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Read/Search this Article
Road Transport Law was partly amended in 2002. Then, a regulation to adjust supply and demand of bus services was repealed, and subsidization for the local bus industry was modified. This amendment aimed an activation of bus services. This paper aims to analyze deregulated effects of the bus industry. First, a Trans-Log Cost Function is estimated with consideration to a effective period of the deregulation and the competitive pressures in the transportation markets. Second, the relation between regional differences and competitive pressures in the transportation markets is verified by using this Cost Function. Then, effects of the competitive pressures to productive structure of the bus industry are analyzed. Consequently, it is found that the production structure is different between regions and the competitive pressures lead the bus industry to cost inefficiency.
- Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies
Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 9, 1040-1054, 2011
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies | <urn:uuid:8ed4ffb5-b1a5-4f25-b5c1-e3a0c5553dec> | 2013-05-21T09:59:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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456 University Avenue,
10 people favorited this theater
The Varsity Theatre opened in 1927, replacing an earlier 1912 Varsity Theatre, which had been located further along University Avenue on the opposite side of the street of the current theattr.
After fifty years of showing first run movies, the Varsity Theatre switched to art house fare in 1987 and, sadly, closed in 1994.
A preservation effort was launched to save the historic theatre, but unfortunately it did not succeed.
After the sale, the theatre was converted into a retail outlet for the Borders booksellers chain. Due to its historical status, the theatre was left somewhat intact and could perhaps be reopened one day as a theatre.
Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater | <urn:uuid:de23e033-6e51-480d-90bc-02b3e1f56381> | 2013-05-21T10:21:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hereditary Chief of Clan
Dr Robin Boyd, MA (Oxon); MB BS; LRCP, MRCS; DCH; AFOM, 8th Baron Kilmarnock
President: Lauren Boyd McLachlan, FSA Scot
Formerly Kilmarnock Castle
Dean Castle, called Kilmarnock Castle until 1700, was the primary seat of the Boyd family for over 400 years. The castle is located about a mile north of the town of Kilmarnock, in the county of Ayr, in southwest Scotland. It is now open to the public as "Dean Castle Country Park," belonging to Kilmarnock and Louden District Council. The name "Kilmarnock" is an ancient one describing the location of "Marnock's Church." Marnock was a noted early Irish missionary to that area of Scotland. The name "Dean" is an old Scottish term for a wooded glen and is a common place name today.
The earliest part of the castle is a fourteenth century keep, constructed not long after the lands of Kilmarnock and West Kilbride were given by King Robert the Bruce to Sir Robert Boyd as a reward for his faithful service in thick and thin during Bruce's fight for Scottish independence against Edward I and Edward II of England. A fifteenth century addition, the "palace" and its adjoining tower, were built during a period of Boyd ascendancy while Lord Boyd was the guardian of James III.
The main castle buildings burned in 1735, reputedly caused by a careless maid. After the fire the Boyds vacated the site and moved into town. After Lord William Boyd was executed in 1746 for supporting the Stewart cause, the castle was sold. It remained in ruins until being acquired about 1900 by the eighth Lord Howard de Walden, who "restored" the property over a period of thirty years. His son, the ninth Lord, donated the castle in 1976. The grounds were purchased by the District Council in 1977. The Country Park has been open since 1980.
|Copyright © 1995- House of Boyd Society Inc., All Rights Reserved.| | <urn:uuid:147b9e1e-9493-4ad9-b152-2d3121d4d322> | 2013-05-21T10:14:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The majority of systems of equations that arise in science and engineering models are sparse. Moreover, solving these systems represents a major component in the total cost of solving these models. The development of efficient methods for solving these systems involves questions about the complexity of certain computations and their numerical stability and accuracy, along with software issues related to the design and analysis of efficient methods for storing sparse matrices and the use of multiprocessor architectures. This talk will trace the development of efficient methods for solving large sparse positive definite systems of equations over the past thirty years. This class of systems enjoys some significant advantages, and very efficient methods are now available for their solution. If time permits, approaches to solving more general systems (e.g., unsymmetric, indefinite, overdetermined, constrained) using the tools developed for sparse positive definite systems will be discussed. | <urn:uuid:df1a3f53-69d6-42c6-986c-730beedcd396> | 2013-05-21T10:27:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It was weird movie weekend at the Barnett house. We watched Lymelife, which was okay but didn't make any sense unless you watched the alternate ending. Then we watched Gigantic, which made no sense at all. If you simply must watch Gigantic, and I certainly don't recommend that you do, please explain to me how that movie got made in the first place.
If you want to find true love, look no further than World's Finest #119:
Try and spot the metaphor if you can. The scary thing is, Oliver and Roy getting scooped up by a giant arrow and getting "carried off into the night" was a literal element of the story, but I'm frankly a little disturbed by the imagery here.
You know what else disturbs me? That they don't make this any more:
Not only does that sound like an awesome treat, but the line "Best Lick on a Stick" is the greatest slogan in 20th Century advertising.
Here's some Fun with Out of Context Dialogue!(tm!):
This, kids, is why I keep telling you to pay attention to what you are saying. Granted, when you consider Roy's subsequent heroin problem, perhaps "Speedy has never spoken a true word," but I think they were trying to say "Speedy has never spoken a truER word." It's like that girl on the Amazing Race last night who told her partner, "I'm good at either challenge" when she should have said "I am equally good at either challenge," which would be more accurate because she was quite terrible at both.
In any respect, the dialogue box tells us that Roy either understates the situation or is a flat-out liar. Either way, double-check everything he tells you.
See you tomorrow! | <urn:uuid:ecef0241-ec4a-441b-95f2-aca6f22ed752> | 2013-05-21T10:34:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A compiler is a computer program that takes code and generates either object code or translates code in one language into another language. When it generates code into another language usually the other language is either compiled (into object code) , interpreted , or even compiled again into another language. Object code can be run on your computer as a regular program. In the days when compute time cost thousands of dollars compilation was done by hand. Now compilation is usually done by a program.
edit-hint Expand to compilation techniques? | <urn:uuid:880d3bad-144c-4602-89ac-2eec0a853e79> | 2013-05-21T10:14:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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You can find more information on the speaker's site:
Code is often hard to understand!
Not because we don't understand the programming language, but because we are overwhelmed with details that effectively hide the original intentions of the developer.
As an example: we might ask someone to "turn on the light", we don't ask them to "go to the front of the room, look for a switch on the wall, and toggle it to its opposite state".
The same should be true of objects - and with some consideration, it's easy enough to do.
This talk follows this concept and suggests a couple of conventions for method naming and subroutine structure to help make your intentions easier to understand. | <urn:uuid:0d215421-82b8-4aab-92d2-e10ed0403412> | 2013-05-21T10:35:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Martial arts is the collective name given to a variety of hand-to-hand fighting styles, or fighting styles that involve weapons that are used as an extension of the body. Most fighting styles are unique to a particular culture, such as Karate to Japan, and TaeKwonDo to Korea. While many have roots in the period BC, there are variations of the styles that evolved in the last 200 years.
Interestingly enough, Karate is more of an anti-martial art, designed to help common folk prepare to fight against martial rule, during a time of weapons bans. Kara te do means "empty hand way" referencing this style without weapons. TaeKwonDo means "the way of the hands and feet".
Most martial arts were originally intended to be used for serious fighting, but in the modern age they are mainly practised as sports, with strictly codified rules; indeed some, such as Judo, were developed from other martial arts purely for sporting purposes. Many people, especially women, also learn martial arts for self-defense. | <urn:uuid:1cc3a5ad-b648-4cb4-8962-4a51e93d576c> | 2013-05-21T10:13:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Intranets (Computer networks); Integrated library systems (Computer systems)
In 1997, a communication review was conducted for a multi-site university library system. Most of the recommendations that resulted were implemented. A recommendation to develop an intranet for the library system was deferred pending a more...
Fluorescence in situ hybridization; Lungs -- Cancer
This study examines the relationship ovserved between the chromosomal
abnormalities detected by FISH and available clinical data on cancer type on
forty lung cancer specimens. An attempt to derive correlation between subtype
of lung cancer and type... | <urn:uuid:d028cede-5470-40b8-b1c5-618a80326346> | 2013-05-21T10:35:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ray-Ray Armstrong isn't giving up on playing for Miami (Fla.) easily.
An attorney for the senior defensive back said he plans file an injunction attempting to get Armstrong reinstated to the team after he was dismissed last month.
Armstrong's attorney, Matt Morgan, told the Sun Sentinel that he hopes to argue Miami caused irreparable harm to Armstrong's potential NFL career because of the dismissal that came after his client had a chance to apply for the league's supplemental draft.
Miami did not cite a specific reason for removing Armstrong just a few weeks before the start of preseason practice. It said he can remain on scholarship to finish his degree.
Armstrong, considered one of the Hurricanes' top defensive players, was suspended for four games at the start of the 2011 season because of his involvement in the ongoing NCAA investigation into impermissible benefits provided by former booster Nevin Shapiro.
He also was suspended for a game in November after posting on Twitter about dinner with a friend who owns a public relations company that deals with professional athletes.
"Ultimately, we believe Miami made this move in order to appease the NCAA," Morgan told the Sun Sentinel.
"We're going to the judge and we're saying, 'Judge, the season is about to start, he's about to have to go to an NAIA [school] and his draft position is surely going to suffer as a result of that."
Even if an injunction is successful, there is no guarantee Miami would allow Armstrong to play for the team.
If the school were concerned about his eligibility, keeping him on the sideline would ensure that those wins would not be vacated in the future.
First-place votes in parentheses.
Football coaches' poll
Sign up for Campus Rivalry e-mail alerts | <urn:uuid:5fe4c103-0654-408f-9aeb-91235df9194a> | 2013-05-21T09:59:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Skylar Laine's Mississippi twang was a force to be reckoned with throughout the entire competition, and she isn't looking to shy away from it.
"I'm not a pop-country singer," Laine said. "I never will be. I need to sing the kind of country music that I want to sing. That comes out when I write."
Laine talks about whether her elimination came as a surprise, her plans for after the summer tour, which judge she would go out with for "a night on the town" and how she used to prank fellow contestant Hollie in a conference call. Some questions and responses have been edited for clarity:
As you were looking back, is there anything that you wish you could've showed to America?
I mean, I really think that I showed everything I could. I showed ballads, I showed upbeat songs, I showed passion, I showed anger in my songs. I really think that I showed a lot of stuff. I really wouldn't change a thing that I did on the show.
If you could choose for a night on the town with any of the judges, who would it be and why?
I'd probably pick Steven to go out a night on the town, because you know he's crazy. We'd have fun.
You will be going on the summer tour with the Top 10 this coming summer. What are you looking forward to the most with that?
I'm looking forward to meeting fans on the tour, because they're the ones that have gotten me this far, and they're the ones that are still supporting me now even though I'm not on the show anymore. I'm looking forward to meeting them and seeing all the places that we're going, and finally feeling like I've made it, by being on the stage, giving a concert.
What advice were you given during the show that you're going to carry on with you from this point on?
I'm definitely just going to carry on the advice to just to stay myself, don't let anybody change me as an artist. I'm not a pop country singer. I never will be. I need to sing the kind of country music that I want to sing. That comes out when I write.
You always had really great dresses for the show. Do you choose those or is it more of a stylist thing? Do you get to keep the clothes you have on there?
We get to keep most of the stuff that we wear, and the stylist helps us, but if I didn't like something, of course, she would always say, "Okay, well we'll find something else." She was really good at finding me stuff. She kind of knew, I told her, "Bring me dresses, but have something that's a little bit hardcore over it, not something so girly."
Why did you decide to audition for American Idol, and why now?
I have actually wanted to audition for 2 years. I always had something else going on that I couldn't, so this year I finally got the chance. I was like, I'm just going to go out for it – I don't think I'll make it past the first round, but I did. And now, Top Five, it's incredible, unbelievable to think I made it this far.
Was that a conscious decision to promote yourself only in that [country] way? Do you feel that shoehorned you into a box that may have alienated you from the support of non-country fans during the competition?
It's definitely a conscious decision. I pretty much know, I've accepted the fact that if I get to make an album, and I have a singles out, they're probably only going to be played on country radio, because that's just the way it is. That's the way my songs are going to sound. I'm fine with it, because I want to make real country music, like honky-tonk songs and the good old country stuff. That's what's going to make my happy, and that's what comes out when I write.
Your inspiration is Miranda Lambert. Is there any hope of maybe doing a duet with her in the future, maybe some songwriting?
Oh, it would be my dream to write with Miranda and do a duet. Miranda and Justin [Moore] are my idols. I would love to do a duet with both of them and write with both of them, so hopefully one day I will be able to.
The judges kept saying how great you were, but then you get voted off. Did you ever give any thought to trying to please the viewers, as opposed to pleasing just the judges?
I really always thought about that, I was really thinking about that every time. I was trying to please the viewers and judges. Maybe it was just my time to go. I just didn't get enough votes.
Can you compare the stress that you had to endure for Idol to any other thing that's ever happened in your life?
I really can't. This has been the most stressful time, but the thing is, I loved it. I said I was relieved because I won't have to have that crazy hectic schedule. I won't have to worry about song choice or being judged. I'm relieved about that stuff.
Back when you auditioned, you talked about your family's restaurant and how much that meant to you. Are you still planning on helping out, even with all your success on Idol?
Oh, of course I want to help out. I just want to help out in any way possible that I can.
Who were you closest with on the show? Do you have a favorite memory or inside joke with any of them you'd like to share?
I was closest with [Joshua] and Hollie. We just had a bunch of funny stuff we'd always say. I would wake her up with a duck call sometimes, so that was pretty funny.
Was it a surprise to you to go home this week?
It's never a surprise on Thursdays. You never know what's going to happen. This season has been really unpredictable, and it's going to keep being that way now. I was just happy to make it as far as I have.
Next week on 'Idol': David Cook and California Dream'
I read that Carrie Underwood was sorry to see you go last night. How do you feel about her comments?
She was so sweet about it. She actually said in one of her interviews I think that the country community is already welcoming me with open arms, and that just means the world to me. All of her comments were sweet, and I was so happy to hear them.
I know you said you weren't really surprised to be eliminated. Would you mind elaborating on that a little bit? Because at first glance, it seems like you might have been a little surprised, given Hollie had landed in the Bottom Three quite a few more times than you throughout the season.
I wasn't surprised because I just got a gut feeling when I came back up there. I stood there and I told Hollie, "I think you're about to be surprised," because she thought she was going home, and she was like, "No, I'm not." I said, "Yeah, you're gonna be surprised. I said, "I told you so" after. I wasn't surprised, because you can't be. You never know what's going to happen.
What's your opinion on the [Jessica Sanchez's dress] debate? Do you think Jessica's dress was age appropriate? Or do you think it was a little too much for the show and the American Idol audience?
I really don't know what to say about that. I loved her dress. Jessica's got a body to die for. She's stick thin (laughs). Don't we all want to be that way? I don't really know. I loved the dress. If people were offended by it, then they were offended by it, but I didn't really have a problem with it.
You had some amazing performances early on. That's one thing Jennifer Lopez loved about you. Did you feel that adrenaline rush every time you hit the stage?
Yes, definitely. Even if I was singing a ballad, I felt an adrenaline rush. It's crazy to be up on that stage. I can't ever remember anything that happened on stage.
No, I really don't remember anything. I just have to watch it back.
What are you planning on for the tour?
I'm definitely going to sing country. I don't want to have to sing Pop. On the show, of course, we have to sing what they give us and everything. I just want to sing country music. Hopefully I'll get to sing some of my songs.
Going into your final performance, you fumbled with your song. How important do you think song choice is, and do you think it had anything to do with you being eliminated?
I don't know if song choice had anything to do with me being eliminated. I really don't know what it was. It could've been. I will never know, so I don't really like to linger on it. I'm just trying to remember my good times that I've had on the show. I had a great time the other night performing.
You've been in Hollywood for a few months – are you ready to leave your hometown of Mississippi and become a L.A. girl?
No, I don't plan on moving to L.A. after the tour, I'm going to move to Nashville. That's where country music is, and that's where country artists record, so that's where I want to be.
Are you planning to keep some of that glamour in your costumes incorporated into your everyday life now?
I don't know about in everyday life. Maybe once in a while, but I always try to keep something a little bit more hardcore in my outfits. Give me a dress, but I'm going to put something with it that's a little bit more tomboyish.
How were you able to just stay so positive, even before the eliminations every single week to sort of shut down that pressure after you hit the stage?
I definitely just forgot about everything and would sing the song, songs I love. I just forgot about it all and rocked out. I just wanted to go out with a bang last night, and I think I did a good job of it.
Which mentor was your favorite and why?
My favorite mentor was probably Stevie Nicks, because she spent so much time learning the songs the night before. She wanted to have an idea of them. She came in the next day, and really had done her homework. It really showed that she respected us and we respected her.
What was your favorite performance?
I have two: Stay With Me and Gunpowder and Lead. I love both of those.
When you first went in front of the big audience, what was running through your head?
I really can't remember what was running through my head. When I get on stage, I kind of just block it all out. Probably running through my head, what I can't remember, is just like "Oh my gosh, oh my gosh, oh my gosh, don't fall, don't fall."
You don't really think about it though now?
No, I don't really think about it, because I can never remember what was going through my head when I was performing.
What did you find then the most challenging?
The most challenging was probably just staying true to myself and walking in the high heels.
Are you saying that your mind actually went black and you didn't remember how the performance went when you were standing there being judged? Could you really not remember?
I could remember, but I can never remember what was going through my head in the middle of the performance. Sometimes I'm not thinking about anything in the middle of the performance, I'm just singing it. Sometimes I could be thinking about something completely different in the middle of the performance, "Hmm, what am I going to eat when I leave here," or something. I don't know what it is, it's weird. It just happens that way. I can never really remember what it is.
You always made sure to slap the hands of all the fans that were around the stage. Did that come naturally to you? Did you make a conscious decision to do that?
I really loved coming up and touching the fan's hands. They're the ones that have gotten me here, they're the ones that love me, they're the ones that are gonna buy my albums hopefully. I just wanted to show them that I know they're there and I know that they're supporting me.
Do you have any plans for writing an album now? Do you have any songs that you're working on?
I have a lot of songs. I have songs that I've written before, and of course, I have a catalogue of them. I have stuff that needs to be finished. I want to write with other people. Anything that they can have me do, I'm really excited about.
If you had to pick somebody to win the competition now, could you pick?
Oh, I could not pick at all. I wouldn't pick even if I could. They're all so amazing and I love them all.
Jimmy said he felt you didn't understand the lyrics to Fortunate Son and also that you didn't have the darkness of Dusty Springfield. What were your feelings about these two songs? Did you feel like you connected to the lyrics? How did you understand those lyrics?
Fortunate Son is a war protest song. I didn't really know if I should connect to the lyrics or not. I just was kind of singing the song because I really like the melody. Sometimes you just sing a song because you like the song. And then Dusty Springfield, I felt like I had the darkness. I felt like I had a lot of passion. Jimmy always has his opinions. He's not where he is today without knowing a couple things. I respect his opinion.
I just want to thank everyone for all the support. I hope to be talking to you all in the future, maybe, if I get to make an album or about tour. Thank you all though for everything, and I hope that you all have a blessed day.
Nashville-based Brian Mansfield began writing about music for USA TODAY in 1997 and took over Idol Chatter just before the start of Season 8. He co-authored Make Me a Star: Industry Insiders Reveal How to Make It in Music, and while he has never auditioned for American Idol, he did sing Boot Scootin' Boogie at Disney World's American Idol Experience the day the attraction opened (he lost). More about Brian | E-mail Brian | <urn:uuid:5b5f088b-1bb4-4a54-8183-f1002a57987b> | 2013-05-21T10:01:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What Your—Grader Needs to Know
In one volume per grade, this eight-volume series provides parents, teachers, and children with an introduction to the important knowledge outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence. More…
Learn how Core Knowledge schools in nearly every state are succeeding with a sequenced, solid, specific, and shared curriculum. More…
Benefits of Core KnowledgeAll Stakeholders Benefit from a Coherent, Cumulative, and Content-Specific Curriculum
- provides a broad base of knowledge, and
- provides the rich vocabulary needed for reading achievement and academic success.
- provides a plan for coherent, sequenced learning from grade to grade,
- promotes teamwork and an institution-wide focus, and
- enables schools to work more effectively while meeting and exceeding state standards.
For School Districts
- decreases the learning gaps caused by student mobility,
- provides a strong foundation of knowledge for success in high school and beyond,
- creates a common focus to share information and expertise, and
- encourages cooperation among schools to provide a quality learning experiences for all students.
For Parents and Communities
- enhances accountability and parental engagement by providing a clear outline of what children are expected to learn in school, and
- provides a common ground for communication—in school and in life. | <urn:uuid:ae45f2a8-eaa0-4c4a-86c7-1eff032f5e42> | 2013-05-21T10:13:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The thirteenth word of verse (2:49) is divided into 2 morphological segments. A resumption particle and preposition. The connective particle wa is usually translated as "then" or "so" and is used to indicate a sequence of events.
The analysis above refers to the 49th
verse of chapter 2 (sūrat
Sahih International: And [recall] when We saved your forefathers from the people of Pharaoh, who afflicted you with the worst torment, slaughtering your [newborn] sons and keeping your females alive. And in that was a great trial from your Lord.
You can sign in to add a message if this information could be improved or requires discussion.
Copyright © Kais
Dukes, 2009-2011. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org. This is an open source project. | <urn:uuid:0fedf6d3-e315-49cf-a849-06aa3999e5cd> | 2013-05-21T10:34:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Last Updated: Feb 17, 2012
Fair trade is a sales model that honors each participant in the production and purchase process. It focuses on sustainability and protection of the environment, and is rooted in fair economic practices and interpersonal connections. When you purchase an item labeled as fair trade, you are helping support fair prices, environmental protections, direct trade, fair labor conditions, and local communities.
Why Buy Fair Trade
Our modern world economy puts a heavy focus on the bottom line: in the decision between two similar products, price is usually the deciding factor. However, this practice often discriminates against small farmers, craftsmen, and labor cooperatives, since their per-unit production and materials costs are higher than those of mass producers. Additionally, major manufacturers may employ unjust business practices, such as low wages or poor worker rights, to maintain low prices for their finished products.
Fair trade, on the other hand, honors the developing world's small businesses and promotes equal rights for workers and producers around the world. Additionally, this business model supports social development, helping fund schools and community growth, and directly benefits some of the world's poorest communities.
Fair Price & Fair Labor
The international Fair Trade Labeling Organization sets the price for all Fair Trade Certified™ products, ensuring that each item is priced justly. By these standards, a fair price adequately covers the cost the production and living wages for workers. A living wage is defined as sufficient to cover medical care, education, food, shelter and cost of living.
Fair trade companies, farmers and artisans respect their environment and engage in sustainable production. For example, fair trade farmers avoid the use of most agrochemicals by employing natural methods like crop rotation and biological pest control. Almost 85% of Fair Trade Certified™ coffee is produced organically.
The conventional supply chain employs many intermediaries – buyers, exporters, and importers, among others. Fair trade supports a more direct route, connecting a producer or cooperative to a fair trade distributor, then to the store. This process allows for less profit dilution, and fosters long-term relationships between producers and importers.
Support Local Communities
Without fair trade, artisans, farmers and cooperatives from small, developing communities would not have access to the global market. By purchasing fair trade items produced by these workers, you contribute directly to their local economy. In fact, many fair trade producers invest profits back into their businesses and communities. Additionally, all fair trade sales include a "social premium," which is a set fee paid to the cooperative that must be invested in community development. Each cooperative makes a collective decision as to how to invest their social premium. | <urn:uuid:1ae78faf-b83b-4730-af4a-f48608d90368> | 2013-05-21T09:59:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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not to get too religious but it is interesting that Ray says essentially that "he is obviously innocent because God couldn't use him for God's glory".....that is flawed logic on so many levels. 1) Moses murdered an Egyptian and went on to do some pretty impressive things....part the Red Sea, ten commandments, strike a rock for water, etc.
2) Ray's equates his football success to God's glory. Seems a bit presumptuous
3) Ray's logic is essentially that because he got away with it and has been blessed on the football field...then he must not have murdered anyone. Believe Rae Carruth was a pretty good player on the field too before he murdered.
Of course what can you expect from a UM thug that's been hit in the head too many times?
I would guess that he must've included a gag order in the settlement that keeps anyone from revealing his true level of involvement....otherwise we'd probably all know more details, ANY details, about what happened that night. And when asked repeatedly point-blank, Ray obfuscates repeatedly and tries to hide behind a religious veil with some flawed elementary arguments.
I hope the attention to this matter and Ray's complete attempted shut down on any and all discussions of any wrong doing on his part, being PEDs or murder, continues to escalate and HoF voters sour on him. The more Ray non-talks about all his sins, the more suspicious i become. He looks more and more guilty everytime this topic comes up.
Shame Goodell wasn't in charge back then, Ray would've gotten in some serious trouble from the league.
How many times will our society and system proclaim a murderer is innocent simply because we liked their performance on the football field?
Still left to accomplish:
sign OT Winston or G Moore | <urn:uuid:60b8dfb1-6dfe-4b03-92a4-6d9fed341d55> | 2013-05-21T10:07:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Setting up and running a business is one of the most rewarding yet challenging things you could ever do. If you've managed to go out there on your own - particularly during the current economic climate - you should pat yourself on the back.
But recession or not, it's always difficult to keep going once you're up and running. There's all manner of things to deal with from your own time management to ensuring clients pay on time. Speaking from my own experiences of going solo, here's my Ultimate Business Survival Guide for Freelancers or Small Businesses.
1. Learn how to sell yourself
When you're the owner of your own business, you're the sole 'face' of your company. You're the first person people meet or speak to when they consider hiring you. That's why it's so important to learn how to sell yourself and your services. Don't be afraid to show off your skills and expertise whenever you meet people. Learn how to create and maintain relationships and become skilled in asking the right questions as well as knowing when to give the hard sell and when to take a step back.
If you've only been freelancing for a short while and you're not yet experienced in selling yourself, my advice is to be friendly and open with everyone you meet. Make a point to listen and observe, reading people's body language. You'll be surprised how much you learn just by observing people. But if the opportunity presents itself to sell your skills, do it! Tell people who you are and what you do. If you get to grips with sales, you'll definitely make it long term.
Top Tips: Go to lots of networking events, always carry business cards and be prepared to sell yourself at all times. You never know who you might bump into. Make sure you always follow up on any new leads. And ask your existing clients for referrals. Create a CRM system to keep track of potential and existing customers.
2. Practise good money management
A key to survival is good cash flow, especially when you're a small business. Get into the habit of managing your money, so that you never run short. This means sending out invoices as soon as a project is complete and chasing payment when the standard 30 days are up.
No one likes to pick up the phone and ask for money, but you shouldn't feel like you're being rude. Simply say "I'm going through my usual monthly admin and am just chasing up on invoice number X. Could you please confirm that it's going to be paid as it's now overdue. Thank you." Just keep things friendly and professional and people will respect your wishes. I've never had anyone complain about me chasing payment for my own invoices. It's just something we all have to do and it's common knowledge that many firms just need that gentle reminder now and again.
Top Tips: Never live beyond your means and remember that some months you'll earn more cash than others. Save as much money as possible to build up a safety net reserve. To really tackle your invoices and bills, hire an accountant or consider using something like FreeAgent.
3. Get the right support
Whether you're a small business or freelancer, getting the right support is crucial if you want your business to survive. If you're picking other freelancers to collaborate with, you really have to make sure you get the right people behind you.
My advice is to put other freelancers through a stringent interview process. It won't do any harm to make absolutely sure that you're taking on the right people for the job. Ask to see CVs, portfolios... anything that demonstrates their skills and experience. Go the extra mile and make them do a test during their interview. And when you hire them, make them work with you on-site if it makes you more comfortable. That way, you can keep an eye on them and ensure you're getting your money's worth.
Of course, the beauty of hiring freelancers is that you can hire them on a project-by-project basis. This means you always have the budget in place and, even better - if it doesn't work out, you can simply go elsewhere. Read this article on How to Successfully Work with Freelancers for some more top tips.
If a freelancer just won't cut it and you need more daily support, then it might be time to employ your first member of staff. Taking the leap and hiring someone full-time is exciting but it can also be daunting. Because employing someone instead of hiring a freelancer is a whole new ball game. There are many things you need to take into account, most of which are nicely covered by ByteStart.co.uk. Don't be put off though - taking on staff is a great sign that your business is growing.
Top Tips: Becoming an employer opens up a world of new responsibilities. Learn everything you can on hiring staff and ensure you're fully clued up on employment law. Read this helpful guide on Employment Law from the government.
4. Never stop marketing yourself
When you run your own business, you tend to wear many different hats. Marketing is one of the most crucial aspects of a successful company, so make sure it's at the top of your agenda at all times. Do anything and everything to get your business name out there and in front of people looking for your product or services.
A good first step is to create a business plan and use your research to market your business in the right way. It's no good just going at it without any considered thought process, so make sure you do some thorough prep before you start marketing to the masses.
Top Tips: Whenever you're going through a quiet period, focus on your own marketing. Follow up new leads. Go to networking events. Send out an e-newsletter. Update your website and its blog. Carry on with your SEO and digital marketing. Make a few cold calls to potential new clients. And if you're still stuck for marketing ideas read 100 inspiring ways to market your business.
5. Work with the right people
Another key ingredient to survival is finding the right clients to work with. This means finding people who are easy to work with, who pay on time and who appreciate your hard work and expertise. Those dream clients that we all hope and wish for. Finding them is no easy feat but something you'll only get better at with time and experience.
What you want to do in the meantime is get rid of those clients that make your working life a misery. You know the ones I'm talking about. The low value clients who never pay on time, who demand more than they should get and who drain you and leave you feeling unproductive. As soon as you can afford to, get rid of them! It will free up lots of your time to concentrate on better paying customers.
Top Tips: Getting rid of negative, needy clients is never easy because you should never burn bridges or risk damaging your reputation. There are ways to walk away gracefully, like for example - making the client think it was their idea to walk away from you. You could achieve this by putting your prices up next time you quote for something or saying you're unavailable to take on any new work. Another great tip is to recognise the warning signs of difficult clients before you work with them. Here's a good article on How to Turn Business Away Professionally.
6. Manage your time effectively
Time is money, as they say. Your time is charged to clients and so in order to survive, you have to make sure your time is being spent wisely. That means having a good hard look at a typical working day to see if there's anything you could be doing to manage your time more effectively.
If you're finding yourself easily distracted, then read these Top 20 ways to Stay Productive at Work or this helpful article on managing your time more effectively. Both give lots of good tips to encourage you to review your working day.
Top Tips: One of the most common time wasters is bad clients. Get rid of anyone who is draining your time and energy for little profit. Make room in the day to win higher value clients who appreciate your work. Seriously, stop slogging your guts out for people who don't pay enough and chase after higher paying customers. How you do this is by improving your website and portfolio and putting yourself across as a high quality product or service provider.
And those are just a few top tips on how to survive in business if you're a freelancer or small firm. If you've got any of your own suggestions, please feel free to add them by commenting below. | <urn:uuid:503d8516-ae87-4c9f-a80f-f9adcc259860> | 2013-05-21T10:34:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"The statement that was issued by R. Kelly's camp to TMZ, which I interpreted as an attempt to defame Regina and George Daniels, my dad and stepmom, has made it necessary for me to respond to some of those accusations: I take full responsibility for my actions. My stepmother and father didn't know about my relationship with the singer because I knew and he knew that they wouldn't approve ... so I tried to keep it a secret, but when my stepmother found out about our relationship, she resigned because she felt that Rob had 'crossed the line' by dating a girl that he has known since she was 7 years old. My stepmom was not fired for incompetence. She was Rob's publicist for 14 years and always considered Rob not just a client ... but family. And Rob thought of my dad like a father.
"I am 21, smart and will be graduating from college this year, but I admit that I was swept up by his charming and generous ways, which I truly regret and have learned from. My brief relationship with Kelly last year ended because my parents were starting to hear rumors that we were together, and I was beginning to feel like it wasn't a healthy situation, especially with the pain it was causing me and my family," Maxine said. "I felt that it just wasn't right. Also, in reference to my birthday party, which was held last spring, Regina did not push Rob to host the party. We both asked him ... and he readily agreed." [continue reading]
Labels: Shouldn't You Be In Jail By Now? | <urn:uuid:c538a66f-5ac2-4c1d-b20a-25dec1fcc18f> | 2013-05-21T10:13:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On Wednesday, Greek triple jumper Voula Papachristou was expelled from the Olympic team after a series of tweets mocking African immigrants and endorsing Golden Dawn, a far right party political party.
The Hellenic Olympic committee told the Associated Press that Papachristou was excluded from the games “for statements contrary to the values and ideas of the Olympic movement.”
The primary controversial tweet, a comment on the appearance of West Nile virus-carrying mosquitoes in Athens read, “With so many Africans in Greece, the West Nile mosquitos will be getting home food!”
The tweet prompted a sea of negative comments.
She also retweeted several tweets by Golden Dawn spokesman Illias Kasidiaris, who struck a female Communist MP and threw water at another female MP on a TV talk show.
As a result of the tweets, Papachristou was banned from the games. The committee also banned other Greek Olympic athletes from expressing personal opinions on their social media profiles — on subjects not related to the Olympics — until the games are over.
On Wednesday, Papachristou issued an apology on Twitter, writing, “my heartfelt apologies for the unfortunate and tasteless joke I published on my personal Twitter account. I am very sorry and ashamed for the negative responses I triggered, since I never wanted to offend anyone, or to encroach human rights.”
The apology did not help her case. The decision to ban her from the games was irreversible.
Greece’s Track and Field Federation announced that she would also face a disciplinary hearing.
Papachristou’s coach, Georgi Pomaski, and her sports club, AEK, feel her punishment was too severe.
“We will fight any attempt to exclude our athlete… by all legal means,” AEK said in a statement. | <urn:uuid:befc2c7b-b2cb-4066-b29b-7807b90eb50b> | 2013-05-21T09:59:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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One of my crusades is to stop daemons from using /tmp. I think the problem here is two-fold,
- Inexperienced daemon writer decides he has some files that he wants to temporarily use. In userspace he uses /tmp, so why not just use it for his system application?
- Another reason daemon writers do this is to communicate with logged in users. He knows users can write to /tmp, so if he throws a socket or other file out there, there will be no problem communicating with the user.
Many attacks have happened because a careless application writer has written a daemon which writes files to /tmp while running as root.
Just enter "/tmp vulnerabilities" and google responds with 980,000 entries.
System applications creating and writing files/sockets in /tmp, also causes things like pam_namespace to not work well.
Pam_namespace, as I have written about before, can be used to isolate different users on the same system, giving each user his own /tmp. Finally, an issue that is dear to my heart: maintaining proper labeling on all these files being dumped into /tmp is a pain in the butt.
Daemon developers should follow these rules:
- /tmp is for users to store their stuff not for daemons or any process that is started in the boot process.
- If a daemon wants to communicate with a user then he should do it via /var/run/DAEMON.
- If you have a daemon that wants its temporarily files to survive a reboot. consider using /var/cache/DAEMON
I am even hoping to finally get X to stop using /tmp.
Maybe someday Kerberos ...
So if you have a daemon that uses /tmp please consider changing it to use a different directory. | <urn:uuid:731df47e-fd1e-440b-96f7-7fa67b0ec937> | 2013-05-21T10:20:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Partly sunny. Showers and thunderstorms likely early in the morning...then a chance of showers and thunderstorms in the late morning and afternoon. Highs in the lower 80s. Southwest winds 10 to 15 mph until late afternoon becoming 10 to 20 mph late in the afternoon. Chance of precipitation 60 percent. | <urn:uuid:dc183b40-44e3-4fb2-9937-b331078fe520> | 2013-05-21T10:07:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The air breezed lightly, her hair flew in the same direction. It was fun, being behind a tree to just relax for a change. Silence, nothing else to be heard anywhere. A small sigh came from the girl. “People say life is full of opportunities, but is it for someone like me? Will they stay calm when she awakens? Running away seems so easy, to end up being a memory. Could I live with that?”
The scents of her surroundings roamed around her. Soothing, yet she still thought. “Will I continue to chase people out of my life due to that little girl? Sometimes I wonder, if I am the one in control or is she? Is she choosing to stay low and wait for a perfect prey? I think I choose to do what I do, but she could be the one making the moves. Perhaps it is me who is the monster and not her.”
“Am I the one who seeks the prey and hunt it down? Is she the one telling me to do this, to the point that I realize before it is too late?” Dawn yawned and then smiled. “No, I am in control. The strange looks I get prove that. No one can believe that ‘the monster finally got control.’” The raven-haired girl tightened her fist. “I am not a monster.. Just different from the others. Can they blame me for not always being me?” Then she laid down, before sleeping.
“Would you care to tell me, Miss Dusk?” | <urn:uuid:dba28822-6914-4d7c-b617-645e2c5f05b1> | 2013-05-21T10:05:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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2005 Montana Legislature
About Bill -- Links
HOUSE BILL NO. 59
INTRODUCED BY C. HARRIS
A BILL FOR AN ACT ENTITLED: "AN ACT PROVIDING THAT A STATEMENT, AFFIRMATION, GESTURE, OR CONDUCT EXPRESSING APOLOGY, FAULT, REMORSE, SYMPATHY, COMMISERATION, CONDOLENCE, OR COMPASSION RELATING TO THE PAIN, SUFFERING, OR DEATH OF A PERSON THAT IS MADE TO THE PERSON, A MEMBER OF THE PERSON'S FAMILY, OR A FRIEND OF THE PERSON IS INADMISSIBLE AS EVIDENCE OF AN ADMISSION OF LIABILITY IN A CIVIL ACTION FOR MEDICAL MALPRACTICE; AND PROVIDING AN APPLICABILITY DATE."
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MONTANA:
NEW SECTION. Section 1. Statement of apology, remorse, or sympathy -- not admissible as evidence of admission of liability for medical malpractice. (1) A statement, affirmation, gesture, or conduct expressing apology, fault, remorse, sympathy, commiseration, condolence, or compassion relating to the pain, suffering, or death of a person that is made to the person, a member of the person's family, or a friend of the person is not admissible as evidence of an admission of liability in a civil action for medical malpractice.
(2) As used in this section, the following definitions apply:
(a) "Apology" means a communication that expresses regret or asks for a pardon for a fault or offense.
(b) "Communication" means a statement, writing, or gesture.
(c) "Family" means the spouse, parent, spouse's parent, grandparent, stepmother, stepfather, child, grandchild, sibling, or half-sibling of an injured party.
NEW SECTION. Section 2. Codification instruction. [Section 1] is intended to be codified as an integral part of Title 26, chapter 1, and the provisions of Title 26, chapter 1, apply to [section 1].
NEW SECTION. Section 3. Applicability. [This act] applies to causes of action arising after [the effective date of this act].
- END -
Latest Version of HB 59 (HB0059.01)
Processed for the Web on December 8, 2004 (2:46pm)
New language in a bill appears underlined, deleted material appears stricken.
Sponsor names are handwritten on introduced bills, hence do not appear on the bill until it is reprinted.
See the status of this bill for the bill's primary sponsor.
Status of this Bill | 2005 Legislature | Leg. Branch Home
This bill in WP 5.1 | All versions of all bills (WP 5.1 format)
Authorized print version w/line numbers (PDF format)
[ NEW SEARCH ]
Prepared by Montana Legislative Services | <urn:uuid:952b0aa5-6aa7-4e4a-961c-08423b7d956a> | 2013-05-21T10:27:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A Christmas Medley
Published on Monday, December 13, 2010 - 11:19am
Actors from the Georgetown Theatre Company will present readings of favorite holiday poems, stories and fables at the Georgetown Library next Tuesday, December 21, at 7:30 p.m.
This free program is intended for all ages, though it might not appeal to very young children.
Selections read will be chosen from the following beloved standards:
- "A Christmas Alphabet "
- "Christmas Closes a Gulf" by Moss Hart
- "Heaven Cannot Hold Him" by Christina Rossetti
- "New Relations and Duties" by Frederick Douglass
- "Francie Nolan's Christmas Tree" (from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn) by Elizabeth Smith
- "A Large Christmas" by Lillian Smith
- "The Ballade of Befana" by Phyllis McGinley
- "The Carol of the Brown King" by Langston Hughs
- "Christmas Morning" by Frank O'Connor
- "The Holy Night" by Selma Lagerlof
- "The Night Before Christmas" by Clement Moore
- "Yes, Virgina, There Is a Santa Claus" | <urn:uuid:2bc1f9da-dbba-416f-9829-e3c5372669fb> | 2013-05-21T10:35:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|A Canadian in New York (part 2 of 2)|
|6/29/2000 - The work was in four movements, dealing with different aspects of my experiences as a Canadian living in New York these past 11 years. The first, "The City", attempted to conjure up in more literal terms the sounds of the city, from the sounds of traffic hustle and bustle, to bebop and funk riffs, to gentle walks in the park. It was the most extended and perhaps ambitious movement and lasted some 30 minutes. The form was roughly sonata form with a contrasting slow movement and lots of development, including an opening Bartokian string quartet texture built on the perfect 4th motives to follow introduced by David's poetry ("Listen to the sounds of...the City...") and some free, swinging sections featuring Spaulding. And I was thrilled to have my first chance to truly conduct a large group - I sat at the piano with my back directly to the audience, and with the musicians surrounding me in a semi-circle so I could conduct at the moment "conductions" (borrowing a chapter from the techniques of Butch Morris and David Murray in which background figures, tempos, even solo forms are indicated, on the fly, by the conductor's direction). Movement II was based on "Suite New York" from my solo piano album "....so far", and was more romantic in scope and mood, ultimately building on an ostinato-like chord progression as the basis for the solos. Mov. III was an homage to El Barrio, featuring the great Bobby Sanabria, as well as poetry from David, and was built around a 7/4 latin-oriented groove, with some pizzicato, fugue-like strings serving as intro and interlude. And the work ended on a more relaxed note, with "Brooklyn Lullaby" - my homage to the laid-back, family-oriented, tree-lined streets of my new home.|
All in all, it was perhaps the greatest musical moment of my career (whether or not the audience agreed!- though the people who stayed til the end seemed very receptive to the work)- there is nothing, for example, to compare to the feeling of asking 14 musicians to play louder - LOUDER and actually hearing the enormity and intensity of the resulting sound (!) I truly hope that I can continue to develop in this direction by touring with this work hopefully in Canada, and by expanding this piece for full symphony orchestra, and by also creating new, hybrid works which explore new classical/jazz/"beyond" works down the line... | <urn:uuid:822d06ff-3e13-45a2-805c-797f935cfe24> | 2013-05-21T10:19:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tuesday, 19 April 1977
Dáil Eireann Debate
Minister for Finance (Mr. R. Ryan): Total taxation, which is customarily defined as in the national accounts, comprises taxes on income, including social insurance contributions, taxes on expenditure, including rates, taxes on capital and EEC taxes.
Criteria for dividing taxes into direct and indirect may conflict. However, taking taxes on income and taxes on capital as direct taxation and taxes on expenditure and EEC taxes as indirect taxation, the percentages for 1976 were as follows: Direct, 44 per cent; Indirect, 56 per cent.
Dr. O'Connell: asked the Minister for Finance the percentage of total income taxation contributed by the following categories in 1976: (a) Schedule E taxpayers (b) Schedule D taxpayers (self-employed, other than companies) (c) companies and (d) farmers.
*It is not possible at this stage to give a breakdown of the tax paid by companies and other Schedule D taxpayers in 1976. The only information available regarding income taxes paid by companies is the estimated amount paid on their undistributed profits, as compiled for inclusion in the national accounts. This information for 1976 is not yet available.
Minister for Finance (Mr. R. Ryan): It is not possible to give a breakdown of the cost of some of the tax reliefs between companies and self-employed individuals. It is estimated that the cost for 1976-77 of the reliefs available to both companies and individuals in respect of (a) stock relief and (b) capital allowances was about £28 million.
|Last Updated: 14/09/2010 16:29:00||Page of 74| | <urn:uuid:d2ae5564-98fa-4218-8907-251a21781ae0> | 2013-05-21T10:34:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I wanted to do a search for engines that have shadow support, but I couldn't find a way to do this. If I mark all shadow options, then the search is for an engine that supports all of them. I'd like a way to search for "either of these options". The same applies to some other fields. For example in the status search, it makes no sense to search for "beta and production", but it makes a lot of sense to search for "beta or production".
How about an 'or' search?
1 reply to this topic
1 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 1 guests, 0 anonymous users | <urn:uuid:bcf2b1fb-98f4-4b17-b819-1d014e1c2406> | 2013-05-21T10:22:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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mourn /mɔrn/, /moʊrn/ v [I/T]
› to feel or express deep sadness, esp. because of someone’s death: [T] Frank is mourning the death of his father. mournful /ˈmɔrn·fəl/, /ˈmoʊrn-/ adj › We heard the mournful cry of a wolf. mournfully /ˈmɔrn·fə·li/, /ˈmoʊrn-/ adv › He gazed mournfully out the window. mourning /ˈmɔr·nɪŋ/, /ˈmoʊr-/ n [U] › The family is in mourning. | <urn:uuid:30192d2f-8c64-4d1e-a9b7-26a497e9e5cf> | 2013-05-21T10:01:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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American Journal of Physical Anthropology doi:10.1002/ajpa.21350
A mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the Tibetan Plateau before and after the last glacial maximum
Zhendong Qin et al.
As the highest plateau surrounded by towering mountain ranges, the Tibetan Plateau was once considered to be one of the last populated areas of modern humans. However, this view has been tremendously changed by archeological, linguistic, and genetic findings in the past 60 years. Nevertheless, the timing and routes of entry of modern humans into the Tibetan Plateau is still unclear. To make these problems clear, we carried out high-resolution mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) analyses on 562 Tibeto-Burman inhabitants from nine different regions across the plateau. By examining the mtDNA haplogroup distributions and their principal components, we demonstrated that maternal diversity on the plateau reflects mostly a northern East Asian ancestry. Furthermore, phylogeographic analysis of plateau-specific sublineages based on 31 complete mtDNA sequences revealed two primary components: pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) inhabitants and post-LGM immigrants. Also, the analysis of one major pre-LGM sublineage A10 showed a strong signal of post-LGM population expansion (about 15,000 years ago) and greater diversity in the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau, indicating the southern plateau as a refuge place when climate dramatically changed during LGM. | <urn:uuid:d32f9ddc-4262-42d6-9ee7-e333e68f6c2a> | 2013-05-21T10:20:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Date: December 2004
Creator: Habel, Agnieszka
Description: This problem in lieu of thesis is a discussion of two topics: Brownian movement and quantum computers. Brownian movement is a physical phenomenon in which the particle velocity is constantly undergoing random fluctuations. Chapters 2, 3 and 4, describe Brownian motion from three different perspectives. The next four chapters are devoted to the subject of quantum computers, which are the signal of a new era of technology and science combined together. In the first chapter I present to a reader the two topics of my problem in lieu of thesis. In the second chapter I explain the idea of Brownian motion, its interpretation as a stochastic process and I find its distribution function. The next chapter illustrates the probabilistic picture of Brownian motion, where the statistical averages over trajectories are related to the probability distribution function. Chapter 4 shows how to derive the Langevin equation, introduced in chapter 1, using a Hamiltonian picture of a bath with infinite number of harmonic oscillators. The chapter 5 explains how the idea of quantum computers was developed and how step-by-step all the puzzles for the field of quantum computers were created. The next chapter, chapter 6, discus the basic quantum unit of information ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries | <urn:uuid:36a21367-2041-439f-8700-4349c0abc5be> | 2013-05-21T10:28:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hi our darling son wants an i pod touch 8gb so he can play music and watch video's.
BUT he has a Nokia X6 16gb phone
so what is the difference between them?
Can he not watch videos on his phone?
Solved! Go to Solution.
Yes, he can watch videos and listen to music using his X6.
The real reason why he wants an iPod Touch is probably something else (such as using music, videos or apps only available in the Apple App Store, rather than Nokia's, or because the X6 is too "lame", or the iPod Touch is "cooler", or it has a bigger/nicer display, or something).
You can, of course, ask your son to be more specific, if you wish to know. | <urn:uuid:9c5bafdf-f08f-474d-ab0e-884bb66afcfe> | 2013-05-21T10:00:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Allow debugging by dbx without object (.o) files.
With -xs, all debug information is copied into the executable file. If you move executables to another directory, then you can use dbx and ignore the object (.o) files. Use this option when you cannot retain the .o files.
Without -xs, if you move the executables, you must move both the source files and the object (.o) files, or set the path with either the dbx pathmap or use command. | <urn:uuid:b6efe772-4a15-4157-b18f-37e8d5ed1047> | 2013-05-21T10:27:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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counter_get_meta — Return a piece of metainformation about a counter resource.
counter_get_meta() returns metainformation about a counter resource.
- The counter resource to operate on.
- The metainformation to retrieve.
counter_get_meta() returns values of varying types based on which metainformation was requested. | <urn:uuid:2d0866ed-d918-4973-90ae-1b6c3858471d> | 2013-05-21T10:14:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The SimpleHTTPServer module defines a request-handler class, interface compatible with BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler which serves files only from a base directory.
The SimpleHTTPServer module defines the following class:
A lot of the work is done by the base class BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler, such as parsing the request. This class implements the do_GET() and do_HEAD() functions.
The SimpleHTTPRequestHandler defines the following member variables:
"SimpleHTTP/" + __version__, where
__version__is defined in the module.
text/plain. The mapping is used case-insensitively, and so should contain only lower-cased keys.
The SimpleHTTPRequestHandler defines the following methods:
'HEAD'request type: it sends the headers it would send for the equivalent
GETrequest. See the do_GET() method for more complete explanation of the possible headers.
If the request was mapped to a directory, a
403 respond is output,
followed by the explanation
'Directory listing not supported'.
Any IOError exception in opening the requested file, is mapped
'File not found' error. Otherwise, the content
type is guessed using the extensions_map variable.
'Content-type:' with the guessed content type is output, and
then a blank line, signifying end of headers, and then the contents of
the file. The file is always opened in binary mode.
For example usage, see the implementation of the test() function. | <urn:uuid:184fff02-e2db-4099-ba2d-ef2347f43bc6> | 2013-05-21T10:27:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.743317 | 321 | http://docs.python.org/release/2.2p1/lib/module-SimpleHTTPServer.html | 0.76762 |
5.15.2 ConfigParser Objects
The ConfigParser class extends some methods of the
RawConfigParser interface, adding some optional arguments.
||section, option[, raw[, vars]])|
Get an option value for the named section. All the
"%" interpolations are expanded in the return values, based
on the defaults passed into the constructor, as well as the options
vars provided, unless the raw argument is true.
See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.
||section[, raw[, vars]])|
Create a generator which will return a tuple
(name, value) for
each option in the given section. Optional arguments have the
same meaning as for the
New in version 2.3. | <urn:uuid:f020548d-f4e2-4374-a634-7d3048194b51> | 2013-05-21T10:35:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
Browser controllers provide two methods which parallel two of the
module-level convenience functions:
Display url using the browser handled by this controller. If
new is true, a new browser window is opened if possible.
See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.
Open url in a new window of the browser handled by this
controller, if possible, otherwise, open url in the only | <urn:uuid:7fbb727b-58bf-4a96-ab5b-229ef6c12747> | 2013-05-21T10:19:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As a policy, Python doesn't run user-specified code on startup of Python programs. (Only interactive sessions execute the script specified in the PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable if it exists).
However, some programs or sites may find it convenient to allow users to have a standard customization file, which gets run when a program requests it. This module implements such a mechanism. A program that wishes to use the mechanism must execute the statement
The user module looks for a file .pythonrc.py in the user's home directory and if it can be opened, executes it (using execfile()) in its own (the module user's) global namespace. Errors during this phase are not caught; that's up to the program that imports the user module, if it wishes. The home directory is assumed to be named by the HOME environment variable; if this is not set, the current directory is used.
The user's .pythonrc.py could conceivably test for
sys.version if it wishes to do different things depending on
the Python version.
A warning to users: be very conservative in what you place in your .pythonrc.py file. Since you don't know which programs will use it, changing the behavior of standard modules or functions is generally not a good idea.
A suggestion for programmers who wish to use this mechanism: a simple
way to let users specify options for your package is to have them
define variables in their .pythonrc.py file that you test in
your module. For example, a module spam that has a verbosity
level can look for a variable
user.spam_verbose, as follows:
import user verbose = bool(getattr(user, "spam_verbose", 0))
(The three-argument form of getattr() is used in case
the user has not defined
spam_verbose in their
Programs with extensive customization needs are better off reading a program-specific customization file.
Programs with security or privacy concerns should not import this module; a user can easily break into a program by placing arbitrary code in the .pythonrc.py file.
Modules for general use should not import this module; it may interfere with the operation of the importing program. | <urn:uuid:0d7a934e-59a5-4304-9f2f-f2ae12c2f02f> | 2013-05-21T10:00:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Preterm labor occurs between the 20th and 37th week of pregnancy. This labor includes both uterine contractions and cervical changes.
A full-term pregnancy lasts 38-42 weeks but preterm labor can lead to early delivery. Infants born before 37 weeks are considered premature.
In most cases, the cause is of preterm labor is unknown.
Some preterm labor is associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). PPROM is the rupture of both the amniotic sac and chorion membranes. It generally occurs at least one hour before labor begins.
The chance of preterm-labor is greatest in women under the 18 years or over 35 years. Other maternal factors that may increase the chance of preterm labor include:
- Low socioeconomic status
- Lack of prenatal care and social support
- Being underweight or obese before becoming pregnant
- Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse
- Severe depression or anxiety
- High blood pressure
- Clotting disorders
- Hormonal imbalance
- Certain medications to treat health problems or exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Illicit drug use
- Alcohol use
Pregnancy complications that may increase your risk of preterm labor include:
- Placental abruption
- Premature rupture of the membranes
- Carrying more than one baby
- Vaginal bleeding after 16 weeks, or during more than one trimester
- Infection in the cervix, uterus, vagina, or urinary tract including STDs
- Being pregnant with a single fetus after in vitro fertilization (IVF)
- Presence of a retained intrauterine device
- Incompetent cervix
- Too much or too little fluid surrounding the baby
- Surgery on your abdomen during pregnancy
- Amniotic fluid infection
- Intrauterine fetal death
- Intrauterine growth delay
- Birth defects in the baby
Other factors associated with an increased chance of preterm labor include:
- History of one or more spontaneous second-trimester abortions
- Less than six months between giving birth and the beginning of the next pregnancy
- A previous preterm birth
- Uterine fibroids
- Abnormally shaped uterus
Symptoms may include:
- Abdominal pain that feels something like menstrual cramps
- Dull pain in the lower back
- Pressure in the pelvis and tightening in the thighs
- Vaginal bleeding or spotting, or watery discharge
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Your doctor may recommend tests to check your cervix and membranes have ruptured. An ultrasound will help your doctor see internal structures and the baby.
Fluids in the cervix will also be tested for sign of labor progression. A tocometer may be placed to help monitor contractions.
Treatment will depend on your baby's development, especially the growth of the lungs. If your doctor believes the baby is ready, the labor may be allowed to continue. If the baby is not ready to be delivered, your doctor may try to stop the labor. Stopping labor is a complicated process and may not always work. Some treatment options may include:
- Tocolytics—may delay labor for a few days
- Corticosteroids—to help the baby's lungs develop
- Antibiotics—if an infection is suspected or present
To help reduce your chance of preterm labor, take the following steps:
- Get the proper prenatal care throughout your entire pregnancy.
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
- Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
- Keep chronic diseases under control.
- Stay active during your pregnancy. Your doctor can give you exercise guidelines that are right for you.
- If you are at high-risk for premature birth, talk to your doctor about progesterone therapy.
- Reviewer: Andrea Chisholm, MD; Brian Randall, MD
- Review Date: 04/2013 -
- Update Date: 04/23/2013 - | <urn:uuid:3664d011-a31b-4646-9562-ba36ed5c68ae> | 2013-05-21T10:37:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Born to artist parents, Ingrid Michaelson began piano lessons at age 4. She met a vocal coach at the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island who helped her through high school. She received a degree in theater from Binghamton University and became a director until she decided to focus on a music career. She self-released her debut album, Slow the Rain, in 2005.
Her fourth album, Everybody, was released last week and features the single "Maybe".
You can learn more about Ingrid Michaelson on her official website and purchase her music here. | <urn:uuid:f32ba72e-b4c2-4971-bb66-95121a4ee3f5> | 2013-05-21T10:00:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Marianna Police say they arrested a 14-year-old for apparently driving drunk Thursday on St. Johnís Street in Marianna.
Police chased the vehicle after they saw the car traveling at a high rate of speed.
Officers say the driver lost control striking an embankment and going airborne. The vehicle then continued through a yard before striking a power pole and concrete retaining wall.
Officers were able to take the juvenile suspect into custody without further incident.
The suspect was found to be a fourteen year old white female.
She was transported to Jackson Hospital with minor injuries and was treated and released.
After making contact with the owner of the vehicle it was found that the vehicle had been stolen from a family friend of the suspect.
The suspect was later turned over to the Department of Juvenile Justice for secure detention. | <urn:uuid:87725da3-f1f4-44c0-ab0d-b1099dd19df3> | 2013-05-21T10:23:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Cocktail 101: Easy Cocktails From A Low-Stocked Bar
Today begins a short series of posts on everyone's least favorite topic: dealing with a low-stocked bar. We've all been there, unfortunately. You go to mix a drink and you realize you're running low on just about everything. So what do you do? Or maybe you're starting out fresh, and you want to know which bottles will help you build the most versatile bar.
I'll start with one bottle and talk about what you can mix with it; then, say, you add a second bottle of something. What can you mix with those two bottles? Add a third; now what can you do? Add a fourth! Now your possibilities explode—assuming you've chosen carefully.
Now, we're talking about one bottle here, but there's a gimme. Before we start, I need you to do something. Drop what you're doing, and if you don't already have them, get up right this very minute, go to your grocery, and buy the following items: limes, lemons, sugar, soda water, and Angostura bitters. If you want, you can add an orange and tonic water to this list, but it's not necessary.
As for the sugar, two types are great for cocktailing: superfine white sugar, and Turbinado or some other rich, brown sugar. Make a simple syrup from some of it, and keep some of it around in its sugary wonderfulness.
Versatility in Spirit
Here's a question: what's the single most versatile spirit? What spirit is the most useful to the home bartender, either on its own or in cocktails?
There's no right answer to this question, of course, but there is a framework we can use to discuss the question, and talk about our answers.
I'm going to argue that although there is no one spirit that is the single most versatile bottle to have on hand, there is a class of spirits that is more versatile than any others.
If you're down to your last bottle of booze, and suddenly you learn that this is your last night on earth, what would you rather drink? A vodka on the rocks or a bourbon on the rocks? What would you prefer to drink neat, gin or a single malt?
I consider aged spirits to be the most versatile category because you can sip so many of them alone, either neat or on the rocks. I know there are people who love to sip vodka and gin alone. I'm not among them. (I can sometimes get behind a pink gin, which is made with just gin and Angostura, but only sometimes.) If you want to linger and enjoy your beverage, you'll probably go with an aged spirit when you're sipping straight.
So for versatility, start with your favorite aged spirit. Mine happens to be rye, so that's what I'll talk about here.
So, what can you make with rye? Well, to start off, you can sip it on its own, as I've already pointed out, either neat or with a nice chunk of ice. Or you can drink it with a little soda; that's up to you.
If you've already done your grocery shopping, however, you can make one of the world's best cocktails, the Old Fashioned. Here's what you'll do. First, take a rocks glass and add several ice cubes. Pour about a half-teaspoon's worth of simple syrup into the glass. Add one or two dashes of Angostura bitters. Then add two ounces of rye. Stir and stir and stir until the ice cubes start to melt and shift around in the glass. Add more ice if you wish. Take a paring knife and carve off a piece of lemon or orange peel, being careful to avoid getting any of the white pith, which is bitter. Twist it over the glass to squeeze the oils into the cocktail, and then rub the colored outer part around the rim of the glass. Add the peel to the glass, or discard it: your call.
Okay, no excuses, go buy some gin. While you're at it, get two bottles of vermouth: sweet and dry.
What's that? You have scotch instead of rye? No problem; make a Rob Roy. (Here's a hint: although it doesn't have a special name, rum works in a Manhattan, too, especially rhum agricole.) We're still in easygoing territory here.
Here's where things get complicated. Whiskey is versatile because you can sip it on its own and also mix it into hundreds of cocktails. Gin is versatile because you can also mix it into hundreds of cocktails. But what's the third bottle? If you have gin, vermouth, and Bottle X, what should you choose to ensure that Bottle X will give you a lot of bang for your buck?
I'm going to suggest that the answer is an orange liqueur. It could be Cointreau, Grand Marnier, Combier, Pierre Ferrand Curacao, or any quality product that fits your budget. (If bottom-shelf triple sec is all you can afford, it'll do, but I won't envy you.)
With gin, vermouth, lime, and orange liqueur, for example, you can make a Pegu Club, although it'll help if you can find orange bitters first.
With orange liqueur, lime, and lemon juice, you're most of the way to the Sour family of cocktails: Sidecars (cognac, lemon, orange liqueur), Margaritas (tequila, lime, OL), Daiquiris (even simpler: rum, lime, and sugar or simple syrup), Whiskey Sours (just like the Daiquiri, but with whiskey, lemon, and sugar or simple syrup).
So I've given you some ideas on building a versatile bar around just a few ingredients. I've mentioned 10 cocktails here (the Old Fashioned, Martini, Manhattan, Rob Roy, Rum Manhattan, Pegu Club, Sidecar, Margarita, Daiquiri, and Whiskey Sour). If you keep vermouth, lemons, lime, bitters, and simple syrup on hand at all times, all you need is a base spirit and a bottle of orange liqueur, and you can mix anything.
- With a base spirit, simple, and bitters, you can build an Old Fashioned. Technically, you can build an OF out of anything: bourbon, rye, scotch, tequila, mezcal, rum, genever...all of those are lovely. Gin? Sure, I've had a good gin OF in my time, although I wouldn't ordinarily go there. Vodka? Hey, if it makes you happy, go for it.
- With a base, vermouth, and bitters, you can build a Manhattan or Martini (where, of course, the bitters are optional, but delicious).
- With a base, citrus, and sweetener, you can build anything from the Sour family.
Cocktails needn't be hard, and with the proper preparation, you can usually make a damn good drink even when your bar is sparsely populated. | <urn:uuid:06978b91-c104-4d8a-8dae-c036245656f0> | 2013-05-21T10:27:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fixing Math Education 2
AKA "Drill-n-Kill" vs "Inquiry Based"
AKA "Traditional" vs "Progressive"
Notice how some terms just naturally sound better than others? Does that have anything to do with the substance of the ideas?
So there's really no general agreement on what constructivism is. Some people argue it's not curriculum or pedagogy, it's brain science. I simply use it to refer to those approaches of teaching mathematics that require students to develop their own mathematics from scratch. It might include "Problem Solving," "Discovery Learning," and "Inquiry-based Learning (IBL)." My apologies to those who will claim that I do violence to their pet definitions here. But there do seem to be two general camps. On the one hand we have those who think students should learn efficient, time-tested methods of solving problems, and learn them to mastery (automation). These I call "traditionalists." On the other hand, we have those who emphasize that students should learn to think creatively, develop strategies to solve novel problems, and develop deep insights into mathematics. These I call "constructivists."
The answer is actually simple. We need both. However, when sacrifices must be made, there is one approach that is essential, and one that is merely desirable. Unfortunately, reasonable people will disagree about which is which. This, however, is my blog, so my opinion is right.
The much-maligned traditional method is essential. We must first realize that there is a great deal of disinformation floating around about the traditional method. Its opponents claim the traditional method teaches rote memorization without understanding or thinking. Except perhaps in some isolated enclaves where stereotypically poor teaching took place, this has never been the case. All the widely used math textbooks of the 19th century, for example, emphasized "mental arithmetic," that is, the ability to think through multiple-step problems "in your head" and give the solution, not only without a calculator but even without a pencil. The kinds of thinking and understanding that were required differed from what is expected today, because the skill set expected of an educated person has changed. So in those days, being able to carry sums in your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. In honest debate, we must realize that "Back-to-the-Basics" or "traditional education" does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or objectives of a bygone era.
The primary features of the traditional method include: 1) Understanding a mathematical concept, e.g. "What does it mean to add two numbers?" 2) Memorization of basic facts/definitions/results, e.g. "the Times Tables." 3)Application of memorized knowledge to novel problems and more advanced concepts. 4) Review and maintenance of memorized knowledge.
The traditional method results in efficient learning and provides the foundation necessary for creative thinking, even if it fails to sufficiently address that objective, according to its critics. And yes, even educators from Singapore, whose students smoke the Americans in international tests, are looking with envy at the creativity of some of our students. This demonstrates that a commitment to the essential objectives may not produce all the results that are desirable.
It is well documented in cognitive science that the brain has a limited capacity to manipulate objects in "working memory." It is often said that we cannot process more than seven memory objects at once, which supposedly explains why phone numbers have seven digits (only now they have 10, but that's OK, because the phone remembers all the numbers for us). The working memory is where problem solving and creative activities take place. The working memory can access permanent memory for information it needs. However, any new information that must be taken in to solve a problem must occupy space in the working memory, thus taking away from the space available for creative activity. That is why we quickly become frustrated when trying to follow assembly instructions that include many terms with which we are not familiar. Even if the actual steps in the process are simple, if they involve several terms that are not defined in our permanent memory, those terms require space in our working memory which is then not available for solving the problem. This explains why the pedagogic fad of "learning to learn" is a failure. We do indeed need skills for learning--but such skills are utterly dependent on a reliable bank of information which can be accessed instantly and does not require the use of working memory. The first step in problem solving or creativity must be putting as much relevant information as we can into permanent memory. | <urn:uuid:3535704f-b5bd-472f-8527-dae8657df5b5> | 2013-05-21T10:34:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Printable Salvation Army protest vouchers. They read:
This holiday season I am supporting organizations that do not discriminate in any way against people based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or any other reason. I will not donate to the Salvation Army until the organization ceases to discriminate against the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer community in hiring, firing and promotion, and in the provision of benefits.
But what if Joan Watson was into women.
People would assume she and Sherlock were together and she’d yell “I’m not straight!” all the time.
if this happens I will sell my cutlery to CBS
I would personally give each executive at CBS a filatio if they did this.
Nothing makes me happier than a lesbian Lucy Lui. | <urn:uuid:ecfe492d-c256-4abf-a724-89f3aebaa4ae> | 2013-05-21T10:13:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This website requires session cookies to be enabled. It appears that your browser or a firewall is configured to block session cookies.
For instructions on enabling cookies in your browser, see
(Note that in Internet Explorer 6.0 and above, a privacy setting of High or lower is sufficient to allow session cookies.)
If cookies are enabled in your browser and you are still getting this message, please contact your network administrator. | <urn:uuid:c9f3713e-0516-4d6e-a2b6-5560b811baae> | 2013-05-21T10:27:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Visual Studio LightSwitch 2011 is a development tool that helps you build business applications quickly. LightSwitch provides a simplified development environment that enables you to concentrate on the business logic instead of the application infrastructure.
Most business applications are forms-over-data applications that provide a UI for viewing, adding, and modifying data. When you use other development tools to build forms-over-data applications, much of your time is spent on repetitive tasks. You write code to interact with a database, you write code for the user interface, and you write code for the business logic. When you use LightSwitch, much of the repetitive work is done for you and, in fact, you can create a LightSwitch application without writing any code at all! For most applications, the only code you have to write is the code that only you can write: the business logic. | <urn:uuid:21d29688-b974-4a8c-b8e5-3d259a64358e> | 2013-05-21T10:13:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(CNN) -- A top U.S. evangelical leader is accusing Sen. Barack Obama of deliberately distorting the Bible and taking a "fruitcake interpretation" of the U.S. Constitution.
James Dobson says Barack Obama is distorting bibical teachings to fit "his own confused theology."
In comments aired on his radio show Tuesday, Focus on the Family founder James Dobson criticized the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee for comments he made in a June 2006 speech to the liberal Christian group Call to Renewal.
In the speech, Obama suggested that it would be impractical to govern based solely on the word of the Bible, noting that some passages suggest slavery is permissible and eating shellfish is disgraceful.
"Which passages of scripture should guide our public policy?" Obama asked in the speech. "Should we go with Leviticus, which suggests slavery is OK and that eating shellfish is an abomination? Or we could go with Deuteronomy, which suggests stoning your child if he strays from the faith? Or should we just stick to the Sermon on the Mount?
"So before we get carried away, let's read our Bible now," Obama said, to cheers. "Folks haven't been reading their Bible."
He also called Jesus' Sermon on the Mount "a passage that is so radical that it's doubtful that our Defense Department would survive its application."
In the comments aired Tuesday, Dobson said Obama should not be referencing antiquated dietary codes and passages from the Old Testament that are no longer relevant to the teachings of the New Testament. Listen to Dobson blast Obama's biblical interpretations »
"I think he's deliberately distorting the traditional understanding of the Bible to fit his own world view, his own confused theology," Dobson said, adding that Obama is "dragging biblical understanding through the gutter."
Responding to Dobson's comments Tuesday evening, Obama sharply disputed the suggestion he was distorting the Bible.
"Someone would be pretty hard pressed to make that argument," he told reporters aboard his campaign plane. "It is a speech that affirms the role of faith not just in my life but in the life of the American people, that suggests that we make a mistake by trying to push faith out of the public square."
"I do make the argument that it's important for folks like myself, who think faith is important, that we try to translate some of our concerns into universal language so we can have open and vigorous debate rather than having religion divide us," Obama said. "And I do suggest that the separation of church and state is important. But there's no, no theological work being done in that speech in terms of the Bible."
Joshua DuBois, Obama's national director of religious affairs, said the Illinois senator is "committed to reaching out to people of faith and standing up for American families."
"A full reading of his 2006 Call to Renewal speech shows just that," DuBois said. "Obama is proud to have the support of millions of Americans of faith and looks forward to working across religious lines to bring our country together."
DuBois had earlier called Focus on the Family to suggest a meeting with the group ahead of the Democratic Party's convention in late August, according to Tom Minnery, the organization's senior vice president for government and public policy.
Minnery wouldn't say whether any such meeting is planned but said the group is open to it.
Dobson also takes aim at Obama for suggesting in the speech that those motivated by religion should attempt to appeal to broader segments of the population by not just framing their arguments around religious precepts.
"Democracy demands that the religiously motivated translate their concerns into universal rather than religion-specific values," Obama said. "It requires their proposals be subject to argument and amenable to reason."
Dobson said the suggestion is an attempt to lead by the "lowest common denominator of morality."
"Am I required in a democracy to conform my efforts in the political arena to his bloody notion of what is right with regard to the lives of tiny babies?" he asked. "What he's trying to say here is, unless everybody agrees, we have no right to fight for what we believe.
"What the senator is saying there, in essence, is that 'I can't seek to pass legislation, for example, that bans partial-birth abortion, because there are people in the culture who don't see that as a moral issue,' " Dobson said. "And if I can't get everyone to agree with me, than it is undemocratic to try to pass legislation that I find offensive to the Scripture. Now, that is a fruitcake interpretation of the Constitution."
According to Minnery, Dobson was particularly offended by a portion of the speech in which Obama mentioned evangelical leader and the Rev. Al Sharpton.
In the speech, Obama said, "Even if we did have only Christians in our midst, if we expelled every non-Christian from the United States of America, whose Christianity would we teach in the schools? Would we go with James Dobson's or Al Sharpton's?"
In response, Minnery said, "Many people have called [Sharpton] a black racist, and [Obama] is somehow equating [Dobson] with that and racial bigotry."
Dobson's comments follow the Obama campaign's recent efforts to increase its appeal among evangelicals, many of whom have expressed reservations about supporting Sen. John McCain, the presumptive Republican nominee.
Dobson himself has said he will not vote for the Arizona senator.
Minnery said he doesn't expect Obama to make inroads into the reliably Republican voting bloc.
"Evangelicals are people who take Bible interpretation very seriously, and the sort of speech he gave shows that he is worlds away in the views of evangelicals," he said.
Minnery also said Dobson will probably continue his criticism of Obama.
"Given our fact that religion seems to be such a relevant topic in this election again, we will defend the evangelical view vigorously," he said.
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(CNN) -- International Correspondent Fred Pleitgen reports from the site of E1, a controversial settlement that the Israeli government plans to build.
What is E1?
I was standing on the barren hilltops East of Jerusalem and it is hard to believe the area could be at the center of an international controversy. E1 stands for East 1 and marks territory that the Israeli government has slated for settlement construction in the West Bank. It's about 12 square kilometers (4.6 square miles), and when completed will touch the outskirts of Jerusalem.
The construction in the E1 area would be an expansion of one of the largest Israeli settlements in the West Bank, Ma'ale Adumim, with about 40,000 inhabitants, and would merge it with the greater Jerusalem area.
Why has the plan caused so intense international reaction?
After the United Nations General Assembly vote on November 29 to grant the Palestinians the status of a non-member observer state in the body, Israel announced settlement construction in the West Bank and East Jerusalem as a response, saying part of that would likely take place in the E1 area.
The Palestinians believe construction here would essentially cut the West Bank in half and could also impede access from the West Bank to East Jerusalem, which the Palestinians would like to see as the capital of any future Palestinian State. In an interview with CNN, the Palestinians' chief negotiator Saeb Erekat condemned the plan saying: "There is no chance for a Palestinian state. I mean it is impossible. Anyone who looks at the map, looks at the geography will know exactly that this decision means that there is no more two-state solution."
How many Israeli settlements are there?
According to the settlement monitoring group Peace Now, there are currently 137 Israeli settlements in the West Bank, with about 325,000 inhabitants in total. The settlements are essentially Israeli towns of various sizes in Palestinian territory. Many of them, like Ma'ale Adumim, look almost like any other Israeli town with everything from supermarkets to shopping malls and schools.
What is their legal status?
The legal status of the settlements is in dispute. The United Nations and many scholars of international law consider them illegal, but Israel and some experts like the late Eugene Rostow of the Yale Law School and Julius Stone, international law professor at the University of Sydney, have said they are legal. The Palestinians want Israel to give up most settlements as part of any future two-state solution, but many believe that is not realistic considering the size of some of them.
How do settlements impact the peace process?
Settlements are one key reason why there have been no negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians for several years. The Palestinians say they will only return to the table if Israel freezes all settlement construction, while Benjamin Netanyahu's government wants negotiations without preconditions. The dispute over new construction in the E1 sector is adding fuel to the fire and the U.N. believes it might destroy any chance of a two-state solution for good.
How would ordinary Palestinians be affected by E1 development?
For average Palestinians in the area, the concerns are immediate. Attala Titi, a taxi driver in the town Eizzaria near Jerusalem, told me he fears additional detours and checkpoints if settlements are constructed in the E1 area. "If they build this settlement and close off our roads it will mean that my trip from Hebron to Jericho would take between five hours to a whole day."
How about people currently living in the settlement?
Ma'ale Adumim's Mayor Benny Kashriel is happy at the prospect of expanding the settlement, a project that has been on hold for years.
"This place, this residential neighborhood, it is in the Ma'ale Adumim municipality, part of Ma'ale Adumim municipality, government land. It has to be built for our young couples," he told me from his office. | <urn:uuid:d7233f0a-668e-4d96-84bc-b2923eb7b779> | 2013-05-21T10:28:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In a simpler time a man started to explore the internet world. He traveled via a webtv unit, without a keyboard, only a "thumber," a sort of tv remote control. It was purchased from a vendor on the old Art Bell radio show, pre-coast to coast. The man needed an on-line identity. His closest friend and confidant suggested "egoboy." ......An internet legend was born.
egoboy....handsomest man in the world! Caress his face with your curser to enter the egoboy universe..... | <urn:uuid:99e96f6f-ba89-42f7-a22d-1dfa5fa01c29> | 2013-05-21T09:59:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Kimi creeps up on rivals to snatch drivers' title
Controversy, drama and on-track excitement aplenty meant that the down-to-the-wire 2007 season was one of the most exciting in recent memory, and all this without a certain seven-time world champion on the grid.
Changes for the new season meant a return to a single tyre manufacturer after Michelin announced its withdrawal the previous season. It would also be the last season for every car to use traction control since 2001.
On the driver side, Lewis Hamilton was generating considerable excitement prior to the start of the season after it was announced he would partner reigning world champion Fernando Alonso at McLaren. Few could have predicted the sparks that would fly between the team-mates.
Kimi Raikkonen, who pushed Alonso close during the 2005 season, had left McLaren for Ferrari and the Finn began the season in style by taking a lights to flag victory on his team debut. Equally impressive was Hamilton's third place finish in his first grand prix, the Englishman finishing behind team-mate Alonso.
Felipe Massa took his first pole of the season in Malaysia but Alonso won his first race with McLaren ahead of Hamilton, who continued his impressive rookie form to finish second.
In Bahrain and Spain Massa made the most of his pole positions to record successive victories, with Hamilton finishing second in both races. In doing so, he become the first rookie to finish on the podium in his first four outings. McLaren would dominate Monaco with Alonso winning from Hamilton after the pair lapped everybody apart from Massa's Ferrari.
The Canadian Grand Prix heralded Hamilton's first victory in F1 after a dramatic race. It started with the second all-McLaren front row after Hamilton took his first pole position. Alonso made a mistake in turn one, losing several places as Hamilton opened a gap between himself and Nick Heidfeld. On lap 22 the first safety car period began after Adrian Sutil hit the cement wall. The safety car pitted on lap 28, but before the lap could be completed Robert Kubica escaped relatively unharmed after a massive accident. His car, unstable with a damaged front wing, hit a bump on the grass that launched him into the air and into a massive impact with the retaining barrier at a peak G-Force of 75G.
Testimony to the strength of modern day F1 cars, Kubica emerged concussed but unscathed. He would only miss one race.
Lewis Hamilton fever hit Silverstone for round 9 of the season, and although the crowd favourite secured pole position, he could manage only third behind Raikkonen and team-mate Alonso. The European Grand Prix saw Lewis Hamilton's run of consecutive podiums come to an end as Alonso won again from Massa and Red Bull's Mark Webber.
The first signs of team unrest at McLaren surfaced during a controversial qualifying incident in Hungary. Alonso held Hamilton up in the pit lane, denying him a chance to record a final lap time. Stewards later dropped Alonso five places down the grid to sixth place, with Hamilton starting in pole position. McLaren were also told they would lose any constructors' points they won and Hamilton duly took a lights to flag victory with Raikkonen coming second.
On to round 11 in Turkey and Massa took a dominant lights to flag victory from Raikkonen and Alonso. Hamilton picked up consolation points for fifth after a tyre problem ruined his chances of a podium finish.
Alonso dominated from pole in Italy ahead of Hamilton and Raikkonen and when the Finn won from Massa and Alonso in Spa, only 13 points separated the top three. Hamilton still held the championship lead by two points over Alonso and few seriously expected Raikkonen to overcome the McLaren duo.
An earlier than usual Japanese Grand Prix at the Fuji Speedway was marked by treacherous weather and started under safety-car conditions. Hamilton survived a brush with Robert Kubica to win from Heikki Kovalainen and Raikkonen, making him overwhelming favourite to win the title against all odds in his first season. He now led the championship by seven points from Alonso with Raikkonen a further five points adrift.
Having shown no signs of nerves all season, the enormity of what he was about to accomplish caught up with the young Brit at the penultimate race in China. The initial signs were good after Hamilton started the race on pole and led up to lap 28 when he was overtaken by Raikkonen on an increasingly wet circuit. Entering the pitlane to change to intermediates, he spun off and beached his car in the adjacent gravel trap. Raikkonen went on to record Ferrari's 200th grand prix victory with Alonso adding to Hamilton's woes with a second place finish.
And so to a dramatic season finale in Brazil, which marked the first time since 1986 that three drivers had the chance of becoming world champion. Hamilton still remained favourite with 107 points followed by Alonso on 103 points and Raikkonen the outside bet on 100 points. Hamilton started from second but dropped back after being hampered by a gearbox problem. He recovered to 7th but Raikkonen drove a flawless race to win from Massa and Alonso.
In winning his first drivers' title, Raikkonen became the first driver to take the championship from third in the standings entering the final race since Giuseppe Farina in 1950.
Ferrari had already clinched the constructors' championship in Belgium after McLaren were excluded from the standings as a result of an espionage controversy dubbed 'Spygate'. McLaren had been found guilty of receiving technical documents of their rivals courtesy of former Ferrari employee Nigel Stepney. It was later fined US$100 million by the FIA. | <urn:uuid:28c62b3a-e613-4471-bfb0-f108080b58a3> | 2013-05-21T10:27:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"The price of Apathy is to be ruled by evil men"
"If everyone demanded Peace instead of another television set, then there would be Peace." -John Lennon.
“We seldom realize, for example that our most private thoughts and emotions are not actually our own. For we think in terms of languages and images which we did not invent, but which were given to us by our society.” | <urn:uuid:95c6ff28-a87e-4ee3-8a67-71f912db9c05> | 2013-05-21T10:00:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Principles of Finance/Section 1/Chapter 6/Corp/WACC
When valuing a new venture by a company, it is necessary to use an appropriate discount rate. However, since corporations can be structured very differently, it is important to reflect that in the respective costs of capital. Let's say there are two similar companies in the same industry. Company A is financed 90% by equity (that is, stock) and 10% by debt (long term corporate bonds). Company B is financed by 25% equity, and 75% debt. These two companies would have to be valued according to their respective risk levels and required returns.
One common way to determine the cost of capital is to use the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, or WACC.
In this formula, V is equal to the value of the firm, or Debt (D) plus Equity (E) Example:
AKL corporation is currently financed with $1,000,000 of 7% bonds, and $2,000,000 of common stock. The stock has a beta of 1.5, and the risk free rate is 4%, and the market risk premium is 3.5%. The marginal tax rate for a corporation of AKL's size is 35%. What is AKL's WACC?
The first thing we must do in this problem is determine the required rate on equity (Re) for AKL. We can plug the Beta given and the risk free rate into the CAPM as follows:
Now, we have all of the necessary information to solve for WACC:
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Benefits of XQuery
The principal benefits of XQuery are:
- Expressiveness - XQuery can query many different data structures and its recursive nature makes it ideal for querying tree and graph structures
- Brevity - XQuery statements are shorter than similar SQL or XSLT programs
- Flexibility - XQuery can query both hierarchical and tabular data
- Consistency - XQuery has a consistent syntax and can be used with other XML standards such as XML Schema datatypes
XQuery is frequently compared with two other languages, SQL and XSLT, but has a number of advantages over these.
Advantages over SQL
Unlike SQL, XQuery returns not just tables but arbitrary tree structures. This allows XQuery to directly create XHTML structures that can be used in web pages. XQuery is for XML-based object databases, and object databases are much more flexible and powerful than databases which store in purely tabular format.
Unlike XSLT, XQuery can be learned by anyone familiar with SQL. Many of the constructs are very similar such as:
- Ordering Results: Both XQuery and SQL add an
order byclause to the query.
- Selecting Distinct Values: Both XQuery and SQL have easy ways to select distinct values from a result set
- Restricting Rows: Both XQuery and SQL have a WHERE X=Y clause that can be added to an XQuery
Another big advantage is that XQuery is essentially the native query language of the World Wide Web. One can query actual web pages with XQuery, but not SQL. Even if one uses SQL-based databases to store HTML/XHTML pages or fragments of such pages, one will miss many of the advantages of XQuery's simple tag/attribute search (which is akin to searching for column names within column names).
Advantages over XSLT
Unlike XSLT, XQuery can be quickly learned by anyone familiar with SQL. XSLT has many patterns that are unfamiliar to many procedural software developers. Also, whereas XSLT is good for using as a static means to convert one type of document to another, for example RSS to HTML, XQuery is a much more dynamic querying tool, useful for pulling out sections of data from large documents and/or large number of documents.
The Debate about XQuery vs. XSLT for Document Transformation
There has been a debate of sorts about the merits of the two languages for transforming XML: XSLT and XQuery. A common misconception is that "XQuery is best for querying or selecting XML, and XSLT is best for transforming it." In reality, both methods are capable of transforming XML. Despite XSLT's longer history and larger install base, the "XQuery typeswitch" method of transforming XML provides numerous advantages.
Most people who need to transform XML hear that they need to learn a language called XSLT. XSLT, whose first version was published by the W3C in 1999, was a huge innovation for its time and, indeed, remains dominant. It was one of the very first languages dedicated to transforming XML documents, and it was the first domain-specific language (DSL) to use advanced theories from the world of functional programming to create very reliable, side-effect free transformations. Many XML developers still feel strong indebted to this groundbreaking language, since it helped them see a new model of software development: one focused around the transformation of models and empowering them to fuse both the requirements and documentation of a transformation routing into a single, modular program.
On the other hand, learning XSLT requires overcoming a very substantial learning curve. XSLT's difficulty is due, in part, to one of the key design decisions by its architects: to express the transformation rules using XML itself, rather than creating a brand new syntax and grammar for storing the transformation rules. XSLT's unique approach to transformation rules also contributes to the steepness of the learning curve. The learning curve can be overcome, but it is fair to say that this learning curve has created a opening for an alternative approach.
XQuery has filled this demand for an alternative among a growing community of users: they find XQuery has a lower learning curve, it meets their needs for transforming XML, and, together with XQuery's other advantages, it has become a compelling "all-in-one" language. Like XSLT, XQuery was created by the W3C to handle XML. But instead of expressing the language in XML syntax, the architects of XQuery chose a new syntax that would be more familiar to users of server-side scripting languages such as PHP, Perl, or Python. XQuery was designed to be similar to users of relational database query languages such as SQL, while still remaining true to functional programming practices. Despite its relative youth (XQuery 1.0 was only released in 2007 when XSLT had already reached its version 2.0), XQuery was born remarkably mature. XML servers like eXist-db and MarkLogic were already using XQuery as their language for querying XML and performing web server operations (obviating the need for learning PHP, Perl, or Python).
So, in the face of the XSLT community's contention that "XSLT is best for transforming documents and XQuery is best for querying databases", this community of users was surprised to find that XQuery has entirely replaced their need for XSLT. They have come to argue unabashedly that they prefer XQuery for this purpose.
How does XQuery accomplish the task of transforming XML? The primary technique in XQuery for transforming XML is a little-known expression added by the authors of XQuery, called "typeswitch." Although it is quite simple, typeswitch enables XQuery to perform nearly the full set of transformations that XSLT does. A typeswitch expression quickly looks at a node's type, and depending on the node's type, performs the operation you specify for that type of node. What this means is that each distinct element of a document can have its own rule, and these rules can be stored in modular XQuery functions. This humble addition to the XQuery language allows developers to transform documents with complex content and unpredictable order - something commonly believed to be best reserved for the domain of XSLT. Despite the differences in syntax and approach to transformation, a growing community has actually come to see the XQuery typeswitch expression as a valid, even superior, way to store their document transformation logic.
By structuring a set of XQuery functions around the typeswitch expression, you can achieve the same result as XSLT-style transforms while retaining the benefits of XQuery: ease of learning and integration with native XML databases. Even more important for those users of native XML databases, the availability of typeswitch means that they only need to learn a single language for their database queries, web server operations, and document transformations. These XQuery typeswitch routines have proved easy to build, test, and maintain - some believe easier than XSLT. XQuery typeswitch has given these users a high degree of agility, allowing them to master XQuery fully rather than splitting their time and attention between XQuery and XSLT.
That said, there is still a large body of legacy XSLT transforms that work well, and there are XSLT developers who see little benefit from transitioning to a typeswitch-style XQuery. Both are valid approaches to document transformation. A natural tension has arisen between the proponents of XQuery typeswitch and XSLT, each promoting what they are most comfortable with and believe to be superior. In practice you might be best served by trying both techniques and determining what style is right for you and your organization. Without presuming a background or interest in XSLT, this article and its companion article help you to understand the key patterns for using XQuery typeswitch for your XML transformation needs. | <urn:uuid:4e5da1e0-fbf3-4bf9-bfb9-40a6d6a93da8> | 2013-05-21T10:06:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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AB Svensk Filmindustri or Svensk Filmindustri (SF) is a Swedish film production company, distributor (both Swedish and international) and movie theatre chain, currently owned by the Bonnier Group. It was established on 27 December 1919.
It produced most of the films made by Ingmar Bergman, as well as a long list of films by other Swedish filmmakers. The majority of film adaptations of the works by children's author Astrid Lindgren have been produced by SF.
SF also distributes foreign films in the Nordic countries and has deals with New Line Cinema, Summit Entertainment, Spyglass Entertainment and Revolution Studios in the United States.
See also
- ^ "Om SF" (in Swedish). AB Svensk Filmindustri. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Further reading
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|Ban Chao's names:|
|Given name||Style name|
|Pinyin||Bān Chāo||Zhòng Shēng|
|Wade-Giles||Pan Ch'ao||Chung Sheng|
Ban Chao (Chinese: 班超; Wade-Giles: Pan Ch'ao, 32–102 CE), courtesy name Zhongsheng (仲 升), was born in Xianyang, Shaanxi, and the younger brother of the famous historian, Ban Gu (Chinese: 班固; Wade–Giles: Pan Ku, (32–92 CE) who, with his father Ban Biao, and sister, Ban Zhao, wrote the famous Hanshu, or 'History of the Former Han Dynasty'.
Ban Chao was a general and cavalry commander in charge of the administration of the "Western Regions" (Central Asia) during the Eastern Han dynasty. He repelled the Xiongnu and secured Chinese control over the Tarim Basin region, and was awarded the title of 'Protector General of the Western Regions'. He fought for 31 years.
Control of the Tarim Basin
Ban Chao, like his predecessors Huo Qubing and Wei Qing from the Former Han Dynasty before him, was effective at expelling the Xiongnu from the Tarim Basin, and brought the various people of the Western Regions under Chinese rule during the second half of the 1st century CE, helping to open and secure the trade routes to the west. He was generally outnumbered, but skillfully played on the divisions among his opponents. The kingdoms of Loulan, Khotan and Kashgar came under Chinese rule.
Ban Chao was recalled to Luoyang, but then sent again to the Western Region area four years later, during the reign of the new emperor Han Zhangdi. He obtained the military help of the Kushan Empire in 84 in repelling the Kangju who were trying to support the rebellion of the king of Kashgar, and the next year in his attack on Turpan, in the eastern Tarim Basin. Ban Chao ultimately brought the whole of the Tarim Basin under Chinese control.
In recognition for their support to the Chinese, the Kushans (referred to as Da Yuezhi in Chinese sources) requested, but were denied, a Han princess, even though they had sent presents to the Chinese court. In retaliation, they marched on Ban Chao in 90 CE with a force of 70,000, but, exhausted by the expedition, were finally turned back by the smaller Chinese force. The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire. (Later, during the Yuanchu period, 114-120 CE, the Kushans sent a military force to install Chenpan, who had been a hostage among them, as king of Kashgar).
In 91 CE, Ban Chao finally succeeded in pacifying the Western Regions and was awarded the title of Protector General and stationed at Qiuci (Kucha). A Wuji Colonel was re-established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, stationed in the Kingdom of Nearer Jushi, within the walls of Gaochang, 29 kilometres southeast of Turfan. In 94 CE, Chao proceeded to again attack and defeat Yanqi [Karashahr]. Subsequently, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, and submitted to the Interior.
In 97 CE Ban Chao sent an envoy, Gan Ying, who reached the Persian Gulf and left the first recorded Chinese account of Europe. Some modern authors have even claimed that Ban Chao advanced to the Caspian Sea, however, this interpretation has been criticized as a misreading.
In 102 CE Ban Chao was retired as Protector General of the Western Regions due to age and ill health, and returned to the capital Luoyang at the age of 70, but the following month died there in the 9th month of the 14th Yongyuan year (30th Sept. to 28th Oct., 102). See: Hou Hanshu, chap 77 (sometimes given as chap. 107). Following his death, the power of the Xiongnu in the Western Territories increased again, and subsequent Chinese emperors were never to reach so far to the west.
A family of historians
Ban Chao also belonged to a family of historians. His father was Ban Biao (3-54 CE) who started the History of the Western Han Dynasty (Hanshu; The Book of Han) in 36, which was completed by his son Ban Gu (32-92) and his daughter Ban Zhao (Ban Chao's brother and sister). Ban Chao was probably the key source for the cultural and socio-economic data on the Western Regions contained in the Hanshu.
Ban Chao's youngest son Ban Yong (班勇 Bān Yŏng) participated in military campaigns with his father and continued to have a central military role in the Tarim Basin into the 120s.
Ban Chao's family
- Ban Biao (班彪; 3-54; father)
Famous quotes
- "If you don't enter the tiger's den, how can you catch the tiger's cub?" (不入虎穴，不得虎子)
- "Clear water can not harbor big fish, clean politics (or strict enforcement of regulations) can not foster harmony among the general public" (水清無大魚，察政不得下和)
Ban Chao in idioms
- See four-character idiom:
- "Throw away your writing brush and join the military!" (投筆從戎) based on his words "A brave man has no other plan but to follow Fu and Zhang Qian's footsteps and do something and become somebody in a foreign land. How can I waste my life on writing? (大丈夫無他志略，猶當效傅介子、張騫立功異域，以取封侯，安能久事筆硯間乎？) in Hou Hanshu.
- "Clear water harbors no fish." (水清無魚)
Ban Chao of today
See also
- Hill (2009), p. 43.
- Hill (2009), p. 5.
- Hill (2009), p. 5.
- Hill (2009), p. 5.
- Hill. (2009), p. 55.
- J. Oliver Thomson, A History of Ancient Geography, Cambridge 1948, p.311. Thomson cites Richthofen, China, 1877, I, 469 and some other authors in support of the claim that Ban Chao marched to the Caspian, and Yule/Cordier, Cathay and the way thither, 1916 p.40 (p.40f in vol.I of the 2005 edition by Asian Educational Services), Chavannes, Seidenstrassen, p.8, and Teggart, Rome and China as references for such claims being erroneous.
- Chavannes (1906), p. 243.
- Hill (2009), p. xv.
- Chavannes, Édouard (1906). "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch’ao (32-102 p.C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K’in (112 p.C.). Chapitre LXXVII du Heou Han chou." T’oung pao 7, pp. 210-269.
- Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE. BookSurge. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- The Tarim Mummies. J.P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair (2000). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05101-1 | <urn:uuid:41741fe7-a9b5-4505-beaf-b5ada1b89e10> | 2013-05-21T09:59:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In statistics, a confidence region is a multi-dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. It is a set of points in an n-dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem, although other shapes can occur.
The confidence region is calculated in such a way that if a set of measurements were repeated many times and a confidence region calculated in the same way on each set of measurements, then a certain percentage of the time, on average, (e.g. 95%) the confidence region would include the point representing the "true" values of the set of variables being estimated. However, unless certain assumptions about prior probabilities are made, it does not mean, when one confidence region has been calculated, that there is a 95% probability that the "true" values lie inside the region, since we do not assume any particular probability distribution of the "true" values and we may or may not have other information about where they are likely to lie.
The case of independent, identically normally-distributed errors
Suppose we have found a solution to the following overdetermined problem:
where Y is an n-dimensional column vector containing observed values, X is an n-by-p matrix which can represent a physical model and which is assumed to be known exactly, is a column vector containing the p parameters which are to be estimated, and is an n-dimensional column vector of errors which are assumed to be independently distributed with normal distributions with zero mean and each having the same unknown variance .
A joint 100(1 - ) % confidence region for the elements of is represented by the set of values of the vector b which satisfy the following inequality:
where the variable b represents any point in the confidence region, p is the number of parameters, i.e. number of elements of the vector and s2 is an unbiased estimate of equal to
The above inequality defines an ellipsoidal region in the p-dimensional Cartesian parameter space Rp. The centre of the ellipsoid is at the solution . According to Press et al., it's easier to plot the ellipsoid after doing singular value decomposition. The lengths of the axes of the ellipsoid are proportional to the reciprocals of the values on the diagonals of the diagonal matrix, and the directions of these axes are given by the rows of the 3rd matrix of the decomposition.
Weighted and generalised least squares
Now let us consider the more general case where some distinct elements of have known nonzero covariance (in other words, the errors in the observations are not independently distributed), and/or the standard deviations of the errors are not all equal. Suppose the covariance matrix of is , where V is an n-by-n nonsingular matrix which was equal to in the more specific case handled in the previous section, (where I is the identity matrix,) but here is allowed to have nonzero off-diagonal elements representing the covariance of pairs of individual observations, as well as not necessarily having all the diagonal elements equal.
It is possible to find a nonsingular symmetric matrix P such that
In effect, P is a square root of the covariance matrix V.
The least-squares problem
can then be transformed by left-multiplying each term by the inverse of P, forming the new problem formulation
A joint confidence region for the parameters, i.e. for the elements of , is then bounded by the ellipsoid given by:
Nonlinear problems
Confidence regions can be defined for any probability distribution. The experimenter can choose the significance level and the shape of the region, and then the size of the region is determined by the probability distribution. A natural choice is to use as a boundary a set of points with constant (chi-squared) values.
One approach is to use a linear approximation to the nonlinear model, which may be a close approximation in the vicinity of the solution, and then apply the analysis for a linear problem to find an approximate confidence region. This may be a reasonable approach if the confidence region is not very large and the second derivatives of the model are also not very large.
See Uncertainty Quantification#Methodologies for forward uncertainty propagation for related concepts.
See also
- Draper and Smith (1981, p. 94)
- Draper and Smith (1981, p. 108)
- Draper and Smith (1981, p. 109)
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (September 2011)|
- Draper, N.R.; H. Smith (1981) . Applied Regression Analysis (2nd ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-02995-5.
- Press, W.H.; S.A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling, B.P. Flannery (1992) . Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing (2nd ed.). Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. | <urn:uuid:e4fbedec-4c46-43aa-b850-373a3030b4cf> | 2013-05-21T09:59:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Father Christmas is the name used in many English-speaking countries outside the United States and Canada for a figure associated with Christmas. A similar figure with the same name (in other languages) exists in several other countries, including France (Père Noël), Spain (Papá Noel, Padre Noel), Russia (Ded Moroz, Grandfather Frost), almost all Hispanic South America (Papá Noel), Brazil (Papai Noel), Portugal (Pai Natal), Italy (Babbo Natale), Armenia (Dzmer Papik), India (Christmas Father), Andorra (Pare Noel), Romania (Moş Crăciun) and Turkey (Noel Baba).
In England the earliest known personification of Christmas does not describe him as old, or refer to him as 'father'. A carol attributed to Richard Smart, Rector of Plymtree from 1435 to 1477, takes the form of a sung dialogue between a choir and a figure representing Christmas, variously addressed as “Nowell”, “Sir Christemas” and “my lord Christemas”. He does not distribute presents to children but is associated with adult celebrations. Giving news of Christ’s birth, Christmas encourages everyone to eat and drink: "Buvez bien par toute la campagnie,/Make good cheer and be right merry." However, the specific depiction of Christmas as a merry old man emerged in the early 17th century. The rise of puritanism had led to increasing condemnation of the traditions handed down from pre-Reformation times, especially communal feasting and drinking. As debate intensified, those writing in support of the traditional celebrations often personified Christmas as a venerable, kindly old gentleman, given to good cheer but not excess. They referred to this personification as "Christmas", "Old Christmas" or "Father Christmas".
Ben Jonson in Christmas his Masque, dating from December 1616, notes the rising tendency to disparage the traditional forms of celebration. His character 'Christmas' therefore appears in outdated fashions, "attir'd in round Hose, long Stockings, a close Doublet, a high crownd Hat with a Broach, a long thin beard, a Truncheon, little Ruffes, white shoes, his Scarffes, and Garters tyed crosse", and announces "Why Gentlemen, doe you know what you doe? ha! would you ha'kept me out? Christmas, old Christmas?" Later, in a masque by Thomas Nabbes, The Springs Glorie produced in 1638, "Christmas" appears as "an old reverend gentleman in furred gown and cap".
During the mid-17th century, the debate about the celebration of Christmas became politically charged, with Royalists adopting a pro-Christmas stance and radical puritans striving to ban the festival entirely. Early in 1646 an anonymous satirical author wrote The Arraignment, Conviction and Imprisoning of Christmas, in which a Royalist lady is frantically searching for Father Christmas: this was followed months later by the Royalist poet John Taylor's The Complaint of Christmas, in which Father Christmas mournfully visits puritan towns but sees "...no sign or token of any Holy Day". A book dating from the time of the Commonwealth, The Vindication of CHRISTMAS or, His Twelve Yeares' Observations upon the Times (London, 1652), involved "Old Christmas" advocating a merry, alcoholic Christmas and casting aspersions on the charitable motives of the ruling Puritans. In a similar vein, a humorous pamphlet of 1686 by Josiah King presents Father Christmas as the personification of festive traditions pre-dating the puritan commonwealth. He is described as an elderly gentleman of cheerful appearance, "who when he came look't so smug and pleasant, his cherry cheeks appeared through his thin milk white locks, like (b)lushing Roses vail'd with snow white Tiffany". His character is associated with feasting, hospitality and generosity to the poor rather than the giving of gifts.
This tradition continued into the following centuries, with "Old Father Christmas" being evoked in 1734 in the pamphlet Round About Our Coal Fire, as "Shewing what Hospitality was in former Times, and how little of it there remains at present", a rebuke to "stingy" gentry. A writer in "Time's Telescope" (1822) states that in Yorkshire at eight o'clock on Christmas Eve the bells greet "Old Father Christmas" with a merry peal, the children parade the streets with drums, trumpets, bells, (or in their absence, with the poker and shovel, taken from their humble cottage fire), the yule candle is lighted, and; "High on the cheerful fire. Is blazing seen th' enormous Christmas brand." A letter to The Times in 1825, warning against poultry-dealers dishonestly selling off sub-standard geese at Christmas time, is jokingly signed "Father Christmas".
In these early references, Father Christmas, although invariably an old and cheerful man, is mainly associated with adult feasting and drinking rather than the giving of presents. Since the mid-Victorian era however, Father Christmas has gradually merged with the pre-modern gift-giver St Nicholas (Dutch Sinterklaas, hence Santa Claus) and associated folklore. Nowadays in Britain the figure is often called Santa Claus but also often referred to as Father Christmas: the two names are synonyms. In Europe, the figure is usually translated as Father Christmas (Père Noël, Papá Noel, Padre Noel, etc.) rather than "Santa Claus" and is often said to reside in the mountains of Korvatunturi in Lapland Province, Finland.
Current folklore
Father Christmas often appears as a large man, often around seventy years old. He is dressed in a red suit trimmed with white fur, often girdled with a wide black belt, a matching hat, often long and floppy in nature, and dark boots. Often he carries a large brown sack filled with toys on his back (rarely, images of him have a beard but with no moustache). Urban myth has it that the red suit only appeared after the Coca Cola company started an advertising campaign depicting a red suited Father Christmas in the 1930s. However, the red suit was used long before, including by American illustrator Thomas Nast.
Father Christmas comes down the chimney to put presents under the Christmas tree or in children's rooms, in their stockings. Some families leave a glass of sherry or mulled wine, mince pies, biscuits, or chocolate and a carrot for his reindeer near the stocking(s) as a present for him. In modern homes without chimneys he uses alternative means to enter the home. In some homes children write Christmas lists (of wished-for presents) and send them up the chimney or post them. He is often said to live at the North Pole.
In fiction
Father Christmas appears in many English-language works of fiction, including J. R. R. Tolkien's Father Christmas Letters (written between 1920 and 1942, first published in 1976), the translation from the French of Jean de Brunhoff's Babar and Father Christmas (originally Babar et le père Noël, 1941), C. S. Lewis's The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950), Raymond Briggs's Father Christmas (1973), Debbie Macomber's There's Something About Christmas (2005), Robin Jones Gunn's Father Christmas Series (2007), Catherine Spencer's A Christmas to Remember (2007), and Richard Paul Evans's The Gift (2007).
In music
- In 1977, The Kinks recorded the song "Father Christmas".
- In addition, in 1974, Greg Lake (of Emerson, Lake & Palmer) wrote and recorded the song, "I Believe In Father Christmas", which was released as a single in 1975.
- In their 1997 album Pop, U2 cites Father Christmas in the song "If God Will Send His Angels".
See also
- J. Simpson and S. Roud, The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore, Oxford, 2001, pp. 119-20
- Although an earlier Elizabethan play by satirist Thomas Nashe, Summer's Last Will and Testament (1592), includes a character personifying Christmas, he is atypically presented as a stingy nobleman who shuns festivity. Nashe is satirising wealthy Elizabethan gentry who avoid their traditional duty of feasting the poor at Christmastime.The play text online at Gutenberg.org
- At the time "Father" was a title sometimes given to older men worthy of respect: "...A respectful title given to an old and venerable man..." "father, n.". OED Online. December 2012. Oxford University Press. 30 December 2012 <http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68498?rskey=kF677t&result=1>
- "Christmas, His Masque - Ben Jonson". Hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
- Jean Macintyre (1992). Costumes and Scripts in Elizabethan Theatres. University of Alberta Press. p. 230.
- Nabbes, Thomas, The Works of Thomas Nabbes, Benjamin Blom, Inc, New York, 1968 available online at Google Books
- J.A.R.Pimlott (1960). History Today 10 (12). http://www.historytoday.com/jar-pimlott/christmas-under-puritans
- "A Christmassy post | Mercurius Politicus". Mercuriuspoliticus.wordpress.com. 2008-12-21. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas"
- Round About Our Coal Fire, or Christmas Entertainments. J.Roberts. 1734.
- Dawson, William Francis (2007). The Project Gutenberg eBook, Christmas: Its Origin and Associations Project Gutenburg
- FATHER CHRISTMAS, "Christmas Geese", The Times (London, England) dated 24 December 1825, page 4. from The Times Digital Archive, accessed 22 December 2012.
- Diarist Barclay Fox refers to a children's party given on 26 December 1842 featuring 'venerable effigies' of Father Christmas and the Old Year; '...Father Christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests...' R. L. Brett, ed., Barclay Fox's Journal, Bell and Hyman, London, 1979
- "BBC - Father Christmas, green or red?". BBC News. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- Coke denies claims it bottled familiar Santa image, Jim Auchmutey, Rocky Mountain News, December 10, 2007.
- "Santa's arrival lights up the Green".
- Christmas in America - A History By Penne L. Restad. | <urn:uuid:b7cc3b81-7818-40df-8a15-806d890b660b> | 2013-05-21T10:31:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Time period||c. 400–?|
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.
The Gupta script (sometimes referred to as Gupta Brahmi Script or Late Brahmi Script ) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brahmi and gave rise to the Nagari, Sharada and Siddham scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important scripts of India, including Devanagari (the most common script used for writing Sanskrit since the 19th century), the Gurmukhi script for Punjabi Language and the Tibetan script.
Origins and Classification
The Gupta Script was descended from the Ashokan Brahmi script, and is a crucial link between Brahmi and most other scripts in the Brahmic family of Scripts, a family of alphasyllabaries or abugidas. This means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with /a/ being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. In fact, the Gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different.
Through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. This also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the Empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories; however, a definitive classification is not clear, because even on a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. In this sense, the term Gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the Gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts.
The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the Allahabad Prasasti. Composed by Harishena, the court poet and minister of Samudragupta, it describes Samudragupta’s reign, beginning from his ascension to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings.
Gupta Numismatics
The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of gold coins in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the Bayana hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings. Many of the Gupta Empire’s coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity. Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, Chandragupta I.
The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage. Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes.
- (Spanish) The Gupta Alphabet
- AncientScripts.com entry on the Gupta Script
- The Shivlee Collection of Coins from the Gupta Dynasty In particular, note the limited space on the silver coins
- An eastern variety of the post-Gupta script: Akṣara List of theManuscripts of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and Buddhapālita's Commentary, c. the 550-650, Collection of Sanskrit Mss. Formerly Preserved in the China Ethnic Library
- Sharma, Ram. 'Brahmi Script' . Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002
- Srivastava, Anupama. 'The Development of Imperial Gupta Brahmi Script' . New Delhi: Ramanand, 1998
- Fischer, Steven Roger. 'A History of Writing' . UK: Reaktion, 2004
- Bajpai, KD. 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004
- Carl Faulmann (1835–1894), Das Buch der Schrift, Druck und Verlag der Kaiserlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei, 1880 | <urn:uuid:0eda6968-0f2f-4a71-9e96-e26d6f1b709c> | 2013-05-21T10:21:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hundred Years' War (1369–89)
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (May 2012)|
|Hundred Years' War (1369-1389)|
|Part of Hundred Years' War|
The Battle of Najera
| Kingdom of France
Crown of Castile
|Kingdom of England|
|Commanders and leaders|
| Charles V of France
Charles VI of France
| Edward III of England
Richard II of England
|Casualties and losses|
The Caroline War was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, following the Edwardian War. It was so-named after Charles V of France, who resumed the war after the Treaty of Brétigny (signed 1360). In May 1369, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, refused an illegal summons from the French king demanding he come to Paris and Charles responded by declaring war. He immediately set out to reverse the territorial losses imposed at Brétigny and he was largely successful in his lifetime. His successor, Charles VI, made peace with the son of the Black Prince, Richard II, in 1389. This truce was extended many times until the war was resumed in 1415.
The reign of Charles V saw the English steadily pushed back. Although the English-backed claimant to the Duchy of Brittany, John of Montfort, defeated and killed the French claimant, Charles of Blois, at the Battle of Auray in 1364, John and his heirs eventually reconciled with the French kings. The War of the Breton Succession ended in favour of the English, but gave them no great advantage. In fact, the French received the benefit of improved generalship in the person of the Breton commander Bertrand du Guesclin, who, leaving Brittany, entered the service of Charles and became one of his most successful generals.
At about the same time, a war in Spain occupied the Black Prince's efforts from 1366. The Castilian Civil War pitted Pedro the Cruel, whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the Black Prince's brothers John of Gaunt and Edmund of Langley, against Henry of Trastámara. In 1369, with the support of Du Guesclin, Henry deposed Pedro to become Henry II of Castile. He then went to war with England, which was allied with Portugal.
Twenty years of war
Just before New Year's Day 1370, the English seneschal of Poitou, John Chandos, was killed at the bridge at Lussac-les-Châteaux. The loss of this commander was a significant blow to the English. Jean III de Grailly, the captal de Buch, was also captured and locked up by Charles, who did not feel bound by "outdated" chivalry. Du Guesclin continued a series of careful campaigns, avoiding major English field forces, but capturing town after town, including Poitiers in 1372 and Bergerac in 1377. Du Guesclin, who according to chronicler Jean Froissart, had advised the French king not to engage the English in the field, was successful in these Fabian tactics, though in the only two major battles in which he fought, Auray (1364) and Nájera (1367), he was on the losing side and was captured but released for ransom. The English response to Du Guesclin was to launch a series of destructive military expeditions, called chevauchées, in an effort at total war to destroy the countryside and the productivity of the land. But Du Guesclin refused to be drawn into open battle. He continued his successful command of the French armies until his death in 1380.
In 1372, English dominance at sea, which had been upheld since the Battle of Sluys, was reversed, at least in the Bay of Biscay, by the disastrous defeat by a joint Franco-Castilian fleet at the Battle of La Rochelle. This defeat undermined English seaborne trade and supplies and threatened their Gascon possessions.
In 1376, the Black Prince died, and in April 1377, Edward III of England sent his Chancellor, Adam Houghton, to negotiate for peace with Charles, but when in June Edward himself died, Houghton was called home. The underaged Richard of Bordeaux succeeded to the throne of England. It was not until Richard had been deposed by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke that the English, under the House of Lancaster, could forcefully revive their claim to the French throne. The war nonetheless continued until the first of a series of truces was signed in 1389.
Charles V died in September 1380 and was succeeded by his underage son, Charles VI, who was placed under the joint regency of his three uncles. On his deathbed Charles V repealed the royal taxation necessary to fund the war effort. As the regents attempted to reimpose the taxation a popular revolt known as the Harelle broke out in Rouen. As tax collectors arrived at other French cities the revolt spread and violence broke out in Paris and most of France's other northern cities. The regency was forced to repeal the taxes to calm the situation.
See also
- Ormrod, W., (2002). Edward III. History Today. Vol. 52(6), 20 pgs.
- Ayton, A., (1992). War and the English Gentry under Edward III. History Today. Vol. 42(3), 17 pgs.
- Harari, Y., (2000). Stategy and Supply in Fourteenth Century Western European Invasion *Campaigns. Journal of Military History. Vol. 64(2), 37 pgs.
- Saul, N., (1999). Richard II. History Today. Vol. 49(9), 5 pgs.
- Jones, W.R., (1979). The English Church and Royal Propaganda during the Hundred Years' War. The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 19(1), 12 pages.
- Perroy, E., (1951). The Hundred Years' War. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. | <urn:uuid:1c256dec-b503-420e-92a2-ceddf7b1a812> | 2013-05-21T10:01:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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||This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
Preventive medicine or preventive care consists of measures taken to prevent diseases, (or injuries) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. This contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods (which work at the level of population health rather than individual health). Occupational medicine operates very often within the preventive medicine.
Preventive medicine strategies are typically described as taking place at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. In addition, the term primal prevention has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well-being and prevent any long-term health consequences from gestational history and/or disease. The rationale for such efforts is the evidence demonstrating the link between fetal well-being, or "primal health," and adult health. Primal prevention strategies typically focus on providing future parents with: education regarding the consequences of epigenetic influences on their child, sufficient leave time for both parents or, for lack of it, at least some kin caregiving.
Simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing, breastfeeding, and immunizations. Preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual's age, health, and family history. For example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and/or more frequently than those with no such family history. On the other side of preventive medicine, some nonprofit organizations, such as the Northern California Cancer Center, apply epidemiologic research towards finding ways to prevent diseases.
|Prevention levels||Doctor’s side|
|Primary prevention||Methods to avoid occurrence of disease. Most population-based health promotion efforts are of this type.|
|Secondary prevention||Methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity.|
|Tertiary prevention||Methods to reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications.|
|Quaternary prevention||Methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system.|
Universal, selective, and indicated
Gordon (1987) in the area of disease prevention, and later Kumpfer and Baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three-tiered preventive intervention classification system: universal, selective, and indicated prevention. Amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the U.S. Institute of Medicine, the NIDA and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
|Universal prevention||Involves whole population (nation, local community, school, district) and aims to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. All individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills needed to prevent the problem.|
|Selective prevention||Involves groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. Subgroups may be distinguished by traits such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. For example, drug campaigns in recreational settings.|
|Indicated prevention||Involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. Identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc.|
Outside the scope of this three-tier model is environmental prevention. Environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level and focus on ways to deter drug consumption. Prohibition and bans (e.g. on smoking, alcohol advertising) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. However, in practice, environmental preventions programs embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker/pupil/student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings (near schools, at rock festivals), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments (warnings, penalties, fines).
Professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. Public health inspections can include recreational waters, swimming pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys.
In the United States, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, and has one of the 24 certifying boards recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS). It encompasses three areas of specialization:
- General preventive medicine and public health
- Aerospace medicine
- Occupational medicine
To become board-certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed U.S. physician (M.D. or D.O.) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one-year internship. Following that, the physician must pass the preventive medicine board examination. The residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master's degree in public health (MPH) or equivalent. The board exam takes a full day: the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied.
In addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification:
These certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an MT or UHB fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 ABMS-recognized specialties or 18 AOABOS-recognized specialties.
Prophylaxis (Greek: προφυλάσσω to guard or prevent beforehand) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, a disease or other medical issue. In general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis (to prevent the development of a disease) and secondary prophylaxis (whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process).
Some specific examples of prophylaxis include:
- Many vaccines are prophylactic, vaccines such as polio vaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and others have greatly reduced many childhood diseases; HPV vaccines prevent certain cancers; influenza vaccine.
- Birth control methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Condoms, for instance, are sometimes euphemistically referred to as "prophylactics" because of their use to prevent pregnancy, as well as the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
- Daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one's health. Cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular- and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality.
- Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables each day may be prophylactic. It may reduce the risk of heart disease.
- Fluoride therapy and tooth cleaning, either at home or by a professional, are parts of dental prophylaxis or oral prophylaxis.
- Antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically: For example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the United States, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. In similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. Antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion.
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventive (see amitriptyline and migraines' prevention by medicine).
- Antimalarials such as chloroquine and mefloquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic Plasmodium, which cause malaria.
- Mechanical measures (such as graduated compression stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression) and drugs (such as low-molecular-weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, and fondaparinux) may be used in immobilized hospital patients at risk of venous thromboembolism.
- Risk reducing or prophylactic mastectomies may be carried out for carriers of the BRCA mutation gene to minimise the risk of developing breast cancer.
- Early and exclusive breastfeeding provides immunological protection against infectious diseases and well as reduced risk of chronic diseases for both mother and child.
- Polypill for prevention of e.g. cardiovascular disease.
- Potassium iodide is used prophylactically to protect the thyroid gland from absorbing inhaled or ingested radioactive iodine, which may lead to the development of thyroid cancer; radioactive iodine may be released into the environment in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive (see thyroid protection due to nuclear accidents and emergencies).
- Prophylaxis may be administered as oral medication. Oral prophylaxis includes: PEP, nPEP, or PrEP. PEP stands for post-exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting e.g., to prevent the spread of HIV or Hepatitis C from patient to staff following an accidental needlestick. nPEP is non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis. nPEP may be used in a sexual or injection exposure to HIV, hepatitis, or other infectious agents; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is HIV-positive, nPEP will help to decrease the probability that the HIV-negative partner becomes infected with HIV. (An nPEP is sometimes known as a PEPse - i.e. post-exposure prophylaxis sexual encounter.) PrEP is a measure taken daily (before, during, and after) possible exposure; for example, by a person who inconsistently uses condoms during sex with a partner who may have an HIV infection.
Since preventive medicine deals with healthy individuals or populations the costs and potential harms from interventions need even more careful examination than in treatment. For an intervention to be applied widely it generally needs to be affordable and highly cost effective.
For instance, intrauterine devices (IUD) are highly effective and highly cost effective contraceptives, however where universal health care is not available the initial cost may be a barrier. IUDs work for several years (3 to 7 or more) and cost less over a year or two's time than most other reversible contraceptive methods. They are also highly cost effective, saving health insurers and the public significant costs in unwanted pregnancies. Making contraceptives available with no up front cost is one way to increase usage, improving health and saving money.
Preventive solutions may be less profitable and therefore less attractive to makers and marketers of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Birth control pills which are taken every day and may take in a thousand dollars over ten years may generate more profits than an IUD, which despite a huge initial markup only generates a few hundred dollars over the same period.
Leading cause of preventable death
|Cause||Deaths caused (millions per year)|
|Sexually transmitted infections||3.0|
|Overweight and obesity||2.5|
|Indoor air pollution from solid fuels||1.8|
|Unsafe water and poor sanitation||1.6|
|Intervention||Percent of all child deaths preventable|
|Water, sanitation, hygiene||3|
|Newborn temperature management||2|
|Nevirapine and replacement feeding||2|
|Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes||1|
|Antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy||<1%|
|Cause||Deaths caused||% of all deaths|
|Poor diet and physical inactivity||365,000||15.2|
|Sexually transmitted infections||20,000||0.8|
See also
- American Board of Preventive Medicine
- European College of Preventive and Lifestyle Medicine
- American Osteopathic Board of Preventive Medicine
- Mental illness prevention
- Monitoring (medicine)
- Post-exposure prophylaxis
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis
- Preventive Medicine (journal)
- Prophylactic rule
- Preventive Medicine at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Primal Research Centre, London
- Primal Health Research Databank
- Effect of In Utero and Early-Life Conditions on Adult Health and Disease, by P.D.Gluckman et al., N ENGL J MED 359;1
- Origins: How the nine months before birth shape the rest of your life, by Annie Murphy Paul, Time magazine, 176.14, 2010
- Kuehlein T, Sghedoni D, Visentin G, Gérvas J, Jamoule M. Quaternary prevention: a task of the general practitioner. PrimaryCare. 2010; 10(18):350-4.
- Primary Prevention at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Secondary Prevention at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Tertiary Prevention at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Gofrit ON, Shemer J, Leibovici D, Modan B, Shapira SC. Quaternary prevention: a new look at an old challenge. Isr Med Assoc J. 2000;2(7):498-500.
- Gordon, R. (1987), ‘An operational classification of disease prevention’, in Steinberg, J. A. and Silverman, M. M. (eds.), Preventing Mental Disorders, Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1987.
- Kumpfer, K. L., and Baxley, G. B. (1997), 'Drug abuse prevention: What works?', National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville.
- "What Is Prophylaxis?". wiseGEEK.
- Jamie Michelle Womack (2010) "Safety and adherence: Issues that hinder childhood vaccinations" Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants
- Lars Bo Andersen et al. (June 2000). "All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work". Archives of Internal Medicine 160 (11): 1621–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.11.1621. PMID 10847255.
- United States Department of Agriculture. "Why is it important to eat fruit?". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- "Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control 50 (RR-14): 1–42. 2001. PMID 11521913.
- Creeth, J. E.; Gallagher, A.; Sowinski, J.; Bowman, J.; Barrett, K.; Lowe, S.; Patel, K.; Bosma, M. L. (2009). "The effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo". Journal of dental hygiene : JDH / American Dental Hygienists' Association 83 (3): 111–116. PMID 19723429.
- de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, D'Orio Nishioka SA, et al. (2009). "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: Results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial". Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 2 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.108.795906. PMID 19808441.
- Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL, et al. (2011). "Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Hospitalized Patients: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine 155 (9): 625–632. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00011. PMID 22041951.
- Lederle FA, Zylla D, MacDonald R, et al. (2011). "Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Hospitalized Medical Patients and Those With Stroke: A Background Review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline". Annals of Internal Medicine 155 (9): 602–615. doi:10.1059/0003-4819-155-9-201111010-00008. PMID 22041949.
- Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. (February 2012). "Prevention of VTE in Nonsurgical Patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest 141 (2 suppl): e195S–e226S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2296. PMID 22315261.
- Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, ChewP, Magula N, DeVine D, Litt M, Trikalinos T, Lau J. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 153. 2007 April; AHRQ Publication No. 07-E007.
- J. Joseph Speidel, Cynthia C. Harper, and Wayne C. Shields (September 2008). "The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy". Contraception.
- James Trussell, Anjana Lalla, Quan Doan, Eileen Reyes, Lionel Pinto, Joseph Gricar (2009). "Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States". Contraception 79 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003. PMID 19041435.
- Monea J, Thomas A (June 2011). "Unintended pregnancy and taxpayer spending". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 43 (2): 88–93. doi:10.1363/4308811. PMID 21651707.
- Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data". Lancet 367 (9524): 1747–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270.
- Jones G, Steketee R, Black R, Bhutta Z, Morris S, and the Bellagio Child Survival Study Group* (July 5, 2003 2003). "How many child deaths can we prevent this year?". Lancet 362 (9524): 1747–57.
- Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004). "Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000". JAMA 291 (10): 1238–45. doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238. PMID 15010446.
- US Preventive Medicine Task Force
- US Preventive Medicine
- The Prevention Plan
- Health-EU Portal Prevention and Promotion | <urn:uuid:4052ff98-a4a2-41cf-9188-30d4728b4241> | 2013-05-21T10:22:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Real form (Lie theory)
In mathematics, the notion of a real form relates objects defined over the field of real and complex numbers. A real Lie algebra g0 is called a real form of a complex Lie algebra g if g is the complexification of g0:
Real forms for Lie groups and algebraic groups
Using the Lie correspondence between Lie groups and Lie algebras, the notion of a real form can be defined for Lie groups. In the case of linear algebraic groups, the notions of complexification and real form have a natural description in the language of algebraic geometry.
Just as complex semisimple Lie algebras are classified by Dynkin diagrams, the real forms of a semisimple Lie algebra are classified by Satake diagrams, which are obtained from the Dynkin diagram of the complex form by labeling some vertices black (filled), and connecting some other vertices in pairs by arrows, according to certain rules.
It is a basic fact in the structure theory of complex semisimple Lie algebras that every such algebra has two special real forms: one is the compact real form and corresponds to a compact Lie group under the Lie correspondence (its Satake diagram has all vertices blackened), and the other is the split real form and corresponds to a Lie group that is as far as possible from being compact (its Satake diagram has no vertices blackened and no arrows). In the case of the complex special linear group SL(n,C), the compact real form is the special unitary group SU(n) and the split real form is the real special linear group SL(n,R). The classification of real forms of semisimple Lie algebras was accomplished by Élie Cartan in the context of Riemannian symmetric spaces. In general, there may be more than two real forms.
Suppose that g0 is a semisimple Lie algebra over the field of real numbers. By Cartan's criterion, the Killing form is nondegenerate, and can be diagonalized in a suitable basis with the diagonal entries +1 or -1. By Sylvester's law of inertia, the number of positive entries, or the positive index of intertia, is an invariant of the bilinear form, i.e. it does not depend on the choice of the diagonalizing basis. This is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real Lie algebra, called its index.
Split real form
A real form g0 of a complex semisimple Lie algebra g is said to be split, or normal, if in each Cartan decomposition g0 = k0 ⊕ p0, the space p0 contains a maximal Abelian subalgebra of g0, i.e. its Cartan subalgebra. Élie Cartan proved that every complex semisimple Lie algebra g has a split real form, which is unique up to isomorphism. It has maximal index among all real forms.
The split form corresponds to the Satake diagram with no vertices blackened and no arrows.
Compact real form
A real Lie algebra g0 is called compact if the Killing form is negative definite, i.e. the index of g0 is zero. In this case g0 = k0 is a compact Lie algebra. It is known that under the Lie correspondence, compact Lie algebras correspond to compact Lie groups.
The compact form corresponds to the Satake diagram with all vertices blackened.
Construction of the compact real form
In general, the construction of the compact real form uses structure theory of semisimple Lie algebras. For classical Lie algebras there is a more explicit construction.
Let g0 be a real Lie algebra of matrices over R that is closed under the transpose map,
The complexification g of g0 decomposes into the direct sum of g0 and ig0. The real vector space of matrices
is a subspace of the complex Lie algebra g that is closed under the commutators and consists of skew-hermitian matrices. It follows that u0 is a real Lie subalgebra of g, that its Killing form is negative definite (making it a compact Lie algebra), and that the complexification of u0 is g. Therefore, u0 is a compact form of g.
See also
- Helgason 1978, p. 426 | <urn:uuid:307c1388-d49d-46d7-a722-4f52f24df709> | 2013-05-21T10:29:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scut may refer to:
- A short, erect tail.
- South China University of Technology
- Menial work performed by medical students/ medical residents
- All pages beginning with "Scut"
- All pages with titles containing "Scut"
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | <urn:uuid:a70671e0-d8ad-43af-9d52-c122cc7830ef> | 2013-05-21T10:16:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|— Neighborhood of Boston —|
|Nickname(s): Southie, Sobo|
|Annexed by Boston||1804|
|Time zone||Eastern (UTC-5)|
|Area code(s)||617 / 857|
South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay. One of America's oldest and most historic neighborhoods, South Boston is most popularly known as Southie and is today often called Sobo by the young urban professionals who now own the neighborhood. Although formerly known as a working class Irish-American neighborhood, it is also home to the Boston area's small but vibrant Polish and Lithuanian communities and its demographics are rapidly changing. South Boston contains Dorchester Heights, where George Washington forced British troops to evacuate during the American Revolutionary War. In addition to being home to some of the oldest housing projects in the United States, South Boston has also more recently seen property values join the highest in the city.
Geographically, Dorchester Neck was an isthmus, a narrow strip of land that connected the mainland of the colonial settlement of Dorchester with Dorchester Heights. Landfill has since greatly increased the amount of land on the eastern side of the historical neck, and widened the connection to the mainland to the point that South Boston is no longer considered separate from it. South Boston gained an identity separate from Dorchester, but the two were annexed by Boston in pieces, from 1804 to 1870.
It was here on Dorchester Heights, during the American Revolutionary War that George Washington placed his cannon and forced the evacuation of the British troops from Boston on March 17, 1776. The British evacuated Boston and Fort William and Mary for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fort William and Mary was replaced with a brick fortification known as Fort Independence. That fort was replaced by a granite fortification (bearing the same name) prior to the American Civil War, and still stands on Castle Island as a National Historic Landmark. Edgar Allan Poe was stationed at Castle Island for five months in 1827 and was inspired to write The Cask of Amontillado based on an early Castle Island legend.
In the 1990s, South Boston became the focus for a Supreme Court case on the right of gay and lesbian groups to participate in the Saint Patrick's Day (Evacuation Day) parade. The case was decided in favor of the parade's sponsors when the United States Supreme Court supported the South Boston Allied War Veterans' right to determine who can participate in their annual St. Patrick's Day parade. In 1996, local Dorchester author Paul Walkowski and Attorney William Connolly detailed the case in their book "From Trial Court to the United States Supreme Court".
"Southie" is home to what is thought to be the first Vietnam veterans memorial in the United States. It predated the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., by 13 months. It was dedicated on September 13, 1981 and is located at Independence Square, which is more commonly called M Street Park.
In recent years, the reality of South Boston has changed drastically as property values, especially in the City Point neighborhood near Castle Island, have risen to the level of some of the highest in the city. The City Point area of South Boston, labeled "East Side" by realtors, has seen a major increase in property values due to its close proximity to downtown Boston and gentrification. The "West Side" of South Boston, also known as the "lower end" by lifelong residents, though slower to begin the gentrification process also benefits from the proximity to not only downtown but also the popular South End. Additionally, the West Side is home to the first green residence (Gold LEED certified) in Boston — the Macallen Building which was featured in the movie The Greening of Southie. The City of Boston is investing in the West Side through developments like the ~150,000-square-foot (14,000 m2) mixed use (residential and commercial) building being developed by the Boston Redevelopment Authority on West Broadway.
Waterfront redevelopment
The section of South Boston north of First Street is targeted for massive redevelopment by the administration of Mayor Thomas Menino and the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA). As of September 2010, the Seaport Square project was expected to cost $3 billion and replace parking lots between the federal courthouse and convention center with a 6,300,000-square-foot (590,000 m2) mixed-use development. Construction was expected to begin in 2011.
Initially referred to as the "Seaport District" by the BRA, this area was officially restyled the "South Boston Waterfront" after virulent protest from natives and local politicians, including City Council President James M. Kelly. The Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) Project, also known as the Big Dig, has created a completely new transportation network for this area and quite a few new hotel and office projects have come online in the past few years. The Boston Convention and Exhibition Center straddles D Street, the Seaport Hotel and Seaport World Trade Center is located on Commonwealth Pier, and a new home for the Institute of Contemporary Art hangs over Boston Harbor just north of Northern Avenue.
According to the Boston Waterfront Guide the South Boston Waterfront now has 55 restaurants, 4 hotels, 9 major attractions and continues to grow. The latest restaurant to open in nearby is Ming Tsai's Blue Dragon Restaurant in the old A Street Deli Building.
MassChallenge has its headquarters at One Marina Park. Fish and Richardson is also presently at One Marina Park
Public schools are operated by Boston Public Schools.
- South Boston High School, which is now divided into two different high schools all within the same building, 1st floor is Excel High School which focuses on public safety studies, 2nd floor is also Excel High School, which focuses on computer technology, 3rd floor is Boston Green Academy, which focuses on science studies (9-12).
- James Condon Elementary School (K-5)
- Joseph P. Tynan School (K-5)
- Michael J. Perkins School (K-5)
- Oliver Hazard Perry School (K-8)
- UP Academy Charter School of Boston (6-8)
- St. Peter Academy (K-8)
- South Boston Catholic Academy (K-8) (formerly St. Brigid's School and Gate of Heaven which were combined)
- Julie's Family Learning Center (P,K,Montessori)
Cultural and language schools
- Szkola Jezyka Polskiego w Bostonie (John Paul II Polish School for Children and Teens)
- Wood's School of Irish Dance
Places of worship
Catholic Churches
- Our Lady of Czestochowa (Polish)
- Saint Monica - Saint Augustine (currently closed)
- Saint Peter (Lithuanian)
- Saint Vincent de Paul
- Our Lady of Good Voyage
- Saint Brigid
Albanian Orthodox Churches
- St George Cathedral: Located near the intersection of East and West Broadway, St George is the largest Orthodox Christian house of worship in Massachusetts. As the mother church of the Albanian diocese, the Cathedral serves as episcopal seat of His Grace, Bishop Nikon, Bishop of Boston, New England and the Albanian Archdiocese.
- Albanian Holy Trinity Church, Kisha Shqiptare e Shen Trinise: Located at 245 D Street Boston, Massachusetts 02127.
- St John the Baptist
- St Matthew and the Redeemer (former)
Community resources
- South Boston Neighborhood House
- Boys and Girls Club of Boston
- Labouré Center
- South Boston Branch Library
- South Boston Community Health Center
- South Boston Action Center
- The Paraclete Center
- Tynan Community Center
Castle Island, Pleasure Bay, M Street Beach and Carson Beach
Fort Independence, a pentagonal five-bastioned, granite fort built between 1834 and 1851, is the dominating feature of Castle Island. This 22-acre urban park is connected to the mainland by both pedestrian and vehicular causeways. Pleasure Bay, the M Street Beach and Carson Beach form a three-mile segment of parkland and beach along the South Boston shoreline of Dorchester Bay. Carson Beach offers some beautiful views and great public amenities: a rehabilitated Mothers' Rest, public restrooms, exhibit space, first aid and lifeguard functions, while the outdoor courtyards allow space for passive recreation. Carson Beach also features a walkway which allows one to walk, bike, or run along the water's edge from Castle Island to the Kennedy Library.
Fort Independence and Castle Island are on the State and National Registers of Historic Places, and the fort is a National Historic Landmark. Fort Independence is open from Memorial Day to Columbus Day, hours vary. Fort tours are conducted by the Castle Island Association in the summer months and there is interpretive signage for self-guided tours. The principal program theme, the History of Castle Island, stresses the role of the fort in harbor defense."
Dorchester Heights (Thomas Park)
Atop the Dorchester Heights hill sits a tall monument commemorating the Patriot battery that drove the British out of Boston. A popular site to view the Fourth of July fireworks, the Thomas Park (the oval drive around Dorchester Heights) area is one of the most attractive areas in South Boston.
Medal Of Honor Park (M Street Park)
Between M and N streets and north of Broadway, the M Street Park was one of the most desirable addresses in Boston in the late 19th century, and the brownstone buildings overlooking the park on the south side of the park remain some of the best examples of this style of architecture in New England. M Street Park is also home to the 1st standing Vietnam memorial in the nation included in this memorial are all the names of the South Boston residents who gave their lives fighting for the freedom of the United States. Also a popular spot for, families, dog lovers, and for watching the St Patrick's Day Parade. In addition also, two softball fields, little league field, basketball court, and play ground all attribute to the beautiful neighborhood which is South Boston The M Street Softball League.
Public housing
South Boston is home to some of the oldest public housing projects in the United States.[dead link] In the last 30 years they have changed from having a mostly Irish American population to a more ethnically mixed population. The housing facilities are under the control of the Boston Housing Authority (BHA) and include West Broadway which was built in 1949 and occupies 20 acres (81,000 m2), West Ninth Street (these three facilities are next to each other and commonly called D street), Old Colony which was built in 1941, and Mary Ellen McCormack, which is the BHA's oldest development, being constructed in the 1930s. It was originally called Old Harbor Village. 'The West Broadway Ninth Street Projects were knocked down in 2005 and are now a retirement housing building.
MBTA bus service connects these stations with the residential areas of South Boston, downtown Boston and the Back Bay. The MBTA Silver Line, a Bus rapid transit service running partly in a tunnel from South Station, also serves the north side of South Boston. South Boston is also served by five bus routes including the numbers 5, 7, 9, 10, 11.
Notable residents
South Boston has been the birthplace and home to a number of notable people, including:
References in popular culture
- The 2010 crime thriller The Town starring and directed by Ben Affleck, was partly filmed in South Boston. Scenes taking place at the fictional Town Flowers were filmed at Thornton Flower Shop on Dorchester Street.
- Gone Baby Gone (2007), the directorial debut of Ben Affleck, was shot in South Boston.
- Black Irish (2007)
- The Departed (2006), starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson and Mark Wahlberg was shot in South Boston and was loosely based on the life of famed Irish mob leader James "Whitey" Bulger and the events leading up to his hiatus and being an informant for the FBI.
- In Good Will Hunting, a 1997 drama film directed by Gus Van Sant and written by Ben Affleck and Matt Damon, South Boston is the home of the fictional Irish American character Will Hunting, a troubled young prodigy played by Damon, who works as a janitor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Mystic River directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Tim Robbins, Kevin Bacon, and Sean Penn was partially filmed in South Boston. A local corner store, Miller's Market of 366 K Street, was used as one of the character's businesses.
- The movie The Boondock Saints, about fraternal twins, Connor and Murphy MacManus, who become vigilantes after killing two members of the Russian Mafia in self-defense, also takes place in South Boston.
- The 1999 movie Southie centers around Danny Quinn, played by Donnie Wahlberg, who returns home to South Boston from New York City and gets stuck between his friends, who are supported by one Irish gang, and his family, who are members of another. Wahlberg is a native of nearby Dorchester.
- The Verdict, a 1982 feature film which tells the story of a down-on-his-luck alcoholic lawyer who pushes a medical malpractice case in order to improve his own situation, but discovers along the way that he is doing the right thing, takes place in, and was filmed in, South Boston. It starred Paul Newman.
- In the 1987 romantic comedy film, Broadcast News, about a virtuoso television news producer (Holly Hunter), who has daily emotional breakdowns, a brilliant yet prickly reporter (Albert Brooks) and his charismatic but far less seasoned rival (William Hurt), a young Aaron Altman (played by Dwayne Markee) states, "You're never gonna leave South Boston and I'm gonna see the whole damn world."
- In the film The Friends of Eddie Coyle, about a low level Boston gangster who was looking at a long prison sentence for repeat offenses, and so decided to snitch on his friends to avoid jail time.
- In the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer the character of Faith Lehane (Eliza Dushku) is a Slayer who originally hails from South Boston. Dushku grew up in nearby Watertown.
- Eliza Dushku's character refers to being a Southie native in the "Stage Fright" episode of the TV series Dollhouse.
- The Leverage character of Nathan Ford is possibly from South Boston, as the episode "The Beantown Bailout Job" indicated he had grown up with a ranking member of the Irish Mob.
- Julianne Moore's character in a series of 2009 episodes of 30 Rock mentioned that she was from South Boston.
- In an episode of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Soleil Moon Frye's character mentions that "it's better than living in a shack in Southie."
- In the Showtime drama Dexter, the character Joseph Quinn (played by Desmond Harrington) is from South Boston.
There have been a number of books written about South Boston.
Video games
The Scout from online game Team Fortress 2 hails from South Boston.
Voodoo, in Medal of Honor (2010), is from South Boston. He has a very distinct accent.
- "U.S. Supreme Court HURLEY v. IRISH-AMERICAN GAY GROUP OF BOSTON, ___ U.S. ___ (1995)". FindLaw. 18 June 1995. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
- Walkowski, Paul; Connolly, William (April 1996). From Trial Court to the United States Supreme Court Anatomy of a Free Speech Case: The Incredible Inside Story Behind the Theft of the St. Patrick's Parade. Branden Books. ISBN 0-8283-2012-8.
- "History of the Memorial". South Boston Vietnam Memorial. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
- The Greening of Southie (2008)
- "South Boston Waterfront Public Realm Plan". Boston Redevelopment Authority. October 21, 2003. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "Seaport makeover to begin next year". Boston Metro, 23 September 2010, p 3.
- James M. Kelly, long-time city councilor and South Boston icon, dies. Boston Globe, January 9, 2007.
- Cf. Sammarco (2006), p.25
- History of the South Baptist Church, Boston, Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son, 1865.
- Boston Connects. South Boston
- "Welcome to the Boston Housing Authority". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "West Broadway". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "West Ninth Street". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "Old Colony". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "Mary Ellen McCormack". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "Foley". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- "Monsignor Powers". Boston Housing Authority. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- Marquard, Bryan (2010-06-22). "John Ferruggio, at 84; hero of 1970 Pan Am hijacking". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell; Rosenberg, Charlie, South Boston: Then & Now, Arcadia Publishing Company, 2006
Further reading
- Charles Bancroft Gillespie (1900), Illustrated history of South Boston, South Boston, Mass: Inquirer Pub. Co.
- Malloy, Ione (1 October 1986). Southie Won't Go: A Teacher's Diary of the Desegregation of South Boston High School. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01276-3.
- O'Connor, Thomas (24 February 1994). South Boston, My Home Town: The History of an Ethnic Neighborhood. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 1-55553-188-1.
- Alcorn, Frank (7 October 2005). Southie Boy. Cork Hill Press. ISBN 1-59408-054-2.
- Weeks, Kevin; Karas, Phyllis (10 March 2006). Brutal: The Untold Story of My Life Inside Whitey Bulger's Irish Mob. William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-112269-6.
- MacDonald, Michael Patrick (4 October 2007). All Souls: A Family Story from Southie. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-7213-3.
- Born before plastic: stories from Boston's most enduring neighborhoods; North End, Roxbury, and South Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA: City of Boston and Grub Street, Inc., 2007
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: South Boston|
- South Boston Online
- South Boston Tribune
- South Boston Neighborhood at City of Boston.gov
- Topographic Map of South Boston
- Southies St Patrick's Day Parade
- South Boston Little League
- South Boston on Boston.com
- Boston Public Library. Boston Pictorial Archive. Images of South Boston
- South Boston Waterfront Photo Gallery | <urn:uuid:25112d3e-1b59-4727-b5a3-3cf6cc617d34> | 2013-05-21T10:34:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Even as the two American leaders agreed that Iran should not be allowed to gain access to nuclear weapons, both claimed to have different policies to do so.
"We cannot allow Iran to gain a nuclear weapons capability," Ryan said in a heated argument with Biden in Danville, Kentucky, during the only vice presidential debate in the run up to the November 6 presidential elections.
"When Barack Obama was elected, they had enough nuclear material to make one bomb. Now they have enough for five. They're four years closer toward nuclear weapons capability,"Ryan said. "In order to solve this peacefully, you have to have the
ayatollahs change their minds. They're moving faster toward a nuclear weapon. It's because this administration has no credibility on this issue," he said.
Refuting Ryan's challenges, Irish-American Biden launched a stinging counter-attack and exuded confidence that the US under Obama Administration could deal a serious blow to Iran. "Facts matter. All this loose talk about all they have to do is get to enrich uranium and they have a weapon. Not true.
Not true," Biden said. "If we ever have to take action, unlike when we took office, we'll have the world behind us. And that matters."
"The Israelis and the United States -- our military and intelligence communities are absolutely the same exact place in terms of how close -- how close the Iranians are to getting a nuclear weapon. They are a good way away. There is no difference between our view and theirs," he said.
"When my friend talks about fissile material, they have to take this highly enriched uranium, get it from 20 per cent up. Then they have to be able to have something to put it in. There is no weapon that the Iranians have at this point. Both the Israelis and we know we'll know if they start the process of building a weapon," Biden said.
"What more can the president do? Stand before the United Nations, tell the whole world, directly communicate to the ayatollah: We will not let them acquire a nuclear weapon,period, unless he's talking about going to war," he said. Ryan, however, claimed that the policies of the current administration is sending wrong signals to Iran.
"Let's look at this from the view of the ayatollahs. What do they see? They see this administration trying to water down sanctions in Congress for over two years. They're moving faster toward a nuclear weapon; they're spinning the centrifuges faster," he said.
An irritated Biden disagreed and vowed that the US will not allow Iran to go nuclear. "The Secretary of Defense has made it absolutely clear. He didn't walk anything back. We will not allow the Iranians to get a nuclear weapon," the Vice President said.
Ryan accused the White House of projecting weakness and Biden saying that Republicans "bet against America all the time."
"I can make absolutely two commitments to you. ... One, we will find and bring to justice the men who did this," Biden said. "And secondly, we will get to the bottom of it … wherever the facts lead us, wherever they lead us. ... Whatever mistakes were made will not be made again."
Biden then compared the positions of President Barack Obama and GOP presidential nominee Mitt Romney on Iraq and Afghanistan, saying Obama is right in pulling out of the forme, and reducing troops in 2014 in the latter, while Romney is wrong in saying withdrawal is a mistake. | <urn:uuid:75253b68-551d-47ea-8e18-be64f4f9d031> | 2013-05-21T10:19:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Synthesis and investigations of novel alkenylporphyrins and bis(porphyrins)
Locos, Oliver Brett (2006) Synthesis and investigations of novel alkenylporphyrins and bis(porphyrins). PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology.
Twelve porphyrin dyads linked by an ethene bridge were synthesised as model
systems for conjugated polymers. The extent of interporphyrin interaction was
investigated for meso-meso and meso-β linked homo- and heterobimetallo-porphyrin
dyads. To complement these dyads, model monomers with alkenyl substituents were
also studied. Once the synthesis of these compounds was achieved, the extent of
interaction was studied using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and
In order to gain a true indication of the extent of interaction in a dyad, the effect of
the bridge as a substituent must be accounted for. This was achieved by studying the
series of monomers by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The increased
conjugation resulting from mono- and bis-alkenyl substituents results in a red shift of
the origin of transition energies in the absorption spectrum which is accompanied by
a broadened and less intense Soret band and an increase in the intensity of the Q
bands. The emission of these compounds also displays an increase in Stokes shift and
a loss of vibronic coupling due to the increased conjugation.
The serendipitous synthesis of three asymmetric meso-β ethene-linked porphyrin
dyads was achieved by the use of palladium-catalysed Heck coupling of mesoethenyl-
with meso-bromoporphyrins. A possible mechanism for this meso to β
rearrangement was proposed. A series of nine meso-meso ethene-linked dyads was
synthesised by palladium-catalysed Suzuki coupling of meso-(2-iodoethenyl)- with
meso-borolanylporphyrins. All of these dyads were characterised by 1D and 2D
NMR as well as MS analysis. The absorption spectra of ethene-linked dyads exhibit
a split Soret band and a red-shifted and intensified HOMO-LUMO band. In the
meso-β dyads, the degree of splitting in the Soret band is sufficient only to generate a
shoulder on the red edge, whereas in the meso-meso dyads two separate bands
appear. The extent of splitting is believed to be an indication of the amount of
The fluorescence profiles of the dyads change dramatically depending upon the
central substituents in the porphyrins and the wavelength used for irradiation, which suggests that different conformations of these compounds give rise to different parts
of their absorption and emission profiles. The fluorescence profiles of the dyads also
do not reflect their absorption profiles, and therefore the excitation of the dyad is
believed to be accompanied also by a change in geometry. All ethene-linked dyads
exhibited an anti-Stokes shift, and the excitation spectra of the different parts of the
fluorescence envelope also support the possibility of different conformers
contributing to the fluorescence spectra.
Molecular mechanics and time-dependent quantum mechanical calculations were
performed on seven ethene-linked porphyrin dyads. These calculations further
support the proposal of different conformations contributing to the physical
properties of ethene-linked dyads. Electronic structure calculations also show
considerable electron density on the alkene for the meso-meso ethene-linked dyads,
which highlights the important influence of this bridge upon the electronic nature of
these conjugated diporphyrins.
Citation countsare sourced monthly fromand citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from theindexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
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|Item Type:||QUT Thesis (PhD)|
|Supervisor:||Arnold, Dennis& Bottle, Steven|
|Keywords:||novel alkenylporphyrins, bis-porphyrins, porphyrin dyads, ethene bridge, conjugated polymers|
|Divisions:||Past > QUT Faculties & Divisions > Faculty of Science and Technology|
Past > Schools > School of Physical & Chemical Sciences
|Department:||Faculty of Science|
|Institution:||Queensland University of Technology|
|Copyright Owner:||Copyright Oliver Brett Locos|
|Deposited On:||03 Dec 2008 14:02|
|Last Modified:||29 Oct 2011 05:47|
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:fada2d37-d4be-4885-8d4d-ad8344260a96> | 2013-05-21T09:59:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|ETCSLtranslation : t.220.127.116.11|
1-8. When Iškur -- the lord, the storm, the …… lion, the great storm of heaven and earth, confident in his majesty, the foremost, the advocate, the son of An, whose head is clothed in power, the fearsome chief lord, the great storm that has no rival ……, who masses the clouds -- rushes within the storm, the earth trembles before him.
9-18. A majestic wind bellowing in the broad heavens, whose thunder signifies abundance -- when he utters his cries, the Land and the great mountains are fearful. Great hero, holding the shepherd's crook in his hand and clasping authority at his side -- when he roars over the sea and covers the Land with radiance, huge hailstones …… and slanting (?) rain, …… they set up …… for him.
24-32. He surveys these numerous people -- the lord of prosperity who makes celebration plentiful, who gives sustenance to the Land, the merciful prince whose solicitude is kind, the protector of Larsam, the helper of Sîn-iddinam on the battlefield, who stands in combat with the troops at his side, the great lord, the canal administrator of An and Enlil, whose destiny has no equal!
33-56. Sîn-iddinam -- the mighty man, the humble prince who respects Enlil; approved with a "let it be so!" by the E-kur; the young man given a propitious name by Nanna; the provider of Urim, the king of Larsam, the king of Sumer and Akkad, given broad wisdom and surpassing intelligence by Nudimmud, granted a good reign, a long life and unending abundance by Iškur, his god; who puts in order the divine plans of Eridug, who makes perfect offerings to the gods; the wise one who has restored the ancient divine powers, …… who has favourably identified his numerous people -- put in place a majestic throne, …… surpassing in form, for his lord, for his god.
57-67. Made grandly from …… and refined silver, …… of the beautiful heavens,
68-74. At that time he grandly seated Iškur, his god, on his throne of glory. Then he made its form surpassing for ever. He sought out its majestic divine plans and divine powers.
75-85. By the throne he …… two great wild bulls, below (?) on the right and the left, butting the king's enemies.
© Copyright 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 The ETCSL project, Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford | <urn:uuid:714e0b7d-576d-44a9-811e-b8e74add219f> | 2013-05-21T10:00:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Harrison, Samuel Marcus (2010)
Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham.
This thesis is concerned with the weighted L\(^2\) boundedness of a family of convolution operators on the line with oscillating kernels. It is proved that these convolution operators are bounded from L\(^2\)(w) to L\(^2\)(W) where the Borel measures w and W are in a correspondence given by a maximal function and there is a sense in which this maximal function is the best possible. It is also shown that a one-weighted L\(^2\) estimate holds for a family of convolution operators with radial oscillating kernels on n-dimensional space.
This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder.
Repository Staff Only: item control page | <urn:uuid:c1cca0a9-8510-47b4-9a0e-7d8e0c78d20b> | 2013-05-21T10:19:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Many people that are looking to change their eating habits either for weight loss, or simply to become healthier, are opting to start their day with a high protein diet breakfast. Eating a high protein breakfast offers many different benefits, whether you are looking to burn fat and lose weight, or simply looking for a hearty and satisfying meal to start your day.
Meals that are high in protein make you feel full faster, and with stay with you longer. They provide you with ample energy for the day, and help to keep you feeling satisfied in between meals. If you have been considering changing your eating style, and want to eat a high protein diet breakfast but aren't sure what your options are, here are a few meal ideas that will help you get started.
- Protein shakes-Great for those on the go without a lot of time for cooking
- Eggs-Eggs are an excellent source of protein and can be cooked in a variety of ways
- Steak and Eggs
- Bacon and Eggs
- Toast with Peanut Butter
- Breakfast cereal that is high in protein
- French Toast
- Protein pancakes
- Cottage Cheese
- Turkey breakfast sausage
Keep in mind as well, that there are numerous combinations of the above meal ideas, so you'll never get bored with eating the same thing over and over. Egg omelets loaded with fresh veggies and meat, breakfast burritos and a number of different cereals that are available will give you the variety you may desire, and still provide you with a healthy, protein filled breakfast on a daily basis. And don't be afraid to break tradition. There are many other high protein foods that you can eat for breakfast as well, such as burgers, sandwiches and more. Mix things up a little, and don't be afraid to experiment!High Protein Diet Breakfast - Delicious Meal Ideas
Tracy Boseman suffered with her weight problems for years, finally she discovered an amazing weight loss guide that changed her life. Click here to learn more. | <urn:uuid:d3a5e699-8a9f-4a62-b3fe-a93711eabe80> | 2013-05-21T10:20:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
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France takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Communities.
Mr Alain Poher is re-elected president of the European Parliament.
Italy takes over the presidency of the Council of the European Communities. The customs union enters into force. Remaining customs duties in intra-Community trade are abolished 18 months ahead of what was scheduled in the Rome Treaty and the common customs tariff is introduced to replace national customs duties in trade with the rest of the world.
The European Court of Justice celebrates its 10th anniversary. A large number of representatives of the Community institutions, the governments and the senior Courts and administrative tribunals of the Member States attend the formal meeting held for the occasion.
The Council, the Parliament and the Commission hold an exchange of views on the prospects of the Communities. It gives rise to a discussion on the need to render the Communities more democratic, strengthen and widen integration, guarantee the future of Euratom and to introduce close cooperation in the monetary field. | <urn:uuid:525188dd-3dff-4936-8c05-d2d93663d7d1> | 2013-05-21T09:58:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Gareth Bale, matchwinner in the 2-1 first leg win, missed a sitter in the second half, but Mousa Dembele saved the Welshman's blushes with a brilliant last minute strike from 25 yards.
Spurs will now face Inter Milan - the team against which Bale pulled out two career-defining performances two seasons ago - in the third round next month, and Villas-Boas said: "We had two magnificent games against Inter and we just want to recreate a special night that everyone remembers at the club."
He went on: "Going through against Inter Milan and Lyon puts you in a good place to win the competition."
Lyon fans will find it hard to believe that it is not they who are facing the Italian giants in the next round.
Tottenham could barely string a pass together in the first half, with Dembele, Scott Parker and Kyle Walker all guilty of poor performances.
Bale also made a mistake in turning his back to Maxine Gonalons, allowing the Frenchman to convert Clement Grenier's cross in the 16th minute.
"We didn't play well in the first half," Villas-Boas conceded. "In the second half we were the better team. We created some chances and we were rewarded with the second goal in the end. "Individual players make a difference and Mousa certainly made the difference tonight."
Dembele's strike, which came after he glided past Grenier and beat Remy Vercoutre with a long-range missile, clearly delighted Villas-Boas who jumped for joy when the ball hit the back of the net.
"It was good," he said. "When you score in the last minute, there are all sorts of emotions going through you, especially with a goal that brings you into the next round." | <urn:uuid:77f2c403-a54c-4b00-b096-b089fddb05ec> | 2013-05-21T10:20:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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''Frank Selee, championship manager and Hall of Famer, was a key reason for the early success of teams in (if you can believe it) both Boston and Chicago. His early death was a baseball tragedy, but his results speak for themselves as a testament to his greatness and skill as a coach and leader.
Frank Gibson Selee was born October 26, 1859 in Amherst, New Hampshire. A diminutive man, Selee played shortstop in his few years of professional baseball, but at an early age displayed his true talent for managing and coaching the game.
By 1884, he had gotten a full-time job coaching in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and two years later, he led the squad to its first championship in the burgeoning Northwestern League. The following year he was paid $3,000 to move his team to Omaha, Nebraska. Though his team was stripped of talent by the majors, he still led the team to a top four finish the next three years.
In 1890, Selee was finally given his dream job: a manager position in the National Association. Coaching the Boston Beaneaters (later the Boston Braves), Selee's first season was spectacular by almost any standards except his own: his 76-57 record was only good enough for 5th place, two wins out of third. After that Selee showed his prowess at finding no-name talent and maximizing his lineup by selecting players who stood out at their position.
His 1891 club, anchored by Hall of Fame pitchers Kid Nichols and John Clarkson, finished tops in the league, capturing the first of Selee's five pennants. From 1890 to 1901, he led the Boston team to an astounding .607 win-loss percentage, and helped groom numerous Hall of Famers, including Hugh Duffy, Fred Tenney, Jimmy Collins, and Billy Hamilton.
Selee was a firm believer in the fundamentals of the game, and his teams were always defensively far and above the rest of the league. They routinely practiced double plays, pick off moves, and sacrifice flies. His teams always had the fewest errors, and Selee was proud of his team's abilities on the field.
In 1901, Selee's contract was sold to the Chicago Cubs, and he immediately began retooling that team as he had his champion Beaneaters. He moved catcher Frank Chance to first base, third baseman Joe Tinker to shortstop, and shortstop Johnny Evers to second base. Although he struggled through his first season in Chicago, he never finished below third afterwards, and although he never won the pennant with the team, he set up the championship team of 1908 with his constant grooming of Chance as his replacement.
It was sad but true, but in 1903, the 44 year old Selee had contracted tuberculosis. It ravaged him terribly, and by 1905, he was too weak to make road trips with the team. Chance, who had managed on a de facto basis, took over the club for good on August 1. Selee lingered on for four years in a home for consumptives, finally passing away July 5, 1909, in Denver, Colorado. He was 49.
Nearly 100 years after Selee's amazing career had ended - his .598 lifetime win percentage is 4th alltime, and his 1284 wins was a top ten record in his day - Selee was finally acknowledged for his outstanding skill as a manager when he was inducted into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999.
Hall of Fame Index
Tom Seaver | Joe Sewell | <urn:uuid:5712ee83-6a96-46c7-a61e-d530386f4884> | 2013-05-21T10:29:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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= B =
Used of human behavior, conveys that the
subject is busy waiting for someone or something, intends to move
instantly as soon as it shows up, and thus cannot do anything else
at the moment. "Can't talk now, I'm busy-waiting till Bill gets
off the phone."
Technically, `busy-wait' means to wait on an event by
spinning through a tight or timed-delay loop that polls for
the event on each pass, as opposed to setting up an interrupt
handler and continuing execution on another part of the task. In
applications this is a wasteful technique, and best avoided on
time-sharing systems where a busy-waiting program may hog the
processor. However, it is often unavoidable in kernel programming.
In the Linux world, kernel busy-waits are usually referred to as
--The Jargon File version 4.3.1, ed. ESR, autonoded by rescdsk. | <urn:uuid:8300cbb6-b022-44b7-99cc-2a4eca1d7594> | 2013-05-21T10:08:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Microsoft's complete programming/development environment, basically consisting of a bundle of all their development products.
The current release is Visual Studio .NET (hereafter known as VS.NET), previous releases have been Visual Studio 97 (VS97) and Visual Studio 6.0 (VS6).
VS97 was available in three editions, Learning, Professional and Enterprise, VS6 dropped the Learning edition (as far as I can tell), and Visual Studio .NET is available in three different editions, Professional, Enterprise Developer and Enterprise Architect.
It consists of the following products, of the relevant editions (eg, the Professional edition of Visual Studio would include the Professional edition of the individual products):
- Visual C++, a C++ development environment (VS97 included version 5, VS6 included version 6, VS.NET includes the .NET edition)
- Visual Basic, a visual RAD tool based on BASIC (ditto, you might want to note that it is substantially reworked in .NET)
- Visual FoxPro, a visual version of FoxPro, a database product (ditto, except it is not included with VS.NET, but is still available as a seperate product)
- Visual J++, a Java development environment (VS97 included version 1.1, VS6 included version 6, and it is not included with VS.NET as Microsoft no longer support or encourage Java development)
- Visual InterDev, a tool for building websites (VS97 included version 1.1, VS6 included version 6, VS.NET includes the .NET edition)
- Visual C#, a C# development environment (only included in VS.NET, which (obviously) includes the .NET edition)
- Visual SourceSafe, a revision management tool (only in Enterprise editions)
The Professional edition of Visual Studio 6 included MSDE, a cut-down version of SQL Server.
VS97 included Developer Editions of SQL Server (version 6.5) and Transaction Server and VS6 included BackOffice 4.5 (which included the majority of Microsoft's server products at the time), while the Enterprise edition of VS.NET contains the developer editions of the following additional products:
VS97 had Visual C++, Visual J++ and Visual InterDev sharing the same IDE (which was integrated with Visual SourceSafe), VS6 had all products except Visual C++ sharing a new IDE, whereas VS.NET combines all products into a single IDE.
All versions of VS.NET make heavy use of XML, and indeed VS.NET is much more orientated towards web-based solutions. VS.NET Enterprise Architect edition includes Visio-based tools, involving UML, to ease the production and implemention of application designs.
sources: my Visual Studio CDs, www.microsoft.com (which is incredibly hard to navigate at times), various magazines. please /msg me corrections. | <urn:uuid:2d2fff20-2f03-4ae3-bf2e-5172ffa8ad3d> | 2013-05-21T10:35:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Old name for the Middle East
ern area which is now Israel
, supposedly derived from "Philistine
," a biblical-era name for a part of the region.
In 1948 a United Nations mandate divided the area between Arabs and Jews -- the Palestinian leaders and leaders of surrounding countries (who were all Arabs) did not accept this and have several times since then invaded or attacked Israeli territory. In the process of fighting back, Israel actually gained about 80% of the territory originally divided about equally between the two groups. The Gaza Strip and the West Bank are some of these areas; they are now partially ruled by the Palestinians native to the areas but are still overall under Israeli control. Many Palestinians, both those who've left the area and those who've stayed, are part of resistance movements with the goal of regaining some or all of the territory once called Palestine back from Israel. | <urn:uuid:47b7ae42-dabe-407b-90cb-824bde50834e> | 2013-05-21T10:23:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am developing two web applications where one is a server app and the other is a client app, both are using Spring Security. My use case is such that after a user logs into the server app, the user can then access the client app from links within the server app. Since the user should not have to log in again when they click on these links (part of my requirements), I decided to use a strategy similar to Single SignOn in order to forward their authentication information from the server app to the client app.
On the client app, I am using Spring Security's
RequestHeaderAuthenticationFilter to look for a custom request header that is set by the server app.
If this custom header is found, do I have to do any further validation that this request is trustworthy? In Spring's Pre-Authentication doc,
RequestHeaderAuthenticationFilterdoes not perform any authentication and will assume the request to be from the user specified in the
SM_USERattribute. How do I ensure that the request is genuine?
How do I send the user from one app to another with a custom header in the http request? Redirecting the request does not work as the header information will be lost. Forwarding does not work as the forwarded request does not go through the configured Spring Security filters on the client app, thus the request is never "authenticated" and no session is created. | <urn:uuid:af9ec706-89d2-4a00-9605-1bdb55ab4b94> | 2013-05-21T10:15:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I have a CSS grid created with Susy, with two asides and a content section, like this:
|1| |2| |content| |content| |content|
The source order is content-1-2, but the above is easy enough using
On a narrower screen, I want the asides to be above each other, like this:
|1| |content| |2| |content| |content|
I am able to pull them into the same column, but they will simply overlap. How can I make this work? | <urn:uuid:51ba0877-11bd-41d3-8a1a-97a6bfa978c4> | 2013-05-21T10:00:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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-0.... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873795 | 117 | http://facebook.stackoverflow.com/questions/14128186/how-can-i-place-two-grid-items-above-each-other-using-susy | 0.588093 |
So it looks obvious that you only have to box if the condition is true, and there should be no boxing if the condition is false. However the ternary operator expression must have a particular static type. So we have
long. The JLS states that the result will be the primitive (just as well - imagine if the operator was, say,
+ or even
==). So the ternary operator will force the unboxing, and only then does the assignment cause a boxing.
If you were to replace the code with the equivalent
if-else, then you'd just have an assignment from
Long and from
Long, which wouldn't have any unboxing and so run fine.
IIRC, this is covered is Bloch & Gafter's Java Puzzlers. | <urn:uuid:1bff2796-222b-44ba-be6a-653ca485327f> | 2013-05-21T10:21:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I see that I can access a friend's groups via the Graph API:
... but how do I access it via FQL? (I am searching the documentation extensively before asking these questions, sorry if I'm asking an obvious one).
if you want to get the groups of user with the id 1111111
you can write this query:
don't forget you need to have the friends_groups permission in order to get this data
the documentation for those tables can be found here:
Yeah. I tried it did not work with FQL . But you can use the following code to get it via graph api
The config file has the following : | <urn:uuid:eda8b3f0-d4dd-4030-a2c9-f7625fd3caa3> | 2013-05-21T10:15:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
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Woodrow Wilson, as described in the introductory section of the text, was the leader of the immediate post-war period and was the architect of an internationalist vision for a new world order. Yet, as discussed in the paragraphs below, he was not able to persuade the other Allied leaders at the peace settlement negotiations in Paris to embrace his vision. But it was not just the opposition of Clemenceau and Lloyd George to some of his ideas that moved the conference away from Wilson's vision. Wilson became so blindingly caught up in his vision, thinking that everything he advocated was what democracy and justice wanted, that he completely alienated the other negotiators in Paris, and they stopped listening to him. Another historian points to a different problem, that Wilson himself stopped listening to his earlier vision, having become convinced that a harsh peace was justified and desirable. Even if that historical view is accurate, Wilson was probably still more moderate in his conception of a harsh peace than were Clemenceau and Lloyd George. But as the conference dragged on and the departure from Wilsonianism became more and more pronounced, Wilson clung to his proposal for the League of Nations. In fact, he seemed to place all his faith in his pet project, believing it would solve all the evils the negotiators were unable to solve during the conference. Unfortunately, Wilson made it clear that the League was his primary objective, and it came to be his only bargaining chip. He then compromised on numerous issues that had no corollary in his vision in order to maintain the support for the creation of the League. Thus, though full of good intentions and a vision for a just and peaceful future, Wilson's arrogance and ineffective negotiating skills largely contibuted to the downfall of his vision. Finally, it must be mentioned that Wilson's inability to negotiate with the Senate in its discussion of the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles caused the Senate to reject the Treaty, leaving the United States noticeably absent from the newly created League of Nations, which greatly undermined the effectiveness and importance of Wilson's principal goal. Nonetheless, Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to secure a lasting peace and the success in the creation of the League of Nations.
David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister,
entered the negotiations in Paris with the clear support of the British
people, as evidenced by his convincing win in the so-called khaki election
of December 1918.
During the weeks leading up to the election, though, he had publicly committed
himself to work for a harsh peace against Germany, including obtaining
payments for war damages committed against the British. These campaign
promises went against Lloyd George's personal convictions. Knowing
that Germany had been Britain's best pre-war trading partner, he thought
that Britain's best chance to return to its former prosperity was to restore
Germany to a financially stable situation, which would have required a
fairly generous peace with respect to the vanquished enemy.
Nonetheless, his campaign statements showed Lloyd George's understanding
that the public did not hold the same convictions as he did, and that,
on the contrary, the public wanted to extract as much as possible out of
the Germans to compensate them for their losses during the war. So
Lloyd George and Clemenceau were in agreement on many points, each one
seeming to support the other in their nationalist objectives, and thereby
scratching each other's back as the "game of grab" of Germany's power played
itself out. But most historians do not attribute to Lloyd George
a significant role in the Treaty negotiations.
In their defense, Clemenceau and Lloyd George were only following popular sentiment back home when they fought for harsh terms against Germany. It is clear from historical accounts of the time that after seeing so many young men not return from the trenches on the Western front, the French and British wanted to exact revenge against the Germans through the peace settlement, to ensure that their families would never again be destroyed by German aggression. In that respect, democracy was clearly functioning as it is intended in a representative democracy. In fact, Lloyd George is the quintessential example of an elected leader serving the interests of his people, putting his personal convictions second to British public opinion. Yet it was that same public opinion (in France and Britain) that Wilson had believed would support his internationalist agenda, placing Germany in the context of a new and more peaceful world order which would prevent future aggression. Wilson's miscalculation was one of the single greatest factors leading to the compromise of his principles and the resulting harsh and, in the eyes of many, unjust treatment of Germany within the Treaty of Versailles.
[See also the biographies of the Big Three listed
on the Links
1. James L. Stokesbury, A Short History of World War I, 1981, p. 309.
2. Manfred F. Boemeke, "Woodrow Wilson's Image of Germany, the War-Guilt Question, and the Treaty of Versailles,"inThe Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years, Ch. 25, Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser, eds., 1998, pp. 603-614.
3. Robert H. Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson and World War I: 1917-1921, 1985, p. 146.
4. Lawrence E. Gelfand, "The American Mission to Negotiate Peace: An Historian Looks Back," in The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years, Ch. 8, Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser, eds., 1998, p. 191.
5. See Ferrell, supra note 3, Ch. 10, "The Senate and the Treaty."
6. Information from this paragraph is taken from Ferrell, supra note 3, at 142, 144, 151.
7. Id. at 151.
8. Stokesbury, supra note 1, at 311-312. | <urn:uuid:54521255-4567-40ea-9b12-eccf47e11bd7> | 2013-05-21T09:58:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Connelly was always arguing with Sanders. They should "head west," he told anyone who would listen, and meet up with the ghoul resistance over at Warrington Station. But Sanders wanted to roam the Northern Wastes. Grudgingly, Connelly accepted this plan, but he knew the area was rife with danger. Upon a discovery of an empty underground camp below the streets of Old Olney, Connelly began erecting makeshift barricades, just in case of a curious mole rat or two. His last memories were being simultaneously torn apart by a deathclaw, and gurgling "I told you so!" to Sanders. | <urn:uuid:9c6a6aaf-abd4-419d-b3c8-6e6508590641> | 2013-05-21T10:20:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Running For Your Life: Can a Person Live This Way?
Have you ever had to run for your life? Have there been someone after you will the intent of harming you? Find out why everyone must flee from sin in the same way that one runs from someone that wishes to harm you.
- Is Running Good for You?
- How Do Christians Protect Themselves From Evil?
- For Those Who Cannot Run
- Don't Live a Life on the Run
- Read More!
Is Running Good for You?
The daily recommended exercise for most people is 30 minutes a day for at least five days a week.
Most of us clearly do not get enough exercise.
But what if you were running from someone or something?
In May of 2012, there was a Run For Your Lives 5k held in Massachusetts. To make the 5k more interesting, some people came dressed as zombies to chase runners through the prescribed course.
While this is all fun and games, some people really are running for their lives, but they aren't running from flesh-eating zombies.
How Do Christians Protect Themselves From Evil?
For the Christian, the Bible instructs us to run from the temptation of sin.
1 Corinthians 6:18 says: "Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body."
Sexual immorality is not only sex outside of and before marriage, but pornography is also included. The word "fornication" comes from the root word of "pornia," which is the same root word in pornography. They are one and the same. Run from both.
In James 4:7, the Bible says: "Resist the devil and he will flee from you."
However, if you do not resist the devil, he will accompany you all the way to your grave. Trust me, he wants to see you fail, because he hates all of God's creation. Read more about Lucifer's fall from Heaven, here.
The most straightforward way to flee from sin is to read the Bible, and follow its guidance. The Bible can be best understood when explained by Bible-believing Christians, which can most easily be found at a church that correctly teaches God's Word.
The old saying goes: "The Bible will keep you far from sin, or sin will keep you far from the Bible."
If you allow it, sin will take you to an early grave.
Do you really want that?
There is much more to read about sin in my previous article: Does Evil Breed Evil? What You May Not Know About Sin.
For Those Who Cannot Run
Not everybody can run. Some people are too old, and some are just learning to walk.
Just remember this. If you choose God at any moment in your life, there are no prerequisites nor restrictions. There is no age that is too old, nor any age too young to accept Christ. For those that are young, at the point that they understand they need a Savior, they are old enough to trust in God.
There are many stories of children who wanted to trust in God at a young age, yet their parents said, "You are too young." There is no better time. If you put off salvation, chances are you will procrastinate your life away.
Those who boast that they are going to make a "death-bed confession" are not so smart, for death will wait for no man. If you will not live for God in this one and only life, you most certainly will not live with Him in eternity, where everyone is praising and glorifying God.
So if you cannot run, find the true path of righteousness, and walk straight toward God.
Proverbs 4:14 says: "Do not enter the path of the wicked, and do not proceed in the way of evil men."
Don't Live a Life on the Run
Those who choose to live a life on the run will not get to enjoy the abundance of life that God desires for each and every person.
The only way to develop meaningful relationships with other people is to be consistent, and grow with others as you seek God.
So instead of wishing for a life of peace and contentment, experience it!
Seek God with all of your heart, mind, soul and strength, and He will reveal Himself to you.
I have created a Christian discipleship series titled, Find Out Your Purpose in Life. Start reading it here. | <urn:uuid:5f4d4e71-a93e-4a39-8c19-379b65487d89> | 2013-05-21T10:19:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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United States Naturalization and Citizenship
From FamilySearch Wiki
|Line 286:||Line 286:|
<u>'''Town of Origin'''</u>
<u>'''Town of Origin'''</u>
Most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. This information usually is listed in naturalization records
Most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. This information usually is listed in naturalization records when the forms were standardized. the country of origin is only listed and the town not normally given. However, because each court recorded different information prior to 1906, it is important to search naturalization records.
Prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. Each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. You may find substantial information in one court (date and place of immigration, age of applicant) and
Prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. Each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. You may find substantial information in one court (date and place of immigration, age of applicant) andinformation (country of origin) in another court.
[http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextchannel=d21f3711ca5ca110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextoid=8d6bfd262fa4b110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD Visa ], required from 1924 to 1944, is the only naturalization record to the immigrant’s parents' names. Copies of [http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1a/?vgnextchannel=d21f3711ca5ca110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD&vgnextoid=8d6bfd262fa4b110VgnVCM1000004718190aRCRD visa files] can only be obtained from the [https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/United_States_Naturalization_and_Citizenship USCIS.]<br>
=== Exceptions to the Naturalization Process<br> ===
=== Exceptions to the Naturalization Process<br> ===
Revision as of 16:08, 10 August 2010
- United States U.S. Naturalizations
Most Popular Websites for Naturalization Records
Why Use This Record?
Naturalization is the process of granting citizenship privileges and responsibilities to foreign-born residents. Naturalization papers are an important source of information about an immigrant's nation of origin, his foreign and “Americanized” names, residence, and date of arrival.
Immigrants to the United States have never been required to apply for citizenship. An immigrant could become a citizen anytime after they arrived in the United States. Of those who applied, many did not complete the requirements to become a citizen.
Before 1906, the information recorded on naturalization records differed widely. Naturalization records before 1906 are not likely to give town of origin or names of parents. However, naturalization records after 1906 contain more information than earlier records. Information in post-1906 records is more detailed and may include birth dates, birth places, and other immigration information about the immigrant and members of his family.
Before 1906, naturalization records may contain:
- Port of arrival
- Date of arrival
- Age of immigrant
- Residence of immigrant
- Country of origin or allegiance
In 1906, the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was created. (Later called Immigration and Naturalization Services or INS.) The result was standardized forms throughout the country and a copy of the naturalization papers sent to the INS in addition to the court keeping a copy.
After 1906, naturalization records may contain:
- Birth date & place of immigrant
- Spouse & children
- Birth dates and places for spouse & children
- Port of arrival
- Date of arrival
- Vessel of arrival
- Physical Description
- Marriage date
- Last Foreign Address
- Marital status
Naturalization records began in Colonia times. The requirements and process of naturalization have changed many times over the years. The basic requirements have been residency in the country for a given period of time, good moral character, and an oath of loyalty or allegiance given in a court of record.
Colonial Naturalization (Pre-1790)
British immigrants were automatically citizens of the colonies (British Empire). A few Protestant immigrants from other countries gave oaths of allegiance or appeared before a civil authority to request citizenship (a process sometimes referred to as denization). Seven of the original colonies had their own laws for naturalizing foreigners as citizens of the British Empire colony. After the Revolutionary War, the individual states established their own naturalization laws and procedures.
Types of Colonial Naturalization
- Denization--A type of naturalization used to obtain land. You could buy and sell land, but could not hold public office. There were no political privileges associated with denization.
- Oath of Allegiance--This type of naturalization during the colonial period was used to renounce all former country loyalties. This gave the immigrant full privileges, including voting and holding public office.
- Collective citizenship--This naturalization process was used to naturalize a group of people without using documents. Collective naturalization happened when the United States became a country in 1776 and all those living in the country (except Native Americans and African Americans) were collectively and automatically made US citizens.
Naturalization From 1790-1906
The first naturalization law was enacted in 1790. Over the years, naturalization laws changed numerous times, but generally speaking the process required a Declaration of Intention and a Petition to be filed to become a citizen (Except during the years 1798 to 1828. see Report and Registry listed below). After 1906, several other documents were created during the naturalization process.
The immigrant also had to be a resident in the United States 5 years and a 1 year resident in the the state before becoming a citizen. In 1795, there was a 3 year waiting period, later changed to 2 years in 1824, between filing the declaration and the petition.
The naturalization process is completed in a court of law. The process usually required several steps to complete and various documents related to naturalization may be found in the court records described below.
The typical naturalization process involved three steps:
- Declaration of Intention. The immigrant filed a declaration of intention (also called first papers) to renounce allegiance to foreign governments and to later prove he or she had resided in the country long enough to apply for citizenship. Residency laws changed consistently over time ranging from no residency requirement (meaning they could declare right after they "came off the boat") to 14 years residency. However, generally speaking, an immigrant filed a declaration of intention up to two years after he immigrated to the United States. The immigrant could declare any time after he arrived after fulfilling the residency requirement. Some immigrants waited as late as 20 years after coming to the United States to begin the process to become a citizen. There are some exceptions to the naturalization process where the immigrant was not required to file a declaration.
- Petition. The immigrant had to wait anywhere between one to three years after he filed his declaration to file his petition for citizenship (also called second or final papers). Most often the petition was filed in a court nearest to the town where the immigrant settled. An Oath of Allegiance was also signed to pledge the immigrants allegiance to the Untied States and sign a written oath.
- Certificate. After all requirements were completed, the immigrant was sworn in as a citizen and issued his or her certificate. The certificate is given from the same court the petition is filed in. It is called the Certificate of Citizenship or Certificate of Naturalization.
Report and Registry, 1798-1828
From 1798 to 1828, a new immigrant was required to appear before a local court and register his arrival in the United States. This was usually recorded in the court minutes. Sometimes a separate document, a report and registry or aliens' register was created instead. The immigrant could obtain a certificate showing that he had registered in order to prove his residency later when he applied for citizenship. The Report and Registry could take place at a different time and different court than the immigrant's declaration.
The Report and Registry may include the following information depending on the court recording the information:
- Name of immigrant
- Nation of allegiance
- County of migration
- Place of intended settlement
Naturalization After 1906
When the INS was created in 1906, other naturalization records were created to process naturalizations and keep track of immigrants in the United States. Copies of these documents are only in the possession of the former INS, now United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). A summary of some of these documents are listed below:
- Certificate of Arrival, 1906 to the present--After 1906 an immigrant was required to submit a certificate of arrival when he petitioned for citizenship in order to prove the length of his residency. This document gives the place of entry, manner of arrival, and date of arrival. This was kept in the file with the petition.
- Certificate of Registry--A certificate created by the INS to document immigrants who arrived prior to July 1, 1924 to the United States where no original arrival record could not be located.
- Visa and Application--Began with the Immigration Act of 1924. All aliens had to have a Visa to enter the United States. Visas were obtained at US Embassies and Consulates abroad. Visa Files contain birth information, parents, children, previous residence and a photograph beginning in 1929.
- Alien Registration--The Alien Registration Act of 1940 required that every non-citizen of the United States, age 14 years and up, had to register and fill out the Alien Registration form. The Alien Registration Program created a specific form, AR-2, for this program and forms were created from 1 Aug 1940 to 31 Mar 1944 during World War II. All original alien registration forms were microfilmed and are at the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. The originals were destroyed after filming.
- An alien registration form contains the following information:
- Name at time of entry to the US
- Other names used
- Date of Birth
- Marital Status
- Height & Weight
- Hair & Eye Color
- Port, date, ship, and class of admission at last arrival in US
- Date of first arrival in US
- Years lived in US
- Intended stay in US
- Usual occupation
- Present occupation
- Present employer, including address
- Club, organization, or society memberships
- Military service (Country, branch, dates)
- Date and number of Declaration of Intention (if filed), and city and State where filed
- Date of Petition for Naturalization (if filed), and city and State where filed
- Arrest history
- Date and place of registration
Naturalization Records by State
Locating Naturalization Records
By Time Period - What to Know Before Searching
Colonial Naturalization Records (Pre-1790)
Naturalization records before 1790 differ vastly from later naturalization records. Colonial naturalizations consist mostly of lists of those that took the oath of allegience. The colony where the immigrant was living had jurisdiction over naturalizations.
A good source to begin searching for colonial naturalization records is William P. Filby's Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s- 1900s. This source has indexed published passenger lists as well as early published naturalization records. Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s- 1900s includes the original sources where the information came from.
Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s- 1900s is available in book form, CD-ROM, and Ancestry.com. There are several sets and supplements that have been added to the original publication. The most current supplement, 2009 is in book form and not included in the CD-ROM or Ancestry.com database.
Records Between 1790 and September 1906
An immigrant may have completed naturalization proceedings through any of 5,000 federal, state, or local courts that had the authority to grant citizenship. Naturalization proceedings were most often completed in county, superior or common pleas courts, or in state and U.S. circuit and district courts. Because some municipal, police, criminal, probate, and other courts also provided this service, you may need to search the records of all local courts.
You may need to search the records of each place where your immigrant ancestor lived to locate both naturalization records. He may have filed the declartion of intention in one court in one state and filed the petition several years later in another court and state. Begin first by looking for naturalization records in the courts of the county or city where the immigrant settled. Most likely the petition (second papers) was filed in that county or city.
Records Since September 1906
Beginning in September 1906, the federal government began regulating the naturalization process. The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization (now the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services or USCIS) required specific forms for declarations and petitions. Only these forms could be used and the Bureau controlled the number of courts able to naturalize by controlling distribution of the forms. However, both state and federal courts were allowed to naturalize.
The Declaration of Intent (Form 2202) was completed in triplicate. The court kept the original and gave copies to the applicant and the Bureau. The applicant was to use the declaration to apply for the petition. If the declaration is still in possession of the family, the immigrant probably did not complete the process and was not a citizen. The Petition for Naturalization (Form 2204) was kept by the court and a duplicate was sent to the INS. The Certificate of Naturalization (Form 2207) was given to the new citizen and a stub of the Certificate was kept in the court to prove it was issued. A duplicate of the petition was sent to the INS.
In 1929 the INS changed the forms and required photographs of the applicants. Because the new forms were not distributed immediately, many state courts ceased naturalizing. However, naturalizations were still taking place in local county courts as well as federal courts and the records of any court still naturalizing should be consulted to locate your ancestor's records.
Finding Naturalization Records
Immigrants could naturalize in any court that performed naturalizations. That included city, county, state and federal courts. After 1906, federal courts naturalized many immigrants, however, other local courts continued to naturalize as late as 1985. Check all possible courts in the area your ancestor lived.
Begin by looking for naturalization records in the courts of the county or city where the immigrant lived. Look first for the petition (second papers), because they are usually easier to find in courts near where the immigant eventually settled. After 1906, the declaration can be filed with the petition as the immigrant was required to submit a copy when he submitted the petition.
Because immigrants were allowed to naturalize in any court, they often selected the most convenient court. If they lived in New Jersey but worked in New York City, also check the courts of New York City for the naturalization records. If an immigrant lived on the border of a county, they may have naturalized in the adjacent county because the courthouse may have been closer.
Locating the Correct District Court
One federal court that may contain your ancestor's naturalization records is the District Court. However, to search the these records you must first determine the correct district court. Click on United States District Court Jurisdictions to help you identify the correct District Court. You must know the county your ancestor resided in.
On the Internet
There are many online resources available for researching naturalization records. These online resources include naturalization indexes as well as digital images of naturalization records.
- Online Searchable Naturalization Indexes and Records--This website contains links to naturalization indexes and records. It is arranged by state and gives the statewide indexes and records first. It then gives the countywide indexes and records. This website is updated regularly and is a great source to begin searching for naturalization records on the Internet.
- Footnote.com--This website has a partnership with the National Archives to bring digital images of some of the National Archives collections online. Part of the website is free, other images are only available through a subscription. Free access is given to the website at the National Archives, at National Archives regional branches, and at Family History Centers that have Internet access. To locate naturalization databases on footnote.com, choose the "browse all" link. Under the category list, click on Naturalizations 1700s - Mid 1900s. At the bottom of the screen, use the "search within" box to type in a name. There is also an "advanced search" option that helps narrow down common names when more information is known about the ancestor.
- Ancestry.com--This is a subscription website. Most of Ancestry's naturalization records are found under the heading Immigration and Emigration. You can access these records by the following methods:
- 1) Ancestry Database Card Catalog--type the word naturalization in the Database Title Box. This will give you a listing of naturalization records.
- Olive Tree Genealogy Naturalizations--Free access to many indexes. Some are submitted by Olive Tree Genealogy(OTG) volunteers.
- United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)--After 1906, a copy of all naturalization records were sent to the Immigration and Naturalization Service or INS, now called the USCIS. You may access their records through the USCIS Genealogy Program. Their website is www.uscis.gov. More details are listed below under, Using the Genealogy Program at the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services.
At the Family History Library
Naturalization records at the library are listed in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under one of the following:
[STATE] - NATURALIZATION AND CITIZENSHIP
[STATE], [COUNTY] - NATURALIZATION AND CITIZENSHIP
[STATE], [COUNTY], [TOWN] - NATURALIZATION AND CITIZENSHIP
The library has also acquired large collections of naturalization records from the National Archives branches in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle.
In some states, naturalization records are included in other court records and are not separately identified. The state research outlines will help you locate these records.
A key reference book is:
• Schaefer, Christina K. Guide to Naturalization Records in the United States. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. (FHL book 973 P4s.) It identifies records at both the National Archives and the Family History Library. It also describes many state and county courthouse collections. This book was published in 1997 and has not been updated. The Family History Library has added naturalization records to their collection since the publication.
At Regional Archives and other Repositories
The clerk of the court where the immigrant was naturalized may still have the original records. Some copies of court naturalization records have been transferred to National Archives regional branches. Check these Regional Branches for Federal Court Records as they charge less than the USCIS.
National Archive regional branches have websites that often state which naturalization records they have available. To locate the regional branch covering the location of the court where the naturalization document was filed, click here.
Using the Genealogy Program at the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has instituted the Genealogy Program for public access to all records from 1906 to 1956 created by this agency, formerly Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Review the Genealogy Frequently Asked Questions website to expedite your order and ensure success for your request.
- Certificate Files (C-files) from September 27, 1906 to April 1, 1956
- Alien Registration Forms from August 1, 1940 to March 31, 1944
- Visa files from July 1, 1924 to March 31, 1944
- Registry Files from March 2, 1929 to March 31, 1944
- Alien Files (A-files) numbered below 8 million (A8000000) and documents therein dated prior to May 1, 1951
When ordering by mail, use forms G-1041 (for an index search) and G-1041A (for obtaining the record). Do not submit G-1041A until you have completed a search with form G-1041 UNLESS you have a valid file number. Once the form is filled out, include a money order or cashier's check. Cash or a personal check will not be accepted. There are NO refunds for incorrect file numbers submitted or for negative results. The mailing address is:
- USCIS Genealogy Program
P.O. Box 805925
Chicago, Illinois 60680-4120
The fee schedule is:
Form G-639, the FOIA form will still be used for naturalization records created after 1956.
Determining if your Ancestor Naturalized
Before you search for your ancestor’s naturalization records, you should have an idea of when they immigrated to the United States.
Evidence that an immigrant became a citizen can be found in censuses, court minutes, homestead records, passports, voting registers, and military papers. Even if an immigrant ancestor did not complete the process and become a citizen, he may have begun the process and filed a declaration of intention
If your immigrant lived until after 1900, you should locate them on as many censuses as you can.
Census Records – 1900 to 1930
The 1900, 1910, 1920, and 1930 Censuses each ask the year an immigrant arrived to the United States. It also asks if the individual was naturalized or not. The codes for naturalization are as follows:
- PA: The individual began the naturalized process and has submitted a declaration of intention.
- NA: The individual has completed the naturalization process and is a US Citizen.
- AL: The immigrant had not yet naturalized or even begun the process. Not every immigrant naturalized.
- NR: The census taker did not report the citizenship information.
The 1920 Census also asks the year the individual naturalized. The 1920 Census is the only year this question is asked.
Certificate of Naturalization or Certificate of Citizenship:
It is helpful to know if your ancestor naturalized. Documents found in your family’s possession may indicate if your ancestor naturalized. One document you may find in your family's possession is a Certificate of Naturalization or Certificate of Citizenship. This document indicates that your ancestor completed the process, and was a naturalized citizen of the United States. The certificate also states the court where the petition was filed. This helps locate a copy of the petition, which can contain more information about the immigrant.
If your ancestor had a United States passport, your ancestor completed the naturalization process and was a US Citizen. Passports were only given to U.S. citizens. They were and was not required for travel outside of the United States during times of war. Often newly naturalized citizens would obtain passports to keep them from being drafted in their native country's military. For more information about United States Passports, click here.
Tips for Success
For success in finding naturalization records and obtaining the information desired, remember that there are limitations in naturalization records, exceptions to the naturalization process and search strategies that should be used such as checking spelling variations.
Town of Origin
Most researchers hope to find the town of origin in naturalization records. This information usually is listed in naturalization records after 1906 when the forms were standardized. Before 1906, often the country of origin is only listed and the town not normally given. However, because each court recorded different information prior to 1906, it is important to search the earlier naturalization records.
Prior to 1906, each court created their own naturalization forms. Each form was different, so information recorded on the form differed. You may find substantial information in one court (date and place of immigration, age of applicant, place of birth) and very little information (name of aaplicant, country of origin) in another court. Thus, it is important to always obtain the naturalization records of an immigrant even if they naturalized before 1906.
Names of Parents
Exceptions to the Naturalization Process
There are exceptions to naturalization process that can determine whether you find a declaration of intention or a petition for your ancestor or not.
Immigrant children - even today - receive their citizenship from their parents. Starting in 1790, children recieved derivative citizenship from their father (or mother in some cases). Derivative citizenship is defined as getting one's citizenship from another person. When the child's father became naturalized, his children under 16 (or 18, depending on the year) automatically became citizenship. There was no paperwork that was created. To prove his or her citizenship, the child would need his or her father's certificate of citizenship (or certificate of naturalization).
Beginning in 1824 until 1906, immigrants under the age of 21 (whose parents did not naturalize) could be naturalized without filing a declaration of intent after they reached the age of 21 and had met the residency requirements. The declaration was often submitted with the petition.
In 1855, derivative citizenship (obtaining one's citizenship from another person) was also available for immigrant women marrying US citizens or if their husbands obtained their citizenship during their marriage. The wife's proof that she was a US citizen was her husband's certificate of citizenship (or certificate of naturalization) and her marriage certificate.
In 1922, citizenship was no longer available to women through marriage. However, between 1907 to 1922, a woman could lose her US citizenship if she married an alien - even if she was born in the United States. For more information, read Marion L. Smith's article, Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802-1940.
To serve in the United States military, one did not need to be a United States citizen - even today. In fact, the United States Government passed some naturalization laws to help encourage new immigrants to serve in the military in their new homeland. These laws made becoming a naturalized citizen easier for the immigrant. The following are the laws concerning service in the military:
Army--Beginning in 1862, the Declaration was waived, and the residency requirement was reduced to one year, for a soldier with an honorable discharge.
Navy & Marines--Beginning in 1894, with an honorable discharge, the Declaration was waived and the residency requirement was reduced to one year.
World War I--In 1918, during WWI, the residency requirement was waived and the Declaration was also waived. Soldiers are naturalized at military posts.
In some instances, entire groups have been collectively granted U.S. citizenship. Collective naturalization is defined as a group of people all receiving their citizenship through an act of congress or treaty. In these cases you will not find individual naturalization papers.
In 1868, African-Americans made citizens by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Unites States Constitution. In 1924, Native Americans made finally made citizens - although some chiefs of tribes became citizens before this date. The Native Americans were not included in the Fouteeneth Amendment because they were considered a seperate nation.
Collective naturalization also occurred for residents of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Texas in 1845, and Hawaii in 1898.
Search all spellings of the surname. Think about how the surname was pronounced, and how it sounded in your ancestor's probable accent. The surname may be spelled differently in earlier records that were closer to your ancestor's immigration date.
Other Naturalization Topics
There are over 150 US naturalization laws that have been enacted since 1790. These laws change the residency requirements and those that qualified for naturalization. A summary of some of the major naturalization acts passed by congress can be found here.
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services has a full discussion of all naturalization laws in PDF format.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schaefer, Christina K. Guide to Naturalization Records of the United States (Baltimore, MD: Christina K. Schaefer, 1997).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Newman, John J. American Naturalization Records 1790-1990. (Bountiful, UT: Heritage Quest, 1998).
- ↑ United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, :Alien Registration Forms on Microfilm, 1940-1944
- ↑ Greenwood, Val D. The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy, 3rd ed. (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2000) | <urn:uuid:d838109b-c365-429d-87c1-eeb56ca593d6> | 2013-05-21T10:28:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|At the Heart of the Galaxy
Announcing Rex: Final Days of an Empire, a board game of negotiation and conquest
|Rex: Final Days of an Empire | Published 23 August 2011||Rating||41 votes|
It was the seventy-third year of the period that historians call the Twilight Wars. The conflict, which had thus far been a string of territorial disputes and border skirmishes, was about to enter a far more deadly phase.
Complacent by their age-old imperial rule, the Lazax had mortally underestimated the severity of the unrest. Failing to heed the true state of affairs, imperial forces had arrogantly been disbursed across the galaxy, engaged in thousands of peacekeeping and policing missions; their strength stretched increasingly thin.
Then, one fateful evening, the Lazax found themselves betrayed. A great Sol fleet, equipped with secret technology, struck violently at the heart of the empire, at the planetary seat of the emperor himself: Mecatol Rex.
With its planetary-shield network compromised by sabotage and centuries of underfunding, with the bulk of its home fleet dispatched to quell a nearby uprising, Mecatol Rex had little protection against the slaughter and devastation that would follow.
The last Lazax emperor and his family were among the first casualties of the Sol bombardment. The methodical destruction of imperial institutions and the vital infrastructure followed in the months thereafter. Throughout the continent-sized city, the ambassadorial contingents of great races quickly entered the fray to further their own interests. Secret caches of arms were opened, and special forces mustered into action. From outsystem, Hacan trading lords deftly flouted the Sol blockade, bringing reinforcements to any surface faction with sufficient coin or influence. Fierce fighting erupted as the convergence of powerful ambitions sought to control the influential real estate of the vast city.
What was once a splendid jewel of civilization and empire would soon dissolve into a smoking nightmare of armed conflict and destruction. It was a dramatic microcosm of the great fire that would engulf the galaxy in the years that followed.
Fantasy Flight Games is thrilled to announce the upcoming release of Rex: Final Days of an Empire, a board game of negotiation, betrayal, and warfare. Three to six players will embark to take control of ancient interstellar civilizations competing for dominance of the galaxy’s crumbling capital. Set 3,000 years before the events of Twilight Imperium, Rex: Final Days of an Empire tells the fateful story of once-proud Mecatol City in the months and years following the death of the last Lazax emperor.
A Re-imagined Classic
Rex: Final Days of an Empire is based on a game system originally designed by Bill Eberle, Jack Kittredge, and Peter Olotka (Cosmic Encounter) and redeveloped for a new audience through the collaborative efforts of Christian T. Petersen (Twilight Imperium, A Game of Thrones: The Board Game), John Goodenough (Tide of Iron), and Corey Konieczka (Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game, Runewars).
The original mechanics have been celebrated by the hobby games community for over thirty years, having first appeared in the ancient-Roman themed game Tribute. However, hobby game enthusiasts are more likely to recognize Rex’s core mechanics from Dune, the 1979 Avalon Hill board game based on Frank Herbert’s classic science fiction masterpiece.
A few years ago, when FFG first acquired the rights to this amazing game system (tersely called the “Simultaneous Dial Based Order System”), we sought to also acquire the Dune literary license, in order to create a new edition of the classic Avalon Hill implementation.
However, despite significant effort and outreach, it was not possible for FFG to acquire this license, so instead we decided to use the game system in our own popular Twilight Imperium universe.
From the outset, we did not want to invent a sand-planet in the Twilight Imperium IP nor create a thematic substitute for Dune’s all-important “spice.” In other words, we didn’t want to force-fit the Avalon Hill classic game in our setting. Not only is there no substitute for the wonderful background and qualities of Herbert’s Dune novels as portrayed in Avalon Hill’s Dune game, but we were intent not to force contrived or comprised elements into theTwilight Imperium IP.
Instead, it was important to find a context that would work for Twilight Imperium, one in the which the core game mechanics of the “Simultaneous Dial Based Order System” would be thematically evoked within the TI setting in a natural way.
This was not a difficult challenge. In fact, the system seemed ideal to retell one of the major dramatic narratives of Twilight Imperium: The fall of Mecatol Rex after the last Lazax emperor, and the power struggle for the imperial city that followed. This epic phase in Twilight Imperium history brought all the elements needed to honor the pace and intent of the “Simultaneous Dial Based Order System” and its previous implementations: A nexus of politics and intrigue, an environment of warfare and conflict, bombardments, the struggle for limited resources, and so on.
As the theme for our game quickly crystallized, so did the fact that Rex: Final Days of an Empire would not seek to become a replacement or a “new edition” of its classic predecessor, but a different game, one based in the same core mechanics, one inspired by, but not replicating or replacing, Avalon Hill’s classic Dune.
We hope players will agree we’ve succeeded.
Control the city to rule the galaxy
Rex: Final Days of an Empire begins with the devastating Sol bombardment already in full force and the imperial palace in ruins. Players must quickly seek to control the vital areas of Mecatol City for the advancement of their own civilization. To do so, they must marshal their forces quickly and seek the the support of influential citizens, access to hidden weapon caches, and control of local institutions. They need to muster influence and wealth to smuggle additional troops through the orbiting blockade, to acquire the latest weapon technologies, and to seek support from the rival factions across the content-sized metropolis.
While the orbiting Sol fleet bombs the city relentlessly, players must balance their need for shielded locations with their desire to capture resources, wealth, and control of the city. For millennia, the fate of a million worlds were decided in the hallowed halls of Mecatol Rex. The one to capture the heart of the empire will surely emerge as a great power in the new age ahead.
Rex: Final Days of an Empire offers engaging opportunities for diplomacy, dealmaking, and even betrayal! Players can enter alliances with each other, and each unique race has access to a special abilities that can be of help in such partnerships. But beware: Victory from within an alliance is more difficult to achieve than that of a single player, and a timely betrayal by an ambitious former friend could leave you out in the cold. What’s more, your Leaders may secretly be in the employ of an opponent, so whether on the field of battle or in clandestine negotiations, be careful who you trust.
For more on Rex: Final Days of an Empire, including an overview of its six playable races, visit our Rex: Final Days of an Empire website. Keep checking back in the coming weeks as we offer in-depth previews.
Rex is a board game of diplomacy, conquest, and betrayal in which 3–6 players take control of great interstellar civilizations, competing for dominance of the galaxy’s crumbling imperial city. Set 3,000 years before the events of Twilight Imperium, Rex tells the story of the last days of the Lazax empire, while presenting players with compelling asymmetrical racial abilities and exciting opportunities for diplomacy, deception, and tactical mastery.
Anything new? The whole community is craving for furhter infos and features.. Surely I do. ^_^
Love it. I think SyFy needs to pick this story line up and make a series. I've read all of the back story and love it. I'm in all the way. Must have.
I am saddened that this will no longer be in the Dune universe, but a game with a different is better than no game at all.
Bring on the expansions!
Knew I would purchase it when I saw the announcement in FFGs GenCon video. Hoping it will be available soon!
The missing dune theme? -hm. No problem for me. The gameplay is what counts, not the theme.
I wonder why they could set the deal w/Herbert's Estate?
I happen to own a copy of the TI:RPG. I do my best to keep it from escaping into the wild.
There was a TI RPG back in the mid to late 90s. I gather it got bungled somehow because I hear that a number of people are FFG (including Mr Peterson) were less than impressed with the result.
If you want the fluff for the game(s) all you need to do is buy them and read the manuals. And the race sheets. That's all there is.
Toqtamish, I completely agree. Many of FFG settings seem ripe for setting books or even RPGs. I for one welcome a Twilight Imperium Table Top Battle Game (miniatures) and a RPG. | <urn:uuid:07944c6a-e783-4e84-9a00-c6d8b8f139d5> | 2013-05-21T10:20:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I agree with your post about Michael Biehn. I remember the first time I ever saw him was in the movie "Coach" with Cathy Lee Crosby. I thought he was going to be big, like a heartthrob, because of that movie. He was so sexy, full of life and radiated energy and sex appeal. I was so surprized he was not bigger and didnt do more movies similar to that vein that would make him a bigger star.
Sorry I wrote that on the wrong person lol
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How do I contact your Customer Service Department?
How do I submit a suggestion for improvement? | <urn:uuid:05df1178-3d7b-4964-a35b-868664ca746b> | 2013-05-21T10:21:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I've been trying to dead lift heavier (up to 380), but seem to have reached a plateau...the biggest obstacles seem to be my grip strength (thinking of using straps) and pressure on the lower back. Is it time to use a belt? what are the drawbacks to using one? and should I just put it on when I get to the heavy sets?
I would advise against either straps or a belt. Your grip and lower back seem to be weak points; you want to work on strengthening them and these pieces of equipment do the opposite, taking pressure off. You'll end up with an even greater strength imbalance.
Instead, work around your plateau for a while and focus on techniques that will help these problem areas. A few suggestions:
Once you have your grip and lower back stronger, then you'll develop new weak points (quad strength, for example) and you can once again work on increasing that and increasing weight without equipment crutches. | <urn:uuid:fa7c3d8d-36c1-4261-969e-2bcad69eca67> | 2013-05-21T10:08:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I know that this may sound silly, but I was wondering if there is a proper way to pedal the road bike? I've noticed that you can be pedaling more with the front, or balls of the feet, or by staying flat for the most part, or even having the heel of your foot slightly angled down. Is there a specific way to pedal that will yield the most efficient use of 'foot power'? If so, what makes that specific technique more efficient?
[I will treat this from a purely mechanical point of view, as this is my area of expertise -- the actual body mechanics are much more complex, but the effect is similar.]
From a mechanical point of view, the most efficient way to propel yourself on the bike is to step on the pedal so that the distance between your heel and the pedal is maximized. Ideally this place would be your toes; however, due to the toe joints, your ability to do so is rather limited, as the the flexible joint will change the way power is transmitted through your foot.
Thus, the optimal place to step is the ball of the foot -- it has a good surface area for good contact, and the muscular mass which reduces the reaction from the pedal and dampens somewhat vibrations from the bumpy road.
As to why the most efficient place is as far from your heel as possible:
See this handy force diagram below that I found when writing my answer (image license unknown). Although not exactly what we need here, it will come in handy in the explanation.
How this whole biking deal works:
You step on the pedal with force
Mechanically, the greater the arm
You might be tempted to think that if you make your pedals long enough, you can exert enormous amount of force, and indeed this is so. Archimedes famously said "Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the earth with a lever". The thing is, your feet will need to travel much farther to cover the same distance as with shorter pedals -- but requiring a negligible force. There ain't no such thing as a free lunch in mechanics as well.
But wait, this only takes into account the length of the pedal, not the foot!
Indeed. Your foot only serves as an extension of the pedal, effectively increasing the torque you produce by increasing the lever length. If the length of your foot is
effectively increasing the torque you produce.
|show 1 more comment|
As I understand it, you want to expand beyond the "power stroke" and consider pedaling in a "full circle". Starting just past the top of the stroke around 1:00 you would drop your heel slightly then gradually extend you foot somewhat during the power stroke, then extend it further at the bottom, sort of "flicking" the pedal across the bottom. Then, you would pull with your hamstrings during the "back" of the stroke, driving your knee up and pulling your toes up slightly as you go to prepare for the next power stroke. At the top you would flick your foot forward then repeat the whole cycle. It is easier to understand if you attempt each of these while pedaling a bicycle. If feels pretty natural after a small amount of practice.
I would not necessarily say this is the "most efficient" way to pedal, but that it is the method that produces the most output. When Mountain Biking I use the full circle to accelerate or climb short hills. On a long hill I alternate emphasis from the power stroke to the back stroke to shift the load around while climbing. On a mostly level road I pedal full circle to maintain the maximum sustainable pace.
You can read a lot of detail here.
The vast majority of your power in a cycling stroke comes from your hip and knee extensors (gluteus maximus and quadriceps pushing your leg/foot down). The amount of power you can get from ankle/foot muscles relative to that is tiny; when cycling those muscles mostly just keep your foot stiff, not provide primary power.
The position of your foot on the pedal should be optimized for comfort. Don't worry about efficiency/power from your foot position relative to the pedal spindle.
With a "normal" shoe having the center of the pedal near the ball of your foot is likely the most comfortable. Your toes can't really handle the forces involved well, and pushing a pedal up into your arch is likely to be uncomfortable.
With special cycling shoes that click onto the pedal and have very stiff soles you can potentially move that contact point towards the arch or towards the toes more. Changing your foot's contact point will also require adjusting the seat and possibly the handlebars. I think that kind of millimeter level fine-tuning is something best done with the help of an experienced bike fitter, since it's easy to get it wrong in ways that can cause knee injury, saddlesores or other problems. What foot position on the cranks will get you the most power/efficiency will depend on the strength of your calves and is probably best done in a bike shop fitting setup with a power meter hooked up to your bike. But those tiny adjustments of foot position are only necessary if you really care about shaving a few seconds off the time of a multi-hour ride.
Any attempts to get angles and lengths just right for leverage are silly on a typical road bike, the cranks are only one of 4 levers and 2 of those levers can be changed in a fraction of a second while riding to fine-tune your overall ratio just right for current conditions (slope, wind, what you're trying to do, how you're feeling).
If you're concerned about efficiency, worry more about your cadence and stroke. People talk about "pedaling in circles" or "squares", but the most essential part of that is to lift your foot up on the back part of the stroke to minimize how much you're resisting the pedaling force from the other foot. Finding the right cadence is important, pushing hard in a lower cadence can wear your muscles out faster than getting the same speed/power from pushing faster in a slightly lower gear.
I use clipless pedals which places the ball of the foot over the pedal. Given that I've never seen biking shoes with the attachment anywhere but the ball, I'm assuming that there must be some power and/or health advantage there.
Also, keep your feet almost straight with toes pointed slightly out. In the short term, this may provide less power, but if you don't, you'll over develop your outer quads which leads to knee problems. Again, clipless pedals 'enforce' this behaviour. | <urn:uuid:a7af1258-de5d-45c0-a052-a5eea8545e73> | 2013-05-21T10:35:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I'd really like to get behind Penn State. Local team, good program, etc etc....
But I cannot stand the asshole Penn State fans i work with.
WE, WE, WE....... WE won on Saturday, WE'RE passing well......as if the motherfucker was out there snapping the ball and running back kickoffs. Where was all that WE when Penn State sucked ass the last couple of years.
And for cripesakes, unless you know the man personally, unless you've had dinner at his house, please stop referring to "JOE" as if you're banging his sister. "JOE did a great job on Saturday"...shut the fuck up.
So I can understand birds flying. I can understand fish swimming. I can understand animals and insects having legs. Obviously snakes make sense. But why aren't there any animals that roll ? In terms of efficiency, speed and protection an animal that could curl itself up in a ball and roll would kick ass. An armidillo comes close but it curls up only for protection...maybe that's because Texas is so damn flat. Someone should get a shitload of armadillos and take them up to West Virginia let em loose and see what happens after a while. I'm just saying that if you're on a hill and a predator comes along that curling up and rolling downhill is a prettyu quick and effective way of saving your ass. | <urn:uuid:8a845ff7-c630-4135-adab-5757979642b0> | 2013-05-21T10:00:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND LOEVINGER'S CONCEPT OF EGO DEVELOPMENT (KOHLBERG)
This study explored the nature of the relationship between cognitive moral development as defined by Lawrence Kohlberg and ego development as defined by Jane Loevinger. The effects of general cognitive development were controlled by the selection of subjects who were capable of formal operational thinking. Subjects were 120 Jewish volunteers comprised of equal numbers of junior high-school, senior high-school, and college students of both sexes. All subjects received three tests: A Screening Measure for Formal Operations, The Sentence Completion Test (SCT) which measures ego development, and The Moral Judgment Interview (MJI). Results indicated the existence of significant positive correlations between the SCT and MJI in the overall sample, in the total male and female samples, in the entire college group, and in the female college group. No significant correlations were found in the junior high-school and senior high-school groups, possibly due to restricted ranges of scores. In addition, most subjects at moral development stages 3/4 and above had attained at least the conscientious-conformist level. Results also indicated the presence of differences between male and female scores. The correlations for females were consistently higher than for males, females scored significantly higher on the SCT, males scored significantly higher on the MJI, and the relationship between specific moral and ego development stages seemed to be stronger for females than for males. The differences found in this study between the sexes in performance on the MJI are consistent with Gilligan's theory about the distinctions between male and female approaches to moral dilemmas. However, that theory was found to be inadequate in explaining the stronger relationship between MJI and SCT scores manifested by the females in this study. The SCT was criticized for not specifying clearly the ego development features that it measured. It was suggested that the exact nature of the interplay between moral and ego development could be illuminated more fully by research that focused on specific well-defined features of ego development. ^
"COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND LOEVINGER'S CONCEPT OF EGO DEVELOPMENT (KOHLBERG)"
(January 1, 1984).
ETD Collection for Fordham University. | <urn:uuid:f696ba90-1549-4d50-a12f-3bce184b3072> | 2013-05-21T10:34:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Valuation of Vague Prospects with Mixed Outcomes
Psychology | Social and Behavioral Sciences
Previous work on the joint effects of vagueness in probabilities and outcomes in decisions about risky prospects has documented the decision-makers’ (DMs) differential sensitivity to these two sources of imprecision. Budescu et al. report two studies in which DMs provided certainty equivalents (CEs) for precise and vague prospects involving gains or losses. They found (a) higher concern for the precision of the outcomes than that of the probabilities, (b) vagueness seeking for positive outcomes, (c) vagueness avoidance for negative outcomes, and (d) stronger attitudes towards vague gains than for vague losses (see also, ). They proposed and tested a new generalization of prospect theory (PT) for options with vaguely specified attributes. The present work extends this model to the case of vague mixed prospects.We report results of a new experiment where 40 DMs used two methods (direct judgments of numerical CEs, and inferred CEs from a series of pairwise comparisons) of valuation of positive (gains), negative (losses), and mixed (gains and losses) prospects with vague outcomes. The results confirm the previous findings of vagueness seeking in the domain of gains, vagueness avoidance for losses, and stronger effects of vagueness in the domain of gains. The CEs of mixed prospects are also consistent with this pattern. The DMs overvalue prospects with vaguely specified gains and precise losses, and undervalue prospects with precisely specified gains and imprecise losses, relative to mixed prospects with precise parameters. Parameter estimates of the generalized model indicate that in the mixed cases the attitudes to vagueness in the two domains are slightly less pronounced, and they are treated more similarly to each other than in the strictly positive, or negative, cases.
Budescu, David V. and Templin, Sara, "Valuation of Vague Prospects with Mixed Outcomes" (2008). Psychology Faculty Publications. Paper 88. | <urn:uuid:46eaec73-1423-4d46-adcf-0c5611c6c0d9> | 2013-05-21T10:27:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am trying to retrieve the pdf generated by InDesign server through the same web service that my client app uses to invoke InDesign server, regarding which I have the follwoing questions
1. Is it possible to to the same without changing the InDesign API code?
2. does InDesign provide some api's for the client to use to retrieve the generated PDF.
Any code is welcome.
Europe, Middle East and Africa | <urn:uuid:5d51fef5-6b5b-40dc-9c7e-9be050bb8865> | 2013-05-21T10:28:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I've been trying to solve a binding problem for a few days. You'll find the test project attached.
Do the following :
Select a member from the listbox
Type in a ZIP code (these are french ZIP, from 01000 to 98000)
Select a city in the combobox
Select another member and do the same
Now select the first member, then the second one, again, again... and see how the combobox SelectedItem is lost. Why and how to solve this ?
P.S : sorry for the french properties in my classes. | <urn:uuid:95386499-551a-4b8f-a22e-d06d82ee4f32> | 2013-05-21T10:01:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sorry for the begginers question but i am trying to learn vb and have just got stuck
I need to load data from a file to 6 text boxs.
This is the code i have to save the data:
the output looks like:
Open "c:\program files\Mikesprogs\MikesLotteryChecker\" & Frame2.Caption & ".ini" For Output As hFile
Print #hFile, Frame2.Caption
Print #hFile, Text6.Text
Print #hFile, Text5.Text
Print #hFile, Text4.Text
Print #hFile, Text3.Text
Print #hFile, Text2.Text
Print #hFile, Text1.Text
But i need to load this data in to the 6 text box's when the program loads and when the load button is clicked but i cant figure out what code to use!
If anyone can help i would be very grateful | <urn:uuid:dbc62f9f-b536-4fd6-81d8-de3331b89262> | 2013-05-21T10:28:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Do you actively seek out open source or commercial solutions to make game development easier? If so, where?
I usually search for opensource solutions on places like Sourceforge, and commercial ones from a number of graphics news websites, that link to the latest developments in tools.
If you were to use a third party solution, do you feel comfortable using open source or do you stick with a commercial product?
I'll stick with open source if things seem stable enough, but I usually go with commercial because things tend to be better developed.
If there were a site that featured solutions specifically for game development, would you like to see commercial solutions separate from OSS solutions?
Do you feel there is a need for a one-stop-shop for game development solutions?
If it was continually updated, and contained good information, yes. | <urn:uuid:9e902c77-3d83-4fc2-92c9-4e482ee63c2c> | 2013-05-21T10:34:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am trying out a few different types of linux and thought I would start with Mint. I have a new 500g drive that I have partitioned into 5 logical partitions using gparted: sda, sda1, sda3, sda4, sda6, sda7 and sda5 (I didn't name them!) sized 84, 84, 84, 79, 165 and 4.3 (swap) respectively. where sda is the physical drive. The 165 drive is going to be for file storage to access across the different distros. I have used the livecd to install on sda1 as "/" and rebooted. After reboot I get this error...
Boot Failure: "error: file '/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod' not found"
I tried to reinstall with the livecd setting the mount point as "/boot" and I get an error of "No root file system is defined. Please correct this from the partitioning menu."
How do I fix this? | <urn:uuid:356d31d1-5f6d-4c72-a8bb-ed3cfac2cda0> | 2013-05-21T10:29:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"After having dug to a depth of 10 meters last year, Scottish scientists found traces of copper wire dating back 100 years and came to the conclusion that their ancestors already had a telephone network more than 100 years ago. Not to be outdone by the Scots, in the weeks that followed, English scientists dug to a depth of 20 meters, and shortly after, headlines in the English newspapers read: "English archaeologists have found traces of 200-year-old copper wire and have concluded that their ancestors already had an advanced high-tech communications network a hundred years earlier than the Scots." One week later, "The Kerrymen," a southwest Irish newsletter, reported the following: "After digging as deep as 30 meters in peat bog near Tralee, Paddy O'Droll, a self-taught archaeologist, reported that he found absolutely nothing. Paddy has therefore concluded that 300 years ago, Ireland had already gone wireless."
npap wrote:Ha,Ha, Ha !.......
Very funny Richy.
And I've been trying to go wireless on this ancient laptop that I'm trying to revive! No luck with Wicd.
It won't work with the Debian based Xfce4 desktop though it's OK with Ubuntu based distributions.
Cheers, old boy!
Oscar799 wrote:Happy Birthday dawgdoc
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 6 guests | <urn:uuid:d4d14c40-0b87-400a-bf6a-b4bb0f76b92e> | 2013-05-21T10:21:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hi Andy, welcome to Linux Mint
Programming with Python is fun, at least I think so. Many programs developed by Linux Mint are actually written in Python, like the Software Manager and Update Manager for example. So I hope you do pick it up, but most important is you have a good time and enjoy using Linux Mint
Google has a very basic Python class to get you started: https://developers.google.com/edu/python/
. The Hitchhiker's Guide To Python may be a nice resource along the way also: http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/index.html
. Another good resource is Learn Python The Hard Way, which throws you in the deep end but gets you going fast with the basics: http://learnpythonthehardway.org/book/
. You don't need much to get started, Gedit or Kate both already have syntax highlighting for Python source code, though you may want to look into a lightweight programmer's editor like Geany to get a little more productive as your programming skills grow (you can install it from the Software Manager; I recommend you also install geany-plugins for some extra tools). But there are plenty of other programmer's editors and IDEs suitable for use with Python. | <urn:uuid:039741ee-b974-4af4-93d5-f899e5af6e6f> | 2013-05-21T10:21:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I know that this subject has been brought up before, but despite being (presently) discontinued, is there any reason why Sonic X would not be transferred and co-broadcast on Cartoon Network? They did it with One Piece; of course that's still going on, but I don't see any reason why not. I have my theories, though (if you want to hear them, I'll tell you).
Still, does it have a chance of seeing itself on CN's lineup, particularly the Toonami block? I think that a video game adaption would be quite popular over there - if the majority of fans are content with the portrayal of the characters in the games (like in terms of acting), then they probably won't make such a fuss over this show, either.
What do you think? | <urn:uuid:b389fdf8-a616-4797-bfa6-158b77e8c300> | 2013-05-21T10:20:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chinese handset-maker ZTE has announced a "strategic collaboration" with Intel with the goal of creating a phone built around Chipzilla's new Atom Z2580 processor. "The collaboration with Intel is an important part of ZTE's strategy for product development," the company wrote in its announcement, "both in terms of time-to-market …
Intel in China
Although it's highly unlikely that Intel's chips will find their way into phones from those two market leaders, The "design win" with ZTE might help it get some traction in the fast-growing Chinese smartphone market.
Yeah, so a a premium price chip like the Atom is really going to help ZTE take on all-comers in a market defined by price?
Despite the fact that some of the Intel-based phones, particularly the Motorola, seem quite good, Intel is starting to look like quite a slut touting all these co-operations. No doubt they'll be touting their 100 % market share on Mars next.
Intel's silicon is not in doubt, but their licensing terms are: how can manufacturers who adopt Intel and pay the normal rate hope to compete against the legions of the ARMy who chips are, well, cheap as chips?
Re: Intel in China
I have no idea what Intel will do, but one thing it could do to gain market share is pay phone makers to use its chips.
I imagine that to avoid accusations of anti-competitive activity Intel could sell the chips at the 'normal' cost, for instance $10, and pay phone manufacturers to carry Intel advertising on the phone case at say $10.01 per phone. 'Intel Inside'?
The problem with Intel is that they don't really have anything special to offer over cheaper ARM-based chips.
Then there's the ugly 'Intel Inside' branding that they tack on to the back of the phones. Do they really think the average consumer will care if it has Intel inside or not? Does the average consumer even know what Intel really is?
"The collaboration with Intel is an important part of ZTE's strategy for product development," the company wrote in its announcement, "both in terms of time-to-market and in providing customers' with a great handset experience."...
...and loads of marketing dollars :D | <urn:uuid:ead41b56-f7cf-420d-8a88-645dd5be393b> | 2013-05-21T10:27:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I recently bought my younger sister My Japanese Coach and decided to buy the German version. To my disappointment I discovered that Ubisoft hadn't produced a UK version of this game. Why not? You've made Chinese, Japanese, French and Spanish. I thought the other common European language would obviously be developed as well.
I found the Japanese version great fun and extremely useful if you want to learn the basics of a language fast. So I was wondering whether there are any intentions of developing this game for the UK market. | <urn:uuid:91899fa1-9b82-4dfb-8cfd-de7e3d8af76c> | 2013-05-21T10:20:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I have an nxn matrix where I want the term in position (n,n). The only way I can figure out how to do this is:
lastTerm = rombergMatrix[[Dimensions[rombergMatrix][]]][[Dimensions[rombergMatrix][]]];
Now of course, I could just make one call to dimensions, save it in a variable and just use that. But is there a better way to do this?
I come across a lot of situations where I mathematica code is just ugly, although never to this extent. I get the feeling I'm not using the language the way it was intended (i.e. there are alternative, better, ways). I'm a CS major and I started programming with C/C++, so perhaps it's just a different mindset? | <urn:uuid:0fdbed89-1c85-41d9-b93f-0f0c78753710> | 2013-05-21T10:34:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Walking under the metal gate that reads “Arbeit Macht Frei” (“Work Brings Freedom”) is a seminal moment for visitors to Auschwitz — a chill-inducing passage into a place of death. It comes as some surprise, then, to learn that it was actually upon passing the ticket-takers’ booth in the parking lot that visitors entered what was the main complex of the concentration camp.
The communist government that took control of Auschwitz after the war altered the physical complex in innumerable unmarked ways, changes that were largely made to serve the story of the Holocaust told behind the Iron Curtain. In communist eastern Europe, the central narrative of the Holocaust was not the death of Jews; it was the story of communist resistance and fascist atrocity. As a result, the focus of the Auschwitz museum is the complex known as Auschwitz 1, where the bulk of Polish political prisoners were killed early in the war. In the communist incarnation of the museum, only two of the barracks in Auschwitz 1 were given over to a discussion of the Jews. That has broadened in the post-communist years, but there continues to be a very European focus on nationalism. The Dutch government was given a barrack where they tell a story of brave Dutch resistance; they do not mention that, aside from Poland, no country allowed a higher proportion of its Jews to be killed than the Netherlands.
The museological focus on Auschwitz 1, however, has the unintended effect of leaving the much more massive Birkenau complex — the center of mass extermination — in a relatively unadulterated state. Few spaces convey the physical enormity of Jewish death during the Holocaust like the fields of Birkenau, with the outlines of destroyed barracks stretching out over a vast desolate field. At the back of the Birkenau complex, the Soviets erected an abstract granite memorial that towers over the surroundings. It represents the Soviet story, which was always one of triumph, skipping as quickly as possible over the mourning stage. This effort to create a narrative, though, is overwhelmed by the remains of the two brick buildings nearby that held the gas chambers, now collapsing in on themselves. | <urn:uuid:8cceb1a4-fe2e-4399-a86b-54e75cb6317f> | 2013-05-21T10:06:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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