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Single-instance storage (SIS) is a system's ability to take multiple copies of content and replace them by a single shared copy. It is a means to eliminate data duplication and to increase efficiency. SIS is frequently implemented in file systems, e-mail server software, data backup, and other storage-related computer software | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Connect:Direct—originally named Network Data Mover (NDM)— is a computer software product that transfers files between mainframe computers and/or midrange computers. It was developed for mainframes, with other platforms being added as the product grew. NDM was renamed to Connect:Direct in 1993, following the acquisition of Systems Center, Inc | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Sort/Merge utility is a mainframe program to sort records in a file into a specified order, merge pre-sorted files into a sorted file, or copy selected records. Internally, these utilities use one or more of the standard sorting algorithms, often with proprietary fine-tuned code.
Mainframes were originally supplied with limited main memory by today's standards and the amount of data to be sorted was frequently very large | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PRTV (Peterlee Relational Test Vehicle) was the world's first relational database management system that could handle significant data volumes.
It was a relational query system with powerful query facilities, but very limited update facility and no simultaneous multiuser facility. PRTV was a successor from the very first relational implementation, IS1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Integrated Database Management System (IDMS) is a network model (CODASYL) database management system for mainframes. It was first developed at B. F | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
PL/C is an instructional dialect of the programming language PL/I, developed at the Department of Computer Science of Cornell University in the early 1970s in an effort headed by Professor Richard W. Conway and graduate student Thomas R. Wilcox | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
BASHLITE (also known as Gafgyt, Lizkebab, PinkSlip, Qbot, Torlus and LizardStresser) is malware which infects Linux systems in order to launch distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS). Originally it was also known under the name Bashdoor, but this term now refers to the exploit method used by the malware. It has been used to launch attacks of up to 400 Gbps | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Linux. Darlloz is a worm which infects Linux embedded systems. Linux | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Linux. Encoder (also known as ELF/Filecoder. A and Trojan | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Linux. Wifatch is an open-source piece of malware which has been noted for not having been used for malicious actions, instead attempting to secure devices from other malware. Linux | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OSX. FlashBack, also known as the Flashback Trojan, Fakeflash, or Trojan BackDoor. Flashback, is a Trojan horse affecting personal computer systems running Mac OS X | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
KeRanger (also known as OSX. KeRanger. A) is a ransomware trojan horse targeting computers running macOS | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OSX. Keydnap is a MacOS X based Trojan horse that steals passwords from the iCloud Keychain of the infected machine. It uses a dropper to establish a permanent backdoor while exploiting MacOS vulnerabilities and security features like Gatekeeper, iCloud Keychain and the file naming system | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The RSPlug Trojan horse, a form of DNSChanger, is malware targeting the Mac OS X operating system. The first incarnation of the trojan, OSX. RSPlug | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A disk magazine, colloquially known as a diskmag or diskzine, is a magazine that is distributed in electronic form to be read using computers. These had some popularity in the 1980s and 1990s as periodicals distributed on floppy disk, hence their name. The rise of the Internet in the late 1990s caused them to be superseded almost entirely by online publications, which are sometimes still called "diskmags" despite the lack of physical disks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Global Certification Forum, known as GCF, is an London-based partnership between mobile network operators, mobile device manufacturers and the test industry. GCF was founded in 1999, and its membership has been responsible for creating an independent certification programme to help ensure global interoperability between mobile devices and networks.
The GCF certification process is based on technical requirements as specified within dedicated test specifications provided by the 3GPP, 3GPP2, OMA, IMTC, the GSM Association and others | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications as defined by the International Telecommunication Union. In 1999 ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M. 1457 Recommendation | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020 Standard) are the requirements issued by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 2015 for 5G networks, devices and services. On February 1, 2021, the standard was published as Recommendation ITU-R M. 2150-0 titled Detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of IMT-2020, but most of it was finalized years earlier | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a numeric identifier, usually unique, for 3GPP and iDEN mobile phones, as well as some satellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone but can also be displayed on-screen on most phones by entering the MMI Supplementary Service code *#06# on the dialpad, or alongside other system information in the settings menu on smartphone operating systems.
GSM networks use the IMEI number to identify valid devices, and can stop a stolen phone from accessing the network | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
IS-41, also known as ANSI-41, is a mobile, cellular telecommunications system standard to support mobility management by enabling the networking of switches. ANSI-41 is the standard now approved for use as the network-side companion to the wireless-side AMPS (analog), IS-136 (Digital AMPS), cdmaOne, and CDMA2000 networks. It competes with GSM MAP, but the two will eventually merge to support worldwide roaming | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TIA/EIA standard IS-641 is a speech coding standard used in some computer and telecommunications networks in the U. S. A | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Each location area of a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) has its own unique identifier which is known as its location area identity (LAI).
This internationally unique identifier is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. It is composed of a three decimal digit mobile country code (MCC), a two to three digit mobile network code (MNC) that identifies a Subscriber Module Public Land Mobile Network (SM PLMN) in that country, and a location area code (LAC) which is a 16 bit number with two special values, thereby allowing 65534 location areas within one GSM PLMN | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Media Independent Handover (MIH) is a standard being developed by IEEE 802. 21 to enable the handover of IP sessions from one layer 2 access technology to another, to achieve mobility of end user devices (MIH).
Importance
The importance of MIH derives from the fact that a diverse range of broadband wireless access technologies is available and in course of development, including GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, Mobile-Fi and WPANs | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is the dominant air interface for 4G and 5G broadband wireless communications. It combines multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) technology, which multiplies capacity by transmitting different signals over multiple antennas, and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which divides a radio channel into a large number of closely spaced subchannels to provide more reliable communications at high speeds. Research conducted during the mid-1990s showed that while MIMO can be used with other popular air interfaces such as time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code-division multiple access (CDMA), the combination of MIMO and OFDM is most practical at higher data rates | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The mobile identification number (MIN) or mobile subscription identification number (MSIN) refers to the 10-digit unique number that a wireless carrier uses to identify a mobile phone, which is the last part of the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). The MIN is a number that uniquely identifies a mobile phone working under TIA standards for cellular and PCS technologies (e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mobile number portability (MNP) enables mobile telephone users to retain their mobile telephone numbers when changing from one mobile network carrier to another.
General overview
Mobile number portability is implemented in varying ways across the globe. The International and European standard specifies that a customer wishing to port their number contact the new network (recipient), which then sends the number portability request (NPR) to the current network (donor) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A mobile signature is a digital signature generated either on a mobile phone or on a SIM card on a mobile phone.
Origins of the term
mSign
The term first appeared in articles introducing mSign (short for Mobile Electronic Signature Consortium). It was founded in 1999 and comprised 35 member companies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In mobile telecommunications technology, the concept of mobile signature roaming means an access point (AP) should be able to get a mobile signature from any end-user, even if the AP and the end-user have not contracted a commercial relationship with the same MSSP. Otherwise, an AP would have to build commercial terms with as many MSSPs as possible, and this might be a cost burden.
This means that a mobile signature transaction issued by an application provider should be able to reach the appropriate MSSP, and this should be transparent for the AP | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Mobile Signature Service (MSS) is a high-level service specified by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute that defines the roles participating in mobile identity management and mobile signature transactions, as well as functional and business-related requirements and interfaces. The specification is the governing standard for PKI and enables cross-compatible mobile signature solutions.
Background
The mobile signature services industry began in the early 2000s, with the release of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) mobile commerce standards (ETSI 102 203, 102 204, 102 206 and 102 207) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MTPAS (Mobile Telecommunication Privileged Access Scheme) is a procedure in the UK for prioritising access to the mobile telephone networks for privileged persons (members of emergency services as designated at a local level). It replaced ACCOLC in 2009.
MTPAS is only available to Category 1 and 2 Responders (as defined in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004) and partner organisations which directly support them at the scene of an emergency incident | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 3GPP/NGN IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) multimedia telephony service (MMTel) is a global standard based on the IMS, offering converged, fixed and mobile real-time multimedia communication using the media capabilities such as voice, real-time video, text, file transfer and sharing of pictures, audio and video clips. With MMTel, users have the capability to add and drop media during a session. You can start with chat, add voice (for instance Mobile VoIP), add another caller, add video, share media and transfer files, and drop any of these without losing or having to end the session | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
NXDN stands for Next Generation Digital Narrowband, and is an open standard for public land mobile radio systems; that is, systems of two-way radios (transceivers) for bidirectional person-to-person voice communication. It was developed jointly by Icom Incorporated and Kenwood Corporation as an advanced digital system using FSK modulation that supports encrypted transmission and data as well as voice transmission. Like other land mobile systems, NXDN systems use the VHF and UHF frequency bands | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The OMA Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS) is an Open Mobile Alliance enabler for Instant Messaging and Presence. The Wireless Village consortium developed the first cut of the specifications. After Wireless Village was merged with OMA, its specs became OMA IMPS 1 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
OMA SpecWorks, previously the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) is a standards organization which develops open, international technical standards for the mobile phone industry. It is a nonprofit Non-governmental organization (NGO), not a formal government-sponsored standards organization as is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU): a forum for industry stakeholders to agree on common specifications for products and services.
History
The OMA was created in June 2002 as an answer to the proliferation of industry forums each dealing with a few application protocols: WAP Forum (focused on browsing and device provisioning protocols), the Wireless Village (focused on instant messaging and presence), The SyncML Initiative (focused on data synchronization), the Location Interoperability Forum, the Mobile Games Interoperability Forum, and the Mobile Wireless Internet Forum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Packet Data Serving Node, or PDSN, is a component of a CDMA2000 mobile network. It acts as the connection point between the radio access and IP networks. This component is responsible for managing PPP sessions between the mobile provider's core IP network and the mobile station (mobile phone) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A process driven messaging service (PDMS) is a service that is process oriented and exchanges messages/data calls. A PDMS is a service where jobs and triggers can be put together to create a workflow for a message.
Messaging platforms are considered key Internet infrastructure elements | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Professional mobile radio (also known as private mobile radio (PMR) in the UK) are person-to-person two-way radio voice communications systems which use portable, mobile, base station, and dispatch console radios. PMR radio systems are based on such standards as MPT-1327, TETRA, APCO 25, and DMR which are designed for dedicated use by specific organizations, or standards such as NXDN intended for general commercial use. These systems are used by police, fire, ambulance, and emergency services, and by commercial firms such as taxis and delivery services | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Radio resource location services (LCS) protocol (RRLP) applies to GSM and UMTS Cellular Networks. It is used to exchange messages between a handset and an SMLC in order to provide geolocation information; e. g | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM, usually pronounced as "R-yuim") is a card developed for cdmaOne/CDMA2000 ("CDMA") handsets that extends the GSM SIM card to CDMA phones and networks. To work in CDMA networks, the R-UIM contains an early version of the CSIM application. The card also contains SIM (GSM) application, so it can work on both networks | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
SCKL is a type of format used when sending image and ringtone data through Short Message Service (SMS) messages; most mobile phones can interpret this type of data, for some it will show the data as a text message. It was developed by Nokia. Not all networks, for example CDMA, IDEN, and TDMA networks, can directly pass binary data to mobile phones | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is the signaling protocol selected by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to create and control multimedia sessions with two or more participants in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), and therefore is a key element in the IMS framework.
SIP was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a standard for controlling multimedia communication sessions in Internet Protocol (IP) networks, working in the application layer of the Internet Protocol Suite. Several SIP extensions have been added to the basic protocol specification in order to extend its functionality | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Short Message/Messaging Service, commonly abbreviated as SMS, is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols that let mobile devices exchange short text messages. An intermediary service can facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) is an open architecture framework that defines a standard way for radios to instantiate, configure, and manage waveform applications running on their platform. The SCA separates waveform software from the underlying hardware platform, facilitating waveform software portability and re-use to avoid costs of redeveloping waveforms. The latest version is SCA 4 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TADIG code is a number uniquely identifying network operators in a GSM mobile network. The acronym TADIG expands to "Transferred Account Data Interchange Group". According to the GSM specification, the codes are used as "primary identifiers within file contents and file names" in multiple file formats defined by the GSMA | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA; formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio), a European standard for a trunked radio system, is a professional mobile radio and two-way transceiver specification. TETRA was specifically designed for use by government agencies, emergency services, (police forces, fire departments, ambulance) for public safety networks, rail transport staff for train radios, transport services and the military. TETRA is the European version of trunked radio, similar to Project 25 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
TTI, Transmission Time Interval, is a parameter in UMTS (and other digital telecommunication networks) related to encapsulation of data from higher layers into frames for transmission on the radio link layer. TTI refers to the duration of a transmission on the radio link. The TTI is related to the size of the data blocks passed from the higher network layers to the radio link layer | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunication Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for networks based on the competing cdmaOne technology. UMTS uses wideband code-division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth to mobile network operators | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), user equipment (UE) is any device used directly by an end-user to communicate. It can be a hand-held telephone, a laptop computer equipped with a mobile broadband adapter, or any other device. It connects to the base station Node B/eNodeB as specified in the ETSI 125/136-series and 3GPP 25/36-series of specifications | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vertical handover or vertical handoff refers to a network node changing the type of connectivity it uses to access a supporting infrastructure, usually to support node mobility. For example, a suitably equipped laptop might be able to use both high-speed wireless LAN and cellular technology for Internet access. Wireless LAN connections generally provide higher speeds, while cellular technologies generally provide more ubiquitous coverage | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The 3GPP has defined the Voice Call Continuity (VCC) specifications in order to describe how a voice call can be persisted, as a mobile phone moves between circuit switched and packet switched radio domains (3GPP TS 23. 206).
Many mobile phones are becoming available that support both cellular and other broadband radio technologies | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
VoLGA Forum was formed in March 2009 by a group of companies in the wireless industry in an effort to define a set of specifications for enabling delivery of voice services over 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) access networks based on the current 3GPP Generic Access Network (GAN) standard.
VoLGA is an acronym for Voice over LTE via Generic Access.
The VoLGA Forum's mission is to promote the widespread adoption of VoLGA technology | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile devices such as mobile phones that use the protocol. Introduced in 1999, WAP achieved some popularity in the early 2000s, but by the 2010s it had been largely superseded by more modern standards | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Wireless LAN Interoperability Forum (WLIF) was a non-profit industry organization founded in 1996 to promote and certify wireless LAN products. It was active from about 1996 through 1998 and disbanded in 2001.
History
The organization was announced on May 20, 1996, chaired by Chris Gladwin of Zenith Data Systems | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wireless transaction protocol (WTP) is a standard used in mobile telephony. It is a layer of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) that is intended to bring Internet access to mobile phones. WTP provides functions similar to TCP, except that WTP has reduced amount of information needed for each transaction (e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Wireless Village is a set of specifications for mobile instant messaging and presence services. It is intended to be a standard for cellphones and mobile devices to use these services across platforms.
Many wireless phones now include mobile instant messaging capabilities designed to hook into messaging services using IMPS on a carrier's network, formerly known as the Wireless Village protocol | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
ZOS Messaging Service (ZMS) is a location communication standard that operates over cellular network. ZMS uses standardized communications protocols and IP Networks to allow the exchange of geo coordinates between mobile phones, and between mobile telephone devices and personal computers.
ZMS enables developers of location-based service (LBS) applications to access multiple device platforms | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1. 57 in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Host card emulation (HCE) is the software architecture that provides exact virtual representation of various electronic identity (access, transit and banking) cards using only software. Prior to the HCE architecture, near field communication (NFC) transactions were mainly carried out using hardware-based secure elements. HCE enables mobile applications running on supported operating systems to offer payment card and access card solutions independently of third parties while leveraging cryptographic processes traditionally used by hardware-based secure elements without the need for a physical secure element | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A human microchip implant is any electronic device implanted subcutaneously (subdermally) usually via an injection. Examples include an identifying integrated circuit RFID device encased in silicate glass which is implanted in the body of a human being. This type of subdermal implant usually contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as identity document, criminal record, medical history, medications, address book, and other potential uses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
MIFARE is a series of integrated circuit (IC) chips used in contactless smart cards and proximity cards.
The brand includes proprietary solutions based on various levels of the ISO/IEC 14443 Type A 13. 56 MHz contactless smart card standard | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A near-field magnetic induction (NFMI) communication system is a short range wireless physical layer that communicates by coupling a tight, low-power, non-propagating magnetic field between devices. The concept is for a transmitter coil in one device to modulate a magnetic field which is measured by means of a receiver coil in another device.
Background: technical concepts
NFMI systems differ from other wireless communications in that most conventional wireless RF systems use an antenna to generate, transmit, and propagate an electromagnetic wave | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Clear Mobile is a mobile telephone network running as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) using Vodafone's Irish network. Vodafone owns Clear Mobile. Clear Mobile was launched on 14 January 2021 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Eircell was an Irish mobile cellular network provider which was established in 1984, with operations commencing in 1986. Its access code was 088 for the original analogue TACS system and 087 for the later GSM system. Following the abolition of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, Eircell fell under the remit of Telecom Éireann (Later Eircom), which today is known as Eir | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Multi-access edge computing (MEC), formerly mobile edge computing, is an ETSI-defined network architecture concept that enables cloud computing capabilities and an IT service environment at the edge of the cellular network and, more in general at the edge of any network. The basic idea behind MEC is that by running applications and performing related processing tasks closer to the cellular customer, network congestion is reduced and applications perform better. MEC technology is designed to be implemented at the cellular base stations or other edge nodes, and enables flexible and rapid deployment of new applications and services for customers | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu(m) 𒁾) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed (reed pen). Once written upon, many tablets were dried in the sun or air, remaining fragile | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Drawdown charts are rectangular pieces of non-fluorescent paper which are used to test a variety of coating properties. These properties include opacity, spreading rate, penetration, and flow & leveling behavior. This non-fluorescent material has to be especially rugged in order to maintain its structure and give reliable readings, as the coatings tested are often corrosive or abrasive | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Gevil or gewil (Hebrew: גויל) or (Hebrew: גוויל) is a type of parchment made from full-grain animal hide that has been prepared as a writing material in Jewish scribal documents, in particular a Sefer Torah (Torah scroll).
According to most views of Jewish law, a Sefer Torah (Torah scroll) should be written on gevil parchment, as was done by Moses for the original Torah scroll he transcribed. Further, a reading of the earliest extant manuscripts of the Mishneh Torah indicate that gevil was halakha derived from Moses and thus required for Torah scrolls | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Klaf or Qelaf (Hebrew: קְלָף) is the designation given a particular piece of skin. The Talmudic definition includes both the form of the skin and the way it is processed, in particular, that it must be tanned. Since the innovative ruling of Rabbeinu Tam (12th century Tosafist) it is primarily used to refer to parchment or vellum | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
In textual studies, a palimpsest () is a manuscript page, either from a scroll or a book, from which the text has been scraped or washed off in preparation for reuse, in the form of another document. Parchment was made of lamb, calf, or kid skin and was expensive and not readily available, so, in the interest of economy, a page was often re-used by scraping off the previous writing. In colloquial usage, the term palimpsest is also used in architecture, archaeology and geomorphology to denote an object made or worked upon for one purpose and later reused for another; for example, a monumental brass the reverse blank side of which has been re-engraved | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Papyrus ( pə-PY-rəs) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus (plural: papyri or papyruses) can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A slate is a thin piece of hard flat material, historically slate stone, which is used as a medium for writing.
Composition
The writing slate consisted of a piece of slate, typically either 4x6 inches or 7x10 inches, encased in a wooden frame. A slate pencil was used to write on the slate board | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Tire lettering is the practice of putting, or drawing visible letters on the sidewall of an automobile's tires. In modern usage, the lettering is often big car brands or tire brands names, with custom lettering being a much smaller niche of that. It can also refer to other after market customizations to the side wall of the tire, such as the "white wall tire" look, but any color of the spectrum is available now, including "rainbow wall tires" | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is distinguished from parchment when it is made from calfskin, rather than that made from other animals, or having a higher quality when it is not. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on and used for single pages, scrolls, codices, or books | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A wax tablet is a tablet made of wood and covered with a layer of wax, often linked loosely to a cover tablet, as a "double-leaved" diptych. It was used as a reusable and portable writing surface in Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Cicero's letters make passing reference to the use of cerae, and some examples of wax-tablets have been preserved in waterlogged deposits in the Roman fort at Vindolanda on Hadrian's Wall | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A whiteboard (also known by the terms marker board, dry-erase board, dry-wipe board, and pen-board) is a glossy, usually white surface for making non-permanent markings. Whiteboards are analogous to blackboards, but with a smoother surface allowing for rapid marking and erasing of markings on their surface. The popularity of whiteboards increased rapidly in the mid-1990s and they have become a fixture in many offices, meeting rooms, school classrooms, public events and other work environments | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Clyde Iron Works was a Scottish-based ironworking plant which operated from 1786 to 1978. Clyde Iron occupied a large site near the Carmyle and Tollcross areas of Glasgow. The plant was built by William Cadell (1737–1819) and Thomas Edington (1742–1811) who were associated with the Carron Iron Works in Falkirk as well as other ventures | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Elkington Silver Electroplating Works was a building on Newhall Street in Birmingham, England. It later housed the Birmingham science museum Museum of Science and Industry until the creation of Thinktank.
Standing opposite the Birmingham Assay Office, the original 19th century silver electroplating factory of George Elkington, built in 1838, once occupied a much longer, grandiose building on Newhall Street which was largely demolished in the mid-1960s | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Hapton Valley Colliery was a coal mine on the edge of Hapton near Burnley in Lancashire, England. Its first shafts were sunk in the early 1850s and it had a life of almost 130 years, surviving to be the last deep mine operating on the Burnley Coalfield.
Geology
The Burnley Coalfield, separated from the South Lancashire Coalfield, is in the form of an oval bowl extending north-east from Blackburn, past Colne to the Pennine Hills | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Horseley Ironworks (sometimes spelled Horsley) was a major ironworks in the Tipton area in the county of Staffordshire, now the West Midlands, England.
History
Founded by Aaron Manby, it is most famous for constructing the first iron steamer, The Aaron Manby, in 1821. The boat was assembled at Rotherhithe | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Palmer Mills, Stockport were cotton spinning mills in Portwood, Stockport, Greater Manchester. Built in the late 19th century, It was taken over by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s and sold on. Renamed the Stockport Paper Mill they survived into the 21st century when they were demolished to be replaced by modern businesses | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Rutland Mill was a cotton spinning mill on Linney Lane, in Shaw and Crompton, Greater Manchester, England. It was built by F. W | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Textile Mill, Chadderton was a cotton spinning mill in Chadderton, Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. It was built in 1882 by Potts, Pickup & Dixon for the Textile Mill Co. Ltd, and closed in 1927 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Colne Bridge Mill (English: ) was a factory, built in 1775, in the village of Colne Bridge near Bradley and Kirkheaton, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, which was destroyed by fire on 14 February 1818. It was owned by the wealthy manufacturer Thomas Atkinson (1779–1838), who was also proprietor of another business at Bradley Mills, Huddersfield.
Fire of 1818
Early in the morning of 14 February 1818, around 5 am, the fire was caused by a 10-year-old boy, James Thornton (c | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
On February 1, 2017 at around 6:00 p. m. (UTC +8), a fire hit the House Technology Industries, Ltd | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Huddersfield factory fire occurred on 31 October 1941 in the town of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, inside the H Booth & Son factory. The fire was caused by a smoker's pipe left alight inside a raincoat pocket when work had just commenced. It destroyed the building and killed 49, most of them women and young girls | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
== Sequence of the disaster ==
On September 26, 2019, the Lubrizol chemical products plant and warehouses of Normandie Logistique in Rouen caught fire; the plant synthesizes and stores chemical products (phosphorus and organosulfur compounds) intended for use as lubricant additives. Because of the toxic nature of the chemicals it produces, the site is covered by the Seveso-III Directive.
For reasons yet unknown, the fire started in a still unknown location and affected part of the warehouses of Normandie Logistique and Lubrizol's storage area | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
At around 11pm on the night of 30 June 2013, a sky lantern landed on a Jayplas plastics and paper recycling plant on Dartmouth Road, near to the West Bromwich Albion football ground, at Smethwick, West Midlands, England, igniting the material stored there. The resulting fire was the largest ever dealt with by the West Midlands Fire Service (WMFS), who deployed over 200 firefighters and nearly 40 appliances, including seven appliances borrowed from Staffordshire Fire and Rescue Service and three from Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service. Three firefighters were taken to hospital | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on Saturday, March 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city, and one of the deadliest in U. S. history | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i. e | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel. It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.
History
Since the invention of the Bessemer process, steel mills have replaced ironworks, based on puddling or fining methods | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A factory, manufacturing plant or a production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or operate machines which process each item into another. They are a critical part of modern economic production, with the majority of the world's goods being created or processed within factories.
Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the Industrial Revolution, when the capital and space requirements became too great for cottage industry or workshops | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Agile tooling is the design and fabrication of manufacturing related-tools such as dies, molds, patterns, jigs and fixtures in a configuration that aims to maximise the tools' performance, minimise manufacturing time and cost, and avoid delay in prototyping. A fully functional agile tooling laboratory consists of CNC milling, turning and routing equipment. It can also include additive manufacturing platforms (such as fused filament fabrication, selective laser sintering, Stereolithography, and direct metal laser sintering), hydroforming, vacuum forming, die casting, stamping, injection molding and welding equipment | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
An ashery is a factory that converts hardwood ashes into lye, potash, or pearlash. Asheries were common in newly settled areas of North America during the late 18th century and much of the 19th century, when excess wood was available as settlers cleared their land for farming. Hardwood ashes contain abundant levels of potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide, the principal components of the products being produced | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Chemical plant cost indexes are dimensionless numbers employed to updating capital cost required to erect a chemical plant from a past date to a later time, following changes in the value of money due to inflation and deflation. Since, at any given time, the number of chemical plants is insufficient to use in a preliminary or predesign estimate, cost indexes are handy for a series of management purposes, like long-range planning, budgeting and escalating or de-escalating contract costs. A cost index is the ratio of the actual price in a time period compared to that in a selected base period (a defined point in time or the average price in a certain year), multiplied by 100 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
A factory tour is an organized visit to a factory to observe the products being manufactured and the processes at work. Manufacturing companies offer factory tours to improve public relations.
Types of factory tours
Breweries and distilleries, together with manufacturers of clothes, pottery and glass, are amongst the most popular factory visits | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Software project management is the process of planning and leading software projects. It is a sub-discipline of project management in which software projects are planned, implemented, monitored and controlled.
History
In the 1970s and 1980s, the software industry grew very quickly, as computer companies quickly recognized the relatively low cost of software production compared to hardware production and circuitry | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Phabricator is a suite of web-based development collaboration tools, which includes a code review tool called Differential, a repository browser called Diffusion, a change monitoring tool called Herald, a bug tracker called Maniphest, and a wiki called Phriction. Phabricator integrates with Git, Mercurial, and Subversion. It is available as free software under the Apache License 2 | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
Abuse case is a specification model for security requirements used in the software development industry. The term Abuse Case is an adaptation of use case.
The term was introduced by John McDermott and Chris Fox in 1999, while working at Computer Science Department of the James Madison University | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
"No Silver Bullet—Essence and Accident in Software Engineering" is a widely discussed paper on software engineering written by Turing Award winner Fred Brooks in 1986. Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even one order of magnitude [tenfold] improvement within a decade in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity. " He also states that "we cannot expect ever to see two-fold gains every two years" in software development, as there is in hardware development (Moore's law) | https://huggingface.co/datasets/fmars/wiki_stem |
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