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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolamines
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Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine). Indolamines are a classification of monoamine neurotransmitter, along with catecholamines and ethylamine derivatives. A common example of an indolamine is the tryptophan derivative serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep. Another example of an indolamine is melatonin.
In biochemistry, indolamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group. Examples of indolamines include the lysergamides.
Synthesis
Indolamines are biologically synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan is synthesized into serotonin through the addition of a hydroxyl group by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and the subsequent removal of the carboxyl group by the enzyme 5-HTP decarboxylase.
See also
Indole
Tryptamine
References
Neurotransmitters
Indoles
Amines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluency
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In cell culture biology, confluence refers to the percentage of the surface of a culture dish that is covered by adherent cells. For example, 50 percent confluence means roughly half of the surface is covered, while 100 percent confluence means the surface is completely covered by the cells, and no more room is left for the cells to grow as a monolayer. The cell number refers to, trivially, the number of cells in a given region.
Impact on research
Many cell lines exhibit differences in growth rate or gene expression depending on the degree of confluence. Cells are typically passaged before becoming fully confluent in order to maintain their proliferation phenotype. Some cell types are not limited by contact inhibition, such as immortalized cells, and may continue to divide and form layers on top of the parent cells. To achieve optimal and consistent results, experiments are usually performed using cells at a particular confluence, depending on the cell type. Extracellular export of cell free material is also dependent on the cell confluence .
Estimation
Rule of thumb
Comparing the amount of space covered by cells with unoccupied space using the naked eye can provide a rough estimate of confluency.
Hemocytometer
A hemocytometer can be used to count cells, giving the cell number.
References
Cell culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCDMH
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1-Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH or bromochlorodimethylhydantoin) is a chemical structurally related to hydantoin. It is a white crystalline compound with a slight bromine and acetone odor and is insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone.
BCDMH is an excellent source of both chlorine and bromine as it reacts slowly with water releasing hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid. It used as a chemical disinfectant for recreational water sanitation and drinking water purification. BCDMH works in the following manner:
The initial BCDMH reacts with water (R = Dimethylhydantoin):
BrClR + 2 H2O → HOBr + HOCl + RH2
Hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water:
HOBr → H+ + OBr−
Hypobromous acid oxidizes the substrate, itself being reduced to bromide:
HOBr + Live pathogens → Br− + Dead pathogens
The bromide ions are oxidized with the hypochlorous acid that was formed from the initial BCDMH:
Br− + HOCl → HOBr + Cl−
This produces more hypobromous acid; the hypochlorous acid itself act directly as a disinfectant in the process.
Preparation
This compound is prepared by first brominating, then chlorinating 5,5-dimethylhydantoin:
References
External links
PubChem Public Chemical Database (nih.gov)
External MSDS
Disinfectants
Organobromides
Organochlorides
Hydantoins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhizol
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Glycyrrhizol A is a prenylated pterocarpan and an isoflavonoid derivative. It is a compound isolated from the root of the Chinese licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza uralensis).
It may has in vitro antibacterial properties. In one study, the strongest antibacterial activity was observed against Streptococcus mutans, an organism known to cause tooth decay in humans.
References
Pterocarpans
Antibiotics
Phenols
Methoxy compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypsinization
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Trypsinization is the process of cell dissociation using trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme which breaks down proteins, to dissociate adherent cells from the vessel in which they are being cultured. When added to cell culture, trypsin breaks down the proteins that enable the cells to adhere to the vessel. Trypsinization is often used to pass cells to a new vessel. When the trypsinization process is complete the cells will be in suspension and appear rounded.
For experimental purposes, cells are often cultivated in containers that take the form of plastic flasks or plates. In such flasks, cells are provided with a growth medium comprising the essential nutrients required for proliferation, and the cells adhere to the container and each other as they grow.
This process of cell culture or tissue culture requires a method to dissociate the cells from the container and each other. Trypsin, an enzyme commonly found in the digestive tract, can be used to "digest" the proteins that facilitate adhesion to the container and between cells.
Once cells have detached from their container it is necessary to deactivate the trypsin, unless the trypsin is synthetic, as cell surface proteins will also be cleaved over time and this will affect cell functioning. Serum can be used to inactivate trypsin, as it contains protease inhibitors. Because of the presence of these inhibitors, the serum must be removed before treatment of a growth vessel with trypsin and must not be added again to the growth vessel until cells have detached from their growth surface - this detachment can be confirmed by visual observation using a microscope.
Trypsinization is often used to permit passage of adherent cells to a new container, observation for experimentation, or reduction of the degree of confluency in a culture flask through the removal of a percentage of the cells.
References
Cell culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12AT7
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12AT7 (also known in Europe by the Mullard–Philips tube designation of ECC81) is a miniature 9-pin medium-gain (60) dual-triode vacuum tube popular in guitar amplifiers. It belongs to a large family of dual triode vacuum tubes which share the same pinout (EIA 9A), including in particular the very commonly used low-mu 12AU7 and high-mu 12AX7.
The 12AT7 has somewhat lower voltage gain than the 12AX7, but higher transconductance and plate current, which makes it suitable for high frequency applications.
Originally the tube was intended for operation in VHF circuits, such as TV sets and FM tuners, as an oscillator/frequency converter, but it also found wide use in audio as a driver and phase-inverter in vacuum tube push–pull amplifier circuits.
This tube is essentially two 6AB4/EC92s in a single envelope. Unlike the situation with the 6C4 and 12AU7, both the 6AB4 and the 12AT7 are described by manufacturer's data sheets as R.F. devices operating up to VHF frequencies.
The tube has a center-tapped filament so it can be used in either 6.3V 300mA or 12.6V 150mA heater circuits.
the 12AT7 was manufactured in Russia (Electro-Harmonix brand), Slovakia (JJ Electronic), and China.
See also
12AU7
12AX7 - includes a comparison of similar twin-triode designs
List of vacuum tubes
References
External links
12AT7 twin triode data sheet from General Electric
Reviews of 12at7 tubes.
Vacuum tubes
Guitar amplification tubes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleron
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The deceleron, or split aileron, was developed in the late 1940s by Northrop, originally for use on the F-89 Scorpion fighter. It is a two-part aileron that can be deflected as a unit to provide roll control, or split open to act as an air brake. Decelerons are used on the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II and the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit flying wing. In differential use they impart yaw moment, potentially obviating the rudder and vertical stabilizer control surface, although requiring active flight control.
See also
Spoileron
References
XF-89 Research Report
External links
Aircraft controls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipsogen
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A dipsogen is an agent that causes thirst. (From Greek: δίψα (dipsa), "thirst" and the suffix -gen, "to create".)
Physiology
Angiotensin II is thought to be a powerful dipsogen, and is one of the products of the renin–angiotensin pathway, a biological homeostatic mechanism for the regulation of electrolytes and water.
External links
'Fluid Physiology' by Kerry Brandis (from http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com)
Physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObjectARX
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ObjectARX (AutoCAD Runtime eXtension) is an API for customizing and extending AutoCAD. The ObjectARX SDK is published by Autodesk and freely available under license from Autodesk. The ObjectARX SDK consists primarily of C++ headers and libraries that can be used to build Windows DLLs that can be loaded into the AutoCAD process and interact directly with the AutoCAD application. ObjectARX modules use the file extensions .arx and .dbx instead of the more common .dll.
ObjectARX is the most powerful of the various AutoCAD APIs, and the most difficult to master. The typical audience for the ObjectARX SDK includes professional programmers working either as commercial application developers or as in-house developers at companies using AutoCAD.
New versions of the ObjectARX SDK are released with each new AutoCAD release, and ObjectARX modules built with a specific SDK version are typically limited to running inside the corresponding version of AutoCAD. Recent versions of the ObjectARX SDK include support for the .NET platform by providing managed wrapper classes for native objects and functions.
The native classes and libraries that are made available via the ObjectARX API are also used internally by the AutoCAD code. As a result of this tight linkage with AutoCAD itself, the libraries are very compiler specific, and work only with the same compiler that Autodesk uses to build AutoCAD. Historically, this has required ObjectARX developers to use various versions of Microsoft Visual Studio, with different versions of the SDK requiring different versions of Visual Studio.
Although ObjectARX is specific to AutoCAD, Open Design Alliance announced in 2008 a new API called DRX (included in their DWGdirect library) that attempts to emulate the ObjectARX API in products like IntelliCAD that use the DWGdirect libraries.
References
See also
Autodesk Developer Network
Autodesk
AutoCAD
Application programming interfaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PComb3H
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pComb3H, a derivative of pComb3 optimized for expression of human fragments, is a phagemid used to express proteins such as zinc finger proteins and antibody fragments on phage pili for the purpose of phage display selection.
For the purpose of phage production, it contains the bacterial ampicillin resistance gene (for B-lactamase), allowing the growth of only transformed bacteria.
References
Molecular biology
Plasmids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeNTech
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The Center for Nanotechnology is one of the first centers for nanotechnology. It is located in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It offers many possibilities for research, education, start-ups and companies in nanotechnology. Hence it works together with the University of Münster (WWU), the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and many more research institutions.
External links
CeNTech Homepage
Nanotechnology institutions
Münster
Research institutes in Germany
University of Münster
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-exponential
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In combinatorial mathematics, a q-exponential is a q-analog of the exponential function,
namely the eigenfunction of a q-derivative. There are many q-derivatives, for example, the classical q-derivative, the Askey-Wilson operator, etc. Therefore, unlike the classical exponentials, q-exponentials are not unique. For example, is the q-exponential corresponding to the classical q-derivative while are eigenfunctions of the Askey-Wilson operators.
Definition
The q-exponential is defined as
where is the q-factorial and
is the q-Pochhammer symbol. That this is the q-analog of the exponential follows from the property
where the derivative on the left is the q-derivative. The above is easily verified by considering the q-derivative of the monomial
Here, is the q-bracket.
For other definitions of the q-exponential function, see , , and .
Properties
For real , the function is an entire function of . For , is regular in the disk .
Note the inverse, .
Addition Formula
The analogue of does not hold for real numbers and . However, if these are operators satisfying the commutation relation , then holds true.
Relations
For , a function that is closely related is It is a special case of the basic hypergeometric series,
Clearly,
Relation with Dilogarithm
has the following infinite product representation:
On the other hand, holds.
When ,
By taking the limit ,
where is the dilogarithm.
In physics
The Q-exponential function is also known as the quantum dilogarithm.
References
Q-analogs
Exponentials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasymeter
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A dasymeter was meant initially as a device to demonstrate the buoyant effect of gases like air (as shown in the adjacent pictures). A dasymeter which allows weighing acts as a densimeter used to measure the density of gases.
Principle
The Principle of Archimedes permits to derive a formula which does not rely on any information of volume: a sample, the big sphere in the adjacent images, of known mass-density is weighed in vacuum and then immersed into the gas and weighed again.
(The above formula was taken from the article buoyancy and still has to be solved for the density of the gas.)
From the known mass density of the sample (sphere) and its two weight-values, the mass-density of the gas can be calculated as:
Construction and use
It consists of a thin sphere made of glass, ideally with an average density close to that of the gas to be investigated. This sphere is immersed in the gas and weighed.
History of the dasymeter
The dasymeter was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke. Archimedes used a pair of scales which he immersed into water to demonstrate the buoyant effect of water. A dasymeter can be seen as a variant of that pair of scales, only immersed into gas.
External links
Volume Conversion
Measuring instruments
Laboratory equipment
Laboratory glassware
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthine
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Bismuthine (IUPAC name: bismuthane) is the chemical compound with the formula BiH3. As the heaviest analogue of ammonia (a pnictogen hydride), BiH3 is unstable, decomposing to bismuth metal well below 0 °C. This compound adopts the expected pyramidal structure with H–Bi–H angles of around 90°.
The term bismuthine may also refer to a member of the family of organobismuth(III) species having the general formula , where R is an organic substituent. For example, Bi(CH3)3 is trimethylbismuthine.
Preparation and properties
BiH3 is prepared by the redistribution of methylbismuthine (BiH2Me):
3 BiH2Me → 2 BiH3 + BiMe3
The required BiH2Me, which is also thermally unstable, is generated by reduction of methylbismuth dichloride, BiCl2Me with LiAlH4.
As suggested by the behavior of SbH3, BiH3 is unstable and decomposes to its constituent elements according to the following equation:
2 BiH3 → 3 H2 + 2 Bi (ΔH(gas) = −278 kJ/mol)
The methodology used for detection of arsenic ("Marsh test") can also be used to detect BiH3. This test relies on the thermal decomposition of these trihydrides to the metallic mirrors of reduced As, Sb, and Bi. These deposits can be further distinguished by their distinctive solubility characteristics: arsenic dissolves in NaOCl, antimony dissolves in ammonium polysulfide, and bismuth resists both reagents.
Uses and safety considerations
The low stability of BiH3 precludes significant health effects, it decomposes rapidly well below room temperature.
References
Bismuth compounds
Metal hydrides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidophobe
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An acidophobe is an organism that is intolerant of acidic environments. The terms acidophobia, acidophoby and acidophobic are also used. The term acidophobe is variously applied to plants, bacteria, protozoa, animals, chemical compounds, etc. The antonymous term is acidophile.
Plants are known to be well-defined with respect to their pH tolerance, and only a small number of species thrive well under a broad range of acidity. Therefore the categorization acidophile/acidophobe is well-defined. Sometimes a complementary classification is used (calcicole/calcifuge, with calcicoles being "lime-loving" plants). In gardening, soil pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of soil, with pH = 7 indicating the neutral soil. Therefore acydophobes would prefer pH above 7. Acid intolerance of plants may be mitigated by lime addition and by calcium and nitrogen fertilizers.
Acidophobic species are used as a natural instrument of monitoring the degree of acidifying contamination of soil and watercourses. For example, when monitoring vegetation, a decrease of acidophobic species would be indicative of acid rain increase in the area. A similar approach is used with aquatic species.
Acidophobes
Whiteworms (Enchytraeus albidus), a popular live food for aquarists, are acidophobes.
Acidophobic compounds are the ones which are unstable in acidic media.
Acidophobic crops: alfalfa, clover
References
Physiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depensation
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In population dynamics, depensation is the effect on a population (such as a fish stock) whereby, due to certain causes, a decrease in the breeding population (mature individuals) leads to reduced production and survival of eggs or offspring. The causes may include predation levels rising per offspring (given the same level of overall predator pressure) and the Allee effect, particularly the reduced likelihood of finding a mate.
Critical depensation
When the level of depensation is high enough that the population is no longer able to sustain itself, it is said to be a critical depensation. This occurs when the population size has a tendency to decline when the population drops below a certain level (known as the "Critical depensation level"). Ultimately this may lead to the population or fishery's collapse (resource depletion), or even local extinction.
The phenomenon of critical depensation may be modelled or defined by a negative second order derivative of population growth rate with respect of population biomass, which describes a situation where a decline in population biomass is not compensated by a corresponding increase in marginal growth per unit of biomass.
See also
Abundance (ecology)
Conservation biology
Local extinction
Overexploitation
Overfishing
Small population size
Threatened species
References
External links
Optimal harvesting in the presence of critical depensation
On line source of definitions and other fish info
Extinction
Ecological processes
Population dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotec
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Trotec Laser is an international manufacturer of advanced laser technology for laser cutting, laser engraving and laser marking. The company was founded in 1997, branching off from a research and development department within its parent company Trodat.
Trotec is headquartered in Marchtrenk, Austria, with subsidiaries around the world in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, China, Japan, Russia, Australia and South Africa. The company also has an extensive network of distributors around the world serving more than 90 countries.
Laser systems
Trotec manufactures both flatbed and galvo laser systems, as well as bespoke solutions for specialist clients. Its CO2 lasers range from 12 to 500 watts and its fiber laser systems range from 10 to 50 watts.
In 2008 Trotec introduced the Rayjet, a desktop laser system aimed specifically at small and medium enterprises.
Laserable materials and Engraving Supplies
Trotec also supplies a wide range of laserable sheet materials and engravable gifts. The range includes coloured and special effect acrylics, plastic laminates called TroLase which are a modern and laserable alternative to Traffolyte, wood varieties, metals and more. In addition to the engraving materials, Trotec also supplies a range of marking solutions and pastes which can be used for laser marking metals with a laser source. In many countries, Trotec also still offers sheet materials which are suitable for mechanical engraving applications.
The materials can be purchased at Trotec's webshop.
References
External links
Trotec Laser Official Website
Manufacturing companies of Austria
Laser companies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphidicolin
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Aphidicolin is a tetracyclic diterpene antibiotic isolated from the fungus Cephalosporum aphidicola with antiviral and antimitotic properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. It blocks the cell cycle at early S phase. It is a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase Alpha and Delta in eukaryotic cells and in some viruses (vaccinia and herpesviruses) and an apoptosis inducer in HeLa cells. Natural aphidicolin is a secondary metabolite of the fungus Nigrospora oryzae.
Bibliography
References
Antibiotics
Transferase inhibitors
Diterpenes
Cyclopentanes
DNA polymerase inhibitors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoregiochemistry
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Cryptoregiochemistry refers to the site of initial oxidative attack in double bond formation by enzymes such as fatty acid desaturases. This is a mechanistic parameter that is usually determined through the use of kinetic isotope effect experiments, based on the premise that the initial C-H bond cleavage step should be energetically more difficult and therefore more sensitive to isotopic substitution than the second C-H bond breaking step.
References
Chemical kinetics
Stereochemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KnowledgeWare
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KnowledgeWare was a software company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia co-founded by James Martin and run by Fran Tarkenton. It produced a Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool called IEW (Information Engineering Workbench) and a subsequent enhancement ADW (Application Development Workbench). These products contained 4 modules known as 'workstations': Planning, Analysis, Design, & Construction. KnowledgeWare was sold to Sterling Software in 1994, which was in its turn acquired by Computer Associates.
Tarkenton is credited with having coined, "A fool with a tool is a faster fool" while offering classes at their offices on Peachtree Street.
Tarkenton, Don Addington and other executives were eventually involved in legal actions brought by the SEC for engaging in a fraudulent scheme to inflate KnowledgeWare's financial results to meet sales and earnings projections.
References
Engineering companies of the United States
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Defunct companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Allylcysteine
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S-Allylcysteine (SAC) is an organosulfur compound that has the formula . It is the S-allylated derivative of the amino acid cysteine. As such only the L-enantiomer is significant biologically. SAC constituent of aged garlic. A number of related compounds are found in garlic, including the disulfide S-"allylmercaptocysteine" (SAMC, ) and γ-glutamyl-S-allylcysteine" (GSAC).
Allylcysteine is of interest for its potential medicinal properties. and as a chemopreventive.
See also
Alliin, the S-oxide of allyl cysteine
References
External links
S-allyl-laevo-cysteine, thegoodscentscompany.com
Alpha-Amino acids
Sulfur amino acids
Antioxidants
Thioethers
Allyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recept
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"Recept" (pronounced ) is a term used in the work of 19th-century psychologist George Romanes to refer to an idea that is formed by the repetition of percepts (i.e., successive percepts of the same object). The idea is similar to that of concatenated impressions, as seen in the work of David Hume. It is also associated with the concepts of "construct" and "influent".
In the book Mental Evolution of Man, Romanes introduced recept to support his argument that Charles Darwin's theory of the origin of language is valid by presenting more evidence from philology. In his conceptualization, recept denotes the process, which involves memory, that transpires when a human child as a "higher animal" is faced with a sensory situation it perceives as familiar. This familiarity elicits a response based on its meaning and significance. Romanes also stated that, recept or a receptual thought is a compound idea - one the differs from a general or abstract idea - of past similar perceptions. It has been interpreted as an idea that one is not aware he has. It is noted that recept is not widely embraced because Romanes book is so little read. The term is used in Richard Maurice Bucke's book, Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. Bucke was a 19th-century Canadian psychiatrist.
See also
Concept
Percept
References
External links
Recepti i Kuvar online (Serbian)
Perception
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiobiose
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Gentiobiose is a disaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose joined with a β(1->6) linkage. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water or hot methanol. Gentiobiose is incorporated into the chemical structure of crocin, the chemical compound that gives saffron its color. It is a product of the caramelization of glucose. During a starch hydrolysis process for glucose syrup, gentiobiose, which has bitterness, is formed as an undesirable product through the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of two D-glucose molecules. One β-D-glucose unit elongation of the bitter disaccharide reduces its bitterness by a fifth, as determined by human volunteers using the trimer, gentiotriose. Gentiobiose is also produced via enzymatic hydrolysis of glucans, including pustulan and β-1,3-1,6-glucan.
References
Disaccharides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzamidine
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Benzamidine is an organic compound with the formula C6H5C(NH)NH2. It is the simplest aryl amidine. The compound is a white solid that is slightly soluble in water. It is usually handled as the hydrochloride salt, a white, water-soluble solid.
Structure
In terms of its molecular structure, benzamidine features one short C=NH bond and one longer C-NH2 bond, which are respectively 129 and 135 pm in length, respectively.
The triangular diamine group gives it a distinctive shape which shows up in difference density maps.
Applications
Benzamidine is a reversible competitive inhibitor of trypsin, trypsin-like enzymes, and serine proteases.
It is often used as a ligand in protein crystallography to prevent proteases from degrading a protein of interest. The benzamidine moiety is also found in some pharmaceuticals, such as dabigatran.
Condensation with various haloketones provides a synthetic route to 2,4-disubstituted imidazoles.
References
Phenyl compounds
Amidines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannabenzene
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Stannabenzene (C5H6Sn) is the parent representative of a group of organotin compounds that are related to benzene with a carbon atom replaced by a tin atom. Stannabenzene itself has been studied by computational chemistry, but has not been isolated.
Stable derivatives of stannabenzene
Stable derivatives of stannabenzene have been isolated. The 2-stannanaphthalene depicted below is stable in an inert atmosphere at temperatures below 140 °C. The tin to carbon bond in this compound is shielded from potential reactants by two very bulky groups, one tert-butyl group and the even larger 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl or Tbt group. The two Sn-C bonds have bond lengths of 202.9 and 208.1 pm which are shorter than those for Sn-C single bonds (214 pm) and comparable to that of known Sn=C double bonds (201.6 pm). The C-C bonds show little variation with bond lengths between 135.6 and 144.3 pm signaling that this compound is aromatic.
Tbt-substituted 9-stannaphenanthrene was reported in 2005. At room temperature it forms the [4+2] cycloadduct.
Tbt-substituted stannabenzene was reported in 2010. At room-temperature it quantitatively forms the DA dimer.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
References
Tin heterocycles
Six-membered rings
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Tin(IV) compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germabenzene
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Germabenzene (C5H6Ge) is the parent representative of a group of chemical compounds containing in their molecular structure a benzene ring with a carbon atom replaced by a germanium atom. Germabenzene itself has been studied theoretically, and synthesized with a bulky 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl or Tbt group. Also, stable naphthalene derivatives do exist in the laboratory such as the 2-germanaphthalene-containing substance represented below. The germanium to carbon bond in this compound is shielded from potential reactants by a Tbt group. This compound is aromatic just as the other carbon group representatives silabenzene and stannabenzene.
See also
6-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another group: borabenzene, silabenzene, germabenzene, stannabenzene, pyridine, phosphorine, arsabenzene, bismabenzene, pyrylium, thiopyrylium, selenopyrylium, telluropyrylium
References
Germanium heterocycles
Germanium(IV) compounds
Six-membered rings
Hypothetical chemical compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASSL
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The Application Software Systems Laboratory (TASSL) is a research lab, as a part of Center for Advanced Information Processing (CAIP), and Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering at Rutgers University . It is under the direction of Dr. Manish Parashar and the current research fields include Autonomic Computing, Parallel Computing and Distributed Computing, Grid Computing, Peer-to-peer Computing, Adaptive Computing Systems, and Scientific Computation..
It is one of the leading research groups in the field of Autonomic Computing and adaptive computation systems.
External links
CAIP
Artificial intelligence laboratories
Research institutes in New Jersey
Computer science institutes in the United States
Laboratories in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56
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Iron-56 (56Fe) is the most common isotope of iron. About 91.754% of all iron is iron-56.
Of all nuclides, iron-56 has the lowest mass per nucleon. With 8.8 MeV binding energy per nucleon, iron-56 is one of the most tightly bound nuclei.
Nickel-62, a relatively rare isotope of nickel, has a higher nuclear binding energy per nucleon; this is consistent with having a higher mass-per-nucleon because nickel-62 has a greater proportion of neutrons, which are slightly more massive than protons. (See the nickel-62 article for more). Light elements undergoing nuclear fusion and heavy elements undergoing nuclear fission release energy as their nucleons bind more tightly, so 62Ni might be expected to be common. However, during nucleosynthesis in stars the competition between photodisintegration and alpha capturing causes more 56Ni to be produced than 62Ni (56Fe is produced later in the star's ejection shell as 56Ni decays).
Production of these elements has decreased considerably from what it was at the beginning of the stelliferous era.
Nonetheless, 28 atoms of nickel-62 fusing into 31 atoms of iron-56 releases of energy. As the Universe ages, matter will slowly convert to ever more tightly bound nuclei, approaching 56Fe, ultimately leading to the formation of iron stars over ≈101500 years in an expanding universe without proton decay.
See also
Isotopes of iron
Iron star
References
Isotopes of iron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoid
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In organic chemistry, quinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are derived from quinone. Unlike benzenoid structures, the quinoid part is not aromatic.
See also
Benzenoid
Aromatic compound
References
Cyclic compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PocketMail
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PocketMail was a very small and inexpensive mobile computer, with a built-in acoustic coupler, developed by PocketScience.
History
PocketMail was developed by the company PocketScience and used technology developed by NASA. This was the first ever mass-market mobile email. The hardware cost around US$100 and the service was initially US$9.95 per month for unlimited use. Later the monthly fee increased. After the company made a reference hardware design, leading consumer electronics manufacturers Audioxo, Sharp, JVC, and others made their own PocketMail devices. Later a PocketMail dongle was created for the PalmPilot. PocketMail users were given a custom email address or able to synch up PocketMail with their existing email account (including AOL accounts). Although actually a computer, its main function was email. Its main advantages were that it was simple, and that it worked with any phone, even outside the United States. It was a low-cost personal digital assistant (PDA) with an inbuilt acoustic coupler which allowed users to send and receive email while connected to a normal telephone, thus allowing use outside of mobile phone range, or without the need to be signed up with a mobile telephone provider. Popularity of the PocketMail peaked around 2000, when the company stopped investing in new technology development.
In Australia, the company known as PocketMail in 2007 stopped marketing the PocketMail service, changed its name to Adavale Resources Limited and now owns uranium mining prospects in Queensland and South Australia.
References
Websites
Dan's Data Review: http://www.dansdata.com/pocketmail.htm
TechCrunch: Nostalgiamatic: The Sharp TM-20 with PocketMail
Government Computer News: With PocketMail, e-mail access is phone call away
JVC's PocketMail offers e-mail without computer or modem
InfoWorld Review of Sharp PocketMail device
Cracked.com's list of "The 5 Most Ridiculously Awful Computers Ever Made
Mobile computers
Modems
Email devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBDMH
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DBDMH (also known as 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin) is an organic compound derived from the heterocycle called dimethylhydantoin. This white crystalline compound with a slight bromine odor is widely used as a disinfectant used for drinking water purification, recreational water treatment, as a bleaching agent in pulp and paper mills, and for treating industrial/commercial water cooling systems. Its action does not involve the use of hypochlorous acid.
Mechanism of action
1,3-Dibromo-5,5-Dimethylhydantoin is a source of bromine, which is equivalent to hypobromous acid (HOBr).
Br2X + 2 H2O → 2 HOBr + H2X
(Where H2X is 5,5-dimethylhydantoin)
With a pKa of 8.6, hypobromous acid partially dissociates in water:
HOBr ⇌ H+ + BrO−
Hypobromous acid serves as a source of "Br+," which produces bromide ions in the process of disinfection:
HOBr + live pathogens → Br− + dead pathogens
The resulting bromide ions can then undergo oxidation to hypobromous acid in the presence of an oxidizer of sufficient strength e.g. ozone, hypochlorous acid, potassium monopersulfate. This reoxidation process is commonly called "activation" of the bromide ion:
Br− + HOCl → HOBr + Cl−
References
External links
MSDS
Disinfectants
Organobromides
Hydantoins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoprene
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Methoprene is a juvenile hormone (JH) analog which acts as a growth regulator when used as an insecticide. It is an amber-colored liquid with a faint fruity odor.
Methoprene does not kill insects. Instead, it interferes with an insect’s life cycle and prevents it from reaching maturity or
reproducing. Juvenile growth hormones must be absent for a pupa to molt to an adult, so methoprene-treated larvae will be unable to successfully change from pupae to adults. This breaks the biological life cycle of the insect, preventing recurring infestation.
Methoprene is considered a biological pesticide because rather than controlling target pests through direct toxicity, methoprene interferes with an insect’s lifecycle and prevents it from reaching maturity or reproducing.
Applications
Methoprene is used in the production of a number of foods, including meat, milk, mushrooms, peanuts, rice, and cereals. It also has several uses on domestic animals (pets) for controlling fleas.
It is used in drinking water cisterns to control mosquitoes which spread dengue fever and malaria. Methoprene is commonly used as a mosquito larvicide used to help stop the spread of the West Nile virus.
Methoprene is also used as a food additive in cattle feed to prevent fly breeding in the manure.
Health and Safety Issues
According to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS), methoprene is a material that may be irritating to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption, may cause eye, skin, or respiratory system irritation and is very toxic to aquatic life. The GHS signal word is "Warning," with notes such as P273 Avoid release into the environment and P391 collect spillage.
Methoprene is suspected to be highly toxic to lobsters.
References
External links
Methoprene Pesticide Fact Sheet - Environmental Protection Agency
Methoprene Pesticide Information Profile - Extension Toxicology Network
Insecticides
Carboxylate esters
Ethers
Dienes
Isopropyl esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PfSense
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pfSense is a firewall/router computer software distribution based on FreeBSD. The open source pfSense Community Edition (CE) and pfSense Plus is installed on a physical computer or a virtual machine to make a dedicated firewall/router for a network. It can be configured and upgraded through a web-based interface, and requires no knowledge of the underlying FreeBSD system to manage.
Overview
The pfSense project began in 2004 as a fork of the m0n0wall project by Chris Buechler and Scott Ullrich. Its first release was in October 2006. The name derives from the fact that the software uses the packet-filtering tool, PF.
Notable functions of pfSense include traffic shaping, VPNs using IPsec or PPTP, captive portal, stateful firewall, network address translation, 802.1q support for VLANs, and dynamic DNS. pfSense can be installed on hardware with an x86-64 processor architecture. It can also be installed on embedded hardware using Compact Flash or SD cards, or as a virtual machine.
WireGuard protocol support
In February 2021, pfSense CE 2.5.0 and pfSense Plus 21.02 added support for a kernel WireGuard implementation. Support for WireGuard was temporarily removed in March 2021 after implementation issues were discovered by WireGuard founder Jason Donenfeld. The July 2021 release of pfSense CE 2.5.2 version re-included WireGuard.
See also
Comparison of firewalls
List of router and firewall distributions
References
Further reading
Mastering pfSense, Second Edition Birmingham, UK: Packt Publishing, 2018. . By David Zientra.
Security: Manage Network Security With pfSense Firewall [Video] Birmingham, UK: Packt, 2018. . By Manuj Aggarwal.
External links
2004 software
BSD software
Firewall software
Free routing software
FreeBSD
Gateway/routing/firewall distribution
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
Products introduced in 2004
Routers (computing)
Wireless access points
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policyd-weight
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policyd-weight is a mail filter for the Postfix mail transfer agent (MTA) written in Perl. It allows postfix to evaluate mail envelope information and to score mail against several DNS-based Blackhole Lists (DNSBL) before the mail is queued. The final score will determine whether a mail is rejected or accepted, in which case it is usually then subject to more resource intensive checks by a virus scanner and spam filter.
Features
policyd-weight works as a policy daemon in Postfix. It uses DNSBL, RHSBL, MX and A DNS queries of the envelope sender and HELO SMTP arguments to evaluate the possibility of either forgery or spam. Rejection happens based on an overall score, so a single blacklist entry may not cause the mail to be rejected. The score is determined by various checks and is not linear. The administrator is able to adjust scores for each check to meet her requirements. policyd-weight caches the most frequent queries to minimize bandwidth and CPU usage.
The benefit of this approach is that it is able to reject a delivery attempt before the body (DATA) of the mail has been received (unlike most installations of SpamAssassin or Amavis), thus saving network bandwidth. Also it does not add delays like Greylisting and keeps out clients which fake HELO or sender information with a better accuracy and fewer false positives than Sender Policy Framework (SPF) checks (example: blocked forwarders due to inconsistent SPF-records or passed Spam/Phishing due to Spam/Phishing-Domains with consistent SPF-records set).
Message flow
Please refer to this drawing.
Licensing
policyd-weight is Free software, licensed and released under the GNU General Public License
See also
Postfix SMTP Access Policy Delegation
Postfix Add-on Software
Further reading
External links
policyd-weight git repository
FreeBSD Ports
Mailinglist archive
Spam filtering
Anti-spam
Message transfer agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyanoquinodimethane
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Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an orange crystalline solid. This cyanocarbon, a relative of para-quinone, is an electron acceptor that is used to prepare charge transfer salts, which are of interest in molecular electronics.
Preparation and structure
TCNQ is prepared by the condensation of 1,4-cyclohexanedione with malononitrile, followed by dehydrogenation of the resulting diene with bromine:
The molecule is planar, with D2h symmetry.
Reactions
Like tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), TCNQ is easily reduced to give a blue-coloured radical anion. The reduction potential is about −0.3 V relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. This property is exploited in the development of charge-transfer salts. TCNQ also forms complexes with electron-rich metal complexes.
Charge transfer salts
TCNQ achieved great attention because it forms charge-transfer salts with high electrical conductivity. These discoveries were influential in the development of organic electronics. Illustrative is the product from treatment of TCNQ with the electron donor tetrathiafulvene (TTF), TCNQ forms an ion pair, the TTF-TCNQ complex, in which TCNQ is the acceptor. This salt crystallizes in a one-dimensionally stacked polymer, consisting of segregated stacks of cations and anions of the donors and the acceptors, respectively. The complex crystal is an organic semiconductor that exhibits metallic electric conductivity.
Related compounds
Tetracyanoethylene, another cyanocarbon that functions as an electron acceptor.
Tetrathiafulvalene, another organic compound that functions as an electron acceptor.
References
Nitriles
Cyclohexadienes
Vinylidene compounds
Organic semiconductors
Conjugated dienes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomycin
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Leptomycins are secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp.
Leptomycin B (LMB) was originally discovered as a potent antifungal compound. Leptomycin B was found to cause cell elongation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Since then this elongation effect has been used for the bioassay of leptomycin. However, recent data shows that leptomycin causes G1 cell cycle arrest in mammalian cells and is a potent anti-tumor agent against murine experimental tumors in combination therapy.
Leptomycin B has been shown to be a potent and specific nuclear export inhibitor in humans and the fission yeast S. pombe. Leptomycin B alkylates and inhibits CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance)/exportin 1 (), a protein required for nuclear export of proteins containing a nuclear export sequence (NES), by glycosylating a cysteine residue (cysteine 529 in S. pombe). In addition to antifungal and antibacterial activities, leptomycin B blocks the cell cycle and is a potent anti-tumor agent. At low nM concentrations, leptomycin B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins including HIV-1 Rev, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB/IκB, and it inhibits the inactivation of p53. Leptomycin B also inhibits the export and translation of many RNAs, including COX-2 and c-Fos mRNAs, by inhibiting the export of ribonucleoproteins.
Leptomycin A (LPA) was discovered together with LMB. LMB is twice as potent as LPA.
See also
Selective inhibitor of nuclear export
References
External links
Original data copied with permission from Leptomycin B manufacturer product page (Fermentek)
Antibiotics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betazole
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Betazole (also known as ametazole) is a histamine H2 receptor agonist. Betazole hydrochloride is known as gastramine and histalog.
It has been used as a gastric stimulant to test for maximal production of gastric secretion activity. The test can be used in diagnosis of diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome where there is excess acid production, in this case driven by over production of gastrin. The volume of acid secretion is measured following administration of betazole, diagnosis being secretion greater than 60% of the maximal acid secretion following betazole stimulation. This procedure can lead to complications and should be avoided in subjects with coronary artery disease. It is also used in diagnosis of gastritis in association with a test for secretin activity.
Betazole is used as a stimulant in preference to histamine because of its specificity for the H2 receptor and its advantage of not generating the undesirable side effects that histamine would induce. It therefore does not require concomitant use of antihistaminic compounds to block the actions of histamine at other histamine receptor types.
It is used to test the effectiveness of H2 receptor blocking drugs such as nizatidine.
References
Amines
Pyrazoles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedCalc
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MedCalc is a statistical software package designed for the biomedical sciences. It has an integrated spreadsheet for data input and can import files in several formats (Excel, SPSS, CSV, ...).
MedCalc includes basic parametric and non-parametric statistical procedures and graphs such as descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, χ2 test, correlation, linear as well as non-linear regression, logistic regression, and multivariate statistics.
Survival analysis includes Cox regression (Proportional hazards model) and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.
Procedures for method evaluation and method comparison include ROC curve analysis, Bland–Altman plot, as well as Deming and Passing–Bablok regression.
The software also includes reference interval estimation, meta-analysis and sample size calculations.
The first DOS version of MedCalc was released in April 1993 and the first version for Windows was available in November 1996.
Version 15.2 introduced a user-interface in English, Chinese (simplified and traditional), French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian and Spanish.
Reviews
Stephan C, Wesseling S, Schink T, Jung K. “Comparison of eight computer programs for receiver-operating characteristic analysis.” Clinical Chemistry 2003;49:433-439.
Lukic IK. “MedCalc Version 7.0.0.2. Software Review.” Croatian Medical Journal 2003;44:120-121.
Garber C. “MedCalc Software for Statistics in Medicine. Software review.” Clinical Chemistry, 1998;44:1370.
Petrovecki M. “MedCalc for Windows. Software Review.” Croatian Medical Journal, 1997;38:178.
See also
List of statistical packages
Comparison of statistical packages
References
External links
MedCalc Statistical Software Homepage
Statistical software
Windows-only proprietary software
Biostatistics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COGO
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COGO is a suite of programs used in civil engineering for modelling horizontal and vertical alignments and solving coordinate geometry problems. Cogo alignments are used as controls for the geometric design of roads, railways, and stream relocations or restorations.
COGO was originally a subsystem of MIT's Integrated Civil Engineering System (ICES), developed in the 1960s. Other ICES subsystems included STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET, and the internal languages ICETRAN and CDL. Evolved versions of COGO are still widely used.
Some basic types of elements of COGO are points, Euler spirals, lines and horizontal curves (circular arcs).
More complex elements can be developed such as alignments or chains which are made up of a combination of points, curves or spirals.
See also
Civil engineering software
References
"Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, Civil Engineering Dept MIT (Aug 1967)
"An Integrated Computer System for Engineering Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc SJCC 27(2), AFIPS (Spring 1965). Sammet 1969, pp.615-620.
Mathematical software
Surveying
History of software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-MODEM
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C-Modem is a protocol driver developed by Lavio Pareschi (Rio de Janeiro) in 1989, that works similarly to and better than ZMODEM . It includes a whole new file transfer protocol, built around the idea of crash recovery, ease of use and optimal performance. C-Modem provides reliable file transmission even in poor conditions, as it adapts immediately to any errors that may occur (even in the so-called 'error free' modems).
Major features of the C-Modem communications protocol include:
Transmission Crash Recovery
Being interrupted by any condition, the file transmitted is saved with the extension file .BAD until the last byte is received correctly. In the next connection/transmission, the file will be completed automatically.
Mutable Data: crc blocks on data blocks of variable size
Depending on velocity and errors during transmission, as well as line conditions, the size of data-blocks between crc-blocks will freely vary from 32 to 4096 bytes. This reduces the amount of control bytes added to the transmission and minimizes data repetition. The result is an excellent true transfer rate.
Full Duplex
The transmitter doesn't stop every block to receive useless answers. The transmitter occurs without pauses between blocks. The receptor only warns when something wrong happens.
Exact Size
While not accurate in terms of bits (it rounded up), the file was accurate in terms of bytes, and would have exactly the same size as the original file that was uploaded or downloaded. To its credit, it did not add bytes to complete blocks of fixed size.
References
External links
C-Modem 1.1 program
C-Modem documentation
BBS file transfer protocols
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMARP
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The Multicast MAnet Routing Protocol (MMARP) aims to provide multicast routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) taking into account interoperation with fixed IP networks with support of IGMP/MLD protocol. This is achieved by the Multicast Internet Gateway (MIG) which is an ad hoc node itself and is responsible for notifying access routers about the interest revealed by common ad hoc nodes. Any of these nodes may become a MIG at any time but needs to be one hop away from the network access router. Once it self-configures as MIG it should then broadcast periodically its address as being the one of the default multicast gateway. Whoever besides this proactive advertisement the protocol states a reactive component the ad hoc mesh is created and maintained.
When a source node has multicast traffic to send it broadcast a message warning potential receivers of such data. Receivers should then manifest interest sending a Join message towards the source creating a multicast shortest path. Also in the same way the MIG should inform all the ad hoc nodes about the path towards multicast sources in the fixed network.
See also
List of ad hoc routing protocols
References
External links
MMARP PROTOCOL
Wireless networking
Networks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axostyle
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An axostyle is a sheet of microtubules found in certain protists. It arises from the bases of the flagella, sometimes projecting beyond the end of the cell, and is often flexible or contractile, and so may be involved in movement and provides support for the cell. Axostyles originate in association with a flagellar microtubular root and occur in two groups, the oxymonads and parabasalids; they have different structures and are not homologous. Within Trichomonads the axostyle has been theorised to participate in locomotion and cell adhesion, but also karyokinesis during cell division.
References
Cell biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromodichloromethane
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Bromodichloromethane is a trihalomethane with formula .
Bromodichloromethane has formerly been used as a flame retardant, and a solvent for fats and waxes and because of its high density for mineral separation. Now it is only used as a reagent or intermediate in organic chemistry.
Bromodichloromethane can also occur in municipally-treated drinking water as a by-product of the chlorine disinfection process.
According to the Environmental Working Group, a non-profit organization that strives to educate consumers about potential chemical and environmental health risks, bromodichloromethane can increase the risk of cancer, harm to reproduction and child development, and may cause changes to fetal growth and development in when present in quantities higher than 0.06 parts per billion (ppb). This data largely comes from studies reviewed or conducted by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. No standards regulating the presence of bromodichloromethane in drinking water currently exist in the United States.
Notes
External links
Bromodichloromethane at The Carcinogenic Potency Database
Toxicological Profile at ATSDR
Organochlorides
Halomethanes
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Organobromides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrilimine
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Nitrilimines or nitrile amides are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure R-CN-NR corresponding to the conjugate base of an amine bonded to the N-terminus of a nitrile. The dominant structure for the parent compound nitrilimine is that of the propargyl-like in scheme 1 with a C-N triple bond and with a formal positive charge on nitrogen and two lone pairs and a formal negative charge on the terminal nitrogen. Other structures such as hypervalent , allene-like , allylic and carbene are of lesser relevance.
Nitrilimines were first observed in the thermal decomposition of 2-tetrazoles releasing nitrogen:
Nitrilimines are linear 1,3-dipoles represented by structures and . A major use is in heterocyclic synthesis. E.g. with alkynes they generate pyrazoles in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Due to their high energy, they are usually generated in situ as a reactive intermediate.
References
Functional groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorms
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Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology is a 1978 book by American philosopher Daniel Dennett. The book is a collection of seventeen essays in which Dennett reflects on the early achievements of artificial intelligence to develop his ideas on consciousness, theory of mind, and free will.
Reception
Douglas Hofstadter, writing in the New York Review of Books, praised Brainstorms, calling it "one of the most important contributions to thinking about thinking yet written". John Haugeland reviewed Brainstorms for the journal Philosophy of Science where he called it "philosophically important and delightfully written", though he criticised Dennett's arguments about morality. Gilbert Harman, writing in The Philosophical Review, called Brainstorms "brilliant". Robert Cummins wrote in Philosophical Topics that Brainstorms is "important and good" and called it "the most entertaining bit of non-fiction I've read in a long while."
References
Brainstorms – MIT CogNet
External links
Reviews of Daniel C. Dennett's Brainstorms (1978) – UCI Libraries
1981 non-fiction books
Books by Daniel Dennett
Cognitive science literature
Analytic philosophy literature
Essay collections
Philosophy essays
MIT Press books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharger
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A discharger in electronics is a device or circuit that releases stored energy or electric charge from a battery, capacitor or other source.
Discharger types include:
metal probe with insulated handle & ground wire, and sometimes resistor (for capacitors)
resistor (for batteries)
parasitic discharge (for batteries arranged in parallel)
more complex electronic circuits (for batteries)
See also Bleeder resistor
Electronic circuits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplasia
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Aplasia (; from Greek a, "not", "no" + plasis, "formation") is a birth defect where an organ or tissue is wholly or largely absent. It is caused by a defect in a developmental process.
Aplastic anemia is the failure of the body to produce blood cells. It may occur at any time, and has multiple causes.
Examples
Acquired pure red cell aplasia
Aplasia cutis congenita
Aplastic anemia
Germ cell aplasia, also known as Sertoli cell-only syndrome
Radial aplasia
Thymic aplasia, which is found in DiGeorge syndrome and also occurs naturally as part of the gradual loss of function of the immune system later in life
See also
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Hypoplasia
Neoplasia
List of biological development disorders
References
Medical terminology
Anatomy
Embryology
Blood disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChEBI
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Chemical Entities of Biological Interest, also known as ChEBI, is a chemical database and ontology of molecular entities focused on 'small' chemical compounds, that is part of the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) effort at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). The term "molecular entity" refers to any "constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer, etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity". The molecular entities in question are either products of nature or synthetic products which have potential bioactivity. Molecules directly encoded by the genome, such as nucleic acids, proteins and peptides derived from proteins by proteolytic cleavage, are not as a rule included in ChEBI.
ChEBI uses nomenclature, symbolism and terminology endorsed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and nomenclature committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB).
Scope and access
All data in the database is non-proprietary or is derived from a non-proprietary source. It is thus freely accessible and available to anyone. In addition, each data item is fully traceable and explicitly referenced to the original source. It is related in scope other databases such as ChEMBL, ChemSpider, DrugBank, MetaboLights and PubChem.
ChEBI data is available through a public web application, web services, SPARQL endpoint and downloads.
References
Biological databases
Chemical databases
Chemical nomenclature
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PortAudio
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PortAudio is an open-source computer library for audio playback and recording. It is a cross-platform library, so programs using it can run on many different computer operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. PortAudio supports Core Audio, ALSA, and MME, DirectSound, ASIO and WASAPI on Windows. Like other libraries whose primary goal is portability, PortAudio is written in the C programming language. It has also been implemented in the languages PureBasic and Lazarus/Free Pascal. PortAudio is based on a callback paradigm, similar to JACK and ASIO.
PortAudio is part of the PortMedia project, which aims to provide a set of platform-independent libraries for music software. The free audio editor Audacity uses the PortAudio library, and so does JACK on the Windows platform.
See also
List of free software for audio
Notes
References
PortAudio: Portable Audio Processing for All Platforms
Using portable, multi-OS sound systems
External links
Audio libraries
Computer libraries
Free software programmed in C
Software using the MIT license
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPLS
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The OPLS (Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations) force field was developed by Prof. William L. Jorgensen at Purdue University and later at Yale University, and is being further developed commercially by Schrödinger, Inc.
Functional form
The functional form of the OPLS force field is very similar to that of AMBER:
with the combining rules and .
Intramolecular nonbonded interactions are counted only for atoms three or more bonds apart; 1,4 interactions are scaled down by the "fudge factor" , otherwise . All the interaction sites are centered on the atoms; there are no "lone pairs".
Parameterization
Several sets of OPLS parameters have been published. There is OPLS-ua (united atom), which includes hydrogen atoms next to carbon implicitly in the carbon parameters, and can be used to save simulation time. OPLS-aa (all atom) includes every atom explicitly. Later publications include parameters for other specific functional groups and types of molecules such as carbohydrates. OPLS simulations in aqueous solution typically use the TIP4P or TIP3P water model.
A distinctive feature of the OPLS parameters is that they were optimized to fit experimental properties of liquids, such as density and heat of vaporization, in addition to fitting gas-phase torsional profiles.
Implementation
The reference implementations of the OPLS force field are the BOSS and MCPRO programs developed by Jorgensen. Other packages such as TINKER, GROMACS, PCMODEL, Abalone, LAMMPS, Desmond and NAMD also implement OPLS force fields.
References
Force fields (chemistry)
Molecular dynamics
Computational chemistry
Structural bioinformatics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TreeFam
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TreeFam (Tree families database) is a database of phylogenetic trees of animal genes. It aims at developing a curated resource that gives reliable information about ortholog and paralog assignments, and evolutionary history of various gene families.
TreeFam defines a gene family as a group of genes that evolved after the speciation of single-metazoan animals. It also tries to include outgroup genes like yeast (S.cerevisiae and S. pombe) and plant (A. thaliana) to reveal these distant members.
TreeFam is also an ortholog database. Unlike other pairwise alignment based ones, TreeFam infers orthologs by means of gene trees. It fits a gene tree into the universal species tree and finds historical duplications, speciations and losses events. TreeFam uses this information to evaluate tree building, guide manual curation, and infer complex ortholog and paralog relations.
The basic elements of TreeFam are gene families that can be divided into two parts: TreeFam-A and TreeFam-B families. TreeFam-B families are automatically created. They might contain errors given complex phylogenies. TreeFam-A families are manually curated from TreeFam-B ones. Family names and node names are assigned at the same time. The ultimate goal of TreeFam is to present a curated resource for all the families.
TreeFam is being run as a project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, and its software is housed on SourceForge as "TreeSoft".
See also
Homology (biology)
HomoloGene
Phylogenetics
OrthoDB
Orthologous MAtrix (OMA)
Inparanoid
References
External links
TreeFam website
TreeSoft
Computational phylogenetics
Genetics databases
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Phylogenetics
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-slowing
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C-slow retiming is a technique used in conjunction with retiming to improve throughput of a digital circuit. Each register in a circuit is replaced by a set of C registers (in series). This creates a circuit with C independent threads, as if the new circuit contained C copies of the original circuit. A single computation of the original circuit takes C times as many clock cycles to compute in the new circuit. C-slowing by itself increases latency, but throughput remains the same.
Increasing the number of registers allows optimization of the circuit through retiming to reduce the clock period of the circuit. In the best case, the clock period can be reduced by a factor of C. Reducing the clock period of the circuit reduces latency and increases throughput. Thus, for computations that can be multi-threaded, combining C-slowing with retiming can increase the throughput of the circuit, with little, or in the best case, no increase in latency.
Since registers are relatively plentiful in FPGAs, this technique is typically applied to circuits implemented with FPGAs.
See also
Pipelining
Barrel processor
Resources
PipeRoute: A Pipelining-Aware Router for Reconfigurable Architectures
Simple Symmetric Multithreading in Xilinx FPGAs
Post Placement C-Slow Retiming for Xilinx Virtex (.ppt)
Post Placement C-Slow Retiming for Xilinx Virtex (.pdf)
Exploration of RaPiD-style Pipelined FPGA Interconnects
Time and Area Efficient Pattern Matching on FPGAs
Gate arrays
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyronamine
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Thyronamine refers both to a molecule, and to derivatives of that molecule: a family of decarboxylated and deiodinated metabolites of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3).
Types
The group includes:
Thyronamine (T0AM)
3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM), which is the most notable one as it is a trace amine found in the nervous system. It is a possible candidate for the natural ligand of the trace amine-associated receptor TAAR1 (TAR1), an intracellular G protein-coupled receptor
3,5-Diiodothyronamine (T2AM)
3,5,3'-Triiodothyronamine (T3AM)
See also
Trace amines
Thyroid hormone
References
Biogenic amines
Phenethylamines
Phenols
Thyroid
TAAR1 agonists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossatron
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In electronics, a crossatron is a high-power pulsed modulator device that consists of a cold cathode gas-filled tube that combines features of thyratrons, vacuum tubes, and power semiconductor switches. This switch is capable of operating with voltages in excess of 100 kilovolts by the use of deuterium gas fill to increase the Paschen breakdown voltage, axial molybdenum cathode corrugations to provide a higher current capability, and a Paschen shield that is formed from molybdenum. The terminal curvature of the Paschen shield and of the adjacent portion of the anode are selected to establish a voltage stress at the curved Paschen shield surface within the approximate range of 90–150 kV/cm in response to a 100 kV differential. The cold cathode gives the crossatron an advantage of achievable lifetime and reliability in comparison to a hydrogen-filled thyratron.
It features instant start and rugged operation while enduring high temperatures, high radiation, electromagnetic pulse, and repeated overvoltage and overcurrent events. Crossatron switch applications in power conditioning include high-voltage phase-control-rectifier service, high-frequency DC-to-AC inverter modulation, voltage regulation, command charging, and fault protection. Pulsed power applications include high-speed discharging of capacitors and pulse forming networks, repetitive opening of inductive-energy-storage circuits, modulation of square wave pulses in hard-tube modulators, and fault protection.
References
https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a223766.pdf
Gas-filled tubes
Switching tubes
Deuterium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES52
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AES52 is a standard first published by the Audio Engineering Society in March 2006 that specifies the insertion of unique identifiers into the AES3 digital audio transport structure.
Background
The AES3 transport stream continues to be used extensively in both discrete and network based audio systems alongside audio stored as files. Audio content is moving towards being handled by asset management systems and descriptive metadata is associated with that content is also being stored within systems. In order to provide a mechanism for AES3 transport streams to have similar abilities to work with content management systems, some form of unique label is required which can provide the link with these systems. One of the unique labels currently standardised in the media industry is the SMPTE UMID (SMPTE 330M-2004) while another commonly used in the Information Technology area is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) UUID.
Operation
The standard specifies the method for inserting unique identifiers into the user data area of an AES3 stream. This specifically covers the use of UUID as well as a basic or extended SMPTE UMID but can be extended to embed other data types into the AES3 stream by registering these with the AES so the standard can be updated to include these by following AES due process.
External links
AES52-2006 from the AES standards web site
Audio engineering
Audio Engineering Society standards
Unique identifiers
Broadcasting standards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptophane
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Cryptophanes are a class of organic supramolecular compounds studied and synthesized primarily for molecular encapsulation and recognition. One possible noteworthy application of cryptophanes is encapsulation and storage of hydrogen gas for potential use in fuel cell automobiles. Cryptophanes can also serve as containers in which organic chemists can carry out reactions that would otherwise be difficult to run under normal conditions. Due to their unique molecular recognition properties, cryptophanes also hold great promise as a potentially new way to study the binding of organic molecules with substrates, particularly as pertaining to biological and biochemical applications.
Discovery
Cryptophanes were discovered by André Collet and Jacqueline Gabard in 1981 when these researchers created, using template-directed synthesis, the first cryptophane, now known as cryptophane-A.
Structure
Cryptophane cages are formed by two cup-shaped [1.1.1]–orthocyclophane units (see cyclotriveratrylene), connected by three bridges (denoted Y). There are also choices of the peripheral substitutes R1 and R2 attached to the aromatic rings of the units. Most cryptophanes exhibit two diastereomeric forms (syn and anti), distinguished by their symmetry type. This general scheme offers a variety of choices (Y, R1, R2, and symmetry type) by which the shape, volume and chemical properties of the generally hydrophobic pocket inside the cage can be modified, making cryptophanes suitable for encapsulating many types of small molecules and even chemical reactions.
General classification
Depending on their structure, cryptophane cages are classified according to the following table.
Symmetry
The anti cryptophane isomer belongs to the D3 point group and the syn cryptophane isomer belongs to the C3h point group. Both molecules therefore do not exhibit a dipole moment.
References
Supramolecular chemistry
Hydrogen
Cyclophanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Chlorophenol
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2-Chlorophenol or ortho-chlorophenol is an organic compound with the formula C6H4ClOH. It is one of three isomeric monochloride derivatives of phenol. As from occasional use as a disinfectant, it has few applications. It is an intermediate in the polychlorination of phenol.
2-Chlorophenol is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples are often yellow or amber-colored. It has an unpleasant, penetrating (carbolic) odor. It is poorly soluble in water.
See also
Chlorophenol
References
Cited sources
External links
ToxFAQs for Chlorophenols, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
Compound Summary Compendium, PubChem Open Chemistry Database.
Chlorobenzenes
Phenols
Disinfectants
Foul-smelling chemicals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylhydroxylamine
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Phenylhydroxylamine is the organic compound with the formula C6H5NHOH. It is an intermediate in the redox-related pair C6H5NH2 and C6H5NO. Phenylhydroxylamine should not be confused with its isomer α-phenylhydroxylamine or O-phenylhydroxylamine.
Preparation
This compound can be prepared by the reduction of nitrobenzene with zinc in the presence of NH4Cl.
Alternatively, it can be prepared by transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene using hydrazine as an H2 source over a rhodium catalyst.
Reactions
Phenylhydroxylamine is unstable to heating, and in the presence of strong acids easily rearranges to 4-aminophenol via the Bamberger rearrangement. Oxidation of phenylhydroxylamine with dichromate gives nitrosobenzene.
The compound condenses with benzaldehyde to form diphenylnitrone, a well-known 1,3-dipole:
C6H5NHOH + C6H5CHO → C6H5N(O)=CHC6H5 + H2O
Phenylhydroxylamine is attacked by NO+ sources to give cupferron:
C6H5NHOH + C4H9ONO + NH3 → NH4[C6H5N(O)NO] + C4H9OH
References
Hydroxylamines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOOPSI
|
BOOPSI (Basic Object Oriented Programming System for Intuition) is an object-oriented programming system for AmigaOS. It extends the AmigaOS windowing environment (Intuition) with an object-oriented subsystem allowing a hierarchy of object classes in which every class defines a single GUI widget or interface event.
BOOPSI made it easier for developers to create their own system of widgets and create standardized graphical user interfaces. Magic User Interface and ReAction are examples of complete widget toolkits built on BOOPSI. Both toolkits have become popular with Amiga software programmers to generate and maintain graphical user interfaces.
The object-oriented design brings advantages such as straightforward coupling of objects with other objects. For example, a programmer may link a numerical input field and a sliding control, where if the user adjusts the sliding control the numerical value in the input field changes automatically.
BOOPSI was officially introduced with AmigaOS 2.0 and was further extended in later releases.
References
The Amiga ROM Kernel Reference Manual: Libraries, published by Addison Wesley, (1991),
External links
How it works BOOPSI at Codewiz.org
functioning of BOOPSI at The Flux Research Group, University of Utah.
Amiga APIs
Amiga software
AmigaOS 4 software
MorphOS
MorphOS software
Widget toolkits
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloron
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In mathematical physics, a caloron is the finite temperature generalization of an instanton.
Finite temperature and instantons
At zero temperature, instantons are the name given to solutions of the classical equations of motion of the Euclidean version of the theory under consideration, and which are furthermore localized in Euclidean spacetime. They describe tunneling between different topological vacuum states of the Minkowski theory. One important example of an instanton is the BPST instanton, discovered in 1975 by Belavin, Polyakov, Schwartz and Tyupkin. This is a topologically stable solution to the four-dimensional SU(2) Yang–Mills field equations in Euclidean spacetime (i.e. after Wick rotation).
Finite temperatures in quantum field theories are modeled by compactifying the imaginary (Euclidean) time (see thermal quantum field theory). This changes the overall structure of spacetime, and thus also changes the form of the instanton solutions. According to the Matsubara formalism, at finite temperature, the Euclidean time dimension is periodic, which means that instanton solutions have to be periodic as well.
In SU(2) Yang–Mills theory
In SU(2) Yang–Mills theory at zero temperature, the instantons have the form of the BPST instanton. The generalization thereof to finite temperature has been found by Harrington and Shepard:
where is the anti-'t Hooft symbol, r is the distance from the point x to the center of the caloron, ρ is the size of the caloron, is the Euclidean time and T is the temperature. This solution was found based on a periodic multi-instanton solution first suggested by 't Hooft and published by Witten.
References and notes
Bibliography
Gauge theories
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylalanine
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Diphenylalanine is a term that has recently been used to describe the unnatural amino acid similar to the two amino acids alanine and phenylalanine. It has been used for the synthesis of pseudopeptide analogues which are capable of inhibiting certain enzymes.
Individual enantiomers of this compound can be synthesized via electrophilic amination of a chiral oxazolidinone derivative of 3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid.
A historical use of the term diphenylalanine refers to the dipeptide of phenylalanine ().
References
Alpha-Amino acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANC
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LANC (Logic Application Control Bus System or Local Application Control Bus System), also known as Control-L is a hardware and software communication protocol invented by Sony that synchronizes cameras.
The LANC terminal on Sony and other manufacturers' camcorders lets accessories, such as tripods with a control handle, control the camera over a cable connected to the LANC port instead of using buttons on the camera. It is also available on many still cameras, where it is called ACC (the Sony DSC-xxxx series of cameras).
The bi-directional protocol is made up of 8 (8-bit) bytes, usually clocked by the camera at 9600 bit/s. Each frame of bytes occurs in sync with the beginning of each video frame (NTSC or PAL). The physical connector is either a 5-pin mini-DIN connector and jack or a 2.5mm 3-conductor phone jack and plug (TRS connector).
In newer Sony digital Handycam(R) camcorders with 10-pin multi-A/V remote terminal jacks, LANC is available, but not directly accessible without making a home-made adapter cable or a pre-made cable by Sony Part# J-6082-535-A. Sony RM-AV2 Remote Commander is an example of a LANC controller that plugs into the Sony 10-pin multi-A/V remote terminal jack.
Starting with the 2015 model year, Sony has switched to a special 15 pin multiport connecter that looks similar to a USB connector. However, it has 15 pins inside the connector, where a USB connection has 5. Currently, only the Sony VPR-RM1 controller works with Sony camcorders from 2015 and newer.
Sony "Control-S" is a similar interface, but is uni-directional, providing control-only, and not feedback from the controlled device.
Panasonic Control-M is a similar 5-pin mini-DIN bi-directional interface and protocol with a different implementation.
See also
Joint Level Interface Protocol
References
External links
English and German LANC technical information
Film and video technology
de:LANC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6N3P
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The 6N3P (Russian: 6Н3П) is a Russian-made direct equivalent of the 2C51 medium gain dual triode vacuum tube. It may be used as an amplifier, mixer, oscillator or multivibrator over a frequency range AF through VHF. The Russian tube is slightly larger in size than the American tube.
Basic data
(per each triode)
Uf = 6.3 V, If = 350 mA, μ = 36, Ia = 7.7 mA, S = 4.9 mA/V, Pa = 1.5 W
History of use
6N3P was widely used for FM band radio input unit stages (nearly all 1960s Soviet radios with FM band employed the same input unit on a separate sub-chassis). Currently it has found use in DIY preamps. A ruggedized/industrial version of the tube is designated 6N3P-EV (Russian: 6Н3П-ЕВ).
Chinese 6N3
eBay has proliferated with pre-amps apparently from Hong Kong that are largely populated with the 6N3, which is said to be the Chinese version of the 6N3P. The 6N3Ps are newly made (unlike the Soviet "new old stock," and the pre-amps appear to be the product of a cottage hifi industry).
See also
6N1P
6N2P
12AT7
External links
6N3P tube datasheet
2C51 tube data (NJ7P Tube Database)
DIY-Hybrid-Amplifier with russian 6N3P-Tube (in German)
Vacuum tubes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIDI
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The System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is commonly used as a reliability index by electric power utilities. SAIDI is the average outage duration for each customer served, and is calculated as:
where is the number of customers and is the annual outage time for location , and is the total number of customers served. In other words,
SAIDI is measured in units of time, often minutes or hours. It is usually measured over the course of a year, and according to IEEE Standard 1366-1998 the median value for North American utilities is approximately 1.50 hours.
Comparison of SAIDI by country
The following is a table of SAIDI for different countries, calculated using the methodology in the World Bank's Doing Business 2016-2020 studies:
References
External links
EIA Reliability Metrics video by the U.S. Energy Information Administration on Youtube
Electric power
Reliability indices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabWindows/CVI
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LabWindows/CVI (CVI is short for C for Virtual Instrumentation) is an ANSI C programming environment for test and measurement developed by National Instruments. The program was originally released as LabWindows for DOS in 1987, but was soon revisioned (and renamed) for the Microsoft Windows platform. The current version of LabWindows/CVI (commonly referred to as CVI) is 2020.
LabWindows/CVI uses the same libraries and data-acquisition modules as the better known National Instrument product LabVIEW and is thus highly compatible with it.
LabVIEW is targeted more at domain experts and scientists, and CVI more towards software engineers that are more comfortable with text-based linear languages such as C.
Release history
Starting with LabWindows/CVI 8.0, major versions are released around the first week of August, to coincide with the annual National Instruments conference NI Week, and followed by a bug-fix release the following February.
In 2009, National Instruments started to name the releases after the year in which they are released. The bugfix is called a Service Pack (for instance, the 2009 Service Pack 1 release was published in February 2010).
See also
National Instruments
References
Integrated development environments
Domain-specific programming languages
C (programming language) compilers
Data analysis software
Numerical software
Cross-platform software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molinology
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Molinology (from Latin: molīna, mill; and Greek λόγος, study) is the study of mills and other similar devices which use energy for mechanical purposes such as grinding, fulling or sawing.
Mill technology
The term "Molinology" was coined in 1965 by the Portuguese industrial historian João Miguel dos Santos Simões. Mills make use of moving water or wind, or the strength of animal or human muscle to power machines for purposes such as hammering, grinding, pumping, sawing, pressing or fulling.
Cultural and scientific interest in molinology is maintained by The International Molinological Society (TIMS), a non-profit organisation which brings together around five hundred members worldwide. It was founded in 1973 after earlier international symposia in 1965 and 1969. The Society aims to retain the knowledge of those traditional engines which have been rendered obsolete by modern technical and economic trends.
See also
Watermill
Tide mill
Windmill
Horse mill
Ship mill
Treadmill
Treadwheel
Further reading
External links
Official website of The International Molinological Society
The Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM)
The Mills Archive
References
History of technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstractionism
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Abstractionism is the theory that the mind obtains some or all of its concepts by abstracting them from concepts it already has, or from experience. One may, for example, abstract 'green' from a set of experiences which involve green along with other properties. Also, for example, one may abstract a generic concept like 'vegetable' from the already possessed concepts of its instances (carrot, broccoli, onion, etc.) This view was criticized by George Berkeley and Peter Geach.
Development
Abstractionism has its roots in Aristotle's writings, particularly those rejecting the Platonic theory of Forms. They were adopted and developed further by the Scholastics so that the doctrine became entrenched in the seventeenth century. John Locke also developed his own theory of abstract ideas although it was against the Scholastic theory of essences. For him, ideas originate through the senses and the materials or the sensory data provided by these become the basis of the way we form general ideas of classes of things. His theory contradicts the empiricist standpoint due to its focus on intuitive and demonstrative knowledge as demonstrated in Locke's recognition that pure mathematics and pure morals are founded on intuition and demonstration.
There are several modern versions of abstractionism and these include those developed by theorists such as Noam Chomsky and Jerry Fodor, who proposed that concepts are preformed at birth and that we learn to match the words of our language onto the pre-existing concepts. Chomsky, for instance, explained the "deep structure" of the Internet or the grammar of meaning hidden beneath the surface of words by citing that "linguists isolate from an essentially heterogeneous linguistic reality a standard and homogeneous system, thus grounding abstraction."
Berkeley's opposition to abstractionism is considered to be primarily directed at Locke's claim that words are made general through the mediation of general ideas. This is due to the view that Locke's argument is tantamount to claiming that the word "triangle" can be applied to many different triangles because the abstract general idea of the form is used as a template or standard when identifying new instances as being of the same sort.
References
Abstraction
Theory of mind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysquake
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Sysquake is a numerical computing environment based on a programming language mostly-compatible with MATLAB. It offers facilities for interactive graphics which give insights into the problems being analyzed. It is used in teaching, research, and engineering.
Sysquake supports two kinds of codes: libraries (collections of related functions which extend Sysquake capabilities), and SQ files, applications with interactive graphics which can have their own menus. Sysquake Pro can also be extended with plugins.
Code
Several applications share a large part of Sysquake code:
Sysquake Application Builder program which creates stand-alone executable applications (bundled with Sysquake Pro)
Sysquake for LaTeX Sysquake's language and graphics directly in LaTeX (package file and compiled application)
Libraries are usually compatible with all these applications.
History
Sysquake 3 supported MySQL and SQLite databases, TCP/IP and audio input and output.
See also
List of numerical analysis software
Comparison of numerical analysis software
References
External links
The Sysquake product page at Calerga
Using lpsolve from Sysquake at mit.edu
Array programming languages
Numerical programming languages
Statistical programming languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein-X
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Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis.
Structure
Lipoprotein-X is a lamellar particle of 30 to 70 nm in diameter as revealed by electron microscopy. It is characterized by its high content of phospholipids (66% by weight) and unesterified cholesterol (22%), and its low content of protein (6%), cholesterol esters (3%), and triglycerides (3%). The protein component is dominated by albumin, located in the core, and by apolipoprotein C, located on the surface of the particle. Using zonal ultracentrifugation, lipoprotein-X can be divided into three distinct populations: Lp-X1, Lp-X2, and Lp-X3, differing in density and apolipoprotein composition.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis is not totally resolved. Normally, the liver excretes lipoprotein complexes into the bile showing phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol concentrations similar to Lipoprotein-X. The in vitro incubation of these bile lipoproteins with serum or albumin leads to the appearance of Lp-X–like particles. These findings suggest that the reflux of bile into the plasma compartment causes the formation of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis as a result of a physicochemical, nonmetabolic process. On the other hand, lipoprotein-X particles found in familial LCAT deficiency are identical to those in cholestasis regarding ultrastructure and biochemical composition. It has been supposed that reduced LCAT activities, common in patients with hepatocellular disease, cause, alone or in combination with other factors, the formation of Lipoprotein-X in cholestasis. Lipoprotein-X is mainly removed by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and the spleen, as shown by studies using radioactively labeled lipoprotein-X in rats. Other organs, such as the kidney, also actively clear Lipoprotein-X from the plasma.
Literature
Gastroenterology
Diagnostic gastroenterology
Lipids
Lipoproteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleofuge
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In chemistry, a nucleofuge () is a leaving group which retains the lone pair of electrons from its previous bond with another species. For example, in the SN2 mechanism, a nucleophile attacks an organic compound containing the nucleofuge (the bromo group) which simultaneously breaks the bond with the nucleofuge.
After a reaction nucleofuges may contain either a negative or a neutral charge; this is governed by the nature of the specific reaction.
The word 'nucleofuge' is commonly found in older literature, but its use is less common in current literature in which the term leaving group dominates.
See also
Electrofuge
Nucleophile
Electrophile
References
Organic chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofuge
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In chemistry, an electrofuge is a leaving group which does not retain the lone pair of electrons from its previous bond with another species (in contrast to a nucleofuge, which does). It can result from the heterolytic breaking of covalent bonds.
After this reaction an electrofuge may possess either a positive or a neutral charge; this is governed by the nature of the specific reaction.
An example would be the loss of from a molecule of benzene during nitration.
The word 'electrofuge' is commonly found in older literature, but its use in contemporary organic chemistry is now uncommon.
See also
Nucleofuge
Nucleophile
Electrophile
References
.
Organic chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.a.R.
|
C.a.R.– Compass and Ruler (also known as Z.u.L., which stands for the German "Zirkel und Lineal") — is a free and open source interactive geometry app that can do geometrical constructions in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry.
The software is Java based.
The author is René Grothmann of the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.
It is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Assignments
Assignments make possible to create Java applets, for a construction exercises.
These applets can be used from the command line using the AppletViewer.
(Previously, they could be run in a browser, but Java support in browsers has been disabled in recent years.)
See also
Graphmatica
GeoGebra
CaRMetal
Compass-and-straightedge construction
External links
C.a.R.
History of the C.a.R.
Free educational software
Free interactive geometry software
Java platform software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracule
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An intracule is a quantum mechanical mathematical function for the two electron density which depends not upon the absolute values of position or momentum but rather upon their relative values. Its use is leading to new methods in physics and computational chemistry to investigate the electronic structure of molecules and solids. These methods are a development of Density functional theory (DFT), but with the two electron density replacing the one electron density.
References
P. M. W. Gill, D. L. Crittenden, D. P. O'Neill and N. A. Besley, A family of intracules, a conjecture and the electron correlation problem, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2006, 8, 15 - 25.
Computational chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Computational physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HashClash
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HashClash was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software platform to find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm. It was based at Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology, and Marc Stevens initiated the project as part of his master's degree thesis.
The project ended after Stevens defended his M.Sc. thesis in June 2007. However SHA1 was added later, and the code repository was ported to git in 2017.
The project was used to create a rogue certificate authority certificate in 2009.
See also
Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
HashClash
HashClash at Stevens' home page
Create your own MD5 collisions on AWS, Nat McHugh's blog
Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Cryptography
Cryptanalytic software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugpoint
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Plugpoint is a term for application programming interface (API). In use, one may say plugpoint to indicate a specific place in an API, or in the API of a framework designed to have software components "plugged" into it. However, plugpoint has no particular meaning in major APIs and frameworks such as .NET, J2EE, and web services. API, listener, interface, and endpoint are accepted terms used in formal documentation.
Plugpoint is a well established term for electrical power-supply devices, such as specific types of wallanisotropic sockets, remote-controlled power devices, and other similar devices. Plugpoint may also refer to the locations where plug-in appliances are permitted at trade shows or other activities where flexible power facilities are required.
References
Computer jargon
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeMat
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FreeMat is a free open-source numerical computing environment and programming language, similar to MATLAB and GNU Octave. In addition to supporting many MATLAB functions and some IDL functionality, it features a codeless interface to external C, C++, and Fortran code, further parallel distributed algorithm development (via MPI), and has plotting and 3D visualization capabilities. Community support takes place in moderated Google Groups.
See also
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
Notes
Array programming languages
Free mathematics software
Free software primarily written in assembly language
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in C++
Free software programmed in Fortran
Numerical analysis software for Linux
Numerical analysis software for macOS
Numerical analysis software for Windows
Numerical programming languages
Science software that uses Qt
Unix programming tools
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-10
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CER model 10 was a vacuum tube, transistor and electronic relay based computer developed at IBK-Vinča and the Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Belgrade) in 1960. It was the first digital computer developed in SFR Yugoslavia, and in Southern Europe.
CER-10 was designed by Tihomir Aleksić and his associates (Rajko Tomović, Vukašin Masnikosa, Ahmed Mandžić, Dušan Hristović, Petar Vrbavac and Milojko Marić) and was developed over four years. The team included 10 engineers and 10 technicians, as well as many others. After initial prototype testing at Vinča and a redesign at the M. Pupin Institute, it was fully deployed at the Tanjug Agency building and worked there for the SKNE from 1961 and the Yugoslav government's SIV, from 1963 to 1967.
The first CER-10 system was located at the SKNE (Federal secretary of internal affairs) building in 1961, which would later belong to Tanjug. The M. Pupin Institute donated the computer's case and some parts of the CER-10 along with its documentation to the Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade in March 2006, where the computer's CPU is now displayed.
Specifications
1750 vacuum tubes
1500 transistors
14000 Germanium diodes
Magnetic core primary memory: 4096 of 30-bit words
Secondary memory: punched tape
Capable of performing min. 1600 additions per second
Gallery
See also
CER Computers
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
List of vacuum tube computers
Rajko Tomović
References
External links
http://www.pupin.rs/Profile
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
One-of-a-kind computers
Vacuum tube computers
CER computers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MapBasic
|
MapBasic is a programming language for creation of additional tools and functionality for the MapInfo Professional geographical information system. MapBasic is based on the BASIC family of programming languages.
MapBasic also allows programmers to develop software in popular programming languages such as C, C++ and Visual Basic and use these with the MapInfo Professional GIS to create geographically based software, such as electronic mapping.
References
GIS software
BASIC programming language family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAB27
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Rab27 is a member of the Rab subfamily of GTPases. Rab27 is post translationally modified by the addition of two geranylgeranyl groups on the two C-terminal cysteines.
Pathology
Mutations that prevent the expression of Rab27 ('knock out' mutations) cause the hypopigmentation and immunodeficiency disorder known as type II Griscelli syndrome, while a decrease in Rab27 prenylation is thought to be involved in choroideremia.
The symptoms of type II Griscelli syndrome have shown that Rab27 is involved in melanosome transport in melanocytes and in cytotoxic killing activity in cytotoxic T lymphoblasts. In melanocytes Rab27 binds the melanosome. The melanosome is transported along the microtubule. Rab27 then recruits Slac2A and myosin Va, these enzymes are essential for the transfer of the melanosomes from the microtubules to actin filaments. The melanosomes can now continue on their path towards the cell periphery. If either Rab27, Slac2A or myosin Va are absent then the melanosomes remain in the perinuclear region of the cell. This disruption in pigmentation results in the hypopigmentation seen in the silvery hair colour of patients with Griscelli syndrome.
External links
Signal transduction
EC 3.6.5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMRST
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Ballistic Missile Range Safety Technology (BMRST) is a mobile system designed and built by Honeywell International in Clearwater Florida, to monitor and provide space-vehicle position data during launches. The BMRST system consists of a control center van and two trailer-mounted tracking antennas. All data processing and range safety displays are housed in the control center; the antennas are designed to receive data from launched rockets and space vehicles and transmit the information back to the control center. From the control center, the Range Safety Officer will also be able to assist in destroying an off-course rocket or launch vehicle for safety reasons.
The tracking antennas combine the ability to receive an S-band telemetry data signal with the ability to transmit high-power UHF Command Destruct tones. Each of the antenna systems consists of a 5.4-meter reflector, elevation over azimuth pedestal, and a specialized telemetry tracking/UHF feed.
The system is currently operated by the Florida Air National Guard at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The system is capable of being transported by land, sea and C-5 Galaxy, C-17 military cargo aircraft.
The BMRST system is similar in design to the Range Safety and Telemetry System (RSTS) being used at the Kodiak Launch Center in Alaska.
See also
BMRST Interior
BMRST Video
Safety at the Kodiak Launch Complex (RSTS)
External links and sources
Florida Air Guard Receives New Space-Launch Tracking System
Honeywell Range Safety
Honeywell To Provide Ballistic Missile Range Safety Technology System For The U.S. Air Force Rocket System Launch Program (October 2002)
Contract from Honeywell Space Systems for Ballistic Missile Range Safety System
Challenges in Acceptance/Licensing of a Mobile Ballistic Missile Range Safety Technology (BMRST) System (PDF File)
Notes and references
Telemetry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XImage
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XImage is the X client side storage mechanism for an X Window System pixel map. The structure of an XImage as defined by the X Window core protocol is the following:
typedef struct XImage XImage;
struct XImage {
int width, height; /* size of image */
int xoffset; /* number of pixels offset in X direction */
int format; /* XYBitmap, XYPixmap, ZPixmap */
char *data; /* pointer to image data */
int byte_order; /* data byte order, LSBFirst, MSBFirst */
int bitmap_unit; /* quant. of scanline 8, 16, 32 */
int bitmap_bit_order; /* LSBFirst, MSBFirst */
int bitmap_pad; /* 8, 16, 32 either XY or ZPixmap */
int depth; /* depth of image */
int bytes_per_line; /* accelerator to next scanline */
int bits_per_pixel; /* bits per pixel (ZPixmap) */
unsigned long red_mask; /* bits in z arrangement */
unsigned long green_mask;
unsigned long blue_mask;
XPointer obdata; /* hook for the object routines to hang on */
struct funcs { /* image manipulation routines */
XImage *(*create_image)();
int (*destroy_image)();
unsigned long (*get_pixel)();
int (*put_pixel)();
XImage *(*sub_image)();
int (*add_pixel)();
} f;
};
X Window System
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactimeter
|
A reactimeter is a diagnostic device used in nuclear power plants (and other nuclear applications) for measuring the reactivity of the nuclear chain reaction (in inhours) of fissile materials as they approach criticality.
References
Measuring instruments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDig
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uDig is a GIS software program produced by a community led by Canadian-based consulting company Refractions Research.
uDig is based on the Eclipse platform and features full layered Open Source GIS. It is written in Java and released under EPL and BSD licences (formerly under GNU LGPL).
The Software has a walkthrough in Flash and also quick start directions for those who wish to complete a full version build to write plug-ins or contribute to the main build.
uDig can use GRASS for complex vector operations and also embeds JGRASS and specialized hydrology tools from the Horton Machine. It supports shapefiles, PostGIS, WMS, and many other data sources natively.
uDig is commonly used as a framework for building other GIS platforms and applications. Such applications include DIVA-GIS and DEWS – Distant Early Warning System for tsunamis.
External links
uDig homepage
uDig release page
Refractions Research homepage
Free GIS software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-20
|
CER (Serbian: Цифарски Електронски Рачунар / Cifarski Elektronski Računar - Digital Electronic Computer) model 20 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia). It was designed as a functioning prototype of an "electronic bookkeeping machine". The first prototype was planned for 1964.
References
See also
CER Computers
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
CER-020
CER computers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaphenylethane
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Hexaphenylethane is a hypothetical organic compound consisting of an ethane core with six phenyl substituents. All attempts at its synthesis have been unsuccessful. The trityl free radical, Ph3C, was originally thought to dimerize to form hexaphenylethane. However, an inspection of the NMR spectrum of this dimer reveals that it is in fact a non-symmetrical species, Gomberg's dimer instead.
A substituted derivative of hexaphenylethane, hexakis(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)ethane, has however been prepared. It features a very long central C–C bond at 167 pm (compared to the typical bond length of 154 pm). Attractive London dispersion forces between the t-butyl substituents are believed to be responsible for the stability of this very hindered molecule.
See also
Tetraphenylmethane
References
Literature
Hypothetical chemical compounds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6P1P
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The 6P1P (Russian: 6П1П) is a Soviet-made miniature 9-pin beam tetrode vacuum tube with ratings similar to the 6AQ5, EL90 and the 6V6. Because of a different pinout (a 9-pin base versus 7-pin base) than an 6AQ5/EL90, it cannot be used as a plug-in replacement for these types; however, it will work in the same circuit with component values unchanged. Its maximum plate/screen voltage and dissipation ratings are actually slightly higher than a 6AQ5. A ruggedized/extended ratings version of the tube is designated 6P1P-EV (Russian: 6П1П-ЕВ), roughly equivalent to the 6AQ5W. A Chinese-manufactured version of the tube also exists, labeled 6P1.
The type was commonly used in Soviet-built vacuum tube radios and TV sets as an output audio amplifier, until it was replaced by the higher-performance 6P14P (an exact equivalent of the EL84). In some old soviet TV sets (mainly before 1960 on 70 degrees deflection picture tubes), it was also used as frame output tube, until more specialized tubes for this purpose were developed in the Soviet union.
The tube is no longer believed to be in production.
See also
6AQ5
6V6
Russian tube designations
References
6P1P pinout and specifications
External links
Russian/Soviet tube manufacturers and their logos
Vacuum tubes
Goods manufactured in the Soviet Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatwork
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Heatwork is the combined effect of temperature and time. It is important to several industries:
Ceramics
Glass and metal annealing
Metal heat treating
Pyrometric devices can be used to gauge heat work as they deform or contract due to heatwork to produce temperature equivalents. Within tolerances, firing can be undertaken at lower temperatures for a longer period to achieve comparable results. When the amount of heatwork of two firings is the same, the pieces may look identical, but there may be differences not visible, such as mechanical strength and microstructure. Heatwork is taught in material science courses, but is not a precise measurement or a valid scientific concept.
External links
Temperature equivalents table & description of Bullers Rings.
Temperature equivalents table & description of Nimra Cerglass pyrometric cones.
Temperature equivalents table & description of Orton pyrometric cones.
Temperature equivalents table of Seger pyrometric cones.
Temperature Equivalents, °F & °C for Bullers Ring.
Glass physics
Pottery
Metallurgy
Ceramic engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-256
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HC-256 is a stream cipher designed to provide bulk encryption in software at high speeds while permitting strong confidence in its security. A 128-bit variant was submitted as an eSTREAM cipher candidate and has been selected as one of the four final contestants in the software profile.
The algorithm is designed by Hongjun Wu, and was first published in 2004. It is not patented.
Function
HC-256 has a 256 bit key and an initialization vector (nonce) of 256 bits.
Internally, it consists of two secret tables (P and Q). Each table contains 1024 32-bit words. For each state update one 32-bit word in each table is updated using a non-linear update function. After 2048 steps all elements of the tables have been updated.
It generates one 32-bit word for each update step using a 32-bit to 32-bit mapping function similar to the output function of the Blowfish cipher. Finally a linear bit-masking function is applied to generate an output word. It uses the two message schedule functions in the hash function SHA-256 internally, but with the tables P and Q as S-boxes.
HC-128 is similar in function, and reduces each of key length, nonce, number of words in the tables P and Q, and number of table updating steps by half.
Performance
The performance of HC-256 is estimated by its author to be about 4 cycles per byte on a Pentium 4 processor. However the initialization phase of the cipher includes expanding the 256-bit key into the tables P, Q and then running the cipher for 4096 steps. The author of HC-256 estimates this process to take around 74,000 cycles.
For HC-128 an encryption speed of about 3 cycles per byte on a Pentium M processor are cited.
The implementation of HC-128 on various computing structures is studied in detail, with significant performance gains compared to naive SW implementation.
References
External links
eSTREAM page on HC-256
Stream ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvericin
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Beauvericin is a depsipeptide with antibiotic and insecticidal effects belonging to the enniatin family. It was isolated from the fungus Beauveria bassiana, but is also produced by several other fungi, including several Fusarium species; it may therefore occur in grain (such as corn, wheat and barley) contaminated with these fungi. Beauvericin is active against Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria, and is also capable of inducing programmed cell death in mammals.
Chemically, beauvericin is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide with alternating N-methyl-phenylalanyl and D-hydroxy-iso-valeryl residues. Its ion-complexing capability allows beauvericin to transport alkaline earth metal and alkali metal ions across cell membranes.
Beauvericin has in vitro fungicidal effects on Candida parapsilosis when used in combination with the antifungal drug ketoconazole at dosages of 0.1 μg/ml. Increased survivability rates and low cytotoxicity were also observed in mouse models.
References
Antibiotics
Mycotoxins
Ionophores
Depsipeptides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL-51
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The KL-51 is an off-line keyboard encryption system that read and punched paper tape for use with teleprinters. In NATO it was called RACE (Rapid Automatic Cryptographic Equipment).
It was developed in the 1970s by a Norwegian company, Standard Telefon og Kabelfabrik (STK). It used digital electronics for encryption instead of rotors, and it may have been the first machine to use software based crypto algorithms. KL-51 is a very robust machine made to military specifications.
U.S. National Security Agency bought it in the 1980s to replace the earlier KL-7. As of 2006, the U.S. Navy was developing plans to replace KL-51 units still in use with a unit based on a more modern Universal Crypto Device.
References
Sources
NSA museum caption shown in photo.
Crypto Machines - KL-51/RACE
http://www.knobstick.ca/pdf_files/race1.pdf
National Security Agency encryption devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-PLOR
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X-PLOR is a computer software package for computational structural biology originally developed by Axel T. Brunger at Yale University. It was first published in 1987 as an offshoot of CHARMM - a similar program that ran on supercomputers made by Cray Inc. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (NMR) analysis.
X-PLOR is a highly sophisticated program that provides an interface between theoretical foundations and experimental data in structural biology, with specific emphasis on X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution of biological macro-molecules. It is intended mainly for researchers and students in the fields of computational chemistry, structural biology, and computational molecular biology.
See also
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Molecular mechanics
References
External links
The program's reference manual hosted at Oxford University
Molecular dynamics software
Computer libraries
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPLOR-NIH
|
Xplor-NIH is a highly sophisticated and flexible biomolecular structure determination program which includes an interface to the legacy X-PLOR program. The main developers are Charles Schwieters and Marius Clore of the National Institutes of Health. Xplor-NIH is based on a C++ framework with an extensive Python interface enabling very powerful and easy scripting of complex structure determination and refinement protocols. Restraints derived from all current solution and many solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray scattering experiments can be accommodated during structure calculations. Extensive facilities are also available for many types of ensemble calculations where the experimental data cannot be accounted for by a unique structure. Many of the structure calculation protocols involve the use of simulated annealing designed to overcome local minima on the path of the global minimum region of the target function. These calculations can be carried out using any combination of Cartesian, torsion angle and rigid body dynamics and minimization. Currently Xplor-NIH is the most versatile, comprehensive and widely used structure determination/refinement package in NMR structure determination.
References
External links
The home page for the software package.
Science software
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIPES
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PIPES is the common name for piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), and is a frequently used buffering agent in biochemistry. It is an ethanesulfonic acid buffer developed by Good et al. in the 1960s.
Applications
PIPES has two pKa values. One pKa (6.76 at 25 °C) is near the physiological pH which makes it useful in cell culture work. Its effective buffering range is 6.1-7.5 at 25 °C. The second pKa value is at 2.67 with a buffer range of from 1.5-3.5. PIPES has been documented minimizing lipid loss when buffering glutaraldehyde histology in plant and animal tissues. Fungal zoospore fixation for fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy were optimized with a combination of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde in PIPES buffer. It has a negligible capacity to bind divalent ions.
See also
MOPS
HEPES
MES
Tris
Common buffer compounds used in biology
Good's buffers
References
Buffer solutions
Sulfonic acids
Piperazines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodynorphin
|
Prodynorphin, also known as proenkephalin B, is an opioid polypeptide hormone involved with chemical signal transduction and cell communication. The gene for prodynorphin is expressed in the endometrium and the striatum, and its gene map locus is 20pter-p12. Prodynorphin is a basic building-block of endorphins, the chemical messengers in the brain that appear most heavily involved in the anticipation and experience of pain and the formation of deep emotional bonds, and that are also critical in learning and memory.
The gene is thought to influence perception, as well as susceptibility to drug dependence, and is expressed more readily in human beings than in other primates.
Evolutionary implications
Most humans have multiple copies of the regulatory gene sequence for prodynorphin, which is virtually identical among all primates, whereas other primates have only a single copy. In addition, most Asian populations have two copies of the gene sequence for prodynorphin, whereas East Africas, Middle Easterners, and Europeans tend to have three repetitions.
The extent of regulatory gene disparities for prodynorphin, between human and primates, has gained the attention of scientists. There are very few genes known to be directly related to mankind's speciation from other great apes. According to computational biologist researcher Matthew W. Hahn of Indiana University, "this is the first documented instance of a neural gene that has had its regulation shaped by natural selection during human origins."
The prodynorphin polypeptide is identical in humans and chimpanzees, but the regulatory promoter sequences have been shown to exhibit marked differences. According to Hahn, "humans have the ability to turn on this gene more easily and more intensely than other primates", a reason why regulation of this gene may have been important in the evolution of modern humans' mental capacity.
See also
Dynorphin
Proenkephalin
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
References
External links
Scienceagogo.com - 'Drug Gene Link To Human Evolution' (November 15, 2005)
Neuropeptides
Opioid peptides
Signal transduction
Precursor proteins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapROS
|
Capability-based Reliable Operating System (CapROS) is an operating system incorporating pure capability-based security. It features automatic persistence of data and processes, even across system reboots. Capability systems naturally support the principle of least authority, which improves security and fault tolerance. It is free and open-source software released under the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2), and GNU Lesser General Public License version 2 (LGPLv2).
CapROS is an evolution of the Extremely Reliable Operating System (EROS). While EROS was purely a research system, CapROS is intended to be a stable system of commercial quality. CapROS currently runs on Intel IA-32 and ARM microprocessors.
CapROS is being developed by Strawberry Development Group with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and others. The primary developer is Charles Landau.
History
The CapROS project was formed in 2005 as a non-academic continuation of EROS. The EROS system in turn traces its architecture to KeyKOS and ultimately GNOSIS.
See also
External links
Free software operating systems
Capability systems
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GERAN
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GERAN is an abbreviation for GSM EDGE Radio Access Network. The standards for GERAN are maintained by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project). GERAN is a key part of GSM, and also of combined UMTS/GSM networks.
GERAN is the radio part of GSM/EDGE together with the network that joins the base stations (the Ater and Abis interfaces) and the base station controllers (A interfaces, etc.) The network represents the core of a GSM network, through which phone calls and packet data are routed from and to the PSTN and Internet to and from subscriber handsets. A mobile phone operator's network comprises one or more GERANs, coupled with UTRANs in the case of a UMTS/GSM network.
A GERAN without EDGE is a GRAN, but is otherwise identical in concept.
A GERAN without GSM is an ERAN.
See also
UTRAN : UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
References
External links
3GPP GERAN Plenary page
GSM standard
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydioxanone
|
Polydioxanone (PDO, PDS) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.
Chemistry
Chemically, polydioxanone is a polymer of multiple repeating ether-ester units. It is obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the monomer p-dioxanone. The process requires heat and an organometallic catalyst like zirconium acetylacetone or zinc L-lactate. It is characterized by a glass transition temperature in the range of −10 and 0 °C and a crystallinity of about 55%. For the production of sutures, polydioxanone is generally extruded into fibers, however care should be taken to process the polymer to the lowest possible temperature, in order to avoid its spontaneous depolymerization back to the monomer. The ether oxygen group in the backbone of the polymer chain is responsible for its flexibility.
Medical use
Polydioxanone is used for biomedical applications, particularly in the preparation of surgical sutures. Other biomedical applications include orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, drug delivery, cardiovascular applications, and tissue engineering. For example, with the use of electrospinning, the flexible nature of PDS allows the control of its structure and can be used in applications such as tissue scaffolding.
It is degraded by hydrolysis, and the end products are mainly excreted in urine, the remainder being eliminated by the digestive system or exhaled as CO2. The biomaterial is completely reabsorbed in 6 months and can be seen only a minimal foreign body reaction tissue in the vicinity of the implant. Materials made of PDS can be sterilized with ethylene oxide.
See also
Other biodegradable polymers:
polycaprolactone
polyglycolide
polylactic acid
poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
References
Biodegradable plastics
Biomaterials
Polyesters
Polyethers
Synthetic fibers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiome
|
The physiome of an individual's or species' physiological state is the description of its functional behavior. The physiome describes the physiological dynamics of the normal intact organism and is built upon information and
structure (genome, proteome, and morphome). The term comes from "physio-" (nature) and "-ome" (as a whole).
The concept of a physiome project was presented to the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) by its Commission on Bioengineering in Physiology in 1993. A workshop on designing the Physiome Project was held in 1997. At its world congress in 2001, the IUPS designated the project as a major focus for the next decade. The project is led by the Physiome Commission of the IUPS.
Other research initiatives related to the physiome include:
The EuroPhysiome Initiative
The NSR Physiome Project of the National Simulation Resource (NSR) at the University of Washington, supporting the IUPS Physiome Project
The Wellcome Trust Heart Physiome Project, a collaboration between the University of Auckland and the University of Oxford, part of the wider IUPS Physiome Project
See also
Physiomics
Living Human Project
Virtual Physiological Human
Virtual Physiological Rat
Cytome
Human Genome Project
List of omics topics in biology
Cardiophysics
References
External links
National Resource for Cell Analysis and Modeling (NRCAM)
Physiology
Biophysics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CER-200
|
CER ( – Digital Electronic Computer) model 200 is an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1966.
See also
CER Computers
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
History of computer hardware in the SFRY
One-of-a-kind computers
CER computers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOELib
|
JOELib is computer software, a chemical expert system used mainly to interconvert chemical file formats. Because of its strong relationship to informatics, this program belongs more to the category cheminformatics than to molecular modelling. It is available for Windows, Unix and other operating systems supporting the programming language Java. It is free and open-source software distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0.
History
JOELib and OpenBabel were derived from the OELib Cheminformatics library.
Logo
The project logo is just the word JOELib in the Tengwar script of J. R. R. Tolkien. The letters are grouped as JO-E-Li-b. Vowels are usually grouped together with a consonant, but two following vowels must be separated by a helper construct.
Major features
Chemical expert system
Query and substructure search (based on Simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMARTS), a SMILES extension
Clique detection
QSAR
Data mining
Molecule mining, special case of Structured Data Mining
Feature–descriptor calculation
Partition coefficient, log P
Rule-of-five
Partial charges
Fingerprint calculation
etc.
Chemical file formats
Chemical table file: MDL Molfile, SD format
SMILES
Gaussian
Chemical Markup Language
MOPAC
See also
OpenBabel - C++ version of JOELib-OELib
Jmol
Chemistry Development Kit (CDK)
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Blue Obelisk
Molecule editor
List of free and open-source software packages
References
The Blue Obelisk-Interoperability in Chemical Informatics, Rajarshi Guha, Michael T. Howard, Geoffrey R. Hutchison, Peter Murray-Rust, Henry Rzepa, Christoph Steinbeck, Jörg K. Wegner, and Egon L. Willighagen, J. Chem. Inf. Model.; 2006;
External links
at SourceForge
Algorithm dictionary
Free science software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Computational chemistry software
Science software for Linux
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