because Tubman 's mother was assigned to `` the big house '' and had very little time for her family , thus Tubman ...
[ "In the fall of 1849 , Tubman escaped to Philadelphia , but soon returned to Maryland to rescue her family .", "In 1849 , Tubman escaped to Philadelphia but returned to Maryland to rescue her family ." ]
[ "The injury caused disabling epileptic-type seizures , headaches , and powerful visionary and dream experiences , which occurred throughout her life .", "This hurt her head very badly causing her disabling seizures , narcoleptic attacks , headaches , and powerful visionary and dream experiences , which occurred t...
[ "Tubman was ordered to keep watch on the baby as it slept ; when it woke and cried , Tubman was whipped .", "Tubman was ordered to keep watch on the baby ." ]
[ "They married around 1808 and , according to court records , they had nine children together : Linah , born in 1808 , Mariah Ritty in 1811 , Soph in 1813 , Robert in 1816 , Minty ( Harriet ) in 1822 , Ben in 1823 , Rachel in 1825 , Henry in 1830 , and Moses in 1832 .", "Linah was born in 1808 , Mariah Ritty in 18...
[ "Her father Ben was a skilled woodsman who managed the timber work on Thompson 's plantation .", "Her father Ben was a talented woodsman who did the timber work on a plantation ." ]
[ "Harriet Tubman ( born Araminta Ross ; circa 1822 - March 10 , 1913 ) was an African-American abolitionist , humanitarian , and Union spy during the American Civil War .", "Harriet Tubman ( born Araminta Ross ; c. 1820 or 1821 - March 10 , 1913 ) was an African-American abolitionist , humanitarian , and Union spy...
[ "She refused , and as the slave ran away , the overseer threw a two-pound weight at him .", "When she was very young , an angry overseer threw a heavy metal weight at another slave , which accidentally hit her ." ]
[ "Her mother Rit ( who may have had a white father ) was a cook for the Brodess family .", "Her mother Rit ( whose father might have been a white man ) was a cook ." ]
[ "As a child in Dorchester County , Maryland , Tubman was beaten by masters to whom she was hired out .", "When she was a child in Maryland , Tubman was whipped and beaten by many different masters ." ]
[ "Members of the Red Army Faction and others claimed that she was killed by the German authorities .", "Members of the Red Army Faction and others claimed that she was killed by the German government ." ]
[ "The second generation of the RAF committed several kidnappings and killings in a campaign in support of their comrades .", "The so-called second generation of the RAF committed several kidnappings and killings in a campaign in support of the prisoners ." ]
[ "Baader and others then spent some time in a Fatah military training camp in Jordan before being expelled due to `` differences in attitudes '' .", "Baader and others then spent some time in a Palestinian military training camp in Jordan before being thrown out ." ]
[ "From 1975 to 1977 , a long and expensive trial took place in a fortified building on the grounds of Stuttgart 's Stammheim prison .", "`` Sartre par lui-même '' , 1976 From 1975 to 1977 , there was a long and expensive trial in a specially fortified building on the grounds of Stuttgart 's Stammheim prison ." ]
[ "On 1 June 1972 , Baader and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were apprehended after a lengthy shootout in Frankfurt .", "On 1 June 1972 , he and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were caught after a gunfight in Frankfurt ." ]
[ "The group became known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang .", "Baader , the three women and the masked man fled through a window , and the group soon became known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang ." ]
[ "Meinhof was found dead in her cell at Stuttgart-Stammheim on 9 May 1976 , hanging from the grating covering her cell window .", "Ulrike Meinhof was found dead in her cell at Stuttgart-Stammheim on 9 May 1976 , hanging from the ceiling ." ]
[ "In the morning , Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found dead in their cells , having died from gunshot wounds , while Gudrun Ensslin was found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire .", "Next morning , Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found in their prison cells , dead from gunshot wounds ." ]
[ "In 1968 Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin were convicted of the arson bombing of a department store in Frankfurt am Main to protest the public 's `` indifference '' to the genocide in Vietnam .", "In 1968 , Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin were convicted of the setting fire to a department store i...
[ "According to reports from his jailers ( including Horst Bubeck ) , the defendants , especially Baader , kept their cells as dirty and disgusting as possible in order to discourage searches for items that might be smuggled in ; at this time lawyers and defendants were not separated by panes of glass during unsuperv...
[ "Andreas Bernd Baader ( 6 May 1943 - 18 October 1977 ) was one of the first leaders of the German left-wing militant organization Red Army Faction , also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang .", "Andreas Bernd Baader ( 6 May 1943-18 October 1977 ) was a German terrorist ." ]
[ "Meinhof was allowed to join him .", "Journalist Ulrike Meinhof and two other women were allowed to join him ." ]
[ "During a collective hunger strike in 1974 , which led to the death of Meins , philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader in Stammheim Prison where he was being held .", "This was when philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader ." ]
[ "The passengers of the Boeing 737 were freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977 which saw the death of three of the militants .", "After several weeks that were called the German Autumn , the passengers of the aeroplane were freed in an assault carried o...
[ "Militants tried to force the release of Baader and ten other imprisoned RAF members by kidnapping Hanns Martin Schleyer on 5 September 1977 , as part of the sequence of events known as the `` German Autumn '' , which began on 30 July 1977 with the murder of the banker Jürgen Ponto .", "Hanns Martin Schleyer was ...
[ "They then fired shots that wounded a 64-year-old librarian , hitting him in his liver .", "They let a masked man into the library who fired shots at a 64-year-old librarian ." ]
[ "Gold coins : Gold coins are typically produced as either 90 % gold ( e.g. with pre-1933 US coins ) , or 22 carat ( 91.66 % ) gold ( e.g. current collectible coins and Krugerrands ) , with copper and silver making up the remaining weight in each case .", "Gold coins : Gold coins are typically produced as either 9...
[ "Roentgenium ( Rg ) belongs to this group of elements based on its theoretical electronic configuration , but it is a short-lived transactinide with a half-life of 26 seconds that has been observed only in laboratory conditions .", "Roentgenium ( Rg ) belongs to this group of elements based on its electronic conf...
[ "Group 11 , numbered by IUPAC style , is a group of chemical element in the periodic table , consisting of copper ( Cu ) , silver ( Ag ) , and gold ( Au ) .", "A Group 11 element is one in the series of elements in group 11 ( IUPAC style ) in the periodic table , consisting of transition metals which are the trad...
[ "Like other groups , the members of this family show patterns in electron configuration , especially in the outermost shells , resulting in trends in chemical behavior , although roentgenium is probably an exception : All Group 11 elements are relatively inert , corrosion-resistant metals .", "Like other groups ,...
[ "Although at various times societies have used other metals in coinage including aluminium , lead , nickel , stainless steel , tin , and zinc , the name coinage metals is used to highlight the special physio-chemical properties that make this series of metals uniquely well suited for monetary purposes .", "The na...
[ "The Süddeutsche Zeitung ( ˈzyːtˌdɔʏtʃə ˈtsaɪtʊŋ ) , published in Munich , is the largest German national subscription daily newspaper .", "The Süddeutsche Zeitung is a liberal newspaper ." ]
[ "Any person 's actual position in the line of succession may change as a result of events such as births and deaths .", "Any person 's actual position in the line of succession may change when people are born or when they die ." ]
[ "Notes and sources : XC Excluded as Roman Catholics .", "This list shows only those people who are descended from the sons of George V. Notes and sources : XC Excluded as Roman Catholics ." ]
[ "1952 Succession as published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 The line of succession continues with the eligible descendants of Mary , Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood , only daughter of George V , followed by the other eligible descendants of Edward VII and earlier British monarchs , back to ...
[ "She also made a guest appearance in Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) .", "She also made a short guest appearance in Om Shanti Om ." ]
[ "She is also the face of the fashion line , Aftershock .", "She is the face of the fashion line , Aftershock ." ]
[ "She used to host a weekly Hindi music countdown show , Oye , for MTV India in the 1990s .", "She used to host a weekly Hindi music countdown show , `` Oye '' , for a music channel in the 1990s ." ]
[ "Growing up in the Rajendra Nagar suburb , she did her schooling at Loreto Convent and graduated from Lady Sriram college , New Delhi .", "She graduated from Modern School , New Delhi and has a degree in History from Lady Sriram College ." ]
[ "Gauri Khan ( born Gauri Chhibber on 8 October 1970 ) , is a film producer and interior designer .", "Gauri Khan ( Hindi : गौरी ख़ान ) ( née Chibber ) born 8 October 1970 is an Indian movie producer ." ]
[ "She is the co-founder of the film production and distribution company Red Chillies Entertainment with her husband , Bollywood actor Shahrukh Khan .", "Together with Shahrukh Khan , Gauri is part-owner and part-producer of the production company , Red Chillies Entertainment ( RCE ) ." ]
[ "They can be divided into two explosives classes differentiated by sensitivity : primary explosive and secondary explosive .", "High explosives may belong to different groups : primary explosives and secondary explosives ." ]
[ "High explosives detonate with explosive velocity ranging from 3 to 9 km\\/s .", "High explosives detonate ( = explode with bursts ) ." ]
[ "Primary explosives are often used in detonators or to trigger larger charges of less sensitive secondary explosives .", "Primary explosives are used as detonators : that is , to cause the secondary explosives to explode ." ]
[ "A freight train ( also known as goods train ) uses freight cars ( also known as wagons or trucks ) to transport goods or materials ( cargo ) - essentially any train that is not used for carrying passengers .", "Freight trains have freight cars ( US ) or goods wagons ( UK ) to carry goods from one place to anothe...
[ "Passenger trains usually have emergency brake handles ( or a `` communication cord '' ) that the public can operate .", "Passenger trains have passenger cars ( US ) or coaches ( UK ) made so people can ride them from one train station to another ." ]
[ "The work consists of three movements : The first movement is in a modified version of traditional sonata form .", "This movement is in sonata form ." ]
[ "It is an example of Bartók 's `` night music '' idiom .", "This is one of his `` night pieces '' ." ]
[ "Hassiba Boulmerka ( Arabic : حسيبة بولمرقة ) ( born July 10 , 1968 in Constantine in the north east of Algeria ) is a former Algerian middle distance athlete .", "Hassiba Boulmerka ( born 10 July 1968 in Constantine , Algeria ) is a former Algerian middle distance athlete ." ]
[ "Boulmerka received death threats and was forced to move to Europe to train .", "Boulmerka received death threats ." ]
[ "She was successful in national and regional races , although there was n't much competition .", "She was successful in national and regional races ." ]
[ "In spite of this , she was one of the favorites for the 1500 m gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics .", "She won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics ." ]
[ "The first major race she won was the 800 m. at the Golden Gala race in Rome , Italy .", "She was eliminated in the preliminary heat of both the 800 and 1500 m . The first major race she won was the 800 m. at the Golden Gala race in Rome , Italy ." ]
[ "A month later , she competed at the World Championships .", "A month later , she was at the World Championships ." ]
[ "She competed at the Centennial Olympics in Atlanta , but sprained her ankle in the semi-finals .", "She was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , but sprained her ankle in the semi-finals ." ]
[ "Born in Constantine , Boulmerka started running seriously at the age of ten , specializing in the 800 and 1500 metres .", "Boulmerka started running seriously at the age of ten ." ]
[ "Boulmerka 's next two seasons were not as successful , although she won a bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart .", "She won a bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart ." ]
[ "She was frequently bothered by Muslim groups in Algeria who thought she showed too much of her body when racing .", "They thought she showed too much of her body when racing ." ]
[ "In 1995 , she had n't won a single race going into the World Championships in Gothenburg , but this did not prevent her from winning her second world title .", "Then she won the World Championships in Gothenburg ." ]
[ "Environmentally friendly , environment-friendly , eco-friendly , nature-friendly , and green are marketing claims referring to goods and services , laws , guidelines and policies that inflict reduced , minimal , or no harm at all , upon ecosystems or the environment .", "Environmentally friendly is a term used t...
[ "He also appeared in Mario & Luigi : Dream Team as a special boss in the Battle Ring .", "He appears in Paper Mario : Sticker Star as a boss , and in Mario & Luigi : Dream Team as a boss in the Battle Ring ." ]
[ "Jr. appears in Super Mario Galaxy , aiding his father in battle , as well as having three worlds of his own .", "Jr. appears in Super Mario Galaxy 2 , where he helps his father in battling Mario like in Super Mario Galaxy ." ]
[ "Eventually he found out that Peach was not really his mother , but still wanted to get revenge on Mario .", "He later finds out that Peach is not actually his mother , but he still wants to fight Mario again ." ]
[ "He also appears in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games as a member of Team Mario , as well as in its sequel , Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games , and Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games .", "He appears in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games along with its sequel Mario & ...
[ "Bowser Jr. also appears in New Super Mario Bros. .", "He also appears in New Super Mario Bros. ." ]
[ "Bowser Jr. is a staple character in the various Mario spin-off games .", "Bowser Jr. is a character from the Mario video game series ." ]
[ "He also appears in Super Mario Galaxy 2 , in the same way as in the original Galaxy .", "Jr. appears in Super Mario Galaxy , where he helps his father in battling Mario ." ]
[ "He also appears as a mini-boss in Mario Party 9 and is also the host of his very own space , where challenges two players to play a minigame with him .", "He appears as a mini-boss in Mario Party 9 ." ]
[ "He thinks Peach is his mother . ''", "He kidnapped Peach because Bowser made him think that Peach was his mother , and he had to keep her safe ." ]
[ "Since his debut in Super Mario Sunshine , Bowser Jr. has been a recurring character in the Mario series , and has been made playable in several spin-offs , such as Mario Superstar Baseball and Mario Strikers Charged .", "Since then , he has appeared in spin-off games such as Mario Superstar Baseball and Mario St...
[ "and Mario Kart Wii and also appears in the Mario sports games .", "He also appears in some of the Mario sports games ." ]
[ "Bowser Jr. later appeared in New Super Mario Bros. , in a role similar to Boom Boom from Super Mario Bros. 3 , as the boss of every tower , the midpoint in each of the game 's worlds .", "He later appears in New Super Mario Bros. , where he is the boss of the tower levels at the middle of each world ." ]
[ "Although `` Baby Bowser '' , the infant version of Bowser whose design bears a strong resemblance to Bowser Jr. , had previously appeared in Super Mario World 2 : Yoshi 's Island and Yoshi 's Story , Jr. himself first appeared in Super Mario Sunshine , where he disrupted Mario 's vacation with Princess Peach by pa...
[ "It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector .", "Transduction also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector ." ]
[ "When bacteriophages ( viruses that infect bacteria ) infect a bacterial cell , their normal mode of reproduction is to harness the replicational , transcriptional , and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make numerous virions , or complete viral particles , including the viral DNA or RNA and the p...
[ "Transduction is a common tool used by molecular biologists to stably introduce a foreign gene into a host cell 's genome .", "This is a common tool used by molecular biologists to introduce a foreign gene into a host cell 's genome ." ]
[ "This was followed by a return to old-school style series in the form of Ultraman Max ( 2005 , CBC ) .", "This was followed by a return to past style series in the form of Ultraman Max ( 2005 , CBC ) ." ]
[ "The straight-to-video market also saw the release of Ultraman Neos in 2000 , as well as special features for Ultraman Tiga , Dyna , and Gaia , who have teamed up in theatrical features ( Tiga and Dyna once , as well as the three of them all together ) .", "The direct to video ( releasing in market than in theate...
[ "Recently the studio tried a reinvention of the hero through the `` Ultra N Project , '' which involved three heroes : Ultraman Noa ( the `` mascot '' of the Ultra N Project , who appears in stage shows as well as the final episode of Ultraman Nexus ) in late 2003 , Ultraman Nexus ( 2004 , CBC ) , and ULTRAMAN ( 20...
[ "accepts 36 Ultramen as official ( counting Ultraman Legend , the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice , as a separate entity ) .", "accepts 36 Ultramen as official ( counting Ultraman Legend , the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice , as a separate ultra ) ." ]
[ "The franchise has also been in the movie theaters , starting with Ultraman Zearth and Ultraman Zearth 2 , Ultraman Tiga : The Final Odyssey , released in 2000 , as well as ULTRAMAN , a movie that opened in December 2004 .", "Third featured about the events happened before the events of the Movie Mega Monster Bat...
[ "Sequels to the original series are : Ultraseven ( 1967 , TBS ) , The Return of Ultraman ( 1971 , TBS ) , Ultraman Ace ( 1972 , TBS ) , Ultraman Taro ( 1973 , TBS ) , Ultraman Leo ( 1974 , TBS ) , Ultraman 80 ( 1980 , TBS ) , Ultraman Tiga ( 1996 , MBS ) , Ultraman Dyna ( 1997 , MBS ) , Ultraman Gaia ( 1998 , MBS )...