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[ "The spines , which may be up to 50 mm ( 2 in ) long , are modified hairs , mostly made of keratin .", "The spines , which may be up to 50 mm long , are modified hairs , mostly made of keratin ." ]
[ "The short-beaked echidna is the only member of its genus , sharing the family Tachyglossidae with the extant species of the genus Zaglossus that occur in New Guinea .", "The Short-beaked Echidna is the only member of its genus , sharing the family Tachyglossidae with the surviving three species of the genus Zagl...
[ "The short-beaked echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is one of four living species of echidna and the only member of the genus Tachyglossus .", "The Short-beaked Echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is one of four living species of echidna ." ]
[ "The short-beaked echidna has a well-developed olfactory system , which may be used to detect mates and prey .", "The Short-beaked Echidna has a well-developed olfactory system , which may be used to detect mates and prey , and its other senses perform well ." ]
[ "The musculature of the short-beaked echidna has a number of unusual aspects .", "The muscles of the Short-beaked Echidna have a number of unusual features ." ]
[ "The male has internal testes , no external scrotum and a highly unusual penis with four knobs on the tip , which is nearly a quarter of his body length when erect .", "The male has internal testes , no external scrotum and a highly unusual penis with four knobs on the tip ." ]
[ "The brain and central nervous system have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals , particularly with its fellow monotreme , the platypus .", "The brain and central nervous system of the Short-beaked Echidna have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placen...
[ "Like all monotremes , it has one orifice , the cloaca , for the passage of faeces , urine and reproductive products .", "Like all monotremes , the echidna has only one orifice for the passage of faeces , urine and reproductive products , which is known as the cloaca ." ]
[ "The echidna 's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world 's largest flea , Bradiopsylla echidnae , which is about 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) long .", "The Echidna 's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world 's largest flea , Bradiopsylla echidnae , which is about 4 mm long ." ]
[ "The body of the short-beaked echidna is , with the exception of the underside , face and legs , covered with cream-coloured spines .", "The body of the Short-beaked Echidna is , except for the underside , face and legs , covered with cream-coloured spines ." ]
[ "Like the other extant monotremes , the short-beaked echidna lays eggs ; the monotremes are the only group of mammals to do so .", "Like the other monotremes , the Short-beaked Echidna lays eggs ." ]
[ "When the tongue is retracted , the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous `` teeth '' , located along the roof of the buccal cavity , allowing the animal both to capture and grind food .", "When the tongue is retracted , the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous `` teeth '' along the roof of the buc...
[ "Its brain has been shown to contain a claustrum similar to that of placental mammals , so linking this structure to their common ancestor .", "It shows rapid eye movement during sleep , and its brain has been shown to contain a claustrum that is similar to placental mammals , linking this structure to their comm...
[ "The five subspecies of the short-beaked echidna are each found in different geographical locations .", "There are five subspecies of the Short-beaked Echidna , each live in different areas ." ]
[ "Protrusion of the tongue is achieved by contracting circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forwards and contracting two genioglossal muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible .", "Sticking out the tongue is achieved by contracting the circular muscles that ch...
[ "Numerous physiological adaptations aid the lifestyle of the short-beaked echidna .", "Many physiological adaptations fit the lifestyle of the Short-beaked Echidna ." ]
[ "Because of the low body temperature , it becomes sluggish in very hot and very cold weather .", "Because of the low body temperature of the Short-beaked Echidna , it becomes sluggish in very hot and very cold weather ." ]
[ "The short-beaked echidna has the largest prefrontal cortex relative to body size of any mammal , taking up 50 % of the volume in comparison to 29 % for humans .", "The Short-beaked Echidna has the largest prefrontal cortex with respect to body size of any mammal ." ]
[ "The Echidna does not pant or sweat and normally seeks shelter in hot conditions .", "Like the platypus it has a low body temperature - between 30 and 32 ° C. Unlike the platypus , which shows no evidence of torpor or hibernation , the body temperature of the echidna may fall as low as 5 ° C . The Echidna does no...
[ "Insulation is provided by fur between the spines , which ranges in color from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black ; the underside and short tail are also covered in fur .", "They have fur between the spines , which ranges in color from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black ." ]
[ "Because the animal burrows , it must tolerate very high levels of carbon dioxide in inspired air , and will voluntarily remain in situations where carbon dioxide concentrations are high .", "It will voluntarily remain in situations where carbon dioxide concentrations are high ." ]
[ "The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucus , which both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites , which adhere to it .", "This mucus both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites , which stick to it ." ]
[ "However , the Tasmanian subspecies , T. a. setosus , is smaller than its Australian mainland counterparts .", "The Tasmanian subspecies , T. a. setosus , is larger than the Australian mainland species ." ]
[ "Retraction requires the contraction of two internal longitudinal muscles , known as the sternoglossi .", "Retraction requires the contraction of two internal muscles ." ]
[ "The short-beaked echidna is covered in fur and spines and has a distinctive snout and a specialized tongue which it uses to catch its prey at a great speed .", "The Short-beaked Echidna is covered in fur and spines ." ]
[ "It is not threatened with extinction , but human activities , such as hunting , habitat destruction , and the introduction of foreign predatory species and parasites , have reduced the distribution of the short-beaked echidna in Australia .", "It is not threatened with extinction , but human activities , such as...
[ "The name Tachyglossus means `` quick tongue '' , in reference to the speed with which the echidna uses its tongue to catch ants and termites , and aculeatus means `` spiny '' or `` equipped with spines '' .", "This is about the speed with which the echidna uses its tongue to catch ants and termites ." ]
[ "By contraction of various parts of the panniculus carnosus , the short-beaked echidna can change shape , the most characteristic shape change being achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened , so protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines .", "The most common shape change i...
[ "Species of the Tachyglossidae are egg-laying mammals ; together with the related family Ornithorhynchidae , they are the only extant monotremes in the world .", "Species of the Tachyglossidae are egg-laying mammals ; together with the related family Ornithorhynchidae , the Platypuses , they are the only living m...
[ "The limbs of the short-beaked echidna are adapted for rapid digging ; they are short and have strong claws .", "The legs of the Short-beaked Echidna are designed for rapid digging ." ]
[ "The leathery snout is keratinised and covered in mechano - and thermoreceptors , which provide information about the surrounding environment .", "The leathery snout is covered in mechano - and thermoreceptors ." ]
[ "The subspecies also differ from one another in their hairiness , spine length and width , and the size of the grooming claws on their hind feet .", "The subspecies are also different from each other as to hairiness , spine length and width , and the size of the claws on their back feet ." ]
[ "The gestating female develops a pouch on her underside , where she raises her young .", "The gestating female has a pouch on its underside , where it raises its young ." ]
[ "Short-beaked echidnas are typically 30 to 45 cm ( 12 to 18 in ) in length , with 75 mm ( 3 in ) of snout , and weigh between 2 and 5 kg ( 4.4 and 11.0 lb ) .", "Short-beaked Echidnas are usually 30 to 45 centimetres in length ." ]
[ "Because the neck is not externally visible , the head and body appear to merge .", "Because the neck can not be seen , the head and body appear to join together ." ]
[ "The claws on the hind feet are elongated and curved backward to enable cleaning and grooming between the spines .", "The claws on the back feet are longer and curve backwards to help cleaning and grooming between the spines ." ]
[ "The tongue is the animal 's sole means of catching prey , and can protrude up to 180 mm ( 7 in ) outside the snout .", "The tongue of the Short-beaked Echidna is the animal 's only way of catching prey ." ]
[ "Zaglossus species , which include the western long-beaked , Sir David 's long-beaked and eastern long-beaked echidnas , are all significantly larger than T. aculeatus , and their diets consist mostly of worms and grubs rather than ants and termites .", "The Zaglossus species includes the : These are all bigger t...
[ "It is known for its coal ( lignite ) mines and its power stations .", "The city is best known for its coal mines of lignite and power station ." ]
[ "The first survey of the archipelago was made by the French frigate L'Heure du Berger in 1767 .", "The first study of the archipelago was made by the French frigate L'Heure du Berger in 1767 ." ]
[ "In 1816 , the United Kingdom formally annexed the islands , ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa .", "In 1816 the United Kingdom formally annexed the islands , ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa ." ]
[ "Lewis Carroll 's youngest brother , the Rev. Edwin Heron Dodgson , served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s .", "Lewis Carroll 's youngest brother , the Rev. Edwin H. Dodgson , served as an Anglican missionary and school teacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s ." ]
[ "This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena .", "It was a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue oper...
[ "The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base , as it had during the War of 1812 .", "The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a base , as they had during the War of 1812 ." ]
[ "The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert , from Salem , Massachusetts , United States , who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men .", "The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert , from Salem , Massachusetts , United States , who came to the islands in December 1810 ." ]
[ "The main island is quite mountainous ; the only flat area is the location of the only village , Edinburgh of the Seven Seas , on the northwest coast .", "The main island is quite mountainous ; the only flat area is the location of the capital , Edinburgh of the Seven Seas , on the northwest coast ." ]
[ "It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world , lying 2,816 kilometres ( 1,750 mi ) from the nearest land , South Africa , and 3,360 kilometres ( 2,088 mi ) from South America .", "Tristan da Cunha is the most remote archipelago ( group of islands ) and the most remote inhabited archipelago in the wor...
[ "Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment .", "He declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment ." ]
[ "Tristan da Cunha is the main island of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago , which consists of the following islands : Inaccessible Island and the Nightingale Islands are 35 kilometres ( 21.7 mi ) SW by W and SSW of the main island respectively , whereas Gough Island is 395 kilometres ( 245.4 mi ) SSE .", "Tristan ...
[ "The main settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas ( known locally as `` The Settlement '' ) .", "The only settlement is Edinburgh of the Seven Seas ( known locally as `` The Settlement of Edinburgh '' or , more common , just `` The Settlement '' ) ." ]
[ "The territory consists of the main island of Tristan da Cunha itself , which has a north-south length of 11.27 kilometres ( 7.0 mi ) and has an area of 98 square kilometres ( 37.8 sq mi ) , along with the smaller , uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands .", "T...
[ "The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha , although rough seas prevented a landing .", "The islands were first seen in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristan da Cunha ( Portuguese : Tristão da Cunha ) , but he did not go to land because rough seas ." ]
[ "This includes Saint Helena 2,430 kilometres ( 1,510 mi ) to its north and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres ( 2,318 mi ) to the north of Tristan .", "This includes Saint Helena 2,430 km ( 1,510 mi ) to its north and equatorial Ascension Island even further north ." ]
[ "The male founders originated from Scotland , England , The Netherlands , the United States and Italy and share just eight surnames : Glass , Green , Hagan , Lavarello , Patterson , Repetto , Rogers , and Swain .", "The male founders originated from Scotland , England , The Netherlands , the United States and Ita...
[ "Tristan da Cunha \\ / ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnə \\ / , colloquially Tristan , is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group .", "Tristan da Cunha ( IPA : ) is a group of remote volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and also the main island of that group ...
[ "The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary 's Peak 2,062 metres ( 6,765.1 ft ) ; it is covered by snow in winter .", "The highest point is a volcano called Queen Mary 's Peak 2,060 m ( 6,759 ft ) ; it is covered by snow in winter ." ]
[ "The St Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 ended the `` dependency status '' of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha .", "In 2009 , Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution , and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena , Ascension a...
[ "Varves are amongst the finest resolution events easily recognized in stratigraphy .", "Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events in stratigraphy ." ]
[ "Rhythmites serve a significant role in unraveling prehistoric events , providing insights into sea level change , glaciation change , and earth 's orbital variations which serve to answer questions about climate change .", "Rhythmites can show long-term prehistoric events , such as periodic floods , sea level ch...
[ "Bernhard Carl `` Bert '' Trautmann , OBE ( 22 October 1923 - 19 July 2013 ) was a German professional footballer who played for Manchester City from 1949 to 1964 .", "Bernhard Carl `` Bert '' Trautmann , OBE ( 22 October 1923 - 19 July 2013 ) was a German footballer ." ]
[ "After a taxicab crash in 1943 she discovered that she could sing `` a higher F than ever before '' , and sent the cab driver a box of expensive cigars .", "After the crash she found she could sing `` a higher F than ever before . ''" ]
[ "She was aware of her critics , but never let them stand in her way : `` People may say I ca n't sing , '' she said , `` but no one can ever say I did n't sing . ''", "She knew the critics wrote bad things about her , but she said : `` People may say I ca n't sing , but no one can ever say I did n't sing . ''" ]
[ "When her father died in 1909 Jenkins inherited sufficient funds to begin her long-delayed singing career .", "In 1909 her father died so she inherited some money which she used to have singing lessons ." ]
[ "Her wealthy father refused to pay the bill , so she eloped to Philadelphia with Frank Thornton Jenkins , a physician .", "Her father was very rich , but he refused to pay for her to travel , so she ran away with a man called Frank Thornton Jenkins who was a doctor ." ]
[ "Jenkins died a month later at her residence , the Hotel Seymour in Manhattan .", "Jenkins died a month later ." ]
[ "Tickets for the event sold out weeks in advance .", "Tickets sold out weeks before the concert ." ]
[ "Florence Foster Jenkins ( July 19 , 1868 - November 26 , 1944 ) was an American amateur operatic soprano who was known-and ridiculed-for her lack of rhythm , pitch , and tone ; her aberrant pronunciation ; and her generally poor singing ability .", "Florence Foster Jenkins ( born Pennsylvania , U.S. , 19 July 18...
[ "Her accompanist can be heard making adjustments to compensate for her tempo variations and rhythmic mistakes .", "Her piano accompanist can be heard trying to change the speed to fit in with her mistakes ." ]
[ "In Germany , Walpurgisnacht , the night from 30 April to 1 May , is the night when witches are reputed to hold a large celebration on the Brocken and await the arrival of spring .", "In Germany , Walpurgisnacht , the night from April 30 to May 1 , is the night when allegedly the witches hold a large celebration ...
[ "In 1974 , Eric Sams noted that there was no known complete manuscript of Kinderszenen .", "In 1974 , Eric Sams noted that there is no known complete manuscript of Kinderszenen ." ]
[ "Likewise , the section titles were only added after the completion of the music , and Schumann described the titles as `` nothing more than delicate hints for execution and interpretation '' .", "Schumann described the titles as `` nothing more than delicate hints for execution and interpretation '' ." ]
[ "Schumann had originally labeled this work Leichte Stücke ( Easy Pieces ) .", "Schumann originally titled the work Leichte Stücke ( English : Easy Pieces ) ." ]
[ "Kinderszenen ( German pronunciation : ( ˈkɪndɐˌst͡seːnən ) ; original spelling Kinderscenen , `` Scenes from Childhood '' ) , Opus 15 , by Robert Schumann , is a set of thirteen pieces of music for piano written in 1838 .", "Kinderszenen ( original spelling Kinderscenen , ( English : Scenes from Childhood ) , Op...
[ "David Lloyd George , 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor , OM PC ( 17 January 1863 - 26 March 1945 ) was a British Liberal politician and statesman .", "David Lloyd George , 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM , PC ( 17 January 1863 - 26 March 1945 ) was the British Prime Minister during the last half of World War I ...
[ "In 1187 , Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin , largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee .", "In 1187 , Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin , mainly because he cut the Crusaders off fro...
[ "Much of the ministry of Jesus occurred on the shores of Lake Galilee .", "Much of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee ." ]
[ "One of Jesus ' famous teaching episodes , the Sermon on the Mount , is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the lake .", "One of Jesus ' famous teachings , the Sermon on the Mount , was given on a hill overlooking the lake ." ]
[ "The Synoptic gospels of Mark ( 1:14 -20 ) , Matthew ( 4:18 -22 ) , and Luke ( 5:1 -11 ) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee : the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James .", "The gospels of Mark ( 1:14 -20 ) , Matthew ( 4:18 -22 ) , and...
[ "In 135 CE Bar Kokhba 's revolt was put down .", "In 135 , the second Jewish revolt against the Romans , called Bar Kokhba 's revolt , was put down ." ]
[ "The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient Via Maris , which linked Egypt with the northern empires .", "The Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires ." ]
[ "In 1909 , Jewish pioneers established the first cooperative farming village ( kibbutz ) , Kvutzat Kinneret in the immediate vicinity of the lake .", "In 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village ( kibbutz ) , Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture ." ...
[ "The lake 's importance declined when the Byzantines lost control and the area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Islamic empires .", "The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires ." ]
[ "The lake is fed partly by underground springs although its main source is the Jordan River which flows through it from north to south .", "Its main source is the Jordan River , which flows through it from north to south ." ]
[ "The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of the Galilee and the Kinneret , particularly the city of Tiberias .", "The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret , particularly to the city of Tiberias ." ]
[ "In those days , there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat .", "In those days , there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat ." ]
[ "Consequently the area is subject to earthquakes , and in the past , volcanic activity .", "Because of this , the area has earthquakes and , in the past , volcanic activity ." ]
[ "At levels between 215 metres ( 705 ft ) and 209 metres ( 686 ft ) below sea level , it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake overall ( after the Dead Sea , a saltwater lake ) .", "At 209 meters below sea level , it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth , and the second lowest lake in...
[ "The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel , near the Golan Heights , in the Jordan Rift Valley , the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates .", "The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley , the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates ." ]
[ "The Greeks , Hasmoneans , and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the land-locked lake including Gadara , Hippos and Tiberias .", "The Greeks , Hasmoneans , and Romans started towns and settlements here : Gadara , Hippos , Tiberias and others ." ]
[ "Josephus also reported a thriving fishing industry at this time , with 230 boats regularly working in the lake .", "The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time , with 230 boats regularly working in the lake ." ]
[ "The Sea of Galilee , also Kinneret , Lake of Gennesaret , or Lake Tiberias ( Hebrew : יָם כִּנֶּרֶת , Judeo-Aramaic : יַמּא דטבריא , Arabic : بحيرة طبريا ) , is the largest freshwater lake in Israel , and it is approximately 53 km ( 33 mi ) in circumference , about 21 km ( 13 mi ) long , and 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) wide ...
[ "Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water , calming the storm , the disciples and the boatload of fish , and his feeding five thousand people ( in Tabgha ) .", "Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here : his walking on water , calming a storm , feedi...
[ "The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem .", "The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back ." ]
[ "Another theory to explain the massive outbursts of , for example , Eta Carinae is the idea of a deeply situated hydrodynamic explosion , blasting off parts of the star 's outer layers .", "Another theory to explain the massive outbursts of Eta Carinae is the idea of a deeply situated hydrodynamic explosion , bla...
[ "As the luminosity of stars increases greatly with mass , the luminosity of hypergiants often lies very close to the Eddington limit , which is the luminosity at which the radiation pressure expanding the star outward equals the force of the star 's gravity collapsing the star inward .", "As luminosity of stars i...
[ "Above the Eddington limit , the star would generate so much radiation that parts of its outer layers would be thrown off in massive outbursts ; this would effectively restrict the star from shining at higher luminosities for longer periods .", "Above the Eddington limit , the star would generate so much radiatio...
[ "With an estimated mass of around 130 solar masses and a luminosity four million times that of the Sun , astrophysicists speculate that Eta Carinae may occasionally exceed the Eddington limit .", "Eta Carinae may occasionally exceed the Eddington limit ." ]
[ "The last time might have been a series of outbursts observed in 1840-1860 , reaching mass loss rates much higher than our current understanding of what stellar winds would allow .", "These reached mass loss rates much higher than stellar winds would normally allow ." ]
[ "Luminous blue variables are a class of highly luminous hot stars that display characteristic spectral variation .", "It is one of the extreme luminous supergiant stars ." ]
[ "It officially began on June 1 , 1972 , and lasted until November 30 , 1972 .", "The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1 , 1972 and ended on November 30 , 1972 ." ]