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[ "The only monuments which witnessed the events of the first half of the 13th century , and therefore the only ones which can claim the description `` Cathar '' , given that the Cathar Church never built anything , are the small castles , often totally unknown to the public , whose meager ruins are away from the tou...
[ "The treaty modified the frontiers , giving Roussillon to France and moving the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees , the present Franco-Spanish border .", "It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees , where it is now ." ]
[ "The scientific study of the nervous system has increased significantly during the second half of the twentieth century , principally due to advances in molecular biology , electrophysiology , and computational neuroscience .", "This is mainly because of progress in molecular biology , electrophysiology , and com...
[ "The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience , although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system , whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system .", "This name refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system ." ]
[ "However , it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry , computer science , engineering , linguistics , mathematics , medicine and allied disciplines , philosophy , physics , and psychology .", "Some of these fields are chemistry , computer science , engineer...
[ "This has allowed neuroscientists to study the nervous system in all its aspects : how it is structured , how it works , how it develops , how it malfunctions , and how it can be changed .", "This has let neuroscientists study all the aspects of the nervous system : how it is laid out , how it works , how it deve...
[ "The Pilatus PC-12 is a single-engine turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland .", "The Pilatus PC-12 is a lightweight transport aircraft ." ]
[ "Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals .", "Natural compounds are compounds made by plants or animals ." ]
[ "In summary , most carbon-containing compounds are organic , and almost all organic compounds contain at least a C-H bond or a C-C bond .", "Organic compounds are carbon-based compounds ." ]
[ "There is no single `` official '' definition of an organic compound .", "There are natural organic compounds , and synthetic ones ." ]
[ "Zhuge Liang ( 181-234 ) , courtesy name Kongming , was a chancellor of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period .", "Zhuge Liang ( 181-234 ) was a Chinese politician and general of the ancient Shu Han Dynasty ." ]
[ "Freedom of Speech was the first of a series of four oil paintings entitled , Four Freedoms painted by Norman Rockwell .", "Freedom of Speech is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the Four Freedoms ." ]
[ "Freedom of Speech is the first of the Four Freedoms paintings by Norman Rockwell that were inspired by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the State of the Union Address , known as Four Freedoms , he delivered on January 6 , 1941 .", "Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the ...
[ "Freedom of Speech was published in the February 20 , 1943 Issue of The Saturday Evening Post with a matching essay by Booth Tarkington as part of the Four Freedoms series .", "This painting was made public in The Saturday Evening Post of February 20 , 1943 , along with an essay of Booth Tarkington ." ]
[ "Once he envisioned this scene to depict freedom of speech , Rockwell decided to use his Vermont neighbors as models for a Four Freedoms series .", "He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series ." ]
[ "Samuel Johnson said that `` this is the great merit of the book , that the most cultivated man can not find anything to praise more highly , and the child knows nothing more amusing . ''", "Samuel Johnson said that `` this is the great merit of the book , that the most cultivated man can not find anything to pra...
[ "In the morning they are captured by Giant Despair , who takes them to his Doubting Castle , where they are imprisoned , beaten and starved .", "They are captured by Giant Despair , who takes them to Doubting Castle , where they are imprisoned , beaten and starved ." ]
[ "To Christian 's query about relief from his burden , Good Will directs him forward to `` the place of deliverance . ''", "To Christian 's query about relief from his burden , Goodwill directs him forward to the ` place of deliverance ' ." ]
[ "The Second Part of The Pilgrim 's Progress presents the pilgrimage of Christian 's wife , Christiana ; their sons ; and the maiden , Mercy .", "The Second Part of The Pilgrim 's Progress presents the pilgrimage of Christian 's wife , Christiana ; their sons and the maiden , Mercy ." ]
[ "It was published over the years of the Popish Plot ( 1678-1681 ) and ten years before the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and it shows the influence of John Foxe 's Acts and Monuments .", "It was published over the years of the Popish Plot ( 1678-1681 ) and ten years before the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and it...
[ "The Delectable Mountains form the next stage of Christian and Hopeful 's journey , where the shepherds show them some of the wonders of the place also known as `` Immanuel 's Land . ''", "They come to the Delectable Mountains where the shepherds show them some of the wonders of the place also known as ` Immanuel...
[ "Faithful is put on trial , and executed as a martyr .", "Faithful is put on trial , and executed ." ]
[ "Hopeful , a resident of Vanity , takes Faithful 's place to be Christian 's companion for the rest of the way .", "Hopeful , who lives in Vanity , takes Faithful 's place as Christian 's companion for the rest of the way ." ]
[ "Atop the Hill of Difficulty , Christian makes his first stop for the night at the House Beautiful , which is an allegory of the local Christian congregation .", "At the top of the Hill of Difficulty , Christian stops at the House Beautiful , which is an allegory of the local Christian congregation ." ]
[ "Because of its explicit English Protestant theology The Pilgrim 's Progress shares the then popular English antipathy toward the Roman Catholic Church .", "Because of its explicit English Protestant theology The Pilgrim 's Progress shares the feeling of most English , in the 17th century , against the Roman Cath...
[ "The giant wants them to commit suicide , but they endure the ordeal until Christian realizes that a key he has , called Promise , will open all the doors and gates of Doubting Castle .", "Suddenly Christian realizes that a key he has , called Promise , will open all the doors and gates of Doubting Castle ." ]
[ "He kills four giants and participates in the slaying of a monster that terrorizes the city of Vanity .", "He kills four giants , including Giant Despair , and helps to kill a monster that terrorizes the city of Vanity ." ]
[ "In the Second Part , Good-will is shown to be Jesus himself .", "In the Second Part , Goodwill is shown to be Jesus himself ." ]
[ "Christian makes his way from there to the House of the Interpreter , where he is shown pictures and tableaux that portray or dramatize aspects of the Christian faith and life .", "Christian goes to the House of the Interpreter , where he is shown pictures and that show ideas of the Christian faith ." ]
[ "Bunyan presents a decrepit and harmless giant to confront Christian at the end of the Valley of the Shadow of Death that is explicitly named `` Pope '' : When Christian and Faithful travel through Vanity Fair , Bunyan adds the editorial comment : In the Second Part while Christiana and her group of pilgrims led by...
[ "On the way , Christian and Hopeful meet a lad named Ignorance , who believes that he will be allowed into the Celestial City through his own good deeds rather than as a gift of God 's grace .", "On the way , Christian and Hopeful meet a man called Ignorance ." ]
[ "Just outside the Valley of the Shadow of Death he meets Faithful , also a former resident of the City of Destruction , who accompanies him to Vanity Fair , where both are arrested and detained because of their disdain for the wares and business of the fair .", "Just outside the Valley of the Shadow of Death he m...
[ "The English text comprises 108,260 words and is divided into two parts , each reading as a continuous narrative with no chapter divisions .", "The book is divided into two parts , and is 108,260 words long ." ]
[ "The explicit Protestant theology of The Pilgrim 's Progress made it much more popular than its predecessors .", "He is encouraged to come with the party by Greatheart : The explicit Protestant theology of The Pilgrim 's Progress made it popular ." ]
[ "When Christiana 's party leaves Gaius 's Inn and Mr. Feeble-mind lingers in order to be left behind , he is encouraged to accompany the party by Greatheart : When the pilgrims end up in the Land of Beulah , they cross over the River of Death by appointment .", "When Christiana 's party leaves Gaius 's Inn , Mr. ...
[ "Christian and Hopeful meet up with him twice and try to persuade him to journey to the Celestial City in the right way .", "Christian and Hopeful eventually reach the Celestial City ." ]
[ "They visit the same stopping places that Christian visited , with the addition of Gaius ' Inn between the Valley of the Shadow of Death and Vanity Fair ; but they take a longer time in order to accommodate marriage and childbirth for the four sons and their wives .", "They visit the same places that Christian vi...
[ "After Christian is relieved of his burden , he is greeted by three shining ones , who give him the greeting of peace , new garments , and a scroll as a passport into the Celestial City - these are allegorical figures indicative of Christian Baptism .", "Three shining ones give him the greeting of peace ." ]
[ "In 1994 Arafat received the Nobel Peace Prize , together with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres , for the negotiations at Oslo .", "The others were Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres ." ]
[ "He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , President of the Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) , and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary group , which he founded in 1959 .", "In 1993 he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) ." ]
[ "Arena polo is played with a small air-filled ball , similar to a small soccer ball .", "Polo is a sport ." ]
[ "These areas have a combined area of 442,194 km ² ( 170,732 mi ² ) , slightly larger than California .", "Altogether Southwest Alaska is 442,194 km ² ( 170,732 mi ² ) , slightly larger than California ." ]
[ "It is over 500 miles ( 800 km ) from the western Bering Sea coast to Cook Inlet .", "It is over 500 miles from the western Bering Sea coast to Cook Inlet ." ]
[ "Kodiak and Unalaska are among the most productive fishing ports in the United States .", "Kodiak and Unalaska are two of the most important fishing ports in the United States ." ]
[ "This area is also home to a number of caribou herds - the Mulchatna herd is the third largest in the state .", "This area is also home to a number of caribou herds ." ]
[ "The Aleutian Range , part of the Ring of Fire , includes many of Alaska 's volcanoes including Mount Katmai , Novarupta and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes , Mount Redoubt , Mount Iliamna , and Augustine Volcano .", "iSome of the bigger ones are Mount Katmai , Novarupta and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes , ...
[ "The Kodiak Archipelago , in the Pacific east of the Alaska Peninsula , is the most eastern part of Southwest Alaska .", "The Kodiak Archipelago is another group of islands in Southwest Alaska ." ]
[ "Southwest Alaska is one of the richest salmon areas in the world , with the world 's largest commercial salmon fishery in Bristol Bay .", "Southwest Alaska is one of the best places in the world to catch salmon ." ]
[ "Land in Southwest Alaska is owned and managed mainly by the Federal government , the State of Alaska , and Alaska Native Regional Corporations including Calista , Cook Inlet , Bristol Bay , Aleut , and Koniag .", "Most of the land in Southwest Alaska is owned by the Federal government , the State of Alaska , and...
[ "The salmon , trout , king crab , and halibut fisheries are extremely lucrative .", "They make a lot of money from catching salmon , trout , king crab , and halibut ." ]
[ "Although much of the region is coastal , it also includes tens of thousands of square miles of interior boreal forests , swamps , and highlands , and the immense mountain barrier of the southern Alaska\\/Aleutian Range .", "There is also thousands of square miles forests , swamps , and mountains ." ]
[ "Only small local road systems exist in Southwest Alaska .", "Parts of the Alaska Range are in Southwest Alaska ." ]
[ "Southwest Alaska encompasses , roughly from west to east : the Pribilof Islands , Nunivak Island and other Bering Sea islands lying west of the Alaska coast and east of the Russian coast ; the immense combined delta of the Yukon River and Kuskokwim River ; hundreds of miles of interior highlands , including the lo...
[ "These include the proposed Pebble Mine , which would put a large open pit gold and copper mine at the headwaters of the Nushagak River and Kvichak River rivers in the Bristol Bay watershed .", "One thing they do n't agree on is the Pebble Mine , which would put a large open pit gold and copper mine near where a ...
[ "Southwest Alaska includes a huge , complex , and relatively unknown swath of terrain .", "Southwest Alaska includes a big area that does not have a lot of people or towns in it ." ]
[ "It was described by Sotheby 's as `` one of the last known masterworks from the dawn of civilization remaining in private hands . ''", "It was described by Sotheby 's as `` one of the last known masterworks from the dawn of civilization remaining in private hands '' ." ]
[ "This lioness-woman sculpture , an Elamite figure believed to have been created circa 3000-2800 B.C. , was on loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art until it was purchased at auction by an English collector .", "The sculpture was on loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art until it was purchased at auction by an English co...
[ "Depicting a muscular anthropomorphic lioness-woman , it sold for $ 57.2 million at Sotheby 's auction house on December 5 , 2007 .", "The sculpture sold for $ 57.2 million at Sotheby 's auction house on December 5 , 2007 ." ]
[ "Its historical significance is that it is thought to have been created at approximately the same time as the first known use of the wheel , the development of cuneiform writing , and the emergence of the first cities .", "This lioness-woman sculpture is an Elamite figure believed to have been created circa 3000-...
[ "At the time of its 2007 sale , the price paid at auction for The Guennol Lioness was the highest paid for a sculpture to that date , easily exceeding the record of Pablo Picasso 's Tete de femme ( Dora Maar ) .", "It easily exceeded the record of Pablo Picasso 's Tete de femme ( Dora Maar ) ." ]
[ "The lioness was the frequent subject of veneration among cultures with exposure to the characteristic hunting techniques of the species that feature well-coordinated hunting by its female members .", "The lioness was the frequent subject of veneration among cultures familiar with the well-coordinated hunting of ...
[ "The limestone sculpture measures just over 8 cm ( 3.25 in ) tall .", "The limestone sculpture is just over 8 cm ( 3.25 in ) tall ." ]
[ "South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota ; to the south by Nebraska ; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota ; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana .", "South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota , to the south by Nebraska , to the east by Iowa and Minnesota , and to the west by Wyoming and ...
[ "Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory , South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 , simultaneously with North Dakota .", "South Dakota became a state on November 2 , 1889 ." ]
[ "South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota , Minnesota , Iowa , Nebraska , Wyoming , and Montana .", "South Dakota is a state in the United States ." ]
[ "In 1947 Sindh joined Pakistan by vote of members of legislature .", "In 1947 Sindh joined Pakistan by a majority vote of members of its state or provincial legislature ." ]
[ "Today , San Juan is one of Puerto Rico 's most important seaports , and is the island 's manufacturing , financial , cultural , and tourism center .", "Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport ." ]
[ "In New Jersey , anywhere from 2 to 20 inches of snow fell .", "8 to 14 inches of snow fell on Richmond ." ]
[ "Interior areas of West Virginia saw 30 inches ( 76 cm ) of snow .", "Greensboro saw 5 inches of snow after heavy rain ." ]
[ "New York City was put under a blizzard warning during the height of the storm .", "Blizzard warnings and winter storm warnings have been put in action ." ]
[ "Examples include William Ewart Gladstone , David Lloyd George , Neville Chamberlain , Winston Churchill , Margaret Thatcher , and Tony Blair .", "Other well-known prime ministers include Winston Churchill , Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair ." ]
[ "Nevertheless , the brass plate on the door of the Prime Minister 's home , 10 Downing Street , still bears the title of `` First Lord of the Treasury '' , as it has since the 18th century .", "The Prime ministers live in No. 10 Downing Street while in office ." ]
[ "The initial protest occurred in the small fishing town of Uozu , Toyama Prefecture , on 23 July 1918 .", "The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu in Toyama Prefecture , on 23 July 1918 ." ]
[ "Starting with peaceful petitioning , the disturbance quickly escalated to riots , strikes , looting , incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and armed clashes .", "Starting with peaceful petitioning , the protest quickly grew into riots , strikes , looting , incendiary bombings of police s...
[ "Some 25,000 people were arrested , of whom 8200 were convicted of various crimes , with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty .", "25,000 people were arrested , and 8200 were convicted of crimes ." ]
[ "A precipitous rise in the price of rice caused extreme economic hardship , particularly in rural areas where rice was the main staple of life .", "A very big rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic ( money ) problems , especially in rural areas ( outside of cities ) where rice was the main food of dai...
[ "Taking responsibility for the collapse of public order , Prime Minister Terauchi and his cabinet resigned on 29 September 1918 .", "Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots and they all ended their jobs on 29 September 1918 ." ]
[ "The 1908 Summer Olympics , officially the Games of the IV Olympiad , were an international multi-sport event which was held in 1908 in London , England , United Kingdom .", "The 1908 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the IV Olympiad , were held in London , United Kingdom ." ]
[ "Italian authorities were preparing to hold the games when Mount Vesuvius erupted on 7 April 1906 , devastating the city of Naples .", "The Olympics were originally scheduled to be held in Rome ; however , Mount Vesuvius erupted on 7 April 1906 ." ]
[ "Stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions have also been investigated .", "Chemists have also investigated stepwise mechanisms in dyotropic reactions ." ]
[ "In a straightforward example the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1 ,2 - dibromohexane mutarotate by heating .", "In a simple example , the two bromine atoms in 3-tert-butyl-trans-1 ,2 - dibromohexane mutarotate by heating ." ]
[ "In type I rearrangements ( Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y ) the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other and as a result of the rearrangement they migrate to opposite sides .", "In type I rearrangements ( Y-A-B-X conversion to X-A-B-Y ) , the two migrating groups are oriented trans to each other ." ]
[ "Type II rearrangements often involve double hydrogen migration in a carbon skeleton .", "Type II rearrangements often involve two hydrogen atoms moving along a carbon skeleton ." ]
[ "In organic synthesis an important application is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones .", "In organic synthesis , an important dyotropic reaction is the conversion of 4-substituted-gamma-lactones to butyrolactones ." ]
[ "More dyotropic reactions are found involving N-O bonds and N-N bonds .", "Dyotropic reactions can also happen with N-O bonds or N-N bonds ." ]
[ "Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds for example is the thermal equilibration of RRSi1R3C-O-Si2R3 to RRSi2R3C-O-Si1R3 .", "Type I dyotropic rearrangements also occur around carbon-oxygen bonds ." ]
[ "It was first described by Manfred T. Reetz in 1971 In a type I reaction two migrating groups interchange their relative positions and a type II reaction involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interchange .", "A type II reaction involves migration to new bonding sites without positional interc...
[ "They observed the interconversion of 2 bromine atoms in a certain steroid .", "They saw the exchange of two bromine atoms in a certain steroid ." ]
[ "A dyotropic Reaction ( from the Greek dyo , meaning two ) in organic chemistry is a type of organic reaction and more specifically a pericyclic valence isomerization in which two sigma bonds simultaneously migrate intramolecularly .", "A dyotropic reaction is a type of chemical reaction ." ]
[ "Soloists sing the words of various characters , also in recitative ; in addition to Jesus , there are named parts for Judas , Peter , two high priests , Pontius Pilate , Pilate 's wife , two witnesses and two ancillae ( maids ) .", "So , as well as Jesus , there are small parts for Judas , Peter , two high pries...
[ "The St Matthew Passion is set for two choirs and two orchestras .", "The St Matthew Passion and the St John Passion are both very great works ." ]
[ "These are not always sung by all different soloists .", "These may be sung by soloists from the choir ." ]
[ "He revised it by 1736 , performing it again on 30 March 1736 , this time including two organs in the instrumentation .", "He made some changes to it by 1736 and performed it again on 30 March 1736 ." ]
[ "The St Matthew Passion was probably first performed on Good Friday ( 11 April ) 1727 in the Thomaskirche in Leipzig , where Bach was the Kantor of the School and Directoris Chori musici of Leipzig .", "It was probably first performed on Good Friday ( 11 April ) 1727 in the Thomaskirche in Leipzig , where Bach wa...
[ "He was elected United States Senator in the elections of 1980 , and was the longest-serving senator in Connecticut 's history .", "He was elected United States Senator in the elections of 1980 ." ]
[ "His father , Thomas J. Dodd , was one of Connecticut 's United States Senators from 1959 to 1971 .", "His father , Thomas J. Dodd , was a United States Senator from Connecticut from 1959-1971 ." ]
[ "In 2006 , Dodd decided to run for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States , but eventually withdrew after running behind several other competitors .", "In 2006 , Dodd decided to run for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States ." ]
[ "Chris Dodd served in the Peace Corps for two years prior to entering law school at the University of Louisville , and during law school concurrently served in the United States Army Reserve .", "Chris Dodd served in the Peace Corps for two years before going to law school at the University of Louisville ." ]
[ "On March 1 , 2011 , the Motion Picture Association of America announced that Dodd will head that organization .", "On March 1 , 2011 , the Motion Picture Association of America said that Dodd will be in control of that organization ." ]
[ "Dodd served as general chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1995 to 1997 .", "Dodd was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1995 to 1997 ." ]