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[ "Niacin was first discovered from the oxidation of nicotine to form nicotinic acid .", "Niacin was first described by Hugo Weidel in 1873 in his studies of nicotine . The original preparation remains useful : The oxidation of nicotine using nitric acid ." ]
[ "Other functions of niacin include removing toxic chemicals from the body , and helping with the production of steroid hormones made by the adrenal gland .", "Niacin is involved in both DNA repair , and the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland ." ]
[ "Niacin is also referred to as Vitamin B3 because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered .", "Niacin is referred to as vitamin B3 because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered ." ]
[ "A mild deficiency will slow down the metabolism , causing decreased tolerance to cold .", "Mild niacin deficiency has been shown to slow metabolism , causing decreased tolerance to cold ." ]
[ "Dietary niacin deficiency tends to occur only in areas where people eat corn ( maize ) , the only grain low in niacin , as a staple food , and that do not use lime during meal\\/flour production .", "It also tends to occur in areas where people eat maize ( corn , the only grain low in niacin ) as a staple food ....
[ "When the properties of nicotinic acid were discovered , it was thought prudent to choose a name to dissociate it from nicotine , in order to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contain nicotine .", "When the biological significance of nicotinic acid was realized , it was thought appropriate to...
[ "Among his best works are his Symphony no 3 ( with organ ) , Piano Concerto no 2 , Violin Concerto no 3 , Cello Concerto no 1 , the opera Samson and Delilah and the Danse Macabre . His most popular work , however , is the Carnival of the Animals .", "Charles-Camille Saint-Sa à `` ns ( 9 October 1835-16 December 1...
[ "Ibn SÄ `` nÄ wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects , of which around 240 have survived .", "Ibn SÄ `` nÄ studied medicine under a physician named Koushyar . He wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects , of which around 240 have survived ." ]
[ "The Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort , from 1952 to 1985 .", "The Dutch Grand Prix ( Grote Prijs van Nederland ) was a Formula One automobile race held at Circuit Zandvoort , from 1952 to 1985 ." ]
[ "In 1985 the company that ran the circuit ( CENAV ) went out of business . This marked the end of Circuit Zandvoort .", "1985 was its final running , as the company that commercially ran the circuit ( CENAV ) went out of business , marking the end of Circuit Zandvoort ." ]
[ "Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background .", "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship ." ]
[ "The municipality of Zandvoort took over ownership . Part of the grounds and track were sold in 1987 to Vendorado , a Bungalow park developer .", "The track , owned by the municipality of Zandvoort , was not used for some time and part of the grounds and approximately half of the track was sold in 1987 to Vendora...
[ "OMF International ( or Overseas Missionary Fellowship and China Inland Mission before 1964 ) is an inter-denominational Protestant Christian missionary society . It was started by English missionary Hudson Taylor on 25 June , 1865 .", "OMF International ( formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before 1964 t...
[ "Gosnay is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .", "Gosnay is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ." ]
[ "The Santa Claus 3 : The Escape Clause is the third film in the The Santa Clause series of movies .", "The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause is a 2006 American film , the sequel to The Santa Clause and The Santa Clause 2 ." ]
[ "Jean Tigana ( born 23 June 1955 ) is a former French football player . He has played for France national team .", "Jean Amadou Tigana ( born 23 June 1955 in Bamako , French Sudan , nowadays Mali ) is a football manager and former player , having played in midfield and managed professional football extensively th...
[ "Krassimir Balakov ( born 29 March 1966 ) is a former Bulgarian football player .", "Krassimir Guenchev Balakov ( born 29 March 1966 ) is a former Bulgarian footballer and a key member of the Bulgarian national team that finished fourth in the 1994 FIFA World Cup ." ]
[ "In 1976 , Barsbold referred six additional specimens to the genus Oviraptor , but these were later reclassified in the new genus Conchoraptor .", "In 1976 , Barsbold referred six additional specimens to the genus Oviraptor ( including IGM 100\\/20 and 100\\/21 ) , but these were later reclassified in the new gen...
[ "Oviraptor lived in the Upper Cretaceous period , about 75 million years ago . Only one definite specimen is known ( with associated eggs ) , from Mongolia , though a possible second specimen ( also with eggs ) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia , China .", "Oviraptor lived in the late Cretaceous p...
[ "He is best known for having invented the Armenian alphabet . That was a basic and important step in strengthening three things : the Armenian Church , the government of the Armenian Kingdom , and connections between the Armenian Kingdom and Armenians living in the Byzantine and Iranian Empires .", "He is best kn...
[ "Saint Mesrop Mashtots ( 360 - February 17 , 440 ) was an Armenia monk who invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406 .", "Saint Mesrop Mashtots ( also Mesrob , Mashtotz , ) ( 361 or 362 â `` February 17 , 440 ) was an Armenian monk , theologian and linguist ." ]
[ "PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ANY INFORMATION YOU MAY FIND IN WIKIPEDIA MAY NOT BE CORRECT . IT MIGHT BE DANGEROUS OR ILLEGAL .", "PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ANY INFORMATION YOU MAY FIND IN WIKIPEDIA MAY BE INACCURATE , MISLEADING , DANGEROUS , ADDICTIVE , UNETHICAL OR ILLEGAL ." ]
[ "If you need further advice ( for example , medical , legal , risk management ) please seek someone licensed or knowledgeable in that area .", "If you need specific advice ( for example , medical , legal , financial , marital or risk management ) please seek a professional licensed or knowledgeable in that area ....
[ "Double-check information with other sources .", "Double-check all information with independent sources ." ]
[ "DO NOT RELY UPON ANY INFORMATION FOUND IN WIKIPEDIA WITHOUT INDEPENDENT SOURCES .", "DO NOT RELY UPON ANY INFORMATION FOUND IN WIKIPEDIA WITHOUT INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION ." ]
[ "Read the article 's talk page and revision history to see if there are any outstanding questions over the content of the article .", "Read the article 's talk page and revision history to see if there are outstanding disputes over the contents of the article ." ]
[ "As some information on Wikipedia may be wrong , there is a risk for readers who choose to use information found on Wikipedia in their own activities .", "Some information on Wikipedia may create an unreasonable risk for readers who choose to apply or use the information in their own activities or to promote the ...
[ "All information read here is without any warranty of fitness for any purpose or use whatsoever .", "All information found on the site is without any implied warranty of fitness for any purpose or use whatsoever ." ]
[ "No damages can be claimed from Wikipedia , as it is a voluntary group of individuals developed freely to create various open source online educational , cultural and informational resources .", "No consequential damages can be sought against Wikipedia , as it is a voluntary association of individuals formed to c...
[ "None of the authors , contributors , sponsors , administrators , vandals , or anyone else connected with Wikipedia , in any way at all , can be responsible for your use of the information in or linked from these web pages .", "None of the authors , contributors , sponsors , administrators , vandals , or anyone e...
[ "This information is being given to you gratuitously and thus there is no agreement or understanding between you and Wikipedia regarding your use or modification of this information beyond the GNU Free Documentation License .", "This information is being given to you gratuitously and there is no agreement or unde...
[ "Vendià res is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .", "Vendià res is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ." ]
[ "A ridge is a stretched out area of high atmospheric pressure compared to normal recorded pressures . It is also the opposite of a trough .", "A ridge is an elongated region of relatively high atmospheric pressure , the opposite of a trough ." ]
[ "It is made up of stuff similar to 1 Ceres : a darkly colored surface that is heavily space weathered and made up of primitive organic compounds , including tholins .", "It has a composition similar to 1 Ceres : a darkly colored surface that is heavily space-weathered with the composition of primitive organic com...
[ "Moons were searched for but none were detected .", "Satellites were searched for but none were detected ." ]
[ "It was found by J. R. Hind on August 22 , 1852 and named after Fortuna , the Roman goddess of luck .", "It was discovered by J. R. Hind on August 22 , 1852 and named after Fortuna , the Roman goddess of luck ." ]
[ "The Hubble Space Telescope saw Fortuna in 1993 .", "The Hubble Space Telescope observed Fortuna in 1993 ." ]
[ "Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been seen several times .", "Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been observed several times ." ]
[ "19 Fortuna is one of the biggest main belt asteroids .", "19 Fortuna ( , or as in ) is one of the largest main-belt asteroids ." ]
[ "M. tuberculosis then known as the `` tubercle bacillus , '' was first described on March 24 , 1882 by Robert Koch , the bacterium is also known as Koch 's bacillus .", "M. tuberculosis , then known as the tubercle bacillus , was first described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch , who subsequently received the Nobe...
[ "In the later Middle Ages , areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development as economic conditions changed .", "In the later Middle Ages , areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialization persisted while the manorial economy underwent s...
[ "Laws of Constantine I around 325 reinforced both the negative semi-servile status of the coloni and limited their rights to sue in the courts .", "Laws of Constantine I around 325 both reinforced the semi-servile status of the coloni and limited their rights to sue in the courts ; the Codex Theodosianus promulga...
[ "The rest of the demesne land was in the form of strips dispersed through the manor . In addition , the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors , as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce .", "As with peasant plots , the demesne was not a sin...
[ "Ecclesiastical manors were usually larger , with a significantly greater villein area than the lay manors next to them .", "Ecclesiastical manors tended to be larger , with a significantly greater villein area than neighbouring lay manors ." ]
[ "Similarly , the spread of money economy is often seen as having stimulated the replacement of labor services by money payments , but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labor dues as the value of fixed cash payments dec...
[ "Feudal society is based on two principles , that of feudalism and manorialism . The structures of manorialism varied though .", "Like feudalism which , together with manorialism , formed the legal and organizational framework of feudal society , manorial structures were not uniform ." ]
[ "Similarly , the proportion of unfree and free tenures could vary greatly . This meant that the amount of wage labor to perform agricultural work on the demesne varied as well .", "The proportion of unfree and free tenures could likewise vary greatly , with more or less reliance on wage labor for agricultural wor...
[ "Their numbers were augmented by barbarian foederati who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries .", "The legal status of adscripti , `` bound to the soil '' , contrasted with barbarian foederati , who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries , remaining subject to their own traditi...
[ "On the other side of the account , manorial administration involved significant expenses . This might be one of the reasons why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein tenure .", "On the other side of the account , manorial administration involved significant expenses , perhaps a reason why smaller manors ...
[ "Manors varied also in their geographical arrangement : most did not coincide with a single village . Often , parts of two or more villages belonged to the manor , or were shared between several manors .", "Manors varied similarly in their geographical arrangement : most did not coincide with a single village , b...
[ "The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors , while the share of villein land was greater in large manors , providing the lord of the latter with a larger potential supply of obligatory labor for demesne work .", "The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended...
[ "Not all manors had all three kinds of land : as an average , demesne accounted for roughly a third of the arable area and villein holdings rather more ; but some manors consisted solely of demesne , others solely of peasant holdings .", "Not all manors contained all three kinds of land : typically , demesne acco...
[ "As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the West in the fifth century , Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Gothic or Germanic ones , with little change to the underlying situation .", "As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the West in the fifth century , Roman landlords w...
[ "Councillors were forbidden to resign , and coloni , the cultivators of land , were not to move from the demesne they were attached to .", "Successive administrations tried to stabilize the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place : sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade , councillo...
[ "This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments of the demesne labor obligations of those peasants living farthest from the lord 's estate .", "This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments or their equivalents in kind of the demesne labor obligations of those peasants living furthest...
[ "Not all manors were held by laymen lords who rendered military service or paid cash to their superior . A substantial share ( estimated by value at 17 % in England in 1086 ) belonged directly to the king , and a greater proportion ( rather more than a quarter ) were held by bishops and monasteries .", "Nor were ...
[ "They were on their way to becoming serfs .", "The workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs ." ]
[ "Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such coloni .", "Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such coloni : it was possible to be described as servus et colonus , `...
[ "The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory : upland conditions have been seen as tending to preserve peasant freedoms ( livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services ) ; on the other hand , some such areas o...
[ "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race , religion , nationality , membership of a particular social group , or political opinion , is outside the country of their nationality , and is unable to or , owing to such fear , is unwilling to avail him\\/herself of the protection of that cou...
[ "Viroinval is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Namur .", "Viroinval is a Walloon municipality located in Belgium in the province of Namur ." ]
[ "Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle is a commune .", "Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France ." ]
[ "The steamer ` Fire Fly ' carried passengers , sheep and cattle from Tasmania .", "It was used to convey passengers , as well as sheep and cattle from Tasmania ." ]
[ "It was Melbourne 's first harbor and port for the Port Phillip district until the late 19th century .", "It served as Melbourne 's first anchorage and as the center for port facilities to the Port Phillip district until the late 19th century ." ]
[ "In November 1835 , Captain Robson Coltish , of the barque Norval sailed from Launceston , with a cargo of 500 sheep and 50 Hereford cattle .", "In November 1835 , Captain Robson Coltish , master of the barque Norval sailed from Launceston , then crossing Bass Strait with a cargo of 500 sheep and 50 Hereford catt...
[ "Because of the sheltered harbor , many people decided to settle in the immediate area .", "Because of the sheltered harbor , many of these new arrivals decided to settle in the immediate area ." ]
[ "In 1841 the census said there were about 259 people living in Williamstown .", "The first census in Williamstown was taken in 1841 , with population recorded as about 259 people ." ]
[ "The mouth of the Yarra River was later explored in May and June 1835 by John Batman . He thought that the area now called Melbourne would be a good settlement site .", "The mouth of the Yarra River was later inspected in May and June 1835 by a party led by John Batman who recognized the potential of the Melbourn...
[ "The first cemetery in Victoria was started at Point Gellibrand .", "The first cemetery in Victoria was established at Point Gellibrand at this time ." ]
[ "A bluestone lighthouse was built in 1849-50 to replace the wooden one .", "A bluestone lighthouse was built in 1849 â `` 50 to replace the original wooden one ." ]
[ "But a lack of fresh water at Williamâ s Town meant that it became necessary to change the city center to the inland site of Melbourne .", "A lack of adequate fresh water at Williamâ s town meant that it became necessary to change the city center to the inland site of Melbourne ." ]
[ "The first European to arrive at Williamstown was Acting-Lieutenant Robbins , who explored Point Gellibrand in 1803 .", "The first European to arrive at the place now known as Williamstown was Acting-Lieutenant Robbins , who explored Point Gellibrand with his survey party in 1803 ." ]
[ "Captain Coltish chose the area now known as Port Gellibrand , as a goood place to unload his cargo .", "After reaching the coastline of Port Phillip , Captain Coltish chose the area now known as Port Gellibrand , as a suitable place to unload his cargo ." ]
[ "There were three hotels in Williamstown by 1841 and most of the men worked at the port .", "There were three hotels in Williamstown by 1841 and most of the men worked at occupations related to the port ." ]
[ "It only operated as a lighthouse until 1860 , when a Pile Light was built and anchored off Shelly Beach . It was then used as a time ball tower .", "It only operated as a lighthouse until 1860 , when a Pile Light was built and anchored off Shelly Beach , after which it served as a time ball tower ." ]
[ "In 1847 Steamboat Pier was built and a permanent customs house was set up .", "In 1847 , Steamboat Pier was built and a permanent customs house was set up ." ]
[ "In 2006 there were 12,733 people living in Williamstown .", "At the 2006 Census , Williamstown had a population of 12,733 ." ]
[ "That same year a ferry service between Melbourne and Williamstown was started .", "That same year a ferry service between Melbourne and Williamstown was established aboard the steamer ` Fire Fly ' ." ]
[ "Convicts built a 30 metre stone jetty in 1838 . This is where Gem Pier now stands .", "A 30-metre stone jetty was built by convict labor in 1838 where Gem Pier now stands ." ]
[ "The sick were taken to a quickly built quarantine camp .", "The sick were taken to a hastily erected quarantine camp ." ]
[ "The first lighthouse , made of wood with an oil-burning light at the top , was built at Point Gellibrand in 1840 .", "The first lighthouse , a wooden one with an oil-burning beacon at the top , was erected at Point Gellibrand in 1840 ." ]
[ "The site of Williamstown he named Port Harwood , after the captain of one of his ships .", "The site of what became Williamstown they named Port Harwood , after the captain of one of their ships ." ]
[ "Williamstown is a suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , only 8 km south-west of the central business district .", "Williamstown is a suburb in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , 8 km south-west from Melbourne 's central business district ." ]
[ "About 100 buildings were built , including two hotels , the Ship Inn and the Woolpack .", "About 100 buildings were built , including two hotels ( the Ship Inn and the Woolpack ) ." ]
[ "Williamâ s Town was named after the king and Melbourne was named after the British prime minister Lord Melbourne .", "As Williamâ s Town was named for the British sovereign and Melbourne , on the other hand , was named after the British prime minister Lord Melbourne , it has been said that the place was original...
[ "Williamstown is about 15 minutes by car from Melbourne using the West Gate Freeway or a 30-minute train journey from Flinders Street Station .", "Williamstown is approximately 15 minutes by car from Melbourne via the West Gate Freeway or a 30-minute train journey from Flinders Street Station ." ]
[ "By 1839 , Williamstown had a pier and government stores built by convicts .", "By 1839 , Williamstown had large shipping facilities including a pier and government stores all built by convict labor ." ]
[ "In 1842 the arrival of the ship Manilus threw the small colony into a frenzy .", "In 1842 , the appearance of the ship Manilus threw the small colony into a frenzy ." ]
[ "Governor Richard Bourke and Captain William Lonsdale visited the new settlement at Port Phillip Bay in 1837 .", "When Governor Richard Bourke and Captain William Lonsdale visited the emergent settlement at Port Phillip in 1837 , they both felt the main site of settlement would emerge at the estuary and they rena...
[ "Within weeks , many ships began making their way across Bass Strait .", "Within weeks of the first consignment , a stream of vessels began making their way across Bass Strait ." ]
[ "The Yalukit-willam were part of the Bunurong , a language group of six clans along the coast from the Werribee River , to the Mornington Peninsula , Western Port Bay and Wilsons Promontory .", "The Yalukit-willam were one clan in a language group known as the Bunurong , which included six clans along the coast f...
[ "They ate shell fish , birds , fish , eels , eggs , snakes , kangaroos and possums which were found across their lands .", "Not only were shell fish available from the sea , but the many swamps and creeks in the district would have yielded birds , fish , eels , eggs and snakes . Early white settlers in the region...
[ "Also in 1842 , St Mary 's School ( the oldest continuously operating Catholic school in Victoria ) was started in a small timber chapel with a wood shingle roof .", "Also in 1842 , the St Mary 's School ( the oldest continuously operating Catholic school in Victoria ) was established in a small timber chapel wit...
[ "The first land sales took place in 1837 .", "The first land sales in the area took place in 1837 ." ]
[ "The years 1842 and 1843 there was an economic recession and Williamstown 's population went down .", "During 1842 and 1843 , there was an economic recession in the Port Phillip District , and Williamstown 's population somewhat declined ." ]
[ "The main part of the town was centred on Nelson Place .", "During these early times the business heart of the town was centred on Nelson Place ." ]
[ "Forty-five of the ship 's 243 passengers had died from yellow fever during the journey from Scotland 's shores .", "The captain of the Manilus , known in the Victorian Shipping records as the `` Plague ship '' , would not receive his bounty as forty-five of the ship 's 243 passengers had been lost to yellow feve...
[ "The earliest records show there were six boys and eight girls in July 1844 .", "The earliest available record of enrolment figures is 6 boys and 8 girls , in July 1844 ." ]
[ "Hollywood Pictures is one of The Walt Disney Company 's movie companies .", "Hollywood Pictures is one of The Walt Disney Company 's several alternate movie divisions ." ]
[ "The man in charge of Disney , Michael Eisner , wanted Hollywood Pictures to be a complete studio in the same way that Touchstone was .", "While then-Disney chief Michael Eisner at first intended Hollywood Pictures to be a full-fledged studio , like Touchstone , in recent years its operations have been scaled bac...