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Passenger Property Loss Claim
Claims for delayed baggage must be submitted within 4 hours of arrival. Claims for damaged and/or pilfered baggage must be submitted within 24 hours. Notice may be provided within
24 hours of arrival if claimant establishes he/she was unable to give
notice at the airport for good cause. Good cause will be determined at
the sole discretion of AirTran Airways. Liability for loss, delay, or
damage is limited unless a higher value is declared in advance and
additional charges are paid. Although excess valuation may be
declared on certain types of articles, AirTran Airways' liability for lost,
damaged or delayed baggage is limited to $3,300 per fare-paying
customer for travel solely between U.S. points.
Passengers on a journey involving an ultimate destination or a stop in a country other than the country of departure are advised that international treaties known as the Montreal Convention, or its predecessor, the Warsaw Convention, including its amendments, may apply to the entire journey, including any portion thereof within a country. For such passengers, the treaty, including special contracts of carriage embodied in applicable tariffs, governs and may limit the liability of the Carrier in respect of death or injury to passengers, and for destruction or loss of, or damage to, baggage, and for delay of passengers and baggage.
AirTran Airways assumes no liability for fragile, valuable or perishable items transported to, from or within the U.S. | <urn:uuid:678a05cb-d9c9-46ea-a884-8dc422147042> | 2013-05-21T10:19:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It is easy and tempting to wax cynical about Mel Gibson, the once-famously outraged-for-being-called-an-anti-Semite Hollywood powerhouse who recently, under the revealing effects of alcohol, proved his erstwhile accusers to have if anything underestimated the depth of his animus for Jews. And, indeed, cynics abound.
I am not among them. Not that I am beyond cynicism, unfortunately. But Mr. Gibson's apology, in which he disowned his drunken diatribe and asked the Jewish community to help him in "the process of understanding where those vicious words came from," cannot be blithely ignored.
If Mr. Gibson is honestly grappling with the infection in his soul, he deserves not only sympathy but credit.
I am given to understand that the successful actor/director/producer is not a man in financial need. Even if he never works in Hollywood again, he won't be homeless. So it would be ungenerous if not unfair to assume his words less than heartfelt. If Mr. Gibson is honestly grappling with the infection in his soul, he deserves not only sympathy but credit. It is infinitely healthier to know there is a prejudice lurking in one's heart than to be oblivious to it.
Which brings us to another performer, this one on the international stage.
Unsurprisingly, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan wasted no time, after word came in that Israeli forces had shelled a UN post in Lebanon, casting the Jewish State as a dastardly villain. Before any facts beyond the shelling itself came in, he publicly proclaimed Israel guilty of "apparent deliberate targeting" of the post.
Soon enough, it emerged that the shelling was a tragic mistake, and that one of the UN observers killed in the attack had emailed his former commander in the Canadian army to say that Hezbollah had positioned themselves in close proximity to the UN post -- that, in the commander's words, they were "all over his position." The UN observer had gone on to write the commander that Israel's bombardments of the area had "not been deliberate targeting, but rather due to tactical necessity."
Even though if Mr. Annan had not known of that email (or had entertained the obvious thought of removing the UN troops from harm's way), he might have waited until the facts were in. What impelled him to make so irresponsible, so… deliberate -- to borrow a word -- an accusation? Perhaps veritas is evident not only in vino but in venality.
Like soft drinks and poison, anti-Semitism comes in various flavors and strengths. There is religiously-based hatred for Jews – expressed by espousers of many faiths – and secularist animus for Jews (or things associated with Jews). There is nationalistic Jew-hatred and there are political varieties.
There is, moreover, subtle loathing of the sort that largely lies fallow, expressing itself, if ever, in tirades like the one some Malibu policemen recently witnessed – or in artistic or scholarly expression.
And then there is the more operational variety, like the recent rampage by an Arab-American at Seattle's Jewish federation building, which left one woman dead and five people wounded.
Ironically, though, while anti-Semitic rants and violence understandably capture the most attention, "anti-Semitism lite" of the sort routinely seen at the UN and even in its secretariat, should concern us no less. Not only is the subtle sometimes dangerous itself, but it is mother's milk for the more blatant kind.
And so, if we Hebrews might be so bold as to hope, our hope might be for the day when those whose Jew-hatred is unrecognized might come to recognize what their hearts harbor, and perhaps follow Mr. Gibson's admirable example.
Imagine Mr. Annan apologizing for his one-sidedness when it comes to Israel.
Imagine Mr. Annan apologizing for his one-sidedness when it comes to Israel. Or words of contrition from the representatives of the various General Assembly blocs who routinely offer condemnation for Israeli defensive actions while maintaining stony silence on offensive acts against Jews.
Imagine the European Union -- or even just France -- asking for help in dealing with its own deep-seated irritation with Jews.
Or the Lebanese government admitting that its own neglect, or even accommodation, of Hezbollah terrorists lies at the root of the upheaval and destruction that has been visited on its land and citizens.
Or some of those citizens themselves owning up to permitting Jew-haters to use their homes, schools and hospitals to hide missiles and other implements of death. Or the man who, over many hours, posed for an assortment of media, holding the same dead Lebanese child as if he had just discovered the body, coming clean about his propagandistic exploitation of a tragedy and desecration of the dead. And those media themselves, for their complicity in the outrage (and more, like playing down the evidence that Hezbollah itself may have been behind the collapse of the building in which the child and others died).
Or, for that matter, some folks at The New York Times, for, when it comes to the Middle East, editorially confusing evenhandedness with the equating of evil and good.
We wouldn't be wise to hold our collective breath. But history has in fact known some remarkable realizations, even in the realm of anti-Semitism, both regular and lite. So we can certainly hope.
Tisha B'Av has passed again. The day of Jewish mourning over our people's exile from its land nearly 2000 years ago gave way, six days later, to the festive day of Tu B'Av, a day associated by the Talmud with reconciliation, both among Jews and between Jews and God. The Talmud also teaches that it was Jews' "hatred for no reason" of other Jews that caused the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.
How fitting that part of our lot in our exile -- which continues today despite the existence of a Jewish state -- should be the collective Jewish suffering of baseless hatred from so much of the world.
We now head toward the Jewish month of Elul, a word that can be read as an acronym for the phrase "I am to my beloved and my beloved is to me," from the Song of Songs. How timely to consider that only Jews' appreciation of one another and of the Torah that was and remains our ultimate unifier can ever lead a drunken world to grapple with where all its vicious words, and actions, come from. | <urn:uuid:281b1ac2-38c0-4780-837c-f20e31fc32b7> | 2013-05-21T10:06:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A leading federal prosecutor believes Israel Keyes may have brutally murdered at least 11 people -- three more than originally reported -- strangling them when possible so he could enjoy watching them suffer as they died.
Keyes got a high from killing and shivered with adrenaline when he recounted his murders, presenting a stark break from his usual calmness during interviews, said Frank Russo, assistant U.S. attorney for Alaska.
Yet Keyes was reluctant to provide details of his killings because he worried about how his family would view him, especially his daughter, who is 10 or 11 years old.
"He was very conscious of his daughter Googling him years from now and having to deal with the fallout from this," Russo said. "This is a guy who really cared about his family. And he would say I'm not trying to kill them or give them heart attacks."
'We lost this case'
Russo, part of the legal team that had hoped to prosecute Keyes, provided new details on Friday into Keyes sinister double life. Before Anchorage jailers found Keyes dead last Sunday after killing himself, the 34-year-old general contractor admitted to slaying Anchorage barista Samantha Koenig, 18, in February and, in a separate attack in 2011, Vermont couple Bill and Lynne Currier.
But without providing names, Keyes also said he'd killed four others in Washington between 2001 and 2006, before moving to Alaska. And he acknowledged an eighth slaying, saying he buried a body in New York in 2009.
Before investigators could learn more, including names and burial sites, Keyes strangled himself and sliced open his wrist with a razor blade. Now, the Federal Bureau of Investigation is on a nationwide hunt, and seeking public input, to discover the additional victims.
Russo doubts all the bodies will be found. "I feel like we lost this case," he said. "And we lost because we couldn't get these people out of his head that he kept there. That's how he described it. I have these people, they're my people, they belong to me. In killing himself, that was his answer to us: You'll never get these people out of my head."
Russo said he believes Keyes killed as many as 11 or 12 people. The FBI and Anchorage Police Department investigators also upped the number on Friday, saying Keyes may have had 11 victims. They'd previously said at least eight.
FBI agent Darren Jones said the FBI always thought there might be more than eight. Additional information makes them confident there's more. But no one may ever know the real number.
One thing's for sure: Keyes was meticulous. A national expert on serial killers retained for the case said Keyes was among the top three organizers, thinkers and planners he'd studied, said Russo.
Before Koenig, Keyes' strategy involved random slayings by flying to somewhere in the Lower 48 and traveling hundreds of miles by car. He'd stashed cash from bank robberies and weapons in spots around the country for use in future crimes. The FBI said he took more than 30 multi-day trips throughout the nation the past eight years. During the trips, he'd go dark, turning off his cell phone and spending only cash to avoid being tracked.
What pushed the Army veteran, raised in Washington, over the edge? "Everyone keeps looking for a push point where this guy went sideways, but in my view it seemed like he was born this way," Russo said. "At some point he realized he was different. He always thought other people were pretending to be nice to other people and then he realized at some point only he was pretending. He described an incident when he was younger -- how he tortured a cat in front of his friends and everybody got sick and ran away from him. He realized he should shut up about this stuff because he was different."
Yet Keyes wasn't completely without morals, Russo said. He knew it was wrong to kill, though he planned to continue. One Keyes idea involved moving away from Alaska to take advantage of the chaos and potential contracting work left by hurricanes.
"He thought it would provide him good cover to kill people and he'd have good work," Russo said.
Children off limits
Keyes also told investigators that because of his daughter, children were off limits. That's one reason he chose to kill the Curriers in Vermont -- they had no children.
But that’s where his morality seemed to end. Keyes spent a long time making his own gun silencer, something he was "extremely proud of," Russo said. But he didn't want to use guns unless he had to. He preferred strangling his victims because he enjoyed watching them suffer, Russo said.
Also, Keyes said he wasn't interested in giving closure to his victims’ families or investigators. In fact, he said he felt a connection with serial killer Ted Bundy because Bundy led a double life, too. But Keyes looked down on Dennis Rader, the so-called BTK killer from Kansas who murdered 10 people.
"He described him as a wimp" Russo said. "He couldn't understand why he came out and said he was sorry for everything he'd done."
According to Russo, Keyes said his favorite serial killers "are the ones who haven't been caught."
Dead men less noticed
Before killing the Curriers and Koenig, Keyes’ killings didn't attract much attention. He noted that missing men, in particular, didn't get attention. People just assume they've left home.
"He goes, 'Oddly the bank robbery I did in New York got more publicity than the person I took and killed,’ " Russo said.
That lack of publicity has frustrated Russo, who said there's no nationwide database for missing adults as there is for children. Trying to find missing victims has instead involved looking at websites run by family members or others seeking information about the missing.
"It was strange that in this day and age, we were all resorting to Googling," he said.
Contact Alex DeMarban at alex(at)alaskadispatch.com
(Correction: Dennis Rader was the so-called BTK killer, not David Hayes, as this article originally reported in error.) | <urn:uuid:d8243132-5a8d-4227-853e-53791b78037a> | 2013-05-21T10:34:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A delegation of rebels from the Central African Republic (CAR) have arrived in Gabon, where talks with the government they are trying to topple are set to get under way in the coming days.
Talks had been expected to start on Tuesday, but a plane carrying the government delegation along with members of the country's political opposition failed to leave Bangui, the capital, as scheduled.
Denis Sassou-Nguesso, president of the Republic of Congo, said negotiations were to begin no later than Friday.
He met the embattled leader of CAR, Francois Bozize, on Monday.
Sassou-Nguesso declined to comment on reports that rebels, who now control much of the country's north, are still seeking Bozize's ouster as a condition of the talks.
"In our capacity as mediator, we can't interpret the declarations of others," he said. "The fact that we hold to is that all the parties have agreed that we are going to negotiations."
Earlier on Monday, Eric Massi, who identifies himself as a spokesman of the rebel alliance, collectively known as Seleka, reiterated calls for the removal of the president, saying he has "lost all credibility" to lead the country.
"He has to leave power," Massi told Al Jazeera from Paris.
He rejected Bozize's offer to form a coalition government with the rebels, instead calling for a "peaceful transfer of power".
Commenting on the delayed flight carrying the government delegation, Abdoulaye Issene, president of the CPJP, a rebel group that signed a peace agreement with the government, said passengers were told it was cancelled due to a "technical problem" and would fly to Gabon early on Tuesday.
The upcoming meetings between rebels, the government and the country's political opposition in Libreville, Gabon, come a month after fighters from several armed groups began their rebellion against a government that has wielded little power over its vast and sparsely populated north.
While the rebels have halted their advance toward Bangui, they now hold a dozen cities and towns. The rebellion poses the greatest threat to Bozize's presidency since he himself seized power in 2003.
Bozize already has offered up the possibility of a coalition government, a proposal the rebels have dismissed. A rebel spokesman has said the fighters want Bozize gone, a stipulation that could derail talks altogether.
The government's chief mediator, Willibiro Sako, said the objective of the talks is "to try to look into the problems of our country and find solutions for the peace, security and development of Central African Republic."
"We have to start to enter into dialogue even if at times there were some who did not agree with each other," he said on Monday.
In the nation of 4.4 million, many have little faith the government will be able to reach a lasting agreement with the rebels, especially because multiple peace accords already have been signed over the years with several different groups.
"Even if the rebel leaders reach an agreement with the Bangui government, their people on the ground will not get their piece of cake,'' Henry Yenzapa, a history professor at the University of Bangui, told The Associated Press. | <urn:uuid:60294bb6-b5b0-4b49-970e-6d546899540e> | 2013-05-21T10:24:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Battle of the Kentish Knock
The Battle of the Kentish Knock (also known as the Battle of the Zealand Approaches) was a naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War fought on 8 October 1652 near the shoal called the Kentish Knock in the North Sea about 30 km from the mouth of the river Thames.
Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp had been suspended after his failure to bring the English to battle off the Shetland Islands in August, and replaced by Admiral Witte de With, who saw an opportunity to concentrate his forces and gain control of the seas. He set out to attack the English fleet at anchor at the Downs near Dover on 5 October 1652, but the wind was unfavourable.
When the fleets finally met on 8 October, the United Provinces had 57 ships; the Commonwealth of England 68 ships under General at Sea Robert Blake. Action was joined at about 17:00. The English ships were larger and better armed than their opponents and by nightfall two Dutch ships had been captured and about twenty — mostly commanded by captains from Zeeland who resented the domination of Holland — had broken off the engagement. De With withdrew the rest of his force with many casualties.
The Dutch recognized after their defeat that they needed larger ships to take on the English, and instituted a major building program that was to pay off in the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:f30c0c74-8589-44ae-acf1-d05f946e33c2> | 2013-05-21T10:34:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
The sampling frequency or sampling rate defines the number of samples per second taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. The inverse of the sampling frequency is the sampling period or sampling time, which is the time between samples.
The sampling frequency can only be applied to samplers in which each sample is periodically taken. There is no rule that limits a sampler from taking a sample at a non-periodic rate.
If a signal has a bandwidth of 100 Hz then to avoid aliasing the sampling frequency must be greater than 200 Hz.
In some cases, it is desirable to have a sampling frequency more than twice the bandwidth so that a digital filter can be used in exchange for a weaker analog anti-aliasing filter. This process is known as oversampling.
In digital audio, common sampling rates are:
- 8,000 Hz - telephone, adequate for human speech
- 11,025 Hz
- 22,050 Hz - radio
- 44,100 Hz - compact disc
- 48,000 Hz - digital sound used for films and professional audio
- 96,000 or 192,400 Hz - DVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD audio tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, and HD-DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks
In digital video, which uses a CCD as the sensor, the sampling rate is defined the frame/field rate, rather than the notional pixel clock. All modern TV cameras use CCDs, and the image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the CCD integration period.
- 13.5 MHz - CCIR 601, D1 video
- Continuous signal vs. Discrete signal
- Digital control
- Sample and hold
- Sample (signal)
- Sampling (information theory)
- Signal (information theory)
The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details | <urn:uuid:d25b5562-8f30-4fd1-bc51-46f94956427e> | 2013-05-21T10:34:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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SEARCH THE BUSINESS GLOSSARY
process of restating company assets to reflect current market value and restating the financial structure downward to reflect reductions on the asset side of the balance sheet. A financially troubled firm usually goes through reorganization. Under a reorganization, the firm continues in existence. Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law provides for reorganization. Chapter 7 provides for liquidation .
financial restructuring of a firm in bankruptcySee also voting trust certificate , trustee in bankruptcy
- restructuring of a corporation's financial assets under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code to return the company to profitability. The debtor corporation, known as the debtor in possession if no bankruptcy trustee is named, remains in operation and attempts to work out a plan for repayment of debts under supervision of the Bankruptcy Court. Creditors are prevented from seizing assets of the debtor to satisfy their claims, and must agree to a reorganization plan submitted by the debtor. If no acceptable plan can be worked out, the corporation's assets can then be liquidated, or sold off, to meet its unpaid obligations. Any corporation other than a bank or an insurance company, or a municipal government, may file a bankruptcy petition under Chapter 11. cram down See also creditors' committee involuntary bankruptcy .
- combination of two or more related business organizations, resulting in a new corporate structure, but leaving the business units intact. For example, two subsidiary banks of a bank holding company can merge into a single bank. The transaction is similar to a pooling of interests .
Law: financial restructuring of a firm after it has filed for protection from creditors while it works out a plan to repay its overdue debt. Company reorganizations usually take place under Chapter 11 of the federal
code under the supervision of a bankruptcy court. If the plan does not restore the company's health, the company may be liquidated and its assets sold to pay off the claims of creditors and shareholders.
Management: changing lines of authority, organization chart, and so on to improve the management structure of a company.
Copyright © 2006, 2003, 1998, 1995, 1991, 1987, 1985 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Reprinted by arrangement with Publisher.
Copyright c 2006, 2000, 1997, 1993, 1990 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Reprinted by arrangement with Publisher.
Copyright © 2007, 2000, 1997, 1987, by Barron's Educational Series, Inc. Reprinted by arrangement with Publisher. | <urn:uuid:5b10d5d6-d91f-4e8e-8d75-88a34cf7a796> | 2013-05-21T10:05:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The main objectives of the project are: to strengthen the indigenous organizations for the exercise of human rights and the promotion of the rights of the Declaration
The desired results are the strengthening of indigenous organizations in relation with the Declaration of United Nations and their mechanisms of implementation, taking actions and preparing programs for the exercise of rights.
The planned actions are:
1.1 The carrying out of training courses on the declaration and human rights for leaders in:
- Ecuador through Tukui Shim and CONAIE.
- Argentina through the Confederation and the Observatory.
- Paraguay through CAPI and ACIDI.
- Colombia in Caño Mochuelo.
1.2 Workshops to raise awareness and spread human rights and the declaration in the communities.
1.3 Publications on the implementation of rights since the implementation of the Declaration.
- Publication in Ecuador (comparative report of the Constitution and the Declaration).
- Publication on the exercise of the territorial rights in the Interamerican system.
- Informative material on the Declaration.
2.1 Advice and definition of strategies to implement the rights in the international arena.
2. 2. The support and escort to the carrying out of defense actions and promotion of rights, including strategies of international action (the project would begin with the same organizations we will make the training courses).
- Proposals of regulations and political negotiations.
- Defence of rights in trials against indigenous organizations and people.
- Lawsuit to implement rights.
- International actions of condemnation and support.
2. 3. Support and escort for the consolidation of observatories on indigenous rights. | <urn:uuid:2901c59e-25e4-4e1c-98d9-3b894b16a11b> | 2013-05-21T10:14:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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After a failed attempt on his life by an unknown terrorist cell, Professor Daniel Dupont decides to fake his own death with the help of Doctor Juard. The government authorities, believing that the attack is part of a series of political assassinations, send Wallas, a recently promoted special investigator, from Paris to the provincial town where the crime took place, which by coincidence he visited as a child. As he wanders the confusing streets of the town, he finds himself increasingly lost in a web of conspiracies, doppelgängers and memories.
Cleverly deconstructing the detective-fiction genre, The Erasers, Alain Robbe-Grillet’s first published novel, shifts between various narrators and time frames, while maintaining the suspense of a conventional thriller. The result is an engrossing examination of consciousness and reality which is also one of the founding texts of the Nouveau Roman school.
'I doubt that fiction as art can any longer be seriously discussed without Robbe-Grillet.' The New York Times
'Fascinating… It is an intricately clever novel' The Spectator
'Uses the full apparatus of the thriller… The conception is both inventive and subtle' The Sunday Times
Read an excerpt from The Erasers
By the same author: | <urn:uuid:995d5a73-43a8-4f60-a10b-b639ac4e0544> | 2013-05-21T10:35:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Josh Schwartz to Write X-Men: First Class
November 18, 2008
20th Century Fox has hired "Gossip Girl" creator Josh Schwartz to write X-Men: First Class. He'd also been offered a chance to direct the film, but declined.
Schwartz, the creator and executive producer of The CW's hit as well as Fox's "The O.C." and NBC's "Chuck," is expected to inject a next-gen sensibility into the superhero series.
The studio has been leaning toward using the younger characters introduced in the previous films in future installments --teenagers with powers taught at the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning.
Resulting film would likely draw from elements of the Marvel Comic of the same name, launched in 2006, and enlist such characters as Iceman, Rogue, Angel, Colossus, Jubilee and Shadowcat, who have appeared prominently or made cameos in prior pics.
Lauren Shuler Donner, who produced all three "X-Men" pics, as well as next summer's X-Men Origins: Wolverine, is producing "First Class" alongside Mr. & Mrs. Smith scribe Simon Kinberg.
It can't be any worse than the last movie. | <urn:uuid:dec841cc-4d4a-45a4-ab2a-3867ac2f7fb9> | 2013-05-21T10:06:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The onset of the disease
- Drinking alcohol
- Public transport
- Personal finances
- Handling money
- Going out alone
It is best to consider as soon as possible how you are going to deal with certain matters relating to the person’s independence. Matters relating to their personal liberty such as whether it is safe for them to drive, go out alone, drink alcohol or smoke have to be dealt with. Financial matters also have to be considered, e.g. should they be able to write out cheques and make financial decisions? These and similar questions should be discussed with the person with dementia at an early stage when they are still able to play a role in decision making. When you are trying to decide how to handle the above-mentioned situations, you will probably find yourself split between trying to leave the person with dementia with as much independence as possible and at the same time trying to protect them from possible risks and dangers. The following guidelines may help you in making your decisions.
In the early stages some people who have been diagnosed as having Alzheimer’s disease can still drive safely, but as the disease progresses the ability to drive will almost certainly deteriorate. The person may start to find it difficult to find familiar places, fail to observe road signs and respect rules of the road, drive too fast or too slow, have slow reactions and become confused, frustrated or angry while driving. However, people with dementia are often extremely reluctant to give up the right to drive, as it is one of the last signs of their independence and adulthood. It can therefore be difficult to convince them of the necessity to stop driving. But, it is too dangerous an issue not to be dealt with straight away.
You should first try to discuss the issue of driving with the person with dementia, pointing out the possible dangers of driving, as well as the benefits of not having to. They may feel angry and depressed about the loss and need support during this awkward period. It might soften the blow if you were to arrange for other forms of transport or for other people to drive the person around. However, persuasion does not always work and some carers have tremendous difficulties trying to stop the person with dementia from driving. If this is the case, you might find that the person is more willing to listen to a doctor, the police or someone in authority. If this is also unsuccessful, you may have to try to prevent them from driving. You could, for example, hide the car keys, arrange for the car not to work (e.g. by removing the distributor cap) or park the car further down the street out of sight. If it is not needed, you could even sell the car and the money saved would help pay for other means of transport. One carer overcame this problem by leaving the car out ready to drive without the ignition key. Her husband sat in it and happily “drove” for hours changing gears and signalling without actually moving. Whatever you decide to do, you should inform the insurance company about the diagnosis of dementia.
Care should be taken not to let the person with dementia smoke alone as it is a fire hazard. Also, some people with dementia might forget that they are holding a cigarette and it could burn their fingers. You should try to persuade the person to cut down on smoking and preferably stop. People with dementia often forget to smoke and then don’t miss cigarettes once the habit has been broken. However, if they continue smoking, there are a few useful precautions to take, e.g. put large ashtrays everywhere, replace wastepaper baskets with metal bins, buy flame resistant clothes and furniture, fit smoke alarms and keep matches out of reach. Smoking alone, particularly in bed, is the biggest risk. You might have more success persuading the person with dementia to restrict their smoking to times when there is company, rather than trying to prevent it altogether. It is important to pay particular attention not to let the person smoke if they are using nicotine patches as this greatly increases health risks.
Alcoholic drinks may increase confusion in the person with dementia. Although the occasional social drink should not cause particular concern, it is best to ask your doctor’s advice about whether the person with dementia should have access to alcoholic drinks. This is particularly important if they are under medication. Even if the doctor agrees to the person having an occasional drink, you will still need to make sure that they do not have more. Loss of memory may result in the person with dementia forgetting that they have already had a few drinks. It is best to keep alcohol in a locked cupboard or hidden away.
Early on in the disease, the person with dementia might be able to use public transport. But as the disease progresses they may start to have difficulties remembering where they are going, paying the fare, getting the right bus or train, getting out at the right place, etc. When this happens the person could feel embarrassed and afraid, particularly if they cannot remember where they are going or where they live. For this reason, in the later stages it would be preferable to try to arrange private transport. You could perhaps make a plan in advance of different people who are willing to drive the person around.
Administrative formalities and personal finances
The person with dementia might also have financial obligations or assets of little or considerable importance. It is necessary to discuss financial matters early on so that the person with dementia can make decisions while they are still able, appoint someone to handle their financial matters when they are no longer able and make a will. If you are handling the person’s finances, keep them separate from your own and keep a record of what you spend and receive in case you are asked to account for it at some stage. The person with dementia might forget what was decided however many times you might explain it. You might also find it necessary to help the person with dementia to deal with administrative formalities, e.g. collecting benefits, filling out forms, etc. There are a few possibilities for handling this such as an Enduring Power of Attorney. Your Alzheimer’s organisation will be able to give your more details.
As the disease progresses the person with dementia will become less able to defend their own interests. It is possible to appoint a guardian to protect their interests and make decisions on their behalf (e.g. on where to live, health issues, etc.). This would help in situations where the person with dementia did not or was unable to take the decision at an earlier stage.
People with dementia tend to experience difficulties handling money even fairly early on in the disease. Due to a loss of memory and understanding of the symbolic function of money, they may pay for something more than once, not pay at all, give money away or lose it. In this way problems can accumulate without you necessarily realising. In order to maintain their sense of wellbeing and self-esteem, you might be able to arrange for the person with dementia to carry on paying for goods and services (whilst ensuring that the risk of mistake or being taken advantage of is minimised) and ensure that they always have some money on them. Some carers have found that certain shopkeepers and hairdressers are willing to take cheques from the person with dementia, which are no longer valid, but which are then replaced by the carer. Sometimes, local shopkeepers who are understanding will let you pay later for articles which the person with dementia takes out of the shop without paying. Payment of regular accounts (e.g. electricity, gas telephone, etc.) can be settled by arranging direct debits with your bank.
Going out alone
You may be worried about the person with dementia going out alone for various reasons, e.g. traffic, the risk of getting lost or robbed etc. However, they might object to being accompanied everywhere, seeing this as an invasion of their privacy. You will therefore need to be extremely tactful in trying to keep an eye on their whereabouts. (Please see chapter on wandering).
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Restrictions of freedom
The provisions of the Mental Health Protection Act of 19 August 1994 (MHPA), amended on December 3, 2010, cover people who are mentally ill (i.e. those who demonstrate mental disorders, those who are mentally retarded and those who demonstrate other disturbances in mental functioning which, according to current medical knowledge, are classified as mental disorders) and who need health services or other forms of assistance or care in order to live in the family or social environment. This law addresses the issue of involuntary internment in a psychiatric institution and involuntary internment in a nursing home. As it is more likely that people with dementia would be admitted into a nursing home, the following section will cover involuntary internment in a nursing home.
The conditions for involuntary internment
A person who, due to mental illness or mental retardation, is incapable of looking after his/her own basic needs, who has no possibility of obtaining help from other people and who needs continuous care and nursing services (but not hospital treatment), may be involuntarily interned in a nursing home i.e. without his/her consent or that of his/her guardian (MHPA, article 38).
The procedure for involuntary internment
A request may be made to the Guardianship Court for admission to a nursing home without the consent of the person concerned or the guardian:
- by the head of a psychiatric hospital (in the case of a hospitalised person who would not be able to cope alone if discharged but does not need further treatment) or
- by a social welfare agency if the person poses a risk to his/her own life.
The Judge has the right to visit the person in the nursing home at any time to supervise the legality of the admission or residence, to ensure that the person’s rights are being respected and to control the conditions of residence therein (art. 43). The actual procedure is defined in a legally binding ordinance.
The Guardianship Court instigates a hearing within 14 days of the request for commitment. The Judge must visit the hospital or nursing home within 48 hours of the provisional commitment and must immediately discharge the person and stop legal proceedings if the measure was clearly unjustified (art. 45). There are no court costs for proceedings before the Guardianship Court for matters relating to involuntary commitment.
If the proceedings continue, the Court must obtain an independent expert opinion from one or more psychiatrists (art. 46). For people being admitted to a nursing home, necessary assistance should be provided by a social welfare agency.
The court may designate a lawyer for the person concerned by the proceedings even if s/he has not requested one (art. 48).
The duration of involuntary internment
There does not seem to be any mention of the duration of involuntary internment in the MHPA. However, article 49 of this act states that detailed regulations for matters concerning nursing homes (e.g. admission and discharge) are issued in the form of a legally binding ordinance from the Minister of Labour and Social Policy in consultation with the Minister of Health and Social Welfare and the Minister of Justice (art. 49).
The right to appeal and suspension of the ruling
The person who has been involuntarily admitted into a nursing home, his/her guardian, de facto guardian, spouse, blood relative or sibling may appeal to the Guardianship Court against the court decision.
The Guardianship Court designates a keeper who is responsible for assisting a person who has been involuntarily interned throughout his/her stay in the nursing home.
Restriction of personal liberty
Deprivation of liberty is covered by article 189 of the Penal Code which states that depriving a human being of their liberty shall result in imprisonment for a term of between 3 months and 5 years. If the deprivation of liberty was for more than 7 days or involved particular torment, the sentence would be for between 1 and 10 years.
Isolation is included in the definition of physical restraint. Please see below for details.
Restraint and other coercive measures
According to article 18 of the MHPA, amended by The Act on Changes in the Act on Mental Health Protection, which defines in detail the kinds of coercive measures, as well as changes added by The Act on Medical Activity of April 15, 2011 concerning direct coercion, physical restraint of people with mental disorders may only be applied if a person represents a risk to his/her own life or health, or that of other people, threatens public safety or violently damages or destroys surrounding objects (or if warranted by special regulations of the MHPA). If necessary, the doctor may request the assistance of the police and the fire brigade. Direct coercion is used when it is necessary for the conduct of indispensable medical activity aimed at the removal of the causes of admission to hospital without the person's consent. It may be also used in order to prevent the person's unlawful departure from the hospital.
The Resolution of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare of August 23, 1995 on the manner of applying direct coercion described when and how such measures could be used. The Act on Medical Activity of April 15, 2011, in Article 139, provides more changes in article 18 of the MHPA.Physical restraint includes holding down, coerced administration of medication, compulsory medication, immobilisation and isolation, which cannot last longer than four hours. In case of need, a doctor, upon a personal examination of the patient, may prolong the immobilisation for further six-hour periods. The decision to apply physical restraint must be made by a doctor who should also determine the manner of physical restraint used and supervise its implementation. In psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes, a nurse may take this decision in the absence of a doctor and then notify the doctor. In life threatening situations, when the person needs immediate treatment, a person responsible for the work of a medical rescue team (a paramedic) may take this decision. After ordering direct coercion, a card detailing the use of such measures should be filled out, providing the reasons for its use, the kind used and the duration of immobilisation or isolation. The card is added to the patient's medical documentation. The least inconvenient measure possible should be chosen and during the use of direct coercion special care and consideration for the person's good should be exercised.
Direct coercion can be used no longer than necessary to obtain a medical result, and in cases where it is difficult to obtain, only for the time needed to transport the patient to hospital. The transport of the patient under coercive measure must be carried out in the presence of the medical rescue team.
The person for whom the measure is intended must be informed beforehand. The method causing least personal discomfort should be selected and care must be taken to safeguard the well-being of the person concerned
Justification for the use of restraint by a doctor employed in a health facility must be assessed within 3 days by the head of that facility or by a psychiatric specialist authorised by the local authorities if applied by any other doctor.
Articles 190 and 191 of the Penal Code address the issue of threats with or without the intent to compel the threatened person to behave in a certain way or refrain from certain behaviour.
The Penal Code covers various forms of physical abuse. Articles 156 and 157 deal with grievous bodily harm and boily injury/impairment to health respectively.
Dangerous neglect is covered by article 160 of the Penal Code which states that whoever exposes a human being to an immediate danger of loss of life, a serious bodily injury or seriously endanger his/her health may be sentenced to up to 3 years’ imprisonment. If the perpetrator is responsible for the care of the person who was exposed to such danger, s/he may be imprisoned for between 3 months and 5 years.
The Act on Social Welfare of March 2004 provides that persons living in nursing homes should be granted human rights, especially right to dignity, liberty, intimacy and safety. The Act gives detailed description of services which nursing homes should provide and what kind of training and skills the staff of a nursing home should have. However, there are still incidences reported in the media of mistreatment and abuse of the elderly in nursing homes. More and more such institutions appoint special Ombudsmen to work in nursing homes, safeguarding patients' rights. They are employed by the Office of Patients' Rights Spokesman of the Ministry of Health.
In Poland, driving licences are usually issued for an unlimited period of time. If a person commits a driving offence, they might lose their driving licence and to get it back a medical examination is needed. There are no specific regulations for healthcare professionals concerning the procedure to follow when patients are found to have a condition which might have an adverse effect on their ability to drive (Kloszewska and Kwiecińska, 1997). In a Resolution of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare of April 15, 2011, changing the previous provisions in the Resolution on Medical Examinations of People applying for a driving licence, two diseases are mentioned (epilepsy and diabetes), which the doctors entitled to issue certificates about the health conditions of applicants, should take into account, before giving their decision about the person's ability to drive.
Kiejna, A., Rymaszewska, J. and Hadryś, T. (2008), Practice of competence assessment in dementia: Poland. Ed. Gabriela Stoppe (2008),Competence assessment in dementia,Springer Wien New York.
Last Updated: mercredi 14 mars 2012 | <urn:uuid:64e2bdce-d0ba-4ef3-93e5-f6a6fc6a7cf3> | 2013-05-21T10:08:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Volume 19, Number 6
ESTATE ABD FINANCIAL PLANNING
SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE ESTATE PLANNERS
By Alan F. Rothschild, Jr.
Estate planning lawyers face many challenges today that mandate a renewed focus on ways to provide more efficient and client-focused estate planning services. Encroachments into this area of practice have been made by the following developments:
- The increased performance of "traditional" estate planning services by nonlawyers;
- n ever-changing legal environment, including the phased-in repeal of the federal estate tax;
- More cost-conscious consumers of legal services; and
- Increased practice overhead, particularly associate salaries and staff labor costs.
This article discusses seven techniques that distinguish successful trust and estate practices in today's business environment and contains self-audit questions that will guide you in incorporating these procedures into your practice.
Define your practice. The range of prospective estate planning clients is increasingly broad. The following questions can help determine what segment of the estate planning field is most appropriate for your practice:
- What do you and your law practice offer to prospective clients?
- Who is your competition for estate planning services?
- How can you distinguish your practice from this competition?
- Which areas of the estate planning field do you find personally rewarding?
- What are the estate planning needs of the individuals that you interact with in the community?
- What do you perceive to be the growth areas in the field, particularly in your community?
- Which areas of the field are, or have the potential to be, the most financially rewarding?
Expand your base. Your existing client base is both a direct source of additional business and an indirect source for new business opportunities through referrals. Because current clients are so valuable to your practice, periodically review the following questions:
- What are the primary reasons you lose clients?
- What have you done or can you do to address this?
- Would you be better off without some clients?
- What are the most important actions you can take to keep current clients?
- How can you ethically encourage referrals from existing clients?
In addition to client retention, marketing to existing clients, referral sources, and prospective clients is an important component of a successful estate planning practice. Marketing, however, is effective only if it attracts work you desire to do and can professionally and profitably handle. When designing a marketing strategy, consider the following:
- What marketing techniques fit your community, client base, and personal style?
- What marketing would be effective in your practice environment?
- Have past marketing efforts attracted the "right" clients?
- How can you market without tarnishing the professional aspects of your practice?
Communicate effectively. The efficient practice of law requires a written engagement letter. By defining the relationship and fee arrangements upfront, you will greatly limit questions and misunderstandings later. Most estate planners also use a closing or disengagement letter to define the attorney's role and responsibilities after the completion of the initial estate planning project.
Estate planners must efficiently gather accurate client information. Using an estate planning worksheet that is mailed to the client before the initial conference or completed during the initial conference streamlines this process.
Regular communications with clients during an engagement maintain a strong relationship and avoid unnecessary telephone calls seeking status updates. Thorough communication with estate planning clients should include the following:
- Keeping promised deadlines for the delivery of documents;
- Confirming important information with clients in writing;
- Copying clients on letters, legal memos, and court filings related to their matters; and
- Providing summaries of draft documents and illustrations when delivering and discussing proposed plans.
Because one of the most reliable sources of new estate planning business is your existing client base, a periodic newsletter or update on estate planning developments is a professional and efficient way to maintain and expand these relationships. Points to consider in planning communications with clients include:
- Do you send new or prospective clients sufficient information to ensure the best use of your time and staff?
- Do you use third-party resources such as state bar materials to explain the estate planning, probate, or administration process?
- Have you considered maintaining a lending library of estate planning and administration books and articles for clients?
- Can any of this information be delivered to your clients via the Internet?
Billing strategies. Estate planners must develop billing systems and techniques that take into account the value of the services delivered to the client and the resources involved in delivering these services. For many estate planners, reliance on time as the primary measure of value is outdated and not reflective of practice realities. Lawyers should consider the effort involved in all aspects of estate planning to determine whether billing by the hour is appropriate and what alternatives exist.
Regular billing is another important office system. The initial client conference or engagement letter should discuss upfront retainers and periodic billing procedures. Bills should clearly explain the services performed and value delivered, so that the client can understand and pay the bill. Questions to consider when reviewing your billing system are:
- How do you bill for routine estate planning documents?
- Does the traditional "by the hour" method accurately reflect the value to the client?
- What alternatives to hourly billing could you offer?
- When are alternatives appropriate?
- Does your engagement letter properly describe your actual billing method?
- How frequently do you bill?
- Do you have systems in place to monitor past-due accounts?
Ethics issues. You must anticipate and address ethics issues in estate planning engagements before they arise. Areas that frequently raise ethical concerns include client capacity, joint spousal engagements, multigenerational engagements, client identification in estate administration, continuation or termination of client relationships, and the lawyer's competency to undertake the project.
Common questions to consider about ethics in estate planning include the following:
- What policies and procedures has your firm adopted to identify and address possible ethics issues effectively?
- How can an engagement letter help clarify ethics issues?
- Should you close the relationship after completing the estate planning project? If so, how? If not, what ongoing obligations do state rules place on you as a result of this relationship?
Effective staffing. Using staff effectively should be a major practice management focus. When re-viewing your staffing needs, cover the following points:
- Would it be most cost effective to hire a new law school graduate, an experienced practitioner, or a paraprofessional?
- Are staff properly trained?
- Do you and your colleagues delegate effectively?
- Is every employee's potential as a revenue source being maximized?
- Is everyone aware of ethical issues that arise when using nonlawyers?
Using technology. Today's technology helps lawyers practice more efficiently. Estate planners in particular can use specific programs to do the following tasks:
- Create customized documents in less time and with fewer errors,
- Locate documents quickly,
- Easily research cases and topics,
- Monitor client contacts and calendars, and
- Stay current on legal developments.
The most concrete products of an estate planning practice are the documents produced for particular clients. Because documents often vary only slightly for different clients, good management should include document assembly software, which can replace tedious cutting and pasting. In addition, a top-notch document management and retrieval program can organize all your documents in an electronic filing system, without the drawbacks of paper storage.
Traditional legal book publishers now offer an array of case, Code, and subject-based CD-ROM and Internet products-available with or without hard copies. Remote access makes these tools available anywhere, anytime. Remember, however, that it is almost as easy to have too much technology as too little-make sure the technology you select fits your office and practice methods.
Alan F. Rothschild, Jr., practices law with Hatcher, Stubbs, Land, Hollis & Rothschild in Columbus, Georgia.
This article is an abridged and edited version of one that originally appeared on page 58 of Probate and Property, January/February 2002 (16:1).
Upcoming Events | Magazine | Solo Newsletter | Books | Membership | Committees | State/Local Bar | Products/Services | Feedback | ABA Network Home Page | <urn:uuid:91c92e37-66e4-4c47-b1fc-6916104d7fa5> | 2013-05-21T10:00:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The briefing paper (and accompanying video footage) is based on first-hand field investigations carried out in the first half of September by Amnesty International into attacks which killed 166 civilians, including 48 children and 20 women, and injured hundreds in 26 towns and villages in the Idlib, Jabal al-Zawiya and north Hama regions.
The briefing paper provides fresh evidence of a pattern which has emerged in recent weeks in areas where government forces, pushed into retreat by opposition forces, are now indiscriminately bombing and shelling lost territory – with disastrous consequences for the civilian population.
“Government forces now routinely bomb and shell towns and villages using battlefield weapons which cannot be aimed at specific targets, knowing that the victims of such indiscriminate attacks are almost always civilians. Such weapons should never be used in residential areas,” said Donatella Rovera, Amnesty International Senior Crisis Response Adviser, who recently returned from northern Syria.
“The plight of the civilian population in this region of Syria has been under-reported as world attention has largely focused on the fighting in Aleppo and Damascus. But the horrors of what the residents of Idlib, Jabal al-Zawiya and north Hama endure every day is just as harrowing. Such indiscriminate attacks constitute war crimes.”
Civilians are being killed or injured in their homes, while running for cover, or in the very places where they had sought refuge from the bombardments. On 16 September, eight civilians - five of them children - were killed and many more injured in a series of air strikes in Kafr Awayed in Jabal al-Zawiya. Residents told Amnesty International that seven of the victims were killed at a wedding party and in nearby houses, and a six-year-old boy was killed while buying bread.
The same pattern is repeated throughout the areas which have come under the effective control of opposition forces.
Amnesty International witnessed daily air bombardment, artillery and mortar strikes in towns and villages throughout the region. The deployment of such imprecise battlefield weapons and munitions against residential areas in recent weeks has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of civilian casualties.
Among the victims of such attacks were 35 civilians killed in the village of Kafr Anbel in two separate air bombardments. On 28 August, four air strikes in the market square killed 22 civilians.
On 22 August, a bombardment near a grocery story killed 13 civilians, including 31-year-old Zahia al-Aabbi who collected plastic around the village and then sold it to support her mother, sisters, disabled brother and blind father.
Attacks near hospitals shortly after a large influx of casualties, or by bread queues raise suspicions that such attacks deliberately target large gatherings of civilians, a serious violation of international humanitarian law (IHL) and a war crime.
The high death toll of children documented by Amnesty International further underlines the indiscriminate nature of many attacks by the Syrian Army. In one, four children - Ghofran Habboub, her brother and two cousins - were killed when their home was bombed on 14 August in the village of Shellakh (near Idlib).
A few days later, on 18 August, a large calibre mortar landed in a street in Ma’arat al-No’man, south of Idlib, killing two five-year-old girls, Hajar Rajwan and Ines Sabbouh and two cousins aged 10 and 11, as they played outside their homes.
Some have been killed as they fled for cover or where they sought refuge. Hundreds have lost their lives or were injured, many of them children, in recent weeks alone, since the Syrian government forces unleashed a campaign of relentless and indiscriminate air and artillery attacks.
Yet the international community remains paralysed and riven by disagreements which have so far prevented any effective pressure being brought to bear on those responsible for such attacks.
Such indiscriminate attacks constitute war crimes and those responsible up and down the chain of command should know that they will be held accountable and that they will not be able to hide behind the excuse that they were obeying orders.
The UN Security Council should speed up this process by referring the situation in Syria to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in order to ensure that that the perpetrators of these war crimes and other crimes under international law are brought to justice.
“Members of the UN Security Council should set aside their political wrangling and put the victims first,” said Rovera.
“A referral to the ICC would send a powerful message to those responsible for crimes under international law that the time for impunity is over and would make all parties involved in the conflict – government forces as well as opposition forces – think twice before committing such violations”.
Opposition fighters have at times also used imprecise weapons (such as mortars) or even inherently indiscriminate weapons (such as home-made rockets) in populated residential areas, further endangering the civilian population.
As the conflict grinds on there is a danger that opposition fighters, if they succeed in their efforts to procure longer range weapons, will also step up indiscriminate attacks and other abuses which the international community has been unable and unwilling to stop when committed on such a large scale by government forces.
All Syrian armed opposition groups – those belonging to the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and others – must make it clear to all those under their command that the fact that government forces violate IHL does not excuse similar grave violations on their part and that such violations will not be tolerated. | <urn:uuid:391687d3-f6d7-4dea-8213-4257fa39cae8> | 2013-05-21T10:05:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ishbalan wrote:Also, I don't know why, but the animation style was weird for the first third.
Subtle Sorrow wrote:Is the Bald Censor guy actually in the Anime, or was it done by other people?
CallaLily wrote:Love this anime. Animation is nice, I'm so used to animation like Kyoto (nothing against Kyoto, I love them <3) so it was really unique.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests | <urn:uuid:4a2f3208-d100-45cf-be8d-16c0c4c9295a> | 2013-05-21T10:36:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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but if they desist1 then let there be no hostility, save against
the wicked. 189.
The warlike spirit is also stirred up by a reference to the wars of the
children of Israel and of Saul who in one case is confounded with Gideon,
showing that Muhammad's knowledge of Old Testament history was very confused.
The Israelites are represented as saying:
Why should we not fight for the religion of God, seeing We are dispossessed
of our habitations, and our children are driven forth.
How oft, by God's will, hath a small host vanquished a large host, and God is
with the patiently persevering.
Such are the signs of God. Sura Al-Baqarah (ii) 247, 250, 253.
Thus, just as the small host under Gideon overcame the Midianites, so would
the small host of Muslims overcome the Meccans, and such victories were God's
signs or witnesses to the truths which His prophets inculcated. In this way and
by such teaching Muhammad encouraged his followers. | <urn:uuid:46541775-ca20-49b5-acb1-379f89a5810e> | 2013-05-21T10:00:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ANSYS Maxwell is the premier electromagnetic field simulation software for engineers tasked with designing and analyzing 3-D and 2-D electromagnetic and electromechanical devices, including motors, actuators, transformers, sensors and coils. Maxwell uses the accurate finite element method to solve static, frequency-domain, and time-varying electromagnetic and electric fields. A key benefit of ANSYS Maxwell is its automated solution process, for which you are required to specify only geometry, material properties and the desired output. From this point, Maxwell automatically generates an appropriate, efficient and accurate mesh for solving the problem. This proven automatic adaptive meshing process removes complexity from the analysis process and allows you to benefit from a highly efficient, easy-to-use design flow.
A key feature in ANSYS Maxwell is the ability to generate high-fidelity, reduced-order models from the finite-element solution for use in ANSYS Simplorer, the multidomain system simulation software from ANSYS. This capability creates a powerful electromagnetic-based design flow that enables you to combine complex circuits with accurate component models from Maxwell to design complete high-performance electromechanical, mechatronic and power electronic systems. | <urn:uuid:d7c228b1-d84d-4f35-9b28-e0f351d69eef> | 2013-05-21T10:27:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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You pose some excellent questions, some of which you can find answers to in previous postings on this thread.
To elaborate a bit further, you need to realize that Hebrew is a beautiful language (I speak from experience with fluency in 7 languages) in which words have multiple meanings, borrowed meanings and convergent meanings. Some single words in Hebrew require 8 or 9 words in English to be satisfactorally translated.
The Hebrew AUDUM (I transliterate on purpose so you don't automatically think "Adam", the name of an individual, when you see that word) has three different meanings throughout the Bible and even in modern Hebrew. The word can be used to mean (1) human, humanity or humankind, as a species, (2) man, as opposed to female, and (3) Adam, the name of any individual by the name. In Genesis the word is employed in all three ways, depending on the context. It is actually easy to ascertain which meaning is intended from the context.
In verses 26 and 27 of chapter one, quoted above, the context makes it absolutely clear that AUDUM there refers to "human". There can be no reasonable doubt about it.
So why are some popular English translations wrong? For a combination of reasons. Ignorance, preconceived notions, mischief making, sloppiness, and agendas to be acted upon. | <urn:uuid:ccc1bc0a-e3e0-4819-8225-98aa710eca6a> | 2013-05-21T10:22:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Great Martyr George
Commemorated April 23
Troparion of St. George, Tone 4
As the deliverer of captives and the protector of the poor, as the physician of the feeble and combatant of kings, holy champion and great martyr George, intercede with Christ our God to save our souls.
Kontakion of St. George, Tone 4
Thou wast cultivated by God and didst become a most wonderful cultivator of piety, and didst harvest for thyself the sheaves of virtue, for having sown in tears thou didst reap in joy and having withstood to death thou art garnered for Christ. By thy intercessions, O Saint, thou dost obtain for us all remission of our sins. | <urn:uuid:dee79bbf-c5a0-488f-8dd7-c6b1aaafa8c9> | 2013-05-21T10:15:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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SoundSlate iPad App Review.
Are you looking for a way to easily mix up sounds to create an interesting new tune or even an innovative speech? Well, guess what! Now, there's an app that's especially designed to help you do just that. So, instead of going to a recording studio or to the store to buy the necessary devices, just go to the AppStore and download SoundSlate.
How SoundSlate works
SoundSlate's main purpose is to help you mix up different sounds. Whether you're a DJ, a musician or even a magician looking to create a one of a kind mix of sounds, SoundSlate is all you need to reach your goal. It's easier and faster to control it instead of using the devices in a recording studio. Plus, your final project will both sound and look good.
Once you download SoundSlate, all that's left for you to do is add as many soundboards as you like. Each soundboard is made up of multiple open spaces for you to add the sounds that you like. Just tap and hold on an empty space, and you're ready to go. You can choose a sound from a very diversified list provided by SoundSlate, or import it from your iPod Library. After settling upon a certain sound, it's time for you to add some final touches so that you get exactly what you are looking for. You can choose to activate the fade in option, fade out, repeat or stop other sounds while playing this one. Also, instead of picking up a song from your library or the SoundSlate playlist, you can add your own recording.
When you're done with the sound, it's time to move on to images and notes. If you want to make your sound more visual, you can add a picture from your photo library, your camera roll, take one, or pick a color. Therefore, when you're faced with a board filled with sounds, it will be easier to spot a certain sound, just by looking at it. Also, you can add notes and labels for a better differentiation of a particular sound from others. Once you've added enough sounds on the board, you can start playing (with) them. Tap once on every sound to play it, and again, to pause it. Or, better yet, pause or stop them all with a single tap on the buttons at the bottom of the screen. And, let the fun begin!
Too expensive for its features
Unfortunately, it's not all sunshine and rainbows with SoundSlate. While it is really easy to add a new sound, edit the soundboard or access the help menu, when it comes to editing a certain sound, this might prove to be a bit frustrating. I don't know if it's a bug or I misread the instructions, but I couldn't edit any sound after adding it to the board, no matter how hard I tried. And, since the app is not your average 99 cent app, it's only natural to expect the best from it.
All in all, SoundSlate is a useful app, if you're a DJ, a musician or even if you're just looking to make a speech seem more appealing by adding background sounds. However, if you're just looking to have some fun while mixing up sounds, SoundSlate might prove to be a little bit too expensive for your taste.
Have this iPad App already ?
What do you think of SoundSlate ? Scroll down for our comment section and let us know! | <urn:uuid:fd1fd27d-5c6f-4079-ae0b-e6176b285ab9> | 2013-05-21T10:14:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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See another side of Nixon in 'Ike and Dick'
The boss didn't like you very much.
You sometimes wondered why you were ever hired, in fact. From the beginning, he was critical, secretive and never let you know you'd overstepped your boundaries until you'd run past them by a mile.
And you took the job anyhow. And you learned because you knew that the boss doesn't have to like you. Still, it might've helped — but would that change history? Possibly ... as you'll see in the new book "Ike and Dick: Portrait of a Strange Political Marriage" by Jeffrey Frank.
After his service in World War II, Dwight "Ike" Eisenhower wasn't sure he wanted the presidency. So many of Washington's politicians were pushing him toward it, but the truth was, Eisenhower was more comfortable with his military and business friends than with politicians. He didn't even know that the choice of vice president would be his. With the help of a committee, he chose Dick Nixon from a list of possibilities.
Nixon and Eisenhower had met, briefly, once or twice before. Nixon, the consummate strategic politician, was young and energetic but not well-liked. He very much wanted to be on the 1952 ticket with Eisenhower, even though Nixon's wife, Pat, was adamantly against any further campaigning.
Almost immediately after being chosen, scandal enveloped the gregarious Nixon.
The Democrats accused him of accepting secret funds, an accusation he escaped by refuting the charges on live TV (then in its infancy). But the mess was enough to put doubt in the mind of the reticent Eisenhower, who left Nixon dangling on the question of whether the latter was still on the ticket.
He was, though the same thing would happen again four years later when Eisenhower was asked to run again as the incumbent. He never seemed to be entirely comfortable with Nixon's eager political wrangling, but he needed Nixon's political skills, his adeptness in overseas diplomacy and his civil rights work.
Later, he needed Nixon to be in charge when Eisenhower almost lost his life.
And, of course, the rest of the story is that we had Nixon to kick around for many years to come. There's much more to it than that, though, and "Ike and Dick" gives you the whole amazing story.
I liked this book, not entirely because of the political history that constitutes most of it, but because author Frank subtly pulled me into life in the 1950s. In light of the past few elections' viciousness, what Frank shares almost seems quaint.
I was also very interested in learning about each man's private personality, particularly that of Nixon. Curiously, the Nixon whom Frank writes about was not the same person who became president. Nixon as veep was breezier, perhaps, and savvier. His youth showed, and I was fascinated.
This isn't a book for everybody but if you miss it, I think you'll be sorry. "Ike and Dick" is definitely government-as-unusual (in relation to what we have now) — and if you're captivated by that, then you'll like it very much.
Terri Schlichenmeyer has been reading since she was 3 years old. She lives on a hill in Wisconsin with two dogs and 12,000 books. | <urn:uuid:42509ef6-24a2-404f-adef-3b5c1223fc07> | 2013-05-21T10:21:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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For many, 1066 is the date when the Middle Ages began. Centuries of castles, cathedrals and churches followed, busy with chivalry, the Crusades and crop-rotation, all ending some time around 1500.
This, of course, is an over-simplification, just as the term Middle Ages itself is. For a long time, the civilisations of the Romans and the Renaissance were admired; everything in between – the ages in the middle - was regarded as inferior, a period of decline, disease and instability. Only with the Victorians was there some attempt to reconsider these centuries. They, like us, were transfixed by the imaginative leaps of medieval buildings and their intense spirituality.
Certain themes dominate medieval architecture. First, the church was central to everyday life. Usually the most impressive building in the neighbourhood was the parish church, and the finest buildings created were the great stone cathedrals. Secondly, society was strictly ordered. For most of the Middle Ages, the hierarchy of the Feudal System dominated: the majority were poor peasants living in simple dwellings that have long disappeared. A few, the lords and clergy, were rich. Their castles, manor houses, monasteries and colleges by comparison were splendid constructions, and have survived in some form. Thirdly, although technology was limited, building methods and styles did evolve. Throughout the Gothic style dominated, but in a myriad of forms. | <urn:uuid:3430628b-d0a6-4d37-891c-b80e7d9c973f> | 2013-05-21T10:36:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Duke’s Charter, 1664
By this charter, King Charles II of England granted land that includes present-day New York, New Jersey, most of Maine, and parts of Connecticut and Pennsylvania to his brother James, Duke of York (later James II, King of England). The charter, or royal patent, was awarded on March 12, 1664, and sets up a proprietary colony. It gives James authority to send an armed force to compel the Dutch surrender of the New Netherland province to the English, and allows him to delegate the administration of matters of law, trade, rebellion, and defense in the colony.
New York State Archives [Series B1371, Charter of the proprietary colony from Charles II to the Duke of York, 1664] | <urn:uuid:3ed293de-0ede-4d43-afdb-89071e20b96a> | 2013-05-21T10:06:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The fund seeks to provide investment results that match the performance of a blended managed futures index benchmark.
An alternative to "long-only" commodity funds
Exposure to a blend of indexed managed futures strategies
Attractive mix of return, risk and low correlation to traditional assets (i.e., stocks and bonds)
Opportunity for positive returns during times of economic and/or market distress
An alternative to illiquid managed futures or CTA funds
Arrow Managed Futures Strategy Fund is a mutual fund that seeks to provide exposure to the global futures market by providing exposure to a blend of two managed futures indexes: Trader Vic Index (TVI) and A.I. Managed Futures Volatility Index (AIMFV). With the ability to go long or short, the fund is designed to capture the economic benefit derived from both rising and declining trends from a diverse cross section of futures markets. As an asset class, managed futures are a compelling choice for investors seeking portfolio diversification, exposure to non-traditional assets (such as commodities and currencies), and seeking access to directional trading strategies. One of the key features of managed futures is their historically low correlation to traditional assets, which make them an attractive and efficient portfolio diversification tool. Additionally, managed futures have the potential to exhibit strong performance during periods of stress in the markets.
Index Exposure: The fund's benchmark consists of an equal blend of two index strategies: Trader Vic Index (TVI) and A.I. Managed Futures Volatility Index (AIMFV).
The Trader Vic Index (TVI) is comprised of 14 sectors across a 50/50 combination of financials and commodities. These sectors are made up of 24 diverse components, which were chosen based on fundamental characteristics of liquidity, economic importance and credit stability. Each month, the TVI's sector exposures are rebalanced and the components are positioned either long or short based on moving average indicators customized for each sector. The only exception is the energy sector, which is either long or neutral (zero allocation) due to the potential for geopolitical risks uniquely associated with assets such as oil and gas. Should the energy sector take a neutral position, its weightings are allocated proportionately to the other sectors.
The A.I. Managed Futures Volatility Index (AIMFV) is a long/short/flat diversified managed futures index. The AIMFV is a systematic and quantitative-based index of numerous components that serve as a proxy for exposures to economic sectors related to financial instruments, commodity markets and volatility futures. This exposure is complimented with innovative overlays that account for seasonality and efficiency at the individual component level. All of the AIMFV components (inlcuding energies) may be positioned as long, short or flat (neutral/cash). If a flat position is determined, the index allocates to cash at the component weighting percentage. | <urn:uuid:cbdd5b44-ee62-44e0-8760-cabaa2dde51f> | 2013-05-21T10:36:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Notes on the alphabetizing of names on this site: Following common practice, Italian "place" names (containing -da- , -di- or -della -, for example) are generally listed under the artist's first name (e.g. Leonardo da Vinci is under "L"). We have attempted to list Asian artists under their family name, although they may be written as last-name-first-name or Westernized as first-name-last-name. Extremely well-known artists are generally listed under their familiar names (e.g. Rembrandt, van Gogh). All other names are generally listed under the last word in the artist's name.|
A faster and simpler approach is to use our custom search engine. It also contains common variants on many artist names - Bruegel vs. Brueghel, Raphael vs. Raffaello Sanzio, etc. | <urn:uuid:ed14d387-c7d7-4627-8133-8a655149c02a> | 2013-05-21T10:27:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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You are creative and want to join an exciting artistic community. Register now to exhibit.
You have an artistic event to promote. You can submit it to our services for a wide diffusion over different channels.
You would like to target a creative audience. We offer different display zones on the site. | <urn:uuid:e663750e-3ecb-471c-9788-d61c5cb317f6> | 2013-05-21T09:58:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Midway through "Martin Kippenberger: The Problem Perspective," a show I expected to be good but uneven, I found myself stunned. I had just been through several galleries filled with his early work -- a painting of a fragmenting Guggenheim Museum, a photo of Kippenberger holding a bomb with the World Trade Center behind him, a brown Ford sprinkled with oat flakes, a mannequin of the artist standing in a corner, and what looks like a self-portrait bearing the title The Mother of Joseph Beuys. Then, in a room packed with The Peter Sculptures, a tremendous installation that looked like a storeroom or a swap meet, I understood. The curators, Ann Goldstein and Ann Temkin, were shutting down the awful academic echo chamber that has tried to turn Kippenberger into one cutout caricature or another: cagey gamesman, esthetic tinkerer, fun drunk, anti-hero. They let his insurrectionary freedom and radicalism come out.
Kippenberger, who died in 1997 at the age of 44 from cirrhosis brought on by his prodigious drinking, was a live wire. He spoke in pungent aphorisms. He called exhibitions "a running gag." Art schools were "the most stupid of all educational institutions." The art market was like "screwing your dick to the wall." (A nude photo of the artist suggests this would have been an extensive task.) He referred to himself variously as "a woman," "an alky," "a sales representative" and "the holy Saint Martin." He led a peripatetic life. Early in his career he settled in Florence, trying to become a film actor. Then he moved to Berlin, where he co-founded the gallery/crash pad "Kippenbergers Buro," ran a nightclub, and started a punk band. In one memorable incident, he went into a bar and acted like a Nazi until patrons beat him up. Then he painted a picture of himself, battered and bandaged. (Another aphorism: "You may behave like an asshole, but you must never be one.")
Later on, he grew wealthy, having inherited 700,000 Deutschmarks from his mother, who had been killed by a pallet falling off a truck. (After which Kippenberger started making art out of pallets.) From then, he moved among multiple residences, in Paris, Cologne, L.A. and Spain; opened the "Martin Bormann Gas Station" in Brazil; founded an art museum on a Greek island; and turned a Gerhard Richter monochrome into a cheap coffee table. If Robert Rauschenberg was the American Picasso -- constantly innovating and working, and also prone to churning out crud -- Kippenberger is the German Rauschenberg.
For the past decade, the world has been dominated by a chilly mix of Warhol’s use of culture as material, Richter’s ideas about photographs and abstraction and Richard Prince’s notions of appropriation. It’s an international style that too many people use to produce art that looks like other art. Kippenberger’s work is powerful enough to scatter that esthetic weather system. It’s deeply imprinted with received theories about reproduction, popular culture and photography, but it never feels like it comes out of a cookie cutter. He created his own theory and then blew it to bits. Skepticism was his weapon of esthetic destruction.
In "The Problem Perspective," the curators give us Kippenberger the bacchanalian art-making machine, hanging several hundred works, some in dim nooks or high on walls. A lamppost sculpture with a Santa hat occupies the space usually held by Rodin’s Balzac. This is the most alive the new MoMA has looked, and it puts the overriding content of Kippenberger’s work into sharp focus: inner necessity, a frenzy against control, the need to pulverize clichés and desperation built upon the fear of a short life. Most important, he was comfortable holding seemingly contradictory positions at once. Kippenberger instinctively grasped that ideologies and hierarchies were moribund, that formalism and technique are flexible and that one can be idealistic without being utopian. These are keys for young artists looking for ways around pessimism and gamesmanship.
Although there’s much here that comes off as garish or schlocky, I left loving Kippenberger more than ever. People often complain that he never made a single great artwork. On the contrary: In his paintings he’s obviously battling with art history, especially the German variety, but his canvases are visually intense and physically and materially alive, establishing their own powerful conceptual orbits. In his sculpture, he is absolutely free, setting his own agenda -- it’s impossible to imagine today’s sculpture without Kippenberger. A grid of 55 early black-and-white canvases of postcards and photos (done while he was in Florence) already shows his sense of subject matter and skill, and his artistic wrestling match with Richter. His 1988 self-portraits -- showing himself as big as a blimp, in underpants pulled high -- parody macho male painters. The latex paintings with stuff jutting from them are amazements; a 1984 abstraction with a hint of a swastika, provocatively titled With the Best Will in the World, I Can’t See a Swastika, sees that one generation of Germans was trying to forget the symbol while a younger one was coming to terms with its elders’ willed blindness. Either way, the painting is some kind of late-20th-century masterpiece.
In the final two series, we see Kippenberger posing like Picasso’s last wife, Jacqueline, subtitling the piece The Paintings Pablo Couldn’t Paint Anymore. Then he poses like figures from Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa, inserting himself into (and once again tangling with) art history. He was burning as bright, hot and fervid as he ever had, proving that he wasn’t going complacent or scared. "An artist who opposes himself still has the best chances to reach some result," Kippenberger said. "The Problem Perspective" reveals just how deeply divided he was -- and how powerful internal opposition can be.
"Martin Kippenberger: The Problem Perspective," at the Museum of Modern Art, Mar. 1-May 11, 2009, 11 West 53rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10019
JERRY SALTZ is art critic for New York magazine. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:a5ae6c3c-27dc-4826-9c12-8e7aeecd8767> | 2013-05-21T10:34:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Courtroom atmospheres, deposition testimony, and cross-examinations have long-standing oral traditions and culture. How does an individual who does not speak participate in such traditions?
Individuals who have severe communication impairments of speech and/or writing may accomplish their communication potential through the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Communication through AAC techniques, symbols, and strategies, however, is not familiar to judges, attorneys, and court recorders within most courtrooms.
How do speech-language pathologists adequately prepare persons with complex communication needs (PWCCN) to participate within a cultural environment that is entrenched and centered on the spoken word? What graphic symbols best represent legal concepts such as "oath," "testimony," "swearing in," and "legal capacity"? How do PWCCN achieve their right to access justice when their "voice" is communicated through a communication assistant and/or through assistive technology? How may SLPs facilitate modifications within the justice system that allow for an appropriate amount of time for persons with severe physical challenges to respond to a rapid series of questions from attorneys or police? At present, access to justice for persons with severe expressive disorders is difficult.
The Legal Arena
Suppose that an SLP is invited to serve as an expert witness in a case involving a PWCCN. The SLP will work with police, lawyers, and judges in connection with a client. It will be necessary to establish an assessment tool that describes the capacity of the client to testify in court. As an expert witness, the SLP will be challenged immediately by opposing counsel regarding the SLP's competence as an expert as well as his or her choice of assessment tool(s).
SLPs also need to understand the key differences between the clinical and legal arenas. The justice system is centered on "winning" and "losing." Insurance companies participate in determining when to settle and "walk away" and end the case. Another difference is the process of evaluation of the client's communication skills. For example, sometimes a proposal for an evaluation must first be submitted to the court and both attorneys for approval before any contact with an individual is permitted. Thus, the SLP may prepare by reading hundreds of pages of clinical and educational reports regarding an individual with an expressive communication disability, and may then need to seek approval for each proposed diagnostic strategy before the actual evaluation. Modifications to the proposed plan may be suggested by either attorney or the judge.
Experts in litigation today must be familiar with the origin and significance of the Daubert case (Bernstein & Hartsell, 2005). This 1993 landmark decision (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms. , 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed.2d 469) resulted in specific instructions for expert testimony introduced into the courtroom. Basically, Daubert's rule established requirements for admissibility of expert testimony, including whether or not the employed technique has been peer-reviewed and published, has a known error rate, can be tested, and is a generally accepted practice within the field.
As expert witnesses, SLPs need to prepare for testimony with the understanding that their scientific knowledge will be tested by the opposing attorney, challenged regarding peer reviews and publications, and examined for potential errors and general acceptance by their own scholarly community. Every word and comma in their expert reports will be scrutinized. Although SLPs may feel confident in their professional knowledge base and clinical skills in AAC, writing and defending the expert report within the legal system is very different from preparing a clinical report for a public school or medical facility. To prepare a report for testimony, SLPs need to translate their clinical knowledge into a legally useful form without using jargon, and to follow the rules, roles, and procedures for written reports according to legal tradition. These evaluations and reports must be precise so as not to introduce any reasonable doubt. Failure to understand the purpose and use of a written report may result in a damaging cross-examination and may undermine the SLP's credibility.
One example of potential difficulty is establishing a legal capacity for expressive communication when that expression is an alternative form to speech. As yet, there is no legal definition of "capacity" for testimony if not through speech. The definition of "capacity" is important—a client must be judged to have the "capacity" to participate, because a legal case may set a precedent. When assistive technologies, such as speech-generating devices (SGDs) or voice output communication aids (VOCAs), are introduced, the question arises: Does the legal capacity (or definition of expressive communication competence) shift when an SGD is used? In other words, if an individual communicates through technology, is the individual legally more capable as a witness than if he or she communicates without an SGD? Might SLPs need to perform two evaluations for the court? One evaluation might be conducted to determine "communication capacity" without technology and another evaluation might determine "communication capacity" with technology or AAC strategy.
Courtrooms may not be accustomed to working with people who use AAC systems. During depositions and testimony, court recorders transcribe speech, but now they must transcribe the language of graphic symbols as reported through communication assistants or through synthetic or digitized speech available within the various technologies. Legal counsel typically examines and cross-examines clients on the witness stand in the courtroom. However, the witness stand may not accommodate a person with a disability seated in a power wheelchair and his or her communication partner; SLPs may need to suggest modifications to courtroom seating arrangements. Judges may not accept testimony by a communication assistant in lieu of actual testimony by the client. Training programs for judges and attorneys may be necessary for greater acceptance of communication through AAC systems and other strategies.
Attorneys often challenge the origins of the communication messages; i.e., the "independence" of each communication message may be examined and cross-examined if programmed by the SLP. The "author" of each communication expression emerging from a synthesized or digitized SGD may be scrutinized. SLPs may be accused of speaking for individuals whom they are assisting. Such challenges can be addressed if the SLP orients attorneys and judges prior to the trial to the person's disabilities, use of AAC, types of vocabulary, and characteristics of appropriate questioning techniques for PWCCN. SLPs will need to understand that individuals are eligible for accommodations, and that they may be responsible for requesting accommodations on behalf of the individual and his or her assistants.
Scope of Practice Issues
Responsibilities for SLPs are expanding as public agencies are processing an increasing number of complaints on behalf of consumers. Cases of abuse, fraud, malpractice, and denial of basic services to PWCCN impact speech-language pathology practices because communication is often at the core of each case. In an administrative or court proceeding, SLPs may become involved in legal practices and procedures that extend beyond their education and training. SLPs need to acquire the knowledge and skills to assist individuals who use AAC in pursuing their basic human right to access justice (Huer et al., 2006). An SLP preparing to testify in these types of court cases should acquire knowledge and skills such as:
- Becoming familiar with the legal process, including understanding the steps and procedures for pre-trial processes, discovery, and investigation
- Learning the basic rules of law, including definitions such as legal "capacity" to testify, and consistency and reliability of testimony by PWCCN
- Identifying the various challenges to testimony and to evaluation
- Advocating for accommodations for PWCCN, when appropriate, throughout the legal process
SLPs who enter the legal arena must coordinate their activities with the attorney with whom they are working. "Full disclosure by the attorney of the nature and characteristics of the proceedings, a thorough review of the SLP's testimony, and extensive rehearsal are the key elements of a successful relationship and the necessary ingredients to maximize the potential for a positive outcome for the client," according to Lew Golinker, an attorney with the Assistive Technology Law Center in Ithaca, NY.
SLPs need to know the procedures involved in the filing of charges and questioning of clients. When a client who does not use speech for expressive communication is questioned, new challenges emerge. Procedural rules create the need for new or different types of practices or procedures in AAC. The conversations between the SLP and the client, the programming of AAC device, and the rules for conversations during court proceedings must be understood in advance; if not, the case may be thrown out or introduce "reasonable doubt," possibly affecting the outcome of the case.
In addition, procedural rules for legal proceedings demand that testimony during depositions and during a trial be the same. The person with a disability as well as SLPs need to understand the necessity for consistency and reliability of response every time the same question is asked and answered. Further, when communicating through alternative forms for expressive communication, it may be difficult to convey to a PWCCN—especially one with intellectual disability—the meaning of "testifying under oath." If the communication is through graphic symbols, what does the symbol for "oath" look like? (See page 7 for a photo that has been used to communicate this concept.)
The person with a disability should understand what to expect and what is expected prior to testifying in court. The SLP should realize, and explain to the client, that testimony during a police investigation is different from testifying in court, especially during cross-examination. Often, contact with police in filing a complaint is brief, and courtroom procedures often occur long after the initial complaint. This time lapse may prove challenging for a witness who has difficulty with long-term memory, and the SLP may need to find ways to remind the client about past events without leading the person to the "correct" answer.
Litigation consultation is a relatively new arena for SLPs. Legal advocacy for PWCCN is a complex process that is only beginning to be identified and understood by professionals in the field of AAC. While involvement in legal issues is an exciting extension of practice, SLPs should pursue additional education before entering into the legal arena (see sidebar for resources). During courtroom cross-examination, the written reports and professional credibility of the SLP are as much in question as the capacities of the person with a disability. With appropriate knowledge and skills, advocating for justice for people who use AAC is an important responsibility for SLPs. | <urn:uuid:0fb998a9-5e9f-4d5c-a102-efcf260468d9> | 2013-05-21T10:28:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It was Friday evening and Yoona walked along the street searching for the right bar where the welcome party would be.
When she finally found it, she called Yuri.
“Uhm, sorry Yoona-yah but I think I won’t be able to come. I’ve got a really bad headache.”
“Oh, all right, then get well soon.”
Dissapointed she looked at her phone. Without Yuri it wouldn’t be that much fun. Just because she didn’t know any other people except of some she had talked to while lecutres.
A little bit nervous she went inside the bar where a waitress escorted her to the reserved room.
Inside were already many people. Everyone was talking, laughing and drinking.
“Ah, someone new!”, a guy called when he saw Yoona and everyone looked at her.
“Hi...!”, she said and waved.
“What’s your name, pretty girl?!”, another guy asked and everyone laughed.
“Im Yoon-Ah, nice to meet you.”
“Nice to meet you, Yoona!”, everyone said and applaused.
Now Yoona also started to laugh. The atmosphere was filled with fun.
Quickly some girls called her over to sit beside them. Happily she went to them and sat down. After they introduced themselves they began to talk and drink.
Yoona didn’t drink much. She wasn’t someone who couldn’t cope with too much.
When the door opened another time her eyes widened.
Taecyeon came inside with some of his friends. When he also saw her and their eyes met he smiled. Yoona quickly looked away. Of course her new friends noticed that.
“Yoona-yah~ Taecyeon-shi is smiling at you why are you looking away?”, Sooyoung said teasingly.
“Yes, why are you looking away from me?”, Taecyeon asked who suddenly sat on the opposite side of the desk.
“Why are you talking to me again, you beast?”, Yoona said and crossed her arms in front of her chest.
“Oh come on, beauty~ Why are you so mean? I only want to become friends with you.”
“Right, Yoona-yah! Don’t be so mean!”, Tiffany said and then turned to Taecyeon, “Come, let’s switch places.”
“Wh-What?!”, Yoona asked shocked and wanted to stop Tiffany but Taecyeon already sat down.
She sighed and made a face.
“Yah, when you make a face like that you’ll get wrinkles.”
“What does it have to do with you anyways? It’s my face and I can do with it what I want.”
He sighed in dissapointment and got himself a glass and a bottle of soju. “And I thought you are someone I could have fun with. But you’re so boring. I bet you don’t even drink.”
“Of course I do.”, Yoona said. Her pride was hurt when he said she was boring. Noone called her boring!
“Oh, really?”, he asked and smiled triumphant , “How about a competition then?”
Yoona bit on her lower lip. Damnit, she couldn’t! But she also didn’t want to lose against him.
“All right, I’ll do it.”, she then bravely said.
“Maybe you aren’t that boring.”, Taecyeon said and got another glass which he placed in front of her and immediately filled with alcohol.
After he filled both glasses he held his up and cheered: “That we become good friends~”
Yoona just stick out her tongue and then both of them drank.
After about 30 minutes they had emptied about 2 and a half bottles of soju.
And Yoona was clearly drunk. She kept on filling the glasses, laughed loudly and even danced with him.
“So?! Am I shtill shat boring~?”, she asked and grinned.
“I have to admit you can be quite funny but I think you’ve drank enough for today.”, Taecyeon said and took the bottle away from her. He still wasn’t drunk – thanks to the many parties he went to.
“But why~? I shtill wand to drink~!”
“No, I really think it’s enough and maybe you should go home, too.”
“But I don wanna!”, she whined like a kid when she suddenly went pale.
“Yah, what’s wrong?”, Taecyeon asked alarmed.
“I think I’m shick.”
“Oh crap...” That was the bad thing about drunken girls. They always tend to be sick.
Quickly he helped her up.
“We’ll be going now!”
“Uhhh, you’re leaving together? Hyung you’re such a playboy!”, the guys laughed and he quickly brought her outside.
“Yah! Don’t puke! Understood?”
“I’m a’right, I’m a’right.”, Yoona said and wanted to walk away. Taecyeon quickly grabbed her.
“Uhhh I’m so tired...”
Taecyeon sighed. So troublesome. Suddenly she became heavier and fell onto him.
“Yoona? Yah, Im Yoona!”, he clicked his tongue, “Just falling asleep like this...”
Because he didn’t know any other way he lifted her up on his arms.
“You should be really gratefull for this.”, and so he walked down the street.
The next morning Yoona was woken up by the sunlight which shone on her face.
She slowly opened her eyes. Wow...such a nice body...this chest is really well trained...I have to be dreaming...
She closed her eyes again and stroked the chest. Then she opened her eyes again in suspense. Stop. This isn’t a dream...this is...
“Kyaaaaah!!!”, she screamed which made Taecyeon wake up.
“Yah, why are you screaming?”, he asked.
“What are you doing here?!”
He looked at her with sleepy eyes: “Me? I’m living here.”
“Don’t lie, this is...”, she looked around her, “...not my apartment.”
She grabbed her head with her hands. Why was she here? What had happened?
Taecyeon grinned: “Do you want to know what happened last night?”
Still shocked she looked at his face and then at his bare chest. Stop, why was he only wearing...was he even wearing pants? She really didn’t want know at was more then happy that the blanket covered his lower body.
When she looked down on herself she gasped. Why was she only wearing a big white shirt?!
Taecyeon still grinned at her. “So, do you want to know?” Well, he was treating her like something really happened but to be honest the night had been more than unspectacular. He would even say it had been frustrating. After he had carried her back to the dormitory he had wanted to bring her into her apartment but this girl had been so clingy that he hadn’t been able to get the key out of her bag. So he had decided to just take her with him. And also to scare her a little. Which definitly had worked out.
“Don’t come near me, you perverted beast!!!!”, she screamed and hit him with a cushion.
Then she jumped of the bed, quickly grabbed her things which she found on a chair and left the apartment.
Cursing and still shocked she slammed the door and walked to her apartment.
“He’s such a jerk!”, she silently hissed.
“Uhm...good morning, Yoona-shi.”
Yoona froze. Oh no... when she looked up, Donghae stood in front of her scrutinizing her puzzled.
“I’ll be going now...”, he then said and quickly went away.
When Yoona got into her apartment and closed the door she cried out in frustration.
Damnit! Damnit! Damnit! Why did it had to be Donghae out of all people to see her like that?!
Now he would definitly think she had something with Taecyeon...
^ Back to Top | <urn:uuid:a0fb6bc8-d172-4a66-85be-09658c70f2b2> | 2013-05-21T10:27:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|START Conference Manager|
ASIST 2012 Annual Meeting
Baltimore, MD, October 26-30, 2012
Analysis of Multimedia Needs and Searching Features
EunKyung Chung and JungWon Yoon
To understand users' multimedia needs and searching behaviors on the Web, this study observed twenty college students' multimedia searching behaviors with interviews in Korea. By analyzing the data set of this study, the preliminary findings are presented in terms of needs and uses, searching sources, relevance criteria, and search barriers for multimedia resources. Participants tend to search multimedia resources with diverse needs and uses. With a wide variety of needs, participants are likely to search multimedia resources using search engines mostly because of their familiarity. Particularly, criteria for relevance judgment from entertainment needs are recognized as file quality and copyrights. Searching barriers for multimedia were characterized in terms of insufficient visual description and limited preview features. | <urn:uuid:08ace017-1b9a-4c0f-b870-b3fd3b02088a> | 2013-05-21T10:20:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When setting out to trim a mustache or beard, it’s crucially important to learn how to do it correctly. Many people start growing facial hair without thinking through what they’re trying to achieve, which is often quite problematic. The fact is, learning how to trim a moustache is actually rather easy. As long as you take the following tips into consideration, you can grow your moustache with the confidence of knowing how to properly maintain it.
One of the most common mistakes made by those who have just started growing a moustache is trimming it too early. In order for the moustache to grow evenly, it is important to allow your stubble to grow for at least two weeks before attempting to trim it. This will form the base of the moustache, and will allow you to shape it how you wish.
When it comes time to trim your moustache, the two tools you’ll need are a brush and a pair of scissors. Brush your moustache with as fine-toothed a comb you can find until it is straight. Shape the sides and bottom of the moustache by holding the scissors at an angle and carefully beginning to trim. Ensure that you only trim a very small amount of hair at a time, as it can be very difficult to fix any mistakes you make if you trim off too much at once.
Once your moustache is shaped the way you’d like it, it is important to maintain its volume on a regular basis. If you begin to feel as if your moustache is bushier than you’d like it to be, you can reduce its volume by trimming the top hairs down very carefully. Use your upper lip as a guide when attempting to reduce volume. | <urn:uuid:e53fcee2-e20c-4f99-8dcf-ce2b5209f4ef> | 2013-05-21T10:06:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Pregnancy & Childbirth
- Attachment Parenting
- Family Nutrition
- Family Wellness
1. Breathe naturally between contractions, as you do when you are falling asleep.
2. When a contraction begins, inhale deeply and slowly through your nose, and then slowly exhale through your mouth in a long, steady stream. As you breathe out, let your facial muscles relax and your limbs go limp as you imagine the tension leaving your body. Think of this exhalation as a long sigh of release.
3. As the contraction peaks, remind yourself to continue breathing at a relaxed, comfortable rate.
4. Ask your partner to remind you to slow down if you start breathing too fast in response to an intense contraction. Have him take slow, relaxed breaths along with you.
5. If you still find yourself breathing too fast, stop for a minute and take a deep breath, followed by a long, drawn-out blow, as if you are blowing off steam. Do this periodically to remind yourself to slow down.
6. Partners should watch the mother's breathing patterns for cues as to how she is coping. Slow, deep, rhythmic breathing shows that she is handling her contractions well. Fast, spasmodic breathing communicates tension and anxiety. Use massage, model proper breathing, or suggest a change of position.
7. Don't pant. Panting is not natural for humans. (Dogs and cats in labor pant because they don't sweat. It's their way of releasing body heat. ) Panting not only exhausts you, it lessens your oxygen intake and may lead to hyperventilation.
8. Don't hyperventilate. Breathing too fast and too heavily blows off too much carbon dioxide, causing you to feel light-headed and have tingling sensations in your fingers, toes, and face. Some women tend to hyperventilate during the height of intense contractions and need caring reminders to relax their breathing. If you start to hyperventilate, breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth, as slowly as you can.
9. Don't hold your breath. Even during the strain of pushing, the blue in the face, blood-vessel-popping breath holding you see in movies is not only exhausting, but deprives you and your baby of much-needed oxygen. | <urn:uuid:02cf7eb2-61df-45a3-9cf1-a9f376040a72> | 2013-05-21T10:27:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for 28 grades of titanium and titanium alloy tubing intended for surface condensers, evaporators, and heat exchangers, as follows:
1.1.1 Grade 1—Unalloyed titanium,
1.1.2 Grade 2—Unalloyed titanium,
184.108.40.206 Grade 2H—Unalloyed titanium (Grade 2 with 58 ksi minimum UTS),
1.1.3 Grade 3—Unalloyed titanium,
1.1.4 Grade 7—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium,
220.127.116.11 Grade 7H—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium (Grade 7 with 58 ksi minimum UTS),
1.1.5 Grade 9—Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium),
1.1.6 Grade 11—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12 to 0.25 % palladium,
1.1.7 Grade 12—Titanium alloy (0.3 % molybdenum, 0.8 % nickel),
1.1.8 Grade 13—Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium),
1.1.9 Grade 14—Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium),
1.1.10 Grade 15—Titanium alloy (0.5 % nickel, 0.05 % ruthenium),
1.1.11 Grade 16—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,
18.104.22.168 Grade 16H—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium (Grade 16 with 58 ksi minimum UTS),
1.1.12 Grade 17—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,
1.1.13 Grade 18—Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.04 to 0.08 % palladium,
1.1.14 Grade 26—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium,
22.214.171.124 Grade 26H—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium (Grade 26 with 58 ksi minimum UTS),
1.1.15 Grade 27—Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium,
1.1.16 Grade 28—Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium) plus 0.08 to 0.14 % ruthenium,
1.1.17 Grade 30—Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium),
1.1.18 Grade 31—Titanium alloy (0.3 % cobalt, 0.05 % palladium),
1.1.19 Grade 33—Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium),
1.1.20 Grade 34—Titanium alloy (0.4 % nickel, 0.015 % palladium, 0.025 % ruthenium, 0.15 % chromium),
1.1.21 Grade 35—Titanium alloy (4.5 % aluminum, 2 % molybdenum, 1.6 % vanadium, 0.5 % iron, 0.3 % silicon),
1.1.22 Grade 36—Titanium alloy (45 % niobium),
1.1.23 Grade 37—Titanium alloy (1.5 % aluminum), and
1.1.24 Grade 38—Titanium alloy (4 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium, 1.5 % iron).
Note 1—H grade material is identical to the corresponding numeric grade (that is, Grade 2H = Grade 2) except for the higher guaranteed minimum UTS, and may always be certified as meeting the requirements of its corresponding numeric grade. Grades 2H, 7H, 16H, and 26H are intended primarily for pressure vessel use.
The H grades were added in response to a user association request based on its study of over 5200 commercial Grade 2, 7, 16, and 26 test reports, where over 99 % met the 58 ksi minimum UTS.
1.2 Tubing covered by this specification shall be heat treated by at least a stress relief as defined in 5.3.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E1409 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by the Inert Gas Fusion Technique
E1447 Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion Thermal Conductivity/Infrared Detection Method
E1941 Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refractory and Reactive Metals and Their Alloys by Combustion Analysis
E2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Atomic Emission Plasma Spectrometry
E2626 Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive and Refractory Metals
seamless tubing; titanium; titanium alloy; tubing; welded/cold worked tubing; welded tubing ; Condenser and heat exchanger systems--titanium/titanium alloy; Palladium (titanium plus palladium)--specifications; Titanium alloy pipe/tube--specifications; Titanium plus palladium--specifications; Titanium (Ti)/alloys--specifications; UNS R50250 (Ti, unalloyed); UNS R50400 (Ti, unalloyed); UNS R50700 (Ti, unalloyed); UNS R52250 (Ti, low-alloyed); UNS R52400 (Ti, low-alloyed); UNS R53400 (Ti alloy); UNS R54520 (Ti alloy); UNS R56320 (Ti alloy); UNS R58030 (Ti alloy); Welded Ti/Ti alloy--specifications; UNS R50550 (Ti, unalloyed)
ICS Number Code 23.040.15 (Non-ferrous metal pipes)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
[Back to Top] | <urn:uuid:fe8040e6-6ee7-4fe7-8920-5ddae732a91e> | 2013-05-21T10:35:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Smoke signals, drum telegraphs, and the marathon runner are all examples of man’s effort to conquer the tyranny of distance. However, the first truly successful solution to the problem of rapidly transmitting language across space was the Frenchman Claude Chappe’s optical telegraph.
Chappe's chain of stone towers, topped by 10-ft. poles and 14-ft. pivoting cross members, and spaced as far apart as the eye could see, was first demonstrated to the public in March of 1791 on the Champs Elysees.
Chappe created a language of 9,999 words, each represented by a different position of the swinging arms. When operated by well-trained optical telegraphers, the system was extraordinarily quick. Messages could be transmitted up to 150 miles in two minutes.
Eventually the French military saw the value of Chappe’s invention, and lines of his towers were built out from Paris to Dunkirk and Strasbourg. Within a decade, a network of optical telegraph lines crisscrossed the nation. When Napoleon seized power in 1799, he used the optical telegraph to dispatch the message, “Paris is quiet and the good citizens are content.”
Renovated in 1998, the optical telegraph next to the Rohan Castle in Saverne functioned as part of the Strasbourg line from 1798 until 1852. It is one of several remaining relay points in the system that can still be visited today. | <urn:uuid:037f0d01-4445-4b30-a9aa-e9be13b62c53> | 2013-05-21T10:07:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Overall, the content of this audiobook was interesting - Ariely tends to wander off on tangents, and his personal parables detract from the research based information presented, but the subject matter was nonetheless quite engrossing. What turned me off from this audiobook was the unfortunate narration. The narrator has a very affected British accent - there was a certain ridiculousness in his reading of the book that was very distracting. I would recommend purchasing the actual text and skipping this audiobook.
Report Inappropriate Content | <urn:uuid:52b9f51b-42e0-4b94-ab50-f9caef479891> | 2013-05-21T10:09:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Saint Bernard of
Clairvaux, Abbot - ca. 1090 - 1153
St. Bernard established the Cistercian order as a model for monastic reform throughout Europe and wrote influential commentaries on the Song of Songs and other topics. He is portrayed in the white habit of the order, often accompanied by a devil on a chain, which might refer to the temptations he overcame or possibly the exorcisms attributed to him in the Golden Legend. Another attribute is a white dog (example), referring to a dream his mother had when she was carrying him.
Feast day: August 20
At left, a Lippi painting of St. Bernard
A 1486 Filippino Lippi painting
A 1710 painting | <urn:uuid:c4b4fc75-9e04-474a-9d16-bedb885c66a9> | 2013-05-21T10:29:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- You are here:
- Auto News >
Imagine, if you will, a compact rear-wheel-drive hatchback that runs from 0-62mph in a very respectable 6.9 seconds. Not too shabby. Now imagine that this same car could average 45 mpg (US)! Not possible, you say? Au contraire! In other parts of the world where they don't just use gasoline to power ... | <urn:uuid:809cc0fa-8654-4486-ba8d-bd95062c61b1> | 2013-05-21T10:28:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Gifted race car driver, inventor died penniless and forgotten
Swiss-born Louis Chevrolet had no head for business
A 1976 booklet printed for the unveiling of the Louis Chevrolet Memorial at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway says Chevrolet excelled in three areas:
1. Racing early automobiles
2. Designing and building fast, durable race cars
3. Improving the comfort and reliability of passenger cars
Those who knew him described him as "fearless and daring, but never reckless ... quick-tempered and impetuous at times; a perfectionist who took pride in his work, with very little patience for the mistakes of others," the booklet says.
But he was no whiz at business. He had opportunities to become a millionaire — and played his cards wrong every time. His talents made money for several auto pioneers and his name continues to grace General Motors' top-selling brand, but Chevrolet died poor and on the fringes of the industry he helped create.
Chevrolet was born on Christmas Day in 1878 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, the son of a maker of watches and clocks. When he was 8, his parents moved to France. He had six siblings, and his two brothers, Arthur and Gaston, would join him in racing.
As a youth he worked for a wine merchant and designed and produced a wine-barrel pump. Later he tried bicycle building and sold his bikes under the label Frontenac — a name that would resurface years later in one of his automobile ventures.
He moved to Montreal in 1900 and worked as a chauffeur, an occupation that required mechanical skills in those days. He moved to Brooklyn, N.Y., and got a job as a mechanic. He joined Fiat in New York City in 1902, which led to his first opportunity to drive in a race.
On May 20, 1905, he drove a 90-hp Fiat in his first major race, at the Hippodrome in Morris Park, N.Y. He won. In his first year, he beat legendary driver Barney Oldfield three times, which made him one of racing's rising stars.
Chevrolet continued to race and design race cars. His younger brothers, also skilled but not quite as good as Louis, followed in his footsteps. Louis Chevrolet met fellow racer Walter Christie in 1906 and agreed to help build a front-drive V-8 race car.Chevrolet's racing prowess caught the eye of Billy Durant, and Louis and his brother Arthur were invited to audition to be Durant's chauffeur. Durant chose Arthur for the job because he took fewer chances. But Louis was asked to join the Buick racing team.
After Durant lost control of General Motors in 1910, he asked Chevrolet to design a car for him. Chevrolet Motor Co. was born — but Louis Chevrolet was merely an engineer with a famous name to lend, not a dominant figure.
Durant and Chevrolet split on strategy. Chevrolet wanted prestigious high-priced vehicles, but Durant wanted to compete at the low end of the market, against Henry Ford.
Chevrolet left the company in 1913, selling the stock that would have made him a millionaire many times over.
Four years after starting Chevrolet Motor Co., Durant had several assembly plants and wholesale offices in the United States and Canada. He quietly traded his Chevrolet stock for GM stock, and in 1916, he announced to the GM board that he was in charge.
Louis Chevrolet went back to racing and building cars. He founded Frontenac Motor Corp. with backing from his friend Albert Champion, but the friendship and the partnership ended. Chevrolet eventually filed for bankruptcy.
"It was over a bumpy and rocky road that Louis Chevrolet traveled the last years of his life. ... In 1933, with all his funds evaporated, he and his family were forced to return to Detroit to seek a job. Ironically, he was able to find work with the Chevrolet Division of GM as a mechanic," said the September 2000 issue of The Gentlemen of General Motors published by McVey Marketing and Advertising Inc. of Flint, Mich.
His troubles continued.
Most of his drawings, records and memorabilia that were stored at a sister's home were destroyed in a fire. His health deteriorated. His eldest son died.
Chevrolet suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and retired to Florida. He died in 1941 at age 63 and is buried in Indianapolis. | <urn:uuid:374008e3-80e4-4de1-beb9-520f5b69f7fa> | 2013-05-21T10:21:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Toyota targets solid-state batteries in '20
TOKYO -- Toyota Motor Corp. aims to commercialize solid-state batteries around 2020 and lithium air batteries several years later, as successors to today's lithium ion batteries.
The solid-state batteries will be three or four times more powerful than lithium ion batteries, while lithium air will achieve a fivefold increase in output for the same weight, said Shigeki Suzuki, managing officer for material engineering.
"That's what we're aiming for," Suzuki said on the sidelines of an advanced automotive battery conference here. He did not detail rollout plans or vehicle volumes.
Both technologies have advantages over the lithium ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles. They are smaller, use fewer costly materials such as rare earths and have lower internal resistance.
In solid-state batteries, engineers replace the liquid electrolyte used in lithium ion batteries with a solid one. That makes the battery more compact and more stable, allowing a higher voltage to be packed into a smaller package, Suzuki said.
In lithium air batteries, the lithium cathode used in lithium ion batteries is replaced with one that interacts with oxygen. This requires less material and allows for lighter packaging. They have much higher energy density than current batteries.
The goal is a battery with energy density approaching that of gasoline. Electric vehicles achieve only limited range because the typical lithium ion battery has an energy density only one-fiftieth that of a tank of gasoline, Suzuki said.
"Next-generation battery cells need to exceed the energy density in lithium ion batteries significantly," Suzuki said. "We've been accelerating our development of those next-generation batteries technologies since 2010."
You can reach Hans Greimel at email@example.com. -- Follow Hans on | <urn:uuid:033eb170-a16d-4413-afb7-9290b0de53f9> | 2013-05-21T10:27:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tiredness and speeding are the primary causes of accidents involving transportation professionals. They are well aware of the risks of driving with a certain amount of fatigue, whether from a lack of sleep, physical problems, poor posture at the wheel or daily stress.
One of the ways to effectively fight fatigue is to respect driving times - all carriers are aware of the limits: no more than 9 hours per day and 56 hours per week, with a mandatory stop of at least 45 minutes every 4 and a half hours. This allows for a little rest and a chance to recover some strength before continuing on the road. The right climate control in the cabin, light meals and frequent hydration also help.
Other procedures for battling fatigue are based on new technologies, such as electronic devices that monitor the driver's attention; these are built into some trucks and are add-ons in others, as is the case of the Optalert sunglasses, which fulfill a similar function. As professional drivers already know, there are additional devices that can help avoid accidents caused by distraction, often due to tiredness, such as those that sound an alarm at an involuntary change of lane, or those that detect objects in the blind spot. Several makes, such as DAF, MAN, Scania or Volvo Trucks, have these already built into their models. | <urn:uuid:247bf80a-750f-4d70-9380-ebe5a7c70248> | 2013-05-21T10:06:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Karen van der Zee
The Price of a Man
Fun-loving Julie Carlson meets sexy European businessman Alexander Arravanti at a most inconvenient time. Circumstances make romance impossible -- the consequences too serious, the price too high. Besides, she's busy fixing up her grandmother's house and she's supposed to read The Sensible Woman: Knowing What's Good For You, given to her by her sensible, boring sister-in-law.
But avoiding Mr. Europe is not easy, and when her rational mind is unable to control her dancing heart, Julie succumbs: She's in love with Alexander. She'll just have to hide him.
So begins her secret love affair, carrying her deep into trouble. In the mean time, her prissy sister-in-law offers her a growing number of self-help books to help Julie discover what's wrong with her and her relationships.
Julie doesn't think anything is wrong with her until she realizes that she's become a dishonest, deceitful person, she, a teacher who influences young, innocent minds! She can no longer live with herself, and apparently neither can a furious Alexander. If she does not trust him enough to tell him what's going on, he says, there is no future for them.
There is only one way out. She must pay the price for loving Mr. Europe. | <urn:uuid:9cfbd3d9-aa90-40d1-89f9-208d518c6195> | 2013-05-21T10:27:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Free Online Dictionary
JM Latin English Dictionary
Download this dictionary
Video results for the word "adjornare"
The following video provides you with the correct English pronunciation of the word "adjornare", to help you become a better English speaker.
You think you have ethics... Take the survey | <urn:uuid:1db863a1-8950-4a48-81eb-48ce4d2ad6ad> | 2013-05-21T10:20:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The name Virginia ranked 379th in popularity for females of all ages in a sample of 2000-2003 Social Security Administration statistics and 35th in popularity for females of all ages in a sample of the 1990 US Census.
This name is highly rated in the 1990 U.S. Census popularity survey of all ages, but after 1960 does not appear in the state data listing the most popular baby names.
This name was first spelled Verginia, and was the feminine form of an ancient Roman clan name, Verginius. Over time its spelling changed due to its association with the Latin term virgo, meaning ''maiden.'' This meaning has driven the use of the name ever since.
In 1587, this was the name given the first baby born to English colonists in the New World, Virginia Dare. Both the baby and her home colony were named for Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen of England.
The state of Virginia still proudly bears this name. Virginia Dare's fate was different. She and the rest of the colonists on Roanoke Island mysteriously disappeared within three years of her birth, creating the legend of The Lost Colony which has been reinacted in a grand pageant every summer since 1937. | <urn:uuid:980599c7-d60a-40ca-b2cf-1726342a3fc1> | 2013-05-21T10:21:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Let’s Talk Art
"The way a child thinks about her art is more important than the way you think about it," says Herbert. "Never impose limitations and never say, 'I'm not good at this.' It introduces fear. Never evaluate a preschooler's music, art, or dance. Make observations from fact. Say, 'there is a red circle,' or 'see these three red lines.' Evaluating may inhibit creativity or discourage a child."
The concept of children understanding art in their own way is not new. Charlotte Mason, a liberal-thinking educator in the late 1800s, wrote in her book Home Education, "We cannot measure the influence that one or another artist has upon the children's sense of beauty, upon his power of seeing, as in a picture, the common sights of life; he is enriched more than we know in having really looked at a single picture."
Parents cannot travel inside their child's brain and ensure that all the educational efforts they make are learned, stored, and applied appropriately. They can be certain, though, that introducing art and music, which have struck emotional chords in humans worldwide for centuries, will enrich an education. The developing mind of a child will soak up whatever it is surrounded with, so why not provide the best history and culture we have to offer? | <urn:uuid:66650b04-ab50-4243-a16f-93e90c6d613f> | 2013-05-21T10:16:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NUT GOODIE BAR CANDY
Nut Goodie Bar Candy
- Servings: 150 pieces
- 1 (12 oz) pkg. chocolate chips
- 1 (12 oz) pkg. butterscotch chips
- 2 c. creamy peanut butter
- 1 (1 oz) sq. unsweetened chocolate
- 1 c. butter
- 1/3 c. evaporated or 1/2 c. regular milk
- 1/4 c. regular vanilla pudding mix
- 2 lbs. powdered sugar
- 1 tsp. maple flavoring
- 1/2 lb. Spanish peanuts, skinned
In double boiler or microwave, melt chips, peanut butter and chocolate. Spread half of the melted chocolate mixture in a foil-lined buttered 10 1/2 x 15 1/2 inch jelly roll pan. Refrigerate or freeze until set (about 30 minutes in freezer). Reserve remaining chocolate mixture in double boiler.
In heavy saucepan, combine butter, milk and pudding mix. Bring to boil over low heat and cook 1 minute. Remove and let cool. Using a mixer, blend in powdered surgar and flavoring until creamy. Spread mixture over chilled chocolate. Stir Spanish peanuts into remaining chocolate mixture and spread over top. Refrigerate for 3 hours. Peel off foil and cut into 1 inch squares. Keep refrigerated. | <urn:uuid:e743bd0b-ff31-424a-9b83-561389907ba2> | 2013-05-21T10:27:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Did you know that Slim Love pitched 19 games at home, had an ERA of 1.81, pitched 74.2 innings, allowed 66 hits, had 15 earned runs, 28 runs, and 0 home runs, walked 30 batters (0 intentionally), threw 0 wild pitches, hit batters 0 times, and balked 0 times?
On the road, Slim Love pitched 14 games, had an ERA of 3.11, pitched 55 innings, allowed 49 hits, had 19 earned runs, 22 runs, and 0 home runs, walked 26 batters (0 intentionally), threw 0 wild pitches, hit batters 0 times, and balked 0 times.
Are you a Slim Love fan? Visit his page for comprehensive
biographical data, year-by-year hitting stats, detailed fielding
stats, pitching stats (where applicable), cumulative career totals
for all stats, uniform numbers worn, salary data and other factual | <urn:uuid:9ad130ab-f775-480b-a122-077cb53481bc> | 2013-05-21T10:29:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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We performed a site update on April 16, 2013. Please let the admin know if you User_talk:Admin#APRIL_16.2C_2013 encounter any issues. All updates have been performed.
From BR Bullpen
Lloyd Albert Moore
- Bats Right, Throws Right
- Height 6' 1", Weight 195 lb.
- Debut September 27, 1936
- Final Game September 27, 1942
- Born June 10, 1912 in Tuscarawas, OH USA
- Died December 10, 1987 in Uhrichsville, OH USA
Biographical Information
Ohio native Whitey Moore spent nine seasons in professional baseball from 1934 to 1946. He spent three of those years (1943-1945) serving with the combat engineers in the United States Army during World War II. After his military duties were over, he returned to baseball and finished his tenth year on the mound in 1946.
Whitey spent seven consecutive seasons in the major leagues, debuting with the Cincinnati Reds on September 27, 1936 and stayed in the Cincinnati organization until being traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for Clyde Shoun on May 6, 1942. During his big league run with the Reds, he compiled a 30-28 record with a 3.75 ERA while appearing in 133 games.
During his time with the Reds, he appeared in one game of their 1939 World Series match with the New York Yankees. Moore went 13-12 for the Reds with a 3.45 ERA during the regular season that year and was on the mound for three innings during the third game of the Series. He gave up no hits or runs but the Yankees won the game and swept the Series in four straight.
The Cincinnati team was back in the World Series in 1940, this time defeating the Detroit Tigers in seven games for the World Championship. Whitey had put together a solid 8-8 year with a 3.63 ERA for the Reds and appeared in three games, pitching 8 1/3 innings and had no decisions in the Series.
Moore had a very good minor league run, spending five seasons with nine different teams, from 1934 to 1946. He had four double-digit winning seasons and wound up his minor league run on his return from the service with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League in 1946 at 34 years of age. He appeared in 160 games down under and won 62 with 41 losses. Whitey had a 2.92 ERA while pitching 887 1/3 innings.
After baseball, Moore was an assembler for Warner-Swasey Company in New Philadelphia, OH, retiring in 1977. Lloyd Albert Moore died after being ill for two months on December 10, 1987 in Uhrichsville, OH. He was 75 years of age.
Notable Achievements
- Won two World Series with the Cincinnati Reds (1940) and the St. Louis Cardinals (1942; he did not play in the World Series) | <urn:uuid:da7d21e8-2c81-4a59-bc00-26269a9fd44d> | 2013-05-21T10:29:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Holy carp, why do you exaggerate? It takes my dwarves less than a day to cross the fortress. At that rate...assume 1.5 days per map tile to be nice to Silver...that's 24 per region tile...crossing a Pocket world would take only maybe a single year, and that's if you're far away and taking a liberal estimate of time. If you settled the opposite side of a big world, it might take a decade or two to get a caravan to you, but what are you expecting, and how long do you think it would have taken a bunch of heavily-laden wagons to travel from somewhere in Africa to China in the 1300s?
I sent a squad of crossbows from the upper left to the bottom right on a 2*3 fortress map. It took three days. That's fine if you're fighting isolated skirmishes that nicely stand in line to be slaughtered, but if we want some coordination with the outside world (siege relief etc.) that just won't do.
(In addition, that's 56 squares per day. A medium world map (1/8 of a planet, judging by the climates) has 48*16*129=ca. 99000 tiles which means 1767 days are needed to walk the distance: 4,9 years of uninterrupted marching without resupplying, sleeping, battles, diplomacy, avoiding obstacles etc. The crusades took less time to march about the same distance, while doing conquests, diplomacy, trade, backstabbing, conquests, setting up a local governance, crowning kings, and they were still home sooner than the dwarves even would have arrived.)
Enemy recognition is a rather specific requirement, and one that will have to be adressed sooner or later anyway.Wild animals are enemies. Wild animals are everywhere. Why does it need to be addressed, if we're not even sure if this idea should be added at all?
Because dwarves shouldn't panick if they see a wild rabbit. Toady's adding non-lethal combat intentions, so even most animals would try to scare their enemies away first anyway, and that can be handled in economic mode.
So, now I need to wait until the messenger reaches my mayor to get back to fast-time and get some stuff done? Or do you mean actual military, and fail to realize the number of challenges and playstyles that do without for whatever reason?
Anyone with official capacity, as the intended design choice is to have the player issue their commands as a kind of muse of dwarves with actual official functions. It would take a dozen seconds, since all the game has to do is to calculate the path and show the messenger running it down. Nice announcement of an important message. The importance of messages is configurable, we already have that.
"This guy's not important, I can ignore him." This is a completely arbitrary thing. Sorry, but just because the player says it's not important doesn't mean it's not. Soon you'll need to get back to the fast-mode combat problem that your idea has.
If the player says so, it is. Or should they ask your advice first?
And what do you mean by "you can only wring so much efficiency out of them?" If dwarves suck so much at handling time-sensitive issues that you want Toady to spend years rewriting the basic engine, then obviously it can be improved. Are dwarves as efficient as they can be or is there a reason for your idea
You can only wring so much efficiency out of the dwarves, because they only walk appr. 55 squares a day. You can't make them haul an item 80 squares in one day with that constraint, no matter how efficient you make their decisions. "Make dwarves more efficient" is just too vague to be a useful solution for anything, it comes close to the "Improve the game in every possible way" suggestion in the eternal suggestion list.
Hm...so you're saying that forcing the player to play 72 times slower isn't anything? Okay, clearly we aren't thinking the same things here. I'm saying that playing that slow would suck, because presumably it would take 72 times as much real-world time to do the same stuff in dwarf-time. It might be neat to go to slow-mode sometimes to watch the dwarves run about, but usually I'd rather have a fortress that's getting stuff done. Therefore, random points of slow-mode (when I'm likely watching something other than dwarven life) would be BAD, in my book.
It's no more forcing something than we're "forced" now to use the q key to make changes to workshop orders or we're "forced" to feed the dwarves. It would occur only at crisis moments, and I'm very sure you're looking at the game then (the game already pauses when caravans arrive, enemies arrive etc...). You'd resolve the crisis, and then normal fortress life can go on. It would probably cost less real time than now, because time-sensitive issues would be concentrated rather than mingled with normal economic issues. Right now the game "forces" me to reissue orders that get canceled due to a temporary resource shortage, while combat is going on. As now constantly switching views between your production place and the combat, that's forcing the player.
Disagree, there's no button to be pressed and there are no efficiency differences between modes.Yea, yes, so you say. Everything has to be PERFECT for there to be no efficiency difference--and if there isn't, then dwarves can handle every-second-counts situations as well in fast-mode as in slow. And how is there no button? You only go to slow-mode when the game tells you to, in those time-vital situations? Then why the *&$% do we need to include a slow-mode at all?[quote/]I say it so, because it is. I merely make some changes in assigned action allowances, productivity per calendar day stays the same (see OP). The reason switching to crisis mode happens is because you can't abstract combat as well as economic actions, but there is still a need to stay on the same time scale as the outside world, if we want to interact with it. Which actions are candidates for crisis modes is open for discussion.
I have pointed out time and time again that it does not take a freakin' week to walk down the hall in Fortress Mode. I have crunched the numbers with some estimates that were VERY generous to your cause, and there is anyways no reason that the merchants couldn't run at one abstracted rate more appropriate for their relevance to gameplay and to realism while the fortress runs at a different abstracted rate that optimizes gameplay enjoyability. Some sacrifices must be made.I consider an occasional slow motion scene a more acceptable break from reality than living in a kind of time bubble isolated from the outside world, IMHO.If you want to do something with your soldiers, you'd like them to do it fast, so I don't see the problem. Patrolling and training can still be handled as economic actions. We already have a system to indicate message importance.
I prefer a slow motion scene from time to time above living in a time bubble that runs on a different time than the outside world.
>And I think it would be really silly to introduce such a break in continuity of movement... Combat would seem to me as if everyone except for the combatants are statues.Wow, this is really...I'd come up with a rebuttal, but there's a perfectly good one in the post you're replying to.
Pretty much, so their actions stay congruent with the calendar, their productivity remains the same the whole year, while the dwarves that need it get their fast action. They become combatants too when threatened and flee at fast speed.
In that case those civilians join crisis mode and will be able to run away. What's the problem?
>when combat is occurring, (everything is) involved in combat in some way, shape, or form. This isn't a bland strategy game, where no goblins can enter the fortress until they have killed all of your militia. It only takes a single goblin running inside to ruin your idea of "Civilians will never enter combat."
Most dwarves are inside a fortress, fighting usually happens at the fringes.
A carpenter in his workshop, focused on his work, is a sitting duck for a sneaking soldier.
> What if such a stray arrow (or stray dwarf being hurled by a colossus) hit one of those non-combatants that is standing absolutely stillAnd the fact that he is, relative to the combatants, a statue until such point as they scare him doesn't faze you a bit?
That civilian will most likely already be alarmed, since fighting happens nearby. In the rare situation that he's not, he'll become alarmed by being hit and will flee to safety if he can or cry for help.
The only thing I would change is allocated actions for some activities. He would change all kinds of parameters between modes and mess somewhat with pathfinding too.
>Everyone would obey the same rules regardless of game speed or what is happening / My suggestion would require fundamental changes in code for only one thingDifferent between modes, identical between parts of the fortress.
On the contrary I'd say, you specifically mention different speeds, hunger rates, ways of moving about and production rates for both rates. Essentially, making an entire new game mode. Whereas I would only change the amount of ticks in a calendar day, and not even for all dwarves.
Taking reservations about in into account, I'd say that crisis mode should apply to any dwarf that's executing a military or diplomatic action.Oh Armok, that's bad...it's not like the militia is ever activated except to deal with sieges, or that diplomacy is ever involved with anything but the occasional messenger from a nearby town...
It's just mechanical. Non-crisis mode dwarves get much less actions, so they do less. No synchronization exceptions needed.
Panicked dwarves can't execute normal jobs and drop the stuff they're hauling... even disregarding that, every speed increase of some dwarves would be more than offset by the slower speed (per hour played) of the rest. You're assuming an awful lot of perfection on the speed synchronization for someone who thinks we need to screw with the base of the game for dwarves to handle time-critical matters...
All these are examples of non-lethal combat as Toady has implemented it recently, which are likely candidates for economic mode, not crisis mode.
For the arena we'll probably want to indicate that all combat in a certain zone (or let's use a burrow) is not dangerous. We'll need something like that to have a functioning arena anyway, so that we can actually have spectators that aren't trying to run away.Frankly, aside from this idea requiring fast-mode combat which kinda makes slow-mode significantly less justified to implement, I'd probably just designate the whole map as said burrow/zone, just so I didn't get a 72x slowdown in realworld speed whenever a badger got angry at a dwarf, or a dwarf fell off a ledge (it happens more than you'd think!), or the CoTG beats a criminal, or c baby bird lashes out at its broodmates, or a tantrumer punches a dwarf, and always lasting until the game decided the combat was over.
"What complicated checks?" What do you think slows down late-game FPS so much, goblin sappers getting into your motherboard? Or if you and ebbor mean the complicated checks to decide "It's time to enter...the Slow-Mode zone!", then you might have a point, EXCEPT that you'd have to check a few dozen conditions (probably) for every dwarf. And probably every other firendly unit on the map, if not every moving unit on the map plus sponges and airdrowning whales and fish.Actions that are eligible for crisis mode would flag the dwarves as part of their activation. So, it's just checking the flags.
So, goblins shooting at dwarves or vise versa counts as "Crisis-time!", but dwarves shooting at wildlife doesn't count? See where FallingWhale has a point about your idea? Shooting a crossbow is shooting a crossbow, whether it's to feed your family, protect your fortress, or release your stress over miasma and dead spouses.No. Eg. A dwarf getting his punishment by the hammerer or a dwarf getting hit by a goblin hammerer are two different things.
They still can, it'll just happen in crisis mode or in a zone marked as non-alarming.
Soldiers training can be considered an economic activity, since there's about as much risk involved as with common economic tasks. Any live training would be rare enough to be done as real combat.The above issues multiplied, PLUS the fact that live training isn't as rare as you'd think. Many of us currently use it aftr every siege, to empty cages and train recruits, and even if that's not always true there will always be people like that. Respect those who play differently than you! | <urn:uuid:79c477c4-f8e8-4d99-9316-1ea53a5481fb> | 2013-05-21T10:21:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Cyril Pierre was born in Nancy, France, and trained at the Conservatoire of his native town, before joining Serge Golovine's class at the Ballet School of the Opéra National de Paris.
Having graduated, he was engaged at Roland Petit's Ballet National de Marseille, where he was promoted to first solist in 1990 and to étoile (Principal) in 1992. Four years later, Helgi Tomasson invited him to join the San Francisco Ballet as a Principal Dancer. His San Francisco repertory included all major classical roles, as well as contemporary creations by Helgi Tomasson, James Kudelka and others.
Together with his partner Lucia Lacarra he joined the Bavarian State Ballet as a Principal Dancer in autumn 2002, dancing such important roles as Onegin, Prince Siegfried (Swanlake) and Abderakhman (Raymonda) in his very first Munich season.
During season 2003-04, he enlarged his repertoire with Günther in John Neumeier's Nutcracker, Oberon/Theseus in Neumeier's Midsummer Night's Dream and Prince Désiré in The Sleeping Beauty (Marius Petipa/Ivan Liška).
As a guest dancer, Cyril appears on stages world wide, in full performances (Berlin, Prague, Naples, Milan), as well as in galas, mostly together with his partner Lucia Lacarra.
Romeo und Mercutio in Romeo und Julia (J. Cranko)
Gaston in Die Kameliendame (J.Neumeier)
Black Cake (H. van Manen)
Bella Figura (J. Kylián)
Agon (G. Balanchine)
Solor in La Bayadère (P.Bart)
Baron Ochs in The Silver Rose/Die silberne Rose (G. Murphy), creation
Century Rolls (D. Bombana), creation
Hilarion in Giselle (P. Wright)
Prinz Albrecht in Giselle (P. Wright)
Lankedem and Birbanto in Le Corsaire (M. Petipa, I. Liška)
Prospero in Der Sturm (J. Mannes)
Große Fuge (H. van Manen)
Adagio Hammerklavier (H. van Manen)
Vater in A Cinderella Story (J. Neumeier)
Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet (J. Cranko)
Shariar in Shéhérazade (M. Fokine)
Center Man in Les Biches (B. Nijinska)
Zugvögel (J. Kylián), creation
Abderakham in Raymonda (M. Petipa)
Freund der Ballerina des 20. Jahrhunderts in Série Noire - A choreographic murder mystery (T. Kohler)
Tsar in Série Noire - A choreographic murder mystery (T. Kohler)
Pas de deux in Artifact (W. Forsythe)
Man 1 in My Ravel: Whichever Way he Looks... (J. Mannes)
Carabosse in Sleeping Beauty (M. Petipa, I. Liška)
Prince Leopold in Illusions - Like Swan Lake (J. Neumeier)
Don Quijote in Don Quijote (M. Petipa, new choreography by R. Barra, A. Gorski, Tradition)
El Trianero, Matador in Don Quijote (M. Petipa, new choreography by R. Barra, A. Gorski, Tradition)
Drosselmeier in The Nutcracker (J. Neumeier)
Hortensio in The Taming of the Shrew (J. Cranko)
Man in Song of the Earth (K. MacMillan)
The Fiancé in Las Hermanas (K. MacMillan)
Widow Simone in La Fille mal gardée (F. Ashton)
1. Pas de deux in Goldberg-Variationen (J. Robbins)
The Moor in The Moor's Pavane (José Limón)
Partner der Primaballerina und Pas de deux in Birthday Offering (F. Ashton) | <urn:uuid:d665cf42-b7d1-42cb-b137-5cf77de8c4b9> | 2013-05-21T10:07:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Put simply, a credit card provides a
short-term loan from a bank that you are expected to repay quickly.
In exchange for giving you a short-term loan, the bank will charge you
interest — often referred to as an Annual Percentage Rate or
APR. An issuing bank will evaluate your credit-worthiness
and determine if you are a low risk candidate (likely to repay) or a
high risk candidate (unlikely to repay) for a line of credit, and will
offer you an APR based on your credit report and how it profiles you
financially. Some banks will offer you a “Teaser” APR —
essentially a low introductory rate that will change to a higher APR
six or more months later. We'll provide some guidance about
this concept below. | <urn:uuid:4e4ec4bf-96ff-42c2-94d8-eb362a435512> | 2013-05-21T10:01:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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-0.015275837853550911,
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Leader: Yevgeny Shevchuk
A former speaker of Trans-Dniester's parliament, Yevgeny Shevchuk overturned expectations by coming first in the initial round of voting in the November 2011 presidential election, pushing the incumbent Igor Smirnov into third place.
Mr Shevchuk then beat Anatoly Kaminsky, a colleague-turned-rival and Russia's preferred candidate, in the second round to become president in December.
Yevgeny Shevchuk broke with long-serving President Smirnov in 2009 in an attempt to limit the latter's powers. He then lead an anti-corruption movement that also called for greater transparency in government.
The 43-year-old Mr Shevchuk's election campaign benefited from public weariness with lack of progress in peace talks and general economic stagnation under Mr Smirnov, who had also lost the support of Russia.
The new president says he wants to improve relations with Moldova and Ukraine with a view to having them accept Trans-Dniestrian independence, although his shorter-term aim is to ease border travel and trade restrictions.
A major priority will be to ensure that Russia continues to support the isolated territory. | <urn:uuid:0435ca22-35fc-4275-8b04-b593c2853c5d> | 2013-05-21T10:08:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699881956/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102441-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961866 | 246 | http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18286270 | 0.879981 |
Bolivia: Coca-chewing protest outside US embassy
Indigenous activists in Bolivia have been holding a mass coca-chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice.
Hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the US embassy in La Paz and in other cities across the country.
Bolivia wants to amend a UN drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the Andes.
But the US has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine.
The protesters outside the US embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments.
They were supporting a Bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf.
The convention stipulates that coca-chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964.
Bolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the Andes.Eradication
The US is opposed to changing the UN convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production.
In a statement, the US embassy said Washington recognised coca-chewing as a "traditional custom" of Bolivia's indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment.
"The position of the US government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the UN convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug-trafficking," it said.
The US is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the Andes for decades.
Bolivia is the world's first biggest producer of cocaine after Peru and Colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug.
Bolivian President Evo Morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine.
As well as being Bolivia's first indigenous head of state, Mr Morales is also a former coca-grower and leader of a coca-growers trade union.
The Bolivian amendment would come into effect on 31 January only if there were no objections. | <urn:uuid:a63f6870-f496-4355-adfd-f3296c1577e5> | 2013-05-21T10:22:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Saudi woman athlete makes headlines
Wojdan Shaherkani has been making headlines.
She became the subject of worldwide media attention when it was announced that she would be one of the first two Saudi female athletes to compete at the Olympics.
But this was soon overshadowed by a row over her hijab - a head covering that many Muslim women wear - that meant she was at risk of not taking part at all.
The International Judo Federation initially said Shaherkani would not be allowed to wear a headscarf during the competition due to safety concerns.
A spokesman said that in Judo athletes used strangleholds and chokeholds and that wearing a hijab could be dangerous.
But that was a deal-breaker for the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee.
End Quote Noor al-Sajan Saudi law student
She's 16 years old... I don't know how she's handling all of this”
The Saudi authorities had agreed to send women to the games on condition that they agreed to wear Islamic clothing, including headscarves.
The team had threatened to withdraw Shaherkani from the competition before an agreement was finally reached with the IJF that the 16-year-old would fight wearing a special headscarf in order to comply with both safety issues and the Saudi dress code.
"Working with the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a proposal was approved by all parties. The solution agreed guarantees a good balance between safety and cultural considerations," the IJF said in a statement.
Shaherkani competed on Friday in the +78kg category. She was easily defeated by a Puerto Rican fighter in a judo bout that lasted only 82 seconds.'Western influence'
As the debate raged over whether Shaherkani should be allowed to take part, her father, Ali, insisted: "I would never put my religion or my daughter's hijab on the line, even if it meant missing out on the Olympics."
Noor al-Sajan, a 19-year-old law student living in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, said Mr Shaherkani's remarks did not stop him and his daughter being the subjects of fierce criticism at home.
"There are some who have been very resentful of the fact that she is competing and have been taking it out on her family," she said.
"They've been saying: 'Oh, he is taking his daughter to the Olympics. He's not man enough.'
"Some have also been attacking their racial background, saying: 'They are not from Saudi, they don't represent us.'
"She's 16 years old. I don't know how she's handling all of this. I think it's really hard."
Abdullah Qassem, a Saudi businessman living in Jeddah, said he personally had no problem with Saudi women participating in sports, but he feared that they could be influenced by Western culture.
"The fear is that the women would go [to the Olympics] and expose their bodies," he explained.
"Yes, this time the Saudi women are covering [their bodies], but who's to say that they won't copy the European women and start dressing like them?"'Prostitutes of the Olympics'
Even the appearance of Shaherkani and the second Saudi female athlete in London, Sarah Attar, along with their male counterparts in the opening ceremony last Friday earned them an Arabic hashtag on the social networking website, Twitter, which translates as "prostitutes of the Olympics".
It was not long before the hashtag was trending on Twitter, but Noor al-Sajan said it was being used to the athletes' benefit.
"Activists have turned the hashtag around. They decided to use it to write positive things about the athletes since the hashtag was already viral," she said.
Ironically it worked, and hundreds of tweets were written in support of Shaherkani and Attar.
"Give Saudi women both the Olympic torch and the keys to the car," said one tweet, referring to the ban on women driving in the Gulf kingdom.
Another tweet said: "Even though Saudi allowed women to be in their Olympics team - the degrading of women lives on with this hashtag."
Despite the controversy Ms Sajan remains optimistic. Saudi Arabia, after all, is a country where women are still fighting for their right to drive and go anywhere without being chaperoned.
"I think it's a great milestone for Saudi women. The Olympics is one the biggest international sports events," she added.
"If the community here sees that it's OK for women to play sports, maybe that would make it easier for women to play professionally here." | <urn:uuid:98790a7a-f97a-4b3c-a06a-421e055a37b5> | 2013-05-21T10:23:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Paris Saint-Germain have made an initial approach to sign former England captain David Beckham when his contract with LA Galaxy expires in December.
PSG held a telephone conversation with the midfielder's representatives but formal talks have yet to take place.
Several other clubs - some of them in England - have also shown firm interest in Beckham, who it is understood wants a challenge that will "excite" him.
However, he has not ruled out staying in LA, where his family are settled.
The former Real Madrid and Manchester United player, whose Galaxy contract ends on 31 December, will announce his decision in November once the Major League Soccer season ends.
Galaxy have an
unassailable lead at the top of their conference
and are guaranteed a spot in the play-offs.
They will contest a two-legged quarter-final on either 29 or 30 October and 2 or 3 November, with the winners advancing to the semi-final on 5 or 6 November.
DAVID BECKHAM'S CLUBS
AC Milan (loan)
If Galaxy go all the way to the MLS Cup, their campaign will end on 20 November.
joined from Real in 2007
and his family are happy in the United States but he is prepared to continue his career elsewhere if a suitable challenge arises.
News of PSG's initial interest
was broken by BBC sports news correspondent Dan Roan in September.
The Qatar-owned French side are embarking upon an ambitious project and sporting director Leonardo coached Beckham when he was
loaned to AC Milan in 2009
Tottenham and Queens Park Rangers have also been linked with the former Manchester United player, who is keen to represent Great Britain at the 2012 Olympics.
However, he does not feel any potential involvement in the Olympic team would depend on him playing for a European team.
trained with Tottenham
during the MLS off-season in January but, on Thursday, Spurs boss Harry Redknapp
told the Daily Telegraph
a permanent move would be difficult.
"I was so impressed with David as a person, as a player," said Redknapp. "He was fantastic to have around the club, a class act.
"The problem I'd have is that David would want to play regularly and I couldn't guarantee him that at this stage.
"It's difficult: I have Aaron Lennon coming back, Rafael van der Vaart playing off the right. I have lots of options. I could play Gareth Bale on one side and Luka Modric on the other.
"Sandro is also looking like he could end up a top player. Then there's Scott Parker.
"So to bring David in and not play him would be a problem."
Beckham won the last of his 115 England caps
in October 2009. | <urn:uuid:93a97e39-0f92-4eda-825c-5bc2eeb98c40> | 2013-05-21T10:22:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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See something you love? Do you want to share your selected item with a close friend? To send your item, enter an email address
and optional message in the boxes below. Your name will appear on
the email that is sent. . | <urn:uuid:52a601e6-b185-4535-ad53-81b8524a29f0> | 2013-05-21T10:14:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Scholarships of $1,000 - $3,000 each are available from the One World International Scholarship program. The scholarships are available to students enrolled in a program of at least one year in length, leading to a credential offered by a BC public post- secondary institution.
An eligible study/work abroad program is an activity that is either a formal part of the student's credential program at his/her home institution or that carries academic credit recognized by the student's home institution. Programs must be at least three weeks in length, and no longer than one year.
The scholarships are awarded and administered by B.C.'s public post-secondary institutions.
Applications to this program are considered on the basis of academic merit, the students' educational objectives, institutional and/or community involvement, and readiness to go overseas. | <urn:uuid:2695f416-943f-4f75-b88d-689ab41bba7b> | 2013-05-21T10:34:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A man who spent 13 years in prison for a murder he did not commit has been awarded 13.2 million dollars (£8.8m) in compensation.
David Ayers of Cleveland cried as a jury found that two police detectives violated his civil rights by falsifying testimony and withholding evidence that pointed to his innocence.
The jury's verdict, which included awarding the compensation for his pain and suffering, brings an end to the legal battle he has been fighting since his arrest in the 1999 killing of 76-year-old Dorothy Brown.
Mr Ayers was released from prison in 2011 after the 6th US Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati reversed his conviction and the state decided not to seek another trial.
The 56-year-old, who was a security guard for the Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority, had been found guilty of killing Ms Brown at her CMHA apartment in Cleveland.
"This should have been stopped a long time ago," Mr Ayers told the Cleveland Plain Dealer newspaper after the jury's verdict.
"My goal is that it never happens to anyone else ever again."
He filed his civil rights lawsuit in March 2012 against six Cleveland police officers, the city and the county housing authority.
Allegations against three of the officers, the city and the housing authority were dismissed by a judge who found that their roles did not violate Ayers' rights.
One of the remaining officers settled out of court with Ayers for an undisclosed amount. The Friday verdict was against Michael Cipo and Denise Kovach, who were the lead detectives in the case, and have denied misconduct. | <urn:uuid:32c76be8-7f19-4231-87a5-612e8e9648f5> | 2013-05-21T10:07:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In the summer of 1892, Porter Nye and his family set up a homestead on the south shore of Lake Bemidji.
The area was the last territory in Minnesota to be opened for settlement, and the logging boom was just beginning.
According to local lore, Nye used some of the first boards produced by a mill on the Mississippi River between Lake Bemidji and Lake Irving to build a small schoolhouse on his homestead. Nye also was the first teacher at the school.
In 1902, J. Custer Moore teamed up with Nye to plat the 16-block town site of Nye-Moore, which evolved to Nyemore and, now, Nymore. The next year, residents of the village of Nymore passed a bond issue to build a wood frame school at the corner of Fifth Street and Lincoln Avenue Southeast. The community named the school after President Abraham Lincoln.
Also operating in Nymore was the four-grade East School on the current site of Lincoln Elementary School at 1617 Fifth St. N.E.
Land speculation took off after 1910 and the original Lincoln School became overcrowded. School taxes also were inadequate to maintain the building. Lincoln School was condemned by the State Department of Education, and on March 5, 1916, the Nymore Village Council petitioned the Bemidji City Council for annexation and school consolidation.
It was noted in the Bemidji Daily Pioneer that women voted in the Nymore annexation and school consolidation referendum held later that month. An April 19, 1916, article in the Pioneer stated: "With the annexation of Nymore, a new school will be necessary. A new building will cost about $50,000."
Students started the fall 1917 semester in the new brick school at Fifth Street and Lincoln Avenue. The building is now home to Mount Zion Church.
With the consolidation of the school districts, Bemidji also supplied Nymore with a 14-passenger bus to transport students.
In 1995, Bemidji School District voters approved construction of the new Lincoln Elementary School. Site work began in 1997, and students moved in in October 1999.
On July 3, 1999, the school district held a farewell open house at the 1917 building. About 1,000 current and former students, faculty and staff participated. They toured classrooms and viewed artifacts from the school's collection.
A special artifact, the portrait of President Lincoln originally hung in 1924 in the hallway at the 414 Lincoln Ave. S.E. school, moved with the students into the current Lincoln Elementary School. He now looks down on continuing generations of Lincoln Lakers in the school lobby.
Looking to the future, Lincoln Principal Tom Kusler said he expects the school population of about 500 students to remain steady, or even modestly increase.
"We're still able to maintain the same number of sections," he said.
There are 37 teachers and 21 classrooms at Lincoln.
The big changes will be in technology, he said. This year, three fifth-grade teachers began using electronic SMART Boards in a pilot project.
"We have 19 teachers that are getting SMART Boards now," he said.
Kusler said the purchases will come from the federal Title I funds, not the Bemidji School District budget.
"I think technologies are what we're going to be getting into more and more down the road," he said.
Information for this article came from "Celebrating Lincoln School," a Lincoln School History Project, and the Beltrami County Historical Society archives. | <urn:uuid:522544c2-bab7-48eb-b0e9-ec4675913ee2> | 2013-05-21T10:35:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE – The Air Force plans to launch two Scuds this year to hone its ability to shoot down the missiles, which are commonplace in the arsenals of many countries, including Iraq.
The military denied the planned tests are in response to the situation with Iraq.
Two of the 33-foot missiles recently arrived at this oceanside base, the Santa Barbara News-Press reported Saturday.
The missiles will be launched over the Pacific Ocean sometime in the next few weeks as part of a $13 million test program, Lt. Col. Rick Lehner said.
After launch, the Air Force will track the missiles and study their flight characteristics. They will be destroyed before they strike the water, Lehner said.
That data will be used in developing an advanced version of the Patriot missile, which was used to shoot down larger, modified versions of the Scud launched by Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War, Lehner said.
Scuds gained notoriety during the Gulf War, when Iraq fired 39 of the missiles on Israeli cities. Today, Iraq has up to a few dozen Scud-type, short-range ballistic missiles. | <urn:uuid:1812b19a-56dd-45e8-bd2b-13deec93dfaf> | 2013-05-21T10:38:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Blu Dot Living Room Benches
Placed under a window or in a seating area, a bench is a perfect decorative accent for the living room. Benches provide additional seating and can be moved around to where they are needed. Those with space hidden under the seat are also gre... moreat for added storage. Benches can be purchased in a wide variety of styles, from traditional to modern, as well as finishes and fabrics. | <urn:uuid:cd60c8fc-e788-44b6-8452-406794177512> | 2013-05-21T10:35:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Early Church Fathers
This book can hardly be said to form part of a dialogue. It is rather an argument from Scripture to prove the point of the Augustinian arguer, Atticus. From the fourth chapter onwards it consists, like the last five chapters of Book I., of a chain of Scripture texts, taken from the New Testament and the Prophets, to show the universality of sin, and thus to refute the Pelagian assertion that a man can be without sin if he wills. We shall, therefore, give, as in the previous case, a list of the texts and the first words of them, only giving Jerome's words where he introduces some original remark of his own, or some noteworthy comment.
The Pelagian begins by reiterating the dilemma: If the commandments are given to be obeyed, then man can be without sin; if he is, by his creation, such that he must be a sinner, then God, not he, is the author of sin. To the argument that sacrifices are enjoined for sins of ignorance, he replies by appealing from the Old Testament to the New, which leads to a discussion (2, 3) on St. Paul's description of the conflict with sin, in Romans vii. Paul, it is argued, speaks not as a sinner, but as a man, and thus confesses the sinfulness of humanity. That men may be without ingrained vice is possible; that they can be without sin is not. This leads the Augustinian, Atticus, resuming his list of testimonies, to the fact that, though men are found who are righteous as avoiding wickedness (kaki/a), yet none is without sin (a0nama/rthtoj).
In Psalm xxxii. 5. One who speaks of himself as "holy," yet confesses his transgression.
Prov. xxiv. 16. Explains this, "The righteous falls, but sins again."
xviii. 17, LXX. and xviii. 17 Vulgate. A righteous man accuses himself when he begins to speak.
Ps. lviii. 3. Sinners are estranged from the womb; that is, either, as St. Paul says (Rom. v. 14), they sin "after the similitude of Adam";or,"when Christ, as the firstborn, opened the virgin's womb" (Exod. xiii. 2). The heretics refused to acknowledge the mystery, which was prefigured by the Eastern door of the Temple (Ezek. xliv. 2), which closed againwhen once the High Priest had gone through it.1
Job iv. 17-21. Shall mortal man be just with God?
vii. 1. The life of man is temptation.
20, 21. If I have sinned, what can I do?
ix. 15, ix. 16. If I were righteous, he would not hear me.
29-31. If I wash myself with snow water, etc.
x. 15. If I be righteous, etc.
xiv. 4, Job xiv. 5. Who will be free from uncleanliness? Not one.
Prov. xvi. 26, LXX. Man toileth in sorrow.
Job xl. 4. Wha shall I answer thee?
Prov. xx. 9. "Who will boast that he has a clean heart?" which shows at least that the commandments are not easy, as Pelagius says they are.
1 John v. 3. "His commandments are not grievous," and
Matt. xi. 30. "My yoke is easy," are true only in comparison with Judaism, and should be compared with
Acts xv. 10. A yoke ...which neither our fathers nor we are able to bear.
James iv. 11. "Thou judgest the law." that is, if you say that the condemnation of sins of ignorance is unreasonable. That we all sin in such ways is evident from
James i. 20. "The wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God." But anger is constantly condemned as in
Prov. xv. 1, LXX. "Wrath destroys even wise men."
Eph. iv. 26. Let not the sun go down upon your wrath.
Matt. v. 22. He who is angry ...shall be in danger of council.
Eccles. xi. 19. "I am the most foolish of all men." This is said by Christ in the person of humanity. So
Ps. lxix. 5. "God, Thou knowest my foolishness." But
1 Cor. i. 25. The foolishness of God is wiser than men.
Ecclus. i. 18. "In much wisdom is much grief," shows the wise man's sense of imperfection. So
viii. 7. "I hated my life,"and
14. "There be righteous men unto whom it happeneth according to the work of the wicked;" that is, God sees evil where we do not.
17. "However much a man may labor, yet he shall not find it;" and
ix. 2, 3. There is one event to all. The heart ...is full of evil.
x. 1. "Dead flies cause the ointment to stink;"That is, almost everyone is defiled by heresy or other faults.
1 Pet. ii. 17, 18. Judgement must begin at the house of God.
6. There are four emotions which agitate mankind, two relating to the present, two to the future; two to good, and two to evil. There is sorrow, called in Greek lu/ph, and joy, in Greek xara/ or h9donh/, although many translate the latter word by voluptas, pleasure; the one of which is referred to evil, the other to good. And we go too far if we rejoice over such things as we ought not, as, for example, riches, power, distinctions, the bad fortune of enemies, or their death; or, on the other hand, if we are tortured with grief on account of present evils, adversity, exile, poverty, weakness, and the death of kindred, all of which is forbidden by the Apostle. And again, if we covet those things which we consider good, inheritance, distinctions, unvaried prosperity, bodily health, and the like, in the possession of which we rejoice and find enjoyment; or if we fear those things which we deem adverse. Now, according to the Stoics, Zeno that is to say and Chrysippus, it is possible for a perfect man to be free from these emotions; according to the Peripatetics, it is difficult and even impossible, an opinion which has the constant support of all Scripture. Hence Josephus, the historian of the Maccabees, said that the emotions can be subdued and governed, not extirpated, and Cicero's five books of "Tusculan Disputations" are full of these discussions.2 Accordto the Apostle, the weakness of the body and spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places fight against us. And the same writer3 tells us that the works of the flesh and the works of the spirit are manifest, and these are contrary the one to the other, so that we do not the things that we would. If we do not what we would, but what we would not, how can you say that a man can be without sin if he chooses? You see that neither an Apostle, nor any believer can perform what he wishes.4 "Love covereth a multitude of sins," not so much sins of the past as sins of the present, that we may not sin any more while the love of God abideth in us. Wherefore it is said concerning the woman that was a sinner,5 "Her sins which are many are forgiven her, for she loved much." And this shows us that the doing what we wish does not depend merely upon our own power, but upon the assistance which God in His mercy gives to our will.
7. The quotations from Scripture are now continued:
In 1 John i. 5, John i. 7, John i. 8, Matt. v. 14, Christ and the Apostles are called the Light of the world. The world therefore is darkness.
1 Tim. vi. 16. God only hath immortality and is"only wise"; yet others,like the Prince of Tyre (Ezek. xxviii. 3), are wise derivatively. So we are pure, but only by grace. Thus
1 John i. 7. The blood of Christ cleanses us.
Job xxv. 5, Job xxv. 6. The stars are not pure in his sight.
Gal. ii. 16. "By the law no flesh shall be justified;" butRom. iii. 1, 24, 28, 30. Being justified freely through His grace, etc.
vi. 14. Not under the law, but under grace.
ix. 16. Not of him that willeth, but of God which showeth mercy.
ix. 30-32. The Gentiles ...attained to the righteousness by faith.
x. 2. Christ is the end of the law to every one that believeth.
8. The Apostle confesses his need of this grace for his work.
1 Cor. i. 1-3. Grace to you from God.
7, 8. That ye come behind in no gift-that no flesh may glory in His sight.
1 Cor. iii. 6-10. Paul planted ...but God gave the increase.
18, 19. If any man thinketh himself to be wise, let him become a fool.
iv. 4. I know nothing against myself, yet I am not hereby justified.
7. What have ye that ye did not receive?
19. I will come to you, if the Lord will.
9. The Apostle shows also his need of grace himself.
1 Cor. xv. 9, 10. By the grace of God I am what I am, etc.
2 Cor. iii. 4-6. Our sufficiency is of God.
Gal. ii. 16. We have believed, that we might, be justified by faith.
ii. 21. If righteousness come by the law, Christ is dead for nought.
iii. 10, 13. Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law.
24. The law our teacher to bring us to Christ.
v. 4. Ye are severed from Christ, ye that would be justified by the law.
Phil. ii. 13. It is God that worketh in you.
2 Thess. iii. 3. The Lord is faithful, He shall establish you.
1 Tim. vi. 20, 21. O Timothy, guard that which is committed unto thee.
Tit. iii. 4-7. The kindness and mercy of God our Saviour saved us.
11. We now turn to the Gospels "and supplement the flickering flame of the Apostolic light with the brightness of the lamp of Christ."
Matt. v. 22. "Every man who is angry ...shall be in danger of the council." Which of us is not here condemned?
23, 24. "First be reconciled to thy brother." Who is there that finds this command easy?
37. "Let your speech be Yea, yea, Nay, nay." Who has ever kept this commandment? The Psalmist says Ps. cxvi. 11. All men are liars.
Matt. vi. 34. "Be not anxious for to-morrow." Do you fulfil this?
vii. 14. "Narrow is the gate which leadeth to life." How can you say that the commandments are easy?
Luke ix. 58. "The Son of Man hath not where to lay His head." This is interpreted by
Is. xxviii. 12. "Receive him that is weary, and this is my rest;" and
Is. lxvi. 1, 2. "On whom shall I rest but on him that is humble?" Christ finds few on whom to rest. How then can His commands be said to be easy?
Matt. ix. 12, 13. "I came not to call the righteous." "They that are whole need not the physician." Had the world not been full of sin, Christ would not have come. So
Ps. xii. 1. Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth.
xiv. 1, 3. They are corrupt ...none doeth good.
Matt. x. 9. "Get you no gold ...nor shoes." Who has fulfilled this? Not even the Apostles, for
Acts xii. 8. The angel bids Peter to bind on his sandals.
Matt. x. 22-34. Describes the persecutions of Christ's followers, and gives the command to take up the cross. Are these easy?
xiv. 31. Even Peter's faith fails, and he begins to sink.
xv. 19, 20. Out of the heart came evil thoughts, etc.
xvi. 25. Whosoever will lose his life will find it.
xviii. 7. "Woe to the man through whom stumbling cometh." But
James iii. 2. In many things we all stumble or err.
Phil. ii. 21. All seek their own.
Matt. xix. 21. The young lawyer had kept all the law, yet failed.
xxiii. 26-28. The woes on the Pharisees fall in their measure upon all.
Matt. xxvi. 39. "Not as I will, but as Thou will." Yet Critobulus says, by his own will he can do right.
Mark xiv. 37. "Could ye not watch with me one hour?" They could not.
vi. 5. He could do no mighty works because of their unbelief.
vii. 24. "He went into the borders of Tyre and Sidon." If Christ could not do as he wished, how can we?
ix. 5. Peter's request at the Transfiguration shows his ignorance.
xiii. 32. Even the Son knows not all things; how then can we?
xiv. 35. If it be possible. How can you say it is possible every hour to avoid sin?
Mark xvi. 14. Even the Apostles showed unbelief and hardness of heart.
1 John v. 19. The world lieth in the evil one.
Luke i. 20. Even Zacharias disbelieved God's message.
Matt. xvii. 15. The disciples could not relieve the lunatic, because of unbelief.
Mark iv. 34. The disciple's dispute about precedence.
Luke ix. 54. James and John show a vindictive spirit.
xiv. 26, 27. The commands to forsake all and take up the cross are not easy.
xvi. 15. That which is exalted among men is abomination in the sight of God.
xvii. 1. It is impossible but that occasions of stumbling should come.
xvii. 6. The Apostles' faith was not even like a grain of mustard seed.
James iii. 2.
Matt. xvii. 19.
Luke xviii. 1. We are always to pray. This shows our weakness.
27. Who, then, can be saved? It is possible, but to God only.
xxii. 24. The contest for precedence at the last supper.
31, 32. Peter's faith almost overcome by Satan.
Luke xxii. 43. Even Christ in his agony needs an angel to strengthen Him.
46. Pray that ye enter not into temptation.
John v. 30. Even Christ says, "I cannot do anything by myself"; and
vii. 10. Was irresolute about going up to the Feast of Tabernacles.
19. None of you doeth the law.
viii. 3. None of the accusers of the woman taken in adultery were without sin. Christ wrote their names in the earth (Jerem. xvii. 13).
x. 8. All who came (not who were sent; Jerem. xiv. 15) before Christ were robbers.
xvii. 12. I kept them-they did not keep themselves.
Acts xv. 39. Paul and Barnabas quarrelled.
xvi. 6, 7. They were forbidden to preach where they chose.
18. Even the Apostles, with their full light, show their dependence on grace.
Acts xvii. 30. The times before Christ were times of ignorance.
1 Cor. iv. 19. I will come if the Lord will.
James ii.10. To stumble in one point is to be guilty of all.
iii. 2. In many things we all stumble.
8. The tongue is a deadly poison.
James iv. 1. Wars arise from our lust. David indeed said,
Ps. xxvi. 2. "Examine me and prove me," etc. This self-confidence led to his fall.
li. 1. Have mercy on me, O God.
lxxx. 5. "Thou feedest us with the bread of tears." Similarly
Ps. xxx. 6, 7. I said I shall never be moved ...Thou didst hide Thy face.
xxxii. 5. I said I will confess my sin,
xxxvii. 5, 6. He shall make thy righteousness as the light.
39. The salvation of the righteous is of the Lord.
xxxviii. 7. There is no soundness in my flesh.
Rom. vii. 18. In my flesh dwelleth no good thing.
Ps. xxxviii. 8. Vulgate. My loins are filled with deceits.
xxxix. 5. He hath made our days as handbreadths.
lxix. 5. My sins are not hid from thee.
lxxvii. 2. My soul refused to be comforted.
10. This is the changing of the right hand of theMost High.6
Ps. lxxxix. 2. Mercy shall be built up forever.
xci. 6. From "the thing7 that walketh in darkness" who can be free? For
xi. 2. "The wicked bend their bow"-an image of theheretics.
xcii. 14. Those that are planted in the house of the Lordshall flourish.
ciii. 8, 10. The Lord is full of compassion.
2 Sam. viii. 13, 14. David receives the promises with the humble confession of his weakness. "Is this the law of man, O God?"
xvi. 10. He humbles himself under Abishai's violence and Shimei's curse.
xvii. 14. And is delivered only by God's confounding the counsel of Ahithophel.
1 Kings xiv. 8. It was God who gave Jeroboam the kingdom.
1 Kings xv. 11. Asa, though a good man, was faulty.
xix. 4. Elijah fled from Jezebel.
Ps. cxviii. 6. The Lord is my keeper.
2 Chron. xvii. 3. Jehoshaphat prospers because the Lord is with him. Yet
xix. 2. He is rebuked for joining with Ahab.
2 Chron. xxii. 9. Ahaziah received burial among kings because descended from righteous Jehoshaphat.
2 Kings xviii. 3, 4, 7. Hezekiah did great things, but only through the Lord's help.
14. He gave the consecrated gold to the king of Assyria.
22. Even the best kings of Judah were imperfect.
2 Kings xx. 1, 5. Hezekiah wept when death was at hand, and recovered through special mercy.
13, 17. But he sinned in receiving the Babylonian envoys.
2 Chron. xxxii. 26. He fell by the lifting up of his heart.
xxxiv. 2. Josiah was a righteous man; yet
22, 23. He needed the aid of Huldah; and
xxxv. 22. He was slain through not heeding God's warning; and
23. The prophets also are weak and sinful.
Lam. iv. 20. Jeremiah8 lamented his fall.
Numb. xx. 10, 12. Moses is punished for his sin at Meribah. This is the meaning of Ps. cxli. 6. Vulgate. Their judges were swallowed up, joined to the Rock, etc.
Hosea ii. 19. God in mercy forgives Israel's unfaithfulness.
xi. 9. "I will not enter into the city." Only the Holy One is not joined to the mass of ungodliness.
Amos vi. 13. We turn righteousness into wormwood.
Jonah i. 14. The sailors confess that God is just in raising the storm.
Micah vii. 2. The godly man is perished from the earth, etc.
vi. 8. The command of justice, mercy, and a humble walk with God is only possible to humble faith, for
Ps. cxl. 6. "The wicked walk on every side," and
James iv. 6. God giveth grace to the humble.
Habakkuk iii. 16. Let rottenness enter into my bones, if only I mayrest, etc.
Zech. iii. 1. Joshua is represented as clothed in filthy garments, and is freed through God's mercy.
But Jovinian's heir says "I am quite free from sin, I have no filthy garments, I am governed by my own will, I am greater than an Apostle. The Apostle does what he would not, and what he would he does not; but I do what I will, and what I would not I do not: the kingdom of heaven has been prepared for me, or rather I have by my virtuous life prepared it for myself. Adam was subject to punishment, and so are others who think themselves guilty after the similitude of Adam's transgressions; I and my crew alone have nothing to fear. Other men shut up in their cells and who never see women, because, poor creatures! they do not listen to my words, are tormented with desire: crowds of women may surround me, I feel no stirring of concupiscence. For to me may be applied the9 words, `Holy stones are rolled upon the ground,' and the reason why I am insensible to the attraction of sin is that in the power of free will I carry Christ's trophy about with me." But let us listen to God10 proclaiming by the mouth of Isaiah: "O my people, they which call thee happy cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths." Who is the greatest subverter of the people of God-he who, relying on the power of free choice, despises the help of the Creator, and is satisfied with following his own will, or he who dreads to be judged by the details of the Lord's commandments? To men of this sort, God11 says, "Woe unto you that are wise in your own eyes, and prudent in your own sight." Isaiah, if we follow the Hebrew, laments12 and says, "Woe is me because I have been silent, because I am a man of unclean lips: and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips, for mine eyes have seen the Lord of Hosts." He for his meritorious and virtuous life enjoyed the sight of God, and conscious of his sins confessed that he had unclean lips. Not that he had said anything repugnant to the will of God, but because, either from fear, or from a deep sense of shame, he had been13 silent, and had not reproved the errors of the people so freely as a prophet should. When do we sinners rebuke offenders, we who flatter wealth and accept the persons of sinners for the sake of filthy lucre? for we shall hardly say that we speak with perfect frankness to men of whose assistance we stand in need. Suppose that we do not such things as they, suppose we keep ourselves from every form of sin; to refrain from speaking the truth is certainly sin. In the Septuagint, however, we do not find the words "because I have been silent," but "because I was pricked," that is with the consciousness of sin; and thus the words of the14 prophet are fulfilled. "My life was turned into misery while I was pierced by the thorn." He was pricked by the thorn of sin: you are decked with the flowers of virtue.15 "The moon shall be ashamed, and the sun confounded, when the Lord shall punish the host of heaven on high." This is explained by another passage.16 "Even the stars are unclean in His sight," and again,17 "He chargeth His angels with folly." The moon is ashamed, the sun is confounded, and the sky covered with sackcloth, and shall we fearlessly and joyously, as though we were free from all sin, face the majesty of the Judge, when the mountains shall melt away, that is, all who are lifted up by pride, and all the host of the heavens, whether they be stars, or angelic powers, when the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll, and all their host shall fade away like leaves?
The argument is now carried on mostly by the quotation of passages from the prophets:
Is xxxiv. 5. "My sword hath drunk its fill in the heavens. It will come down in Edom." How much more is there wrath against sin on earth! Edom means blood, which cannot inherit the kingdom (1 Cor. xv. 50).
xlv. 9. Woe unto him who striveth with his Maker.
liii. 6. We have all gone astray like sheep.
Ezek. xvi. 14. Jerusalem is perfect in beauty; yet
Ezek. xvi. 60, 61. Her salvation is not of merit but of mercy.
Nahum i. 3. Though he cleanse,18 yet will he not make thee innocent.
1 Cor. xv. 9. I am not worthy-because I persecuted.
Ezek. xx. 43, 44. When pardoned, Jerusalem will still remember her sin.
Let us confess with shame that these are the utterances of men who have already won their reward; sinners upon earth, and still in our frail and mortal bodies let us adopt the language of the saints in heaven who have even been endowed with incorruption and immortality.19 "And ye say the way of the Lord is not equal, when your ways are not equal." It is Pharisaic pride to attribute to the injustice of the Creator sins which are due to our own will, and to slander His righteousness. The sons of Zadok, the priests of the spiritual temple, that is the Church,20 go not out to the people in their ministerial robes, lest by human intercourse they may lose their holiness and be defiled. And do you suppose that you, in the thick of the throng, and an ordinary individual, are pure?
26. Let us hastily run through the prophet Jeremiah:
Jerem. v. 1, 2. Is there any that doeth justly, etc.
vii. 21, 22. God rejects the sacrifices, because of the worshippers' evil lives.
xiii. 23. Can the Ethiopian change his skin?
Jerem. xvii. 14. "Heal me, O Lord," Otherwise Jeremiah could only say, as in the text next quoted,
xx. 14, 17, 18. Cursed be the day wherein I was born, etc.
xxiii. 23. Am I a God at hand, etc. So conscious is he of God's power.
xxiv. 6, 7. God, not they themselves, will plant them, etc.
xxvi. 21-24. Jeremiah needed the help of Ahikam. How much more do we need that of God.
Jerem. xxxi. 34. The promise of the new covenant.
xxxii. 30. The children of Israel have perpetually done evil.
xxxvii. 18, 19. Yet Jeremiah himself trembled before Zedekiah.
Jerem. xxx. 10, 11. Fear not, O Jacob, for I am with thee.
Amos vi. 14. "We have taken us horns by our own strength." Theseare the boasts of heretics. But
Is. xvi. 6. His strength (Moab's) is by no means according to his arrogance.21
Jerem. i. 7, 20. Men's sin will only be abolished because God is gracious to them. If you will abandon your assertions ofnatural ability, I will concede that your whole contention stands good, but only by the gift of God.
Lam. iii. 26-42. It is good that a man should quietly wait for the salvation of the Lord.
Dan. iv. 17. The Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men.
Ps. cxiii. 7, 8. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust.
Is. xl. 17. He deeth what He will in heaven and in earth.
The words of 2 Maccabees v. 17, which say that Antiochus Epiphanes had power to overthrow the Temple, "because of the multitude of sins," are quoted in connection with the confessions of Daniel.
Dan. ix. 5. "We have sinned and dealt perversely," which is shown by
20. "While I was yet praying," etc., to be a personal, not only a national confession.
24. The prophecy of the seventy weeks shows that the prophet looked to God alone for the establishment of righteousness.
So then, until that end shall come, and this corruptible and mortal shall put on incorruption and immortality, we must be liable to sin; not, as you falsely say, owing to the fault of our nature and creation, but through the frailty and fickleness of human will, which varies from moment to moment; because God alone changeth not. You ask in what respects Abel, Enoch, Joshua the son of Nun, or Elisha, and the rest of the saints have sinned. There is no need to look for a knot in a bulrush; I freely confess I do not know; and I only wish that, when sins are manifest, I might still be silent.22 "I know nothing against myself," says St. Paul, "yet am I not hereby justified."23 "Man looketh on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart." Before Him no man is justified. And so Paul says confidently,24 "All bare sinned, and come short of the glory of God"; and25 "God hath shut up all under sin that He may have mercy upon all"; and similarly in other passages which we have repeated again and again. | <urn:uuid:0ab7b67b-a25e-4496-9723-14d523c67bd4> | 2013-05-21T10:06:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Quantum Time Waits for No
Quantum Theory, also quantum mechanics, in physics, a theory based
on using the concept of the quantum unit to describe the dynamic
properties of subatomic particles and the interactions of matter and
radiation. The foundation was laid by the German physicist Max
Planck, who postulated in 1900 that energy can be emitted or
absorbed by matter only in small, discrete units called quanta.
fundamental to the development of quantum mechanics was the
uncertainty principle, formulated by the German physicist Werner
Heisenberg in 1927, which states that the position and momentum of a
subatomic particle cannot be specified simultaneously.
Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen: When an electron makes a
transition from one energy level to another, the electron emits a
photon with a particular energy. These photons are then observed as
emission lines using a spectroscope. The Lyman series involves
transitions to the lowest or ground state energy level.
to the second energy level are called the Balmer series. These
transitions involve frequencies in the visible part of the spectrum.
In this frequency range each transition is characterized by a
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Newtonian, or classical, mechanics
appeared to provide a wholly accurate description of the motions of
bodies—for example, planetary motion. In the late 19th and early
20th centuries, however, experimental findings raised doubts about
the completeness of Newtonian theory. Among the newer observations
were the lines that appear in the spectra of light emitted by heated
gases, or gases in which electric discharges take place.
model of the atom developed in the early 20th century by the English
physicist Ernest Rutherford, in which negatively charged electrons
circle a positive nucleus in orbits prescribed by Newton’s laws of
motion, scientists had also expected that the electrons would emit
light over a broad frequency range, rather than in the narrow
frequency ranges that form the lines in a spectrum.
Another puzzle for physicists was the coexistence of two theories of
light: the corpuscular theory, which explains light as a stream of
particles, and the wave theory, which views light as electromagnetic
waves. A third problem was the absence of a molecular basis for
In his book Elementary Principles in Statistical
Mechanics (1902), the American mathematical physicist J. Willard
Gibbs conceded the impossibility of framing a theory of molecular
action that reconciled thermodynamics, radiation, and electrical
phenomena as they were then understood.
At the turn of the century, physicists did not yet clearly recognize
that these and other difficulties in physics were in any way
related. The first development that led to the solution of these
difficulties was Planck’s introduction of the concept of the
quantum, as a result of physicists’ studies of blackbody radiation
during the closing years of the 19th century. (The term blackbody
refers to an ideal body or surface that absorbs all radiant energy
without any reflection.)
A body at a moderately high temperature — a
"red heat" — gives off most of its radiation in the low frequency (red
and infrared) regions; a body at a higher temperature — "white
heat" — gives off comparatively more radiation in higher frequencies
(yellow, green, or blue). During the 1890s physicists conducted
detailed quantitative studies of these phenomena and expressed their
results in a series of curves or graphs. The classical, or prequantum, theory predicted an altogether different set of curves
from those actually observed.
What Planck did was to devise a
mathematical formula that described the curves exactly; he then
deduced a physical hypothesis that could explain the formula. His
hypothesis was that energy is radiated only in quanta of energy hu,
where u is the frequency and h is the quantum action, now known as
The next important developments in quantum mechanics were the work
of German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate Albert
Einstein. He used Planck’s concept of the quantum to explain certain
properties of the photoelectric effect—an experimentally observed
phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from metal surfaces when
radiation falls on these surfaces.
According to classical theory, the energy, as measured by the
voltage of the emitted electrons, should be proportional to the
intensity of the radiation. The energy of the electrons, however,
was found to be independent of the intensity of radiation—which
determined only the number of electrons emitted—and to depend solely
on the frequency of the radiation. The higher the frequency of the
incident radiation, the greater is the electron energy; below a
certain critical frequency no electrons are emitted. These facts
were explained by Einstein by assuming that a single quantum of
radiant energy ejects a single electron from the metal.
of the quantum is proportional to the frequency, and so the energy
of the electron depends on the frequency.
In 1911 Rutherford established the existence of the atomic nucleus.
He assumed, on the basis of experimental evidence obtained from the
scattering of alpha particles by the nuclei of gold atoms, that
every atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus,
surrounded by negatively charged electrons revolving around the
nucleus as planets revolve around the sun.
electromagnetic theory developed by the British physicist James
Clerk Maxwell unequivocally predicted that an electron revolving
around a nucleus will continuously radiate electromagnetic energy
until it has lost all its energy, and eventually will fall into the
nucleus. Thus, according to classical theory, an atom, as described
by Rutherford, is unstable. This difficulty led the Danish physicist
Niels Bohr, in 1913, to postulate that in an atom the classical
theory does not hold, and that electrons move in fixed orbits. Every
change in orbit by the electron corresponds to the absorption or
emission of a quantum of radiation.
The application of Bohr’s theory to atoms with more than one
electron proved difficult. The mathematical equations for the next
simplest atom, the helium atom, were solved during the 1910s and
1920s, but the results were not entirely in accordance with
For more complex atoms, only approximate solutions of
the equations are possible, and these are only partly concordant
The French physicist Louis Victor de Broglie suggested in 1924 that
because electromagnetic waves show particle characteristics,
particles should, in some cases, also exhibit wave properties. This
prediction was verified experimentally within a few years by the
American physicists Clinton Joseph Davisson and Lester Halbert
Germer and the British physicist George Paget Thomson.
that a beam of electrons scattered by a crystal produces a
diffraction pattern characteristic of a wave (see Diffraction). The
wave concept of a particle led the Austrian physicist Erwin
Schrödinger to develop a so-called wave equation to describe the
wave properties of a particle and, more specifically, the wave
behavior of the electron in the hydrogen atom.
Although this differential equation was continuous and gave
solutions for all points in space, the permissible solutions of the
equation were restricted by certain conditions expressed by
mathematical equations called eigenfunctions (German eigen, "own").
The Schrödinger wave equation thus had only certain discrete
solutions; these solutions were mathematical expressions in which
quantum numbers appeared as parameters. (Quantum numbers are
integers developed in particle physics to give the magnitudes of
certain characteristic quantities of particles or systems.)
Schrödinger equation was solved for the hydrogen atom and gave
conclusions in substantial agreement with earlier quantum theory.
Moreover, it was solvable for the helium atom, which earlier theory
had failed to explain adequately, and here also it was in agreement
with experimental evidence. The solutions of the Schrödinger
equation also indicated that no two electrons could have the same
four quantum numbers—that is, be in the same energy state.
rule, which had already been established empirically by
Austro-American physicist and Nobel laureate Wolfgang Pauli in 1925,
is called the exclusion principle.
What is Matter
In the 20th century, physicists discovered that matter behaved as
both a wave and a particle. Austrian physicist and Nobel Prize
winner Erwin Schrödinger discussed this apparent paradox in a
lecture in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1952. A condensed and translated
version of his lecture appeared in Scientific American the following
What Is Matter?
The wave-particle dualism afflicting modern physics is best resolved
in favor of waves, believes the author, but there is no clear
picture of matter on which physicists can agree
Fifty years ago science seemed on the road to a clear-cut answer to
the ancient question which is the title of this article. It looked
as if matter would be reduced at last to its ultimate building
blocks—to certain submicroscopic but nevertheless tangible and
measurable particles. But it proved to be less simple than that.
Today a physicist no longer can distinguish significantly between
matter and something else. We no longer contrast matter with forces
or fields of force as different entities; we know now that these
concepts must be merged. It is true that we speak of "empty" space
(i.e., space free of matter), but space is never really empty,
because even in the remotest voids of the universe there is always
starlight—and that is matter. Besides, space is filled with
gravitational fields, and according to Einstein gravity and inertia
cannot very well be separated.
Thus the subject of this article is in fact the total picture of
space-time reality as envisaged by physics. We have to admit that
our conception of material reality today is more wavering and
uncertain than it has been for a long time. We know a great many
interesting details, learn new ones every week. But to construct a
clear, easily comprehensible picture on which all physicists would
agree—that is simply impossible.
Physics stands at a grave crisis of
ideas. In the face of this crisis, many maintain that no objective
picture of reality is possible. However, the optimists among us (of
whom I consider myself one) look upon this view as a philosophical
extravagance born of despair. We hope that the present fluctuations
of thinking are only indications of an upheaval of old beliefs which
in the end will lead to something better than the mess of formulas
which today surrounds our subject.
Since the picture of matter that I am supposed to draw does not yet
exist, since only fragments of it are visible, some parts of this
narrative may be inconsistent with others. Like Cervantes’ tale of Sancho Panza, who loses his donkey in one chapter but a few chapters
later, thanks to the forgetfulness of the author, is riding the dear
little animal again, our story has contradictions. We must start
with the well-established concept that matter is composed of
corpuscles or atoms, whose existence has been quite "tangibly"
demonstrated by many beautiful experiments, and with Max Planck’s
discovery that energy also comes in indivisible units, called
quanta, which are supposed to be transferred abruptly from one
carrier to another.
But then Sancho Panza’s donkey will return. For I shall have to ask
you to believe neither in corpuscles as permanent individuals nor in
the suddenness of the transfer of an energy quantum. Discreteness is
present, but not in the traditional sense of discrete single
particles, let alone in the sense of abrupt processes. Discreteness
arises merely as a structure from the laws governing the phenomena.
These laws are by no means fully understood; a probably correct
analogue from the physics of palpable bodies is the way various
partial tones of a bell derive from its shape and from the laws of
elasticity to which, of themselves, nothing discontinuous adheres.
The idea that matter is made up of ultimate particles was advanced
as early as the fifth century B.C. by Leucippus and Democritus, who
called these particles atoms. The corpuscular theory of matter was
lifted to physical reality in the theory of gases developed during
the 19th century by James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. The
concept of atoms and molecules in violent motion, colliding and
rebounding again and again, led to full comprehension of all the
properties of gases: their elastic and thermal properties, their
viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion. At the same time it led
to a firm foundation of the mechanical theory of heat, namely, that
heat is the motion of these ultimate particles, which becomes
increasingly violent with rising temperature.
Within one tremendously fertile decade at the turn of the century
came the discoveries of X-rays, of electrons, of the emission of
streams of particles and other forms of energy from the atomic
nucleus by radioactive decay, of the electric charges on the various
particles. The masses of these particles, and of the atoms
themselves, were later measured very precisely, and from this was
discovered the mass defect of the atomic nucleus as a whole.
mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its
component particles; the lost mass becomes the binding energy
holding the nucleus firmly together. This is called the packing
effect. The nuclear forces of course are not electrical forces—those
are repellent—but are much stronger and act only within very short
distances, about 10-13 centimeter.
Here I am already caught in a contradiction. Didn’t I say at the
beginning that we no longer assume the existence of force fields
apart from matter? I could easily talk myself out of it by saying:
Well, the force field of a particle is simply considered a part of
it. But that is not the fact. The established view today is rather
that everything is at the same time both particle and field.
Everything has the continuous structure with which we are familiar
in fields, as well as the discrete structure with which we are
equally familiar in particles. This concept is supported by
innumerable experimental facts and is accepted in general, though
opinions differ on details, as we shall see.
In the particular case of the field of nuclear forces, the particle
structure is more or less known. Most likely the continuous force
field is represented by the so-called pi mesons. On the other hand,
the protons and neutrons, which we think of as discrete particles,
indisputably also have a continuous wave structure, as is shown by
the interference patterns they form when diffracted by a crystal.
The difficulty of combining these two so very different character
traits in one mental picture is the main stumbling-block that causes
our conception of matter to be so uncertain.
Neither the particle concept nor the wave concept is hypothetical.
The tracks in a photographic emulsion or in a Wilson cloud chamber
leave no doubt of the behavior of particles as discrete units. The
artificial production of nuclear particles is being attempted right
now with terrific expenditure, defrayed in the main by the various
state ministries of defense. It is true that one cannot kill anybody
with one such racing particle, or else we should all be dead by now.
But their study promises, indirectly, a hastened realization of the
plan for the annihilation of mankind which is so close to all our
You can easily observe particles yourself by looking at a luminous
numeral of your wrist watch in the dark with a magnifying glass. The
luminosity surges and undulates, just as a lake sometimes twinkles
in the sun. The light consists of sparklets, each produced by a
so-called alpha particle (helium nucleus) expelled by a radioactive
atom which in this process is transformed into a different atom. A
specific device for detecting and recording single particles is the
Geiger-Müller counter. In this short résumé I cannot possibly
exhaust the many ways in which we can observe single particles.
Now to the continuous field or wave character of matter. Wave
structure is studied mainly by means of diffraction and
interference—phenomena which occur when wave trains cross each
other. For the analysis and measurement of light waves the principal
device is the ruled grating, which consists of a great many fine,
parallel, equidistant lines, closely engraved on a specular metallic
Light impinging from one direction is scattered by them and
collected in different directions depending on its wavelength. But
even the finest ruled gratings we can produce are too coarse to
scatter the very much shorter waves associated with matter. The fine
lattices of crystals, however, which Max von Laue first used as
gratings to analyze the very short X-rays, will do the same for
"matter waves." Directed at the surface of a crystal, high-velocity
streams of particles manifest their wave nature. With crystal
gratings physicists have diffracted and measured the wavelengths of
electrons, neutrons and protons.
What does Planck’s quantum theory have to do with all this? Planck
told us in 1900 that he could comprehend the radiation from red-hot
iron, or from an incandescent star such as the sun, only if this
radiation was produced in discrete portions and transferred in such
discrete quantities from one carrier to another (e.g., from atom to
This was extremely startling, because up to that time energy
had been a highly abstract concept. Five years later Einstein told
us that energy has mass and mass is energy; in other words, that
they are one and the same. Now the scales begin to fall from our
eyes: our dear old atoms, corpuscles, particles are Planck’s energy
quanta. The carriers of those quanta are themselves quanta. One gets
dizzy. Something quite fundamental must lie at the bottom of this,
but it is not surprising that the secret is not yet understood.
After all, the scales did not fall suddenly. It took 20 or 30 years.
And perhaps they still have not fallen completely.
The next step was not quite so far reaching, but important enough.
By an ingenious and appropriate generalization of Planck’s
hypothesis Niels Bohr taught us to understand the line spectra of
atoms and molecules and how atoms were composed of heavy, positively
charged nuclei with light, negatively charged electrons revolving
Each small system—atom or molecule—can harbor only
definite discrete energy quantities, corresponding to its nature or
its constitution. In transition from a higher to a lower "energy
level" it emits the excess energy as a radiation quantum of definite
wavelength, inversely proportional to the quantum given off. This
means that a quantum of given magnitude manifests itself in a
periodic process of definite frequency which is directly
proportional to the quantum; the frequency equals the energy quantum
divided by the famous Planck’s constant, h.
According to Einstein a particle has the energy mc2, m being the
mass of the particle and c the velocity of light. In 1925 Louis de Broglie drew the inference, which rather suggests itself, that a
particle might have associated with it a wave process of frequency
mc2 divided by h. The particle for which he postulated such a wave
was the electron. Within two years the "electron waves" required by
his theory were demonstrated by the famous electron diffraction
experiment of C. J. Davisson and L. H. Germer.
This was the starting
point for the cognition that everything — anything at all — is
simultaneously particle and wave field. Thus de Broglie’s
dissertation initiated our uncertainty about the nature of matter.
Both the particle picture and the wave picture have truth value, and
we cannot give up either one or the other. But we do not know how to
That the two pictures are connected is known in full generality with
great precision and down to amazing details. But concerning the
unification to a single, concrete, palpable picture opinions are so
strongly divided that a great many deem it altogether impossible. I
shall briefly sketch the connection. But do not expect that a
uniform, concrete picture will emerge before you; and do not blame
the lack of success either on my ineptness in exposition or your own
denseness—nobody has yet succeeded.
One distinguishes two things in a wave. First of all, a wave has a
front, and a succession of wave fronts forms a system of surfaces
like the layers of an onion. You are familiar with the
two-dimensional analogue of the beautiful wave circles that form on
the smooth surface of a pond when a stone is thrown in. The second
characteristic of a wave, less intuitive, is the path along which it
travels—a system of imagined lines perpendicular to the wave fronts.
These lines are known as the wave "normals" or "rays."
We can make the provisional assertion that these rays correspond to
the trajectories of particles. Indeed, if you cut a small piece out
of a wave, approximately 10 or 20 wavelengths along the direction of
propagation and about as much across, such a "wave packet" would
actually move along a ray with exactly the same velocity and change
of velocity as we might expect from a particle of this particular
kind at this particular place, taking into account any force fields
acting on the particle.
Here I falter. For what I must say now, though correct, almost
contradicts this provisional assertion. Although the behavior of the
wave packet gives us a more or less intuitive picture of a particle,
which can be worked out in detail (e.g., the momentum of a particle
increases as the wavelength decreases; the two are inversely
proportional), yet for many reasons we cannot take this intuitive
picture quite seriously. For one thing, it is, after all, somewhat
vague, the more so the greater the wavelength. For another, quite
often we are dealing not with a small packet but with an extended
wave. For still another, we must also deal with the important
special case of very small "packelets" which form a kind of
"standing wave" which can have no wave fronts or wave normals.
One interpretation of wave phenomena which is extensively supported
by experiments is this: At each position of a uniformly propagating
wave train there is a twofold structural connection of interactions,
which may be distinguished as "longitudinal" and "transversal." The
transversal structure is that of the wave fronts and manifests
itself in diffraction and interference experiments; the longitudinal
structure is that of the wave normals and manifests itself in the
observation of single particles. However, these concepts of
longitudinal and transversal structures are not sharply defined and
absolute, since the concepts of wave front and wave normal are not,
The interpretation breaks down completely in the special case of the
standing waves mentioned above. Here the whole wave phenomenon is
reduced to a small region of the dimensions of a single or very few
wavelengths. You can produce standing water waves of a similar
nature in a small basin if you dabble with your finger rather
uniformly in its center, or else just give it a little push so that
the water surface undulates. In this situation we are not dealing
with uniform wave propagation; what catches the interest are the
normal frequencies of these standing waves.
The water waves in the
basin are an analogue of a wave phenomenon associated with
electrons, which occurs in a region just about the size of the atom.
The normal frequencies of the wave group washing around the atomic
nucleus are universally found to be exactly equal to Bohr’s atomic
"energy levels" divided by Planck’s constant h. Thus the ingenious
yet somewhat artificial assumptions of Bohr’s model of the atom, as
well as of the older quantum theory in general, are superseded by
the far more natural idea of de Broglie’s wave phenomenon.
phenomenon forms the "body" proper of the atom. It takes the place
of the individual pointlike electrons which in Bohr’s model are
supposed to swarm around the nucleus. Such pointlike single
particles are completely out of the question within the atom, and if
one still thinks of the nucleus itself in this way one does so quite
consciously for reasons of expediency.
What seems to me particularly important about the discovery that
"energy levels" are virtually nothing but the frequencies of normal
modes of vibration is that now one can do without the assumption of
sudden transitions, or quantum jumps, since two or more normal modes
may very well be excited simultaneously. The discreteness of the
normal frequencies fully suffices—so I believe—to support the
considerations from which Planck started and many similar and just
as important ones—I mean, in short, to support all of quantum
The theory of quantum jumps is becoming more and more unacceptable,
at least to me personally, as the years go on. Its abandonment has,
however, far-reaching consequences. It means that one must give up
entirely the idea of the exchange of energy in well-defined quanta
and replace it with the concept of resonance between vibrational
frequencies. Yet we have seen that because of the identity of mass
and energy, we must consider the particles themselves as Planck’s
energy quanta. This is at first frightening. For the substituted
theory implies that we can no longer consider the individual
particle as a well-defined permanent entity.
That it is, in fact, no such thing can be reasoned in other ways.
For one thing, there is Werner Heisenberg’s famous uncertainty
principle, according to which a particle cannot simultaneously have
a well-defined position and a sharply defined velocity. This
uncertainty implies that we cannot be sure that the same particle
could ever be observed twice.
Another conclusive reason for not
attributing identifiable sameness to individual particles is that we
must obliterate their individualities whenever we consider two or
more interacting particles of the same kind, e.g., the two electrons
of a helium atom. Two situations which are distinguished only by the
interchange of the two electrons must be counted as one and the
same; if they are counted as two equal situations, nonsense obtains.
This circumstance holds for any kind of particle in arbitrary
numbers without exception.
Most theoreticians will probably accept the foregoing reasoning and
admit that the individual particle is not a well-defined permanent
entity of detectable identity or sameness. Nevertheless this
inadmissible concept of the individual particle continues to play a
large role in their ideas and discussions. Even deeper rooted is the
belief in "quantum jumps," which is now surrounded with a highly
abstruse terminology whose common-sense meaning is often difficult
For instance, an important word in the standing vocabulary
of quantum theory is "probability," referring to transition from one
level to another. But, after all, one can speak of the probability
of an event only assuming that, occasionally, it actually occurs. If
it does occur, the transition must indeed be sudden, since
intermediate stages are disclaimed. Moreover, if it takes time, it
might conceivably be interrupted halfway by an unforeseen
disturbance. This possibility leaves one completely at sea.
The wave v. corpuscle dilemma is supposed to be resolved by
asserting that the wave field merely serves for the computation of
the probability of finding a particle of given properties at a given
position if one looks for it there. But once one deprives the waves
of reality and assigns them only a kind of informative role, it
becomes very difficult to understand the phenomena of interference
and diffraction on the basis of the combined action of discrete
single particles. It certainly seems easier to explain particle
tracks in terms of waves than to explain the wave phenomenon in
terms of corpuscles.
"Real existence" is, to be sure, an expression which has been
virtually chased to death by many philosophical hounds. Its simple,
naive meaning has almost become lost to us. Therefore I want to
recall something else. I spoke of a corpuscle’s not being an
individual. Properly speaking, one never observes the same particle
a second time—very much as Heraclitus says of the river. You cannot
mark an electron, you cannot paint it red. Indeed, you must not even
think of it as marked; if you do, your "counting" will be false and
you will get wrong results at every step—for the structure of line
spectra, in thermodynamics and elsewhere. A wave, on the other hand,
can easily be imprinted with an individual structure by which it can
be recognized beyond doubt. Think of the beacon fires that guide
ships at sea.
The light shines according to a definite code; for
example: three seconds light, five seconds dark, one second light,
another pause of five seconds, and again light for three seconds—the
skipper knows that is San Sebastian. Or you talk by wireless
telephone with a friend across the Atlantic; as soon as he says,
"Hello there, Edward Meier speaking," you know that his voice has
imprinted on the radio wave a structure which can be distinguished
from any other.
But one does not have to go that far. If your wife
calls, "Francis!" from the garden, it is exactly the same thing,
except that the structure is printed on sound waves and the trip is
shorter (though it takes somewhat longer than the journey of radio
waves across the Atlantic). All our verbal communication is based on
imprinted individual wave structures. And, according to the same
principle, what a wealth of details is transmitted to us in rapid
succession by the movie or the television picture!
This characteristic, the individuality of the wave phenomenon, has
already been found to a remarkable extent in the very much finer
waves of particles. One example must suffice. A limited volume of
gas, say helium, can be thought of either as a collection of many
helium atoms or as a superposition of elementary wave trains of
matter waves. Both views lead to the same theoretical results as to
the behavior of the gas upon heating, compression, and so on.
when you attempt to apply certain somewhat involved enumerations to
the gas, you must carry them out in different ways according to the
mental picture with which you approach it. If you treat the gas as
consisting of particles, then no individuality must be ascribed to
them, as I said. If, however, you concentrate on the matter wave
trains instead of on the particles, every one of the wave trains has
a well-defined structure which is different from that of any other.
It is true that there are many pairs of waves which are so similar
to each other that they could change roles without any noticeable
effect on the gas. But if you should count the very many similar
states formed in this way as merely a single one, the result would
be quite wrong.
In spite of everything we cannot completely banish the concepts of
quantum jump and individual corpuscle from the vocabulary of
physics. We still require them to describe many details of the
structure of matter. How can one ever determine the weight of a
carbon nucleus and of a hydrogen nucleus, each to the precision of
several decimals, and detect that the former is somewhat lighter
than the 12 hydrogen nuclei combined in it, without accepting for
the time being the view that these particles are something quite
concrete and real?
This view is so much more convenient than the
roundabout consideration of wave trains that we cannot do without
it, just as the chemist does not discard his valence-bond formulas,
although he fully realizes that they represent a drastic
simplification of a rather involved wave-mechanical situation.
If you finally ask me: "Well, what are these corpuscles, really?" I
ought to confess honestly that I am almost as little prepared to
answer that as to tell where Sancho Panza’s second donkey came from.
At the most, it may be permissible to say that one can think of
particles as more or less temporary entities within the wave field
whose form and general behavior are nevertheless so clearly and
sharply determined by the laws of waves that many processes take
place as if these temporary entities were substantial permanent
beings. The mass and the charge of particles, defined with such
precision, must then be counted among the structural elements
determined by the wave laws.
The conservation of charge and mass in
the large must be considered as a statistical effect, based on the
"law of large numbers."
Simultaneously with the development of wave mechanics, Heisenberg
evolved a different mathematical analysis known as matrix mechanics.
According to Heisenberg’s theory, which was developed in
collaboration with the German physicists Max Born and Ernst Pascual
Jordan, the formula was not a differential equation but a matrix: an
array consisting of an infinite number of rows, each row consisting
of an infinite number of quantities.
Matrix mechanics introduced
infinite matrices to represent the position and momentum of an
electron inside an atom. Also, different matrices exist, one for
each observable physical property associated with the motion of an
electron, such as energy, position, momentum, and angular momentum.
These matrices, like Schrödinger’s differential equations, could be
solved; in other words, they could be manipulated to produce
predictions as to the frequencies of the lines in the hydrogen
spectrum and other observable quantities.
Like wave mechanics,
matrix mechanics was in agreement with the earlier quantum theory
for processes in which the earlier quantum theory agreed with
experiment; it was also useful in explaining phenomena that earlier
quantum theory could not explain.
Schrödinger subsequently succeeded in showing that wave mechanics
and matrix mechanics are different mathematical versions of the same
theory, now called quantum mechanics. Even for the simple hydrogen
atom, which consists of two particles, both mathematical
interpretations are extremely complex. The next simplest atom,
helium, has three particles, and even in the relatively simple
mathematics of classical dynamics, the three-body problem (that of
describing the mutual interactions of three separate bodies) is not
The energy levels can be calculated accurately,
however, even if not exactly. In applying quantum-mechanics
mathematics to relatively complex situations, a physicist can use
one of a number of mathematical formulations. The choice depends on
the convenience of the formulation for obtaining suitable
Although quantum mechanics describes the atom purely in terms of
mathematical interpretations of observed phenomena, a rough verbal
description can be given of what the atom is now thought to be like.
Surrounding the nucleus is a series of stationary waves; these waves
have crests at certain points, each complete standing wave
representing an orbit. The absolute square of the amplitude of the
wave at any point is a measure of the probability that an electron
will be found at that point at any given time.
Thus, an electron can
no longer be said to be at any precise point at any given time.
The impossibility of pinpointing an electron at any precise time was
analyzed by Heisenberg, who in 1927 formulated the uncertainty
principle. This principle states the impossibility of simultaneously
specifying the precise position and momentum of any particle. In
other words, the more accurately a particle’s momentum is measured
and known, the less accuracy there can be in the measurement and
knowledge of its position.
This principle is also fundamental to the
understanding of quantum mechanics as it is generally accepted
today: The wave and particle character of electromagnetic radiation
can be understood as two complementary properties of radiation.
Another way of expressing the uncertainty principle is that the
wavelength of a quantum mechanical principle is inversely
proportional to its momentum. As atoms are cooled they slow down and
their corresponding wavelength grows larger.
At a low enough
temperature this wavelength is predicted to exceed the spacing
between particles, causing atoms to overlap, becoming
indistinguishable, and melding into a single quantum state. In 1995
a team of Colorado scientists, led by National Institutes of
Standards and Technology physicist Eric Cornell and University of
Colorado physicist Carl Weiman, cooled rubidium atoms to a
temperature so low that the particles entered this merged state,
known as a Bose-Einstein condensate.
The condensate essentially
behaves like one atom even though it is made up of thousands.
- Physicists Condense Supercooled Atoms, Forming New State of Matter
A team of Colorado physicists has cooled atoms of gas to a
temperature so low that the particles entered a merged state, known
as a "Bose-Einstein condensate." This phenomenon was first predicted
about 70 years ago by the theories of German-born American physicist
Albert Einstein and Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. The
condensed particles are considered a new state of matter, different
from the common states of matter—gas, liquid, and solid—and from
plasma, a high temperature, ionized form of matter that is found in
the sun and other stars.
Physicists have great expectations for the application of this
discovery. Because the condensate essentially behaves like one atom
even though it is made up of thousands, investigators should be able
to measure interactions at the atomic and subatomic level that were
previously extremely difficult, if not impossible, to study
The condensate was detected June 5 by a Colorado team led by
National Institutes of Standards and Technology physicist Eric
Cornell and University of Colorado physicist Carl Wieman. Their
discovery was reported in the journal Science on July 14. Cornell
and Wieman formed their condensate from rubidium gas.
Several groups of physicists, including the teams in Texas and
Colorado and a group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
have been working to form pure condensate in recent years. The goal
of the investigations has been to create a pure chunk of condensate
out of atoms in an inert medium, such as a diffuse, nonreactive gas.
The effort began when methods of cooling and trapping became refined
enough that it seemed possible to reach the required conditions of
temperature and density.
The Colorado team used two techniques: first laser cooling and then
evaporative cooling. The laser technique used laser light whose
frequency was carefully tuned to interact with the rubidium atoms
and gently reduce their speeds. A number of lasers were aimed at the
gas to slow the motion of the atoms in different directions.
The Colorado physicists then switched to evaporative cooling. In
this method, the gas is "trapped" by a magnetic field that dwindles
to zero at its center. Atoms that are moving wander out of the
field, while the coldest atoms cluster at the center. Because a few
very cold atoms could still escape at the zero field point of the
trap, the physicists perfected their system by adding a second
slowly circling magnetic field so that the zero point moved, not
giving the atoms the chance to escape through it.
Physicists will now begin to explore the properties of the
condensate and see what other materials they can use to form it. One
unusual characteristic of the condensate is that it is composed of
atoms that have lost their individual identities. This is analogous
to laser light, which is composed of light particles, or photons,
that similarly have become indistinguishable and all behave in
exactly the same manner. The laser has found a myriad of uses both
in practical applications and in theoretical research, and the
Bose-Einstein condensate may turn out to be just as important. Some
scientists speculate that if a condensate can be readily produced
and sustained, it could be used to miniaturize and speed up computer
components to a scale and quickness not possible before.
The prediction that a merged form of matter will emerge at extremely
low temperatures is based on a number of aspects of the quantum
theory. This theory governs the interaction of particles on a
subatomic scale. The basic principle of quantum theory is that
particles can only exist in certain discrete energy states.
The exact "quantum state" of a particle takes into consideration
such factors as the position of the particle and its "spin," which
can only have certain discrete values. A particle’s spin categorizes
it as either a boson or a fermion. Those two groups of particles
behave according to different sets of statistical rules. Bosons have
spins that are a constant number multiplied by an integer (e.g., 0,
1, 2, 3). Fermions have spins that are that same constant multiplied
by an odd half-integer (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc.). Examples of fermions
are the protons and neutrons that make up an atom’s nucleus, and
Composite particles, such as nuclei and atoms, are classified as
bosons or fermions based on the sum of the spins of their
constituent particles. For instance, an isotope of helium called
helium-4 turns out to be a bose particle. Helium-4 is made up of six
fermi particles: two electrons orbiting a nucleus made up of two
protons and two neutrons. Adding up six odd half-integers will yield
a whole integer, making helium-4 a boson. The atoms of rubidium used
in the Colorado experiment are bose particles as well. Only bose
atoms may form a condensate, but they do so only at a sufficiently
low temperature and high density.
At their lab in Colorado, Cornell and Wieman cooled a rubidium gas
down to a temperature as close to absolute zero, the temperature at
which particles stop moving, as they could get. The slower the
particles, the lower their momentum. In essence, the cooling brought
the momentum of the gas particles closer and closer to precisely
zero, as the temperature decreased to within a few billionths of a
degree Kelvin. (Kelvin degrees are on the scale of degrees Celsius,
but zero Kelvin is absolute zero, while zero Celsius is the freezing
point of water.)
As the temperature, and thus the momentum, of the gas particles
dropped to an infinitesimal amount, the possible locations of the
atom at any given moment increased proportionally. The goal of the
experiment was to keep the gas atoms packed together closely enough
that during this process—as their momentum got lower and lower, and
their wavelengths got larger and larger—their waves would begin to
overlap. This interplay of position and movement in three dimensions
with the relative distances between particles is known as the
phase-space density and is the key factor in forming a condensate.
In essence, the momentum of the atoms would become so precisely
pinpointed (near zero) that their position would become less and
less certain and there would be a relatively large amount of space
that would define each atom’s position. As the atoms slowed to
almost a stop, their positions became so fuzzy that each atom came
to occupy the same position as every other atom, losing their
individual identity. This odd phenomenon is a Bose-Einstein
As their experimental conditions neared the realm of Bose-Einstein
condensation, Cornell and Wieman noticed an abrupt rise in the peak
density of their sample, a type of discontinuity that strongly
indicates a phase transition. The Colorado physicists estimated that
after progressive evaporative cooling of the rubidium, they were
left with a nugget of about 2,000 atoms of pure condensate.
and Wieman then released the atoms from the "trap" in which they had
been cooling and sent a pulse of laser light at the condensate,
basically blowing it apart. They recorded an image of the expanding
cloud of atoms. Prior to the light pulse, when the density dropped
after the atoms were released, the physicists believed the
temperature of the condensate fell to an amazing frigidity of 20
nanoKelvins (20 billionths of one degree above absolute zero).
The image showed a larger, expanding sphere of particles with a
smaller, more concentrated elliptical-looking center. Cornell and
Wieman observed that when a gas is constrained and then released (in
an extreme example, as in a bomb), thermodynamics specifies that it
will expand outward equally in all directions regardless of the
shape in which it had been contained. This occurs because the
particles in that gas, even if the gas was very cold, were moving in
all different directions with various energies when the gas was
This rule of uniform expansion does not hold for a Bose-Einstein
condensate. Because the particles were all acting in exactly the
same manner at the time of the light pulse, their expansion should
give some indication of the shape of the space they had previously
inhabited. The uneven, elliptical-looking clump of atoms in the
center of the image recorded by Cornell and Wieman thus gave further
proof that a condensate had formed.
Bose-Einstein characteristics have been observed in other systems,
specifically, in superfluid liquid helium-4 and in superconductors.
It is believed that liquid helium-4 at a sufficiently low
temperature is composed of two components mixed together, the colder
of which is a Bose-Einstein condensate. Liquid helium-4, which at
very low temperatures is also a superconductor of heat, behaves in
dramatic ways, trickling up the sides of containers and rising in
Electrical superconductors are also boson-related phenomena. In
superconductors, which are also formed by supercooling, electrical
resistance disappears. In this case it is the electrons within a
substance’s atoms, rather than the atoms themselves, that condense.
The electrons pair up, together forming a particle of zero spin.
These paired electrons merge into an overall substance that flows
freely through the superconductor, offering no resistance to
Thus, once initiated, a current can flow
indefinitely in a superconductor.
Quantum mechanics solved all of the great difficulties that troubled
physicists in the early years of the 20th century. It gradually
enhanced the understanding of the structure of matter, and it
provided a theoretical basis for the understanding of atomic
structure (see Atom and Atomic Theory) and the phenomenon of
spectral lines: Each spectral line corresponds to the energy of a
photon transmitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition
from one energy level to another.
The understanding of chemical
bonding was fundamentally transformed by quantum mechanics and came
to be based on Schrödinger’s wave equations. New fields in physics
emerged—condensed matter physics, superconductivity, nuclear
physics, and elementary particle physics (see Physics)—that all
found a consistent basis in quantum mechanics.
FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: In the years since 1925, no fundamental
deficiencies have been found in quantum mechanics, although the
question of whether the theory should be accepted as complete has
come under discussion. In the 1930s the application of quantum
mechanics and special relativity to the theory of the electron (see
Quantum Electrodynamics) allowed the British physicist Paul Dirac to
formulate an equation that referred to the existence of the spin of
the electron. It further led to the prediction of the existence of
the positron, which was experimentally verified by the American
physicist Carl David Anderson.
The application of quantum mechanics to the subject of
electromagnetic radiation led to explanations of many phenomena,
such as bremsstrahlung (German, "braking radiation," the radiation
emitted by electrons slowed down in matter) and pair production (the
formation of a positron and an electron when electromagnetic energy
interacts with matter). It also led to a grave problem, however,
called the divergence difficulty: Certain parameters, such as the
so-called bare mass and bare charge of electrons, appear to be
infinite in Dirac’s equations.
(The terms bare mass and bare charge
refer to hypothetical electrons that do not interact with any matter
or radiation; in reality, electrons interact with their own electric
This difficulty was partly resolved in 1947-49 in a program
called renormalization, developed by the Japanese physicist
Shin’ichirô Tomonaga, the American physicists Julian S. Schwinger
and Richard Feynman, and the British physicist Freeman Dyson. In
this program, the bare mass and charge of the electron are chosen to
be infinite in such a way that other infinite physical quantities
are canceled out in the equations.
Renormalization greatly increased
the accuracy with which the structure of atoms could be calculated
from first principles.
Theoretical physicist C. Llewellyn Smith discusses the discoveries
that scientists have made to date about the electron and other
elementary particles—subatomic particles that scientists believe
cannot be split into smaller units of matter. Scientists have
discovered what Smith refers to as sibling and cousin particles to
the electron, but much about the nature of these particles is still
One way scientists learn about these particles is to
accelerate them to high energies, smash them together, and then
study what happens when they collide. By observing the behavior of
these particles, scientists hope to learn more about the fundamental
structures of the universe.
Electrons: The First Hundred Years
The discovery of the electron was announced by J. J. Thomson just
over 100 years ago, on April 30, 1897. In the intervening years we
have come to understand the mechanics that describe the behavior of
electrons—and indeed of all matter on a small scale—which is called
quantum mechanics. By exploiting this knowledge, we have learned to
manipulate electrons and make devices of a tremendous practical and
economic importance, such as transistors and lasers.
Meanwhile, what have we learned of the nature of the electron
itself? From the start, electrons were found to behave as elementary
particles, and this is still the case today. We know that if the
electron has any structure, it is on a scale of less than 1018 m,
i.e. less than 1 billionth of 1 billionth of a meter.
However, a major complication has emerged. We have discovered that
the electron has a sibling and cousins that are apparently equally
fundamental. The sibling is an electrically neutral particle, called
the neutrino, which is much lighter than the electron. The cousins
are two electrically charged particles, called the mu and the
which also have neutral siblings. The mu and the tau seem to be
identical copies of the electron, except that they are respectively
200 and 3,500 times heavier. Their role in the scheme of things and
the origin of their different masses remain mysteries — just the sort
of mysteries that particle physicists, who study the constituents of
matter and the forces that control their behavior, wish to resolve.
We therefore know of six seemingly fundamental particles, the
electron, the mu, the tau and their neutral siblings, which—like the
electron—do not feel the nuclear force, and incidentally are known
generically as leptons.
What about the constituents of atomic nuclei, which of course do
feel the nuclear force? At first sight, nuclei are made of protons
and neutrons, but these particles turned out not to be elementary.
It was found that when protons and neutrons are smashed together,
new particles are created. We now know that all these particles are
made of more elementary entities, called quarks. In a collision,
pairs of quarks and their antiparticles, called antiquarks, can be
created: part of the energy (e) of the incoming particles is turned
into mass (m) of these new particles, thanks to the famous
equivalence e = mc2. The quarks in the projectiles and the created
quark-antiquark pairs can then rearrange themselves to make various
different sorts of new particles.
Today, six types of quarks are known which, like the leptons (the
electron and its relations) have simple properties, and could be
elementary. In the past 30 years a recipe that describes the
behavior of these particles has been developed. It is called the
"Standard Model" of particle physics. However, we lack a real
understanding of the nature of these particles, and the logic behind
the Standard Model. What is wrong with the Standard Model?
First, it does not consistently combine Einstein’s theory of the
properties of space (called General Relativity) with a quantum
mechanical description of the properties of matter. It is therefore
Second, it contains too many apparently arbitrary futures—it is too
baroque, too byzantine—to be complete. It does not explain the role
of the mu and the tau, or answer the question whether the fact that
the numbers of leptons and quarks are the same—six each—is a
coincidence, or an indication of a deep connection between these
different types of particles. On paper, we can construct theories
that give better answers and explanations, and in which there are
such connections, but we do not know which, if any, of these
theories is correct.
Third, it has a missing, untested, element. This is not some minor
detail, but a central element, namely a mechanism to generate the
observed masses of the known particles, and hence also the different
ranges of the known forces (long range for gravity and
electromagnetism, as users of magnetic compasses know, but very
short range for the nuclear and the so-called weak forces, although
in every other respect these forces appear very similar). On paper,
a possible mechanism is known, called the Higgs mechanism, after the
British physicist Peter Higgs who invented it. But there are
alternative mechanisms, and in any case the Higgs mechanism is a
generic idea. We not only need to know if nature uses it, but if so,
how it is realized in detail.
Luckily the prospects of developing a deeper understanding are good.
The way forward is to perform experiments that can distinguish the
different possibilities. We know that the answer to the mystery of
the origin of mass, and the different ranges of forces, and certain
other very important questions, must lie in an energy range that
will be explored in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider, a new
accelerator now under construction at CERN [also known as the
European Laboratory for Particle Physics] near Geneva.
The fundamental tools on which experimental particle physics depends
are large accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider, which
accelerate particles to very high energies and smash them together.
By studying what happens in the collisions of these particles, which
are typically electrons or protons (the nuclei of hydrogen atoms),
we can learn about their natures. The conditions that are created in
these collisions of particles existed just after the birth of the
universe, when it was extremely hot and dense. Knowledge derived
from experiments in particle physics is therefore essential input
for those who wish to understand the structure of the universe as a
whole, and how it evolved from an initial fireball into its present
The Large Hadron Collider will therefore not only open up a large
new window on the nature of matter, when it comes into operation in
2005, but also advance our understanding of the structure of the
universe. However, although it will undoubtedly resolve some major
questions and greatly improve our knowledge of nature, it would be
very surprising if it established a "final theory."
The only candidate theory currently known which appears to have the
potential to resolve all the problems mentioned above—the reason for
the existence of the mu and tau, reconciliation of
general relativity with quantum mechanics, etc.—describes the
electron and its relatives and the quarks, not as pointlike objects,
but as different vibrating modes of tiny strings. However, these
strings are so small (10-35 m) that they will never be observed
If this is so, the electron and the other known particles
will continue forever to appear to be fundamental pointlike objects,
even if the—currently very speculative—"string theory" scores enough
successes to convince us that this is not the case!
FUTURE PROSPECTS: Quantum mechanics underlies current attempts to
account for the strong nuclear force and to develop a unified theory for all the fundamental interactions
Nevertheless, doubts exist about the completeness of quantum theory.
The divergence difficulty, for example, is only partly resolved.
Just as Newtonian mechanics was eventually amended by quantum
mechanics and relativity, many scientists—and Einstein was among
them—are convinced that quantum theory will also undergo profound
changes in the future.
Great theoretical difficulties exist, for
example, between quantum mechanics and chaos theory, which began to
develop rapidly in the 1980s.
Ongoing efforts are being made by
theorists such as the British physicist Stephen Hawking, to develop
a system that encompasses both relativity and quantum mechanics.
Breakthroughs occurred in the area of quantum computing in the late
1990s. Quantum computers under development use components of a
chloroform molecule (a combination of chlorine and hydrogen atoms)
and a variation of a medical procedure called magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) to compute at a molecular level. Scientists used a
branch of physics called quantum mechanics, which describes the
activity of subatomic particles (particles that make up atoms), as
the basis for quantum computing.
Quantum computers may one day be
thousands to millions of times faster than current computers,
because they take advantage of the laws that govern the behavior of
subatomic particles. These laws allow quantum computers to examine
all possible answers to a query at one time.
Future uses of quantum
computers could include code breaking and large database queries.
Quantum Time Waits for No Cosmos
THE INTRIGUING notion that time might run backwards when the
Universe collapses has run into difficulties. Raymond Laflamme, of
the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, has carried out a
new calculation which suggests that the Universe cannot start out
uniform, go through a cycle of expansion and collapse, and end up in
a uniform state. It could start out disordered, expand, and then
collapse back into disorder. But, since the COBE data show that our
Universe was born in a smooth and uniform state, this symmetric
possibility cannot be applied to the real Universe.
Physicists have long puzzled over the fact that two distinct "arrows
of time" both point in the same direction. In the everyday world,
things wear out -- cups fall from tables and break, but broken cups
never re- assemble themselves spontaneously. In the expanding
Universe at large, the future is the direction of time in which
galaxies are further apart.
Many years ago, Thomas Gold suggested that these two arrows might be
linked. That would mean that if and when the expansion of the
Universe were to reverse, then the everyday arrow of time would also
reverse, with broken cups re-assembling themselves.
More recently, these ideas have been extended into quantum physics.
There, the arrow of time is linked to the so-called "collapse of the
wave function", which happens, for example, when an electron wave
moving through a TV tube collapses into a point particle on the
screen of the TV. Some researchers have tried to make the quantum
description of reality symmetric in time, by including both the
original state of the system (the TV tube before the electron passes
through) and the final state (the TV tube after the electron has
passed through) in one mathematical description.
Murray Gell-Mann and James Hartle recently extended this idea to the
whole Universe. They argued that if, as many cosmologists believe
likely, the Universe was born in a Big Bang, will expand out for a
finite time and then recollapse into a Big Crunch, the time-neutral
quantum theory could describe time running backwards in the
contracting half of its life.
Unfortunately, Laflamme has now shown that this will not work. He
has proved that if there are only small inhomogeneities present in
the Big Bang, then they must get larger throughout the lifetime of
the Universe, in both the expanding and the contracting phases. "A
low entropy Universe at the Big Bang cannot come back to low entropy
at the Big Crunch" (Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol 10 p L79). He
has found time-asymmetric solutions to the equations -- but only if
both Big Bang and Big Crunch are highly disordered, with the
Universe more ordered in the middle of its life.
Observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation show that
the Universe emerged from the Big Bang in a very smooth and uniform
state. This rules out the time-symmetric solutions.
is that even if the present expansion of the Universe does reverse,
time will not run backwards and broken cups will not start re- | <urn:uuid:44c88cfb-a6f6-4068-86e0-5247fe04dc45> | 2013-05-21T09:59:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Glucose is a type of sugar. It comes from food, and is also created in the liver. Glucose travels through the body in the blood. It moves from the blood to cells with the help of a hormone called insulin. Once glucose is in those cells, it can be used for energy.
Diabetes is a condition that makes it difficult for the body to use glucose. This causes a buildup of glucose in the blood. It also means the body is not getting enough energy. Type 2 diabetes is one type of diabetes. It is the most common type.
Medication, lifestyle changes, and monitoring can help control blood glucose levels.
Type 2 diabetes is often caused by a combination of factors. One factor is that your body begins to make less insulin. A second factor is that your body becomes resistant to insulin. This means there is insulin in your body, but your body cannot use it effectively. Insulin resistance is often related to excess body fat.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. You will also be asked about your family history. A physical exam will be done.
Diagnosis is based on the results of blood testing. American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends diagnosis be made if you have one of the following:
Symptoms of diabetes and a
random blood test
with a blood sugar level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
- Fasting blood sugar test—Done after you have not eaten for eight or more hours—Showing blood sugar levels greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) on two different days
- Glucose tolerance test—Measuring blood sugar two hours after you eat glucose—Showing glucose levels greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
- HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher—Indicates poor blood sugar control over the past 2-4 months
mg/dL = milligrams per deciliter of blood; mmol/L = millimole per liter of blood
Treatment aims to:
- Maintain blood sugar at levels as close to normal as possible
- Prevent or delay complications
- Control other conditions that you may have, like high blood pressure and high cholesterol
Food and drinks have a direct effect on your blood glucose level. Eating healthy meals can help you control your blood glucose. It will also help your overall health. Some basic tips include:
If you are overweight, weight loss will help your body use insulin better. Talk to your doctor about a healthy weight goal. You and your doctor or dietitian can make a safe meal plan for you.
These options may help you lose weight:
Physical activity can:
- Make the body more sensitive to insulin
- Help you reach and maintain a healthy weight
- Lower the levels of fat in your blood
exercise is any activity that increases your heart rate. Resistance training helps build muscle strength. Both types of exercise help to improve
long-term glucose control. Regular exercise can also help reduce your risk of heart disease.
Talk to your doctor about an activity plan. Ask about any precautions you may need to take.
Certain medicines will help to manage blood glucose levels.
Medication taken by mouth may include:
- Metformin—To reduce the amount of glucose made by the body and to make the body more sensitive to insulin
Medications that encourage the pancreas to make more insulin such as sulfonylureas (glyburide,
tolazamide), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (saxagliptin,
Insulin sensitizers such as
pioglitazone—To help the body use insulin better
Starch blockers such as
miglitol—To decrease the amount of glucose absorbed into the blood
Some medicine needs to be given through injections, such as:
Incretin-mimetics such as
stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin and decrease appetite (can assist with weight loss)
Amylin analogs such as
replace a protein of the pancreas that is low in people with type 2 diabetes
Insulin may be needed if:
- The body does not make enough of its own insulin.
- Blood glucose levels cannot be controlled with lifestyle changes and medicine.
Insulin is given through injections.
Blood Glucose Testing
You can check the level of glucose in your blood with a blood glucose meter. Checking your blood glucose levels
during the day can help you stay on track. It will also help your doctor determine if your treatment is working. Keeping track of blood sugar levels is especially important if you take insulin.
Regular testing may not be needed if your diabetes is under control and you don't take insulin. Talk with your doctor before stopping blood sugar monitoring.
may also be done at your doctor's office. This is a measure of blood glucose control over a long period of time. Doctors advise that most people keep their HbA1c levels below 7%. Your exact goal may be different. Keeping HbA1c in your goal range can help lower the chance of complications.
Decreasing Risk of Complications
Over a long period of time, high blood glucose levels can damage vital organs. The kidneys, eyes, and nerves are most affected. Diabetes can also increase your risk of heart disease.
Maintaining goal blood glucose levels is the first step to lowering your risk of these complications. Other steps include:
- Take good care of your feet. Be on the lookout for any sores or irritated areas. Keep your feet dry and clean.
- Have your eyes checked once a year.
- Don't smoke. If you do, look for programs or products that can help you quit.
- Plan medical visits as recommended. | <urn:uuid:da329173-6e70-42f5-aa09-933ea8352a2f> | 2013-05-21T10:29:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am not very familiar with the automatic transmission on the more recent 3 series. Does it have different modes/settings? I would check to ensure you aren't running some setting that makes the car slower off the line.
Is it just slow? Or is it slower than other 328i wagons?
When you say it is slow compared to other cars, what other cars are you comparing it to?
Since it is CPO, I would take it to the dealership. If they claim acceleration is typical for 328i wagons, I would ask for a test drive on one or two off their lot
Edit: Your six-speed Steptronic automatic includes normal, sport, and manual shift modes and you should expect 0-60 time of 7.1 seconds. | <urn:uuid:60925f71-868e-4ee8-89dd-83a4dce5b02c> | 2013-05-21T10:12:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"We believe this is the first time bacterial horizontal gene transfer has been observed in eukaryotes at such scale," says senior author Igor Grigoriev of DOE JGI. "This study gets us closer to explaining the dramatic diversity across the genera of diatoms, morphologically, behaviorally, but we still haven't yet explained all the differences conferred by the genes contributed by the other taxa."
From plants, the diatom inherited photosynthesis, and from animals the production of urea. Bowler speculates that the diatom uses urea to store nitrogen, not to eliminate it like animals do, because nitrogen is a precious nutrient in the ocean. What's more, the tiny alga draws the best of both worldsit can convert fat into sugar, as well as sugar into fatextremely useful in times of nutrient shortage.
The team documented more than 300 genes sourced from bacteria and found in both types of diatoms, pointing to their ancient origin and suggesting novel mechanisms of managing nutrientsfor example utilization of organic carbon and nitrogenand detecting cues from their environment.
Diatoms, encapsulated by elaborate lacework-like shells made of glass, are only about one-third of a strand of hair in diameter. "The diatom genomes will help us to understand how they can make these structures at ambient temperatures and pressures, something that humans are not able to do. If we can learn how they do it, we could open up all kinds of new nanotechnologies, like for building miniature silicon chips or for biomedical applications," says Bowler.
Diatoms reside in fresh or salt water and can be divided into two camps, centrics and pennates. The centric Thalassiosira resemble a round "Camembert" cheese box (only much smaller) and pennates like Phaeodactylum look more like a cross between a boomerang and a narrow three-cornered hathence the species name, tricornutum. Not only is their shape and habitat dive
|Contact: David Gilbert|
DOE/Joint Genome Institute | <urn:uuid:ea4e61f1-5a97-49dc-b206-0e94f7a4d478> | 2013-05-21T10:02:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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First ever direct measurement of the Earth’s rotation
Geodesists are pinpointing the orientation of the Earth’s axis using the world’s most stable ring laser
A group with researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) are the first to plot changes in the Earth’s axis through laboratory measurements. To do this, they constructed the world’s most stable ring laser in an underground lab and used it to determine changes in the Earth’s rotation. Previously, scientists were only able to track shifts in the polar axis indirectly by monitoring fixed objects in space. Capturing the tilt of the Earth’s axis and its rotational velocity is crucial for precise positional information on Earth – and thus for the accurate functioning of modern navigation systems, for instance. The scientists’ work has been recognized an Exceptional Research Spotlight by the American Physical Society.
The Earth wobbles. Like a spinning top touched in mid-spin, its rotational axis fluctuates in relation to space. This is partly caused by gravitation from the sun and the moon. At the same time, the Earth’s rotational axis constantly changes relative to the Earth’s surface. On the one hand, this is caused by variation in atmospheric pressure, ocean loading and wind. These elements combine in an effect known as the Chandler wobble to create polar motion. Named after the scientist who discovered it, this phenomenon has a period of around 435 days. On the other hand, an event known as the “annual wobble” causes the rotational axis to move over a period of a year. This is due to the Earth’s elliptical orbit around the sun. These two effects cause the Earth’s axis to migrate irregularly along a circular path with a radius of up to six meters.
Capturing these movements is crucial to create a reliable coordinate system that can feed navigation systems or project trajectory paths in space travel. “Locating a point to the exact centimeter for global positioning is an extremely dynamic process – after all, at our latitude, we are moving at around 350 meters to the east per second,” explains Prof. Karl Ulrich Schreiber, meanwhile as station director of the geodetic observatory Wettzell where the ring laser is settled. Karl Ulrich Schreiber had directed the project in TUM’s Research Section Satellite Geodesy. The geodetic observatory Wettzell is run together by TUM and BKG.
The researchers have succeeded in corroborating the Chandler and annual wobble measurements based on the data captured by radio telescopes. They now aim to make the apparatus more accurate, enabling them to determine changes in the Earth’s rotational axis over a single day. The scientists also plan to make the ring laser capable of continuous operation so that it can run for a period of years without any deviations. “In simple terms,” concludes Schreiber, “in future, we want to be able to just pop down into the basement and find out how fast the Earth is accurately turning right now."
For more information please visit the TU München homepage http://portal.mytum.de/pressestelle/pressemitteilungen/NewsArticle_20111220_100621/newsarticle_view?. | <urn:uuid:d4281798-7278-4727-a736-be4cecc072f8> | 2013-05-21T10:28:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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At what point? Are you talking baout setting permissions which happenes right in the begining of the installation? If yes, which option are u refering to, bcz I cannot see any that relates. If not, at which point does the option appear and do you knwo what it says?
Originally Posted by Sparxxed
During installation and setup, there are the checks to pick on whether you want that to happen or not. Just read as you through the steps and you should have no problem. | <urn:uuid:c0ea267d-e05a-435b-a9d0-12b3896d118d> | 2013-05-21T10:08:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From Zoë Saldana’s official website:
Zoë Yadira Saldana was born June 19, 1978 in Passaic NJ to a Puerto Rican mother and Dominican father. Her family relocated to the Dominican Republic when she was ten years old. There she practiced ballet at one of the most prestigious dance schools in the country. Saldana returned to New York at age 17, where she began involving herself in theatre groups such as Faces and the New York Youth Theatre.
Her ballet training helped land her first on screen part as Eva in the dance film, Center Stage (2000). The actress’ career continued to flourish with roles in Pirates of The Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) with Johnny Depp, The Terminal (2004) starring Tom Hanks, and Guess Who (2005) opposite Ashton Kutcher.
Saldana’s career climbed to new heights in 2009 when she played Uhura in Star Trek. She officially joined the A-list with her groundbreaking role as Neytiri, the Na’vi princess, in James Cameron’s Avatar (2009). Saldana brought her fictional character to life through motion capture technology. This visual effects fueled film has revolutionized the movie industry.
Saldana continues to frequent the Dominican Republic and has two sisters, Cisely and Mariel, who appeared with her in a 2007 Gap advertisement.
On being black:
When I go to the D.R., the press in Santo Domingo always asks, "¿Qué te consideras, dominicana o americana?" (What do you consider yourself, Dominican or American?) I don't understand it, and it's the same people asking the same question. So I say, time and time again, "Yo soy una mujer negra." ("I am a black woman.") [They go,] "Oh, no, tú eres trigueñita." ("Oh no, you are 'dark skinned'") I'm like, "No! Let's get it straight, yo soy una mujer negra." ("I am a black woman.") | <urn:uuid:648766fa-b337-48f2-b06a-7475f31dde7b> | 2013-05-21T09:59:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"You best pray to your lord, cause boxing meets the chessboard" - Counterfeit Confucius
A few weeks back a friend of mine showed me a youtube video of Chessboxing. A test of mental and physical limits. You start off with 4 minutes of chess and 3 minutes of boxing and alternate for 11 rounds. Better yet here are the rules from wikipedia
A match consists of up to eleven alternating rounds of boxing and chess. The match begins with a four-minute chess round. This is followed by three minutes of boxing, with rounds of chess and boxing alternating until the end. There is a one minute break between rounds. Speed chess is used, a form in which each player has a total of only twelve minutes for the whole game.
Competitors may win by a knockout, achieving a checkmate, by the judges' decision, or if their opponent's twelve minutes of chess time is exceeded. If a competitor fails to make a move during the chess round, he is issued a warning and he must move within the next 10 seconds. Repeated warnings may result in a disqualification. The players put on headphones during the chess portion so that they cannot hear any shouted assistance from the audience or the live chess commentary. If the chess game reaches a stalemate, the scores from the boxing rounds are used to determine the winner. If the boxing score is also a tie, the player with the black pieces wins.
and a video
At first I was intrigued, then I was fully on board. I have not participated in a match yet. But I plan too. However, after witnessing my friend, who introduced me to this, have a chessboxing match with another friend of mine, I truly believe this is one of the most grueling and taxing sports out there. Mind and body. What intrigues me even more so is the thought of a MMAChess match. Now that is truly the mind and the body. But, I highly suggest this sport to anyone. I believe the Klitschko brothers as well as Lennox Lewis are avid chess players. Would be interesting to see them partake.
Which fighters would do best in ChessMMA? | <urn:uuid:05420fb1-204c-4c84-9ffc-cad6a9abbd4a> | 2013-05-21T10:00:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Terms And Conditions Of Use
When you browse and use the Blue Banana website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions.
The content of the website is subject to change without your notice. Neither Blue Banana nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee of the information and product(s). Your use of any product(s) on this website is entirely at your own risk and Blue Banana cannot be liable.
The Blue Banana website contains products and designs which are owned by or licensed to Blue Banana. Reproduction of these products/designs is strictly prohibited. This is a criminal offense and anyone found replicating any of Blue Banana's products or designs shall be prosecuted by the law.
Unauthorised use of the Blue Banana website is a criminal offense and any offender shall be prosecuted by the law. Blue Banana may contain links to third party websites. Blue Banana does not endorse these third party websites and is not responsible for the content of these websites.
Blue Banana reserves the right to cancel any order without the customers notice. Should an item become out of stock or be under priced the order is subject to re-evaluation by Blue Banana at any time. You are also acknowledging and agreeing to the information laid out in the following pages: | <urn:uuid:85319e1d-69d2-4609-bcfe-de4791d1d7d7> | 2013-05-21T10:28:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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JJ Sansaverino, guitar
Other musicians, TBA
Over the past several years, guitarist Joe "JJ" Sansaverino has reached millions with his music, touring the United States, Canada, Europe, Africa, Asia, the South Pacific, and the Caribbean. He has worked with the best in the business in a wide range of idioms, both live and in the studio, and has appeared on hundreds of recordings.
An accomplished composer, arranger, and musical director, Sansaverino was playing trumpet and violin by age 11 and the guitar by age 13. Growing up in and around New York, his diverse influences - Santana and Hendrix, as well as jazz, Motown, and doo-wop - helped mold his unique style. After performing locally in NYC for several years in the early '90s, Sansaverino embarked on his first European tour with the popular alternative rock band Heads Up.
Upon returning to the U.S., Sansaverino attended Berklee College of Music, graduating in 1994 and winning the school's prestigious Writing Award of the Year. Relocating to New York, he began performing nightly, quickly earning a reputation as one of the hardest-working musicians on the scene. It wasn't long before he started recording TV jingles and appearing and recording with artists like George Clinton, Kelly Price, SuperCat, Shabba Ranks, Monty Alexander, the Jungle Brothers, Rita and Ky-Mani Marley, and Toots and the Maytals. He eventually settled in as the lead guitarist for Maxi Priest in 2000, immediately embarking on the first of several world tours.
In 2005, Sansaverino released a stunning collection of his original compositions titled Sunshine After Midnight. The album is a diverse showcase of original guitar styles – including R&B, jazz, rock, fusion, and Sansaverino's trademark ballad style – and features many of NYC's finest musicians. Teaming up with powerhouse producers Alex Valenti and Zé Luis Oliveira, Sansaverino fused Brazilian flavor with fresh horn arrangements, giving the album a radio-friendly, street-savvy sound with a virtuosic edge.
Together with his band Nu Jazz, Sansaverino continues to perform shows around the country while simultaneously preparing for the recording of his forthcoming sophomore album, Waiting for You. A perfect follow-up to Sunshine After Midnight, the album promises to deliver a continuous array of colorful mood-provoking music with a few special guest appearances.
131 W. 3rd St
New York, NY 10012 | <urn:uuid:8e00ce08-3f83-4fa5-8dbc-0cd7575f912a> | 2013-05-21T10:21:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I recently purchased a 2007 328 xi with 24,000 miles. This is the first BMW I have had in years. I can't tell you how nice it is to be back in a BMW again. I really missed the drive. I have had the car for about three weeks now and the other day I noticed a knocking noise coming from the engine when it first started up in the morning. After about 10 minutes of driving the noise went away. However the noise came back once the car sat overnight and completely off again. The sound is a little like the sound a car makes when the oil level is low (valves knocking) but I checked the oil level and it is full. I was wondering if anyone had an idea what may be causing the noise and wat needs to be done to correct te problem? | <urn:uuid:7919ceb7-0036-4c4c-89b9-4e1ad990b873> | 2013-05-21T10:28:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bobby Hebb and Roy Acuff
Roy Acuff was "The King of the Hillbillies", and a very important figure in American music. Bobby Hebb tap danced with Roy's SMOKEY MOUNTAIN BOYS and through this artistic effort, Bobby became only the third Afro American to perform at The Grand Ole Opry. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Ole_Opry_members Roy was a pioneer in fighting segregation and demanded that Bobby stay at the same hotel as his bandmates wherever they traveled. We at BobbyHebb.com will have extensive audio and text from Bobby himself regarding his work with Roy. Joe Viglione May 29, 2007 Roy Claxton Acuff Roy Claxton Acuff (15 September 1903 - 23 November 1992) was an American country musician known around the world as the "King of Country Music". Early life He was born in Maynardville, Tennessee to Ida Carr and Simon E. Neil Acuff, the third of five children. He played semi-professional baseball, but a sunstroke in 1929 and a nervous breakdown in 1930 ended his aspirations to play for the New York Yankees. Music career He then turned his attention to his father's fiddle and began playing in a traveling medicine show. He toured the Southern United States and eventually formed a band called "The Crazy Tennesseans". In 1936, he recorded a cover of the traditional song The Great Speckled Bird. He soon debuted at the Grand Ole Opry. He was booked as a fiddler, and he should have played the Turkey Buzzard for a square dancin' segment, but he decided to try and sing The Great Speckled Bird. His decision was not well received, however. Acuff became a regular on the Opry in 1938, forming a backing band called the Smoky Mountain Boys, led by friend and Dobro player Bashful Brother Oswald. Acuff's recording of The House of the Rising Sun on November 3, 1938 is the first known commercial recording of the song. He released several singles in the 1940s such as The Wreck on the Highway, Beneath That Lonely Mound of Clay and The Precious Jewel. He later formed a music publishing venture with Chicago songwriter Fred Rose. Hank Williams, the Everly Brothers and Roy Orbison, among others, all initially signed with Acuff-Rose Music. Acuff spent most of the 1950s and 1960s touring constantly, becoming one of the hottest tickets in country music. By the 1970s Acuff performed almost exclusively with the Grand Ole Opry, at Opryland USA, greatly legitimizing it as the top institution in country music. He made one rare appearance at Carlton Haney's Camp Spring Bluegrass Festival in 1971. He received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1991. Political Career Acuff had a brief affair with politics, losing a run for the office of Governor of Tennessee as a Republican in 1948. Acuff later campaigned in 1970 for his friend Tex Ritter in his campaign for GOP nomination for U.S. Senate in Tennessee. Trivia A popular legend is that Japanese troops during World War II would enter battle yelling, "To hell with Roy Acuff". In 1962, Roy Acuff was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. For his contribution to the recording industry, he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located on 1541 Vine St. Acuff was initiated as an Entered Apprentice at the East Nashville Freemasonry Lodge in 1943, and raised to Master Mason in 1944. He was made a 33rd Degree Mason on 21 October 1985. Acuff is thought to be one inspiration for Henry Gibson's character Haven Hamilton in Robert Altman's film Nashville. The fictionalized character was reportedly a composite of several well-known musicians, including Acuff and Hank Snow. Acuff on recording: "A little secret of my policy in the studio ... whenever you once decide that you are going to record a number, put everything you've got into it. Don't say, 'Oh, we'll take it over and do it again' because every time you go through it you lose just a little something ... Let's do it the first time and to hell with the rest of them" - on the classic album Will the Circle Be Unbroken. U.S. Olympian high jumper Amy Acuff is his distant cousin. Some sources erroneously list her as his daughter. Click on images for larger images. | <urn:uuid:4cc506b7-1b3d-4f33-9909-2e9b624ee220> | 2013-05-21T10:08:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Excerpt of How To Read And Why by Harold Bloom
(Page 2 of 5)
Printer Friendly Excerpt
I turn to reading as a solitary praxis, rather than as an educational enterprise. The way we read now, when we are alone with ourselves, retains considerable continuity with the past, however it is performed in the academies. My ideal reader (and lifelong hero) is Dr. Samuel Johnson, who knew and expressed both the power and the limitation of incessant reading. Like every other activity of the mind, it must satisfy Johnson's prime concern, which is with "what comes near to ourself, what we can put to use." Sir Francis Bacon, who provided some of the ideas that Johnson put to use, famously gave the advice: "Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider." I add to Bacon and Johnson a third sage of reading, Emerson, fierce enemy of history and of all historicisms, who remarked that the best books "impress us with the conviction, that one nature wrote and the same reads." Let me fuse Bacon, Johnson, and Emerson into a formula of how to read: find what comes near to you that can be put to the use of weighing and considering, and that addresses you as though you share the one nature, free of time's tyranny. Pragmatically that means, first find Shakespeare, and let him find you. If King Lear is fully to find you, then weigh and consider the nature it shares with you; its closeness to yourself. I do not intend this as an idealism, but as a pragmatism. Putting the tragedy to use as a complaint against patriarchy is to forsake your own prime interests, particularly as a young woman, which sounds rather more ironical than it is. Shakespeare, more than Sophocles, is the inescapable authority upon intergenerational conflict, and more than anyone else, upon the differences between women and men. Be open to a full reading of King Lear, and you will understand better the origins of what you judge to be patriarchy.
Ultimately we read -- as Bacon, Johnson, and Emerson agree -- in order to strengthen the self, and to learn its authentic interests. We experience such augmentations as pleasure, which may be why aesthetic values have always been deprecated by social moralists, from Plato through our current campus Puritans. The pleasures of reading indeed are selfish rather than social. You cannot directly improve anyone else's life by reading better or more deeply. I remain skeptical of the traditional social hope that care for others may be stimulated by the growth of individual imagination, and I am wary of any arguments whatsoever that connect the pleasures of solitary reading to the public good.
The sorrow of professional reading is that you recapture only rarely the pleasure of reading you knew in youth, when books were a Hazlittian gusto. The way we read now partly depends upon our distance, inner or outer, from the universities, where reading is scarcely taught as a pleasure, in any of the deeper senses of the aesthetics of pleasure. Opening yourself to a direct confrontation with Shakespeare at his strongest, as in King Lear, is never an easy pleasure, whether in youth or in age, and yet not to read King Lear fully (which means without ideological expectations) is to be cognitively as well as aesthetically defrauded. A childhood largely spent watching television yields to an adolescence with a computer, and the university receives a student unlikely to welcome the suggestion that we must endure our going hence even as our going hither: ripeness is all. Reading falls apart, and much of the self scatters with it. All this is past lamenting, and will not be remedied by any vows or programs. What is to be done can only be performed by some version of elitism, and that is now unacceptable, for reasons both good and bad. There are still solitary readers, young and old, everywhere, even in the universities. If there is a function of criticism at the present time, it must be to address itself to the solitary reader, who reads for herself, and not for the interests that supposedly transcend the self.
Copyright © 2000 by Harold Bloom. All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of the publisher, Simon & Schuster. | <urn:uuid:7643f91f-cd87-44ea-89db-1257836d4f8a> | 2013-05-21T10:00:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Name: _____________________________||Period: ___________________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice, 5 short answer, and 0 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: Circle the correct answer.
1. What does Jason agree to ask Creon on Medea's behalf?
a) To be allowed to attend the wedding.
b) For the children to be allowed to stay.
c) For extra time before the exile starts.
d) For money to compensate her for her loss.
2. What does Jason ask Medea to give him in the last scene?
a) Her blessing for the future.
b) The bodies of their children.
c) Another chance to be a better husband.
d) The rest of the poison to drink himself.
3. What makes Creon sympathetic as a character?
a) His love for his daughter.
b) His being victimized for something he didn't do.
c) His desire to rule his...
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Short Essay Questions
The 60 short essay questions listed in this section require a one to two sentence answer. They ask students to demonstrate a deeper understanding of the text. Students must describe what they've read, rather than just recall it.
Short Essay Question - Prologue, Chapters 1, 2
1. If you were the albino attacker, would you have shot Jacques as quickly? Why or why not?
2. Why is the opening of the book so suspenseful?
3. If you were Langdon and the police wanted to question you about Jacques' murder, what would you do?
4. What are Silas' motivations, based on his actions in the first couple of chapters?
Short Essay Question - Chapters 3, 4, 5
5. What is Langdon's reaction to the murder, up to the end of Chapter 5?
This section contains 1,239 words|
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This fall, Edward Jones will celebrate the life of the firm's second managing partner, Ted Jones, and commemorate his vision of serving clients in local communities by hosting a multi-state bike tour. The tour kicks off September 23rd in Colorado Springs, and traces the path of a telegraph wire that stretched from Colorado to St. Louis in the early days of the firm's operation. The event's focus is to raise funds for cancer research. Mr. Jones died of cancer over 20 years ago.
In life however, Jones spearheaded a beacon of innovation in the financial services industry. He was born in St. Louis in 1925, and went on to serve in the U.S. Merchant Marines during World War II. After the war Jones studied agriculture at the University of Missouri, and then left college to begin his career as a page on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.
In 1948, Jones joined his father's firm as a broker, and immediately noticed an opportunity in serving investors in smaller, farming communities. In 1957 the first Edward Jones branch office was opened in Mexico, Mo.
Jones later became fascinated with converting an abandoned railroad track into a hiking and biking trail. Inspired by a bike trip on which he met his wife, Jones lobbied for the proposed trail, and eventually donated $2.2 million to help fund the land purchase and turn the old rail line into the longest continuous hiking and bicycling trail in the country.
Today the KT Trail remains a lasting attraction to joggers, walkers and cycling enthusiasts alike. The tour, aptly named Tour de Ted will arrive October 2nd in Boonville, continuing on to Jefferson City and Hermann, before crossing the finish line in St. Louis on Oct. 6. | <urn:uuid:f824e366-c1b7-4f41-ac07-d0a90ffe5a1f> | 2013-05-21T10:15:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Originally Posted by goodnight
he was never good enough for australia let alone nsw, he never ever made a tackle and was a constant liability in defence - the same reason why that soward won't play. NRL you can hide on the wing etc but not in rep footy.
plus as a 5/8 he would never pass the ball, as he was bigger than the team.
Bang on mate.
There is one simple principle in rep league, if you play solo, you're a marked man. If you are the pivot & play maker & get taken out, the team is at a disadvantage, & in that environment, you can get run over in a very short time.
Anthony thought he was bigger than the game. He might have been good enough but when you let one player run rampant, pretty soon they all want to "stand out"
That's what Choc didn't understand & he wouldn't accept teamsmanship, that's why he switched to boxing.
The racist card was an excuse IMO. | <urn:uuid:8df401b7-987a-40ee-bfb6-cc155318486a> | 2013-05-21T10:34:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I Wireless Center TicketsThe i Wireless Center is a mid size, 12,000 person stadium located in Moline Illinois. When the building first opened in 1993, Neil Diamond headlined as its first act. Diamond is a very famous musician whose work has remained popular for decades, especially to avid Rock ‘n Roll enthusiasts. The quad center has not only been used for musical entertainment; the arena has hosted a variety of sporting events, including NCAA Division 1 games and NBA exhibition and preseason games. Often times, the Chicago Bulls, located in the same region as Moline, host practices in the building. Even professional hockey games have been played in the stadium, and wrestling matches are a constant throughout the year. The name of the building comes from T-Mobile, and the name of the arena changed in 2007 due to the company’s independence from the powerful cell phone carrier. Even though the town of Moline is small, its arena packs a punch, and has continued to develop its prominence on the national stage in recent years. | <urn:uuid:2e92f585-9fbd-404f-81a6-333cd293c0a8> | 2013-05-21T10:33:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Growing interest in themes related to the conservation, protection and deterioration of art works from the last century - produced using a wide variety of plastic materials - has highlighted many problems of a historical, scientific, technological and technical character, which still await proper and complete examination...
Giulio Turcato is among the authors who have experimented with materials produced by the polymer industry, and he stands out for his series of works executed on foam rubber panels. Among these is a work of large dimensions (156x398) “Superficie Lunare (Composizione)” (Lunar surface - composition), executed prior to 1966 and owned by the National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art in Rome, a work which suffered progressive deterioration over 40 years, with deep tears running across the entire surface area, following the discontinuities in the material.
The rapid deterioration of foam rubber along with its unconventional use as an artistic material require a restoration project to be established which should be supported, during the different phases, by diagnostic investigations to determine the chemico-physical properties of the polyurethane, of the pigments and of the binders, and to determine the state of conservation of the various elements.
The results of this investigation are of crucial importance in the selection of materials and techniques to be used in the subsequent phase of restoration and conservation, to ensure that the work may continue to be appreciated and enjoyed, and to postpone the re-appearance of the above-mentioned problems.
Per inviare una domanda o un commento č obbligatorio compilare tutti i campi del modulo sottostante.
[ Torna su ] | <urn:uuid:536c78f5-5a5d-429b-8b98-1441addd568e> | 2013-05-21T10:07:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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COOL HACKER!!!!! Ok here's mine, AHEM!
I ew xajh zlaadh
Translation: I am very sleepy
How I created it: I take the letter "a" for example. I turn the letter "a" backwards. I flip the backwards letter "a" upside down. Whatever letter the upside down letter looks like, thats what I change it to. A backwards, upside down letter "a" would be the letter "e".
How to pronounce the sentence:
EYE YOU ZAH LAHD | <urn:uuid:819dd84a-2099-4d8b-81ad-2ead1e36d01a> | 2013-05-21T10:13:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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EU gives conditional nod to Glencore-Xstrata deal
The European Commission on Thursday gave a conditional green light to the massive tie-up between Swiss mining giant Xstrata and commodities trader Glencore that would create a global leader.
"The clearance is conditional on the termination of Glencore's off-take arrangements for zinc metal in the European Economic Area with Nyrstar, the world's largest zinc metal producer, and the divestiture of Glencore's minority shareholding in Nyrstar," it said in a statement.
Shareholders of Glencore and Xstrata -- both headquartered in the tax haven of Zoug in Switzerland -- on Tuesday overwhelmingly approved a merger of the two firms to create a goliath capable of out-muscling nearly everyone in their field.
If it obtains the necessary regulatory approvals, Glencore-Xstrata would enter the stage as the world's fourth-biggest commodities company in terms of market capitalisation, after BHP Billiton, Vale and Rio Tinto.
Glencore and Xstrata said last month they hoped the combined company, with a market capitalisation of around 67 billion euros ($US85.5 billion) and with a combined turnover of $US209.4 billion, could come into being by the end of the year.
The long deadlocked process advanced last month when Xstrata's main shareholder, Qatar Holding -- the energy-rich emirate's top sovereign wealth fund -- said it was satisfied with renegotiated terms of the deal.
A number of Xstrata shareholders had also been up in arms over a provision in the initial deal that would have provided massive bonuses to 73 Xstrata executives to ensure they remained with the merged company. | <urn:uuid:1e7d16b9-f89c-4973-aaeb-17b6a92b238d> | 2013-05-21T10:20:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sri Lanka: Year In Review 2011Article Free Pass
In 2011 Sri Lanka continued to recover from its 26-year civil war, which had ended in 2009. Pres. Mahinda Rajapakse enjoyed great popularity among the majority Sinhalese community for having defeated the Tamil Tigers (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam; LTTE). As expected, the United People’s Freedom Alliance, led by Rajapakse, dominated local government elections held in March and July. Predominantly Tamil areas formerly held by the LTTE in the north and east of the country voted for the Tamil National Alliance.
During 2011 the president moved to consolidate political power (much of it held by members of his family) in the executive branch of government while placing limits on media freedom, the role of civil society in Sri Lankan politics, and the expression of antigovernment dissent. In August it was announced that emergency regulations in place for nearly three decades were being lifted, but this still left many powers in government hands and failed to allay fears of repression among some Sri Lankans.
International attention was directed throughout the year toward alleged violations of human rights in Sri Lanka. A highly critical report submitted to the UN Human Rights Council in September charged that both the LTTE and government forces deliberately targeted civilians during the civil war. The government refused to permit an international investigation into human rights violations in Sri Lanka, and in October it announced the creation of a National Action Plan designed to protect and promote human rights and support reconciliation between the communities.
Former general Sarath Fonseka, who had commanded the Sri Lankan army in its victory over the Tamil Tigers and later had become a political rival of Rajapakse, was sentenced to three years in prison for allegedly stating that the Sri Lankan government had committed war crimes during the civil war. Fonseka was already serving a 30-month jail term after having been convicted of corruption in military procurements. He denied both charges, claiming that they were politically motivated to keep him out of politics.
Economic growth in Sri Lanka, which had continued throughout the war period, slowed in 2009 because of the global recession but then accelerated rapidly. GDP was expected to rise by at least 8% in 2011, despite floods in January that displaced more than a million people and damaged rice and other crops. Major economic issues included continued poverty, employment creation and skill provision, the reconstruction of war-damaged areas, a large deficit in the government budget, and persistent inflation. Nevertheless, an IMF mission to Sri Lanka in August–September pronounced macroeconomic conditions there satisfactory and stated that monetary and fiscal policies were appropriate. Yet many believed that to sustain high growth rates in the future, significant policy reforms would be required. Foreign aid and remittances from Sri Lankan workers employed abroad were important sources of foreign exchange. Foreign direct investment was rising, but a conference held in September suggested that fears regarding political risk were holding back that investment.
What made you want to look up "Sri Lanka: Year In Review 2011"? Please share what surprised you most... | <urn:uuid:4d57da95-2a28-4105-bf0d-e30e937eb165> | 2013-05-21T10:08:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Emmanuel, count de las CasesArticle Free Pass
Emmanuel, count de las Cases, in full Emmanuel-augustin-dieudonné-joseph, Count De Las Cases (born June 21, 1766, Languedoc, France—died May 15, 1842, Passy), French historian best known as the recorder of Napoleon’s last conversations on St. Helena, the publication of which contributed greatly to the Napoleonic legend in Europe.
An officer of the royal navy, Las Cases in 1790 emigrated from France to England, where he wrote and published his Atlas Historique . . . (1802), a work that attracted Napoleon’s attention. Consequently, on his return to France (1809) with other Royalists rallying to Napoleon, Las Cases was given a minor position on the council of state and created count in 1810. After Napoleon’s defeat (1814), he returned to England but joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days (1815), following him into exile at St. Helena. For 18 months he recorded his conversations with Napoleon on his principles of warfare, his identification of the French Revolution with the Empire, his political philosophy, and his sentiments on religion and philosophy. A letter of complaint about Napoleon’s treatment led to Las Cases’ deportation and to the seizure of his manuscript by the British government. Forbidden to enter England, he traveled in Germany and Belgium until he was allowed to return to France after the death of Napoleon in 1822. Recovering his manuscript, he published his Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (1823), which at once became extremely popular. A deputy for Saint-Denis (1831–34; 1835–39), he sat with the extreme left, opposing the rule of Louis-Philippe.
Las Cases’ Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène was the first defense of Napoleon after his defeat. Although prejudiced in Napoleon’s favour, the identification of the idea of the Revolution with Napoleon furthered a union of liberals with Bonapartists, thus contributing to the rise of Napoleon III.
What made you want to look up "Emmanuel, count de las Cases"? Please share what surprised you most... | <urn:uuid:a0c0eb9b-e9f0-4b96-bd8c-2e71f2a6ce68> | 2013-05-21T09:59:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Reel 3. A documentary about the American and Russian space race.
01:37:59 Dramatic voiceover about how after millenniums of airless solitude the moon was just about to receive its first visit. L/S of the launch pad at Cape Kennedy, Florida. Astronauts being prepared for the flight. They wave...
Turkish delegates arrive in London for talks with Government who are lending them £6,000,000 for armaments.
Footage of the Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain giving a speech in Cardiff, Wales.
An item about security measure taken at the anniversary of the Easter uprising.
Trailer urging people to vote "in the best interests of the Nation".
Scenes from French Constitutional Referendum.
Elections in Tunisia.
Delegates arrive for Irish Convention at Trinity College in Dublin.
People file out of a building - could be after political conference. | <urn:uuid:5de68123-3070-48b4-83a9-e24fa4efa6ca> | 2013-05-21T10:21:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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May 21, 2013
WikiLeaks founder Assange's bail guarantors ordered to pay out
Nine people who put up bail for WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, including two members of the British aristocracy and a Nobel Prize winner, were ordered to pay 93,000 pounds ($150,000) on Monday after Assange took refuge in Ecuador's embassy.
The guarantors - who include Nobel prize-winning biologist John Sulston - are liable for part of the 140,000 pound bail fee they pledged, Westminster Magistrate's Court ruled.
They were given until Nov. 6 to pay up.
Assange, whose whistleblowing website angered the United States by releasing thousands of US diplomatic cables, was arrested in December 2010 on an extradition warrant from Sweden where he is wanted for questioning over allegations of rape and sexual assault made by two women.
He denies wrongdoing and says he fears that if he is extradited to Sweden he could be transferred to the United States where he could face criminal charges punishable by death.
The 41-year-old Australian broke the conditions of his bail when he entered the Ecuadorean embassy in June shortly after running out of legal options to avoid being sent to Sweden. He was later granted diplomatic asylum by Ecuador.
"Having seen and heard from the sureties, I cannot avoid taking some account of their integrity," Judge Howard Riddle said of the nine guarantors.
"I accept that they trusted Mr Assange to surrender himself as required. I accept that they followed the proceedings and made necessary arrangements to remain in contact with him," he said.
"However, they failed in their basic duty, to ensure his surrender. They must have understood the risk and the concerns of the courts.
"Both this court and the High Court assessed that there were substantial grounds to believe the defendant would abscond, and that the risk could only be met by stringent conditions including the sureties."
Vaughan Smith - one of the nine, who housed Assange for 13 months after his arrest - argued for the entire group in court last week. He had said it should pay no money at all because the case had dragged on for much longer than expected and Assange had not warned the group's members before entering the embassy.
Each guarantor must now pay between 3,500 and 15,000 pounds, having originally pledged between 5,000 and 20,000 pounds.
Three submitted details of their financial means, which were taken into consideration by the court.
"Nobody wants to lose 12,000 pounds and though my family may now live less comfortably, at least we will be able to live with ourselves," Smith said afterwards.
"We believe that we have done the right thing and have no regrets for having supported Julian Assange." | <urn:uuid:970fd026-a261-4b4e-aeb5-b6a46f3f83cd> | 2013-05-21T10:21:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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BOSTON, MA – The University at Buffalo men's and women's cross country teams finished the 2009 season on Saturday afternoon at the NCAA Northeast Regional Championships in Boston's Franklin Park. The UB men posted their highest finish since 2005 with a 13th-place showing among 36 schools while the UB women placed 25th of 35 squads.
In the men's 10K race, the Bulls were led by Dennis Pollow finishing 35th among 244 entrants. Pollow turned in a time of 32:24. Three other Bulls turned in finishes among the top 100. Chris Allen was 78th in 33:22 with Jacob Hagen taking 81st in 33:26 and Ryan Bloom finishing 83rd in 33:28.
For the UB women, racing at 6K, Ellen Muster was the top finisher in 24:32 to place 106th among 243 racers. Leah Wightman finished 138th in 25:02. Sam Beim was 140th in 25:09. Christine Sprehe placed 144th in 25:11 and Jackie Cavalluzzo was UB's fifth finisher in 25:16 to place 150th.
The UB men scored 379 total points for their 13th-place finish. The finish improved on their 18th-place showings of the past two seasons and was the highest since taking 11th in 2005. The UB women finished with 678 points. Syracuse's men's (55) and women's (59) squads took first place in the team championships. Iona's Ryan Sheridan won the men's race in 30:36 while Syracuse's Katie Hursey took the women's title in 21:57 | <urn:uuid:67004a67-b9a7-4972-8fb1-e56db7f0587a> | 2013-05-21T10:21:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A conditioned crawlspace is a crawlspace constructed and insulated so that it is part of the conditioned space of the house. Conditioned crawlspaces remain less common than vented crawlspaces despite performing better in terms of safety, health, comfort, durability and energy consumption.
The following documents examine the benefits of conditioned crawlspaces, how and why they work, and how to understand and interpret relevant sections of the building code. Related documents, such as those discussing basement insulation more generally, are also included in this section.
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According to Bloomberg, Rosenberg "will pursue property investments for KKR’s equity, debt and special situations funds."
Rosenberg left Goldman in 2006 and lauched his own real etsate hedge fund, R6 Capital Management.
R6's assets were then acquired by Eton Park -- the massive hedge fund founded by another former Goldman man, Eric Mindich, and Rosenberg joined too.
This is all part of KKR's plan to build up their property portfolio to diversify holdings that are very heavy on fees earned from leverage buyouts.
Rosenberg is credited with co-founding Goldman Sachs' prop trading money-machine, the Global Special Situations Group, which he ran from November 2003 to the beginning of 2006. He became a partner and managing director in 1998.
Before Special situations, he co-headed the firm's Real Estate Principal Investment Area, during which he "oversaw the investment and management of over $50 billion dollars of transactions worldwide."
He earned a B.A. from Brown and an M.B.A. from Stanford. | <urn:uuid:fe707534-8bd8-4737-863f-c026e192b1b6> | 2013-05-21T10:27:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Information about becoming an extra.
Albuquerque is experiencing an explosion of film-making in the area, and most films need a good supply of extras.
Here are a few frequently asked questions:
Do I need to be beautiful to be an extra?
No, movie extras come in all ages, sizes, shapes, colors, and looks.
How much does an extra get paid?
Not much. Usually, minimum wage. If you are doing this to earn a living, you need to pick a different career.
How long is a typical day's work?
The movie industry works very long hours, and a 10 to 14 hour work day is not uncommon.
What if I can't be available all day?
Don't be an extra.
Is a cattle call for a western? What if I don't have any livestock?
A cattle call refers to a mass casting call, where hundreds are seen in an afternoon for a very brief amount of time.
How do I find out about when a movie needs extras?
There are several ways to find out about extras casting calls. You may hear about one on the radio, tv, or in the newspaper. A more effective way to get on as an extra is to be represented by an Extras Casting Director.
casting agents in your area (search the production services directory for Casting, Extras and Extras Casting Director respectively).
Does it cost money to be listed with an Extras Casting Director?
No, there should be no cost to be listed. The Casting Director may take a portion (10 percent) of your wages if you are selected.
What is a head shot? Does it cost money?
Do not spend a lot of money on a head shot when you are just getting started. Have a friend take a digital picture of you, and make your own head shot listing your name, cell phone, sizes, previous experience on a set or in theatre, and any special talents you have. Keep it to one page only.
I can juggle chain saws, should I list that?
I can't swim, but they are looking for swimmers. Should I say I can in hopes of getting the part?
No, don't lie.
What is it like on a movie set?
Boring, generally. Bring a book to read, knitting, etc etc.
Can I talk to the director?
The lead actor, actress, or director is my hero. Can I ask her for an autograph? | <urn:uuid:ba51c375-5432-4180-9fd4-ea53fe7d98e1> | 2013-05-21T10:14:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Miguel Torres Released By UFC; Titan FC Debut Set For November 2
Torres announced news of his release via his official website late Tuesday.
"I am writing this letter to inform you that as a result of my last loss, I was cut from the UFC," wrote Torres. "My next fight will be in Hammond, Indiana for Titan Fighting Championship on November the 2nd. I am excited to continue fighting, to regain my focus and to get back to what made me a champion. A special thank you to my manager, Glenn Robinson, my trainer, Firas Zahabi, my training partners, and all the staff at the UFC. I have dedicated my whole life to mixed martial arts and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. From teaching, to training, and fighting from the lowest to the highest levels, my passion in life is to be the best that I can be. Until November 2nd."
Once considered the top 135-pound fighter in MMA, Torres has gone 3-4 in his last seven outings, including defeats to Demetrious Johnson and Michael McDonald under the UFC banner. The former WEC bantamweight champ recently suffered a vicious first-round knockout at the hands of McDonald at April's UFC 145.
Titan FC 25 takes place on November 2 in Hammond, Indiana, where Torres owns a gym, Torres Martial Arts Academy. While Torres is slated to headline the fall card, no opponent has been named as of writing. | <urn:uuid:8e606664-5bbd-4197-915c-41abd8766cf0> | 2013-05-21T10:33:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Immune System
Because the human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes, they try to pass your skin barrier and enter. Your immune system is a bodywide network of cells, tissues, and organs that has evolved to defend you against such "foreign" invasions.The proper targets of your immune system are infectious organisms--bacteria such as these streptococci; fungi (this one happens to be Candida, the cause of yeast infections); parasites, including these worm-like microbes that cause malaria; and viruses such as this SARS virus.
Markers of Self
At the heart of the immune response is the ability to distinguish between "self" and "non-self." Every cell in your body carries the same set of distinctive surface proteins that distinguish you as "self." Normally your immune cells do not attack your own body tissues, which all carry the same pattern of self-markers; rather, your immune system coexists peaceably with your other body cells in a state known as self-tolerance.
This set of unique markers on human cells is called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). There are two classes: MHC Class I proteins, which are on all cells, and MHC Class II proteins, which are only on certain specialized cells.
Markers of Non-Self
Any non-self substance capable of triggering an immune response is known as an antigen. An antigen can be a whole non-self cell, a bacterium, a virus, an MHC marker protein or even a portion of a protein from a foreign organism.
The distinctive markers on antigens that trigger an immune response are called epitopes. When tissues or cells from another individual enter your body carrying such antigenic non-self epitopes, your immune cells react. This explains why transplanted tissues may be rejected as foreign and why antibodies will bind to them.
Markers of Self: Major Histocompatibility Complex
Your immune cells recognize major histocompatibility complex proteins(MHC) when they distinguish between self and non-self. An MHC protein serves as a recognizable scaffold that presents pieces (peptides) of a foreign protein (antigenic) to immune cells.
An empty "foreign" MHC scaffold itself can act as an antigen when donor organs or cells are introduced into a patient's body. These MHC self-marker scaffolds are also known as a patient's "tissue type" or as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) when a patient's white blood cells are being characterized.
For example, when the immune system of a patient receiving a kidney transplant detects a non-self "tissue type," the patient's body may rally its own immune cells to attack.
Every cell in your body is covered with these MHC self-marker proteins, and--except for identical twins--individuals carry different sets. MHC marker proteins are as distinct as blood types and come in two categories--MHC Class I: humans bear 6 markers out of 200 possible variations; and MHC Class II: humans display 8 out of about 230 possibilities.
Organs of the Immune System
The organs of your immune system are positioned throughout your body.
They are called lymphoid organs because they are home to lymphocytes--the white blood cells that are key operatives of the immune system. Within these organs, the lymphocytes grow, develop, and are deployed.
Bone marrow, the soft tissue in the hollow center of bones, is the ultimate source of all blood cells, including the immune cells.
The thymus is an organ that lies behind the breastbone; lymphocytes known as T lymphocytes, or just T cells, mature there.
The spleen is a flattened organ at the upper left of the abdomen. Like the lymph nodes, the spleen contains specialized compartments where immune cells gather and confront antigens.
In addition to these organs, clumps of lymphoid tissue are found in many parts of the body, especially in the linings of the digestive tract and the airways and lungs--gateways to the body. These tissues include the tonsils, adenoids, and appendix.
The organs of your immune system are connected with one another and with other organs of the body by a network of lymphatic vessels.
Lymphocytes can travel throughout the body using the blood vessels. The cells can also travel through a system of lymphatic vessels that closely parallels the body's veins and arteries. Cells and fluids are exchanged between blood and lymphatic vessels, enabling the lymphatic system to monitor the body for invading microbes. The lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a clear fluid that bathes the body's tissues.
Small, bean-shaped lymph nodes sit along the lymphatic vessels, with clusters in the neck, armpits, abdomen, and groin. Each lymph node contains specialized compartments where immune cells congregate and encounter antigens.
Immune cells and foreign particles enter the lymph nodes via incoming lymphatic vessels or the lymph nodes' tiny blood vessels. All lymphocytes exit lymph nodes through outgoing lymphatic vessels. Once in the bloodstream, they are transported to tissues throughout the body. They patrol everywhere for foreign antigens, then gradually drift back into the lymphatic system to begin the cycle all over again.
Cells of the Immune System
Cells destined to become immune cells, like all blood cells, arise in your body's bone marrow from stem cells. Some develop into myeloid progenitor cells while others become lymphoid progenitor cells.
The myeloid progenitors develop into the cells that respond early and nonspecifically to infection. Neutrophils engulf bacteria upon contact and send out warning signals. Monocytes turn into macrophages in body tissues and gobble up foreign invaders. Granule-containing cells such as eosinophils attack parasites, while basophils release granules containing histamine and other allergy-related molecules.
Lymphoid precursors develop into the small white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes respond later in infection. They mount a more specifically tailored attack after antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (or macrophages) display their catch in the form of antigen fragments. The B cell turns into a plasma cell that produces and releases into the bloodstream thousands of specific antibodies. The T cells coordinate the entire immune response and eliminate the viruses hiding in infected cells.
B cells work chiefly by secreting soluble substances known as antibodies. They mill around a lymph node, waiting for a macrophage to bring an antigen or for an invader such as a bacteria to arrive. When an antigen-specific antibody on a B cell matches up with an antigen, a remarkable transformation occurs.
The antigen binds to the antibody receptor, the B cell engulfs it, and, after a special helper T cell joins the action, the B cell becomes a large plasma cell factory that produces identical copies of specific antibody molecules at an astonishing pace--up to 10 million copies an hour.
Each antibody is made up of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, shaped to form a Y.
The sections that make up the tips of the Y's arms vary greatly from one antibody to another; this is called the variable region. It is these unique contours in the antigen-binding site that allow the antibody to recognize a matching antigen, much as a lock matches a key.
The stem of the Y links the antibody to other participants in the immune defenses. This area is identical in all antibodies of the same class--for instance, all IgEs--and is called the constant region.
Antibodies belong to a family of large protein molecules known as immunoglobulins.
Scientists have identified nine chemically distinct classes of human immunoglobulins, four kinds of IgG and two kinds of IgA, plus IgM, IgE, and IgD.
Immunoglobulins G, D, and E are similar in appearance. IgG, the major immunoglobulin in the blood, is also able to enter tissue spaces; it works efficiently to coat microorganisms, speeding their destruction by other cells in the immune system. IgD is almost exclusively found inserted into the membrane of B cells, where it somehow regulates the cell's activation. IgE is normally present in only trace amounts, but it is responsible for the symptoms of allergy.
IgA--a doublet--guards the entrance to the body. It concentrates in body fluids such as tears, saliva, and secretions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
IgM usually combines in star-shaped clusters. It tends to remain in the bloodstream, where it is very effective in killing bacteria.
Scientists long wondered how all the genetic information needed to make millions of different antibodies could fit in a limited number of genes.
The answer is that antibody genes are spliced together from widely scattered bits of DNA located in two different chromosomes. Each antibody molecule is made up of two separate chains, a heavy chain and a light chain. The heavy chain is where the binding of antigens occurs, so much genetic variation is involved in its assembly. For example, to form a heavy chain, 1 of 400 possible variable gene segments (V) combines with 1 out of 15 diversity segments (D) and 1 out of 4 joining (J) segments. This makes 24,000 possible combinations for the DNA encoding the heavy chain alone. As this part of the gene assembles, it joins the variable coding segments with those for the constant-C segments of the heavy-chain molecule.
T cells contribute to your immune defenses in two major ways. Some help regulate the complex workings of the overall immune response, while others are cytotoxic and directly contact infected cells and destroy them.
Chief among the regulatory T cells are helper T cells. They are needed to activate many immune cells, including B cells and other T cells.
Cytotoxic T cells (sometimes called killer T cells) help rid your body of cells that have been infected by viruses as well as cells that have been transformed by cancer but have not yet adapted to evade the immune detection system. They are also responsible for the rejection of tissue and organ grafts.
Cytokines are diverse and potent chemical messengers secreted by the cells of your immune system. They are the chief communication signals of your T cells. Cytokines include interleukins, growth factors, and interferons.
Lymphocytes, including both T cells and B cells, secrete cytokines called lymphokines, while the cytokines of monocytes and macrophages are dubbed monokines. Many of these cytokines are also known as interleukins because they serve as a messenger between white cells, or leukocytes.
Interferons are naturally occurring cytokines that may boost the immune system's ability to recognize cancer as a foreign invader.
Binding to specific receptors on target cells, cytokines recruit many other cells and substances to the field of action. Cytokines encourage cell growth, promote cell activation, direct cellular traffic, and destroy target cells--including cancer cells.
When cytokines attract specific cell types to an area, they are called chemokines. These are released at the site of injury or infection and call other immune cells to the region to help repair damage and defend against infection.
Killer Cells: Cytotoxic Ts and NKs
At least two types of lymphocytes are killer cells--cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. Both types contain granules filled with potent chemicals. Both types kill on contact. They bind their targets, aim their weapons, and deliver bursts of lethal chemicals.
To attack, cytotoxic T cells need to recognize a specific antigen bound to self-MHC markers, whereas natural killer (NK) cells will recognize and attack cells lacking these. This gives NK cells the potential to attack many types of foreign cells.
Phagocytes and Their Relatives
Some immune cells have more than one name. For example, the name "phagocytes" is given to the large immune cells that can engulf and digest foreign invaders, and the name "granulocytes" refers to immune cells that carry granules laden with killer chemicals.
Phagocytes include monocytes, which circulate in the blood; macrophages, which are found in tissues throughout the body; dendritic cells, which are more stationary, monitoring their environment from one spot such as the skin; and neutrophils, cells that circulate in the blood but move into tissues when they are needed.
Macrophages are versatile cells; besides acting as phagocytic scavengers, they secrete a wide variety of signaling cytokines (called monokines) that are vital to the immune response.
Neutrophils are both phagocytes and granulocytes: they contain granules filled with potent chemicals. These chemicals, in addition to destroying microorganisms, play a key role in acute inflammatory reactions. Other types of granulocytes are eosinophils and basophils, which degranulate by spraying their chemicals onto harmful cells or microbes. The mast cell is a twin of the basophil, except it is not a blood cell. Rather, it is responsible for allergy symptoms in the lungs, skin, and linings of the nose and intestinal tract.
A related structure, the blood platelet, is a cell fragment. Platelets, too, contain granules. They promote blood clotting and wound repair, and activate some immune defenses.
Phagocytes in the Body
If foreign invaders succeed in getting past your skin barriers and manage to reach body tissues, they are usually recognized, ingested, and killed by phagocytes strategically positioned throughout the body. Macrophages and neutrophils are the main phagocytes involved, with macrophages as the first line of defense. Monocytes stop circulating in the blood and mature into specialized macrophages that migrate into the tissues of the body and prepare for invasion. Large numbers of mature macrophages reside in connective tissue, along the digestive tract, in the lungs, in the spleen, and even along certain blood vessels in the liver, where they are known as Kupffer cells.
Neutrophils are short-lived immune cells that remain circulating in the blood. When tissue-based macrophages encounter an invader, neutrophils soon reinforce their immune response by coming to the site of infection in large numbers.
The complement system consists of a series of about 25 proteins that work to "complement" the work of antibodies in destroying bacteria. Complement also helps rid the body of antigen-antibody complexes. Complement proteins are the culprits that cause blood vessels to become dilated and leaky, causing redness and swelling during an inflammatory response.
Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form. The so-called "complement cascade" is set off when the first complement molecule, C1, encounters antibody bound to antigen in an antigen-antibody complex. Each of the complement proteins performs its specialized job, acting, in turn, on the molecule next in line. The end product is a cylinder that punctures the cell membrane and, by allowing fluids and molecules to flow in and out, dooms the target cell.
Mounting an Immune Response
Microbes attempting to get into your body must first get past your skin and mucous membranes, which not only pose a physical barrier but are rich in scavenger cells and IgA antibodies.
Next, they must elude a series of nonspecific defenses--and substances that attack all invaders regardless of the epitopes they carry. These include patrolling phagocytes, granulocytes, NK cells, and complement.
Infectious agents that get past these nonspecific barriers must finally confront specific weapons tailored just for them. These include both antibodies and cytotoxic T cells.
Both B cells and T cells carry customized receptor molecules that allow them to recognize and respond to their specific targets.
The B cell's antigen-specific receptor that sits on its outer surface is also a sample of the antibody it is prepared to manufacture; this antibody-receptor recognizes antigen in its natural state.
The T cell's receptor systems are more complex. T cells can recognize an antigen only after the antigen is processed and presented in combination with a special type of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) marker. Killer T cells only recognize antigens in the grasp of Class I MHC markers, while helper T cells only recognize antigens in the grasp of Class II MHC markers. This complicated arrangement assures that T cells act only on precise targets and at close range.
Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody
The B cell uses its antibody-receptor to bind a matching antigen, which it then engulfs and processes. This triggers the B cell to become a large plasma cell producing millions of copies of the same specific antibody. These antibodies then circulate in the bloodstream in search of more matching antigens. B cell antibodies cannot themselves kill an invading organism, but they can use their antibodies to mark invaders for destruction by other immune cells and by complement.
Activation of T Cells: Helper
Helper T cells only recognize antigen in the grasp of Class II MHC markers. An antigen-presenting cell--such as a macrophage or a dendritic cell--breaks down the antigen it devours, then it places small pieces (peptides) on its surface along with a Class II MHC marker. By exhibiting its catch in this way, antigen-presenting cells enable specific receptors on helper T cells to bind the antigen and confirm (via CD4 protein) that an invasion has occurred.
After binding, a resting helper T cell quickly becomes an activated helper T. It assumes command of the immune response, giving orders to increase the number of specific antibody-producing plasma cells and the cytotoxic killer cells needed to quell the attack.
Activation of T Cells: Cytotoxic
Killer T cells only recognize antigen in the grasp of Class I MHC markers. Here a resting cytotoxic T cell recognizes virus fragments, which are displayed by a macrophage in combination with a Class I MHC marker. A receptor on a circulating, resting cytotoxic T cell (and CD8 protein) recognizes the antigen-protein complex and binds to it. The binding process and an activated helper T cell activate the cytotoxic T cell. Because the surfaces of other infected cells bear the same virus fragments in combination with Class I MHC markers, the activated cytotoxic T cells can quickly recognize, attack, and destroy the diseased cell.
Regulatory T Cells
Your immune system also has a braking mechanism, a checkpoint to prevent immune responses to self. Without this checkpoint, autoimmune disease could flourish. An additional type of immune cells--regulatory T cells--are these critical braking agents.
Researchers don't yet know exactly how regulatory T cells operate. Some think these T cells recognize and compete for the same antigens as those that activate helper and cytotoxic T cells, but that regulatory T cells zero in on a different epitope. Another possibility is that cytotoxic or helper T cells only multiply when regulatory T cells are absent.
Regulatory T cells have become important to researchers who are trying to increase the efficacy of vaccines for cancer and AIDS. In addition to increasing the antigenicity of the immunizing element, a better understanding of regulatory T cells will permit scientists to reduce the immune system's brake activity, which often limits the effectiveness of vaccines.
Immunity: Active and Passive
Whenever T cells and B cells are activated, some become "memory" cells. The next time that an individual encounters that same antigen, the immune system is primed to destroy it quickly. This is active immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Long-term active immunity can be naturally acquired by infection or artificially acquired by vaccines made from infectious agents that have been inactivated or, more commonly, from minute portions of the microbe.
Short-term passive immunity can be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum; similarly, a mother enables an infant to naturally acquire protection while growing within her by donating her antibodies and certain immune cells. This is passive immunity because the infant who is protected does not produce antibodies, but borrows them.
Disorders of the Immune System: Allergy
When your immune system malfunctions, it can unleash a torrent of disorders and diseases.
One of the most familiar is allergy. Allergies such as hay fever and hives are related to the antibody known as IgE. The first time an allergy-prone person is exposed to an allergen--for instance, grass pollen--the individual's B cells make large amounts of grass pollen IgE antibody. These IgE molecules attach to granule-containing cells known as mast cells, which are plentiful in the lungs, skin, tongue, and linings of the nose and gastrointestinal tract. The next time that person encounters grass pollen, the IgE-primed mast cell releases powerful chemicals that cause the wheezing, sneezing, and other symptoms of allergy.
Disorders of the Immune System: Autoimmune Disease
Sometimes the immune system's recognition apparatus breaks down, and the body begins to manufacture antibodies and T cells directed against the body's own cells and organs.
Such cells and autoantibodies, as they are known, contribute to many diseases. For instance, T cells that attack pancreas cells contribute to diabetes, while an autoantibody known as rheumatoid factor is common in persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
Disorders of the Immune System: Immune Complex Disease
Immune complexes are clusters of interlocking antigens and antibodies.
Normally they are rapidly removed from the bloodstream. In some circumstances, however, they continue to circulate, and eventually they become trapped in, and damage, the tissues of the kidneys, as seen here, or the lungs, skin, joints, or blood vessels.
Disorders of the Immune System: AIDS
When the immune system is lacking one or more of its components, the result is an immunodeficiency disorder.
These disorders can be inherited, acquired through infection, or produced as an inadvertent side effect of drugs such as those used to treat cancer or transplant patients.
AIDS is an immunodeficiency disorder caused by a virus that destroys helper T cells. The virus copies itself incessantly and invades helper T cells and macrophages, the very cells needed to organize an immune defense. The AIDS virus splices its DNA into the DNA of the cell it infects; the cell is thereafter directed to churn out new viruses.
Human Tissue Typing for Transplants
Although MHC proteins are required for T cell responses against foreign invaders, they can pose difficulty during transplantation. Every cell in the body is covered with MHC self-markers, and each person bears a slightly unique set. If a T lymphocyte recognizes a non-self MHC scaffold, it will rally immune cells to destroy the cell that bears it. For successful organ or blood stem cell transplantations, doctors must pair organ recipients with donors whose MHC sets match as closely as possible. Otherwise, the recipient's T cells will likely attack the transplant, leading to graft rejection.
To find good matches, tissue typing is usually done on white blood cells, or leukocytes. In this case, the MHC-self-markers are called human leukocyte antigens, or HLA. Each cell has a double set of six major HLA markers, HLA-A, B, and C, and three types of HLA-D. Since each of these antigens exists, in different individuals, in as many as 20 varieties, the number of possible HLA types is about 10,000. The genes that encode the HLA antigens are located on chromosome 6.
A child in the womb carries foreign antigens from the father as well as immunologically compatible self-antigens from the mother.
One might expect this condition to trigger a graft rejection, but it does not because the uterus is an "immunologically privileged" site where immune responses are somehow subdued.
Immunity and Cancer
When normal cells turn into cancer cells, some of the antigens on their surface change. These cells, like many body cells, constantly shed bits of protein from their surface into the circulatory system. Often, tumor antigens are among the shed proteins.
These shed antigens prompt action from immune defenders, including cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. According to one theory, patrolling cells of the immune system provide continuous bodywide surveillance, catching and eliminating cells that undergo malignant transformation. Tumors develop when this immune surveillance breaks down or is overwhelmed.
A new approach to cancer therapy uses antibodies that have been specially made to recognize specific cancers.
When coupled with natural toxins, drugs, or radioactive substances, the antibodies seek out their target cancer cells and deliver their lethal load. Alternatively, toxins can be linked to a lymphokine and routed to cells equipped with receptors for the lymphokine.
Dendritic Cells That Attack Cancer
Another approach to cancer therapy takes advantage of the normal role of the dendritic cell as an immune educator. Dendritic cells grab antigens from viruses, bacteria, or other organisms and wave them at T cells to recruit their help in an initial T cell immune response. This works well against foreign cells that enter the body, but cancer cells often evade the self/non-self detection system. By modifying dendritic cells, researchers are able to trigger a special kind of autoimmune response that includes a T cell attack of the cancer cells. Because a cancer antigen alone is not enough to rally the immune troops, scientists first fuse a cytokine to a tumor antigen with the hope that this will send a strong antigenic signal. Next, they grow a patient's dendritic cells in the incubator and let them take up this fused cytokine-tumor antigen. This enables the dendritic cells to mature and eventually display the same tumor antigens as appear on the patient's cancer cells. When these special mature dendritic cells are given back to the patient, they wave their newly acquired tumor antigens at the patient's immune system, and those T cells that can respond mount an attack on the patient's cancer cells.
The Immune System and the Nervous System
Biological links between the immune system and the central nervous system exist at several levels.
Hormones and other chemicals such as neuropeptides, which convey messages among nerve cells, have been found also to "speak" to cells of the immune system--and some immune cells even manufacture typical neuropeptides. In addition, networks of nerve fibers have been found to connect directly to the lymphoid organs.
The picture that is emerging is of closely interlocked systems facilitating a two-way flow of information. Immune cells, it has been suggested, may function in a sensory capacity, detecting the arrival of foreign invaders and relaying chemical signals to alert the brain. The brain, for its part, may send signals that guide the traffic of cells through the lymphoid organs.
A hybridoma is a hybrid cell produced by injecting a specific antigen into a mouse, collecting an antibody-producing cell from the mouse's spleen, and fusing it with a long-lived cancerous immune cell called a myeloma cell. Individual hybridoma cells are cloned and tested to find those that produce the desired antibody. Their many identical daughter clones will secrete, over a long period of time, millions of identical copies of made-to-order "monoclonal" antibodies.
Thanks to hybridoma technology, scientists are now able to make large quantities of specific antibodies.
Genetic engineering allows scientists to pluck genes--segments of DNA--from one type of organism and to combine them with genes of a second organism.
In this way, relatively simple organisms such as bacteria or yeast can be induced to make quantities of human proteins, including interferons and interleukins. They can also manufacture proteins from infectious agents, such as the hepatitis virus or the AIDS virus, for use in vaccines.
The SCID-hu Mouse
The SCID mouse, which lacks a functioning immune system of its own, is helpless to fight infection or reject transplanted tissue.
By transplanting immature human immune tissues and/or immune cells into these mice, scientists have created an in vivo model that promises to be of immense value in advancing our understanding of the immune system. | <urn:uuid:db18851c-6b7c-43c0-9376-9df436e862d0> | 2013-05-21T10:35:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Results from a multinational phase III clinical trial suggest that fludarabine, cyclophosphamide(Drug information on cyclophosphamide), and rituximab(Drug information on rituximab) (FCR) chemoimmunotherapy may become the new standard first-line therapy for the treatment of advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Michael Hallek, md, of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, and German CLL Study Group, presented the study at the ASH meeting (abstract 325).
In this study, a total of 817 patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia were randomized to receive six 28-day cycles of FC (fludarabine, 25 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 to 3, and cyclophosphamide, 250 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 to 3) alone or FCR (375 mg/m2 intravenously at start of first cycle and 500 mg/m2 on day 1 for all subsequent cycles). The primary objective of the study was to determine response rates and progression-free survival.
Results at 2 Years
After an average follow-up of 25.5 months, a total of 761 patients were evaluable for response and 787 were evaluable for progression-free survival and overall survival. The overall response rate was significantly higher in the FCR arm (95%) as compared with the FC arm (88%). The complete response rate was also significantly higher in the FCR arm (52%) as compared with the FC arm (27%).
At 2 years, the progression-free survival rate was 76.6% in the FCR arm as compared with 62.3% in the FC arm. While FCR was found to cause more neutropenia (33.6% vs 20.9%) and leukopenia (24% vs 12.1%), it did not increase the incidence of severe infections (18.8% vs 14.8%) as compared with FC. Taken together, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab chemoimmunotherapy is a safe first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia that improves response rates and progression-free survival, the investigators concluded. | <urn:uuid:bdb87445-a74e-4876-884f-8a5f28eb11d6> | 2013-05-21T10:20:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A new 135mm f/2L IS would be a dream all right - albeit sharpness can take a slight hit, maybe a 135mm f/1.4L? Probably they can find a way to let in more light in a longer lens but the lens could look like a longer 85 1.2L and cost too much.
135 f/1.4 - 135/1.4 = 96.4mm (105mm filter?)
135 f/1.8 - 135/1.8 = 75mm (77mm or 82mm filter)
135 f/2 - 135/2 = 67.5mm (72mm filter)
A 135mm f/1.4 would put it in the same class as the 200mm f/2 (100mm objective) and 300mm f/2.8 (107mm objective) both in terms of size and weight. A suggested 135mm f/1.8 is definitely more reasonable in terms of size, weight and price.
True, over the last three decades. Not quite as much over the last decade, and most of Canon's previous generation of lenses are within a decade old.The EF 24mm f/2.8, EF 28mm f/2.8, and TS-E 24mm f/3.5 are less than a decade old?
To put numbers behind it, Canon has made 159 different EF/EF-S lens models since 1987. Currently Canon USA lists 68 lenses (I take issue with 5, as they are no longer in production and no longer available new - 300mm f/2.8 IS I, 400mm f/2.8 IS I, 70-200mm f/2.8 IS I, 100-300mm f/4.5-5.6 USM, 15mm Fisheye). Out of the remaining 63 lenses here is how they break down by release date:
0-10 years - 37
10-15 years - 10
15-20 years - 9
20+ years - 7
So his statement is correct - 37/63 (59%) are 10 years old or less, which constitutes 'most' | <urn:uuid:f3dc2e4e-92e6-44f0-9157-e9025577d2a5> | 2013-05-21T10:06:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When you start a job application at a company and send in your resume, you can be sure that many other people are doing the exact same thing, competing with you for that very same job opening. You need to do as much as you can to make your resume stand out from amongst the inevitable crowd of people who will also be sending the company their resumes. One way you can do is to include a resume objective and an easy way to craft a good resume objective is to make use of sample resume objectives.
What Exactly is a Resume Objective?
A resume objective is a statement of your goals for employment, such as obtaining a management position in a large software firm, developing greater leadership skills, leading a team of engineers, and designing innovative changes to an established system. Such a statement of objectives regarding employment is an excellent way of letting your prospective employer know that you are clear about your goals and where you see yourself going. This is important because many employers think that this reflects well on an employee’s ability to manage his responsibilities.
How do Sample Resume Objectives come in Useful?
The difficulty in writing a resume objective is how and where to start. It is here that sample resume objectives will be extremely useful to you. Sample resume objectives are examples that have been written by professionals in the field of resume writing and made available on the internet for job applicants the world over. There are, however, certain things that you need to take note of if you decide to use sample resume objectives to help you craft your own resume objective.
Incorporating Sample Objectives Into Your Own Objective
The most important thing about sample resume objectives that you must realize is that, if you can get access to them, then everyone else can too. This means that you will have to be very careful about using them only to give you ideas and not copying any part of them outright, lest your interviewer throw your entire resume aside after seeing that you made use of the same resume objective sample that many hundreds of people have probably made use of before.
One of the most common difficulties people face when writing a resume objective is achieving the appropriate level of detail and conciseness. You hardly want to send in a resume with the objective ‘get employed’ on the cover of it. You need to be specific about what employment goals you have so that your prospective employer will be better able to tell whether your aims are in line with what they are looking for in an employee to fill that job opening.
Sample resume objectives are an excellent way to familiarize yourself with the kind of specificity required in a good resume objective. You should search the internet for sample resume objectives and as you read through them, take note of the type of goals that they state. Later, when writing your own resume objective, you can compare your own objective to those you have read to ensure that you are not being too vague about your goals. In this way, you can effectively incorporate sample resume objectives into your own objective to make it that much stronger and more impactful.
Check Out CareerRush’s Free Sample Resume Objectives… | <urn:uuid:9c9119d8-db83-44c8-a8d1-5d33f3be3caf> | 2013-05-21T10:34:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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After a significant loss, you may be consumed and overwhelmed by the grief reactions you are experiencing. In time, as the reality of the loss sinks in, and all the changes as a result of the loss have been experienced, you will learn to adjust to living with your loss. Eventually, even after significant loss, you will realize you are grieving less as you discover renewed energy in living. You will become less consumed by the impact of the loss and begin to draw comfort rather than pain from the memories. In a sense, you are never “finished grieving.” With a significant loss, there will always be moments when you will remember the loss, and perhaps you experience some of the feelings of grief, as in the times of “sweet sadness” mentioned above. Fortunately, the time period between these surges will lengthen considerably as you learn how to cope with your loss.
Web site powered by i4a. | <urn:uuid:4af9e956-8f0b-4f55-b4de-230319f755a0> | 2013-05-21T10:15:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Wow, people have been posting some great maps the last few weeks. This is another beautiful map and I have given you some reputation for it. I keep giving it out nowadays
I like the overall layout of your map very much, as well as the mountains, forests and different terrain types. Some small points of criticism or suggestions:
- Some of the roads seem to be on TOP of the forests.
- The city contours could stand out some more from the terrain (I love the contours, by the way!)
- Maybe add some sandy beaches. As you have already placed different terrain types it would add something I think.
- The rivers and roads are making a lot of twists and turns but to me it's not always obvious why. Some of the roads on the plains could be a bit straighter I think?
Well, it's a great map. I wasn't too sure about the texture for the sea at first, but it definitely fits this style! | <urn:uuid:c5912c6d-a303-4789-a06d-8aeb219e1712> | 2013-05-21T10:23:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Going to graduate school
If you have decided to pursue a secondary degree, and graduate school is on your horizon, you’ll need to give yourself the time to research the schools you're interested in, apply for admission, take the required entrance exams, and get your financial aid in place.
Although the financial burden may make you feel like graduate school is out-of- reach that may not be the case. There are many options available today to help partially or fully fund your graduate degree. With a little time and perseverance you may find that you are able to find the scholarship, financial aid or potential employer that will help cover the costs of graduate school.
Deciding on financial aid packages. Before you take that next step, have you considered employment options within your college or university? Seek out positions available as an RA, TA or Research Assistant. If you've exhausted your other options, research different financial aid packages carefully to find the lowest possible interest rate with a realistic pay-off time-frame. You can start by talking to your school registrar, your bank, as well as searching online for different rates and options at websites like http://www.financialaid.org/.
Working while putting yourself through school? Many universities have graduate programs set up specifically for working adults. Classes meet in the evenings and on weekends, and courses are often taught by professionals in the industry, so you're gaining real-world experience from someone who lives what they teach. You can also explore online education as an alternative:
Explore the possibility of your employer footing the bill.
Start by going to Human Resources to find out if tuition reimbursement is something your employer is willing to consider, whether partially or entirely. Sell yourself. Explaining the rewards your employer will gain from your continued education will help them see past the short-term expense and focus on the long-term benefits. If they agree you may need to sign an agreement guaranteeing them that you will stay with the company for a certain length of time after you earn your degree - which could ultimately benefit you both.
Delaying graduate school into the foreseeable future?
Seek out employment early on with the types of companies known for encouraging their employees to develop themselves while helping them fund it. Start with articles like Fortune Magazine ® 100 Best Companies to Work For" which typically highlights these companies and the types of extraordinary benefits they offer their employees. | <urn:uuid:1ae00f73-e808-4c25-a8b9-f658c4941ead> | 2013-05-21T10:00:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Some colleges may have to close their satellite campuses as a result of endowment funding losses caused by the recession. At the same time, a bad economy often means college enrollments increase as undergrads who can’t find jobs return to grad school and laid-off workers go back to college to learn new skills and earn new degrees.
On your campus, these trends may mean it's becoming harder to find student housing or jobs. Perhaps you've lost your own job or had your hours cut. Or maybe this has happened to a roommate, and now you are all struggling to pay your rent. The articles below can help you find ways to cope with these situations. | <urn:uuid:48e21a28-a98a-402a-82d9-d3cc385f4156> | 2013-05-21T10:07:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Originally Posted by Chad Cilli
Wow, thank you to everyone for the responses.
Gant and Andrew, have you ever tried any chiropractic or physical therapy for your back problems? If so, did it improve your condition?
For me it was so bad that it was almost impossible to run some days. Any bending, or sitting also. Didn't need any therapy but I did just mainly try to lay on my back as much as possible. After seeing the doctor & wearing the weight vest, it healed very quickly | <urn:uuid:95d9e94e-a8a0-4a84-b9ad-47f483ceedcc> | 2013-05-21T10:07:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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