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[ "Vinton , Virginia is a town of Virginia in the United States .", "Vinton 's official newspaper is the Vinton Messenger , although it is operated from Salem and not actually based in the town of Vinton ." ]
[ "Its usage in the term lingua franca came from its meaning in Arabic . That word came into use before the Crusades , when Europeans used to be called `` Franks '' or Faranji in Arabic .", "Its usage in the term lingua franca originated from its meaning in Arabic , dating from before the Crusades , whereby all Eur...
[ "The terms working language , bridge language and vehicular language are used in the same sense .", "This can also be referred to as working language or bridge language ." ]
[ "At that time , in the port cities of the Ottoman empire there lived very many Italian speakers .", "At that time , Italian speakers dominated seaborne commerce in the port cities of the Ottoman empire ." ]
[ "A lingua franca ( originally Italian for `` Frankish language '' - see etymology below ) is a language that is used between persons who have not the same mother tongue .", "A lingua franca ( originally Italian for â Frankish languageâ -- see etymology below ) is a language systematically used to make communicati...
[ "Around the Renaissance era a mixed language of Italian ( 80 % ) and many words from Turkish , French , Spanish , Greek and Arabic was used in the eastern region around the Mediterranean Sea It was in use as the language of commerce and diplomacy and was called lingua franca .", "The original Lingua Franca was a ...
[ "About personal names : Freiherr is a title , usually translated as Baron . It is not a first or middle name .", "Regarding personal names : Freiherr is a title , translated as Baron , not a first or middle name ." ]
[ "Guemps is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France .", "Guemps is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ." ]
[ "Cerny-l à s-Bucy is a commune .", "Cerny-l à s-Bucy is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ." ]
[ "Dred Scott ( 1799 â `` September 17 , 1858 ) was a slave in the United States of America who took legal action to get his freedom in the Dred Scott V. Sandford Case .", "Dred Scott ( 1795 â `` September 17 , 1858 ) , was an African-American slave in the United States who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom and t...
[ "The Orthomyxoviridae ( orthos , Greek for `` straight '' ; myxa , Greek for `` mucus '' ) are a family of RNA viruses . They include five genera : Influenzavirus A , Influenzavirus B , Influenzavirus C , Thogotovirus and Isavirus .", "The Orthomyxoviridae ( orthos , Greek for `` straight '' ; myxa , Greek for ``...
[ "Influenza A viruses are further classified , based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin ( HA or H ) and neuraminidase ( NA or N ) . Sixteen H subtypes ( or serotypes ) and nine N subtypes of influenza A virus have been identified .", "Influenza A viruses are further classified , based on the viral surface...
[ "Res Gestae Divi Augusti ( literaly ` The achievements of the divine Augustus ' ) , also known as Res Gestae and RGDA , was an autobiography and epitath written by Emperor Augustus following the tradition of writing about a dead person 's achievements and life but Augustus ' is the biggest by far .", "Res Gestae ...
[ "Various copies of the Res Gestae have been found throughout the Roman Empire .", "Various inscriptions of the Res Gestae have been found scattered across the former Roman Empire ." ]
[ "Big ocean ships can get up the river until Manaus , which is almost 1500 kilometers from its mouth .", "The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to Manaus , 1500 k upriver from the mouth ." ]
[ "Smaller ocean ships of 3,000 tons and 7.9 m ( 26 ft ) draft can reach as far as Iquitos in Peru , 3,700 km ( 2,300 miles ) from the sea .", "Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 tons or 9,000 tons and 5.5 m draft can reach as far as Iquitos , Peru , 3600 k from the sea ." ]
[ "The estuary also includes the island of Marajà , which lies in the mouth of the Amazon .", "If the Parà river and the Marajà island ocean frontage are included , the Amazon estuary is some 325 k wide ." ]
[ "The Amazon , has the largest drainage basin in the world . It accounts for about one fifth of the world 's total river flow .", "The Amazon , which has the largest drainage basin in the world , about 7050000 k , accounts for approximately one-fifth of the world 's total river flow ." ]
[ "This means that the Amazon is wider at its mouth than the entire length of the Thames in England .", "By this criterion , the Amazon is wider at its mouth than the entire length of the River Thames in England ." ]
[ "Smaller riverboats can reach 780 km ( 486 mi ) higher as far as Actual Point .", "Smaller riverboats can reach 780 k higher as far as Actual Point ." ]
[ "One characteristic of the Amazon river is the Brazo Casiquiare , a water connection to the Orinoco river , that connects the two basins .", "There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins , the so-called Casiquiare canal ." ]
[ "While in Asia , Aristotle traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos , where they researched the botany and zoology of the island .", "While in Asia , Aristotle traveled with Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos , where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island ." ]
[ "Near the end of Alexander 's life , he began to suspect plots , and threatened Aristotle in letters .", "Near the end of Alexander 's life , Alexander began to suspect plots against himself , and threatened Aristotle in letters ." ]
[ "However , he died in Euboea of natural causes within the year , 322 BC .", "However , he died in Euboea of natural causes within the year ( in 322 BC ) ." ]
[ "Aristotle is the father of logic .", "With the Prior Analytics , Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic , and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic . Kant stated in the Critique of Pure Reason that Aristotle 's theory ...
[ "The works that have survived are in fairly rough form . They are generally thought to be lecture notes for his students .", "The works that have survived are in treatise form and were not , for the most part , intended for widespread publication , as they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students...
[ "Some of his important writings are Physics , Metaphysics , ( Nicomachean ) Ethics , Politics , De Anima ( On the Soul ) , and Poetics .", "His most important treatises include Physics , Metaphysics , Nicomachean Ethics , Politics , De Anima ( On the Soul ) and Poetics ." ]
[ "Aristotle 's combined works constitute a virtual encyclopedia of Greek knowledge .", "His combined works constitute a virtual encyclopedia of Greek knowledge ." ]
[ "It is during this period in Athens from 335 to 323 when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works .", "It is during this period in Athens from 335 to 323 BC when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works ." ]
[ "Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest , and his attitude towards Persia was ethnocentric .", "Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest , and his attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric ." ]
[ "Soon after Hermias ' death , Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander the Great in 343 B.C.", "Soon after Hermias ' death , Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander the Great in 343 BC ." ]
[ "Upon Alexander 's death , anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens once again flared up , and Aristotle fled the city .", "Upon Alexander 's death , anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens once again flared ." ]
[ "In one famous example , he advises Alexander to be ' a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians , to look after the former as after friends and relatives , and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants ' .", "In one famous example , he counsels Alexander to be ' a leader to the Greeks and a des...
[ "He then traveled with Xenocrates to Asia Minor .", "He then traveled with Xenocrates to the court of his friend Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor ." ]
[ "Meuvaines is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .", "Meuvaines is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ." ]
[ "Many species have areas of colored skin on the face . These areas can be bright blue , orange , red or yellow .", "Many species have areas of colored skin on the face ( the lores and the gular skin ) which can be bright blue , orange , red or yellow , typically becoming more brightly colored in the breeding seas...
[ "There are about 40 different species of Cormorants . In some areas , they are also known as Shags .", "The bird family Phalacrocoracidae is represented by some 40 species of cormorants and shags ." ]
[ "Cormorants range in size from as little as 45 cm ( 18 in ) and 340 g ( 12 oz ) to a maximum size 100 cm ( 40 in ) and 5 kg ( 11 lbs ) .", "Cormorants and shags are medium-to-large seabirds . They range in size from the Pygmy Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax pygmaeus ) , at as little as 45 cm ( 18 in ) and 340 g ( 12 oz...
[ "Their feet have webbing between all four toes .", "Their feet have webbing between all four toes , as in their relatives ." ]
[ "Most cormorants , including nearly all Northern Hemisphere species , have mainly dark feathers . Some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white .", "The majority , including nearly all Northern Hemisphere species , have mainly dark plumage , but some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white , and a ...
[ "Buzancy is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .", "Buzancy is a commune in the department of Aisne in Picardy in northern France ." ]
[ "Castellet is a commune of 106 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France .", "Castellet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France ." ]
[ "Gaddani Beach is a beach on the Arabian Sea located near the Hub River and Cape Monze in Gaddani , Lasbela District , Baluchistan , Pakistan .", "Gadani Beach is a beach on the Arabian Sea located near the Hub River and Cape Monze in Gadani , Lasbela District , Balochistan , Pakistan ." ]
[ "The most recent change is Windows 7 which was made in 2009 .", "As of October 2009 , Windows had approximately 91 % of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet . The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7 ; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2 ; t...
[ "Bankston is a city of Iowa in the United States .", "Bankston is a city in Dubuque County , Iowa , United States ." ]
[ "The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction or the sense of smell .", "The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction , or the sense of smell ." ]
[ "Cosmic rays are particles from outer space that have a lot of energy .", "Cosmic rays are energetic charged subatomic particles , originating from outer space , that impinge on Earth 's atmosphere ." ]
[ "Most of these particles are protons , but some of them are helium nuclei or electrons . Cosmic rays are not actually rays but particles that are moving very fast .", "These nuclei together make up 99 % of cosmic rays , and solitary electrons ( much like beta particles , although their ultimate source is unknown ...
[ "Cosmic rays are not actually rays but particles that are moving very fast .", "The cosmic rays that arise in extrasolar astrophysical sources are primary cosmic rays ; these primary cosmic rays can interact with interstellar matter to create secondary cosmic rays . The Sun also emits low energy cosmic rays assoc...
[ "It is one of the least toxic forms of lead .", "Lead ( II ) sulfide is non-toxic , unless the lead and sulfur are heated to decomposition and toxic compounds of lead and sulfur oxides are produced ( such as in roasting lead ore ) . Lead sulfide is insoluble and a stable compound in the pH of blood and so it is t...
[ "Because of this , many researchers think Myxini should not be in the subphylum Vertebrata .", "Some researchers regard Myxini as not belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata ." ]
[ "However , inshore hagfish , known as kkomjangeo ( ê 1\\/4 1\\/4 ì ì -- ) or meokjango ( ë ì ì -- ) in Korean and Nuta-unagi in Japanese , is eaten in Korea .", "The inshore hagfish , known as kkomjangeo ( ê 1\\/4 1\\/4 ì ì -- ) or meokjango ( ë ì ì -- ) in Korean and Nuta-unagi in Japanese , is the only member o...
[ "Hagfish are craniata in the class Agnatha or Myxini , also known as Hyperotreti .", "Hagfish are marine craniates of the class Agnatha or Myxini , also known as Hyperotreti ." ]
[ "La Haie-Traversaine is a commune of 420 people ( 1999 ) . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France .", "La Haie-Traversaine is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France ." ]
[ "Sallenelles is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .", "Sallenelles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ." ]
[ "Galileo was an unmanned NASA spacecraft . It explored the planet Jupiter and its moons .", "Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons ." ]
[ "Although they belong to the class of arachnids , harvestmen are not spiders . They belong to the order Opiliones or Phalangids .", "Although they belong to the class of arachnids , harvestmen are not spiders , which are of the order Araneae rather than the order Opiliones ." ]
[ "Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland . The samples found look surprisingly modern .", "Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland , which look surprisingly modern , indicating that the basic structure of the...
[ "The feeding apparatus ( stomotheca ) differs from other arachnids : chunks of food can be taken in , rather than liqids .", "The feeding apparatus ( stomotheca ) differs from other arachnids in that ingestion is not restricted to liquid , but chunks of food can be taken in ." ]
[ "In harvestmen the two main body sections ( the abdomen and cephalothorax are broadly joined , so that they appear to be one oval structure ; they also have no venom or silk glands .", "The difference between harvestmen and spiders is that in harvestmen the two main body sections ( the abdomen with ten segments a...
[ "More than 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered , although the real number of extant species may exceed 10,000 .", "As of 2006 , over 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide , although the real number of extant species may exceed 10,000 ." ]
[ "These arachnids have exceptionally long walking legs , compared to body size , although there are also short-legged species .", "These arachnids are known for their exceptionally long walking legs , compared to body size , although there are also short-legged species ." ]
[ "In some places , harvestmen are known by the name `` daddy longlegs '' , but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods : the crane fly ( Tipulidae ) and the cellar spider ( Pholcidae ) .", "In some places , harvestmen are known by the name `` daddy longlegs '' or `` granddaddy longlegs '' , but t...
[ "In 1981 the Italian Grand Prix returned to Monza , and Imola hosted the new San Marino Grand Prix , named after the nearby republic of San Marino .", "The following year , the Italian Grand Prix returned to Monza , and Imola hosted the newly-launched San Marino Grand Prix , named after the nearby republic of San...
[ "The San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One championship race . It was held at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola .", "The San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One championship race which was run at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in the town of Imola , near the Apennine mountains in Italy ,...
[ "It is named the San Marino Grand Prix after the nearby republic of San Marino .", "It is called the San Marino Grand Prix because there is already an Italian Grand Prix , and the republic of San Marino is itself too small to host a grand prix ." ]
[ "During the Friday practice , Rubens Barrichello hit the fence at the Variante Bassa . It was a very hard crash and he was knocked unconscious for a few minutes .", "During Friday Practice , Rubens Barrichello crashed hard into the fence at the Variante Bassa in which he decelerated violently and was knocked unco...
[ "Teams had complained about the poor quality of the facilities ( buildings and work areas ) at Imola . San Marino Grand Prix was dropped from the Formula One championship after .", "Constructors had complained about the poor quality of the facilities at Imola so , after much talk of dropping the San Marino Grand ...
[ "In April 1963 , the first race with Formula One cars took place at Imola . It was a non-championship event , and was won by Jim Clark for Lotus .", "In April 1963 , the first race with Formula One cars took place at Imola , as a non-championship event , won by Jim Clark for Lotus ." ]
[ "For the 1995 race , the Tamburello and Villeneuve corners were changed . They became slower chicanes .", "As a result , for the 1995 race , the Tamburello and Villeneuve corners were altered from flat-out sweeping bends into slower chicanes , and the Variante Bassa was straightened ." ]
[ "An additional non-championship event took place at Imola in 1979 . This race was won by Niki Lauda for Brabham-Alfa Romeo .", "A further non-championship event took place at Imola in 1979 , which was won by Niki Lauda for Brabhamâ `` Alfa Romeo ." ]
[ "Following the Second World War , the town started a project to improve the local economy .", "Following the Second World War , the town launched a program to try to improve the local economy ." ]
[ "The area by Imola is home to several racing car manufacturers , including Ferrari , Lamborghini , and Maserati .", "The area by Imola is home to several racing car manufacturers - namely Ferrari , Lamborghini and Maserati ." ]
[ "In 1980 , the Italian Grand Prix moved from the high-speed Monza circuit to Imola . This was because of a bad crash in 1978 .", "In 1980 , the Italian Grand Prix moved from the high-speed Monza circuit to Imola , as a direct result of 1978 's startline pile-up , which claimed the life of the popular Swedish driv...
[ "The road would link together existing public roads . These road were used by the local car manufacturers to test their new car designs .", "Four local motor racing enthusiasts proposed the construction of a new road linking existing public roads , which was used by the local car manufacturers to test their proto...
[ "In there were three serious accidents at Imola .", "In 1994 , there were three serious accidents at Imola ." ]
[ "During the qualifying session on Saturday , Roland Ratzenberger crashed at the Villeneuve Corner .", "There was also the death of Roland Ratzenberger at the Villeneuve Corner in the Saturday qualifying session , and the death of Ayrton Senna during the race itself at the 6th-gear Tamburello Corner ." ]
[ "Changes were made to make the sport safer .", "It was also the catalyst to changes being made to other circuits , and the sport as a whole , in an attempt to make it safer ." ]
[ "Bourguignons is a commune of the Aube dà partement in the north-central part of France .", "Bourguignons is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France ." ]
[ "The 4th century is the century from 301 to 400 .", "As a means of recording the passage of time , the 4th century ( per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini\\/Common era ) was that century which lasted from 301 to 400 ." ]
[ "For instance , standards for encoding data ( e.g. country codes ) , but more significantly some encryption standards , such as the Data Encryption Standard ( FIPS 46 ) and the Advanced Encryption Standard ( FIPS 197 ) .", "For instance , standards for encoding data ( e.g. , country codes ) , but more significant...
[ "Many FIPS standards are modified versions of standards used in the wider community ( ANSI , IEEE , ISO , etc. )", "Many FIPS standards are modified versions of standards used in the wider community ( ANSI , IEEE , ISO , etc. ) ." ]
[ "Federal Information Processing Standards ( FIPS ) are standards made by the United States Federal government for non-military government agencies and by government contractors to use , and they are announced to the public .", "Federal Information Processing Standards ( FIPS ) are publicly announced standards dev...
[ "People in this generation period are known as Millennials or Echo Boomers .", "Generation Y , also known as the Millennial Generation ( or Millennials ) , Generation Next , Net Generation , Echo Boomers , describes the demographic cohort following Generation X. As there are no precise dates for when the Millenni...
[ "Sycamore is a city of Jefferson County in the state of Kentucky , United States .", "Sycamore is a city in Jefferson County , Kentucky , United States ." ]
[ "Sycamore is a city of Jefferson County in the state of Kentucky , United States . About 160 people were living in Sycamore as of 2000 .", "Sycamore is located at ." ]
[ "They usually consist of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them , which gives the group its name .", "These frustules show a wide diversity in form , but usually consist of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them , hence the group name ." ]
[ "They are one of the most common types of phytoplankton .", "Diatoms are a major group of algae , and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton ." ]
[ "Diatom cells are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica ( SiO2 ) .", "A characteristic feature of diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica ( hydrated silicon dioxide ) called a frustule ." ]
[ "Coppock is a city of Iowa in the United States .", "The Washington County portion of Coppock is part of the Iowa City , Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area ." ]
[ "In fluid dynamics , gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two mediums ( e.g. the atmosphere or ocean ) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy .", "In fluid dynamics , gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media ...
[ "Molde FK is a football club from Norway .", "Molde Fotballklubb is a football club from Molde , Norway ." ]
[ "It was formed in 1911 .", "It was founded on 19 June 1911 ." ]
[ "Vendlincourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland .", "Vendlincourt is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland ." ]
[ "Rodgers would be called `` featured with '' along with the former Queen members .", "He would simply be `` featured with '' former Queen members ." ]
[ "When in concert Brian May , Roger Taylor and Paul Rodgers would be helped by keyboard player Spike Edney , rhythm guitarist Jamie Moses and bassist Danny Miranda .", "The group 's three principal members May , Taylor and Rodgers were supplemented on tour by Queen 's former touring keyboard player Spike Edney , r...
[ "Because of the popularity of Freddie Mercury , it was made clear that Paul Rodgers would not be replacing the former Queen lead singer , who died in 1991 from complications due to AIDS .", "It was made clear that Rodgers would not be replacing Queen 's former lead singer , Freddie Mercury , who died in 1991 ." ]
[ "In May , 2009 Paul Rodgers announced that Queen + Paul Rodgers had come to an end . He said `` It was fun but was never meant to be a permanent arrangement '' .", "Rodgers announced in May 2009 that the ` Queen + Paul Rodgers ' collaboration had come to an end , saying `` it was never meant to be a permanent arr...
[ "Queen + Paul Rodgers was a rock band formed by Brian May and Roger Taylor , formerly of Queen , and Paul Rodgers of Bad Company , Free and The Firm .", "Queen + Paul Rodgers was a collaboration between Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen and Paul Rodgers ( formerly of Bad Company , Free , The Firm and The Law ) ...
[ "The Sturt Highway is the main road between Sydney and Adelaide .", "Sturt is commemorated by the City of Charles Sturt and suburb of Sturt in Adelaide , the electoral Division of Sturt in Adelaide 's eastern suburbs , Charles Sturt University in regional New South Wales , and the Sturt Highway from Wagga Wagga t...