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[ "Stalin was expecting the main thrust of the German summer attacks to again be directed against Moscow .", "Stalin was expecting German summer attacks to again be directed against Moscow ." ]
[ "Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters in the ruined GUM department store .", "Soviet forces reached the entrance to the German headquarters ." ]
[ "The Germans inside the pocket retreated from the suburbs of Stalingrad to the city itself .", "The Germans retreated from the suburbs of Stalingrad to the city itself ." ]
[ "Adolf Hitler ordered that the army stay in Stalingrad and make no attempt to break out ; instead , attempts were made to supply the army by air and to break the encirclement from outside .", "Adolf Hitler ordered that the army stay in Stalingrad and make no attempt to escape ." ]
[ "Hitler promoted Paulus to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall .", "Hitler promoted him to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall ." ]
[ "A low-level Soviet envoy party ( comprising Major Aleksandr Smyslov , Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and a trumpeter ) carried an offer to Paulus : if he surrendered within 24 hours , he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners , medical care for the sick and wounded , prisoners allowed to keep their perso...
[ "According to archival figures , the Red Army suffered a total of 1,129,619 total casualties ; 478,741 personnel killed or missing and 650,878 wounded .", "The Red Army had a total of 1,129,619 total casualties ; 478,741 men killed or missing and 650,878 wounded ." ]
[ "Soviet nurses not only treated wounded personnel under fire but were involved in the highly dangerous work of bringing wounded soldiers back to the hospitals under enemy fire .", "Soviet nurses not only treated wounded men under fire but brought wounded soldiers back to the hospitals under enemy fire ." ]
[ "Many of the Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suffered heavy casualties when their command posts came under fire .", "Many of the Soviet wireless and telephone operators were women who often suffered heavy injuries and deaths ." ]
[ "The attempt to break through to Stalingrad was abandoned and Army Group A was ordered to pull back from the Caucasus .", "The German attempt to break through to Stalingrad was stopped and Army Group A was told to come back from the Caucasus ." ]
[ "Operation Winter Storm ( Operation Wintergewitter ) , the German attempt led by Manstein to relieve the trapped army from the south , was initially successful .", "Operation Winter Storm ( Operation Wintergewitter ) , the German attempt to rescue the trapped army from the south , was at first successful ." ]
[ "The Germans set up a `` mobile defense '' of small units that were to hold towns until supporting armor arrived .", "The Germans set up a defense of small units ." ]
[ "The attacking Soviet units under the command of Gen. Nikolay Vatutin consisted of three complete armies , the 1st Guards Army , 5th Tank Army , and 21st Army , including a total of 18 infantry divisions , eight tank brigades , two motorized brigades , six cavalry divisions and one anti-tank brigade .", "The atta...
[ "No German field marshal had ever surrendered , and the implication was clear : if Paulus surrendered , he would shame himself and would become the highest ranking German officer ever to be captured .", "No German field marshal had ever surrendered , and the implication was clear ." ]
[ "The Soviets realized that they were under tremendous constraints of time and resources and ordered that anyone strong enough to hold a rifle be sent to fight .", "The Soviets ordered that anyone strong enough to hold a rifle be sent to fight ." ]
[ "After three months of slow advance , the Germans finally reached the river banks , capturing 90 % of the ruined city and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow pockets .", "After three months of slow advance , the Germans finally reached the river banks ." ]
[ "On 2 February 1943 , the organized resistance of Axis troops in Stalingrad ceased .", "On 2 February 1943 , the fighting of Axis troops in Stalingrad stopped ." ]
[ "The 2013 game , Company of Heroes 2 , portrayed the battle in certain missions , but was heavily criticized by Russian players for `` being historically inaccurate '' , and on August 7 sales in Russia were halted .", "The 2013 game , Company of Heroes 2 , portrayed the battle in certain missions ." ]
[ "There were a number of salients in the line where Soviet offensives had pushed the Germans back ( notably to the northwest of Moscow and south of Kharkov ) but these were not particularly threatening .", "There were a number of places where Soviet attacks had pushed the Germans back ( to the northwest of Moscow ...
[ "By the beginning of February 1943 , the Axis forces in Stalingrad had exhausted their ammunition and food .", "By February 1943 , the German forces in Stalingrad had no ammunition and food , so they surrendered ." ]
[ "In autumn , the Soviet generals Georgy Zhukov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky , responsible for strategic planning in the Stalingrad area , concentrated forces in the steppes to the north and south of the city .", "In autumn , the Soviet generals Georgy Zhukov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky , gathered their soldiers in the n...
[ "On 16 December , the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn , which attempted to punch through the Axis army ( mainly Italians ) on the Don and take Rostov .", "On 16 December , the Soviets launched Operation Little Saturn ." ]
[ "By the spring of 1942 , despite the failure of Operation Barbarossa to decisively defeat the Soviet Union in a single campaign , the war had been progressing well for the Germans : the U-Boat offensive in the Atlantic had been very successful and Rommel had just captured Tobruk .", "The war was still going well ...
[ "On the other hand , Beevor noted the often extraordinary bravery of the Soviet soldiers in a battle that was only comparable to Verdun , and argued that terror alone can not explain such self-sacrifice .", "Beevor noted the bravery of the Soviet soldiers and the way soldiers ." ]
[ "The Battle of Stalingrad ( 23 August 1942 - 2 February 1943 ) was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) in the southwestern Soviet Union .", "The Battle of Stalingrad was a battle fought during the Secon...
[ "Various scholars have estimated the Axis suffered from 500,000 to 850,000 casualties ( killed , wounded , captured ) among all branches of the German armed forces and its allies , many of them POWs who died in Soviet captivity between 1943 and 1955 .", "The Axis had from 500,000 to 850,000 casualties ( killed , ...
[ "The operation was code-named `` Uranus '' and launched in conjunction with Operation Mars , which was directed at Army Group Center .", "It started with Operation Mars , aimed at Army Group Center ." ]
[ "Nevertheless , they continued to resist , in part because they believed the Soviets would execute any who surrendered .", "They continued to fight because they thought the Soviets would execute any Germans who surrendered ." ]
[ "Poor weather prevented effective air action against the Soviet offensive .", "Bad weather prevented air attacks against the Soviets ." ]
[ "In a 2004 essay entitled `` Celluloid Soldiers '' , historian Omer Bartov was critical of German films on the subject for not covering the activities of the Einsatzgruppen in murdering Soviet Jews in Ukraine .", "In a 2004 essay entitled `` Celluloid Soldiers '' , historian Omer Bartov criticized German films on...
[ "The Romanian forces , made up primarily of infantry , were overrun by large numbers of tanks .", "The Romanians were overrun by large numbers of tanks ." ]
[ "The northern flank was defended by Hungarian , and Romanian units , often in open positions on the steppes .", "The northern side was defended by Hungarian , and Romanian troops ." ]
[ "He also commented that German films showed too much sympathy toward the German side in the battle and to the sufferings of ordinary German soldiers .", "He also said German films showed too much concern about the German side ." ]
[ "The scope can vary all the way from just the fighting within the city and suburbs itself all the way to the inclusion of almost all fighting on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front from the spring of 1942 to the end of the fighting in the city in the winter of 1943 .", "Another way of counting is to coun...
[ "Tucker , a board-certified child psychiatrist , worked for several years on this research with Ian Stevenson before taking over upon Stevenson 's retirement in 2002 .", "Tucker , a child psychiatrist , worked for several years on this research with Ian Stevenson before taking over upon Stevenson 's retirement in...
[ "Since taking over the research into claimed past-life memories from Ian Stevenson in 2002 , Tucker has been interviewed about reincarnation in print and broadcast media in the United States , United Kingdom and Canada .", "He has been interviewed about reincarnation in print and broadcast media in the United Sta...
[ "He is the author of Life Before Life : A Scientific Investigation of Children 's Memories of Previous Lives , which presents an overview of over four decades of reincarnation research at the Division of Perceptual Studies .", "Tucker is the author of Life Before Life : A Scientific Investigation of Children 's M...
[ "Jim Tucker is the medical director of the Child and Family Psychiatry Clinic , and Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences at the University of Virginia School of Medicine .", "Jim B. Tucker is medical director of the Child and Family Psychiatric Clinic , and associate professor at the Div...
[ "The location used was within a three-hour drive of the coastal city of Cairns and located in a wet , tropical area .", "The location used was within a three hour drive from the city of Cairns and was in a wet , sub-tropical area ." ]
[ "Tina Wesson , Colby Donaldson , Jerri Manthey , Alicia Calaway , and Amber Brkich returned to compete in Survivor : All-Stars .", "She , Tina Wesson , Colby Donaldson , Jerri Manthey , Alicia Calaway and Amber Brkich were asked to return in Survivor : All-Stars ." ]
[ "Filming took place at Goshen Station in northern Queensland from October 23 , 2000 , through December 3 , 2000 , eventually premiering on January 28 , 2001 .", "It was filmed at Goshen Station in northern Queensland during 2000 and was shown on TV from January 28 , 2001 to May 3 , 2001 on CBS ." ]
[ "In the case of multiple tribes or castaways who win reward or immunity , they are listed in order of finish , or alphabetically where it was a team effort ; where one castaway won and invited others , the invitees are in brackets .", "If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity , they are listed in ...
[ "Survivor : The Australian Outback ( also referred to as Survivor : Australia in later seasons ) is the second season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor .", "Survivor : The Australian Outback was the second season of the United States reality show Survivor ." ]
[ "The entire season was released in DVD format on April 26 , 2005 .", "The entire season was made available on DVD on April 26 , 2005 ." ]
[ "Tina Wesson won the season and was named the Sole Survivor , defeating Colby Donaldson by a jury vote of 4-3 .", "The winner , Tina Wesson , was announced on May 3 , 2001 where she won against Colby Donaldson by a vote of 4-3 ." ]
[ "It was the top-rated show of 2001 , according to Nielsen Ratings with an average of 30 million viewers tuning each week .", "Nielsen Ratings says it was the highest rated show of 2001 ." ]
[ "In his 1936 paper , `` The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action '' , Merton tried to apply a systematic analysis to the problem of unintended consequences of deliberate acts intended to cause social change .", "Merton wrote `` The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action '' ." ]
[ "The term was popularized in the 20th century by American sociologist Robert K. Merton .", "American sociologist Robert K. Merton invented the phrase in 1936 ." ]
[ "Martha Dandridge Custis Washington ( June 13 ( O.S. June 2 ) 1731 - May 22 , 1802 ) was the wife of George Washington , the first president of the United States .", "Martha Dandridge Custis Washington ( June 2 , 1731 - May 2 , 1802 ) was the wife of George Washington , the first president of the United States ."...
[ "On May 15 , 1750 , at age 18 , Martha married Daniel Parke Custis , a rich planter two decades her senior .", "At 18 , she married Daniel Parke Custis , a tobacco planter 20 years her senior ." ]
[ "Martha and George Washington had no children together , but they raised Martha 's two surviving children .", "The Washingtons had no biological children ." ]
[ "There she married and had three children .", "She bore him four children ." ]
[ "Martha Dandridge was born on June 2 , 1731 on her parents ' plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony , Province of Virginia .", "She was born Martha Dandridge on June 2 , 1731 , at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg , Virginia ." ]
[ "The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber , which , although quite efficient , used to wear easily .", "The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber ." ]
[ "Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used in coastal defenses , in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms .", "Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used for coastal defense , in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms ." ]
[ "The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was used extensively during the wars following the French Revolution , as well as the Napoleonic wars .", "The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was first used during the American Revolutionary War from 1780-82 ." ]
[ "The measurement of the mortar is expressed by the diameter of the ball , using the French ancient system of measurement , in which 1 pouce ( 1 inch ) is worth 2.707 cm .", "It is measured using the French ancient system of measurement , in which 1 pouce ( 1 inch ) is equal to 2.707 cm ." ]
[ "It was superseded by the Gomer system using a conical chamber , which was incorporated in Gribeauval 's system in 1789 .", "This shape was later replaced by the Gomer system using a conical chamber ." ]
[ "The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval ( Gribeauval 12-inch mortar ) was a French mortar and part of the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval .", "It was made using the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval ." ]
[ "The fruit of the black mulberry , native to southwest Asia , and the red mulberry , native to eastern North America , have the strongest flavor , which has been likened to ` fireworks in the mouth ' .", "The fruit of the Black Mulberry , native to southwest Asia , and the Red Mulberry , native to eastern North A...
[ "Mulberries are swift-growing when young , but soon become slow-growing and rarely exceed 10-15 m ( 33-49 ft ) tall .", "Mulberries are fast-growing when young , but soon become slow-growing and rarely grow over 10-15 meters tall ." ]
[ "The following species are generally accepted : The following , all from eastern and southern Asia , are additionally accepted by one or more taxonomic lists or studies ; synonymy , as given by other lists or studies , is indicated in square brackets : The ripe fruit is edible and is widely used in pies , tarts , w...
[ "Mulberry leaves , particularly those of the white mulberry , are ecologically important as the sole food source of the silkworm ( Bombyx mori , named after the mulberry genus Morus ) , the pupa\\/cocoon which is used to make silk .", "Mulberry leaves , particularly those of the White Mulberry , Morus alba , are ...
[ "Mulberries can be grown from seed , and this is often advised as seedling-grown trees are generally of better shape and health , but they are most often planted from large cuttings which root readily .", "Mulberries can be grown from seeds , and this is the best idea as seedling-grown trees are generally healthi...
[ "The fruit of the white mulberry , an east Asian species which is extensively naturalized in urban regions of eastern North America , has a different flavor , sometimes characterized as refreshing and a little tart , with a bit of gumminess to it and a hint of vanilla .", "The fruit of the White Mulberry , an eas...
[ "More than 24,000 people are employed at the property .", "More than 23,000 people work there ." ]
[ "The main objectives of earthquake engineering are : A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive .", "The main goals of earthquake engineering are : A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive ." ]
[ "This territory was not given to the fascist Italian Social Republic ( which was a puppet state of Germany ) , but instead completely dissolved and added to the puppet Independent State of Croatia .", "This territory was not given to the fascist Italian Social Republic ( which was a puppet state of Nazi Germany )...
[ "But Zara remained Italian ( even under control of the German Army ) until 1945 ( the city suffered a bombing in 1944 ) .", "But Zara remained Italian ( even under control of the German Army ) until 1945 ( the city suffered a terrible bombing in 1944 ) ." ]
[ "In September 1941 , Italy 's fascist dictator , Benito Mussolini , ordered the military occupation of the entire Dalmatian coast , including the city of Dubrovnik ( `` Ragusa '' ) , and islands such as Vis ( Lissa ) and Pag ( Pago ) which had been given to the puppet Independent State of Croatia of Ante Pavelić : ...
[ "The Kingdom of Italy divided the Governorate in three Italian provinces : Zara ( Zadar ) , Spalato ( Split ) and Cattaro ( Kotor ) , but never created officially an Italian region with the name `` Dalmatia '' .", "The Kingdom of Italy divided the Governorship in three Italian provinces : Zara ( Zadar ) , Spalato...
[ "The creation of the Governorate of Dalmatia fulfilled the demands of Italian irredentism , but not all of Dalmatia was annexed by Italy , as the German puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia took some parts of it .", "But not all of Dalmatia was annexed by Italy , as the German puppet state - the...
[ "These islands were occupied by the Italian army , along with an area of Croatia which was away from the coast of Sinj towards the center of Bosnia , near Sarajevo and Banja Luka .", "These islands were occupied militarily by the Italian army , along with an area of fascist Croatia that was off the coast of Segna...
[ "While the Governorate was not called a region of Italy , the northern Dalmatian islands of Veglia ( Krk ) and Arbe ( Rab ) were administratively united to the Italian province of Fiume ( now Rijeka ) and became areas of Italy .", "While the Governorship was not officially a region of Italy , the northern Dalmati...
[ "The Governorate of Dalmatia consisted of three provinces : Zara ( Zadar ) , Spalato ( Split ) and Cattaro ( Kotor ) .", "The Governatorate of Dalmatia consisted of three provinces : Zara , Cattaro and Spalato ." ]
[ "They are also one of the bird groups that have powder down .", "They are also one of the bird groups that have ` powder down ' ." ]
[ "Although herons resemble birds in some other families , such as the storks , ibises , spoonbills and cranes , they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted , not outstretched .", "Although herons resemble birds in some other families , such as the storks , ibises and spoonbills , they differ from t...
[ "Although egrets have the same build as herons , they tend to be smaller .", "Although egrets have the same build as the larger herons , they tend to be smaller ." ]
[ "Some members of this group nest colonially in trees , while others , notably the bitterns , use reedbeds .", "Some members of this group nest colonially in trees ; others , notably the bitterns , use reedbeds ." ]
[ "Within Ardeidae , all members of the genera Botaurus and Ixobrychus are referred to as `` bitterns '' , and - including the Zigzag Heron or Zigzag Bittern - are a monophyletic group within the Ardeidae .", "Within the family , all members of the genera Botaurus and Ixobrychus are referred to as bitterns , and ar...
[ "The herons are long-legged freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae , with 64 recognized species ( some are called `` egrets '' or `` bitterns '' instead of `` heron '' ) .", "Some are called egrets or bitterns instead of herons ." ]
[ "However , egrets are not a biologically distinct group from the herons , and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes .", "On the other hand , egrets are not a biologically distinct group , and are called egrets because they are mainly white and\\/or have decorative pl...
[ "Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven underneath or to the side that is used for baking .", "Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven underneath it which is used for baking ." ]
[ "A stove is an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating , either to heat the space in which the stove is situated , or to heat the stove itself and items placed on it .", "The word is usually taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating , either to heat the space in ...
[ "A kitchen stove , cooker , or cookstove is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food .", "A kitchen stove is a kitchen appliance designed for cooking food ." ]
[ "There are three species of zebras : the plains zebra , the Grévy 's zebra and the mountain zebra .", "There are three main species of zebra , Grevy 's Zebra , the Plains Zebra , and the Mountain Zebra ." ]
[ "The `` zebra crossing '' is named after the zebra 's black and white stripes .", "Zebras are known for having many black and white stripes ." ]
[ "Eugene Curran `` Gene '' Kelly ( August 23 , 1912 - February 2 , 1996 ) was an American dancer , actor , singer , film director , producer , and choreographer .", "Eugene Curran Kelly ( August 23 , 1912 - February 2 , 1996 ) , better known as Gene Kelly , was an American dancer , actor , singer , director , prod...
[ "Kelly was known for his energetic and athletic dancing style , his good looks and the likeable characters that he played on screen .", "Kelly was a great example of 20th century filmed dance , famous for his energetic and athletic dancing style , his good looks and the likeable characters that he played on scree...
[ "Each province is headed by a President assisted by a legislative body , the Provincial Council , and an executive body , the Provincial Executive .", "Each province is headed by a President assisted by a representative body , the Provincial Council , and an executive body , the Provincial Executive ." ]
[ "In 2002 on the Ligurian coast , widespread infection of several cultivars , most severely ` Florabella Pink ' and to a lesser extent ` Florabella Gold ' and ` Florabella White ' , resulted in leaf blistering and the development of chlorotic lesions on the leaves , and white patches on the undersides , particularly...
[ "It was given the name Bracteantha bracteata in 1991 , when Arne Anderberg and Laurie Haegi placed the members that are known as strawflowers of the large genus Helichrysum into a new genus Bracteantha , and designated B. bracteata as the type species .", "It was given the name Bracteantha bracteata in 1991 , whe...
[ "Many were given cultivar names such as ` atrococcineum ' ( dark scarlet flower heads ) , ` atrosanguineum ' ( dark blood-red flower heads ) , ` aureum ' ( golden yellow flower heads ) , ` bicolor ' ( red-tipped yellow flower heads ) , ` compositum ' ( large multicoloured flower heads ) , ` macranthum ' ( large ros...
[ "Like the flowers of all Asteraceae , they are composed of a central disc which contains a number of tiny individual flowers , known as florets ; these sit directly on an enlarged part of the stem known as the receptacle .", "Like the flowers of all Asteraceae , they are made up of a central disc which contains a...
[ "Lower growing cultivars are suitable for hanging baskets and border plantings .", "Lower growing varieties are suitable for hanging baskets and border plantings ." ]
[ "The intermediate bracts are sometimes white , while the outer ones are paler and often streaked reddish or brown ( a greater variety of colors are found in cultivars ) .", "The intermediate bracts are sometimes white , while the outer ones are paler and often streaked reddish or brown ." ]
[ "A Phytoplasma infection damaged X. bracteatum crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001 , causing poor growth , bronzing of foliage and malformation of flower heads .", "A Phytoplasma infection damaged X. bracteatum crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001 , causing poor growth , bronzing of the...
[ "They are sensitive to iron deficiency , which presents as yellowing ( chlorosis ) of the youngest leaves while the leaf veins remain green .", "They are sensitive to iron deficiency , which shows on the plant as yellowing ( chlorosis ) of the youngest leaves while the leaf veins remain green ." ]
[ "Fresh seed germinates in 3 to 20 days and requires no special treatment .", "Fresh seed germinates in 3 to 20 days and requires no special care ." ]
[ "In the wild , X. bracteatum can be distinguished from X. bicolor in Tasmania by its broader leaves and cobwebby hairs on the stems , and from X. macranthum in Western Australia by the flower head color ; the latter species has white flower heads whereas those of X. bracteatum are golden yellow .", "In the wild ,...