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By Dr. Mercola One of the reasons why conventional cancer treatment is such a dismal failure in the United States is because it relies on chemotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs are, by their very nature, extremely toxic and typically work against your body's natural ability to fight cancer, e.g. destroying host immunity instead of supporting it. One of the biggest drawbacks to chemotherapy is the fact that it destroys healthy cells throughout your body right along with cancer cells, a "side effect" that often leads to accelerated death, not healing. Another devastating side effect of chemotherapy is the way it actually supports the more chemo resistant and malignant cell subpopulations within tumors (e.g. cancer stem cells), both killing the more benign cells and/or senescent cells within the tumor that keep it slow-growing, or even harmless. As a result, this unleashes a more aggressive, treatment-resistant type of cancer to wreak havoc on the body. A handful of natural compounds have been discovered, however, which exhibit an effect called "selective cytotoxicity." This means they are able to kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells and tissue unharmed. This type of cancer treatment is intelligent, targeted and will not result in the death of the patient from "collateral damage" in what is increasingly a failed war not against the cancer being treated, but the patient's own irreversibly devastated body. Bromelain in Pineapples Kills Cancer Cells Without Harming You One such compound is bromelain, an enzyme that can be extracted from pineapple stems. Research published in the journal Planta Medica found that bromelain was superior to the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorauracil in treating cancer in an animal study.i Researchers stated: "This antitumoral effect [of bromelain] was superior to that of 5-FU [5-fluorouracil], whose survival index was approximately 263 %, relative to the untreated control." What makes this impact particularly impressive is that the bromelain worked without causing additional harm to the animals. The chemo drug 5-fluorauracil, on the other hand, has a relatively unsuccessful and dangerous track record despite being used for nearly 40 years. As written by GreenMedInfo: "As a highly toxic, fluoride-bound form of the nucleic acid uracil, a normal component of RNA, the drug is supposed to work by tricking more rapidly dividing cells -- which include both cancer and healthy intestinal, hair follicle, and immune cells -- into taking it up, thereby inhibiting (read: poisoning) RNA replication enzymes and RNA synthesis.… When a person dies following conventional cancer treatment it is all too easy to "blame the victim" and simply write that patient's cancer off as "chemo-resistant," or "exceptionally aggressive," when in fact the non-selective nature of the chemotoxic agent is what ultimately lead to their death." Selective cytotoxicity is indeed a property that is only found among natural compounds; no chemotherapy drug yet developed is capable of this effect. Aside from bromelain, other examples of natural compounds that have been found to kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells include: - Vitamin C -- Dr. Ronald Hunninghake carried out a 15-year research project called RECNAC (cancer spelled backwards). His groundbreaking research in cell cultures showed that vitamin C was selectively cytotoxic against cancer cells. - Eggplant extract: Solasodine rhamnosyl glycosides (BEC), which is a fancy name for extracts from plants of the Solanaceae family, such as eggplant, tomato, potato, Bell peppers, and tobacco, also impact only cancerous cells leaving normal cells alone. Eggplant extract cream appears to be particularly useful in treating skin cancer. Dr. Bill E. Cham, a leading researcher in this area, explains: "The mode of action of SRGs [glycoalkaloids solasodine rhamnosy glycosides (BEC)] is unlike any current antineoplastic [anti-tumor] agent. Specific receptors for the SRGs present only on cancer cells but not normal cells are the first step of events that lead to apoptosis in cancer cells only, and this may explain why during treatment the cancer cells were being eliminated and normal cells were replacing the killed cancer cells with no scar tissue being formed." - Turmeric (Curcumin Extract): Of all the natural cancer fighters out there, this spice has been the most intensely researched for exhibiting selective cytotoxicity.ii Remarkably, in a 2011 study published in the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, rats administered curcumin, the primary polyphenol in turmeric, saw a decrease in experimentally-induced brain tumors in 9 out of 11 treated, while noting that the curcumin did not affect the viability of brain cells "suggesting that curcumin selectively targets the transformed [cancerous] cells." How Enzymes Might Help Treat Cancer Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme (an enzyme that digests proteins). In the Planta Medica study, it was injected directly into the abdominal cavity. Getting enzymes from your digestive tract into your bloodstream isn't as easy as it would seem, as enzymes are very susceptible to denaturing and must be helped to survive the highly acidic environment in your stomach. They are often given an "enteric coating" to help them survive the journey through your digestive tract. And then, there is the matter of absorption. For nearly 100 years, medical dogma insisted that enzymes taken orally were too large to pass through the digestive tract wall. However, there is now a good deal of research that they can indeed pass through your intestine intactiii and into your bloodstream and lymphatic system, where they can deliver their services to the rest of your body... one of the mysteries of medical science. Now that we know this is possible, systemic oral enzymes have been used to treat problems ranging from sports injuries to arthritis to heart disease and cancer, particularly in European countries. But most of the research has been published in non-English language journals. Is Cancer the Result of Diminished Pancreatic Enzymes? This systemic use of enzymes is just now taking off in the United States, but the use of enzymes to treat cancer has its roots all the way back to 1911 with John Beard's The Enzyme Treatment of Cancer and Its Scientific Basis. Beard believed cancer was a result of diminished pancreatic enzymes, impairing your immune response. A study in 1999iv suggests he may have been right on target. Ten patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer were treated with large doses of oral pancreatic enzymes (along with detoxification and an organic diet), and their survival rates were 3 to 4 times higher than patients receiving conventional treatment. Proteolytic enzymes can be helpful in treating cancer because they help restore balance to your immune system. Dr. Nick Gonzalez in New York City, NY has also done a lot of work on enzymes in cancer treatment and has written a book on the subject.v Some of the ways proteolytic enzymes can be helpful in the fight against cancer are:vi - Boosting cytokines, particularly interferon and tumor necrosis factor, which are very important warriors in destroying cancer cells. - Decreasing inflammation. - Dissolving fibrin: Cancer cells hide under a cloak of fibrin to escape detection. Once the cancer cells are "uncloaked," they can be spotted and attacked by your immune system. It is also thought that fibrin makes cancer cells "stick together," which increases the chance for metastases. - German studies have shown that systemic enzymes increase the potency of macrophages and killer cells 12-fold. Fortunately, you get (or should be getting) many enzymes from the foods you consume—particularly, raw foods. These directly help with your digestive process. The more raw foods you eat, the lower the burden on your body to produce the enzymes it needs, not only for digestion, but for practically everything. Whatever enzymes are not used up in digestion are then available to help with other important physiological processes. This is one of the reasons why it is so important to eat a diet rich in fresh, organic, raw foods. You may even want to try juicing some of your vegetables, and the core of your pineapple, as a way of getting more nutrients—and enzymes—into your body. In the event you use enzymes in supplement form, it is crucial that, in order for enzymes to be used systemically, they must be consumed on an empty stomach. Otherwise, your body will use them for digesting your food, instead of being absorbed into the blood and doing their work there. Looking for an Alternative to Chemo for Cancer Treatment? Dr. Gonzalez is on the front lines and actively engaged in helping people by coaching them with natural alternatives instead of toxic drugs and radiation for cancer. I would personally not hesitate to recommend him to a family member or a friend diagnosed with cancer. His website, www.dr-gonzalez.com, also contains information on how to become a patient, and everything a potential patient needs to know. Another source for more information about alternative cancer treatments in general is Suzanne Somers' book, Knockout. She reviews Dr. Gonzalez' work in one chapter, and Dr. Gonzalez personally recommends the book as a well-researched resource for anyone interested in getting more information. Additionally, Dr. Gonzalez has written a series of books, two of which have already been published and received five-star reviews: The Trophoblast and the Origins of Cancer and One Man Alone: An Investigation of Nutrition, Cancer, and William Donald Kelley. Three others are in the works, one of which will contain 100 of Dr. Gonzalez' case reports of patients with advanced cancer who successfully recovered on his program.	<urn:uuid:debfcc7b-4c9e-483b-a57d-328ffda0ce0c>	2013-05-18T17:38:56Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0213623046875, 0.018798828125, 0.01123046875, -0.00180816650390625, 0.1220703125, -0.080078125, 0.000701904296875, 0.12158203125, -0.029541015625, -0.0986328125, 0.06298828125, 0.0206298828125, -0.04638671875, 0.0859375, 0.045166015625, -0.0065917...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956823	2,056	http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/07/11/bromelain-enzyme-aid-cancer-treatment.aspx?e_cid=20120711_DNL_artNew_1	0.157197
BAINBRIDGE, Ind. (AP) Â? A teacher and assistant cheerleading coach has been suspended for a semester after North Putnam schools officials said she sent e-mail messages containing adult humor from her school-issued computer. Jennifer Porter, who has worked at Bainbridge Elementary for 13 years and was the assistant varsity cheerleading coach at North Putnam High School, will be suspended from teaching without pay or benefits for the first semester of the 2007-08 school year. She will be denied access to a computer in her classroom for two semesters and cannot coach extracurricular activities for five years. Porter's attorney said his client accepted the board's decision. The school board released a findings of fact document at the end of its special meeting Thursday that alleged Porter violated school policy by sending e-mails containing adult humor during scheduled work hours while students were under her supervision. Porter is also accused of making or receiving personal telephone calls during work hours at the school in Bainbridge, 35 miles west of Indianapolis. Porter denied making personal calls during work, according to the document, but admitted sending e-mails from her computer that were not consistent with the goals of the school corporation. Parents of students in Porter's class had pleaded with officials and signed a petition urging them to reinstate Porter, who had no prior disciplinary problems. After the school board made its decision Thursday, members of Porter's cheerleading squad sobbed and embraced Porter, who was also crying. Porter does not have a phone number listed in Bainbridge to obtain comment.	<urn:uuid:99aaf837-6a63-4e9a-a73d-f66829426da2>	2013-05-18T17:57:10Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0463709682226181, 0.027385752648115158, -0.003486223053187132, 0.010542674921452999, 0.07358870655298233, -0.07493279874324799, 0.011088709346950054, 0.0682123675942421, -0.02452957071363926, -0.028057795017957687, 0.10282257944345474, 0.019657257944345474, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984166	322	http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2007-06-01/news/26793005_1_mails-cheerleading-coach-school-board	0.17938
Yoshi Touch & Go (Catch! Touch! Yoshi in the original Japanese) is one of the easiest games to describe that you'll ever come across. You start out as annoyingly squeaky Baby Mario, falling through the sky with only three balloons to slow his descent. The ground is some 1000 yards below - that's 914.4m in real measurements - otherwise known as "plenty of time for a baby to achieve terminal velocity". Somehow, the three balloons tied to his nappy are enough to slow Mario's gradual downwards descent. A pity, then, that a wide variety of ghosts, spiked balls and other traditional Mario foes are all too ready to pop his balloons and leave him free falling prey for Kamek the MagiKoopa. In this early section of the game, your control is limited only by your drawing prowess; specifically in your ability to draw platforms for baby Mario to fall on, pointing him away from foes and towards as many coins as possible. At the same time it's possible to encircle foes and form bubbles around them, turning them into coins which can be dragged using the stylus into Mario's path. If you draw too much, you can simply blow into the DS microphone to blow away your clouds, although it's a risky move if Mario's headed for a safe cloudbank that suddenly becomes a drop straight towards a spiky foe. Once the 1000 yard mark is reached, Mario's balloons finally give in and burst, but this is where Yoshi jumps into the fray. In a move reminiscent of the grievously underappreciated Yoshi's Island, it's Yoshi's task to then carry the infant plumber-to-be to the end of the level. Yoshi continually walks from one side of the screen to the other - you can choose either the traditional left to right or right to left if you're a southpaw - and it's your job to draw him platforms, tap on him to make him jump and tap elsewhere to fire eggs at the hordes who'll happily stop Yoshi and pinch his infant cargo. Yoshi's increased abilities come with a price, as while Mario can pop three balloons before seeing the dreaded Game Over message, Yoshi will fail at the first contact with any foe whatsoever. That, in a nutshell, is Yoshi Touch & Go. If you approached the title with the expectation that it would be a regular platformer - and there's no doubting that the title does lean heavily on gamer's fond memories of Yoshi's Island and even Yoshi's Story - you'll come away mightily disappointed, as it's possible to safely deliver Baby Mario to his end of level conclusion within your first few attempts. For many gamers, Yoshi Touch & Go will seem like a neat demonstration of the DS's control capabilities, and little else. Scratch a little deeper - hopefully not on your DS screen - and you'll find an interesting and challenging little title that draws more on developing key strategies to deliver high scores than on having scores of levels or lots of shiny boss characters to fight. While the game's single player modes (Score Attack, Marathon, Challenge and the unlockable Time Attack ) all use the same basic play mechanic of falling Baby Mario and waddling Yoshi, it's the variance that they bring in determining your score that gives the game some long term appeal. Once again, if you're not the type of gamer who revels in having a high score for the sake of a high score, then Yoshi Touch & Go will leave you largely dissatisfied. Score Attack is a pure coin collecting challenge that also unlocks Time Attack if you beat the game's inbuilt 300 coin high score. Marathon and Challenge give you theoretically endless modes, charging you to either get as far as possible before dying (Marathon) or as far as possible before a counter runs out (Challenge). Finally, the unlockable Time Attack gives Yoshi even more of a baby-related headache, as you have to ferry Baby Mario around while trying to rescue Baby Luigi, all against a limited length playfield. After the immense depth of Super Mario DS, Nintendo fans could have probably expected a Mario-themed title that was a little bit longer than what's on offer in Yoshi Touch & Go, and from the perspective of the platform gamer it's a bit of a flat title, albeit one that's not without its charms. Taken on its own merits, however, and especially if you're a fan of high score challenges against an ever-ticking clock, Yoshi Touch & Go is a great advertisement for the DS, and a solid way to spend short bursts of hyperactive gaming time. Right of Reply We at TweakTown openly invite the companies who provide us with review samples to express their opinion of our content and thoughts. If any company representative of this product wishes to respond, we will publish the response here. Further Reading: Read and find more Adventure content at our Adventure reviews, guides and articles index page. Do you get our RSS feed? Get It!	<urn:uuid:0129de49-34ce-4a05-967e-8adb9fd43eb6>	2013-05-18T17:19:13Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00830078125, 0.00286865234375, 0.009765625, 0.01220703125, 0.068359375, -0.03857421875, 0.0107421875, 0.10595703125, -0.005645751953125, -0.0634765625, 0.026123046875, 0.039306640625, 0.0086669921875, -0.01129150390625, 0.0242919921875, -0.00039863...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95125	1,017	http://australia.tweaktown.com/gaming/2336/yoshi_touch_and_go_ds_review/index.html	0.181335
During the years, Richard honed his skills at the art of war. When he reached Count Theobald of Bordeaux’s castle, he immediately set up his siege machine. He started the assault by using the trebuchets to weaken the walls and the morale of those inside the castle. Next he brought up the siege towers, and archers assailed the men on the battlements. Miners tunneled beneath the walls to weaken the structure. The siege lasted only a short time before it was obvious that Bordeaux stood no chance against the duke. Still, the count held out in the hopes that he could inflict as much damage as possible on Richard’s army before surrendering. As another day of fighting dawned, the trumpets signaled, and Richard’s army began their daily assault on the dismal gray castle. Richard, Baldwin, and Andrew watched the battle from a hilltop in the distance, positioned just out of range of any projectiles the count might lodge from his catapults. The trio watched a group of men beating on the gates with a large battering ram. Inside the stronghold, the count had run out of hot oil and had not had the foresight to obtain Greek fire before the siege began. Richard’s men battered away at the gate with only the archers firing down on them. “My Lord, I dare say, it will not be long now.” Andrew sat up taller in his saddle. As they watched the scene below, a horseman came riding hard and fast toward them. With great surprise, they recognized Master Blondel. Blondel barely stopped his horse before he leapt from it, landing right in front of Richard. “My Lord, I beg a word in private.” Richard laughed and turned to Andrew and Baldwin, “More orders from the king no doubt.” He looked at Blondel, “Well, let us have it. What does the old man want now?” Blondel looked away from Richard and quietly said, “Sir, it is Lady Anne.” Richard jumped at the mention of her name. “What of Lady Anne?” “Some men came with orders from your father, Raymond of Castile among them. They dragged her off into the night.” “Where was Mercadier? Had he not arrived?” Richard stammered. Blondel swallowed hard. “He just arrived, but there was nothing he could do. Castile acted on orders from the king!” Richard tightly clutched his sword in one hand, a gesture not lost on those around him. “Where did they take her?’ “Mercadier followed them, then sent word that Castile took her toTaillebourg. The baron there is hiding them. Mercadier said that according to those in the village, Castile has… married Lady Anne. Mercadier is waiting for your instructions.” Richard remained speechless. “Is there anything more that you can tell us?” Andrew prodded. Blondel shook his head. “Not really, Sir. When Castile left Poitiers, he handed me this letter to give to the duke.” Richard stared at the battle before him, so Andrew took the letter from Blondel. “It has the seal of the King,” Baldwin noted. Andrew ripped the letter open: it only took a second to read. “All it says is, ‘This is the price you pay for your pride’.” They all looked to Richard for a response. Still he did not move. Baldwin spoke quietly to him, “My Lord?” Without saying a word, Richard turned to his horse. The others expected him to mount it and ride off; however, he suddenly threw whatever he could get his hands on. Anything hanging from his saddle was not safe. He even picked up rocks from the ground. They all had to dodge the flying projectiles, but Richard wasn’t taking any aim. Richard grabbed his helmet and at a run threw it with all his might. He bent over grabbing his knees for a moment. No one breathed. Then, as suddenly as he started throwing things, he stood upright. His expression looked controled. Pointing toward the besieged castle and with a shaking voice he ordered, “I want that castle taken or burned by nightfall, and that baggage inside to learn what it means to cross the Duke of Aquitaine. “Yes, My Lord,” the men answered. Richard could hardly have heard them because he mounted his horse and rode pell-mell toward the battle. Built on a rocky outcrop overlooking the valley of the Charente River, the Castle of Taillebourg was thought to be unconquerable. In fact, no one had ever taken it. On three sides, mountains protected it with the fourth heavily fortified. Luckily for Castile, the baron there hated Richard almost as much as he did. Another evening ended. Raymond attended another wedding feast, but Anne remained locked away in a room. As Raymond left the feast and headed to Anne, Taillebourg caught up with him, “Castile!” Impatient, Raymond did not want to stay and dicker with the baron. “As soon as my escort from the king arrives, I will be able to take control of my wife’s land. You will be rewarded handsomely.” Taillebourg, a large man, always wore a sour expression even in moments of great joy. “You know that I am not doing this out of the kindness of my heart, or because I like you, Sir. The riches of Marseilles and the promise of the king that the rule of Pointu will be taken from Duke Richard and given back to the queen, are the reasons that persuaded me.” They arrived at the door to the bedchamber. “I understand. Just make sure you do your job, and you will have satisfaction. Now, to deal with my bride.” Raymond licked his lips. “There really is nothing like a virgin is there?” Without giving Taillebourg the chance to respond, Raymond entered the bedchamber and shut the door in his host’s face. In the dimly lit room, he could just make out Anne sitting on the hearth. “Good evening, wife. You missed a wonderful feast tonight. It really is too bad that you’ve been ill and missed so many of our wedding festivities.” He gave a patronizing sigh. “If only you would behave, I could let you have a little more fun.” Anne stood up, her hands behind her back. Raymond scrutinized her. Her clothes were disheveled and smudges on her tear stained face. She had managed to put her hair back into one long braid. “You look simply wretched! I find you a gown, and you let it become soiled and spotty. I give you a mirror, and what do you do? You break it.” He continued his assessment. “You really must take better care of yourself. How do you hope to produce a healthy heir if you cannot? Tomorrow morning, I will have you waited on, washed and cleaned. I will have only the finest houses, horses, and women.” He placed himself right in front of her. “You will not shame me, Anne! Is that clear?” Anne answered with a glare. In response, Raymond grabbed her by the chin. “Do not look at me that way! You will kneel before your lord and master!” Raymond pushed her to the ground. Anne gasped in pain as she landed on a bandaged hand, wounded when she broke a mirror. “Well, My Dear, we have been married nearly a month.” His tone returned to sickening sweet. “Yet, there is no sign of your beloved Richard. It would seem that he traded you for peace with his father after all. What a shame. He was such a fine example of chivalry.” He walked away from her to the bed. “Ah, well, perhaps you are not worth his trouble. As for me, now that I have you and will soon have your riches, I want heirs from you, and then I will be done with you.” Raymond took off his boots, sat down on the bed, and patted the spot next to him. “Come, Wife, let’s to bed.” Anne obediently walked toward the bed. “That’s better. The more your conduct improves, the more I shall reward you. Now, give us a kiss.” Raymond smirked. Slowly Anne leaned down to meet him. Suddenly she pulled a long jagged shard of broken mirror from behind her skirts. She stabbed away at Raymond’s face, making contact with his face and digging into his flesh just below his eye. Raymond cried out in surprise and pain, flinging his hands over his face to protect himself. Taking the opportunity, Anne bolted for the door. Raymond’s cries roused the guard who caught Anne before she could clear the doorway, knocking the glass from her hand. Baron Taillebourg also heard the commotion and joined in the fray. Together they managed to subdue Anne. Raymond leapt from the bed still clutching his face, blood seeping out from between his fingers. “I’ll kill her! I’ll kill her!” He screeched. “You have had but just a taste of what is to come!” Anne spat at Raymond. “Silence!” Taillebourg ordered. “She goes in the dungeon.” The tall guard dragged Anne away as she screamed from the hall, “You will pay for this! All of you will pay! I swear before God, you will pay!” “You first, bitch!” Raymond lunged toward the door. Taillebourg cut him off. “Castile! You will be silent! She stays in the dungeon, for now.”	<urn:uuid:856fceb7-d7c9-45e3-81e3-fd13fb1f3318>	2013-05-18T17:37:19Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.006927490234375, 0.00469970703125, -0.016845703125, 0.01019287109375, 0.1142578125, -0.01904296875, -0.0087890625, 0.08447265625, -0.0021820068359375, -0.03759765625, 0.035888671875, 0.02294921875, -0.007568359375, -0.01165771484375, 0.04248046875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97982	2,191	http://authonomy.com/books/43183/lord-of-all-the-legend-of-richard-and-anne/read-book/?chapterid=408318	0.572155
When She Smiles Tenzin wrinkled his nose peering around his motherâ€™s leg toward the pair. His mother was talking to the woman, and the girl stood before her looking important, imposing. He had seen her before, she was always with the police chief, always looking like she knew what was going on and how to deal with it; just like the blind chief of police. Bumi had told him she was serious, all serious all the time. Kya had said it too, Kya said she wasnâ€™t much fun to play with. They would know, they had been in Republic City with their mother while he was at the Southern Air Temple with their father learning Airbending. He had missed a lot during the past year. She acted like Toph; that much he could tell just by looking at her. She stood like her too, feet set apart, hands behind her back, looking ahead; up toward his mother. Occasionally she looked down at him, but quickly turned back to his mother. Kya and Bumi were probably right, she wouldnâ€™t be much fun to play with, but it was either her or following his mother around while she did errands. â€śLin, you remember Tenzin,â€ť his mother pulled him forward out from behind her legs, she would see him. â€śHe was the one who left with Avatar Aang,â€ť she looked to him like she was sizing him up. â€śHeâ€™s short too.â€ť â€śIâ€™m not short,â€ť he challenged standing up straighter and glaring over at Lin. â€śSo can you bend, or are you a nonbender like your brother and uncle,â€ť she had this smirk on her face. â€śIâ€™m an Airbender.â€ť â€śAnother Twinkle Toes huh,â€ť she smiled crossing her arms, Tenzin nodded. â€śCan you fly yet? I love when Avatar Aang takes me for a ride on his glider.â€ť â€śI canâ€™t support two people,â€ť he flushed slightly rubbing the back of his neck. â€śItâ€™s okay,â€ť she seemed a little let down. â€śWe can go for a ride on Appa though, Dad will be in meetings all afternoon.â€ť He liked it when she smiled; she didnâ€™t seem that bad when she smiled. â€śTenzin, you should probably ask your father before you take Appa,â€ť his mother caught him as he tried to run off. â€śI will mom,â€ť he wriggled out of his motherâ€™s hands and took off down the street with Lin. He was thirteen and he had almost mastered Airbending, his father had told him so. He even had his own flying bison so he could travel wherever he wanted when he wanted; mainly it was going with Kya and Bumi to the South Pole to see their grandfather. But the thing was that he could go where he wanted. And he could take Lin with him. Bumi still made fun of him for hanging out with her, said he must have a taken a few too many hits to the head learning how to fly. But he didnâ€™t care, Lin was fun to be around; they just got each other, in a way heâ€™d never been able to with his siblings. â€śTenzin,â€ť she had been with her mother, learning metal bending. â€śI did it, just like mom!â€ť â€śThatâ€™s amazing Lin, I told you youâ€™d get it,â€ť she tackled him in a hug. Tenzin was glad they had finally finished construction on Air Temple Island, it meant he could stay in Republic City and practice bending with Avatar Aang; it meant he could see Lin every day. â€śSo what have you been doing today, I asked Kya where you were and she said you were working on something,â€ť she pulled away from him with a smile on her face, her green eyes searching his face. â€śDad was teaching me another technique, Iâ€™ve reached the thirty-first tier in Airbending,â€ť he answered. â€śIt seems that all we ever do is practice,â€ť she commented fully separating from him; he wished she hadnâ€™t. â€śWe always said weâ€™d be the best.â€ť â€śLike you have any competition,â€ť she grinned as they started toward the noodle shop they normally ate at. â€śI have to compete with all the future Airbenders,â€ť â€śYou donâ€™t have my mother,â€ť Lin returned jokingly. â€śIf itâ€™s not perfect the first time, itâ€™s not perfect it at all.â€ť â€śWell she did create metalbending,â€ť Tenzin couldnâ€™t hold a straight face as the jib, something the two of them had joked about for almost six years. â€śAnd your dad is the Avatar, weâ€™re both at a disadvantage.â€ť â€śAt least weâ€™re at that disadvantage together.â€ť â€śI guess, hey,â€ť she caught his arm just as he was opening the door into the noodle shop, â€śwhy donâ€™t we go to this new place I heard about. They serve the same food as the shops in the Upper Ring of Ba Sing Se.â€ť Tenzin let the door swing shut as he was led away by Lin, he didnâ€™t even really like the food from Ba Sing Se but he really like spending time with Lin. And he was about to leave with his father again. Four years doesnâ€™t seem all that long in retrospect, but when you just end four years it seems like an eternity. He had been in Republic City sixteen times in the last four years and had only been there for a day; he hadnâ€™t seen Lin any of those times. â€śTenzin, Iâ€™m liking your arrow,â€ť Bumi couldnâ€™t speak quietly, and he had a horrible habit of tackling on first sight. â€śItâ€™s like youâ€™re not the same person anymore,â€ť he mocked pretending to wipe a tear from his eye. â€śLet him go Bumi, I want to see his tattoo,â€ť Kya pushed her brother aside to catch Tenzin in a strangle hold, inspecting his shaved head with the new mastery tattoo. â€śHuh, I expected it to be cooler,â€ť she grinned holding Tenzinâ€™s neck tighter, â€śmore like dadâ€™s.â€ť â€śKya let go, itâ€™s just like dadâ€™s, all of them are exactly like dadâ€™s arrows,â€ť he strained to get out of his sisterâ€™s grip. â€śAlright, let him go Kya.â€ť â€śDad,â€ť Kya released Tenzin, more or less dropping him in her rush to tackle their father. Aang embraced his daughter and gave Bumi a good clap on the shoulder smiling, â€śwhat have you two been up to lately?â€ť As Kya talked about what had been happening in Republic City Tenzin backed away from the three of them with his glider, heading for the dock. He wanted to see Lin. She had changed a lot, he was sure he had as well, but the change in Lin; he could see that change. She had cut her hair short and wore it pulled back, he missed the long brunette hair she use let fall around her shoulders. She wore more formalized clothing now, nothing resembling the lose fitting green she had sporting during their childhood; and she was serious again. â€śTenzin, I didnâ€™t realize you were coming back to Republic City,â€ť formal. â€śI didnâ€™t know either,â€ť why was this weird? They stood in silence for a few minutes, an awkward silence that he hadnâ€™t expected. â€śIt was great seeing you again, but I have to go. Mother is expecting me,â€ť she raised her hand in farewell and turned away from him. It wasnâ€™t what he had expected this reunion to be like. Four years is a long time. He stood out in the pouring rain, completely drenched and miserable. But it would all be worth it, as soon as he saw Lin this whole afternoon would be worth all his suffering. It was times like this he was jealous of Kya, she just made a bubble or something to keep the water off her; all he could do was air himself off; but only after the rain stopped. It didnâ€™t look like the rain would be stopping anytime soon, and it didnâ€™t seem that Lin would be leaving anytime soon. It will all be worth it, he reminded himself. Finally she came out, he grinned seeing her. She was more like the old Lin, soft greens and Earthbending shoes. She turned down the street away from him, heading for the Police Headquarters to go see her mother. He followed after her, she didnâ€™t seem to mind that it was raining, it was like she didnâ€™t care water stood in the streets. â€śLin,â€ť he shouted running up to her and catching her arm. â€śTenzin, I donâ€™t have time,â€ť she pulled her arm away and continued walking. â€śMother is expecting me.â€ť â€śLin,â€ť he grabbed her arm again and turned her around to face him. This was it. He kissed her. â€śTenzin,â€ť she pulled away, searching his face for some reason, looking for some answer. â€śWe canâ€™t.â€ť â€śWhy not? Why not try? We could be together,â€ť he wanted it. He wanted to be with her so much. â€śIt just wouldnâ€™t work out,â€ť she pulled away again and left him, standing in the pouring rain. â€śI think you should leave for a while, go hang in Ba Sing Se or something. Your depression is killing me,â€ť Bumi laid stretched out on the steps to the Temple playing with one of the flying lemurs. â€śWhy donâ€™t you just be quiet,â€ť Tenzin snapped. He was tired of hearing his brother complain. There wasnâ€™t even anything really happening for him to have a reason to complain about. â€śTouchy,â€ť Bumi laughed tossing leechi nuts up for the lemur to catch, laughing as the lemur turned a somersault. â€śI was only saying you should cheer up.â€ť â€śIâ€™m leaving,â€ť Tenzin got up and left his brother to the lemurs. He needed to meditate anyway. â€śTenzin! Why donâ€™t you go visit the Fire Lord, maybe he can help,â€ť he could sense the mockery in his brotherâ€™s comment, it just made his day worse. Still fuming Tenzin made his way to one of his favorite places on the Island, it overlooked Yue Bay where a statue was being built in his fatherâ€™s honor. He had liked the spot before the monument project began, but he wished the statue wouldnâ€™t block his view of the ocean. He settled taking a deep breath and looked out over the ocean and tried to focus on his meditation. After a few minutes and sighed and fell back on the ground, he couldnâ€™t focus on this! Why did Lin act the way she did? She was a completely different person than she had been when he left for his Mastery Tests. He was probably different too, but surely not as much as Lin. They had always had a special relationship, it had been what made being in Republic City worth it, to see and be with one another. At least, that was the way he felt about it. â€śWhy doesnâ€™t she like me?â€ť â€śBecause you talk to yourself,â€ť Tenzin flushed a little hearing his mother laugh behind him. â€śMother,â€ť he sat up and made room for Katara to sit next to him. â€śKya said youâ€™re having a little problem.â€ť â€śReally, are you sure Bumi didnâ€™t bring it to your attention,â€ť he asked skeptically looking at his mother in his peripheral. â€śI would have said it was Bumi if it had been Bumi. Now whatâ€™s wrong?â€ť â€śNothing you could relate too,â€ť he muttered looking away from his mother looking for some distraction. â€śTry me,â€ť his mother smiled in a way she normally saved for his father. â€śI like someone and they donâ€™t like me back,â€ť he admitted. â€śDid you tell them?â€ť â€śThatâ€™s how Kya and Bumi know.â€ť He was right, she wouldnâ€™t know anything about this. He sat in a comfortable silence with his mother for what felt like hours before his father found them. She didnâ€™t say anything to Aang about what he was going through and Tenzin preferred it that way. Maybe he could ask his father about this later. He wasnâ€™t expecting it, he hadnâ€™t even know Lin was there. But she was and she kissed him, when she pulled back she was smiling. â€śWe can try it,â€ť she smiled looking deep into his eyes. â€śI want to know where this goes,â€ť she smiled wrapping him in a hug. He liked it when she smiled, she was beautiful when she smiled. Hey jerks. Mind if I watch you two jerks do your jerkbending?	<urn:uuid:524e1892-e897-4f55-a406-d0f404445509>	2013-05-18T17:27:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0277099609375, 0.00250244140625, 0.01806640625, -0.021484375, 0.10888671875, -0.007293701171875, 0.00167083740234375, 0.140625, -0.0162353515625, -0.016845703125, 0.119140625, 0.0086669921875, 0.064453125, -0.00157928466796875, 0.036376953125, -0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98985	3,341	http://avatarthelastairbenderonline.com/groups/avatar-fan-fiction/forum/topic/the-lost-scrolls/	0.966968
"You can just take this and hide it in your pocket." That is what the pediatric urgent care doctor, whose last name is an ironic synonym for "courageous", told me as she slipped me a card with the name of an over-the-counter remedy for yeast infections written on it. Erin had been complaining for a day or so about pain down in her redacted to avoid pervy Google searches that will make me want to throw up. She'd been making the sign for "ouch" and pointing down there when Emily would change her diaper. Emily suspected either a urinary tract infection or a yeast infection. I deferred to her judgment about it, since I have no idea what either would be like, and I brought Erin to the urgent care at her medical center. Dr. Courageous, who, as these stories almost always ought to go, looked no older than 23, asked me somewhat embarrassedly what the symptoms were. I explained, and included a blunt description of "discharge". I'm all about putting my daughter's doctors at ease. Yes, doc, I'm a father and I can use words like "discharge" and "vag*na" (though not on the blog because of aforementioned pervy searches that I get enough of just by being a dad with a daughter). It's ok. You can talk to me. I have permission. Here's a note from my wife: "Dear doctor, my husband has permission to take care of our daughter today. Please feel free to discuss things with him as you would with me or with anyone else who isn't a man. Thanks." The doc performed the exam, and concluded somewhat uncertainly that Erin had neither a UTI nor a yeast infection, and I learned a new word: Vaginitis. I can't wait for these Google searches. Vaginitis is a bacterial infection around and within the vaginal canal that can most often result from washing with soapy water in the years before puberty. Or so says the sheet of paper the doctor dug out from another room; I'll take its word for it. "So, definitely not a UTI or yeast infection?" I asked her. "Probably not a UTI, but if she complains of abdomen pain in a couple of days or if her skin looks infected then we'll check. And it's probably not a yeast infection, but if it is...." And that's when she scribbled "Lotrimin" on a card and put me at my ease by telling me that I could hide the card in my pocket. You know, so none of my guy friends would see it and mock me for needing "Lotrimin".	<urn:uuid:ee1e2a8e-706f-42a1-bdd1-9303e40f6380>	2013-05-18T17:37:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01373291015625, 0.006317138671875, 0.0025482177734375, -0.004058837890625, 0.0791015625, -0.0185546875, -0.00015735626220703125, 0.08837890625, -0.041748046875, -0.034912109375, 0.06494140625, 0.01300048828125, -0.009033203125, -0.02197265625, 0.04858...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977416	553	http://backpackingdad.blogspot.com/2008/09/dr-courageous.html?showComment=1220983380000	0.276999
A good friend of mine lost his son over the Thanksgiving weekend. As a father I can fathom the loss, I can get my arms around it, measure it, do the math. But I just can't comprehend it. The pain he and his wife must be feeling. I can't imagine it. I went to the memorial service. In my whole life I've managed to avoid all but two other memorial services/funerals/etc. I don't do well in those kinds of situations. Heck, I don't even go to "going away" lunches for coworkers. I don't like saying good bye. I don't like sadness. I don't like loss. I never know what to say or do. You offer your help, your assistance. "Let me know if there's anything I can do." But what can I do? Mow the lawn? (I really did offer to do this, and other household chores) Alas, what I cannot do for them is offer any real help. Anything to remove the pain, the hurt. The loss.	<urn:uuid:6e1e97f7-ad97-41c2-ab29-8af61a52c112>	2013-05-18T17:27:31Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.023791152983903885, 0.023533951491117477, 0.0063014402985572815, -0.0001677838881732896, 0.07201646268367767, 0.00028734246734529734, 0.006462191231548786, 0.02674897201359272, -0.012795781716704369, -0.059927985072135925, 0.06635802239179611, 0.02340534888207912...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984976	222	http://badgerpendous.blogspot.com/2011/12/loss_02.html	0.472087
(It's early days, but I'm sharing anyway. Because so many of you figured out that my anniversary message to my husband was coded. Also, because it's all that I can think about, and how am I not supposed to write about it? Also, because our realtor knows, and if he knows, why shouldn't you?)	<urn:uuid:3c6c2456-e1d3-4ebc-977d-31ce7a4136ee>	2013-05-18T17:58:09Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03085937537252903, 0.02851562574505806, 0.03847656399011612, -0.0019287109607830644, 0.04765624925494194, -0.06679687649011612, -0.01206054724752903, 0.025390625, -0.02001953125, -0.07734374701976776, 0.0050292969681322575, 0.007763671688735485, 0.00126342778...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.988798	73	http://badladies.blogspot.com/2007/09/their-bad-mother.html?showComment=1190668080000	0.40187
Padraic Colum (18811972). The Golden Fleece and the Heroes Who Lived before Achilles. 1921. Part II. The Return to Greece Chapter V. Medea Comes to Circe THEY sailed up the River Ister until they came to the Eridanus, that river across which no bird can fly. Leaving the Eridanus they entered the Rhodanus, a river that rises in the extreme north, where Night herself has her habitation. And voyaging up this river they came to the Stormy Lakes. A mist lay upon the lakes night and day; voyaging through them the Argonauts at last brought out their ship upon the Sea of Ausonia. It was Zetes and Calais, the sons of the North Wind, who brought the Argo safely along this dangerous course. And to Zetes and Calais Iris, the messenger of the gods, appeared and revealed to them where Circes island lay. Deep blue water was all around that island, and on its height a marble house was to be seen. But a strange haze covered everything as with a veil. As the Argonauts came near they saw what looked to them like great dragonflies; they came down to the shore, and then the heroes saw that they were maidens in gleaming dresses. The Argonauts would have drawn the ship close and would have sprung upon the island only that Medea cried out to them. She showed them the beasts that whimpered around the maidens, and then, as the Argonauts looked upon them, they saw that these were not beasts of the wild. There was something strange and fearful about them; the heroes gazed upon them with troubled eyes. They brought the ship near, but they stayed upon their benches, holding the oars in their hands. Medea sprang to the island; she spoke to the maidens so that they shrank away; then the beasts came and whimpered around her. Forbear to land here, O Argonauts, Medea cried, for this is the island where men are changed into beasts. She called to Jason to come; only Jason would she have come upon the island. They went swiftly toward the marble house, and the beasts followed them, looking up at Jason and Medea with pitiful human eyes. They went into the marble house of Circe, and as suppliants they seated themselves at the hearth. Circe stood at her loom, weaving her many-colored threads. Swiftly she turned to the suppliants; she looked for something strange in them, for just before they came the walls of her house dripped with blood and the flame ran over and into her pot, burning up all the magic herbs she was brewing. She went toward where they sat, Medea with her face hidden by her hands, and Jason, with his head bent, holding with its point in the ground the sword with which he had slain the son of Æetes. When Medea took her hands away from before her face, Circe knew that, like herself, this maiden was of the race of Helios. Medea spoke to her, telling her first of the voyage of the heroes and of their toils; telling her then of how she had given help to Jason against the will of Æetes, her father; telling her then, fearfully, of the slaying of Apsyrtus. She covered her face with her robe as she spoke of it. And then she told Circe she had come, warned by the judgment of Zeus, to ask of Circe, the daughter of Helios, to purify her from the stain of her brothers blood. Like all the children of Helios, Circe had eyes that were wide and full of life, but she had stony lipslips that were heavy and moveless. Bright golden hair hung smoothly along each of her sides. First she held a cup to them that was filled with pure water, and Jason and Medea drank from that cup. Then Circe stayed by the hearth; she burnt cakes in the flame, and all the while she prayed to Zeus to be gentle with these suppliants. She brought both to the seashore. There she washed Medeas body and her garments with the spray of the sea. Medea pleaded with Circe to tell her of the life she foresaw for her, but Circe would not speak of it. She told Medea that one day she would meet a woman who knew nothing about enchantments but who had much human wisdom. She was to ask of her what she was to do in her life or what she was to leave undone. And whatever this woman out of her wisdom told her, that Medea was to regard. Once more Circe offered them the cup filled with clear water, and when they had drunken of it she left them upon the seashore. As she went toward her marble house the strange beasts followed Circe, whimpering as they went. Jason and Medea went aboard the Argo, and the heroes drew away from Circes island.	<urn:uuid:2a02233d-f4bd-4b92-ba50-cbfec86ef2d3>	2013-05-18T17:20:14Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00732421875, -0.005279541015625, -0.029296875, 0.0079345703125, 0.12890625, -0.053466796875, -0.01318359375, 0.1015625, -0.008056640625, 0.003692626953125, 0.048583984375, 0.0050048828125, 0.0240478515625, 0.00421142578125, 0.0279541015625, -0.0065...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.988466	1,048	http://bartleby.com/72/21.html	0.523833
Storytelling in the Classroom Storytelling is not the same as reading aloud because it requires greater interaction between the teller and the listener. Therefore, storytelling is a great tool for improving children's communication skills, as well as developing language skills, comprehension, and self-awareness. (Reading and Communication Skills) To help students use storytelling to foster creativity and to develop social skills and language skills—speaking, listening, and comprehension Print out selected Building Blocks Character Cards, Know-Kit Cards, character bios, and ABC Coloring Book pages. If you're going to use the Optional Activity for Older Students, gather a variety of at least 10 to 12 everyday items (pencil, spoon, umbrella, pair of shoes, tape, etc.). - Gather the students in a large group. Choose a Building Blocks character picture and introduce him or her as a new student in the class. Tell the students some important things to know about their new friend based on the character cards and biography. We will use Ali Rabbit for our example. Ali Rabbit is 5 years old. He lives with his mom, dad, grandparents, and great grandpa. He has six brothers and sisters. The oldest is aged 17 and the youngest is 5. His favorite sport is soccer. He likes to play on the computer and make music. His good friend is Thurgood Turtle. - Now, start a story about Ali Rabbit's first day in your classroom. Include specific places and people in the story—the bus driver, the media specialist, etc. Model good storytelling practices for the students to remind them to speak clearly and loudly and to express feelings as they tell the story. Is Ali excited, frightened, or shy about his first day at a new school? - Then, pass the picture of Ali to a student and have him or her add to the story. Continue passing the picture around the class until Ali's first day at school is complete. You may need to ask questions to prompt the children’s imaginations. - Next, divide the class into small groups. Select several Know-Kit Cards and/or ABC Coloring Book pages that show Ali Rabbit. For example: Ali asleep on the soccer field, Ali playing the keyboard, Ali crying when someone took away his keyboard, Ali eating peanut butter and apples, Ali at his fifth birthday party, or Ali with his friends. - Let the group talk about the pictures as they put them into a sequence and begin to make up a story that goes with the pictures. Depending on the age of your students, you may have to help them decide on the sequence of the pictures they will use. - Have each group come to the front of the class with their pictures and share their story. Have others in the class participate by asking questions about the story or the characters. - Finally, mix up all the pictures and distribute them around the class. Start a story based on the picture you hold. Then, call on a child to add to your story, using the character in the picture he or she holds. Go around the room and call on students to add to the class story. - Have the students talk about the different stories and tell what they liked best. Was it more fun to have planned a story with their small group or to mix and match stories as a whole group? Why? Optional: For Older Students Place all the everyday items you’ve gathered into a big box. Be sure not to let the students see what's in the box. Then, tell the students that they're going to tell a story using the props in the box. Pass out one prop to the first student and have him or her start the story. Then, in the middle of the story, pass out another prop to a different student, which is the cue to jump into the story. Continue this until all the props are given out. The stories should make everyone laugh with the mismatched items and complicated storyline. You can start again using the same props, but in a different order. Or, you can have students find their own props to tell an add-on group story. Please note—to view documents in PDF format, you must have Adobe’s free Acrobat Reader software. If you do not already have this software installed on your computer, please download it from Adobe's Web site.	<urn:uuid:16cca657-1e65-4040-9db7-6bc51ce437c3>	2013-05-18T18:05:07Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01611328125, 0.01019287109375, -0.00160980224609375, 0.01446533203125, 0.1005859375, 0.0196533203125, 0.017822265625, 0.09619140625, -0.01263427734375, -0.01385498046875, 0.0849609375, 0.0172119140625, 0.00136566162109375, 0.003265380859375, 0.0549316...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957054	889	http://bblocks.samhsa.gov/educators/lesson_plans/teachingwithstories.aspx	0.293226
On New Years Day, there are two kinds of people: those who make resolutions and those who don't. Is this a form of the continuing battle between optimists and pessimists? Is is a triumph of hope over experience? Or are the people who make resolutions just doing what I do almost every day? Although I don't make resolutions, New Years Day is still a favorite holiday of mine. There's a sense of renewal, a feeling of refreshment, and a chance to begin anew. If I feel that way about it, why don't I make resolutions? Because I try to resolve every day. They're not "resolutions" to me. They are goals and principals; strategies and plans. I don't make new ones every day - you can't pile that many on. Those that I do make, I review almost every single day. But I still really enjoy the feeling of New Years Day. I try to soak it up so I can wring out a bit of this feeling all year long. Here's to a great 2010! How about you? Optimist or pessimist? Resolutions or not?	<urn:uuid:d5a3e597-7ea4-4c87-8b8f-bc9850677ec4>	2013-05-18T18:06:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.031126968562602997, 0.003275713650509715, 0.011503444984555244, -0.010580708272755146, 0.03346456587314606, 0.0017455093329772353, -0.00861220434308052, 0.06692913174629211, -0.020054133608937263, -0.021284447982907295, 0.08759842813014984, 0.02583661489188671, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973748	232	http://bethbridges.blogspot.com/2010/01/every-day-is-today-resolution-day-that.html	0.219175
I wonder how many are aware that in the near future a man will come claiming to be God. He will have a 3 and 1/2 year ministry. At the end of which he will die and be resurrected. Another man will preform great and miraculous signs on his behalf and cause the whole world to worship him with the exception of a few. No Christians will attend the worship service. Based on Revelation Chapter 13 and Chapter 17.	<urn:uuid:ad9b7452-a9c7-492e-a831-ab66d92cabb6>	2013-05-18T17:28:26Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.041881442070007324, -0.01071198470890522, -0.025934278964996338, -0.018363401293754578, 0.10695876181125641, -0.005275451112538576, -0.021101804450154305, 0.0715206190943718, -0.013128221966326237, -0.024645619094371796, 0.024162370711565018, -0.01055090222507715...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96521	89	http://bibleforums.org/showthread.php/241008-The-Prince-Who-is-to-Come	0.303095
Overall Kentucky Record: 5 - 3 Years Coached: 1912-13 Date of Birth: February 11, 1882 Date of Death: January 21, 1965 Hometown: Bell Buckle, TN Alma Mater: Vanderbilt Biography: University of Florida John James Tigert was born February 11, 1882, the third child of John James Tigert III (1857?-1906) and Amelia McTyeire Tigert. Amelia Tigert was the daughter of Bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire, first president of the Board of Trust of Vanderbilt University. Her mother, Amelia Townsend McTyeire, was a cousin of Cornelius Vanderbilt. John James Tigert III was a member of Vanderbilt's faculty and a bishop in the Methodist Church. John J. Tigert received his secondary education at the Webb School in Bell Buckle, Tennessee. He enrolled at Vanderbilt in 1899 and received his B.A. in 1904. He excelled in academics and athletics, and was the first Rhodes Scholar selected from Tennessee. He attended Oxford from 1904 to 1906. The degree M.A. Oxon. was conferred upon Tigert in 1915. Upon his return from Oxford, Tigert taught philosophy at Central Methodist College in Saint Louis, Missouri. There he met and married Edith J. Bristol. In 1909, he was selected president of Kentucky Wesleyan College. In 1913, Tigert moved to the University of Kentucky where he accepted the Chair of Philosophy. He was appointed Chair of the Psychology Department in 1919 and served briefly as head of the Athletic Department and coach of the football team. He taught at Kentucky for ten years with an absence during World War I when he served as a YMCA volunteer in the American Expeditionary Force. In 1921, Warren S. Harding selected Tigert for the post of Commissioner of Education. He served in both the Harding and Coolidge administrations. In 1928, Tigert accepted the presidency of the University of Florida and arrived on campus in September of that year. His administration began in the midst of an economic crisis that had brought a serious decline in state revenues. The state's economic woes continued throughout the Great Depression. Consequently, money for expansion of the physical plant and curriculum was largely unavailable during his twenty year tenure. The only major addition to the catalog was a School of Forestry. His major accomplishments occurred in the areas of curricular reform, administrative organization, and research support. Under his guidance, the undergraduate program was reorganized. Entrance requirements were strengthened and all applicants were required to pass a comprehensive placement exam before they could be accepted. To curb excessive failure rates in the lower classes, the General College was created in 1935 and standardized testing for freshmen and sophomores was instituted. An Associate of Arts diploma was conferred on graduates of the General College. For many financially strapped students, the A.A. degree was often a terminal one. The creation of the General College also allowed the other colleges to expand the number of upper-level courses. The first non-agricultural research centers were created in 1930 with the founding of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs (now Center for Latin American Studies) and the Bureau of Economic and Business Research. The Research Council was organized in 1939 to develop policies on patents and copyrights and to stimulate research. It is the forerunner of today's research development offices. During Tigert's presidency, the quantity and quality of faculty publication increased as did the level of graduate research. The first Ph. D.s were awarded in 1934 in the areas of chemistry and pharmacy. Student enrollment had risen to over 2000 by the time Tigert arrived in 1928. To meet the needs of these students, Tigert created a Dean of Students and appointed B. A. Tolbert to the position. Tigert also organized an executive body, the University Council, to serve as the president's cabinet and budget committee. The Council was composed of all deans, the president, the registrar, and the University's secretary. A University Senate was also embodied in the University's first constitution. The Senate included the Council, faculty representatives, and key administrators from non-academic units. The end of World War II created a demand for college education nationwide. The University of Florida's enrollment soared to 7000 in 1946. Wooden classroom buildings and dormitories sprang up to accommodate returning veterans. Many of these 'temporary' buildings were still being used in the 1970s. Tigert oversaw the first years of postwar expansion and then announced his retirement in 1947. He later accepted a teaching position in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Miami. Before he started, though, he was asked to join the Indian Higher Education Commission created to survey conditions in India's universities and to plan a program for India's system of higher education. He returned to Miami in 1950 and served on the faculty until 1959. In 1960, the University of Florida's new administration building was named in his honor. He died January 21, 1965 at the age of 82. JOHN J. TIGERT, 82, EDUCATOR, IS DEAD - New York Times Ex-head of U. of Florida and Federal Commissioner GAINESVILLE, Fla., Jan. 21 (AP) -- Dr. John J. Tigert, former United States Commissioner of Education and president emeritus of the University of Florida, died at the university's hospital tonight at the age of 82. He had undergone surgery for an abdominal obstruction more than three weeks ago. Dr. Tigert came to the University of Florida in 1928 after seven years as Federal Commissioner of Education. He retired from the university in 1947. He was born on the campus of Vanderbilt University, Feb. 11, 1882, the son of Bishop John James Tigert of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His grandfather, Bishop Holland Nimmons McTyeire, was a founder of Vanderbilt University and became its first executive head as well as president of its board. Dr. Tigert was graduated from Vanderbilt in 1904 and became the first Rhodes scholar from Tennessee. He began his career as an educator when he returned from Oxford to occupy the chair of philosophy and psychology at Central College in Fayette Mo. In 1909, at 27, he became president of Kentucky Wesleyan College at Winchester. He was a member of the University of Kentucky faculty when he was appointed by President Warren G. Harding Commissioner of Education in 1921. Dr. Tigert guided the University of Florida through one of its formative periods, when the student body increased from 1,800 to 7,500. Among organizations he served as president are the National Association of State Universities, the Southern University Conference and his fraternity, Phi Delta Theta. Survivors include his widow, a son, a daughter and five grandchildren. Return to statistics, teams, opponents, players, coaches, opposing coaches, games, Kentucky Basketball Page or search this site.	<urn:uuid:32194c1a-a1aa-409e-940d-a51df6c56cc4>	2013-05-18T17:48:35Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0220947265625, 0.0205078125, -0.02978515625, -0.015625, 0.0546875, -0.02587890625, 0.000021338462829589844, 0.0830078125, -0.02587890625, -0.076171875, 0.103515625, 0.025146484375, 0.019775390625, 0.006256103515625, 0.04443359375, -0.0054321289062...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978167	1,411	http://bigbluehistory.net/bb/Statistics/Coaches/John_J_Tigert.html	0.435904
What's the Latest Development? Using location data gathered by personal mobile phones, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University have created the first map that tracks the spread of malaria by examining movement patterns among Kenya's population. Between 2008 and 2009, researchers followed the movement of 15 millions Kenyans, out of a total population of close to 40 million. Then they combined the data with "maps of population distribution and malaria prevalence over the same period to create, for the first time, a map that correlates large-scale trends in movement to the spread of the disease." What's the Big Idea? Because of how malaria spreads, the disease is particularly sensitive to the movement of affected populations. "Malaria is usually associated with the bite of infected female mosquitoes. But once humans contract the disease, they can act as a vector if they are bitten by uninfected insects, which then spread the parasite to other people." Tom Scott of the Mosquito Research Laboratory at the University of California, Davis, said the research will be essential in finding and targeting the human transmission routes of the parasites that cause malaria. Photo credit: Shutterstock.com	<urn:uuid:8bee974a-a16f-4213-9552-52fa20c4d393>	2013-05-18T17:58:26Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.015158582478761673, 0.026119403541088104, 0.004022854380309582, 0.021921642124652863, 0.11940298229455948, -0.09748134016990662, 0.009678171947598457, 0.05247201398015022, -0.010436100885272026, -0.079757459461689, 0.08815298229455948, 0.0061800372786819935, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929187	228	http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/how-mobile-phones-combat-the-spread-of-global-disease	0.337414
Options for your Birth Plan When it comes to starting labor, there are many options available to you. Would you like to wait for labor to start on its own (spontaneous)? Or do you prefer to have labor started through either natural or medical stimulation techniques? In some cases your health care team may recommend starting labor medically to prevent problems. Here are some things to consider about the birth plan options you may have for starting labor. Your may want to consider what method of pain relief you would like to use and when you would like pain relief. For non-medical pain relief ideas, check the list of comfort measures. Keep in mind that your decision in this area has tremendous impact on your other options. Using medication can reduce your mobility, require IV fluids and continuous monitoring, and prevent you from having clear fluids during labor. Here are some things to consider about the options you may have for managing pain. Monitoring of Labor There are several ways to monitor the health of baby and mother during labor. However, othere dicisions you may or circumstances of your labor may reduce the variety of options you have. Pitocin, Epidural and Spinal require continuous fetal monitoring, and depending on the situation, your midwife may recommend internal monitoring. Here are some things to consider about the options you may have for monitoring of labor. For most women, the environment in which they give birth has a tremendous impact on their ability to remain relaxed and comfortable while laboring. There are many options available for the environment, and many options will still be available if you choose to use medical interventions. Here are some things to consider about the options you may have for the labor environment. There are different styles of pushing, different positions for pushing and you have options for how you would like to prevent damage to the perineum. Here are some things to consider about the options you may have for pushing. Having a cesarean does not remove the fact that you have choices for how things are handled. Here are some things to consider about the options you may have for cesarean surgery. You do have options about how your little bundle of joy is cared for while in a hospital. Never forget that you are the parent, and as such it is your responsibility to make decisions that affect the health and emotional well being of your child. Here are some things to consider about the options you may have for newborn care.	<urn:uuid:1e82b7fa-4773-4026-b162-8947eda3f8de>	2013-05-18T18:06:22Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0284423828125, 0.031982421875, 0.0089111328125, -0.029541015625, 0.12109375, -0.026611328125, 0.00396728515625, 0.08251953125, -0.045654296875, -0.0272216796875, 0.02392578125, 0.034423828125, -0.1005859375, -0.003448486328125, 0.03564453125, 0.001...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953755	495	http://birthingnaturally.net/birthplan/options.html	0.740676
Nashville Globe – 22 Feb 1907 Mrs. Heseltine Ellington departed this life Feburary 17, 1907 in Memphis, Tenn., at the home of her grandson, Albert Williams. Mrs. Ellington was born and reared in the state of Georgia, near Macon. She was married to Peter Ellington several years before the Civil War. To this union were born eleven children, of whom Rev. W.S. Ellington, Editorial Secretary of the National Baptist Publishing Board, and pastor of the First Baptist Church of this city, is the fifth child. Peter Ellington died twenty years ago; thus the care of the home and the education of the children were devolved upon Mrs. Ellington. No sacrifice was too great for her to make that her children might receive a liberal education and make useful men and women of themselves. Of the seven children that survive her, there are ministers of the Gospel, one is a school teacher, and all are Baptist. The remains of Mrs. Ellington were taken to Gallaway, Tenn., and buried beside her husband, Peter Ellington, in the cemetery of Union Hill Baptist Church, of which she was a member for more than thirty years. Besides the seven children mentioned above, there are nine grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren to mourn her loss. Note: another article about her death also appeared in this issue.	<urn:uuid:b32195fb-2cb7-4c2b-8124-01617f063ba3>	2013-05-18T17:48:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.013634554110467434, 0.013136942870914936, -0.024980096146464348, -0.01781449094414711, 0.08996815234422684, -0.04936305806040764, -0.01572452299296856, 0.03562898188829422, -0.04319267347455025, -0.028065286576747894, 0.07484076172113419, -0.0062699043191969395, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984504	292	http://blacknashville.wordpress.com/2008/01/06/mrs-heseltine-ellington/?like=1&source=post_flair&_wpnonce=fb311db3f8	0.167809
Unless otherwise noted, the following incidents were reported to Huntsville police Thursday and Friday. In items with incomplete addresses, police withheld the information: Ascent Trail: $70 in cash was stolen from a home in the 1400 block about 2:40 a.m. Friday. Executive Drive:One person was charged with possession of marijuana after 13 bags of marijuana were found during a traffic stop near Putman Drive about 3:30 p.m. Thursday. Glenn Park Drive: A Dell laptop computer and a digital camera were stolen from a home in the 3400 block between 11:30 a.m. and 2 p.m. Thursday. Griffith Avenue:An undisclosed amount of cash was stolen from a home in the 2100 block between 6:30 p.m. and 7 p.m. Thursday. McCormick Drive: A Huffy bicycle was stolen from a parking lot in the 100 block between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. Thursday. Crestmore Circle: An 11-month-old poodle was stolen from a residence in the 3500 block between 5:30 p.m. Wednesday and 4:50 p.m. Thursday. Scenic Drive: A 48-year-old woman told police her purse was stolen from a parking lot in the 2700 block between 6:50 p.m. and 7 p.m. Thursday. The purse contained two credit cards, a checkbook, a wallet, a payroll check and a silver bracelet. Sparkman Drive: A vehicle parked in a parking lot in the 1200 block was broken into about 2:36 p.m. Thursday. Three credit cards and a wallet were stolen. University Drive: A 2000 Cadillac DeVille was stolen from a business in the 3000 block between 5 p.m. and 5:10 p.m. Thursday. Hunter's Ridge Drive: A home in the 4000 block was burglarized between 9 p.m. Wednesday and 6 p.m. Thursday. A 32-inch Sony TV, A Playstation 3, an X-Box 360 and 10 games were stolen. Memorial Parkway: A undisclosed amount of cash was stolen from a 79-year-old woman at an undisclosed location in the 11600 block about 11:10 a.m. Thursday. Ward Avenue: 84 prescription drug tablets were stolen from a residence in the 700 block between 11 p.m. Wednesday and 11:14 p.m. Thursday. Coffee Drive: A residence in the 4200 block was burglarized between noon June 19 and noon Wednesday. Police did not disclose what, if anything was stolen. Conger Road: A home in the 1300 block was burglarized between 3 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. Thursday. A 46-inch Samsung TV was stolen. Earl Street: One person was charged with possession of marijuana after officers found six small bags of the illegal weed in a residence in the 100 block about 8:30 p.m. Thursday. Grandview: A home in the 1300 block was burglarized between 6:30 a.m. and 4 p.m. Thursday. $1,200 in clothing and $200 in food was stolen. A mattress, comforter set, glass table and two blinds were damaged. Hall Avenue: One person was charged with possession of marijuana after a small plastic bag of marijuana and a marijuana cigarette was found during a traffic stop in the 2400 block about 6:54 p.m. Thursday. Alabama 53: A building in the 5700 block was damaged when a vehicle ran into the building about 4:10 p.m. Thursday. There was an estimated $6,000 in damage to the building. Patton Road: A home in the 4300 block was burglarized between 7 p.m. and 9:30 p.m. Thursday. An X-Box 360, Playstation 3 and two Playstation games were stolen. Warner Street: A 1999 Toyota and an undisclosed amount of cash was stolen from a restaurant about 8:30 a.m. June 21. The theft was not reported to police until Thursday.	<urn:uuid:e1155aef-a10f-4289-9e01-d5986a21ee42>	2013-05-18T17:30:29Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.015869140625, -0.00170135498046875, -0.0152587890625, -0.009521484375, 0.07275390625, -0.01507568359375, -0.00005817413330078125, 0.06982421875, -0.037109375, -0.08447265625, 0.126953125, 0.0230712890625, 0.001556396484375, -0.013427734375, 0.064453125...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983638	861	http://blog.al.com/breaking/2009/06/huntsville_police_blotter_339.html	0.676544
December 22, 2008 Pastor to the President Once upon a time, presidents tended to choose their own pastors, or reasonable facsimiles thereof, to give the invocation at their inaugurations. The idea was: Here's the guy who presides over my religious life, the guy I go to for spiritual counsel, and so I'm going to honor him by letting him say the prayer over this latest ceremonial occasion of my life. Thus, John F. Kennedy gave the nod to Boston's Cardinal Richard Cushing in 1961 and, in 1981, Ronald Reagan tapped Bel Air Presbyterian pastor Donn Moomaw. From time to time, the invoking cleric would be chosen for symbolic reasons, as when Dwight Eisenhower selected Orthodox Archbishop Michael in 1957 and Reagan, in 1985, chose the president of Georgetown University, Father Joseph A. O'Hare S.J. But over the past two decades, it appears that a new office has emerged--that of Pastor to the President. This emergence is a bit obscured by the fact that the only actual holder of that office has been Billy Graham. Graham gave the invocations at the inauguration of George H.W. Bush and both Clinton inaugurals, and was slated to do the same at George W. Bush's 2001 affair, but because of illness had to cede the job to his son Franklin. It is, I think, in this context that Barack Obama's choice of Rick Warren needs to be seen. As has been widely noted, Warren bids fair to become the closest thing to Billy Graham that the country has today. At the moment, he's way more controversial than the now sainted Graham, but in his younger days, Billy was plenty controversial himself. What's important to recognize is that the position of presidential pastor is not entirely bogus. It entails spiritual counseling, advice and friendship, pastoral care. Graham actually seems to have filled that role for Richard Nixon, which helps explain why Nixon tapped him for his first inaugural invocation. The Clintons are both attached to him; according to Burns Strider, who handled faith outreach for the Hillary Clinton campaign, whenever Hillary was slated to make an appearance in North Carolina, she insisted on paying a call on the old man. And of course, George W. Bush has made central to his faith journey that walk on the beach with Billy. Even if that particular event is, strictly speaking, apocryphal, the personal connection seems real. Rick Warren is of course the head of the Saddleback world, the crusader for AIDS, the best-selling author of popular religious books. But he also, from what I gather, has taken it upon himself to serve as spiritual counselor to the politically prominent. There is every indication that Obama has availed himself of his services. Amidst all the huffing and puffing about Warren's choice to give next month's invocation, hardly raised at all is the possibility that this was, for Obama, as much a personal as a political decision. His family is, famously, between churches, and his relationship with Jeremiah Wright can hardly be what it once was. Warren seems to have given the president-elect good reason to like him and value his advice; the two call each other friend. We may think whatever we want of either, but this may be more about them than us. Update: In support of this view of Warren, here's an exchange with Steve Waldman from a recent interview: Did you ever talk to President Bush to try to convince him to change his policy? Never got the chance. I just didn't. In fact, in the first place, I'm a pastor, and people might misunderstand ? I don't deal with policy issues with Barack Obama or President Clinton or John McCain. I just don't. That's not my role. My role is to pastor these guys. As a leader I understand stress. And even when I disagree with positions they hold, they've got plenty of political advisors. They don't need me to be a political advisor. I'm not a pundit. I'm not a politician and that's why I don't take sides. But I am a pastor. And I can deal with "how's your family doing? How's your stress level doing?" (Originally published at Spiritual Politics.)	<urn:uuid:bdfe27e5-f50a-4a6f-b72d-e74d8179188d>	2013-05-18T17:37:00Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0106201171875, 0.03076171875, -0.0009918212890625, -0.004241943359375, 0.06201171875, -0.015625, -0.006195068359375, 0.10205078125, -0.0306396484375, -0.044189453125, 0.0341796875, 0.0247802734375, -0.023193359375, -0.03515625, 0.049560546875, 0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976209	870	http://blog.christianitytoday.com/ctpolitics/2008/12/pastor_to_the_p.html	0.250787
Created on Thursday, 15 September 2011 19:34 The ban on Indian actress Nikhita Thukral from Kannada language films, because of an alleged affair with another actor, has been overturned. The Kannada Film Producers' Association imposed the three-year ban earlier this week, saying Ms Thukral had spoiled the "domestic harmony of a fellow actor". But opposition within the film industry convinced producers to reverse the ban. Ms Thukral denies having an affair with the actor, known as Darshan, a popular action hero in south India. "Looking back it was a hasty decision. We have written to her expressing regret," the president of the Karnataka Film Producers' Association, Munirathnam, told reporters. The association initially said the ban would be reconsidered only if she apologised but Ms Thukral refused, insisting she had had no inappropriate relationship with Darshan.'Unprofessional' Ms Thukral, who is from the state of Punjab and has acted in several Telugu, Tamil and Kannada language films, called the ban "ridiculous" when it was imposed, and said that nobody ever consulted her to get her version of events. Many actors and film industry representatives called for the ban to be overturned, saying it was unprofessional. "I welcome the decision to withdraw the ban. In the first place it was wrong to target the actress for a dispute in the actor's home," said producer Sandesh Nagaraj. The ban was imposed after Darshan was arrested on charges of domestic violence last week, following a complaint from his wife, Vijaylakshmi. She alleged that he had beaten her and threatened her with a gun but she later withdrew the complaint, a police official told the BBC. The argument was reportedly over the alleged affair with Ms Thukral. After his arrest, hundreds of Darshan's fans held protests in Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka state. Police used canes to disperse stone-throwing groups. Ms Thukral has consistently denied any romantic links with Darshan.	<urn:uuid:90407864-75b6-4345-945b-e29e332c9c79>	2013-05-18T17:17:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02150537632405758, 0.03306451439857483, -0.001612903201021254, 0.018010752275586128, 0.11075268685817719, -0.08655913919210434, -0.009341398254036903, 0.11236558854579926, -0.026747312396764755, -0.031854838132858276, 0.06989247351884842, 0.010080644860863686, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982903	439	http://blog.cysend.com/mobile-top-up-asia/707-ban-for-india-affair-actress-nikhita-thukral-reversed.html	0.575093
On the leaderboard, you are also given the option to go see these different leaders. We think this is pretty neat, because if you've ever wanted to see what a level 39 player's Treetopia looks like - now you can. The top player currently has 38,000 quests completed! We're not sure how that's possible, but that is one dedicated Treetopia player. In addition last week, new soccer items were added to Treetopia, and a new newspaper screen now displays all of the latest news. Check out the screenshot below to see what a max level player's Treetopia looks like.	<urn:uuid:cb4c8abe-3afb-4f10-85fd-03a4f34aecf9>	2013-05-18T17:20:01Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0021916746627539396, 0.009303434751927853, 0.03578244149684906, 0.013955152593553066, 0.04150763526558876, -0.05057251825928688, 0.0018711235607042909, 0.06297709792852402, -0.0009691078448668122, -0.010257633402943611, 0.002758229849860072, 0.0455629788339138, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973864	127	http://blog.games.com/2010/06/15/show-off-your-treetopia-talents-with-new-leaderboard/	0.428394
LOS ANGELES (AP) -- Elizabeth Taylor's treatment for congestive heart failure will likely cause her to spend another few days in a Los Angeles hospital, a spokeswoman for the Oscar-winning actress said. Taylor was resting comfortably and had been receiving family and friends in her room throughout the weekend at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, spokeswoman Sally Morrison said Sunday. The 78-year-old Taylor was admitted late last week and was being treated for symptoms caused by congestive heart failure, a condition she disclosed in November 2004. Morrison did not offer details of the treatment. It was not clear exactly how long Taylor would be in the hospital but if her past treatments are any indication it could be for several more days. "At this stage, with her history, they're going to want to keep her in for a while just to make sure they've fixed what they needed to fix," said Morrison. Taylor, who's appeared in more than 50 films, won Oscars for her performances in "Butterfield 8" (1960) and "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1966). But she's been just as famous for her eight marriages - including two to Richard Burton - and her lifelong battles with substance abuse, weight and physical ailments, including numerous visits to the hospital for more than 20 major operations and countless treatments. The actress had near-fatal bouts with pneumonia in 1961 and 1990, and another respiratory infection forced her to cancel all engagements for several weeks in late 1992. She had both hip joints replaced in 1994 and 1995. Her 2004 diagnosis for congestive heart failure, compounded with spinal fractures and the effects of scoliosis, left her nearly bedridden. She's also battled ulcers, amoebic dysentery, bursitis, and had a benign brain tumor removed in 1997. In recent years, she has had to use a wheelchair when out in public.	<urn:uuid:3adb0b1d-5350-4385-a77c-ad2b8622b7db>	2013-05-18T18:07:19Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0027825343422591686, 0.020690638571977615, 0.0067422944121062756, 0.00998858455568552, 0.08504566550254822, -0.0388127863407135, 0.00011426673154346645, 0.12271689623594284, -0.04480593651533127, -0.03567351773381233, 0.07363013923168182, -0.0006822560098953545, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983754	392	http://blog.syracuse.com/entertainment/2011/02/more_hospital_for_heart-troubl.html	0.352978
4 PointsPlus Value Prep time: 12 min Cook time: 20 Serves: 6 Easy and fast enough to make it in the morning and serve it for dinner. It's a nice way to start a meal or have it for lunch. Nothing warms you up on a cold day like a hot soup. 1 large uncooked, onion(s), finely chopped 1 1/2 tsp table salt, divided 2 tsp fresh lemon juice 1/4 tsp black pepper 2 tsp unsalted butter 6 cup(s) reduced-sodium, chicken broth 1 cup(s) uncooked string beans 1 cup(s) uncooked carrot(s) 1 cup(s) cooked frozen corn kernels 2 cup(s) uncooked rigatoni 1/2 tsp dried marjoram 1/2 tsp sea salt 1/2 tsp dried thyme 1/2 tsp dried sage 2 tsp Mrs. Dash Seasoning Blend, Original Blend Melt butter in a large stockpot over medium-low heat. Add onion and 1/2 teaspoon salt; cook, stirring often, until onion is soft and translucent, about 10 minutes. Add broth and increase heat to high; bring to a boil. Stir in pasta, frozen vegetables cook until pasta is done, about 7 minutes. Stir in spices and lemon juice, remaining 1 teaspoon salt, pepper and cook 1 more minute to heat through. Yields about 1 1/2 cups soup per serving. This weekend I'll share some holiday cookies with you.	<urn:uuid:3e27a3a3-f5c5-4546-bfa4-bb12eb2e35f7>	2013-05-18T17:48:24Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.015943877398967743, 0.018768221139907837, -0.018039358779788017, 0.028425656259059906, 0.03498542308807373, 0.014486151747405529, -0.007197522092610598, 0.05575801804661751, 0.014486151747405529, 0.0030293366871774197, 0.05758017674088478, 0.05174927040934563, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.836372	323	http://blog.weightforthediva.com/2012/12/easy-vegetable-pasta-soup.html	0.461882
Critical Error: SiteUrls.ConfigThe file containing the SiteUrl Data could not be loaded. Please contact your CommunityServer administrator. A technical explanation of why this error is caused is below. Community Server expects to find a valid XML file containing all of the links for a community. By default, this file is located at the root of the with the name SiteUrls.config. A common error is to included unescaped XML characters, such as "&" when defining a querystring. If available, the location of the error will be listed below: Unable to open connection to data provider. A network-related or instance-specific error occurred while establishing a connection to SQL Server. The server was not found or was not accessible. Verify that the instance name is correct and that SQL Server is configured to allow remote connections. (provider: Named Pipes Provider, error: 40 - Could not open a connection to SQL Server) For more information you can also visit http://CommunityServer.Org the home of the CommunityServer Forums development team.	<urn:uuid:32eece96-339f-461e-8c01-642243ca9bd9>	2013-05-18T17:27:27Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02739361673593521, 0.0009433178347535431, 0.030053190886974335, -0.008477393537759781, 0.049468085169792175, -0.1111702099442482, 0.007878988981246948, 0.09202127903699875, -0.002875664969906211, 0.02885638363659382, 0.07925532013177872, 0.07234042882919312, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.898109	221	http://blogs.mscommunity.net/tags/Cloud/default.aspx	0.296131
Also known as "Larry mounts a DDOS attack against every single machine running Windows NT" Or: No stupid mistake goes unremembered. I was recently in the office of a very senior person at Microsoft debugging a problem on his machine. He introduced himself, and commented "We've never met, but I've heard of you. Something about a ping of death?" Oh. My. Word. People still remember the "ping of death"? Wow. I thought I was long past the ping of death (after all, it's been 15 years), but apparently not. I'm not surprised when people who were involved in the PoD incident remember it (it was pretty spectacular), but to have a very senior person who wasn't even working at the company at the time remember it is not a good thing :). So, for the record, here's the story of Larry and the Ping of Death. First I need to describe my development environment at the time (actually, it's pretty much the same as my dev environment today). I had my primary development machine running a version of NT, it was running a kernel debugger connected to my test machine over a serial cable. When my test machine crashed, I would use the kernel debugger on my dev machine to debug it. There was nothing debugging my dev machine, because NT was pretty darned reliable at that point and I didn't need a kernel debugger 99% of the time. In addition, the corporate network wasn't a switched network - as a result, each machine received datagram traffic from every other machine on the network. Back in that day, I was working on the NT 3.1 browser (I've written about the browser here and here before). As I was working on some diagnostic tools for the browser, I wrote a tool to manually generate some of the packets used by the browser service. One day, as I was adding some functionality to the tool, my dev machine crashed, and my test machine locked up. CRUD. I can't debug the problem to see what happened because I lost my kernel debugger. Ok, I'll reboot my machines, and hopefully whatever happened will hit again. The failure didn't hit, so I went back to working on the tool. And once again, my machine crashed. At this point, everyone in the offices around me started to get noisy - there was a great deal of cursing going on. What I'd not realized was that every machine had crashed at the same time as my dev machine had crashed. And I do mean EVERY machine. Every single machine in the corporation running Windows NT had crashed. Twice (after allowing just enough time between crashes to allow people to start getting back to work). I quickly realized that my test application was the cause of the crash, and I isolated my machines from the network and started digging in. I quickly root caused the problem - the broadcast that was sent by my test application was malformed and it exposed a bug in the bowser.sys driver. When the bowser received this packet, it crashed. I quickly fixed the problem on my machine and added the change to the checkin queue so that it would be in the next day's build. I then walked around the entire building and personally apologized to every single person on the NT team for causing them to lose hours of work. And 15 years later, I'm still apologizing for that one moment of utter stupidity. PingBack from http://www.artofbam.com/wordpress/?p=9190 Ah, but you did uncover the bug, and probably saved billions from losses due to maliciously malformed packets. Though it does bring up the idea of isolated networks for stuff like this. > I quickly root caused the problem - the broadcast that was sent by my test application was malformed and it exposed a bug in the bowser.sys driver. When the bowser received this packet, it crashed. Bowser.sys? There's a whole driver dedicated to dogfooding? I thought I'd done the story of hte name of the bowser before. It's because the driver is "such a dog" :). My boss at the time had a colorful way with names Sounds like you're being harsh on yourself. Can't see anything you did as being stupid - it wasn't your fault that bowser.sys was buggy and caused OS crashes. (unless you also wrote that). You sent out a malformed packet. Whoop-de-do. The network should be able to handle that. The only possible reason you might have to be hard on yourself is the "doing it again" thing. But 1) you didn't cause people to lose much work there 'cos they'd only just rebooted from last time, and 2) I don't think spotting cause and effect from the first time around is something that would be expected. First time might be a coincidence. Simultaneous crashes on your machines due to an unrelated local other cause (power fluctuations in your office?). Nah, that's not stupidity. Now, going round apologising and letting everyone think it was your fault - that might have been a little foolish :) Karellen: I wrote bowser.sys too. Actually a single failure would have been excused. Stuff does happen, and we all know that. The reason this became a legend was that I did it a second time. And that was inexcusable. Doesn't a story like this belong in Us Magazine though, in the "They're Just Like Us" section? I want to see a picture of Larry with a big caption saying, "THEY BRING DOWN ENTIRE CORPORATE NETWORKS!" Technically, wouldn't this be a plain old DOS attack rather than a DDOS attack? From what you wrote, the PoD packets were from a single source (your machine) so they weren't really "distributed". Chris: I was wondering if someone would think of that. I figured it was "distributed" because one packet sent from my dev machine was distributed to several thousand other machines and crashed them all. Well, I'm no expert but as I understand it, back in Ye Olden Days, the conventional way to carry out a denial of service attack was to subvert a powerful machine with a big internet pipe and use it to launch a flood of traffic at the target computer. Two problems with this: first, as the computers people were trying to take down with DoS attacks got more powerful, eventually becoming services running on multiple computers, it got harder and harder to find a computer big enough to overwhelm them. There isn't a single computer in the world powerful enough to DoS Google, for instance. Second, a single source attack is relatively easy to deal with. While there are methods of disguising the origin of a DoS attack (forging information on the packets, for instance) it's still possible to trace such a big flood of packets back to the origin. That means most DoS attacks could be dealt with by either getting the owner to clean out the subverted system, or getting its ISP to filter the traffic or shut down their connection entirely. These days, rather than using one big system, they started subverting a lot of systems into a botnet (including desktop machines as well as big servers) often using viruses, worms, trojans, or other automated mechanisms, and using them to launch a coordinated DoS attack. This sort of Distributed Denial of Service attack is a lot harder to stop. Each machine is sending out less traffic, so they're harder to trace back. Even if you can, there's so many of them that tracking down each one and dealing with the owner or ISP is effectively impossible. This makes DDoS attacks much harder to combat than old style single-machine DoS attacks. It also scales to attack websites and services that have far too much hardware behind them to be brought down by a single machine trying to DoS them. Now virtually all denial of service attacks are distributed. I guess it would be a reverse DDoS attack, given that a normal DDoS is a bunch of machines bringing down one. Not quite the same thing, but when I was testing Winsock, I used JamesG's harness api tester, on what I mistakenly believed to be my office isolated network. Hey, I was curious about how the competitor's TCP/IP stacks would handle it. Buildings 1-4 had problems keeping up with the "very large" broadcast packet. I told my test manager and PM about it, and they both agreed that the incident should be forgotten asap and never brought up again. Shame on me, and I quickly removed all of my office test machines in the lab. > The reason this became a legend was that I did it a second time. > And that was inexcusable. But that is excusable, and enormously important. The first time you did it, you didn't know. The second time you did it, again you didn't know at first, but when you knew about it, you released a fix. Your fix eventually reached millions of customers, right? The only surprising part of this is that Microsoft didn't fire you for making a fix that eventually reached millions of customers. Outside of Microsoft, you'd be a hero. Compare that to the Excel bug, where the typically Microsoftian decision was to not release a hotfix. Someone must have got a big bonus for deciding not to release that hotfix. The way to get memories of that event to be forgotten would be to store them on hard drives partitioned by Windows. That'll get all those memories wiped out. Still. Thank you for bucking Microsoft's system and getting your fix out the door. Norman: Huh? The Excel guys issued a hotfix ASAP. And this was way early in the development process (years before we shipped). > The Excel guys issued a hotfix ASAP. Last I saw, Microsoft wasn't distributing the hotfix but was considering including it in a service pack.	<urn:uuid:88996194-9685-4ef4-b871-5a2106a3c25a>	2013-05-18T17:51:09Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0419921875, 0.00133514404296875, 0.017333984375, -0.0201416015625, 0.0625, -0.045654296875, -0.00408935546875, 0.1044921875, -0.007568359375, -0.038818359375, 0.00836181640625, 0.045654296875, 0.035888671875, -0.016357421875, 0.02783203125, -0.003...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.980883	2,088	http://blogs.msdn.com/b/larryosterman/archive/2007/10/16/larry-and-the-ping-of-death.aspx	0.206175
1. You can listen to chabal va les manger mp3 by left-clicking "Play" link. 2. You can download chabal va les manger mp3 by following "Download" link, or click on mp3 title on every search result. Some mp3 files need more time to load, so please be patient. Happy downloading. You can watch video for chabal va les manger here, or you can embed it in your website or blog for your visitors using the embed code under the video.	<urn:uuid:68f3912b-a88c-4734-9521-36443ec40e48>	2013-05-18T17:48:30Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.020005840808153152, 0.027307242155075073, -0.00573160033673048, -0.02102803811430931, 0.1144859790802002, -0.06834112107753754, 0.025554906576871872, 0.04964953288435936, -0.03139602765440941, -0.015113902278244495, 0.06337616592645645, 0.025992991402745247, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.728178	108	http://bomb-mp3.com/mp3/chabal_va_les_manger/p8.html	0.307989
Mosque (in Spanish “mosque” in Arabic مسجد “Masjid”) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cordoba, Spain. It was originally designed as a warehouse / temple / lighthouse. Later, he became the second largest mosque in the world. Construction of the mosque began in about the sixth century after Christ as Christian church Visigoths. Later, Mezquita (Mosque originally Aljama) was more than two centuries to restore the mosque in 784 AD, under the leadership of the first Muslim Emir Abd ar-Rahman I, which uses it as a supplement to his palace and named in honor of his wife . Land was purchased the Amir of the previous owners. It is anticipated that the Visigoths site includes the Cathedral of San Vicente. If the forces of Tariq ibn Ziyad first occupied Cordoba in the year 711, Christian cathedral was suppressed. Several explanations have been proposed to explain the unorthodox indication of the mosque. Some believe that Mihrab faces south, because the foundation of the mosque, were from the ancient Romans and Visigoths building. Others argue that Abd al-Rahman Mihrab sent to the south, as if he was still in the Ummayyad capital of Damascus, not in exile.	<urn:uuid:1ccaf6fc-36d6-4781-b460-d447f1113ad2>	2013-05-18T18:06:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0025863908231258392, -0.016851535066962242, -0.011892064474523067, -0.03263651952147484, 0.08319112658500671, -0.05759385600686073, -0.02154436893761158, 0.050554607063531876, -0.019091296941041946, -0.05759385600686073, 0.06655289977788925, 0.03029010258615017, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978946	272	http://booktravelpro.com/the-mezquita/	0.525547
I've been thinking a good bit about how story often invites us into history, often by bringing "alive" a certain time and place in ways that textbooks just can't. And I came across a funny incidence of that just this morning. I'm trying to read a certain amount of "church history" (in any form) every day, preparatory to teaching my class again in the fall. I'm not limiting myself to just re-reading the texts we'll use in class; I'm letting myself range wherever my interests take me. One of the books I'm reading is Paul Cavill's book on Anglo-Saxon Christianity. He provides commentary about the Anglo-Saxon period and then supports it with excerpts from primary texts from that period. I was reading along this morning rather drowsily, mostly just trying to stay faithful to the discipline of reading a set amount per day. I was working my way through an excerpt from Tacitus, who was describing the Germanic tribes (the Angles and Saxons) who were coming into Briton. And then I got to these words: "On the field of battle it is a disgrace to a chief to be surpassed in courage by his followers, and to the followers not to equal the courage of their chief. And to leave a battle alive after the chief has fallen means lifelong infamy and shame. The chief fights for victory, the followers for their chief." Suddenly I found myself awake and chuckling. I didn't have to stretch too far in my imagination to form a picture to accompany these words. I had the whole scene from Prince Caspian right at my fingertips. Remember when Lucy revives Reepicheep, and he stands before Aslan, dignified but mortified by the loss of his tail? "Why have your followers all drawn their swords, may I ask?" said Aslan. "May it please your High Majesty," said the second Mouse, whose name was Peepiceek, "we are all waiting to cut off our own tails if our Chief must go without his. We will not bear the shame of wearing an honour which is denied to the High Mouse." "Ah!" roared Aslan, "you have conquered me. You have great hearts. Not for the sake of your dignity, Reepicheep, but for the love that is between you and your people, and still more for the kindness your people showed me long ago when you ate away the cords that bound me on the stone table (and it was then, though you have long forgotten it, that you began to be Talking Mice), you shall have your tail again." Reepicheep...honorable Anglo-Saxon warrior? Who knew?!	<urn:uuid:7c221c20-6dad-45ae-98ac-599fff8c9aa7>	2013-05-18T17:37:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.030029296875, 0.0025634765625, -0.00347900390625, 0.000308990478515625, 0.072265625, -0.0281982421875, -0.00836181640625, 0.1044921875, 0.0030517578125, -0.03271484375, 0.031005859375, 0.01202392578125, -0.0252685546875, 0.0142822265625, 0.0498046875,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977445	557	http://bookwormjournal.blogspot.com/2008/08/when-story-brings-history-alive.html	0.268642
SANDIACRE, in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch and in the deanery of Derby, lies about nine miles and a half from Derby, on the borders of Nottinghamshire, and about half a mile from the Nottingham road. (fn. 1) The manor of Sandiacre was held under the King, at the time of taking the Domesday Survey by Toli and Osmund. In the early part of Henry III.'s reign, it was the property of William, a younger son of Henry de Grey (ancestor of the Greys of Codnor and Wilton.) This William, or a son of the same name, had a grant from King Henry III., in 1268, of a market at Sandiacre on Wednesdays, and a fair for eight days at the festival of St. Giles. (fn. 2) Alice, daughter and heir of William de Grey, married William Hilary: their son John took the name of Grey, and was possessed of this manor in 1392. (fn. 3) One of the coheiresses of Grey alias Hilary brought Sandiacre to the Leakes in the reign of Henry IV. This manor was sold after the death of Nicholas Leake, Earl of Scarsdale, (which happened in 1736,) and is now the property of Francis Higginson, Esq. William de Grey claimed a market and fair as above-mentioned, and the right of having a gallows in his manor of Sandiacre in 1330. (fn. 4) In the parish church, which is a beautiful specimen of enriched Gothic architecture (fn. 5) , are memorials of the family of Charlton. (fn. 6) The rectory of Sandiacre is the corps of a prebend in the church of Lichfield: it is held on lease under the prebendary, who is patron of the perpetual curacy. The present lessee is Mr. Benjamin Harrington. The Bishop is patron of the prebend. SAWLEY, anciently called Salle, or Sallowe, in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, and in the deanery of Derby, lies on the north side of the Trent, about nine miles from Derby. The parish comprises the parochial chapelry of Risley, which, with Breaston as a chapel of ease, is held as a separate benefice; and the parochial chapel of Little-Wilne, and the chapel of ease of Long-Eaton, which are held with Sawley. The manor of Sawley belonged to the Bishop of Chester when the Survey of Domesday was taken. His successors, the Bishops of Lichfield and Coventry (fn. 7) , have ever since continued to possess it. The manor has been long held on lease under the Bishop, by the Stanhope family. The Earl of Harrington is the present lessee of the manor of Sawley, including Little-Wilne, Long-Eaton, Wilstrop (fn. 8) , and Draycot. Bishop Longespee, in 1258, had a charter for a market on Tuesdays at Sawley, and a fair for three days at Michaelmas. (fn. 9) The market, which had been long discontinued, was revived soon after the year 1760, but not being much frequented was discontinued again before 1770: the markethouse, a small octangular building, still remains. The fair, which was held on the 12th of November O. S., was some years ago noted for the sale of mares and foals: the fair also has been discontinued. In the parish church are two ancient monuments of ecclesiastics, without inscriptions; that of Roger Bothe, Esq., who died in 1467, and Catherine his wife, father and mother of Laurence Bothe, Bishop of Durham, (afterwards Archbishop of York (fn. 10) ,) and of John Bothe, Bishop of Exeter; and that of Robert Bothe, son of Roger (described as brother of John Bothe, Archdeacon of Durham, afterwards Bishop of Exeter (fn. 11) , and Ralph Bothe, Archdeacon of York,) which Robert died in 1478. In the south aisle is an altar-tomb, in memory of Richard Shylton, merchant of the staple of Calais, 1510, and a memorial of Edmund Edmonson, Gent., 1582, and his The rectory of Sawley has been from an early period the corps of a prebend in the church of Lichfield. Cardinal Gauselin, prebendary of Sawley, claimed, in 1330, assize of bread, &c., in the rectorial manor. These privileges were taken away because he had neglected to keep a pillory and tumbrell, but were restored on payment of a fine. (fn. 12) The Leech's were many years lessees of the prebendal manor: the present lessee is the Rev. Spencer Madan, D.D. The prebendary appoints the perpetual curate. The Bishop is patron of the prebend. There was a chantry in this church, founded by Ralph de Chaddesden, who was Treasurer of Lichfield in 1259. The endowment was valued at 5l. per annum in 1547. Harrington bridge over the Trent, in this parish, was built about thirty years ago: the first stone was laid May 6, 1786, and it was finished in The parochial chapel of Littk-Wilne, in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, and in the deanery of Derby, lies on the banks of the Trent, about eight miles from Derby. The manor belongs to the Earl of Harrington. In this chapel is the burial place of the Willoughby family; in which are monuments of Hugh Willoughby (fn. 13) , and Anne his wife (daughter of Richard Wentworth, Esq.,) and Thomas, their son and heir, (no date;) Hugh Willoughby, Esq., 1491, and his wife Isabella, daughter of SirGervas Clifton, 1462; Hugh Willoughby, Esq., 1514; Hugh Willoughby, Esq., serjeant at arms, 1558, and Margaret his wife, sister to Edmund Molineux, 1511; Sir John Willoughby, Knt., 1625, and Frances his wife, daughter and heir of Henry Hawes, of Woodhall, Norfolk; and Ann, daughter and coheir of Sir Henry Willoughby, Bart., 1688. She married first Sir Thomas Aston, Bart., and afterwards the Hon. Anchetil Grey (fn. 14) , second son of Henry Earl of Stamford. In the chancel is the monument of Henry Kayes, Esq., of Hop well, 1733; he married Mary, daughter of William Belasyse, of Owton, The chapel of Little-Wilne is held with Sawley, of which the prebendary is the patron. Draycote, a populous village in this chapelry, is chiefly inhabited by stocking-makers, and other manufacturers. The manor, which is held under the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, is in severalties. The manor of Hopwell (Opewelle) was held by Ralph Fitz-Hubert at the time of the Domesday Survey, under the Bishop of Chester. In the year 1296, it appears to have been held under the Earl of Lancaster, by Ralph de Shirley. Some pedigrees of the Sacheverell family make Patrick Sacheverell to have been lord of Hopwell in the reign of Edward I.; and they are said to have acquired it by marriage with the heiress of Hopwell; but we find no such match recorded in any of the pedigrees of the family, nor any trace of its having been possessed by the family of Hopwell. Ferdinando Sacheverell, Esq. (fn. 15) , by his will, bearing date 1661, bequeathed it to his cousin, Henry Kayes, Gent. Henry Kayes, Esq., sold it, in 1731, to Bache Thornhill, Esq., who in 1734 alienated it to Sir Bibye Lake, Bart., of Edmonton, in Middlesex. It is now the property, and Hopwell-hall the residence of Thomas Pares, Esq., whose father purchased it in 1784 of Sir Bibye's grandson, Sir James Winter Lake, Bart. The chapelry of Long-Eaton lies about two miles from Sawley, and ten from Derby. The manor was held on lease under the church of Lichfield, by the Willoughby family, now by the Earl of Harrington. The chapel is held with Sawley, as a chapel of ease. The parochial chapel of Risley, in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, and in the deanery of Derby, lies on the road from Derby to Nottingham, eight miles distant from each. Roger de Busli appears to have been lord of Risley when the Survey of Domesday was taken; but in the same record it is stated that Levinus possessed one-third of the manor, and that he was succeeded by his son, who then held it. In the reign of Edward I., William Morteyne held this manor under the Pavely family. The heiress of his son Roger brought it to Sir Richard de Willoughby, one of the Justices, and some time Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas: his younger son Hugh settled at Risley, where his descendants continued for several generations. Henry Willoughby, Esq., elder son of Sir John Willoughby, Knt., was created a Baronet in 1611, and died without male issue in 1649. This manor became the property of Anne, one of his coheiresses by his first wife (fn. 16) , who married Sir Thomas Aston, Bart., and afterwards the Honourable Anchetil Grey. The manor of Risley was purchased of Sir Willoughby Aston, Bart., by Mr. John Hancock, uncle of the Rev. John Hancock Hall, who is the present proprietor. The old hall at Risley, which was the seat of the Willoughbys, has been taken down: in the gardens, which belonged to this mansion, is a terrace nearly 300 yards in length, with a hedge of box, and several remarkably fine trees of variegated holly. Woodhall park, in this chapelry, belonged to the Babingtons, of Chilwell in Nottinghamshire; and afterwards to the Sheffield family. It was purchased of Lord Sheffield in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, by Michael Willoughby; and having passed with the manor of Risley, is now the property of Mr. Hall. The park has long ago been converted into tillage. The parochial chapel at Risley was built by Michael Willoughby, Esq., in 1593. In the chancel is a memorial for John Proudman, B.D., first master of the school, and minister of the united chapels, or as they are improperly termed churches, of Risley and Breaston, who died in 1724. The Earl of Stamford appoints the minister. The above-mentioned Michael Willoughby, and Catherine his wife, gave 20 nobles (6l. 13s. 4d.) per annum, which was increased by Sir Henry Willoughby, their grandson, to 20 marks (13l. 6s. 8d.) towards maintaining a minister and schoolmaster at Risley. Mrs. Elizabeth Grey, their descendant, having built a school-house, with a habitation for the master and usher, in the year 1718 endowed the school with lands, then worth upwards of 50l. per annum, for the more comfortable maintenance of a school-master and usher to teach all children of the inhabitants of Risley, and the sons only of the inhabitants of Breaston, Sandiacre, Dale-Abbey, Stanton near Dale, Wilsthorp, Draycote, Little-Wilne, and Hopwell: the boys to be taught to read, write, and cast accounts, and so much of trigonometry as relates to the more useful part of mathematics; and the head-master to teach grammar and the classics to such boys as are qualified and desirous to learn: both masters to be constantly resident in the school-house. The minister of the chapel appears to have been head-master from the time of Mrs. Grey's foundation. We have not been able to learn what is the present value of the endowment; but it was returned at 100l. per annum in 1787. In the return of charitable donations then made to the House of Commons, it is observed, that the grammar-school had been a sinecure for many years; that a bill in chancery was filed in Lord Bathurst's time against the master, but it was dismissed. The grammar-school, in consequence, remains still a sinecure. The chapel of Breaston lies one mile from Risley, and seven from Derby. The manor of Breaston (Braidestune) was held with Risley, when the Survey of Domesday was taken, by Roger de Busli. It appears to have been separated from Risley, and again united; for we find that Michael Willoughby, Esq., purchased it of the Babingtons in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It is now the property of the Rev. John Hancock Hall. Marriages are solemnized and children baptized at Breaston, but the inhabitants have always buried their dead at Little-Wilne; the chapel-yard at Breaston not having been consecrated. SCARCLIFFE, in the hundred of Scarsdale and deanery of Chesterfield, lies on the borders of Nottinghamshire, about two miles from Bolsover. The village of Palterton is in this parish. At the time of taking the Domesday Survey, the manors of Scarcliffe and Palterton, which had belonged to Levenot, were held by Raynouard, under Ralph Fitz-Hubert, ancestor of the Frechevilles. Lands in Scarcliffe were given to the priory of Thurgarton by Hubert Fitz-Ralph. (fn. 17) In the year 1275, the Prior of Newsted, in Nottinghamshire, and Robert de Grey (who had been appointed keeper of the estates forfeited by Anker de Frecheville, in consequence of his having joined the rebellious Barons) appear to have had each a manor in Scarcliffe. The Prior of Newsted had a park here in 1330. The manor and park of Scarcliffe were granted to George Pierrepont in 1544. Sir Henry Pierrepont died seised of it in 1616. This estate was purchased in 1690, by Sir Peter Apsley; from whom it has descended to Earl Bathurst, the present proprietor. In the parish church is an ancient monument of a lady, concerning which there are some idle traditions. (fn. 18) It is most probable that she was one of the Frecheville family. The church of Scarcliffe was given to Darley-Abbey by Hubert Fitz-Ralph, and appropriated to that monastery. The rectory-manor and advowson, were granted in 1544 to Sir Francis Leake. They are now the property of Earl Bathurst; the vicarage is in the gift of The parish of Scarcliffe was inclosed under an act of parliament passed in 1726. The great tithes now belong to the land-owners; the tithes of lambs and wool to Earl Bathurst. Four acres of land at Scarcliffe were charged by the inclosure act with buying bell-ropes for the use of the parish church. The manor of Palterton was given by Wulfric Spott to Burton-Abbey in the reign of King Ethelred. At the time of the Survey of Domesday it was held with Scarcliffe by the ancestor of the Frechevilies, and after the alienation of that manor, continued to belong to a younger branch, who had a seat at Palterton. John Ulkerthorpe, who married one of the coheiresses of this branch died seised of the manor of Palterton in 1445. John Columbell died seised of it in 1556. It was afterwards in the Leakes, and has since passed with Scarcliffe. There was formerly a chapel at Palterton. SCROPTON, in the hundred of Appletree and deanery of Derby, lies on the north side of the Trent, about eleven miles from Derby, which is the post-town. It comprises the hamlet or village of Foston. The manors of Scropton (Scrotun) and Foston (Farulueston) belonged, at the time of the Domesday Survey, to Henry de Ferrars. The paramount manor, which was afterwards in the Earls and Dukes of Lancaster, was granted, in 1628, to Wise, and others. It was purchased, in 1679, by William Bate, Esq., whose descendant, in 1784, sold it to the father of Charles Broadhurst, Esq., the present proprietor. The Agards were possessed of a considerable estate at Scropton and Foston, and probably held the manor under the Duchy as early as the year 1310; their seat was at Foston. John Agard, Esq., in 1675, sold this estate, by the name of the manor of Scropton, with the manor of Foston, to Richard Bate, Esq., of whose descendant, Brownlow Bate, Esq., they were purchased, in 1784, by John Broadhurst, Esq., father of Charles Broadhurst, Esq., the present proprietor. Foston-hall is now the seat of Arthur Agard, born at Foston in 1540, is spoken of by Camden as an eminent antiquary; he was deputy chamberlain of the exchequer, and member of the original Society of Antiquaries. Hearne published his Essays, read at this Society, in his collection of curious discourses. He wrote a treatise on the obscure words in Domesday-book, which remains in MS. among the Cotton collections at the Museum. Arthur Agard died in 1615. The Agards, as feodaries or bailiffs of the honour of Tutbury, were possessed of a horn described in the third volume of the Archæologia. This horn passed with the office to Charles Stanhope, Esq., of Elvaston, who married the heiress of Agard. In the parish church is the monument of Barbara, relict of the Honourable Colonel Samuel Newton, sometime of South-Winfield, after-wards of the island of Barbadoes, who died in 1693; his son, John Newton, was of King's Bromley in Staffordshire; his daughter Mary married Richard Bate, Esq., formerly of Barbadoes, afterwards of Foston. The rectory of Scropton was appropriated to a chantry in the parish church. We find mention of the chantry of John the Baptist, founded by John Agard, Esq. Mr. Broadhurst is impropriator and patron of the curacy. SHIRLAND, in the hundred of Scarsdale and deanery of Chesterfield, lies about eight miles from Chesterfield, near the road to Derby. The village of Higham and part of Stretton are in this parish. The manor of Shirland (Sirelunt) is described in the Survey of Domesday, as held by one Warner under Henry de Ferrars. In the reign of King John it belonged to John de Grey, a younger son of Henry de Grey, of Turrok in Essex; and Shirland became, for some generations, the seat of this branch of the family, who were afterwards denominated De Wilton, from the principal seat of their barony. In the year 1250, John de Grey had a grant of a market in this manor on Wednesdays, and a fair for three days at the festival of St. Peter ad vincula. (fn. 19) The market, which was discontinued about the year 1785, was held at Higham in this parish on Friday. There is still a fair at Higham on the first Wednesday after New Year's day, chiefly for the sale of horned The manors of Shirland, Stretton, and Higham continued for several generations in the family of Grey. They belonged afterwards to the Talbots (fn. 20) , Earls of Shrewsbury, and were divided between the coheiresses of Earl Gilbert, who died in 1628. The Earl of Thanet now possesses a third of these manors, as descended from one of the coheiresses. William Turbutt, Esq., of Ogston-hall, has a third and a sixth. The remainder is divided between William Shore Nightingale, Esq., of Lea-wood house, and the family of Hopkinson of Ufton-field farm. There was a park at Shirland in 1330. (fn. 21) In the parish church is a handsome monument for one of the Grey family, probably that of Sir Henry de Grey, of Shirland, who was summoned to parliament as a Baron in the reign of Edward III. In the chancel are several monuments of the family of Revel, of Shirland, and of Ogston (fn. 22) in the adjoining parish of Morton; and that of Jonathan Burnham, 1797. The advowson of the rectory was long annexed to the manor. Two-thirds are still vested in the Earl of Thanet and Mr. Nightingale, as annexed to their shares of the manor: the other third belongs to the heirs of the late Reverend John Bourne. The proprietors of the advowson present in Edward Revel, Esq., of Ogston, gave the site of the school. Thomas Fidler gave a rent-charge of 40s. to the schoolmaster. Mrs. Lydia Boot gave 40s. per annum to a schoolmaster to teach six children; 3l. to be given to the children as rewards, and 20s. for books. John Laverack, Esq., gave 2l. and John Oldham, Esq., 4l. per annum. William Stock gave a cottage and croft, now let at 15l. per annum, for the purpose of teaching six poor children to read the bible and providing them with books. The present income of this school, which is at Hatfield-gate, is about 25l. per annum; the number of poor children taught is about twenty. SHIRLEY, in the hundred of Appletree and deanery of Derby, lies about ten miles from Derby, and about three and a half south-east from Ashborne. The parish comprises the township of Stydd and the chapelry of Yeavely. The manor of Shirly (Sirelei) belonged to Henry de Ferrars. In the reign of Henry II., it was held under the Ferrars family by the immediate ancestor of Earl Ferrars, who seating himself here, took the name of Shirley. The name of Saswallo or Sewall, the ancestor of this family, occurs in the Domesday Survey as holding manors (but not Shirley) under superior Lords, His grandson Sewall, who died in 1129, is said, in the Peerages, to have been the first who took the name of De Shirley (fn. 23) , but the pedigree in Glover's Visitation, makes his great-grandson, Sir James de Shirley, who died in 1278, to have been the first who was so called. Sir Thomas Shirley, who died in 1362, was a distinguished military character. His son, Sir Hugh, was slain at the battle of Shrewsbury. Sir Ralph, son of Sir Hugh, was one of the chief commanders at the battle of Agincourt. Their descendant, Sir George, was created a Baronet in 1611, and his great-grandson, who, in 1677, had been declared Lord Ferrars of Chartley, in virtue of his descent from that noble family, through one of the coheiresses of Devereux, Earl of Essex, was, in 1711, created Viscount Tarnworth and Earl Ferrers. Shirley has long ceased to be the seat of this noble family: the manor is now the property of the Honourable Washington Shirley. There was formerly a large park at Shirley. In the parish church is a memorial for William Pegge, Esq., of Yeldersley, (the last of that branch of the family) who died in 1768. The church of Shirley was given to Darley-Abbey, by Fulcher de Ireton, of a younger branch of the Shirley family, and confirmed by James de Shirley, about the year 1230. Mr. Steeples is the present impropriator, and Earl Ferrers patron of the vicarage. The parochial chapelry of Yeavely lies about two miles from Shirley. Ralph le Fun, in the reign of Richard I., gave the hermitage of Yeavely to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, on condition that he should inhabit it during his life. It afterwards became a preceptory of that order, and its revenues, with that of Barrow in this county, were valued at 93l. 3s. 4d. clear yearly income. The site of Yeavely was granted by King Henry VIII., in 1543, to Charles Lord Mountjoy, conveyed by his son James Lord Mountjoy, in 1557, to Ralph Brown, and by the latter, in 1559, to Francis Colwieh. It continued a considerable time in the last-mentioned family, was afterwards in that of Hurd, and is now the property of John Walker, Esq. There are considerable remains of the chapel of this preceptory, called Stydd chapel. The manor of Yeavely belonged, at an early period, to the Meynells, (by whom lands at Yeavely were given to the Hospitallers.) Having passed by marriage to the Shirleys, it is now the property of the Honourable Washington Shirley, The minister of Yeavely chapel is appointed by the vicar of Shirley. SOMERSALL, in the hundred of Appletree and deanery of Castillar, lies about four miles from Uttoxeter. The parish is divided into Church-Somersall or Somersall-Herbert, and Hill-Somersall. The village of Potters-Somersall also is in this parish. Church-Somersall and Somersall-Herbert belonged to Henry de Ferrars, when the Survey of Domesday was taken; one of them was held under him Somersall-Herbert belonged to the family of Fitzherbert from a very early period. On the death of the late Richard Fitzherbert, Esq., the last heir male of the elder branch, in 1803, it passed by bequest to his only surviving maiden sister, Mrs. Frances Fitzherbert, and on her death, in 1806, to her nephew, (being the son of an elder sister,) the Reverend Roger Jacson, of Bebington in Cheshire. Mr. Jacson sold the manor to the late Lord Vernon, whose brother, Henry Venables Lord Vernon, is the present proprietor. Somersall-hall the old seat of the Fitzherberts was purchased by Lord St. Helen's, descended from a younger branch of this family which has been long settled at Tissington. It is now in the occupation of Mr. Jacson's sisters. Hill-Somersall was, at an early period, in the Montgomery family, and has passed with Marston and other estates to Lord Vernon, who is the present In the parish church is a memorial for John Fitzherbert, Esq., who died in 16. . ; he married Mary, daughter of William Coke, Esq., of Trusley. The Earl of Chesterfield is patron of the rectory. SPONDON, in the hundred of Appletree and deanery of Derby, lies about three miles and a half from Derby. The parish comprises the village of Locko, part of Burrow-Ash, and the parochial chapelries of Chaddesden The manor of Spondon belonged, when the Survey of Domesday was taken, to Henry de Ferrars. After the attainder of Robert de Ferrars, Earl of Derby, King Henry III. granted it to his son, Edmund Earl of Lancaster. In the reign of Edward II, the Pipards held an estate at Spondon and Chaddesden, under the Ear] of Lancaster. (fn. 24) The manor of Spondon was granted, with that of Burrow-Ash, in 1563, to Thomas Stanhope: it was afterwards in the Gilberts of Locko, who, in 1721, sold this manor, with Chaddesden and Locko, to Robert Feme, Esq. John Gilbert Cooper, Esq., repurchased this estate in 1737, and in 1747, sold it for 13,000l. to John Lowe. Esq. Richard Lowe, Esq., who died in 1785, bequeathed these manors to his relation, William Drury, Esq., who took the name of Lowe, and is the present proprietor. The manor of Borough-wood, in this parish, has long been in the Wilmot family: it now belongs to Sir Robert Wilmot, Bart. In the parish church is the monument of Elizabeth (fn. 25) wife of Henry Gilbert, Esq., of Locko, 1665; there are memorials also of Isaac Osborne, of London, merchant, and others of his family. Bassano's volume of Church Notes describes the tombs of Ralph Byrd, of Locko, Gent., 1526; William Gilbert, Esq., 1681; Bartholomew Wilcock, of Locko, Gent., 1650; and Edward Wilmot (fn. 26) , Esq., of Chaddesden, 1701. The church of Spondon with all its appurtenances, was given by William Earl Ferrars, to the hospital of Burton-Lazars, to which it was afterwards appropriated. The rectory of Spondon was granted to John Dudley in 1544. In the early part of the last century, the whole or a part of the rectory was in the Cotton family. George Stanhope, D. D., Dean of Canterbury became possessed of one-fourth by his marriage with a daughter of Charles Cotton, Esq., and purchased one-fourth of Catharine Cotton, another daughter, who was afterwards Lady Lucy. Mr. Lowe has now one quarter, Mr. Osborne one quarter, and Sir Robert Wilmot, of Chaddesden, Bart., the remainder. William Drury Lowe, Esq., is patron of the vicarage. William Gilbert, Esq., of Locko, gave the tithes of Locko, valued at about 30l. per annum, to the vicar of Spondon. In consequence of an inclosure, twenty-two acres of land on Morley common, now let at 37l. 10s. 0d. per annum, were given in lieu of these tithes. Henry Gilbert, Esq., in 1669, erected a school-house, and endowed it with four acres of land, now let at 8l. per annum, for the education of six boys, who are nominated by the trustees of Mr. William Gilbert's charity, mentioned below. Dean Stanhope gave 4l. per annum, out of the great tithes, for the education of four boys, to be nominated by the vicar. William Gilbert, Esq., of Dublin, surveyor of His Majesty's admeasurements and plantations in Ireland, left by his will, in 1649, the sum of 1000l. to be laid out in the purchase of lands, (which lands were accordingly purchased by his nephew, Henry Gilbert, Esq., of Locko, and are now let for 110l. 16s. 0d. per annum,) for the purpose of giving two shillings each to ten poor persons in the church every Sunday, one shilling after morning service, the other after evening service. Twenty two persons now receive this charity, which is given in various sums at the discretion of the trustees, from 1s. to 2s. 6d. The practice of giving it at the church has been lately There is no doubt that Lock-hay, or as it is now called, Locko, took its name from the hospital or preceptory of the order of St. Lazarus (fn. 27) , which existed there as early as the year 1296. We find no mention of it before the existence of the hospital. A Lock was formerly used as synonymous with a lazar-house; hence the name of the Lock-hospital in London, and an old-hospital at Kingsland near London, called " Le Lokes." The derivation is from the obsolete French word Loques, signifying rags. The brethren of the order of St. Lazarus, had lands at Nether-Lockhay or Locko, in 1296, which had belonged to Robert le Wyne. Other lands at Locko belonged then to the families of Frecheville and Poer, all held under Edmund Earl of Lancaster. (fn. 28) King Edward III., in 1347, granted an annuity which had been paid by the preceptory at Locko to a superior house of the same order in France, (which annuity had been taken into the King's hands during the war) to the master and scholars of King's-hall in Cambridge towards the expence of building their house, so long as the war should continue. (fn. 29) In 1544 the manor of Locko was granted to John Dudley, as having belonged to the hospital of St. Lazarus, at Burton. There was nevertheless, long before the Reformation, a lay manor at Locko. Sir Robert Grene died seised of the manor of Locko in 1388, Alice daughter of Sir Godfrey Foljambe, (afterwards wife of Sir Robert Plumpton,) being his heir. (fn. 30) We find the manor of Nether-Locko, belonging to the family of Birde or Bride in the reign of Henry IV. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, William Bird, Esq., sold this manor to William Gilbert, Esq., then of Barrow, who had married his father's widow, the daughter of William Coke, Esq., of Trusley. The Gilbert family in consequence removed hither, and resided at Locko park for several generations. Henry Gilbert, Esq., built a chapel adjoining to his house at Locko, in 1673, for the use of his family and neighbours, which is still used as a domestic chapel, and has lately been put in repair. His son sold Locko as before-mentioned, and it is now the seat of William Drury Lowe, Esq. Part of the present mansion is said to have been built by Mr. Feme during his possession of the estate. A younger branch of the Birds had a messuage and lands at Over or Upper-Locko, which continued in that family after Nether-Locko had been sold to the Gilberts. Thomas Bird was of Upper-Locko in 1611; some years before it had been in the Fielding family. (fn. 31) Thomas Bird had four sisters, who were his coheiresses. In 1560, Over-Locko belonged to the Boothby family. This estate appears to have belonged afterwards to the Walkers, whose heiress brought it to John Harpur, Esq., of Little-Over. It is now the property of Mr. Drury Lowe. The parochial chapel of Chaddesden is a mile and a half from Spondon and two miles from Derby. Sir William Plumpton, who died in 1480, was seised of the manor of Chaddesden by inheritance from Sir Robert Grene before-mentioned. From one of the coheiresses of Sir William Plumpton, this manor descended to the family of Clifford, and was sold by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland to Francis Curzon. In the year 1593, Robert Newton, Esq., died seised of the manor of Chaddesden, which he had acquired of Francis Curzon, Esq., of Keddleston, leaving Thomas his son and heir. This manor has been long united to that of Locko. The principal landed property belongs to Sir Robert Wilmot, Bart., whose ancestors have had their seat here for several generations. Edward Wilmot, M. D., of Chaddesden, physician to King George II., and during a great part of his reign, to his present Majesty, was created a Baronet in 1759, and was grandfather of Sir Robert Wilmot the present Baronet. In the chapel of Chaddesden is a cenotaph in memory of Sir Edward Wilmot above-mentioned, who died in his 94th year, at Herringstone in Dorsetshire, and was buried at Monkton in that county: he married a daughter of the celebrated Sir Robert Mead, M. D. There is a memorial also for Sir Robert Mead Wilmot, Bart., (father of the present Baronet,) who died in 1793. The chapel of Chaddesden is annexed to the vicarage of In the reign of Edward III. a chantry was founded in the chapel of Chaddesden, for a warden and two chaplains, by Henry de Chaddesden, Archdeacon of Leicester, to the intent that divine service might be daily performed there: certain lands were conveyed as the endowment of this chantry by his executors, Sir Nicholas and Geffry de Chaddesden in 1362. (fn. 32) Besides the original endowment, sixty acres of land were given to the chanters at the altar of the Virgin Mary at Chaddesden, in 1380. (fn. 33) Robert Newton, Esq., before mentioned, died seised of the chantry in Chaddesden It appears by the register of burials, that Thomas Harris, aged 107 years, was buried February 29, 1659: there is no mention in the register of John Pick, a pensioner of the Gilbert family, who is said to have died in May 1666, at the age of 105. (fn. 34) The school at Chaddesden was founded, in 1705, by Robert Walker, who gave a piece of land, now let at 1l. 4s. per annum, for the education of three children. Robert Wilmot, Esq., in 1737, gave a house and garden to the master. It has no other endowment. Adjoining the school is an alms-house, founded, in 1634, by Robert Wilmot, Esq., for six poor persons, who receive 2s. a week each, charged on the tithes of Denby; and 13s. 8d. each at Christmas for coals. Sir Robert Wilmot is sole trustee, and appoints the pensioners. John Berrysford of Newington-Butts, in 1813, gave 600l. 3 per cents, now, after deducting the legacy tax, &c., 540l. the interest of which is to be given to the poorest orphans and widows of the parish of Chaddesden. The parochial chapelry of Stanley, lies about three miles and a half from Spondon and four and a half from Derby. William Fitz-Ralph, Seneschal of Normandy, having purchased the manor of Stanley from Nicholas Child, gave it to the Premonstratension canons, who had been by him removed to the present site of Dale-Abbey, (then within Stanley park.) It is probable that the manor was granted after the Reformation to the Powtrells, who were possessed of it in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and in 1624. In 1697, Joseph Vicars, Gent., sold a moiety of this manor to Paul Balidon, Esq., from whom it passed by marriage to the Cokes of Trusley. The manor after-wards belonged to the Rev. Dr. Chambers, and is now the property of Sir Hugh Bateman, Bart. In the chapel is the tomb of Sir John Bentley, Knt., of Breadsall Priory, who died in 1622. The chapel of Stanley is annexed to the vicarage of Stanley has a right of sending eight children to the free-school at West-Hallam. STANTON-BY-BRIDGE, in the hundred of Repton and Gresley, and in the deanery of Repington, lies on the banks of the Trent, about six miles from Derby, which is the post-town, eight from Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and nine from Burton. It is near the ancient bridge, commonly called Swarkston-bridge, though by far the greater part of it is in this parish. A moiety of the manor which had belonged to the monastery of Burton was in the Francis family in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and is now the property of their descendant, Sir Francis Burdett, Bart. The other moiety belongs to Sir Henry Crewe, Bart, probably by descent from the In the parish church is the monument of Katherine, wife of William Francis, Esq., who died in 1530. Bassano's volume of Church Notes, describes the tomb of William Sacheverell, Esq., 1558, and Mary his wife, heiress of Clement Lowe, of Derby. Among these notes is the copy of an inscription on the chancel wall, which states, that "having been, through fanatical profaneness, inhabited by owls and spiders, it was rebuilt for the use of Christians, by Augustine Jackson, rector, in 1682;" it reminded the parishioners also of the obligation they were under by the canons of receiving the communion thrice in the year, and that any minister who should willingly administer the sacrament to any but such as should kneel, was liable to suspension. Sir Henry Crewe, Baronet, is patron of the rectory. STANTON-BY-DALE, in the hundred of Morleston and Litchurch, and in the deanery of Repington, lies about nine miles nearly east from Derby, on the borders of Nottinghamshire. The manor of Stanton-by-Dale, otherwise Davers, belonged in the fifteenth century to the family of Mackerell. (fn. 35) It was afterwards in the Babingtons, from whom it passed by sale in the reign of Queen Elizabeth to Michael Willoughby, Esq. Earl Stanhope is the present proprietor. In the parish church are memorials for Edward Holt who died in 1606, aged 100; Katherine, daughter of Humphry Wolferston, and wife of Ralph Thicknesse, Esq., 1662; Matthew Pilkington, L.L.B., Prebendary of Lichfield, 1785, and others of his family. The church of Stanton belonged to Dale-Abbey, to which monastery three bovates of land in Stanton had been given by Geffrey and Ralph de Salicosamare. (fn. 36) Sir Henry Willoughby, Bart., gave the tithes of hay to the minister, reserving a rent of 5s. yearly to himself and his heirs. The patronage of the benefice, which is a perpetual curacy, is vested in four trustees appointed by Earl Stanhope, who nominate a minister for his Lordship's Alms-houses for four persons were built at Stanton in 1711, by Mrs. Winefred Middlemore, pursuant to the will of her husband, Joseph Middlemore. At the same time she gave up her life-interest in the Jands with which he had endowed them after her decease. Two other houses were built in 1735 by Mr. George Gregory, executor of Mrs. Middlemore. The present value of the lands belonging to these alms-houses, being situated at Fulwood in the county of Nottingham, and at Allington in the county of Lincoln, is 100l. per annum. George de Lign Gregory, Esq., of Hungerton-house, in Lincolnshire, is the sole trustee. STAPENHILL, in the hundred of Repton and Gresley, and in the deanery of Repington, lies on the banks of the Trent, and is by the road about a mile, across the bridge, from Burton, which is nearly opposite. The parish comprises the chapelry of Caldwell, and the townships of Stanton and Newhall. The parish of Burton extends on the Derbyshire side of the river, and is much intermixed with Stapenhill, both in the village and else-where. The manor of Stapenhill was given to the monastery of Burton by Briteric, the second abbot; and that of Caldwell soon afterwards by William Rufus. (fn. 37) King Henry VIII. gave these manors, with others, to the collegiate church which he founded on the site of the dissolved monastery; which college being soon afterwards dissolved, the manors of Stapenhill and Caldwell were granted, in 1545, to Sir William Paget; and that of Stapenhill now belongs to his descendant, the Marquis of Anglesea. In the parish church are the monuments of William Dethick, Esq., who died in 1490; Susanna, daughter of William Inge, Esq., by Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Gresley, Bart., 1720; John Sellick, Esq., 1724, &c. &c. The church of Stapenhill was appropriated to the monastery of Burton, to which it had been given, with the manor, by Abbot Briteric. The Marquis of Anglesea is impropriator and patron of the vicarage. The Reverend John Hieron, an eminent non-conformist divine and critic, who made collections towards a History of Derbyshire, was born at Stapenhill in 1608. The chapelry of Caldwell lies nearly four miles from Stapenhill. The manor of Caldwell was sold by William Lord Paget, in 1565, to Peter Collingwood, Esq.; from whose family it passed, by successive marriages, to those of Sanders and Mortimer. It was the property of Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, secretary to the Royal Society, whose son, Hans Winthorpe Mortimer, Esq., sold it to Henry Evans, Esq., of Burton-on-Trent, to whose widow it now belongs. King Edward II., with his army, attended by the Earls of Surrey, Richmond, Pembroke, and others, halted at Caldwell, when in pursuit of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, who was then with his adherents at Burton-on-Trent. This was not long before the battle of Borough-bridge, in 1322. (fn. 38) In the chapel at Caldwell are some monuments of the family of Sanders. (fn. 39) There was formerly a Presbyterian meeting at Caldwell, of which the celebrated Dr. Ebenezer Latham was minister. There is now a meeting-house of the General Baptists at this place. The manors of Newhall, Stanton-Ward, and Heathcote-Ward, belonged in the reign of Edward I. to the family of Ward, whose heiress brought them to the Meynells. Two of the coheiresses of Meynell married into the Dethick family. The heiress of Dethick, of Newhall, brought these manors to the family of Reddish, one of whose coheiresses married Sir Robert Darcy. The coheiresses of Darcy brought this estate to Sir Erasmus Philipps, Bart. Sir William Rokesby, —— Barnes, and —— Milward. The Earl of Chesterfield purchased the shares of the two former, and the remainder having passed into the Stanhope family, the whole was sold in parcels by the late Earl Stanhope, and his son, then Lord Mahon. There was formerly a chapel at Newhall, which was given by William the Conqueror to Burton Abbey. (fn. 40) STAVELY, in the hundred of Scarsdale and deanery of Chesterfield, lies about four miles and a quarter from Chesterfield. The parish comprises the villages of Middle, Nether, and West-Handley; Netherthorpe, Woodthorpe, and Stavely-fbrge; and the chapelry of Barlow. The manor of Stavely belonged, when the Survey of Domesday was taken, to Ascoit Musard, ancestor of the ancient baronial family who gave name to Musarden, now Miserden, in Gloucestershire. Two of the sisters and coheirs of Nicholas, Baron Musard, brought their shares of Stavely, in the reign of Edward II., to Cromwell and Frecheville. Sir John de Ireland, in 1315, conveyed a third of the manor and church of Stavely to Ralph Frecheville (fn. 41) : probably he was a trustee of Margaret, the third sister, who died unmarried. Cromwell's share (a third of the manor) passed to the Clifford family soon after the year 1400. (fn. 42) On the attainder of John Lord Clifford, it was forfeited to the crown, and was granted by King Edward IV. to Sir John Pilkington, who died seised of it in 1479. (fn. 43) It seems to have escheated again to the crown, and to have been granted by King Henry VIII., in 1544, to Francis Leake, who the next year conveyed it to Sir Peter Frecheville, already possessed of two-thirds by inheritance. In the year 1552, Henry Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, quitted claim to the third which had been in his family. Stavely was for many generations the chief seat of the Frecheville family. Ralph de Frecheville was summoned to Parliament in the reign of Edward I, Sir Peter Frecheville was knighted for his services at the battle of Musselborough. Sir John Frecheville, who was a most active royalist, garrisoned his house at Stavely in the civil war; he distinguished himself on various occasions, particularly in a skirmish with Captain Revel's and two other troops, which he drove for shelter into Mr. Eyre's house at Hassop, and having procured some reinforcements, took them all prisoners. In the month of August, 1644, Stavely-house was taken by Major-General Crawford, and a party of the Earl of Manchester's army, by capitulation: it is said to have been strongly garrisoned; 12 pieces of ordnance, 230 muskets, and 150 pikes, were taken in the house. (fn. 44) After the restoration, Sir John Frecheville was (in 1664) for his good services created a peer, by the title of Lord Frecheville, of Stavely. In 1681, a year before his death, he sold the manor and estate at Stavely to the first Duke of Devonshire, from whom it has descended to the present Duke. There was formerly a park at Stavely. The barony of Stavely was held by the service of finding two soldiers for the King's army The principal monuments in the parish church are, a marble sarcophagus in memory of John Lord Frecheville, the last of that ancient family, who died in 1682, aged 76 (fn. 45) ; a handsome monument, with her effigies in white marble, in a recumbent posture, with a new-born infant in her arms, for Christian, daughter of John Frecheville, Esq., (afterwards Lord Frecheville) and wife of Charles Lord St. John of Basing; she died in childbed of her first child (a son), who survived her only seven days, 1653. There are mural monuments, or tablets, for Bruce, wife of John Frecheville, Esq., and daughter of Francis Nicolls, Esq., of Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, 1629; Sir Peter Frecheville (fn. 46) , Knt., 1634; John Bullock, Gent., 1691; the Rev. John Gisborne, rector of Stavely and prebendary of Durham, 1759, and Lieutenant-General John Gisborne, his son, a member of the Irish House of Commons, and governor of Charlemont, ob. 1778. Bassano's volume of Church Notes describes several monuments of the Frechevilles: that of Piers Frecheville sometime one of the Esquires of the body to King Henry VII., who died in 1503; and Maud (Wortley) his wife; John Frecheville, Esq., (son of Piers,) 1509, and others uninscribed. The east window of the chancel was fitted up with painted glass by Lord Frecheville in 1676, with the arms and quarterings of Frecheville, &c. This window is said by Bassano to have cost 40l. Ascoit, or Asculf Musard gave a moiety of the church of Stavely to the Hospitallers. (fn. 47) The patronage of the rectory has been long attached to the manor. There was formerly a chantry chapel of St. John in this parish, founded by one of the Frecheville family for the use of the manor: the revenues of this chantry were estimated in the reign of Edward VI., at 2l. 13s. 4d. per annum. The site of the chapel is not known, but an orchard belonging to the hall still goes by the name of the chapel orchard. In the year 1572, Margaret, wife of Peter Frecheville, Esq., founded a charity-school at Netherthorpe, and endowed it with 81. per annum. Francis Rodes, one of the Justices of the King's Bench in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, gave 81. per annum to this school, and 81. per annum for poor scholarships. (fn. 48) Francis Sitwell, Esq., in 1599, gave 61. per annum to the school; in 1734, Lady Cavendish gave the sum of 100l; in 1742, Lord James Cavendish a rent-charge of 6l. per annum; and in 1749, Mrs. Anne Jacson the sum of 100l. The present income of the school at Netherthorpe is 30l. per annum. The school-house was rebuilt in the year 1698. The remainder of the income, arising from benefactions is given to school-mistresses for teaching poor children at Stavely, Handley (fn. 49) , and Woodthorpe. Woodthorpe-hall, about a mile from Stavely, was the ancient seat of the Bodes family before they removed to Barlborough; they acquired it in marriage with the heiress of Cachehors before the year 1290. It was purchased of Sir John Rodes, in or about the year 1599, by the Countess of Shrewsbury, and passed afterwards to the Earl of Newcastle, from whom it has descended to his Grace the Duke of Portland. The ancient seat of the Rodes family was in part pulled down (fn. 50) , and most of the materials used for the building at Bolsover. Judge Rodes, who began Barlborough-hall, died at Woodthorpe; his son, Sir John, removed to Barlborough. Sir Peter Frecheville, in 1632, founded an hospital with a chapel at Woodthorpe, for five aged men and four women, to each of whom he gave 4l. per annum. In 1777, Mr. Richard Robinson, school-master, gave 18l. per annum to this hospital; and Dr. Thomas Gisborne, who died in 1806, the same sum annually. The hospital and chapel were repaired in 1678. The best reader among the old men officiates as chaplain. The Duke of Devonshire is patron. The manor of Handley belonged to the family of Rodes, having been purchased by Francis Rodes, Esq., in or about 1577. (fn. 51) Handley is now the property of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, and the manor has long merged in that of Stavely. The parochial chapel of Barlow, an appendage of Stavely, lies about six miles and a half from Stavely, (from which parish it is detached by the intervention of the parish of Whittington,) and between three and four miles from Chesterfield. The manor of Barlow was held with Stavely by the Musards. It was afterwards in the ancient family of Abitot; a branch of which, on settling at Barlow, is supposed to have taken their name from that place. This family of Barlow, or Barley, possessed it for several generations. James Barlow, Esq., sold it in 1593 to George, Earl of Shrewsbury. The Earl of Newcastle purchased it of the Shrewsbury family, in the reign of James or Charles I. Having passed by descent to his Grace the Duke of Portland, it was, in 1813, exchanged with the Duke of Rutland for the manor of Whitwell. In the chapel is the tomb of Robert Barley, Esq., 1464: there were other memorials of this ancient family, but the dates, and the greater part of the inscriptions, are either obliterated or concealed. The chapel was augmented with Queen Anne's Bounty in 1725, when Edward Earl of Oxford gave a rent-charge of 10l. per annum. The rector of Stavely appoints the minister. In 1752, Susanna Stevenson gave the sum of 40l. (since laid out in land,) for teaching five boys of this chapelry. We are informed that the present endowment of the school consists of the moiety of a piece of land which lets for 6l. per annum, a dwelling-house adjoining the school, with half an acre of land, and seven guineas per annum given by the Duke of Rutland. STRETTON-IN-THE-FIELDS, in the hundred of Repton and Gresley, and in the deanery of Repington, lies on the borders of Leicestershire (in which county part of the parish is situated,) five miles from Ashby-de-la-Zoucb, and about eight from Burton-on-Trent. The manor belonged to Ferrars, Earl of Derby, under whom it was held by a family, who took their name from the place of their abode, during the greater part of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. In 1465, Nicholas Finderne, who married one of the coheiresses of Stretton, was in possession of it, in consequence of an arbitration, after a long law-suit, in which one of the heirs male of the Stretton family was a party. (fn. 52) It was sold by him to Walter Blount, Lord Mountjoy, who died seised of it in 1474, (fn. 53) Charles Browne, Esq., who was possessed of this manor as early as the year 1600, rebuilt the manor-house; William Browne, Esq., the last heir male of this family, died in 1744; his coheiresses married Cave and Chambers. John Cave, Esq., who possessed this estate by inheritance from his maternal grandfather, took the name of Browne. On the death of the late Reverend Sir Charles Cave, Bart., in 1806, William Cave Browne, Esq., succeeded to the title by virtue of his descent from Sir Roger Cave, Bart., who died in 1703. Stretton is now the property, and the hall the seat, of Sir William Cave Browne, Bart. In the parish church are some ancient tombs of ecclesiastics, uninscribed; Walter Savage, rector, 1518; George Gretton, M.A., 1750, æt. 92, 44 years rector of Stretton, and 64 years vicar of Marston-on-Dove. There are several memorials for the family of Browne: John Browne, Esq., 1669, who married Magdalen, daughter of Anthony, Earl of Kent;) Thomas Browne, Esq., 1703, &c. Sir William Cave Browne, Bart., is patron of SUDBURY in the hundred of Appletree, and in the deanery of Castillar, lies thirteen miles from Derby, nine and a half from Ashborne, about five from Tutbury, and about twelve from Burton-upon-Trent, which is the post-town. The parish comprises the villages of Aston and Hill-Somersall. The manor of Sudbury belonged, when the Survey of Domesday was taken, to Henry de Ferrars, who had a park there. It was held at an early period with Aston, under the Ferrars family, by the ancient family of Montgomery. (fn. 54) In the reign of Henry VIII., a coheiress of Sir John Montgomery brought these manors to Sir John, son of Sir Henry Vernon, of Haddon-hall. John Vernon, grandson of Sir John, dying without issue, this branch of the family became extinct, and the manors of Sudbury and Aston, with other estates, passed under his will to his widow, Mary, daughter of Sir Edward Littleton, with remainder successively to her sons by her first husband, Walter Vernon, of Houndshill, descended from one of the elder brothers of Sir John Vernon, who married the coheiress of Montgomery. From Sir Edward Vernon, the elder of these sons, Sudbury and Aston passed to his immediate descendant, George Venables Vernon, who in 1762 was created Lord Vernon. It is now the property of the Right Honourable Henry Venables, Lord Vernon, who succeeded his late brother, in title and estates in the year 1813. The Montgomery family had a park at Sudbury in 1330. (fn. 55) Sudbury-hall, the seat of Lord Vernon, was built by Mrs. Mary Vernon above-mentioned, who died in 1622. In the parish church are some ancient monuments of the Montgomery family (fn. 56) , and several of the family of Vernon. (fn. 57) In the south aisle is the monument of the Reverend Dr. Addenbroke, Dean of Lichfield, 1776. Lord Vernon is patron of the rectory. Hill-Somersall, in this parish, is the property of the Right Honourable SUTTON-IN-THE-DALE, in the hundred of Scarsdale and deanery of Chesterfield, lies about four miles from Chesterfield. The manor was given by Wulfric Spott, in the reign of King Ethelred, to Burton-Abbey. (fn. 58) When the Survey of Domesday was taken, it belonged to Roger de Poictou. In the year 1255, it was granted to Peter de Hareston. (fn. 59) The heiress of Robert de Hareston brought it to Richard de Grey, of Sandiacre. A coheiress of Grey, alias Hilary (fn. 60) , brought it to the Leakes in the reign of Henry IV., and it became the chief seat of that family. Francis Leake, of Sutton, was created a Baronet in 1611, and Lord Deincourt of Sutton in 1624. In 1643, (the beginning of April,) Lord Deincourt began to fortify his house at Sutton. Sir John Gell sent his brother, Colonel Thomas Gell, with 500 men and three pieces of ordnance, to besiege it. Lord Deincourt was summoned, but refused to surrender, and for some time obstinately defended himself. The house was taken, and Lord Deincourt and his men made prisoners: the works were demolished, and Lord Deincourt set at liberty, on giving his word that he would repair to Derby within eight days, and submit himself to the Parliament. Sir John Gell observes, that the forfeiture of his word, on this occasion, was revenged by the garrison at Bolsover, who some time afterwards, when that castle was in the hands of the Parliament, plundered Lord Deincourt's house at Sutton. (fn. 61) In 1645, Lord Deincourt was created Earl of Scarsdale. Having rendered himself very obnoxious to the Parliament, by his exertions in the royal cause, during the civil war, his estates were sequestered; and as he refused to compound, they were sold. His son procured some friends to be the purchasers, he paying the sum of 18,000l., fixed by the Parliamentary commissioners as the composition. The title became extinct by the death of Nicholas, the fourth Earl, in 1736. After this event, the large estates belonging to this family were sold for the payment of debts. (fn. 62) After an intermediate sale, Sutton was purchased by Godfrey Clarke, Esq., who was in possession in 1740. The sister and heir of Godfrey Bagnall Clarke, Esq., who died in 1786, married Job Hart Price, Esq., who took the name of Clarke, and left a daughter and heir, now Marchioness of Ormond, the present possessor of this estate. Sutton-hall, which stands on an elevated spot near the church, was built by the last Earl of Scarsdale. It is now the occasional residence of the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormond. Owlcote or Oldcotes in this parish, was one of the mansions built by Elizabeth Countess of Shrewsbury. This estate passed with the Countess's daughter, Frances, to Sir Henry Pierrepont, and is now the property of his descendant Earl Manvers. There are no remains of the Countess of Shrewsbury's mansion, which was taken down, probably, after the death of Mr. Francis Pierrepont, mentioned below. In the parish church is a memorial for John Foljambe, son and heir apparent of Godfrey Foljambe, 1499; the monument, with his bust, of Francis Pierrepont, Esq., second son of the Honourable George Pierrepont, sixth son of the Earl of Kingston, 1707, and that of Thomas Freeman, Gent., 1684. In the windows of the church are some remains of painted glass, put up by John Leake, Esq., who died in 1505. The rectory of Sutton was consolidated with the vicarage of Duckmanton, (the church of which has long ago been taken down,) about the year 1558. The Marchioness of Ormond is patroness. SUTTON-ON-THE-HILL, in the hundred of Appletree and in the deanery of Castillar, lies about eight miles from Derby. The parish comprises the townships of Osleston and Nether-Thurvaston, and the villages of Ash and The manor of Sutton was given by Wulfric Spott, in the reign of King Ethelred, to Burton-Abbey. (fn. 63) When the Survey of Domesday was taken, it belonged to Henry de Ferrars. In the twelfth century it was in the family of Boscherville; in the fourteenth century it was held under the honor of Tutbury by the Beresfords. (fn. 64) Francis Bonnington, Esq., died seised of the manor of Sutton in 1585. It was afterwards in the Vernons. In 1676, Mr. James Chetham, great nephew of Mr. Humphrey Chetham, the munificent founder of the Blue-coat Hospital and library at Manchester, bought it of George Vernon, Esq., as part of the estates directed to be purchased for that endowment by the founder's will. (fn. 65) In the parish church are memorials of Judith, wife of Samuel Sleigh, Esq., (daughter of Edward Boys, of Betshanger, Kent,) 1634; Sir Samuel Sleigh, Knt., 1679; and others of the family. (fn. 66) Bassano's volume of Church Notes mentions the tomb of Margaret Lady Sleigh, daughter of Sir Richard Drury; Gervase Sleigh, of Radborne, (no dates,) and several of the family of Rowe (fn. 67) of Windley-hill, in this parish. The church of Sutton belonged to the prior and convent of Trentham in Staffordshire, to whom it was given, between the years 1162 and 1181, by Ralph de Boscherville. (fn. 68) William Cotton, Esq., is now impropriator and patron of the vicarage. There is a charity-school at Sutton, endowed by Mrs. Anne Jacson, in 1726, with 4l. per annum. The manor of Ash (Eisse) was held when the Survey of Domesday was taken by one Robert, under Henry de Ferrars. Robert, son of Sarle, possessed it in the reign of Henry II. (fn. 69) Ralph de Rochford held it under the Earl of Lancaster, at the time of the Earl's death in 1296. (fn. 70) In the reign of Richard II., it appears to have been in the Mackworth family. (fn. 71) In that of Henry VII., it appears that the Beaumonts were succeeded by the Fitzherberts. (fn. 72) At a later period Ash was the property and seat of the family of Sleigh. The elder daughter and coheir of Sir Samuel Sleigh, who died in 1679, brought it to James Chetham, Esq. in consequence of the death of his sons, without issue, it passed to the family of Cotton of Bellaport in Shropshire, into which the other coheiresses married, and is now the property of William Cotton, Esq., of Etwall. John, who is supposed to have been ancestor of the Montgomery family, gave half the tithes of his demesne of Osleston and Nether-Thurvaston, to Tutbury priory. These manors passed from the Montgomery family to the Vernons, and are now the. property of Lord Vernon. The Rowes had a house and estate at Osleston, which passed by marriage to Mr. Newell, Chancellor of Lincoln. This estate has been since sold in lots. SWARKSTON, in the hundred of Repton and Gresley and in the deanery of Repington, lies on the north bank of the Trent, adjoining the bridge to which it gives name, on the road from Ashby-de-la-Zouch to Derby; five miles from the latter, which is the post-town, nine from the former, and ten The Survey of Domesday describes a manor of Sorchestun which belonged to Henry de Ferrars, and Suerchestune which was in the crown. (fn. 73) The manor of Swarkston was granted to Robert de Holand in 1307. (fn. 74) Joan, then late the wife of John de Beke, died seised of it in 1322, leaving John her son and heir. (fn. 75) John Roleston, Esq., died seised of the manor in 1482. (fn. 76) Richard Harpur, Esq., one of the Justices of the Common-Pleas, who appears to have purchased this estate, died in 1576. It is now the property of his descendant Sir Henry Crewe, Bart., who has a small villa here on the banks of the Trent, built about the year 1808, on the site of an old mansion formerly the residence of the Harpur family, In the parish church are the monuments of John Roleston, Esq., 1482; Sir Richard Harpur, one of the Justices of the Common-Pleas, and his wife. Jane, heiress of Finderne (no date); Sir John Harpurlinson, 1622; and his wife Isabella, daughter of Sir George Pierrepont; and that of Frances daughter of William Lord Willoughby, of Parham, married, first, to Sir John Harpur, Bart., secondly, to Henry Kirkhoven, Earl of Bellamont, and thirdly, to Henry Heveningham, Esq., ob. 1714, Sir Henry Crewe, Bart., is patron of the rectory. The bridge over the Trent, commonly called Swarkston-bridge, lies for the most part (fn. 77) in the parish of Stanton. This bridge, which is constructed so as to secure a passage over the low grounds, usually flooded in the winter, was originally not more than eleven or twelve feet in width, and the old parts, chiefly over the arches, still continue of that width; but it has been widened, wherever there has been occasion to rebuild or repair, so that carriages can now pass each other at very small intervals. The span of the bridge over the river (fn. 78) is only 138 yards, but the whole length is little less than three quarters of a mile (1304 yards.) It appears by an inquisition taken in 1503, that there was an ancient chantry chapel on Swarkstonbridge, endowed with some meadow land, lying between Swarkston-bridge and Ingleby. (fn. 79) About the latter end of the year 1642 or the commencement of 1643, Colonel Hastings fortified Sir John Harpur's house at Swarkston, and threw up some works at the bridge, to secure the passage of the Trent. Sir John Gell having intelligence of these proceedings, marched to Swarkston with Sir George Gresley's troops and two sacres. The house was abandoned on his approach, the garrison at the bridge made a considerable defence, but were at length driven from their works with loss. (fn. 80) The battle of Swarkston-bridge is spoken of in the parish register of All Saints in Derby, as having taken place on the 5th of January 1643.	<urn:uuid:df101999-0188-47f5-920f-6102b959b18c>	2013-05-18T17:18:46Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.036376953125, 0.00628662109375, -0.0302734375, -0.00347900390625, 0.10400390625, -0.05859375, -0.0262451171875, 0.0537109375, -0.0169677734375, -0.04833984375, 0.10595703125, 0.0289306640625, 0.03173828125, -0.038818359375, 0.0380859375, -0.0087280...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965211	16,838	http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50735	0.539915
Computer Systems Engineering & Sciences Department Mission The mission of CSE&S Department is - Seeks to provide its graduates with an education which will enhance their knowledge, elevate their intellectual level, equip them with job oriented skills, and make them with aware of their responsibilities as good citizens. - To place the students on the horizon of broad spectrum to evaluate, appreciate and improve the system. Computer System Engineering focuses on the design, analysis and application of computers and on their applications as components of systems. The BUETK Department of CSE&S sustains and strengthens its teaching and research program to provide students with inspiration and quality education in the theory and practice of computer System engineering. The graduate computer system engineer will be professionally qualified in a number of technical specialties that include computer architecture, interface design, communications and networking, and software engineering. In professional life, the computer system engineer considers carefully the role of the engineer in dealing with a broad spectrum of commercial, legal, and ethical issues.	<urn:uuid:fe014d12-52d2-41fa-b217-5f923f27c99f>	2013-05-18T17:36:54Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.07740825414657593, 0.019065367057919502, 0.009747706353664398, -0.008099197410047054, 0.07396788895130157, -0.046158257871866226, 0.006988245528191328, 0.07196100801229477, 0.004622993059456348, -0.0288130734115839, 0.0888761430978775, 0.018491972237825394, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95818	201	http://buetk.edu.pk/cses/mission.html	0.169849
Douglass Jacobs, an associate professor of forestry and natural resources, found that American chestnuts grow much faster and larger than other hardwood species, allowing them to sequester more carbon than other trees over the same period. And since American chestnut trees are more often used for high-quality hardwood products such as furniture, they hold the carbon longer than wood used for paper or other low-grade materials. "Maintaining or increasing forest cover has been identified as an important way to slow climate change," said Jacobs, whose paper was published in the June issue of the journal Forest Ecology and Management. "The American chestnut is an incredibly fast-growing tree. Generally the faster a tree grows, the more carbon it is able to sequester. And when these trees are harvested and processed, the carbon can be stored in the hardwood products for decades, maybe longer." At the beginning of the last century, the chestnut blight, caused by a fungus, rapidly spread throughout the American chestnut's natural range, which extended from southern New England and New York southwest to Alabama. About 50 years ago, the species was nearly gone. New efforts to hybridize remaining American chestnuts with blight-resistant Chinese chestnuts have resulted in a species that is about 94 percent American chestnut with the protection found in the Chinese species. Jacobs said those new trees could be ready to plant in the next decade, either in existing forests or former agricultural fields that are being returned to forested land. "We're really quite close to having a blight-resistant hybrid that can be reintroduced into eastern forests," Jacobs said. "But because American chestnut has been absent from our forests for so long now, we really don't know much about the species at all."… Douglass Jacobs examines a young hybrid of the American chestnut. He expects the trees could be reintroduced in the next decade. (Purdue University file photo/Nicole Jacobs)	<urn:uuid:ade2c38d-a45b-4987-9c84-8d2fc184da53>	2013-05-18T18:06:18Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.047040168195962906, 0.004955073818564415, -0.021273784339427948, 0.017573995515704155, 0.10095137357711792, -0.10200845450162888, 0.027880549430847168, 0.08615221828222275, -0.023916490375995636, -0.07029598206281662, 0.06765327602624893, 0.01261892169713974, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968707	396	http://carbon-based-ghg.blogspot.com/2009/06/reviving-american-chestnuts-may.html	0.246209
int WidthInInches(int feet); // Initialize variables by calling functions. int feet = WidthInFeet(); int wd = WidthInInches(feet); // Display results. std::cout << "Width in inches = " << wd; std::cout << "Enter width in feet: "; std::cin >> feet; int WidthInInches(int feet) return feet * 12; I'm a new to C++ and I understand that it reads up to down. However, I don't understand how the last part could return a number and then that number is returned to the out line in the main function. Can someone please explain this?	<urn:uuid:a1a9e390-3568-45d2-be7e-695120f07aa9>	2013-05-18T17:59:45Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0463169626891613, 0.0065104165114462376, 0.0009300595265813172, -0.007952009327709675, 0.01018415205180645, -0.0680803582072258, 0.0135788694024086, 0.0814732164144516, -0.011904762126505375, -0.0293898805975914, 0.1183035746216774, 0.032738097012043, -0.0359...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.827274	150	http://cboard.cprogramming.com/cplusplus-programming/54686-q-sample-program.html	0.89589
Two-bit gulch Mentioned. Great Divide v.6 p.94 New camp near Twin Lakes. Description. Times Mar. 25, 1900 p.3 c.4 Story of name. Ibid. Wild gold rush after reports of rich veins. Times Mar. 20, 1900 p.1 c.7 Times Mar. 21, 1900 p.3 c.l Times Mar. 22, 1900 p.12 c.l Times Mar. 24, 1900 p.4 c.5 Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.	<urn:uuid:e5850b76-6955-4bda-8c89-726b2722b862>	2013-05-18T17:56:47Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.013171487487852573, 0.054493799805641174, 0.0078125, 0.005294421687722206, 0.041064050048589706, -0.0070054237730801105, 0.015366735868155956, 0.08677686005830765, -0.017949379980564117, -0.05914256349205971, 0.13533057272434235, 0.02608470991253853, -0.04028...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.835434	114	http://cdm15330.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15330coll27/id/656136/rec/35	0.203104
The grade of Member is limited to those who have demonstrated professional competence in IEEE-designated fields. For admission or transfer to the grade of Member, a candidate shall be either: An individual engaged in IEEE-designated fields (1) who shall have received a baccalaureate degree or its equivalent in those fields from a program on the Reference List of Educational Programs, or (2) who shall have had at least three years of experience in a position normally requiring the qualification listed under (1), which may be accepted in lieu of the educational requirements at the discretion of the Admission & Advancement Committee. A teacher of a subject in an IEEE-designated field who shall have received a baccalaureate degree or its equivalent in those fields from a program on the Reference List of Educational Programs, or who has had at least three years of professional teaching experience and shall have participated in planning and conducting courses. 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Graduates of the Last Decade (GOLD) In 1996, IEEE instituted efforts to explore how to improve the retention of recently graduated members. Previously, IEEE had developed a graduated dues program to reduce the "sticker shock" caused by the difference between Student and Member dues. Steps needed to be taken to determine and provide services specific to this group. The concept of developing a peer group to determine services evolved named GOLD (Graduates of the Last Decade). The GOLD group is defined as post-student members who are in the first ten years of their professional career. The most important action for GOLD members was to promote the concept at the local level. In 1996 the IEEE RAB GOLD Committee funded seven GOLD pilots in Sections throughout the world. The purpose of these pilots was to start activities at the local level that would help bridge the transition of Student members to Section members, with the ultimate goals of increasing member retention, creating networking forums for recent graduates, and developing programs unique to GOLD group needs. To assist the pilots, a GOLD Program Resources Guide (available from IEEE Regional Activities) was developed and distributed. The purpose of a GOLD committee is not to replace the Section SAC, Student Branch Mentor, or any other Section officer, but rather to compliment the efforts of Section Coordinators interested in encouraging recent graduates to remain members. IEEE REP List REPCOM is a join committee of the Educational and Regional Activities Boards of the IEEE with representation worldwide responsible for maintaining a "REP List". Programs in IEEE-related fields accredited by appropriate professional agencies are included on the REP List. Such programs in the United States (USA) accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) and Computing Sciences Accreditation Board (CSAB) are included on the REP List. In addition, IEEE Sections, particularly those in Regions 7-10, recommend to REPCOM educational programs which are recognized by their national professional and industrial communities as sufficient formal education for professional practice in specified IEEE-related fields -- programs substantially equivalent to what is generally known as bachelor degree programs. The REP List, is used solely within IEEE as an administrative tool to expedite the processing of applications for Member grade (it is not generally available nor is it to be used for other purposes). The IEEE Admission & Advancement Committee is responsible for reviewing applications for membership but authorized IEEE Staff to automatically admit to Member grade applicants who meet application requirements and are graduates of a program on the REP List. IEEE membership is open to professionals with varying levels of academic accomplishment and work experience. Member, Senior Member and Fellow grades are limited to those who have achieved professional competence and recognition, as demonstrated by the college degrees they have received and/or by their work experience. Associate grade is open to certain technical and nontechnical applicants who may benefit by membership and participation in the IEEE and, also, to those individuals progressing through education and work experience toward Member grade. All members - Associate, Member, Senior Member and Fellow pay the same low membership dues and receive the same IEEE membership benefits and services, although Associates may not vote in IEEE elections or hold volunteer offices for which the grade of Member or higher is required. Student member applications are available upon request. Student members have substantially discounted dues and fees far below what other members pay. Unlike other societies, the IEEE membership pays back self already in 3-4 years. To be by the member of most large world professional technical organization is very prestigious. "IEEE - Networking the World" Fostering technological innovation Enabling members' careers Promoting community worldwide	<urn:uuid:b7c9cc7e-5704-41c7-b1af-7296df3b6c9c>	2013-05-18T17:18:14Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.050537109375, 0.024169921875, -0.0021514892578125, -0.0201416015625, 0.0927734375, -0.052001953125, -0.0072021484375, 0.09521484375, -0.040283203125, 0.0181884765625, 0.11279296875, 0.040283203125, -0.09033203125, 0.0255126953125, 0.03857421875, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963403	2,043	http://chapters.comsoc.org/tomsk/en/grades.htm	0.610068
Jose Valverde may still be waiting for an offer from a Major League team for the upcoming season, but in the meantime, he will pitch for the Dominican Republic in next month's World Baseball Classic. \|Bracket \| Full scoreboard\| According to a tweet from the official Dominican team's Twitter account on Tuesday, Valverde will represent his native country for the upcoming tournament. The free-agent closer will join a bullpen that includes Fernando Rodney, Octavio Dotel, Joel Peralta and Santiago Casilla, among others. Dotel could be one of the relievers called upon in Detroit for some save chances this season in Valverde's absence. The 34-year-old Valverde converted 35 saves for the Tigers last season, but posted an unfavorable 3.78 ERA and fell apart in the postseason. The demonstrative closer allowed nine earned runs in just 2 2/3 innings over four combined postseason appearances. Valverde's struggles led to teammate Phil Coke assuming the team's closer role during the American League Championship Series. Despite converting 110 of 118 saves during his three years with the Tigers, including all 49 opportunities in 2011, Detroit elected not to re-sign the three-time All-Star this offseason. For his career, Valverde has 277 saves to go along with a 3.11 ERA over 10 seasons with three teams.	<urn:uuid:50d0a2c7-07aa-4eaf-9936-cfeebe603168>	2013-05-18T17:58:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.027863776311278343, 0.014996130019426346, -0.014318885281682014, -0.012480650097131729, 0.046246130019426346, -0.03599071130156517, 0.012383900582790375, 0.03928018733859062, -0.003700657980516553, -0.06656346470117569, 0.09171826392412186, 0.07314241677522659, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947433	284	http://chicago.cubs.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130219&content_id=41790638&vkey=news_t805&c_id=t805	0.339122
Chapter 5 takes place an estimated 9 years after Nebuchadnezzar’s death and about 36 years after the previous chapter. Belshazzar was Nebuchadnezzar’s grandson who took control of the kingdom as his father was on extended leave fighting the Persians. It appears that Daniel had retired from his high place in government. He would have been pretty old at this point, though he also could have lost his position when Nebuchadnezzar died. The walls of Babylon were 87 feet thick and 100 feet high It was fairly common for the kings to dine with such large numbers of people as you can see in Esther 1. In this case though, the invading armies are right outside the city walls. This would seem to be incredible arrogance similar to his grandfather, but Herodotus tells us that Babylon had two walls surrounding the city with a moat in between. The walls were 87 feet thick and 100 feet high, so conquering Babylon was not something that happened easily. At the end of the chapter we find out that this would be the night it was captured. Herodotus corroborates the Bible and mentions a festival was going on the night the city was conquered. Regardless of the city’s security, it was a bad decision to get drunk in front of your lords with an invading army outside. Even worse to taunt a god by desecrating sacred items collected from a temple. Maybe he was doing this to instill a sense of pride to his lords reminding them of past victories, though Daniel seems be very specific about his lack of sobriety. The handwriting on the wall has always stood out to me as a bizarre miracle by God (bizarre by miracle standards that is). This seems like something you would see in a horror movie. The best interpretation I found of the Aramaic writing said it literally translated to “numbered, numbered, weighed, divided.” Belshazzar was not given a message of repentance but rather a proclamation of impending judgement. It is evident to us that although the king is just informed of his doom, God had been moving the Medes and Persians in place to execute his plan for some time. Extra-biblical writings tell us that the Persians blocked the flow of the Euphrates and walked on the riverbed to an unguarded portion of the wall where they climbed up without opposition. Since so many were gathered at the festival, the Babylonians were defeated with relative ease. Numbered, numbered, weighed, divided Darius the Mede is not found anywhere else in extra-biblical writings and is a serious point of contention for Bible critics. Cyrus was definitely the king of Persia, so Darius could either be a Babylonian nickname or title similar to Caesar or Pharoah. It also could be referring to the local ruler that Cyrus put in charge of that area. There is no evidence to identify Darius the Mede, but there is also no hard evidence contradicting it.	<urn:uuid:ef4017af-49a6-44b3-89ec-059a1f6c3964>	2013-05-18T18:06:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01470947265625, -0.01007080078125, -0.01531982421875, 0.0031890869140625, 0.103515625, -0.054931640625, -0.0142822265625, 0.09619140625, -0.0140380859375, -0.038818359375, 0.03515625, 0.01007080078125, -0.000415802001953125, 0.0279541015625, 0.0380859...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984932	614	http://churchhopping.com/daniel-5	0.312025
1521 Vine Street, 2 people favorited this theater Opened in 1909 as a silent movie house by Henry Levy, who also owned the Liberty Theater in Northside and the Imperial Theater in Mohawk. In 1936 the Empire Theater received an Art Deco style remodeling. The theater was closed in the 1960’s and never reopened. In 2002, LaShawn Pettus-Brown, a pro basketball player in Japan and a Cincinnati native, announced plans to purchase the Empire Theater and give the theater a $900,000 makeover. Pettus-Brown, who is a concert promoter, then run the former movie theater as a venue for comedy, concerts, and other events. However, not long after receiving a $184,000 loan from the City of Cincinnati, Pettus-Brown disappeared, leaving the Empire Theater to decline until the theater’s roof collapsed — ending all chances of a restoration. Wanted by the FBI, the fugitive evaded authorities for several months, but was eventually undone by a prospective date who “Googled” Pettus-Brown and discovered his true identity. Pettus-Brown is now in policy custody and is expected to charged with wire fraud. Not long after the roof collapsed, the Empire Theater was razed in July 2003 and is now a vacant lot. Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater	<urn:uuid:919410b6-199a-4f33-8e2f-e20f934eda45>	2013-05-18T18:06:35Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0033303285017609596, 0.010516826994717121, -0.015024038031697273, -0.007512019015848637, 0.07892628014087677, -0.03806089609861374, 0.00224108574911952, 0.078125, -0.03205128386616707, -0.048277243971824646, 0.07652243226766586, 0.044871795922517776, 0.053685...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952214	284	http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/2069/	0.607055
Promised Valley Playhouse 132 S. State, Salt Lake City, 1 person favorited this theater Originally known as the Orpheum Theatre, it opened on Christmas Day 1905, as Salt Lake’s first full-time vaudeville house and had a seating capacity for 1,160. The theater, an excellent example of Second Empire Revival, was designed by architect Carl M. Neuhausen. A twelve foot statue of Venus tops its central section, while larger-than-life heads guard the front entry. The auditorium and main lobby have been refurbished several times. Except for the stage, little remains of the original building. In 1918, the theater was converted to show movies and was known by several names including the Casino Theater, Wilkes Theater, Roxey Theater, Salt Lake Theater, and Lyric Theater from around 1947. The Lyric Theater had one of the first crying rooms in town, and even employed a registered nurse in its ladies room. In 1953, it was one of the first two theaters in Salt Lake to show widescreen movies with stereo sound. In 1971 it closed as a movie theatre and, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints bought the theatre in 1972 and restored the building for church plays, renaming it the Promised Valley Playhouse. In 1996, the theater closed because of structural problems. In 2000, the Church replaced the playhouse by building a new 911-seat theater as part of its new Conference Center. Salt Lake County paid $50,000 for an architectural study, but voted on July 17 2001 against purchasing or leasing the theater because of the high cost of restoring it. The study concluded that restoration of the Orpheum Theater would cost between $2 million (for a basic seismic upgrade) and $30 million (for a full restoration). Zions Securities, which owned the building, planned to demolish the auditorium and build a 400-car parking tower. It was demolished in 2003, the facade and lobby was preserved and used for office and retail space. Just login to your account and subscribe to this theater	<urn:uuid:3372e284-9f62-4c4e-a999-76782955bb32>	2013-05-18T17:28:21Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.016094420105218887, 0.014820278622210026, -0.012607295997440815, -0.007778970059007406, 0.07993562519550323, -0.04721030220389366, 0.00972371269017458, 0.08798283338546753, -0.05311158671975136, -0.04077253118157387, 0.06759656965732574, 0.04104077070951462, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97256	435	http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/916	0.290783
In the meantime, please enjoy these delightful refreshments. Nothing funnier than the title "Paris I (Heart) You But You're Bringing Me Down." "London is a cities of voices, captured by the great and small..." And Charlie Newton said best when he said, "Hopes and dreams. Some propel you through the fire, some burn you to death."	<urn:uuid:9cf218c6-f45c-425a-8b0b-8ef74a0a9f3e>	2013-05-18T18:05:53Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.013290230184793472, 0.03843390941619873, 0.001537805306725204, 0.015894396230578423, 0.09985632449388504, -0.0517241396009922, -0.007498204242438078, 0.05387930944561958, -0.01885775849223137, -0.03771551698446274, 0.020294539630413055, 0.025502873584628105, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936078	77	http://claywriting.blogspot.com/	0.483137
Climateer Investing readers will be well served if they keep track of the various bills currently in Congress, or alternatively if they check in with CI from time to time (he said modestly). We have entered the political (money) phase of the climate change discourse. So of course I am going to write about wheat. I first became aware of just how much money can be made by paying attention to what the politicians are up to when I re-read the story of Cyrus McCormick and his Reaper twenty years ago. Most of what I knew of the story turned out to be wrong. On Monday evening I dug out my 1961 edition of "Historical Statistics of the United States" for some backround. First off the reaper was probably invented by Cyrus' dad: The great demonstration of 1831 was done just six weeks after Robert McCormick's failed demonstration. Second, McCormick's version was not the first patented. Third, the invention was a commercial failure (at first). There have been many reasons put forth to account for the eventual success of the machine. At a 1931 ceremony marking the centennial of the first test a former governor of Virginia said: Rather jocularly speaking, he was possessed of a combination of qualities which have at all times proved invincible. He was a Virginian, he was a Democrat, and he was a Presbyterian; and so God blessed him with success because he deserved it. Invented in 1831 and patented in 1834, McCormick didn't sell a single machine until 1840. The sales figures for the early years are debatable but these are the best I could put together: External factors played a part: Florida, Texas and Iowa were admitted to the Union in '45, '45 and '46 respectively. Miles of railroad trackage, 2818 miles in 1840 increased to 4633 in 1845 and 9021 in 1850. The nation's asset base grew e.g. life insurance in force went from $4.7mm (face) in 1840 to $97.1mm in 1850. The country was growing pretty fast. On the corporate level, McCormick was a pioneer of installment sales. The company moved to Chicago in 1847. Contrary to what this wonderfully illustrated 12 page history says: It was not until 1847, when he built his own factory in Chicago, that he was able to sell a significant number of machines.the salesmen's order books were filling up prior to the move. This is getting to be a long post. I think I will serialize and show the opportunity created by laws and politics in the next posting. Part II (above)	<urn:uuid:6a233b3e-77e0-453c-ace4-38451e6dea08>	2013-05-18T17:17:35Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0224609375, 0.02001953125, -0.016357421875, -0.006927490234375, 0.056396484375, -0.027099609375, -0.007232666015625, 0.095703125, -0.036376953125, -0.0245361328125, 0.05126953125, 0.0234375, -0.0205078125, 0.005584716796875, 0.042236328125, -0.002...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971435	547	http://climateerinvest.blogspot.com/2007/05/global-warming-politics-laws-and.html	0.204069
An increasing number of people are deciding to dedicate their cash to Apple's iOS rather than traditional gaming handhelds, according to a new study. A joint study performed by research firms IDC and App Annie found that during the first quarter of 2013, total spending on iOS App Store games outpaced that of dedicated handhelds such as Nintendo's 3DS and PlayStation Vita. It was the first time that iOS games outpaced the traditional devices. In the fourth quarter, iOS was slightly behind gaming handhelds in total spending. For now, Google Play is still a distant third, tallying about … Read more	<urn:uuid:69fa8912-818b-4294-8fa3-97b7b8bc0f0f>	2013-05-18T17:31:14Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00014593367814086378, 0.04605263099074364, 0.022438909858465195, -0.0023055686615407467, 0.05474624037742615, -0.050516918301582336, -0.007078242488205433, 0.0892857164144516, -0.05004699155688286, -0.06766917556524277, 0.038063909858465195, 0.00904605258256197, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973969	122	http://cnettv.cnet.com/8300-5_53-0-1.html?keyword=apps	0.261167
Harry Potter Fact Hermione’s Patronus is an otter, J.K. Rowling’s favorite animal. Otters are known for their playfulness and intelligence. The otter also is in the same family as the weasel, which is the origin of the surname Weasley Ron’s Patronus is a Jack Russel Terrier, which J.K. Rowling has said to have as a pet. Jack Russel Terriers are known for their loyalty and protectiveness, and have a lively, energetic, and almost hyperactive personality. They are also particularly noted for chasing otters in deep water. Submitted by marynm	<urn:uuid:52903824-d1c1-49b1-a037-343f09c08ac0>	2013-05-18T17:56:58Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.003022064920514822, 0.01583614945411682, -0.00902660470455885, 0.005595439113676548, 0.0684121623635292, -0.06207770109176636, 0.0015572212869301438, 0.0654560774564743, -0.021537162363529205, -0.06292229890823364, 0.04032939299941063, 0.01815878413617611, 0....	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975958	136	http://cohenstr.tumblr.com/tagged/patronus	0.157447
You have a unique medical history. Therefore, it is essential to talk with your doctor about your personal risk factors and/or experience with schizophrenia . By talking openly and regularly with your doctor, you can take an active role in your care. General Tips for Gathering Information Here are some tips that will make it easier for you to talk to your doctor: - Bring someone else with you. It helps to have another person hear what is said and think of questions to ask. - Write out your questions ahead of time, so you don't forget them. - Write down the answers you get, and make sure you understand what you are hearing. Ask for clarification, if necessary. - Don't be afraid to ask your questions or ask where you can find more information about what you are discussing. You have a right to know about your health. Specific Questions to Ask Your Doctor - What type of schizophrenia do I have? - How serious is my condition? - Can you tell me about the course of this illness? What can I expect? - Will I be able to marry and have children? - Will I be able to hold a job? - Where can I get more information about schizophrenia? Am I at risk for developing any complications such as: - Substance abuse What treatment options are available for schizophrenia? - What medicines can help me? - How long will they take to work? - What benefits can I expect? - What side effects can I expect? - How can I manage these side effects? - Have you treated other people with schizophrenia? If not, do you know of another doctor who does? Do you know here I can find: - A treatment group - Support groups - Family interventions for people with schizophrenia - Vocational training - Other psychosocial interventions Interview therapists who treat people with schizophrenia. Ask the following questions: - How much training and experience do you have treating schizophrenia? - What is your basic approach to treatment? - How long do I need treatment? - How long and how frequent are the treatment sessions? - What type of health insurance is accepted? - Do you have special fee schedules and/or sliding scale fees to accommodate various financial circumstances? Do I need to make changes in my: - Daily routine - How can I take the best care of myself? - What are my chances of recovery? - What can I do to prevent a relapse? - Reviewer: Rimas Lukas, MD - Review Date: 11/2012 - - Update Date: 11/26/2012 -	<urn:uuid:425f2f5a-616f-4043-a763-dd79157a8b89>	2013-05-18T17:56:59Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.01153564453125, 0.00555419921875, 0.00982666015625, -0.024658203125, 0.1298828125, -0.0390625, -0.01483154296875, 0.078125, -0.049560546875, -0.044677734375, 0.0654296875, 0.0108642578125, -0.053466796875, -0.023681640625, 0.058837890625, -0.02868...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932879	546	http://coliseumhealthsystem.com/your-health/?/20113/	0.969345
September 11, 2001 attacks The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 occurred when al Qaeda, Islamic extremists hijacked four transcontinental airliners and used them to strike targets in the United States; two aircraft destroyed the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; the third crashed into a portion of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.; and the fourth aircraft - in which the hijackers are believed to have targeted the White House or the Capitol Building - crashed into an empty field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after passengers fought back to re-take control. The sheer audacity of the attack and the heavy loss of life that resulted from it caused the U.S. government to declare a War on Terror with the determination to hunt down terrorists world-wide; within two months of September 11, Afghanistan was completely occupied by Coalition forces, driving the ruling Islamo-fascist Taliban from power and causing the head of al Qaeda and the man who personally approved the attacks - Osama bin Laden - to flee into hiding. All 19 hijackers boarded the planes on the morning of September 11, having carefully chosen flights whose routes would be transcontinental. Two planes flew out of Boston's Logan Airport, one flew from Washington's Dulles International Airport, and the fourth left an airport in Newark, New Jersey. New York City American Airlines Flight 11 left Logan Airport around 8 AM, carrying 11 crew and 81 passengers; its destination was Los Angeles, California. United Airlines Flight 175 left Logan a few minutes later, carrying 9 crew and 56 passengers, and also on a flight to Los Angeles. Both aircraft were the 767-200, manufactured by the Boeing Company. At 8:25 AM Boston air traffic controllers heard a strange voice from Flight 11: "We have some planes. Just stay quiet, and you will be OK. We are returning to the airport." The plane then headed south toward New York City; at 8:46 AM the plane crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center between the 93 and 99th floors. Sixteen minutes later, at 9:03 AM, Flight 175 crashed into the south tower - at a greater speed and more oblique angle - between the 77th and 85th floors. The impact of the crashes took out any hope of getting to victims and survivors on the affected floors and the floors above; many people desperate to get away from the smoke and fire jumped. Both towers were designed to survive the impact of a 1960s-era jet, but the Boeing 767 was larger and carried more fuel; it was determined later that the heat from the burning fuel weakened the central steel structure and supports. At 9:59 am the south tower collasped; the upper floors had lost support in the damaged area and fell - pancake style - to the ground. At 10:29 AM the north tower fell in a similar manner. The death toll was around 2,750, including more than 300 firefighters and 100 police officers and other rescue workers. The building at 7 World Trade Center, commonly abbreviated as WTC7, also collapsed in the attacks. This collapse is frequently cited in various conspiracy theories. American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757-200, left Dulles at 8:20 AM, carrying 6 crew and 58 passengers on a flight to Los Angeles. Forty minutes later the aircraft had turned back toward Washington; at 9:37 it crashed at high-speed into the west side of the Pentagon, killing a total of 184 people. Despite being built of reinforced concrete, the aircraft was able to penetrate to the third concentric ring of the building. United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing 757-200, left Newark at 8:40 AM, with a destination of San Francisco. Unlike the other planes which had four hijackers each, Flight 93 had three; it also had passengers who, through onboard phone calls, learned of the previous hijackings and crashes and determined to wrest control of the aircraft back from the terrorists. Turned towards Washington, the plane ended up crashing in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:03 AM, the only one of the aircraft which failed to reach its target. Among the recorded conversations between the passengers and phone operators was the phrase "Let's roll" by Todd Beamer, made just before he set down his phone and took action with the other passengers involved; Beamer's last phrase would become a rallying cry in the coming war on terrorism. The total loss of life is constantly being reevaluated to account for wrongly reported missing persons and, in some cases, occurrences of fraud. Estimates of more than 6,000 deaths were announced following the attacks. The current estimate is 2,996 fatalities as a direct result of the attacks. About 500 foreign nationals from over 90 countries are believed to have died in the attack. The Department of Defense reported the deaths of 125 people at The Pentagon. The aftermath of the World Trade Center towers collapsing created a good deal of confusion and has been the main source of discrepancies in casualty estimates. As of October 29, 2003, New York City reported 2605 deaths in the attacks, not counting the passengers and crew of the planes. As a matter of course, the deaths of the 19 hijackers are not included in these casualty totals. The material costs of the attacks are well in excess of one hundred billion US dollars. Factoring in stock market losses, loss of revenue in New York City, loss of jobs, impact on air travel, and heightened security, some estimate the cost approaches two trillion dollars. Some estimates of the cost of executing the plan place it in the $400,000-$500,000 range, making it an extremely "profitable" operation for al-Qaeda. Suspicion fell on Osama bin Laden and his Islamic extremist al-Qaeda organization almost immediately. Known to have harbored hatred for the United States since the basing of U.S. fighters and other military personnel in Saudi Arabia during the first Gulf War, bin Laden has tried "To kill Americans and their allies — civilians and military — is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it," , and often succeeding. In four previous attacks, bin Laden's operatives - killed 6 in a bomb explosion in the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993; - killed 19 soldiers in 1996 at a military housing complex in Saudi Arabia; - killed more than 200 people in the simultaneous bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania; - killed 17 sailors by putting an explosives-laden boat next to USS Cole while that destroyer was refueling in Yemen in 2000. His personal fortune, estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars, has enabled him to finance well-coordinated operations, including the training of the hijackers in close-quarter fighting, commandeering of aircraft, and ironically to bankroll their education in American flight schools. Following the attacks there was a strong surge of patriotism in virtually all facets of American society. The government, being aware that the most deadly attack ever on American soil could stir up animosity against the ethnic or religious group of the perpetrators, went out of its way along with the media to separate Islam from the actions taken by its more radical adherents, referring to it at multiple times as a "religion of love". While people of Middle Eastern decent and adherents of Islam were concerned at first, the overall effect of hostility towards these groups was barely noticeable. Although there were literally millions of Muslims in America out of a total population of 300 million who could have sought out reprisals, in an entire year less than 500 cases of aggression of verbal hostility were reported. Muslims responded to the magnanimous treatment they received from Americans by seeking to construct an insulting and offensive Ground Zero Mosque. Consequences of the Attacks on U.S. Policy The attacks were a direct or indirect cause of massive changes in United States domestic policy. Most notably, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 "established a Department of Homeland Security, as an executive department of the United States" , a cabinet level position. One of the tools implemented by the Department is the Homeland Security Advisory System, a color coded advisory system meant to "establish a comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal, State, and local authorities and to the American people." Another notable result of the attacks was the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism). The act was written to expand the authority of law enforcement and the justice system in the pursuit of terrorism suspects. In response to the attacks, the United States declared a War on Terror, which comprises United States military action in Afghanistan and Iraq as well as a significant increase in intelligence gathering and a new outlook on foreign relations. Main article: 9/11 conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theories have sprouted up from the events of September 11, 2001, including the "Loose Change" movies seen on YouTube. These movies have been comprehensively disproven by independent experts. Prominent endorsers of such theories include talk show host Rosie O'Donnell as well as actor Charlie Sheen. A third of the American public has bought into the idea of some sort of role by federal officials. This view is much more common among those who get their news solely from the internet and is rare for those who read newspapers or watch the news on regular television.[Citation Needed] - The 9/11 Commission Report - Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers, NIST. - September 11: Chronology of Terror at CNN.com - Federal Bureau of Investigations PENTTBOM Press Release - Lists of Victims at CNN.com - Two Flags, One God, and no escape - The Cross and The Towers (Documentary Film) - Turkey's Islamic leader, Israel's Chief Rabbi, and Al Qaida's assassination attempt - The Internet Archive's file of ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, FOX, and BBC broadcasts for Sept 11-13, 2001 - Television Archive of news broadcasts for 9/11 - ↑ "New York Reduces 9/11 Death Toll by 40" at CNN.com, Phil Hirschkorn, 10/29/03 - ↑ "New York Reduces 9/11 Death Toll by 40" at CNN.com, Phil Hirschkorn, 10/29/03 - ↑ The Cost of September 11 Institute for the Analysis of Global Security - ↑ The 9/11 Commission Report - ↑ - ↑ H.R. 5005 The Homeland Security Act - ↑ DHS Laws and Regulations Department of Homeland Security - ↑ The USA PATRIOT Act Library of Congress - ↑ Lying About 9/11? Easy as ABC, Eric Alterman, The Nation, September 14, 2006 (October 2, 2006 issue). - ↑ "Debunking The 9/11 Myths" Popular Mechanics, Mar. 2005 Cover Story - ↑ Third of Americans Suspect 9-11 Government Conspiracy Scrippsnews, Hargrove, Thomas, 8/01/06	<urn:uuid:5f06ef1a-5757-4c1c-b0b9-c2f5cd086822>	2013-05-18T17:48:49Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01361083984375, 0.032958984375, -0.0244140625, 0.0021514892578125, 0.09375, -0.0947265625, -0.02978515625, 0.11767578125, -0.0223388671875, -0.042724609375, 0.0791015625, 0.0458984375, 0.02978515625, 0.01202392578125, 0.03271484375, 0.032958984375,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955691	2,292	http://conservapedia.com/September_11,_2001_terror_attacks	0.91707
A wage is an amount of money to be paid for a job. There is usually a correlation between the wage paid and the experience of the person to do the job and the level of skill necessary for the job. Like all market forces, wages are payed based on interactions between the supply curve (how much workers are willing to supply a particular type of labor at a certain wage) and a demand curve (how many workers of a particular type a firm is willing to hire at a particular wage). Wages are typically set at equilibrium. If a minimum wage is imposed that is above this equilibrium, it leads to structural unemployment. If a minimum wage is set below the equilibrium point, it is unlikely to affect that jobs wage unless a complement or substitute job's equilibrium wage is less than the minimum wage (causing ripple effects throughout the related markets).	<urn:uuid:42547fb6-2255-4a71-964e-a07b00076d41>	2013-05-18T17:19:35Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.05288461595773697, 0.05829326808452606, -0.020282451063394547, 0.0049954927526414394, 0.05048076808452606, -0.07001201808452606, -0.014122596010565758, 0.09555288404226303, -0.02313701994717121, 0.000048710749979363754, 0.11598557978868484, 0.004432091489434242, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949421	171	http://conservapedia.com/Wages	0.642081
"I very excited to announce we recently released a tool I've been working on to MSDN that will greatly help with using PInvoke in managed code. The tool is called the "PInvoke Interop Assistant" and is included as part of a MSDN article on marshalling data for PInvoke and Reverse PInvoke scenarios. Here is a link to the article and tool The motivation behind this tool is writing PInvoke is a hard and often tedious task. There are many rules you must obey and many exceptions that must be taken into account. Anything beyond simple data structures gets very involved and subtle semantics of C can greatly change the needed signature. Incorrect translations often result in obscure exceptions or crashes. In short, it's not any fun. The tool works in several different ways to make PInvoke generation an easier process. The goal is to make generating managed code for structs, unions, enums, constants, functions, typedefs , etc ... as easy as possible. The resulting code can be generated in both VB and C#. The GUI version of the tool operates in 3 modes. - SigImp Search: Search for a commonly used function and translate it into managed code. - SigImp Translate Snippet: Directly translate C code into managed PInvoke signatures. - SigExp: Convert managed binaries into C++ Reverse PInvoke scenarios Coming from a long boot strapped VB background (i.e. self taught, propelled and motivated, many years of blood, sweat and tears, etc), I've never been comfortable converting C/C++ signatures into PInvoke calls. And while "the Net" provides preconverted signatures for many libraries/API's/etc, when I come across something internal or purchased that doesn't already have PInvokes available the sweat begins the bead on my forehead and that "I hate being a lamer and not knowing this stuff" feeling starts to kick in. Well now it seems Microsoft has heard my cries and has released a utility to help. The PInvoke Assistant will help export signatures for Native consumption, find PInvoke stuff for existing Windows native signatures and convert (via GUI or command line) native signatures into managed/PInvoked ones. Good because I didn't really want to "...know this stuff" anyway. I just want to write code and solve problems... :) Here's the Assistant with CopyFileExW selected (used when you want to handle long, greater than MAX_PATH, folder paths which .Net doesn't support yet) and VB code generated. The generated code pasted into VS. Compiled and ran the first time...	<urn:uuid:c8cf8f35-b977-486a-ad0d-44d0de356940>	2013-05-18T17:36:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04443359375, 0.01165771484375, 0.02197265625, 0.003082275390625, 0.048583984375, -0.04150390625, 0.001617431640625, 0.11767578125, -0.0020294189453125, -0.026123046875, 0.06591796875, 0.051025390625, -0.0289306640625, 0.01458740234375, 0.0269775390625...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929993	552	http://coolthingoftheday.blogspot.com/2008/03/pinvoke-tool-you-been-looking-for-all.html	0.181655
I'm convinced that anyone interested in the study of corn prices will find the tables below useful. We can often get “analysis paralysis” when looking at markets on a daily basis, particularly when you get to the point where you worry about what makes a market go up or down each day. At that point, you can't see the forest for the trees. If you're looking for a more simplified approach to marketing corn, let me explain the two tables below. First, the official marketing year for corn begins Sept. 1 and ends Aug. 31 of the following year. The graphs simply show the month in which the highest price for cash corn occurred and the month of the lowest price, using central Illinois prices. For example, we haven't yet recorded this year's high and low because the year is not yet complete. As I write this, the highest price of cash corn occurred in September at $2.80 and the low in July at $2.05. History indicates that 25% of the highs have occurred in September and 19% of the lows have occurred in July. With that description of tables, consider the following: The cash corn market has never made its lows of the year during March, April, May or June. We're not saying that bottoms can't occur in those months — just that they never have. The cash corn market has never peaked in either of the months of February or April. They only peaked one time in October, November, December and January and only twice in March or May. Tops and bottoms in the corn market have high odds of either coming early in the marketing season or late in the marketing season. Normally, if a market peaks early it will bottom late. If it bottoms early it will peak late. Because most major highs and lows are made just before, during or right after harvest, it's clear that major short-term moves in the corn market are more a result of supply issues than long-term demand. During years of major moves (either up or down), two years will normally peak together or bottom together prior to harvest. For example, the top of the 1982-83 bull market occurred in August, and the next crop year's peak occurred in September (back to back). The same is going to occur again with the 2001-02 marketing peak in August and this year's peak in September. Actually, we don't recommend this. To be a good marketer history shows you need to study the markets continuously. But these charts clearly show that if you narrow your marketing focus to only four months of the year — July, August, September and October — you've captured 85% of the marketing year lows and 66% of the marketing year highs since 1970. Odds are high that the corn market makes major lows or highs from June through October. Still, that doesn't remove the emotional handicaps that many of us have in making decisions. Why? When the market is making its top, news is bullish and the majority of people in the coffee shop are as well. The opposite is true of bottoms. To go against the majority opinion, even when the odds are in your favor, is often difficult. That said, however, this coming year looks like it should show corn prices will make their lows early. Richard A. Brock is president of Brock Associates, a farm market advisory firm, and publisher of The Brock Report. For a trial subscription and information on Brock services, call 800-558-3431 or visit www.brockreport.com.	<urn:uuid:f5c29552-88ff-42b9-a5c1-d0fcbecf4cde>	2013-05-18T17:21:07Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00872802734375, 0.0301513671875, -0.0054931640625, 0.01806640625, 0.04052734375, -0.091796875, 0.01416015625, 0.12109375, -0.04052734375, -0.017822265625, 0.055908203125, 0.0185546875, -0.056640625, 0.018798828125, 0.04443359375, -0.025390625, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972696	730	http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/print/corn-price-seasonals-stay-consistent	0.455427
I wanted to build an awesome place for people to discuss module specific issues, but I don't have any more time for this, and there are much better places to discuss Perl-related issues. I'd recommend asking your question on Stack Overflow on Perl Monks If you are looking for a Perl tutorial or Perl-related news I hope these links will serve you well.	<urn:uuid:d64fc8a0-0ef3-480e-814e-2eea5e1a17e4>	2013-05-18T17:18:52Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0392485111951828, 0.02566964365541935, 0.02278645895421505, 0.0332961305975914, 0.056175597012043, -0.01209077425301075, -0.0013602121034637094, 0.0595238097012043, -0.0040690102614462376, -0.00637090764939785, 0.0643601194024086, 0.0422247014939785, -0.00074...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953105	80	http://cpanforum.com/posts/2099	0.599845
- A sermon from Tom Chantry on 4/11/2012 - Jacob Wrestles With God - Genesis 32: 22-32 Jacob finds himself unexpectedly wrestling with God in human form. While he begins trying to defend his family, he ends by demanding a blessing from the Lord. The blessing is given, and his special place in God's kingdom is confirmed. - Series: Genesis	<urn:uuid:4ef60e1b-0a53-4e49-a930-e16c6ef3d865>	2013-05-18T17:18:38Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00877808965742588, 0.02247191034257412, -0.013606038875877857, 0.012289325706660748, 0.09269662946462631, 0.0270365159958601, -0.006451895926147699, 0.09901685267686844, 0.0012453915551304817, -0.030196629464626312, 0.04301264137029648, 0.006188553292304277, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953837	80	http://crbc.us/media_events/628-Israel	0.762089
When I first read Great Rock and Roll Pauses, I have to admit that similar to Drew, I thought that Lincoln adored these pauses maybe a little too much. After all, silence is nothing. What is there to focus on, right? However, after reflecting on it a little, I found that some of my favorite songs have pauses in them. A couple examples are A Day in the Life by the Beatles and Helter Skelter by the Beatles. In A Day in the Life, there are a few pauses, but in my opinion the most impactful one occurs right at the end. An entire orchestra starts by playing its lowest note and then takes several bars to ascend to the very highest one. There is a brief pause when they reach the climax, and then one final piano chord concludes the song. It completely changes the tone of the ending. The pause shifts the song from an exhilirating finale to one that's calm and soothing. Similarly in life, pauses in action can completely change the dynamic of a situation. In Helter Skelter, the song slowly fades out as the band continues to play. There is silence for a brief moment, and then the band fades back in, rocking out just like before. While there is a pause in the audio, the musicians never actually stop playing. In the non-musical world, at some times it may appear as if the world is at a standstill when in reality there is still a lot going on under the surface. I guess pauses do deserve more attention than they are often granted. The artists may not even intend it, but often times they carry a significance that goes beyond music. Inspired by Allie Blake's "A Pause While We Stand on Our Deck." Had I submitted a pause as my complete Blog post, it is likely that I would not have gotten complete credit. An important pause to me is a nothing pause to somebody else. My musical ineptness makes me feel as though I would have sided with Drew in regards to Lincoln's thurough analysis of musical pauses. I simply would not have had the ear to understand them as he does. I do, however, understand pauses in writing. Periods are pauses. Commas are pauses. Elipsis are pauses. I use them all the time. When Caroline read a portion of my narrative to the class on Firday a huge smile slid across my face. She made all of the right pauses. In that moment, I realized the significance of small rhetorical pauses to me. The pauses Caroline inserted were the ones that I had intended to be there. Without them, my story would not have felt the same. To other classmates, though, I'm sure it would have sounded the same no matter how it was read. It is impossible for one pause to mean the same thing to everyone. Each of us decides which pauses are important, and which pauses we take the time to enjoy. . . pauses in music, pauses in game play, pauses in writing. Not many things in the world today are left for us to interpret however we like pauses are eternally impossible to define universally. I'm pretty upset that we're done reading A Visit from the Goon Squad. What a fantastic book. THere are so many things to discuss about the final chapter, but I just wanted to point what a great job Egan did in ending the book. A book like that is hard to conclude, since there isn't really one cohesive plot, but she tied up all the strings that should have been tied up. Firstly, it's awesome that the last story is from Alex's perspective. He's only a seemingly insignificant character in the first chapter, but the he ends the entire novel. Furthermore, he has connections to so many of the characters the we watched throughout the book, except Sasha, which is who he met first. I just thought that was interesting. I also found it interesting that the story ends with Bennie and Alex waiting for Sasha, and then realizing that she's no longer there, but a new girl is. It's so strange to think about who those characters were and how they ended up. It's strange to see Sasha with a family. It's weird that Lulu isn't nine years old, and it's weird that Lou is probably dead. It's also weird that Bennie is on his second marriage with a much younger woman and a baby girl, even though he has a son who must be in his twenties, but what I found to be the most striking change was Scotty. He was the cool kid in high school, and look where he ended up. He was so lonely and isolated for so long, with really nothing going for him. It's great that in the end he was doing what he loved, but it's just strange watching his life play out. What I found really striking about this chapter, even though maybe it's a little cliche, was that when Alex was pondering how different he his from his former self, Bennie just says, "You grew up. Just like the rest of us". Reading the last chapter of this book really got me thinking about the future. Are all humans from the age of three really going to be expected to carry arounds "handsets"? Will we be as advanced as Lulu's broad knowledge? Will our modern English fade to a series of shorthands and messaging lingo? It's honestly terrifying, the picture of the future that Egan has painted for us in the final chapter of "Goon Squad" I hate it. It"s a world of lost morals, and it seems no one has compassion for anything anymore. It's all just a bunch of artificial intelligence and monetary successes. Does anyone like Egan's idea of the future? Or does everyone just automatically hate it because it's different than the world we know and live in currently? "Out of Body" has been one of my favorite stories in this novel mainly because it has left me so stumped. I originally thought it was super random, but then the connection with Sasha came through. The lasting impact of this story though has to do with Jennifer Egan's great creativity of voice here. Maybe the voice is Rob's conscience, like a Jimeny Cricket kind of thing. However, I was thinking the story doesn't really offer advice, and so it's more of a reflection on the past couple years of Rob's life. A particular part I found interesting was how different Rob was when he died, from when he first met Sasha. I also caught that Sasha called him Bobby. It was his nickname as a little kid, but Sasha and Rob knew everything about eachother all the way down to their deepest darkest secrects. They were their full 100% open honest selves with eachother (except that Rob never told the truth about being in love with Sasha, although I think she might have loved him too but was afraid of ruining what they had, just like how was Rob was afraid). Continuing with this idea of Bobby being the true being, and Rob being the image he wants to uphold (grown up? cool? manly? punk?) maybe the voice is Bobby trying to find out how he got from being the shy football player Sasha first met, to the suicidal druggy that ends up drowing in the end. This it totally confusing but I kind of see it as a "Mr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" sort of thing. It's as though he is remembering and regretting the loss of his old self and in the end as Rob is dying, he is trying to have the Bobby part of him survive. Just like when Sasha came to the hospital and said, "...you can't do that again," she said. "Ever. Ever. Ever. Ever. Do you promise me, Bobby?" "I promise." And you meant it. You wouldn't break a promise to Sasha. So while Bobby meant with all his heart to shape up and survive for Sasha, Bobby wasn't the one to break the promise, it was Rob who wouldn't let Bobby keep the promise. Not quite sure if this is cohesive, but it was something that caught my eye in my annotations and I had to fumble through it to see if it was worth pursuing. My favorite charecter to follow in this entire novel has been Sasha. She is so interesting and exciting to me because she has been through so many different ways of living throughout her entire life and those experiences have shaped such a unique and strong person. These last two stories especially showed the hard times Sasha has come from, starting from such an early age. Her Uncle Teddy explained his summer living with Sasha and both of her biological parents and how dysfuntional their relationship had been, but it reminded me as myself and similar situations I had faced at such a young age especially when Ted explained how grown up Sasha seemed to be when he could tell that she was purposely ignoring the hectic situations happening in the house. These rough home situations as a child did not play out well for Sasha orginally though because as most children do when they feel as though their parents have not lived up to the proper parental standards, she rebelled. But Sasha rebelled to an insane extent, running off to Asia with a drummer named Wade and traveling alone all the way to Naples is not a normal teenager's reaction to a complicated childhood. All of these mistakes and reckless living caught up to Sasha though when she came to college and tried to surround herself with people that she thought would keep her out of trouble, which is why she was attracted to Rob on their first day of freshmen orientation. Sasha's hectic adolescense chastened her to be the responsible college student who would be dissapointed with her friends when they did E at clubs and were irresponsible, these lessons taught her to be a responsible student and person because she didn't want to dissapoint her parents who she was sure were watching her. These responsible decisions brought her to work under Bennie's wing and into her marriage with two children where she lived a responsible life that nobody would have expected of her if they had seen her in Naples. Last night I read, "Good-bye, My Love." I really liked this chapter because it goes back to the first few chapters when Sasha started off stealing. In this this chapter it goes into the heart of why Sasha steal things and how did she first start. I just felt sad for Sahsa because her father ran out on her and the group of friends she hung out with were not right group of friends. The group of freinds she hung out with did all the bad things and soon those bad things started to influence Sasha. She first started stealing when she was thirteen. SHE WAS THIRTEEN! I was so amazed while i was reading this book because at a young age a girl could be influenced by society into doing bad things. She did not have a father figure to tell her that what she was doing was wrong. While I was reading this I was thinking to myself I know that she hung out with the wrong group of freinds and she did not have a father in her life. Then I asked myself Is she doing this because she thinks it looks cool? Maybe it is the image that she thinks society will accpet her by because it ;loks really cool to do. I really like the character Ted in this book because he is on a quest to find out where Sasha had gone. she ran away from home and Ted, her uncle, went to find out where she was. ted was also there to vist a museum to study ancient greek history. When Ted found Sasha at first she seemed as if she was not happy to see him. He asked her ourt to lunch and seemed tenative to go with him. Then one night when Ted and Sasha were dancing in this club she excused herself amd then Ted noticed that his wallet was gone. SHE STOLE HER UNCLE'S WALLET. It shocked me that Sasha and her uncle were so close when she was younger and she stole from him. Later on she gave him his wallet back with everything in it. She was mad at him but later she let him in so they could talk about it. I feel like this chapter was really getting at society and if one grows up in society alone and with out authority then one can end up corrupt. I think the idea of postmodernism is hard to understand because of all the complex views and ideas. When one starts to believe that they live in a postmoderism society then one cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is not real. I think it is an interesting idea that can altar ones mind to start adapting to the idea that everything that one thought was true is no longer true. A great example of postmodernism is this amazing but complex book A Vist From The Goon Squad which brings together all the complex ideas of postmodernism. The as a whole is a little challenging to understand but as one starts to understand a deeper meaning of postmodernism. This book challenges us to move our understanding from what we think is right and makes us start thinking that maybde what we think is right really is not right. I have a confession to make. Although I have always tried to avoid celebrity obsession, I used to watch a significant amount of late night talk shows, Conan and Chelsea Lately in particular, on a regular basis. (I sometimes even recorded them and watched them later...) Now, a main reason I watched both of these shows is because I liked that Chelsea Lately features a lot of standup comedians, and Conan sometimes features cool bands, and Chelsea Lately in particular is directed at mocking celebrity culture - however, I knew that I could have been doing other, more worthwhile things with my time. Having watched many celebrity interviews on these shows, I became aware of a basic, disgusting formula, one that I was reminded of when I read the superb story "Kitty Jackson Opens Up About Love, Fame and Nixon!" In Jennifer Egan's novel A Visit From The Goon Squad: talk show hosts (the hour-long late night ones are all men, by the way) sit down with actors, most often young, white females, and they spend a creepily long amount of time complimenting these women on how amazing they look, before they ask them generic questions about their lives. First these actresses will express how grateful and honored and surprised they are by their fame and success, and how unreal it feels, and how lucky they are, and blah blah blah. The celebrities will attempt to sound unique and individual as they tell personal anecdotes that make them seem relatable and human, such as how they're also going to college (always prestegious ones), or how they're terrible drivers, etc. Then they'll promote their most recent film or tv show, and show a clip of a scene. All the while, the hosts pretend to sound surprised and interested, and I wonder how many more interviews these hosts can sit through before they pull their hair out, strand by strand. I guess it depends on the size of their paychecks. (hopefully Conan doesn't do this, his hair is beautiful.) However, David Letterman's been doing late night shows for decades, and he's still as creepy and faux-surprised at celebrity anecdotes as ever, and he's still got a fair amount of hair on his head. But how is this possible? It's because of the same reasons that I used to watch a lot of late night talk shows, sometimes on DVR, and sometimes on YouTube, as a pathetic and unhealthy means of procrastination from homework and studying for finals (talk about a shame memory). Only occasionally will I get genuinely excited about the actors being interviewed, such as Ellen Page, one of my few celebrity girl crushes, whose film work, while interesting and high quality, is far less important to me than her environmental activism. I don't care much for her late night show interviews, in which David Letterman apparently forgets that he's already spent several other interviews asking her about her childhood in Nova Scotia and her house that used to be a brothel, and so he repeats the same dialogue all over again, to an audience that hopefully hasn't watched as many late night interviews as I have. What draws me to her is her passion for environmental activism. I could listen to her talk for hours on Bill Maher about her efforts in bee preservation, and observe her apparently orange-tinted hands, which I found out about in the YouTube comments under basically all of her interviews, which she got from eating so many orange vegetables. However, we don't get to hear about these things in late night talk show interviews or on standard celebrity news websites. Instead, we get tricked into thinking that we care bout the boring annecdotes and gratefulnes of these actresses and actors, young, beautiful, white ones in particular, such as Anne Hathaway, who, yes, is talented, beautiful, and seemingly very kind and polite. Some of them, such as Anne, admit to the ridiculousness of it all. George Lopez pointed out to her a few years ago in an episode of his now-cancelled talk show that hundreds of news stories were written about Anne's "geek-chic" style after one public outing in which she donned a pair of black rimmed hipster glasses. After she claimed that the glasses were worn purely out of necessity after her contacts broke, Anne criticized all the media attention, sarcastically saying "Libya-shmibya, I'm wearing spectacles!" This moment, while small, held for me a bit of hope - hey, here's one celebrity who understands. Maybe I can count on her for intelligent interviews? But I can't. In a later interview, on Chelsea Lately, she mentioned her vegetarianism, and I thought, oh, hey, maybe she'll talk about animal rights? But then she just complained about how all she'd been eating lately was "kale and dust" to fit into her "terrorizing" catsuit for The Dark Night Rises, and then did an interview with Allure magazine, in which she complained some more about how her extreme diet of hummus and radishes led to, wait for it, A PIMPLE! I don't know if our culture's obsession with celebrity life will change. They mean different things for all of us. For many of us, it's not really about the celebrities themselves at all. For some, they're a temporary escape, a fantasy, a glimpse in to lives often much more glamorous than our own, a chance to pretend that we're not at home in our sweatshirts and fat pants, balancing chemical equations, making dinner for ungrateful husbands, or cleaning up baby spit-up, but on red carpets, receiving prestigious awards in tight, expensive dresses. For others, when we hear of bad celebrity behavior, it assures us, whether all that accurately or not, that we don't regret our decisions and our life choices, and that although we may have made mistakes, we're not as fucked up as those guys. I am proud that I have and continue to eliminate unhealthy and unimportant media sources, such as many websites and tv shows, from my life. Someday, hopefully, maybe, I can help or inspire someone else to do the same. But I will allow myself to watch an occasional episode of a late night talk show. And when I do, I'm reminded of Anne Hathaway, and I imagine her saying "Gaddafi-shmaddafi, I had that cat suit". The song "Time To Pretend" by MGMT seems to really portray postmodernism well, and as I was listening to it, and reading the lyrics, I was shocked by how much it relates to both "Goon Squad" and the conversations we have in class. Look it up on YouTube if you can, I'll post the lyrics. It really captures the "What if all there is to do is pretend?" question posed by Mr. Heidkamp. I'm feeling rough, I'm feeling raw, I'm in the prime of my life. Let's make some music, make some money, find some models for wives. I'll move to Paris, shoot some heroin, and f*** with the stars. You man the island and the cocaine and the elegant cars. This is our decision, to live fast and die young. We've got the vision, now let's have some fun. Yeah, it's overwhelming, but what else can we do. Get jobs in offices, and wake up for the morning commute. Forget about our mothers and our friends We're fated to pretend We're fated to pretend I'll miss the playgrounds and the animals and digging up worms I'll miss the comfort of my mother and the weight of the world I'll miss my sister, miss my father, miss my dog and my home Yeah, I'll miss the boredom and the freedom and the time spent alone. There's really nothing, nothing we can do Love must be forgotten, life can always start up anew. The models will have children, we'll get a divorce We'll find some more models, everything must run it's course. We'll choke on our vomit and that will be the end We were fated to pretend We're fated to pretend Do you know why I love punk music so much? Why anyone who loves punk music, loves punk music so much? It's because its pure, it's simple, it's fast. It's loud, anyone can do it, and it's so blurred by distortion that you can't tell there's any mistakes? You get these people asking you why anyone would like something so dirty, untalented, and extreme. And my answer to them is always that it makes you feel alive, and that you feel true to the music. Like nothing is disguised. It also makes you feel like you could hop up on the stage and do it right there with the Sex Pistols or the Clash. I wanna relate this to post modernism through this, you know how when you were a kid you had these awesome dreams of what you were gonna be, it was always something extravagant like a astronaut, or a pro baseball player, a fireman, a musician. Let's face it, no 5 year old wants to grow up and work for a marketing firm. They wanna be a star. But as you grow up, you realize that not everyone can be a star, and that some people just end up in a marketing firm, or an accounting office, and while theres nothing wrong with it, punk gives these people the release they need, the release that lets them go back to those post modern idea's that 5 year olds have from watching all those TV and movies, that they can do anything, that they will do anything, because it will make them feel good, and feeling good is what it's all about. I think a big part of both chapters "Ask me if I care" and "Safari" both play on the idea of innocence. As we discussed in class today, the reoccuring idea of the school uniforms and the younger sisters is a way to express that all of the charecters believe they are growing up. The younger sisters of Alice always seem so care free and completely innocent, while their lives unknowingly clash with the post-crazy punk rock nights that always seem to end at Alice's house. Rhea is very intrigued by the uniforms and I think it's because she isn't as ready to grow up and start her "adult life" as she thought she was. In "Safari" innocence is played forth through Lou's son Rolph. Rolph is very naive and optomistic for an eleven year old boy and I love it. His sister Charlie explained at one point about how Lou and Mindy would have sex in the neighboring tent, but Rolph was too niave to be able to identify what the sound was. Also throughout the chapter, Rolph leans on his parents and even Mindy for a lot of things. Rolph's moods completely reflect his fathers, when he is angry, Rolph is angry and etc. He loves the materal feelings he gets from Mindy and mentions multiple times throughout the chapter old memories with his mom prior to the divorce, or how he wished his mom was on the trip in Africa as well. It's sad that the flash forward Charlie presents to us shows how Rolph's innocence completely diminishes. Have you ever caught yourself drifting off into space? Remembering a time when you felt alive, or maybe even just had a memorable expierience? On the other hand you also remember the bad things, those moments where you messed something up, where you were hurt, where something horrible happened. You remember these things because you can't escape the past, but why is that? Scientists aren't completely sure why we have nostalgia for our younger days, but heavy nostalgia has been linked to depression/refusal to move on-which you can view in Bennie. A picked a stale Cheerio off the bottom of my foot and followed Mason into his bedroom. "What do you want to do?" I asked, in between breaths. "Let's play in here", he decided. After two straight hours of running around the appartment, I was grateful for a stationary activity. He pointed to a plastic structure on a shelf. "Let's play farm." I held my breath for a moment before I forced myself to get up and grab the Little Tikes farm. He opened it up and pulled out a male farmer, two cows, a pig, a sheep, and a hen. As I watched him play, I plastered a smile on my face, one eerily similar to the plastic farmer's. No, no, no! I wanted to shout. This is't right! This isn't what farms today look like! He smiled up at me, and I melted at the sight of his soft, shiny, golden hair, his large brown eyes, his tiny teeth. "Dana, you be a cow," he said. "What sound does the cow make?" "Mooo!" I murmured. "Now make him run over here, across the field, to his friend." I bit my lip. He can't, I thought. He's in a cage. When our class began studying logical fallacies, most students, myself included, declared that we began to see an abundance of them in our everyday lives. For me, this is even more true of Postmodernism. I feel that everywhere I look, reality is skewed or molded into something else, for a variety of purposes. An example of Postmodernism is romantic comedies, which follow a basic formula of a couple who meets, falls in love, has a major fight or even breaks up, but in the end, always ends up together. I find these movies very boring and unimpressive. They also give people dangerous and unrelistic expectations about love. Facebook is another example of Postmodernism. Part of what I can't stand about Facebook is that it presents people with an altered reality of their "friends". It's ironic, because the main idea of these websites is to "stay more conencted", but on one's Facebook profile, one can choose which pictures of themselves they want their "friends" to see, what interests and facts about thewmselves they want other people to see, etc. So, really, one presents a filtered personality to their "friends", similar to a Photoshopped picture. But when I meet people, I like to slowly get to know their interests and interesting qualities, and love them for their beauty and their flaws, their accomplishments and their failures. However, I don't believe that media is inherently "bad", and that it is impossible to present a closely accurate representation of reality. For instance, a well made film that depicts a time that one did not live in, could potentially help a person better understand that time. I recently watched the incredibly powerful and uncomfortable movie The Master, which helped me better understand the post-WWII period, and the origins and spread of religious cults such as Scientology. I think that if one is careful, one can learn important infromation from select media sources. For instance, I have never been to a factory farm. I have never snuck into the factories of KFC or McDonalds. However, I trust highly credible sources, and do a ton of research before making conclusions. I know not to trust radical organizations such as Peta, but I do believe the words of authors such as Jonathon Safran Foer, who spent years sneaking into factories and doing research on factory farms. As soon as I heard of Postmodernism, I was reminded of an issue that I have struggled with for a long time: I don't believe that it is right to view the past as this moral, realistic place where everyone had a better understanding of everything. I definitely believe that technology has severely hurt our grasp on reality. We seem to rely on television and the internet as a crutch for understanding ideas and places. However, I believe that in the past, people still did not always have great grasps on reality, and could have relied on other sources of media, such as newspapers and radios for their understanding of reality. My encounter with Mason and the toy farm was difficult, partly because I am vegan and care deeply for animal rights, but more importantly because I was telling a lie. Yes, there are lies that we tell children all the time, that many agree are harmless, such as the existence of Santa Clause. But it doesn't seem right to create this false representation of our entire food production system, one that isn't even close to accurate, and more accurately resembles the 1950s. No, I'm not advocating that we fill the minds of small children with the world's injustices. I'm not suggesting that we should make toy factory farms with pigs in crates and hens in cages. I'm not that radical. I just believe in the idea that knowing the truth, even a painful truth, is better than staying in the dark. It's the only way that things will change for the better. In class today, we came up with an extremely provacative statement that I understood as, "There are three truths to every reality. What we portray to the world, what we keep in our minds, and what we hide from even ourselves." This opens up a world of questions. Who are we? What is "real" and what isn't? How do we define "real"? This picture seems to sum up how this topic makes me feel about the world. It has shattered everything I once thought I knew, including who or what I am. How do we define ourselves? Who are we and what are we actually keeping from ourselves? I also think there has to be a state of mind where you no longer hide things from yourself anymore. Perhaps it is what we consider insanity or genius. Perhaps it is already in all of us. What do you think we keep from ourselves? Can others see it? If so, who is capable of doing so? Oskar Schell is a very curious, intelligent, and sometimes rude young boy. He kind of reminds me of Stewie Griffin from "Family Guy". Although Stewie is only one, he is beyond smart for his age, just like Oskar. Both characters are very curious, and could tell you everything about anything. Stewie’s famous catchphrase is “What the Deuce?” Almost similar to Oskar’s “What The…?!” One thing they also have in common is the order they love their parents. Both view the dad as the best parent. Stewie even goes as far as trying to kill his mom every episode. Although Oskar still loves his mom, she comes third in his list of people he loves, with his dad being first. They both are also very rude and blunt. Sometimes their jokes and comments can come off a bit as racist or offensive. Some of them may be unintentional, but a lot of them are slightly aware of the offensiveness, but they both still insist they are not racist.	<urn:uuid:2691e2ad-5db7-4658-8adb-5e5c2f50701e>	2013-05-18T17:37:29Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.034912109375, -0.000244140625, -0.004302978515625, -0.00101470947265625, 0.041015625, -0.045654296875, 0.0120849609375, 0.1044921875, -0.0257568359375, -0.024169921875, 0.04443359375, -0.00104522705078125, -0.038818359375, 0.012451171875, 0.0502929687...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.985202	6,666	http://criticsandbuilders.typepad.com/amlitblog/a-visit-from-the-goon-squad/	0.216475
Is there a way to generate a random number with given restrictions: - It will be used in a decentralised network with a big number of peers (no central authority to generate it) - Its generation should not rely on any third-party service (for example, going to a specific website) - Its generation is triggered by a semi-random data being sent through the network, and it should relate to the data - The computer sending the data should not have an advantage in determining the random number (for example, computing some number that would have a really high chance of becoming the seeked number) I was thinking of using a random number like that to counter a 51% attack against the Bitcoin network. The main problem there is that an attacker with a lot of computation power can compute a couple "blocks" in advance and only release them to counter "blocks" generated by legitimate users. I figured a way to counter that would be by requiring generation of some random number that couldn't be pre-computed in advance, but only when a block is sent through the network. Required use of that number would then invalidate blocks that are precomputed beforehand, preventing the attack. So, is there a way to generate a random number like that described above?	<urn:uuid:c1140b6b-f78b-404b-ac69-21633088e80e>	2013-05-18T17:30:00Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.040925268083810806, 0.015569395385682583, 0.020017793402075768, -0.008451957255601883, 0.06049821898341179, -0.048709966242313385, -0.025022242218255997, 0.06717082113027573, -0.004531805869191885, -0.02958185039460659, 0.060943059623241425, 0.017126334831118584,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.955788	259	http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/1858/is-there-some-way-to-generate-a-non-predictable-random-number-in-a-decentralised	0.939039
One odd thing about K7 is the control scheme. Instead of being able to freely move your character around, he sticks to a predetermined path. To make him run, you hold down a button. Another button turns him around so that he can run back the way he came. When you come to a branching path, windows pop up on the screen showing which direction you can go in. Just choose the one you want, hit a button, and you're off. When you hear cackling laughter, that's your cue that Heaven Smiles are in the vicinity. Press the right shoulder button to switch to the first-person shooting mode, and the left shoulder button to "scan" the area. This makes the normally cloaked creatures visible. Then, let the shooting begin. The feeling of being trapped on "rails" as you move feels restrictive at first, but once you begin to disassociate the game from a standard survival-horror title, it feels more natural. I did get irritated with the shooting controls on occasion, however, since the characters rotate very slowly while in first-person. Luckily, the Heaven Smiles rarely attack from behind. But What About Gameplay? Sounds pretty good, right? Well, it would be if the actual gameplay was any good. Here's where Killer 7 really stumbles. As I mentioned at the beginning of this review, this isn't a survival-horror game -- it's an adventure title with shooting segments. The problem is, the adventure bits are embarrassingly bad and the shooting bits grow tiresome after a couple stages. Take, for instance, this brain teaser from early in the game. You come to a room containing five candles. In order to solve the "puzzle," you must light the candles in a specific order. But what's this? The candles all have numbers on them? Numbers one through five? What could the proper order be? Thank heaven for GameFAQs, or I never would have gotten past that puzzler. But hey, that's an early puzzle. Surely things get tougher later in the game. Hahaha -- no. Remember Travis? The ghostly fella with the t-shirts? In one stage, you bump into him (he's now wearing a shirt that says "HUSTLE") and he shares some of his cryptic rhetoric with you. He also mentions that (and I'm paraphrasing here), "My shirt is the password." What an odd and vaguely clue-ish thing to say. Moments later, I stumble across a door that's locked and requires a six letter password to open. In case you are clueless enough to forget Travis' advice, there's another character standing next to the lock to remind you about the shirt-based password.	<urn:uuid:b2783b4a-2156-4ba6-b8f4-5f13015e5329>	2013-05-18T18:06:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00433349609375, -0.0164794921875, 0.01556396484375, -0.000797271728515625, 0.07666015625, -0.0267333984375, 0.0162353515625, 0.1083984375, -0.025146484375, -0.05810546875, 0.052001953125, 0.04541015625, 0.006317138671875, 0.011962890625, 0.03955078125...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956753	564	http://cube.gamespy.com/gamecube/killer-7/632084p2.html	0.293476
ketorolac tromethamine solution Falcon Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. ----------Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution, 0.4% Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% is a member of the pyrrolo-pyrrole group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for ophthalmic use. Structural and Molecular Formula: C19H24N2O6 Mol Wt 376.41 Chemical Name: (±)-5-Benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid, compound with 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (1:1) Contains: Active: ketorolac tromethamine 0.4%. Preservative: benzalkonium chloride 0.006%. Inactives: sodium chloride; edetate disodium 0.015%; octoxynol 40; purified water; and hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution is supplied as a sterile isotonic aqueous 0.4% solution, with a pH of approximately 7.4. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution is a racemic mixture of R-(+) and S-(-)- ketorolac tromethamine. Ketorolac tromethamine may exist in three crystal forms. All forms are equally soluble in water. The pKa of ketorolac is 3.5. This white to off-white crystalline substance discolors on prolonged exposure to light. The osmolality of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution is approximately 290 mOsml/kg. Ketorolac tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which, when administered systemically, has demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity. The mechanism of its action is thought to be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis. Ketorolac tromethamine given systemically does not cause pupil constriction. One drop (0.05 mL) of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution was instilled into one eye and one drop of vehicle into the other eye TID in 26 normal subjects. Only 5 of 26 subjects had a detectable amount of ketorolac in their plasma (range 10.7 to 22.5 ng/mL) at day 10 during topical ocular treatment. When ketorolac tromethamine 10 mg is administered systemically every 6 hours, peak plasma levels at steady state are around 960 ng/mL. In two double-masked, multi-centered, parallel-group studies, 313 patients who had undergone photorefractive keratectomy received ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.4% or its vehicle QID for up to 4 days. Significant differences favored ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution for the reduction of ocular pain and burning/stinging following photorefractive keratectomy surgery. Results from clinical studies indicate that ketorolac tromethamine has no significant effect upon intraocular pressure. The safety and effectiveness of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution in post-cataract surgery patients has not been established. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% is indicated for the reduction of ocular pain and burning/stinging following corneal refractive surgery. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% is contraindicated in patients with previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients in the formulation. There is the potential for cross-sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid, phenylacetic acid derivatives, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, caution should be used when treating individuals who have previously exhibited sensitivities to these drugs. With some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs there exists the potential for increased bleeding time due to interference with thrombocyte aggregation. There have been reports that ocularly applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause increased bleeding of ocular tissues (including hyphemas) in conjunction with ocular surgery. All topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, may slow or delay healing. Topical corticosteroids are also known to slow or delay healing. Concomitant use of topical NSAIDs and topical steroids may increase the potential for healing problems. Use of topical NSAIDs may result in keratitis. In some susceptible patients, continued use of topical NSAIDs may result in epithelial breakdown, corneal thinning, corneal erosion, corneal ulceration or corneal perforation. These events may be sight threatening. Patients with evidence of corneal epithelial breakdown should immediately discontinue use of topical NSAIDs and should be closely monitored for corneal health. Postmarketing experience with topical NSAIDs suggests that patients with complicated ocular surgeries, corneal denervation, corneal epithelial defects, diabetes mellitus, ocular surface diseases (e.g., dry eye syndrome), rheumatoid arthritis, or repeat ocular surgeries within a short period of time may be at increased risk for corneal adverse events which may become sight threatening. Topical NSAIDs should be used with caution in these patients. Postmarketing experience with topical NSAIDs also suggests that use more than 24 hours prior to surgery or use beyond 14 days post-surgery may increase patient risk for the occurrence and severity of corneal adverse events. It is recommended that ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% be used with caution in patients with known bleeding tendencies or who are receiving other medications, which may prolong bleeding time. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% should not be administered while wearing contact lenses. Ketorolac tromethamine was neither carcinogenic in rats given up to 5 mg/kg/day orally for 24 months (156 times the maximum recommended human topical ophthalmic dose, on a mg/kg basis, assuming 100% absorption in humans and animals) nor in mice given 2 mg/kg/day orally for 18 months (62.5 times the maximum recommended human topical ophthalmic dose, on a mg/kg basis, assuming 100% absorption in humans and animals). Ketorolac tromethamine was not mutagenic in vitro in the Ames assay or in forward mutation assays. Similarly, it did not result in an in vitro increase in unscheduled DNA synthesis or an in vivo increase in chromosome breakage in mice. However, ketorolac tromethamine did result in an increased incidence in chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Ketorolac tromethamine did not impair fertility when administered orally to male and female rats at doses up to 280 and 499 times the maximum recommended human topical ophthalmic dose, respectively, on a mg/kg basis, assuming 100% absorption in humans and animals. Ketorolac tromethamine, administered during organogenesis, was not teratogenic in rabbits or rats at oral doses up to 112 times and 312 times the maximum recommended human topical ophthalmic dose, respectively, on a mg/kg basis assuming 100% absorption in humans and animals. When administered to rats after Day 17 of gestation at oral doses up to 46 times the maximum recommended human topical ophthalmic dose on a mg/kg basis, assuming 100% absorption in humans and animals, ketorolac tromethamine resulted in dystocia and increased pup mortality. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Because of the known effects of prostaglandin-inhibiting drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of the ductus arteriosus), the use of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% during late pregnancy should be avoided. Caution should be exercised when ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% is administered to a nursing woman. Safety and effectiveness of ketorolac tromethamine in pediatric patients below the age of 3 have not been established. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients. The most frequently reported adverse reactions for ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% occurring in approximately 1 to 5% of the overall study population were conjunctival hyperemia, corneal infiltrates, headache, ocular edema and ocular pain. The most frequent adverse events reported with the use of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions have been transient stinging and burning on instillation. These events were reported by 20% - 40% of patients participating in these other clinical trials. Other adverse events occurring approximately 1% - 10% of the time during treatment with ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions included allergic reactions, corneal edema, iritis, ocular inflammation, ocular irritation, ocular pain, superficial keratitis, and superficial ocular infections. Clinical Practice: The following events have been identified during postmarketing use of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. The events, which have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, possible causal connection to topical ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solutions, or a combination of these factors, include corneal erosion, corneal perforation, corneal thinning and epithelial breakdown (see PRECAUTIONS, General). The recommended dose of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% is one drop four times a day in the operated eye as needed for pain and burning/stinging for up to 4 days following corneal refractive surgery. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution has been safely administered in conjunction with other ophthalmic medications such as antibiotics, beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cycloplegics, and mydriatics. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution, 0.4% is supplied sterile in a white LDPE plastic DROP-TAINER® bottle, a natural dropper tip and a grey polypropylene cap as follows: 5 mL in 8 mL bottle - NDC 61314-018-05 Storage: Store at 2°C - 25°C (36°F- 77°F). *DROP-TAINER is a registered trademark of Alcon Manufacturing, Ltd. Falcon Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. Fort Worth, Texas 76134 USA Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Fort Worth, Texas 76134 USA Keterolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution FOR TOPICAL OPHTHALMIC USE ONLY Each mL contains: Active: keterolac tromethamine 0.4%; Preservative: benzalkonium chloride 0.006%; Inactives: sodium chloride; edetate disodium 0.015%; octoxynol 40; purified water; and hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to approximately 7.4. Usual Dosage: One drop four times a day for up to 4 days. Storage: Store at 2°-25°C (36°-77°). This package is not child resistant. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. ©2009 Falcon Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. keterolac tromethamine solution \|Marketing Category\|\|Application Number or Monograph Citation\|\|Marketing Start Date\|\|Marketing End Date\| \|Labeler - Falcon Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. (874345820)\| \|Registrant - Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (008018525)\| \|Alcon Research, Ltd.\|\|008018525\|\|MANUFACTURE\|	<urn:uuid:c4263f47-c6fa-4aa4-9d48-744f852f048b>	2013-05-18T17:50:36Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.023681640625, 0.015625, -0.00933837890625, -0.02734375, 0.055908203125, -0.11181640625, 0.00031280517578125, 0.123046875, -0.0147705078125, -0.0189208984375, 0.0242919921875, 0.0147705078125, 0.003814697265625, 0.043212890625, 0.03857421875, -0.04...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.858446	2,730	http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=13841	0.166096
Tim Heitman-US PRESSWIRE The Rangers relief pitcher is uncertain about whether Josh Hamilton and the Texas Rangers should have a future together. "Josh is a special talent and sometimes you have to let Josh figure it out himself," said Adams. "He's a different guy sometimes. Every day you hope that Josh comes to the ballpark, shows up and plays like Josh Hamilton. "Sometimes he shows up and you don't know which Josh is going to show up at the ballpark. It's nothing to be negative about toward Josh; that's just the way it is. That's what you get with Josh." Adams would go on to say that while he wants what is best for Hamilton and the Rangers, he's not certain that it's in the best interest of the team to sign the inconsistent power hitter. The relief pitcher is currently a free agent and said he's going to see what happens on the open market before making a decision on whether to possibly return to the Rangers himself. Hamilton enjoyed the most home runs (43) and RBIs (128) in a season in his career in 2012, yet inconsistencies at the plate detracted from what could have certainly been so much more. Hamilton, who has been with the Rangers since 2008, hit just .245 at the plate in September and October and had little effect on the field with his team fighting for a playoff spot in the final weeks of the season. Mike Adams would, later in the interview, state that he would want Hamilton on the field because of what the power hitter is capable of at the plate.	<urn:uuid:24b0250b-e003-45af-bea2-c5e099f1cd0a>	2013-05-18T17:18:09Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.006204710341989994, 0.02083333395421505, 0.011684782803058624, -0.013134057633578777, 0.037681158632040024, -0.045108694583177567, 0.019021738320589066, 0.06594202667474747, -0.01014492753893137, -0.09166666865348816, 0.07500000298023224, 0.06666667014360428, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982042	322	http://dallas.sbnation.com/texas-rangers/2012/11/7/3615168/mike-adams-rangers-josh-hamilton-free-agency	0.31022
The start will be Darvish's first at Texas' home Cactus League complex in Surprise, Arizona. Darvish has only pitched five innings so far in the spring, but we've already seen the good and the bad. Darvish was excellent in his first start against the San Diego Padres, pitching just two innings, but allowing just two hits, while issuing no walks and striking out three. Darvish displayed excellent stuff and, for the most part, commanded the strike zone well. Things didn't go so well for Darvish when he faced the Cleveland Indians last week, though. Darvish pitched three innings, but labored through them as he failed to command his four seam fastball. Consequently, Darvish walked four in those three innings, while giving up two runs on three hits. Darvish did strike out three in the contest. In both of Darvish's starts so far, he's pitched exclusively out of the stretch, as he's said that's what he's been more comfortable doing. We'll see if Darvish opts to pitch from the windup on Monday, as he takes on the reigning National League Central champion Brewers.	<urn:uuid:fd0312ff-2211-41cf-b45d-b34f7c1816e0>	2013-05-18T17:48:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.02263692580163479, -0.008999558165669441, 0.008999558165669441, -0.04527385160326958, -0.0005314156296662986, -0.0351148396730423, 0.017667844891548157, 0.056316252797842026, -0.006597835570573807, -0.0989399328827858, 0.07994699478149414, 0.045494697988033295, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978256	243	http://dallas.sbnation.com/texas-rangers/2012/3/19/2883709/rangers-yu-darvish-set-to-pitch-on-monday	0.476565
Many Portsmouth men served in the Parachute Regiment during the Second World War. The Parachute Regiment was formed during the Second World War, after the Germans had used Airborne forces to great effect in the invasion of Holland and Belgium in 1940. Although initially Britian’s Airborne forces operated as small raiding parties, by the time it came to invade Europe in June 1944 the Airborne forces had expanded into 2 full Divisions, each of over 10,000 men. Each contained 2 Brigades of Parachute troops, and there was also an independent Parachute Battalion in the Mediterranean. The Parachute Regiment had expanded enormously to more than 10 Battalions. During the war men could only volunteer for the Para’s from another unit, not directly from civilian life. They underwent strenuous physical training, and in addition had to complete a number of parachute jumps to obtain their parachute wings and additional pay. Naturally, they soon earned a reputation as among Britain’s toughest troops. The Germans nicknamed them ‘Der Roten Tefuel’ – the Red Devils. Field Marshal Montgomery paid the paras perhaps their most timeless tribute when he described them thus: ‘They are in fact, men apart. Every man an Emperor’ More Pompey paras are bound to emerge from the records as I carry on analysing the list of war dead, but here are some names and stories from among the first 600 names I have researched. Private John Byng, 21, was killed in action in Tunisia on 11 March 1943, during the invasion of French North Africa. He was serving with the 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment, and had originally been a member of the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry. After serving in North Africa the Paras then went on to Italy, where Private George Bayton, 34 and from Southsea, was killed on 8 December 1943, fighting with the 4th Battalion. He joined the Paras from the East Surrey Regiment. The Regiment suffered heavy losses on D-Day and in the subsequent battle of Normandy. Private Ronald Kent, 24, and from the 8th Battalion, was killed on D-Day. He had originally joined the Royal Artillery. In the heavy fighting after D-Day the 6th Airborne Division was in action right through until August 1944. Sergeant Frank Kempster, 30, was killed on 19 August 1944. He had previously been a member of the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry. The famous battle at Arnhem also saw heavy losses. Corporal Thomas Bedford, age 22 and from Paulsgrove, was killed on 18 September 1944, the day that the 11th Battalion landed at Ginkel Heath. Bedford had previously been in the Royal Artillery. He was serving in the same battalion as my Grandad, Private Henry Miller, also from Portsmouth, who interestingly lived in Paulsgrove for almost 50 years after the war. Finally, the 6th Airborne Division later saw service in action supporting the crossing of the Rhine in March 1945 and subsequently on until VE Day. Sergeant Sidney Cornell, 31, was killed on 7 April 1945, just over a month before the end of the war. He is buried at Becklingen in Germany, not far from the site where the Germans surrendered to Field Marshal Montgomery at Luneberg Heath. Although we do not know what unit he had served in prior to the Paras, he had been called up after September 1943, and thus was very new to the Army. Sergeant Cornell was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for bravery in action during the Battle of Normandy, when he was a Private and serving as his company runner in the 7th Battalion of the Parachute Regiment. The DCM was second only to the Victoria Cross for bravery shown by non-officers. The recommendation for his DCM is available to download from the National Archives website, and I’ll quote from it here: ‘This soldier was one of the parachutists to land behind the German lines in Normandy on the night 5/6 June 1944. During the next five weeks he was in almost continuous action of a most trying and difficult nature. Cornell was a Company runner and has repeatedly carried messages through the most heavy and accurate enemy mortar and Machine Gun fire. Four times wounded in action this soldier has never been evacuated and carries on with his job cheerfully and efficiently. Very many acts of gallantry have been performed by members of the Battalion but for sustained courage nothing surpasses Cornell’s effort. His courage and many wounds have made him a well known and admired character throughout not only his own Battalion but the whole Brigade. Space does not permit a record of all his feats as he distinguished himself in practically every action and fighting took place daily. On 18th June 1944 his company carried out a raid on a strong enemy position in the Bois de Bavent area. The position was stronger than expected and the company was hard pressed and the wireless set destroyed. Cornell was sent back with a verbal message, he was wounded during the journey but carried on and delivered his message correctly and set off with the reply. He was wounded a second time on the return journey but again carried on and again delivered the message correctly. During the remained of this raid, and despite his two wounds, he was outstanding for his courage and dash. The courage and devotion to duty displayed by Cornell on this occasion was an inspiration to all who witnessed it. He has performed similar runs on countless occasions and, as has been pointed out before, has been wounded twice more but is still the runner for his company and is as cheerful as before. On 10 July 1944 his company again carried out a raid on the same area and again, as usual, Cornell’s complete disregard for his own safety became the chief topic of conversation amongst his fellow soldiers. He has never failed to deliver a message correctly despite the fact that he has carried through a perfect hail of enemy mortar bombs and shells and very frequently aimed Machine Gun fire as well. He is a truly magnificent parachutist and I cannot recommend him too highly for a decoration’.	<urn:uuid:fb0e0f8f-2ef9-4511-9d10-f043a4736bd8>	2013-05-18T17:27:31Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0247802734375, 0.0235595703125, -0.0341796875, 0.004791259765625, 0.103515625, -0.040283203125, -0.033935546875, 0.0673828125, 0.00162506103515625, -0.061279296875, 0.06494140625, 0.034912109375, -0.040283203125, -0.0086669921875, 0.03369140625, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.987698	1,251	http://dalyhistory.wordpress.com/2009/12/08/pompeys-ww2-paras/	0.330517
I have a requirement to return a batch of records and then mark the batch complete. I was thinking to acheive this with a select and the update. Something like create procedure testproc as select x,y,z from Table update Table set retreived = 'Y' go The question I have, is what happens if the procedure executes, returns the select but the connection breaks before the batch is retreived. Does the batch still get updated? Otherwise can anyone think of a better way to acheive this with stored procs?	<urn:uuid:ed9d2657-af36-4c9d-8e02-c868cd29d40e>	2013-05-18T18:08:54Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.05584016442298889, 0.005411116871982813, 0.023821720853447914, -0.014216188341379166, 0.03509221225976944, -0.042520493268966675, -0.00036420978722162545, 0.05558401718735695, -0.00973360612988472, -0.04789958894252777, 0.07018442451953888, 0.02740778774023056, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929961	114	http://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/25429/calling-stored-procedure-with-select-and-update-statement	0.520359
I think my verbosity has obscured the real question I'm asking here, so I apologise for that. My main issue is that the checkpoint command appeared to be working for at least 800 iterations of the loop. The log size remained static at around 1GB during that period. Then, sometime overnight the checkpoint evidently failed to free the space within the log file and it consumed the drive. No database backups where scheduled. I'm at a loss as to what caused this behaviour. Is there anything I can do to ensure that the log space is freed on completion of each loop iteration under both FULL and SIMPLE recovery modes? I am trying to alter the schema (and make some data changes) on an extremely large table without causing any disruption to applications and services that require this table and also to keep the transaction log at a manageable size. So I have decided to process the table data within a loop, either taking a log backup or issuing a checkpoint statement depending on the recovery model at the end of each iteration. Each loop migrates some data into a new table (both old and new tables are UNION ALLd behind a view to ensure availability while the data is only partially migrated). However the transaction log is blowing out on the development server under SIMPLE recovery mode, but in a very odd way. I monitored the log for the first ~800 iterations of the loop (out of a total of ~3000) before going home and the log remained at a size consistent with the number of records it was processing per iteration and so the method appeared to be working. However, on arrival the next morning, I noticed that the log had exploded and consumed the entire disk with only 400 iterations to go. I do not understand why the process appeared to work initially, and then failed at some seemingly arbitrary point. I would have expected the log to grow steadily if my logic was wrong, but this did not happen. I truncated the log so it started at ~500KB. It grew to around 1.2GB after the first loop and stayed at approximately that size for the first few hundred iterations. Based on that it seemed as though the method was sound. My script is summarised with the following pseudoish code: select distinct [fk] into #tmp from [huge_table]; while exists (select 1 from #tmp) begin select top (1) @id = [fk] from #tmp; -- Actual query is more complicated... delete [huge_table] output deleted.* into [new_table] from [huge_table] a where a.[fk] = @id; -- Keep log down if @recovery = N'SIMPLE' checkpoint; else begin set @logpath = '\\path\to\backups\log_' + cast(@c as varchar) + '.trn'; backup log 'database_name' to disk = @logpath; set @c = @c + 1; end delete top (1) #tmp; end My choices at this point appear to be either a) fix the problem somehow, or b) assume that the same degenerate behaviour will not occur under FULL recovery mode in Production. I'm naturally repulsed by option B, but not sure how to go about option A. How can I ensure that the size of the transaction log behaves itself. Is there something I am missing? My only idea currently is to append to the end of the loop something like: if @logsize > 10GB (or some other arbitrary number) dbcc shrinkfile (N'database_log_file', 0, truncateonly); But, aside from being awful in and of itself, I can't think of any way to translate this approach to a database under FULL recovery mode, so it's really not an option for me at this point. EDIT: Also, I checked the log_reuse_wait_desc column after the failure but the result for the database in question was NOTHING, so that provided no enlightenment. I was able to do a log truncation via dbcc shrinkfile after the fact, so the log was not in any state that prevented truncation.	<urn:uuid:d943a982-5eb1-4f22-a364-63c464bde7a3>	2013-05-18T17:52:14Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0272216796875, -0.00811767578125, 0.0076904296875, -0.0133056640625, 0.044677734375, -0.0947265625, -0.004669189453125, 0.0966796875, 0.01092529296875, 0.00860595703125, 0.010009765625, 0.03173828125, -0.061767578125, 0.0196533203125, 0.03369140625, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948544	866	http://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/9089/keep-transaction-log-size-under-control-during-batch-processing/9090	0.19359
New Releases: What upcoming games are you looking forward to? Graphics : 8 Soundtrack : 6 Gameplay : 9 I would recommend this game to anyone who enjoys both "G T A" and WWII Style game. Plus The Nudity is a Plus!!! Game Traits applied to The Saboteur (X360) by Dex285	<urn:uuid:78875a9b-54ba-4f57-bc2d-c34dc10ca0ca>	2013-05-18T18:06:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03125, 0.010767227970063686, 0.021935096010565758, 0.00545873399823904, 0.08814102411270142, -0.032652243971824646, -0.00380608974955976, 0.05108173191547394, -0.024839743971824646, -0.008463541977107525, 0.008313301019370556, 0.044671475887298584, 0.04447115...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.881616	73	http://dex285.gamerdna.com/review/saboteur-xbox-360	0.228794
Word Origin & History 1605, the "East Goths," who conquered Italy late 5c. and established, under Theodric, a kingdom there that lasted from 493 to 555 C.E., from L.L. Ostrogothæ, lit. "eastern Goths" from P.Gmc. aust(a)r- "east" (for second element, see Goth, also Visigoth), but according to some this is a folk corruption of an earlier Austrogoti, from a Gmc. compound, the first element of which means "shining" or "splendid," from P.Gmc. austr-, from PIE *ausr- (see aurora ), which is also, via "sunrise," the root of the L. word for "east."	<urn:uuid:946be36b-3bb2-4dbc-90c6-1c9a1e59dea8>	2013-05-18T17:28:15Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.004250323865562677, -0.016110751777887344, -0.029306994751095772, 0.012224741280078888, 0.019672928377985954, -0.09326425194740295, -0.0052218264900147915, 0.05634715035557747, -0.028173575177788734, 0.0016090511344373226, 0.05181347206234932, 0.03303108736872673,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.92462	175	http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ostrogoth	0.257506
skip to content Search results for Walker, Harry [photographer] Refine your search 1910 - 1940s 1900 - 1949 1915 - 1920s 1920s - 1940s page 11 of 16 : ( add to favorites Group of ducks near building A group of ducks on the grass near a building. A group of three men is in front of the building's screened porch. The ducks are looking towards a small area of water in the ground. Group of people on horse-drawn vehicle A group of adults and children on and beside a wooden, horse-drawn vehicle that is attached to two horses. Group of people on steps of building A group of people sitting on the steps of a three-story building with columned porches. A wooden fence runs in front of the building, and another building can be seen in the background. Group of people next to building A group of people next to a wooden building with windows and a door. A man is standing on the grass, a woman is standing on the steps of the building, and another woman is sitting near the door to the... Group of people sitting on steps A group of people sitting on the steps of a three-story building with columns. A windmill can be seen behind the building, and a wooden fence is located in front of the building. Group of people sitting on rock A group of people sitting on a large rock. To the left is a wooden fence, and to the right is a three-story building with columns. Group of people in body of water A group of people wearing bathing suits, each of them immersed partially in a body of water. Two people with body of water Two people wearing bathing suits and caps, standing next to a body of water, with their feet immersed in the water. Group of people near body of water A group of people standing next to one another, most of them wearing bathing sutis, with a body of water to the left. Group of people on couch A group of people sitting on a couch, with the man situated between the two women. Behind them is a window with blinds and curtains. To the left and right of the couch are tables with lamps and flowers.... Family standing in front of a house beside a car Family group photograph in front of a two-story house and beside a car in the driveway. Group of people at formal occasion A group of people dressed in formal attire in a room with a piano. Some of the people are sitting at dressed tables with candlesticks and utensils and are looking on as two standing men look at a framed... Two children standing next to each other, with one of the children holding a flat piece of wood being handed to them. A fence and trees can be seen in the background. Man and woman with children A man and a woman standing behind two children. A fence and trees can be seen in the background. Group of people in front of building A group of three men at the front of a building with a screened porch. Another building and a tree can be seen behind the main building in the distance. Trees and cars A group of cars and a building by a group of large trees with Spanish moss. A person in a hat can be seen on the left side of the image. Group of ducks A group of ducks on grass. A building can be seen in the background. Group of people in car A group of people sitting inside a car. Group of people with guns and car A group of people in front of a car. A woman in the group is holding a long gun and a boy in the group is holding a small gun. Group of people standing and sitting A large group of people standing and sitting near a small wooden structure. Some people have drink bottles with them. A sign reading HUMBLE DEALER can be seen behind the people. add to favorites page 11 of 16 : ( © 2013 The University of Houston, 114 University Libraries, Houston, TX 77204-2000 (713) 743-1050 State of Texas	<urn:uuid:d8b401e6-0784-44b0-bdcb-42004d29f6d6>	2013-05-18T18:08:20Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0150146484375, 0.0166015625, -0.035888671875, -0.004486083984375, 0.1640625, -0.03857421875, 0.007476806640625, 0.06396484375, -0.0272216796875, -0.05224609375, 0.061279296875, 0.0380859375, 0.12353515625, -0.0277099609375, 0.03955078125, -0.007415...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944299	863	http://digital.lib.uh.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=any&CISOBOX1=Group&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=walker%2C+harry+%5Bphotographer%5D&CISOFIELD2=creato&CISOROOT=/p15195coll17&t=s&CISOSTART=11,201	0.868454
"All Alone." by Mary Darby Robinson (1758-1800) Ah! wherefore by the church-yard side, Poor little lorn one. dost thou stray? Thy wavy locks but thinly hide The tears that dim thy blue-eye's ray; And wherefore dost thou sigh, and moan, And weep, that thou art left alone? Thou art not left alone, poor boy, The traveller stops to hear thy tale; No heart, so hard, would thee annoy! For though thy mother's cheek is pale, And withers under yon grave stone, Thou art not, urchin, left alone. I know thee well! thy yellow hair In silky waves I oft have seen: Thy dimpled face so fresh and fair, Thy roguish smile, thy playful mien, Were all to me, poor orphan, known, Ere Fate had left thee–all alone! Thy russet coat is scant, and torn, Thy cheek is now grown deathly pale! Thy eyes are dim, thy looks forlorn, And bare thy bosom meets the gale; And oft I hear thee deeply groan, That thou, poor boy, art left alone. Thy naked feet are wounded sore With thorns, that cross thy daily road; The winter winds around thee roar, The church-yard is thy bleak abode; Thy pillow now a cold grave stone– And there thou lov'st to grieve–alone! The rain has drench'd thee, all night long; The nipping frost thy bosom froze; And still, the yew-tree shades among, I heard thee sigh thy artless woes; I heard thee, till the day-star shone In darkness weep–and weep alone! Oft have I seen thee, little boy, Upon thy lovely mother's knee; For when she lived, thou wert her joy, Though now a mourner thou must be! For she lies low, where yon grave stone Proclaims that thou art left alone. Weep, weep no more; on yonder hill The village bells are ringing, gay; The merry reed, and brawling rill Call thee to rustic sports away. Then wherefore weep, and sigh, and moan, A truant from the throng–alone? "I cannot the green hill ascend, I cannot pace the upland mead; I cannot in the vale attend To hear the merry-sounding reed: For all is still beneath yon stone, Where my poor mother's left alone! "I cannot gather gaudy flowers To dress the scene of revels loud– I cannot pass the evening hours Among the noisy village crowd; For all in darkness, and alone My mother sleeps, beneath yon stone. "See how the stars begin to gleam, The sheep-dog barks–'tis time to go; The night-fly hums, the moonlight beam Peeps through the yew-trees' shadowy row: It falls upon the white grave-stone, Where my dear mother sleeps alone. "O stay me not, for I must go, The upland path in haste to tread; For there the pale primroses grow, They grow to dress my mother's bed. They must ere peep of day, be strown, Where she lies mouldering all alone. "My father o'er the stormy sea To distant lands was borne away, And still my mother stay'd with me, And wept by night and toil'd by day. And shall I ever quit the stone Where she is left to sleep alone. "My father died, and still I found My mother fond and kind to me; I felt her breast with rapture bound When first I prattled on her knee– And then she blest my infant tone, And little thought of yon grave-stone. "No more her gentle voice I hear, No more her smile of fondness see; Then wonder not I shed the tear, She would have died to follow me! And yet she sleeps beneath yon stone, And I still live–to weep alone. "Thy playful kid, she loved so well, From yon high clift was seen to fall; I heard afar his tinkling bell, Which seem'd in vain for aid to call– I heard the harmless sufferer moan, And grieved that he was left alone. "Our faithful dog grew mad, and died, The lightning smote our cottage low– We had no resting-place beside, And knew not whither we should go: For we were poor–and hearts of stone Will never throb at misery's groan. "My mother still survived for me, She led me to the mountain's brow, She watch'd me, while at yonder tree I sat, and wove the ozier bough; And oft she cried, "fear not, mine own! Thou shalt not, boy, be left alone." "The blast blew strong, the torrent rose And bore our shatter'd cot away: And where the clear brook swiftly flows, Upon the turf, at dawn of day, When bright the sun's full lustre shone, I wander'd, friendless–and alone!" Thou art not, boy, for I have seen Thy tiny footsteps print the dew, And while the morning sky serene Spread o'er the hill a yellow hue, I heard thy sad and plaintive moan, Beside the cold sepulchral stone. And when the summer noontide hours With scorching rays the landscape spread, I mark'd thee, weaving fragrant flowers To deck thy mother's silent bed! Nor at the church-yard's simple stone Wert thou, poor Urchin, left alone. I follow'd thee along the dale, And up the woodland's shad'wy way: I heard thee tell thy mournful tale As slowly sunk the star of day: Nor when its twinkling light had flown Wert thou a wanderer all alone. "O! yes, I was! and still shall be A wanderer, mourning and forlorn; For what is all the world to me– What are the dews and buds of morn? Since she who left me sad, alone In darkness sleeps, beneath yon stone! ''No brother's tear shall fall for me, For I no brother ever knew; No friend shall weep my destiny, For friends are scarce, and tears are few; None do I see, save on this stone, Where I will stay and weep alone. "My father never will return, He rests beneath the sea-green wave I have no kindred left to mourn When I am hid in yonder grave: Not one to dress with flowers the stone! Then–surely, I am left alone!"	<urn:uuid:2085081e-0800-4923-9086-66b9972a7360>	2013-05-18T17:37:35Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0322265625, 0.00897216796875, -0.0233154296875, 0.0303955078125, 0.150390625, -0.1669921875, 0.010498046875, 0.08935546875, -0.0311279296875, -0.00439453125, -0.01348876953125, 0.0038604736328125, 0.02197265625, -0.0233154296875, 0.0250244140625, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.894068	1,565	http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/robinson/other/rmd-alone.html	0.474411
2 images. Golden wedding party, 22 March 1957. Mr. and Mrs. Howard Wright (married 52 years); Mr. and Mrs. H.L. Kreis; Mr. and Mrs. Antonio Benenati; Mr. and Mrs. William Gould; Sheriff Eugene Biscailuz.; Caption slip reads: "Photographer: Olmo. Date: 1957-03-22. Reporter: Waymire. Assignment: Golden Wedding Party at Flower Show. 75/76: Mr. and Mrs. Howard (Amanda) Wright, wed 52 years. He's been examiner pressman for 33 years. 77/78: Mr. and Mrs. H.L. Kreis, wed 68 years; Mr. and Mrs. Antonio Benenati, wed 72 years; Mr. and Mrs. William Gould, wed 69 years, are served refreshments by Mr. and Mrs. Howard Wright, wed 52 years. 1/2: Sheriff Eugene Biscailuz congratulates Mr. and Mrs. Antonio Benenati, wed 72 years".	<urn:uuid:a93b3167-104a-49f0-8b91-a0482e96ffea>	2013-05-18T17:57:27Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.022554347291588783, 0.0573369562625885, -0.021739130839705467, -0.001290760817937553, 0.09836956858634949, 0.025271739810705185, -0.012092391029000282, 0.0676630437374115, -0.015285326167941093, -0.05951086804270744, 0.10978260636329651, 0.03586956486105919, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.852688	212	http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll44/id/84773/rec/13	0.496563
BBC: Fawlty Towers Official network site for the situation comedy starring John Cleese, Prunella Scales, Connie Booth, and Andrew Sachs. Tribute to the classic 1970s comedy series set in the fictional Fawlty Towers hotel in Torquay on the English Riviera. Wikipedia: Fawlty Towers Hyperlinked history of the British sitcom created by John Cleese and Connie Booth.	<urn:uuid:af3bb9ed-1f27-4212-8d54-26ae02e5d11f>	2013-05-18T17:39:21Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.028057795017957687, 0.014448924921452999, -0.007476478349417448, 0.02016128972172737, 0.07694892585277557, -0.013524865731596947, -0.04233871027827263, 0.10349462181329727, -0.03259408473968506, -0.04267473146319389, 0.0672043040394783, 0.027385752648115158, 0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.782833	85	http://dir.yahoo.com/entertainment/television_shows/comedy/fawlty_towers/	0.685407
I got my butt kicked twice this week. Butt Kicking #1: Saturday Night Service Butt Kicker: Margaret Feinberg Topic: If you don't wear your crown, God will give it to someone else. Butt Kicking #2: Dinner at Baja Fresh Butt Kickers: Hungry Mothers Topic: When we meet in December, you must report back about what you've decided to cut out of your life. Reaction: Fair enough. I'm cutting you out. :) Just kidding. I'm thankful for butt kickers.	<urn:uuid:076ae374-2ef2-4765-b626-bb726335b20f>	2013-05-18T17:56:57Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03400000184774399, 0.027124999091029167, 0.020625000819563866, 0.012875000014901161, 0.08299999684095383, 0.03150000050663948, -0.007718749810010195, 0.0637499988079071, -0.027000000700354576, -0.061000000685453415, 0.01899999938905239, 0.020874999463558197, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939941	120	http://discipleshipgroups.blogspot.com/2008/11/butt-kicked.html	0.285292
- Leftwing news radio network - Key program host is Al Franken - CEO Mark Walsh was an advisor to John F. Kerry’s Presidential campaign Air America Radio was designed and built to advance the Democratic Party. However, in the event that it proved unprofitable, preparations were in place, from its inception, for this network's lucrative dismemberment shortly after the November 2004 election."I'd be happy if the election of a Democrat [for President] ended the show," said the network's biggest star, Al Franken, who signed a contract to do a weekday three-hour show opposite Limbaugh. "I'm doing this because I want to use my energies to get [President] Bush unelected." Billed as the new "liberal" network, Air America Radio began airing on stations in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Portland on March 31, 2004. Pundits claimed that it would offer an alternative to the views of talk radio conservatives such as Rush Limbaugh. The idea to create a "liberal" radio network came from Chicago businessman Sheldon Drobny, who said he was willing to invest $10 million in the venture. In 2003 he created AnShell Media as home for this enterprise and hired Atlanta broadcast veteran Jon Sinton as its chief executive officer, but Drobny became controversial after National Review's Byron York reported on Drobny’s writings for the small website MakeThemAccountable.com. In those writings, Drobny likened President Bush to Adolf Hitler and accused the Bush family of having links to Nazi Germany. These notions, Drobny acknowledged, came from his readings of conspiracy theories published by former Trotskyite Lyndon LaRouche's organization. Drobny defended his potential role as owner of this "liberal" network. "As a venture capitalist, I'm not the one who does the programming," he said, "nor would I interject my own opinion into programming." In 2003 Drobny and his wife sold "much" (but not all) of their ownership of AnShell to a group formed by New York investor Evan Cohen, an entrepreneur "who at the time was developing a pan-Asian radio network," and his classmate at Beloit College in Wisconsin, David Goodfriend, a former Clinton White House staffer. The new holding company, with Drobny as part owner, is named Progress Media, and its President is Jon Sinton. What it holds are two separate entities, Air America Radio, which produces programs, and Equal Time Media, which buys, leases, and manages radio stations. As of its March 31, 2004 launch date, no stations had been purchased. (By contrast, Clear Channel, Rush Limbaugh's partner, owns more than 1,200 radio stations that broadcast various kinds of music and talk.) Two of the stations carrying Air America Radio -- 50,000 watt KBLA 1580 in Santa Monica, and 5,000 watt WNTD 950 in Chicago -- were both previously Spanish-language and are both being provided by the same company, Multicultural Radio Broadcasting Licensee LLC in Miami, Florida. In the radio business, companies frequently "rent" stations through an LMA, or lease-manage agreement. But much is kept vague about how Progress Media does business. The arrangement with station owner Multicultural Radio is described as "a radio network distribution deal" or "leasing time," a bit like a radio evangelist buying hours of airtime from a station owner. Depending on the terms of such secret deals, they could be little different from a campaign contribution to allies of the Democratic Party in the form of cheap or free air time, which can be entirely legal under the new campaign finance laws. The third affiliate carrying Air America Radio, WLIB 1190 in New York City, until this change a Caribbean music station with occasional black-targeted talk shows, is via a "partnership" with owner Inner City Broadcasting Corporation (ICBC). Conditions of the deal apparently involved Air America Radio hiring WLIB host Mark Riley and altering the content of its programming. The chairman of ICBC is Pierre Sutton, son of part owner and Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton. Air America moved into WLIB's 40th floor offices at 3 Park Avenue. "This is really a neat [corporate] structure," said Madison, Wisconsin businessman Terry Kelly, one of the investors that Progressive Media has tried to keep under wraps. Another such investor may be Rex Sorensen, a Democratic donor who owns five radio stations on Saipan and Guam, and who is a friend of Pacific broadcast maven Evan Cohen.) "Equal Time was formed to buy and hold radio stations," said Kelly. "The reason to have these companies separate is that investment in Equal Time can be attractive to different kinds of investors. Owning radio stations means you have physical assets and therefore you can get investment groups who have owned broadcast properties before and know what the returns are likely to be," continued Kelly. A former Madison TV weatherman who co-founded successful Weather Central, Inc., Kelly became wealthy by supplying a large share of the weather and other graphics programs used by television networks and stations across America. "Equal Time," says Kelly, "is a nonpartisan investment group." Air America Radio's Chief Executive Officer Mark Walsh is more blunt. He compares owning or leasing radio stations to controlling valuable beachfront property. If the liberal radio network fails or goes bankrupt, notes National Review's Byron York, "the group will still own the stations, which will still be worth a lot of money, and can still be reprogrammed with something more popular." Or as Walsh puts it, "If people don't like the way you decorate the house, you can change it." That is why Progress Media is divided into two bankruptcy-bulwarked separate entities, the radio network and the holding company for the radio stations. Few other radio networks are set up on this capitalist model, the kind that leftists condemn when practiced in other industries. Prior to taking the helm at Air America, Mark Walsh was the top Internet advisor to Senator John F. Kerry's campaign. Prior to that, he was the first Internet Chief Technology Advisor of the Democratic National Committee, as well as a donor of $250,000 in 2000 to the Democratic Party, making him one of the top 400 political party donors in America. During his career, Walsh has been a TV newsman in West Virginia and a highly paid executive at Home Box Office, General Electric, America Online, VerticalNet, the New York Times Digital Company, Impulse Radio, and several other enterprises. "I am a lifelong Democrat," Walsh told Business Week in 2002. "My mother took me to a rally for then-candidate John F. Kennedy in 1960. Hubert Humphrey was a family friend. I've just always been a DNA-level Democrat and love the party." From the beginning of Air America, Walsh believed that a sugar coating of comedy would help to sell his political views. He decided, therefore, that the network would "nuggetize" news and opinion into entertaining programming. As Walsh explained, this process will work "the way that you have a dog, you crush up the vitamin pill into the dog food." When it launched its operation, Air America's staff of nearly 100 included 11 full-time writers, most of whose work was to produce jokes and comic bits. They were recruited from Comedy Central's The Daily Show, Court TV, Oprah Winfrey's cable channel Oxygen, and elsewhere. The aim, said President Jon Sinton, was not to sound like a liberal version of Rush, but more like the repertory companies of Don Imus or Howard Stern. Directing the network's entertainment programming is Lizz Winstead, co-creator of Comedy Central's The Daily Show. At her urging, nearly every program on Air America would have at least two hosts. Each program should sound like a dialogue, not a monologue, said Winstead. And any one host could take days off while the co-host maintained continuity. "There will be a woman on every show," predicted the feminist Winstead. "That's important." As time passed, however, Air America Radio moved away from its aforementioned intent to have two co-hosts for each program. As of March 2006, the station’s program lineup included Mark Riley hosting in the early morning, followed by Rachel Maddow, Jerry Springer, Al Franken, Thom Hartmann, Randi Rhodes, Janeane Garofalo, and Mike Malloy. Other program hosts include Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Mike Papantonio, who co-host a weekend program called “Ring of Fire”; Laura Flanders; Marc Maron; David Bender; Welton Gaddy; and the rapper Chuck D, who co-hosts a weekend program with a woman known simply as Gia’na. In the Winter 2006 Arbitron ratings, Air America registered a lowly 1.0 share in Los Angeles, an even smaller share in Chicago, and a 0.8 share in New York; the latter figure represented a loss of nearly half the station's listenership since the previous ratings period. Air America Radio is a member of the so-called Democratic "Shadow Party," identified by DiscoverTheNetworks as a nationwide network of activist groups whose agendas are ideologically to the left, and which are engaged in campaigning for the Democrats. When Air America was on the verge of bankruptcy in early 2006, it was bailed out by an infusion of some $8 million from Democracy Alliance. Ultimately, however, Air America's low ratings and financial insolvency caused it to declare bankruptcy and cease operations on January 21, 2010. Much of this profile is adapted from the article The “Liberal” Network, written by Lowell Ponte and published by FrontPageMag.com on March 31, 2004.	<urn:uuid:90564fed-7f23-4369-87e4-52d3578b97a3>	2013-05-18T17:57:00Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00128173828125, 0.0294189453125, 0.00726318359375, -0.001312255859375, 0.06591796875, -0.053466796875, -0.00115203857421875, 0.11328125, -0.0206298828125, -0.056884765625, 0.06396484375, 0.044189453125, -0.00933837890625, -0.0238037109375, 0.041259765...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971147	2,026	http://discoverthenetworks.org/printgroupProfile.asp?grpid=6352	0.306793
\|Oracle® OLAP DML Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2) Part Number E17122-05 Tip:The current object definition is the definition of the object that has been most recently defined or considered during the current session. To make an object definition the current definition, use a CONSIDER statement. The text of the description you want to assign to the definition. When text is omitted, any existing description for the current definition is deleted. You can create a multiline description by using a hyphen as a continuation character. However, you cannot create a description with an initial blank line with an LD statement. Example 10-13 Adding a Description to the Definition of a Variable This example changes the description associated with the variable units. First, execute the CONSIDER statement to make units the current definition. Then use a LD statement to assign a new description. The units variable has the following definition. DEFINE units VARIABLE INTEGER <month product district> LD Actual Unit Shipments CONSIDER units ld Actual Unit Shipments for Each Division DESCRIBE units produce the following definition for DEFINE units VARIABLE INTEGER <month product district> LD Actual Unit Shipments for Each Division	<urn:uuid:83f9d08f-6175-48ee-827f-047e04099b61>	2013-05-18T17:20:40Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0537320151925087, -0.004018660169094801, 0.01152203232049942, 0.008992806077003479, 0.05148381367325783, -0.06789568066596985, 0.01112859696149826, 0.04383992776274681, -0.0341726616024971, 0.0732913687825203, 0.10476619005203247, 0.040692444890737534, -0.055...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.779714	265	http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18283_01/olap.112/e17122/dml_commands_2008.htm	0.227113
\|Previous Contents Index DocHome Next\| \|iPlanet Directory Server 5.1 Deployment Guide\| Chapter 1 Introduction to Directory Server iPlanet Directory Server provides a centralized directory service for your intranet, network, and extranet information. Directory Server integrates with existing systems and acts as a centralized repository for the consolidation of employee, customer, supplier, and partner information. You can extend Directory Server to manage user profiles and preferences, as well as extranet user authentication. This chapter describes the basic ideas you need to understand before designing your directory. It includes the following sections: What is a Directory Service? What is a Directory Service? The term directory service means the collection of software, hardware, and processes that store information about your enterprise, subscribers, or both and make that information available to users. A directory service consists of at least one instance of Directory Server and one or more directory client programs. Client programs can access names, phone numbers, addresses, and other data stored in the directory. One common directory service is a Domain Name System (DNS) server. A DNS server maps a computer host name to an IP address. Thus, all of the computing resources (hosts) become clients of the DNS server. The mapping of host names allows users of your computing resources to easily locate computers on your network by remembering host names rather than numerical IP addresses. However, the DNS server stores only two types of information: names and IP addresses. A true directory service stores virtually unlimited types of information. iPlanet Directory Server stores all of your information in a single, network-accessible repository. The following are a few examples of the kinds of information you might store in a directory: Physical device information, such as data about the printers in your organization (where they reside, whether they are color or black and white, their manufacturer, date of purchase, and serial number) iPlanet Directory Server serves the needs of a wide variety of applications. It also provides a standard protocol and application programming interfaces (APIs) to access the information it contains. The following sections describe global directory services and the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). About Global Directory Services iPlanet Directory Server provides global directory services, meaning it provides information to a wide variety of applications. Until recently, many applications came bundled with their own proprietary databases. While a proprietary database can be convenient if you use only one application, multiple databases become an administrative burden if the databases manage the same information. For example, suppose your network supports three different proprietary email systems, each system with its own proprietary directory service. If users change their passwords in one directory, the changes are not automatically replicated in the others. Managing multiple instances of the same information results in increased hardware and personnel costs, a problem referred to as the n + 1 directory problem. A global directory service solves the n+1 directory problem by providing a single, centralized repository of directory information that any application can access. However, giving a wide variety of applications access to the directory requires a network-based means of communicating between the applications and the directory. iPlanet Directory Server uses LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) to give applications access to its global directory service. LDAP provides a common language that client applications and servers use to communicate with one another. LDAP is a "lightweight" version of the Directory Access Protocol (DAP) used by the ISO X.500 standard. DAP gives any application access to the directory via an extensible and robust information framework, but at an expensive administrative cost. DAP uses a communications layer that is not the Internet standard TCP/IP protocol and has complicated directory-naming conventions. LDAP preserves the best features of DAP while reducing administrative costs. LDAP uses an open directory access protocol running over TCP/IP and uses simplified encoding methods. It retains the X.500 standard data model and can support millions of entries for a modest investment in hardware and network infrastructure. Introduction to iPlanet Directory Server iPlanet Directory Server includes the directory itself, the server-side software that implements the LDAP protocol, and a graphical user interface that allows end-users to search and change entries in the directory. Other LDAP clients are also available, including the directory managers in the iPlanet Console and the Address Book feature in Netscape Communicator 4.x. In addition, you can purchase other LDAP client programs or write your own using the LDAP client SDK included with the iPlanet Directory Server product. Without adding other LDAP client programs, Directory Server can provide the foundation for your intranet or extranet. Every iPlanet server uses the directory as a central repository for shared server information, such as employee, customer, supplier, and partner data. You can use Directory Server to manage extranet user-authentication, create access control, set up user preferences, and centralize user management. In hosted environments, partners, customers, and suppliers can manage their own portions of the directory, reducing administrative costs. When you install Directory Server, the following components are installed on your machine: An LDAP server (Directory Server) with a plug-in interface iPlanet Administration Server For more information about the Administration Server, go to http://iplanet.com/products/iplanet_application/. iPlanet Console to manage the servers For more information about the iPlanet Console, see the Console documentation at http://docs.iplanet.com/docs/manuals/console.html. Command-line tools for starting and stopping the server, importing and exporting data in the database, database reindexing, account inactivation and deactivation, LDIF merges, and kernel tuning For more information about the command-line tools, refer to the iPlanet Directory Server Configuration, Command, and File Reference. An SNMP monitor For more information about SNMP monitoring, refer to the iPlanet Directory Server Administrator's Guide. This guide talks about the core Directory Server and the plug-ins it uses for doing its work. The next sections describe Directory Server in more detail. The topics discussed are: Overview of Directory Server Architecture At installation, Directory Server contains the following: A server front-end responsible for network communications The following sections describe each component of the directory in more detail. Overview of the Server Front-End The server front-end of Directory Server manages communications with directory client programs. Directory Server functions as a daemon. Multiple client programs can speak to the server in LDAP. They can communicate using LDAP over TCP/IP. The connection can also be protected with SSL/TLS, depending on whether the client negotiates the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) for the connection. When communication takes place with TLS, the communication is usually encrypted. In the future, when DNS security is present, TLS used in conjunction with secured DNS will provide confirmation to client applications that they are binding to the correct server. If clients have been issued certificates, TLS can be used by iPlanet Directory Server to confirm that the client has the right to access the server. TLS and its predecessor SSL are used throughout iPlanet Directory Server products to perform other security activities such as message integrity checks, digital signatures, and mutual authentication between servers. Multiple clients can bind to the server at the same time over the same network because the Directory Server is a multi-threaded application. As directory services grow to include larger numbers of entries or larger numbers of clients spread out geographically, they also include multiple Directory Servers placed in strategic places around the network. Server Plug-ins Overview Directory Server relies on plug-ins. A plug-in is a way to add functionality to the core server. For example, a database is a plug-in. A plug-in can be disabled. When disabled, the plug-in's configuration information remains in the directory but its function is not used by the server. Depending upon what you want your directory to do, you can choose to enable any of the plug-ins provided with Directory Server. iPlanet Professional Services can write custom plug-ins for your Directory Server deployment. Contact iPlanet Professional Services for more information. Overview of the Basic Directory Tree The directory tree, also known as a directory information tree or DIT, mirrors the tree model used by most file systems, with the tree's root, or first entry, appearing at the top of the hierarchy. At installation, Directory Server creates a default directory tree. The default directory tree appears as follows: The root of the tree is called the root suffix. For information about naming the root suffix, refer to "Choosing a Suffix". At installation, the directory contains up to four subtrees under your root suffix: This subtree contains the configuration information of other iPlanet servers, such as iPlanet Administration Server. The Administration Server takes care of authentication and all actions that cannot be performed through LDAP (such as starting or stopping). During installation, a user database is created by default. Its default name is o=userRoot. Note When you install another instance of Directory Server, you can specify that it does not contain the o=NetscapeRoot information, that it uses the configuration directory (or the o=NetscapeRoot subtree) present on another server. You can build on the default directory tree to add any data relevant to your directory installation. An example of a directory tree for siroe.com Corporation follows: For more information about directory trees, refer to Chapter 4 "Designing the Directory Tree." Directory Server Data Storage Your directory data is stored in an LDBM database. The LDBM database is implemented as a plug-in that is automatically installed with the directory and is enabled by default. The database is the basic unit of storage, performance, replication, and indexing. You can do operations like importing, exporting, backing up, restoring, and indexing on the database. By default, Directory Server uses a single database to contain the directory tree. This database can manage millions of entries. The default database supports advanced methods of backing up and restoring your data, so that your data is not at risk. You can choose to use multiple databases to support your Directory Server. You can distribute your data across the databases, allowing the server to hold more data than can be stored in a single database. The following sections describe how a directory database stores data. About Directory Entries LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) is a standard text-based format for describing directory entries. An entry is a group of lines in the LDIF file that contains information about an object, such as a person in your organization or a printer on your network. Information about the entry is represented in the LDIF file by a set of attributes and their values. Each entry has an object class attribute that specifies the kind of object the entry describes and defines the set of additional attributes it contains. Each attribute describes a particular trait of an entry. For example, an entry might have the object class organizationalPerson, indicating that the entry represents a person within a particular organization. This object class allows the givenname and telephoneNumber attributes. The values assigned to these attributes give the name and phone number of the person represented by the entry. iPlanet Directory Server also uses read-only attributes that are calculated by the server. These attributes are called operational attributes. There are also some operational attributes that can be set by the administrator, for access control and other server functions. Entries are stored in a hierarchical structure in the directory tree. In LDAP, you can query an entry and request all entries below it in the directory tree. This subtree is called the base distinguished name, or base DN. For example, if you make an LDAP search request specifying a base DN of ou=people, dc=siroe,dc=com, then the search operation examines only the ou=people subtree in the dc=siroe,dc=com directory tree. However, all entries are not automatically returned in response to an LDAP search. Entries of the ldapsubentry object class are not returned in response to normal search requests. An ldapsubentry entry represents an administrative object, for example the entries that are used internally by Directory Server to define a role or a class of service. To receive these entries, clients need to search specifically for entries of the ldapsubentry object class. For more information about roles, see "Managed, Filtered, and Nested Roles". For more information about class of service, see "Class of Service". Distributing Directory Data When you store various parts of your tree in separate databases, your directory can process client requests in parallel, improving performance. You can also store your databases on different machines, to further improve performance. To connect your distributed data, you can create a special entry in a subtree of your directory. All LDAP operations attempted below this entry are sent to a remote machine where the entry is actually stored. This method is called chaining. Chaining is implemented in the server as a plug-in. The plug-in is enabled by default. Using this plug-in, you create database links, special entries that point to data stored remotely. When a client application requests data from a database link, the database link retrieves the data from the remote database and returns it to the client. Directory Design Overview The previous sections described directory services in general and the iPlanet Directory Server in particular. Now it is time to consider the design of your own directory service. Planning your directory service before actual deployment is the most important task to ensure the success of your directory. During your directory design you will gather data about your directory requirements, such as environment and data sources, your users, and the applications that will use your directory. With this data, you can design a directory service that meets your needs. However, keep in mind that the flexibility of iPlanet Directory Server allows you to rework your design to meet unexpected or changing requirements, even after you deploy Directory Server. Design Process Outline The remainder of this guide divides the design process into six steps: How to Plan Your Directory Data. Your directory will contain data, such as user names, telephone numbers, and group details. Chapter 2 "How to Plan Your Directory Data," helps you analyze the various sources of data in your organization and understand their relationship with one another. It describes the types of data you might store in your directory, and other tasks you need to perform to design the contents of your Directory Server. How to Design the Schema. Your directory is designed to support one or more directory-enabled applications. These applications have requirements of the data you store in your directory, such as format requirements. Your directory schema determines the characteristics of the data stored in your directory. Chapter 3 "How to Design the Schema," introduces the standard schema shipped with iPlanet Directory Server, describes how to customize the schema, and provides tips for maintaining consistent schema. Designing the Directory Tree. Once you decide what data your directory contains, you need to organize and reference that data. This is the purpose of the directory tree. In Chapter 4 "Designing the Directory Tree," the directory tree is introduced and you are guided through the design of your data hierarchy. Sample directory tree designs are also provided. Designing the Directory Topology. Topology design involves determining how you divide your directory tree among multiple physical Directory Servers and how these servers communicate with one another. Chapter 5 "Designing the Directory Topology," describes the general principles behind topology design, discusses using multiple databases, describes the mechanisms available for linking your distributed data together, and explains how the directory itself keeps track of distributed data. Designing the Replication Process. With replication, multiple Directory Servers maintain the same directory data to increase performance and provide fault tolerance. Chapter 6 "Designing the Replication Process," describes how replication works, what kinds of data you can replicate, common replication scenarios, and tips for building a highly available directory service. Designing a Secure Directory. Finally, you need to plan how to protect the data in the directory and design the other aspects of your service to meet the security requirements of your users and applications. Chapter 7 "Designing a Secure Directory," describes common security threats, provides an overview of security methods, discusses the steps in analyzing your security needs, and provides tips for designing access controls and protecting the integrity of your directory data. Deploying Your Directory After you have designed your directory service, you start the deployment phase. The deployment phase consists of the following steps: Piloting Your Directory The first step of the deployment phase is installing a server instance as a pilot and testing whether your service can handle your user load. If the service is not adequate as it is, adjust your design and pilot it again. Adjust your pilot design until you have a robust service you can confidently introduce to your enterprise. For a comprehensive overview of creating and implementing a directory pilot, refer to Understanding and Deploying LDAP Directory Services (T. Howes, M. Smith, G. Good, Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1999). Putting Your Directory Into Production Once you have piloted and tuned the service, you need to develop and execute a plan for taking the directory service from a pilot to production. Create a production plan that includes the following: An estimate of the resources you need For information on administering and maintaining your directory, refer to the iPlanet Directory Server Administrator's Guide. Other General Directory Resources For more information about directories, LDAP, and LDIF, take a look at the following: RFC 2849: The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) Technical Specification RFC 2251: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3) Previous Contents Index DocHome Next Copyright © 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Some preexisting portions Copyright © 2001 Netscape Communications Corp. All rights reserved. Last Updated February 26, 2002	<urn:uuid:8338f931-fc1d-413e-98e9-f6016d7c1492>	2013-05-18T17:53:18Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00927734375, 0.019287109375, 0.01141357421875, -0.03173828125, 0.076171875, -0.1044921875, 0.01495361328125, 0.12890625, -0.0186767578125, -0.0260009765625, 0.1181640625, 0.0189208984375, -0.0179443359375, 0.0101318359375, 0.025634765625, -0.02416...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.879447	3,727	http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19627-01/816-2672/intro.htm	0.26053
Epilepsy: Surgical Options for Epilepsy What Is Epilepsy Surgery? Medication can control seizures in most people with epilepsy, but for about 30% of patients, they aren't effective or are intolerable. In some cases, brain surgery may be an option. Epilepsy surgery is an operation on the brain to control seizures and improve the person's quality of life. There are two main types of epilepsy surgery: - Surgery to remove the area of the brain producing seizures - Surgery to interrupt the nerve pathways through which seizure impulses spread within the brain Surgery is considered only if the area of the brain where the seizures start, called the seizure focus, can be clearly identified, and if the area to be removed is not responsible for any critical functions, such as language, sensation and movement. Extensive evaluation and testing are necessary to determine if surgery is appropriate. Who Is a Candidate for Epilepsy Surgery? Surgery may be an option for people with epilepsy whose seizures are disabling and/or are not controlled by medication, or when the side effects of medication are severe and greatly affect the person's quality of life. Patients with other serious medical problems, such as cancer or heart disease, usually are not considered for epilepsy surgery.	<urn:uuid:358c83d3-8a6a-4b41-bf3a-3de0165e42c8>	2013-05-18T17:59:04Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0013736978871747851, -0.001002604141831398, 0.019687499850988388, -0.0024609374813735485, 0.1158333346247673, -0.061250001192092896, -0.004010416567325592, 0.07041666656732559, -0.015729166567325592, -0.015833333134651184, 0.08666666597127914, 0.015312500298023224...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928042	258	http://doctor.webmd.com/local/new-york/kingston/neurosurgeons.htm	0.83879
During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, the first on August 6, 1945 and the second on August 9, 1945. For six months, the United States had made use of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities. Together with the United Kingdom, and the Republic of China the United States called for a surrender of Japan in the Potsdam Declaration. The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum. By executive order of President Harry S. Truman, the U.S. dropped the nuclear weapon “Little Boy” on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of “Fat Man” over Nagasaki on August 9. These two events are the only active deployments of nuclear weapons in war.The target of Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance, containing Japan’s Second Army Headquarters, as well as being a communications center and storage depot. Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. In a US estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15–20% died from radiation sickness, 20–30% from flash burns, and 50–60% from other injuries, compounded by illness. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians. Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. Germany had signed its Instrument of Surrender on May 7, ending the war in Europe. The bombings led, in part, to post-war Japan’s adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the nation from nuclear armament. The role of the bombings in Japan’s surrender and the U.S.’s ethical justification for them, as well as their strategical importance, is still debated.	<urn:uuid:bc5e9d61-3b14-4a0c-a396-7bb0426c60fe>	2013-05-18T18:05:49Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0010223388671875, 0.009765625, -0.03564453125, 0.000797271728515625, 0.1279296875, -0.0625, -0.025634765625, 0.07373046875, -0.03466796875, -0.04345703125, 0.05126953125, 0.011474609375, -0.01007080078125, 0.0281982421875, 0.0230712890625, 0.029418...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962836	516	http://documentaryheaven.com/days-that-shook-the-world-hiroshima/	0.925617
However, one of the issues with VBA -- at least until now -- is the fact that an end user can inadvertly press CTRL+Break (older keyboards) or CTRL+C and stop the execution of a script. Now imagine if that script is say, some code developed to calculate 401K contributions when payroll is ran... the results will certainly not be pretty! With this in mind, we can use a USER32.DLL library funcion to disable user input when critical VBA code is required to be executed in a block. The following shows how to implement such code: Private Declare Function BlockInput Lib "user32" (ByVal fBlock As Long) As We can now use this function across any of our VBA customizations, as follows: Sample Window_BeforeOpen code Private Sub Window_BeforeOpen(OpenVisible As Boolean) ' All the code you need to run here ' MAKE SURE TO RE-ENABLE THE INPUT There are several applications for this code, but whatever you do, don't forget to re-enable the user input, otherwise you will end up with one dead mouse and keyboard! Until next post! Mariano Gomez, MVP Maximum Global Business, LLC	<urn:uuid:2cf357ac-2d4f-4b85-a9a3-ca095f56c156>	2013-05-18T17:26:37Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.029783394187688828, 0.00006830649363109842, 0.04444945976138115, -0.0017556971870362759, 0.049864619970321655, -0.05415162444114685, 0.01026624534279108, 0.06272563338279724, -0.019968410953879356, 0.011732852086424828, 0.03384476527571678, 0.05527978390455246, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.845098	259	http://dynamicsgpblogster.blogspot.com/2010/03/vba-suppressing-ctrlbreak-or-ctrlc-in.html	0.261413
This past week's political news seemed to be all about Donald Trump and his possible run for the Presidency - and his plans to announce his intent to run on the season finale of The Apprentice. When, a week ago, we wrote about the President declaring his candidacy, there was little interest in our post, and there seemed to be little news attention in general to that announcement. But when Donald Trump started making noise about his possible Presidential run, and his plans to announce his intent on the season finale of The Apprentice in May, our phones started ringing, asking how can he do that? My partner David Silverman was quoted in a Huffington Post article, while my analysis was misunderstood in a Hollywood Reporter legal blog (see why I was misunderstood below). But the question remains - can Trump continue on The Apprentice while signaling his interest in running for President? In fact, there is no FCC rule that prohibits a broadcaster from giving airtime to a political candidate on any kind of program, as long as they are willing to provide equal time to opposing candidates. There may be other legal issues involved in giving time to a candidate as it may in effect be a deemed a campaign contribution to the candidate (an issue apparently for PACs as well, as explained by that legal scholar Steven Colbert, here), but the FCC's equal time rules don't prohibit the appearance of a candidate on an entertainment program, they only demand that the stations that broadcast the program give equal amounts of time to opposing candidates who ask for it - if the opponents ask for it within 7 days of the candidate's appearance. And that is often the first issue - will the opposing candidate ask for it? None of the Republicans asked when cable networks continued to run episodes of Law and Order featuring Fred Thompson, even after Thompson declared his candidacy for the Republican nomination. Nor did other candidates request time after there was a parade of candidate appearances on Saturday Night Live during the last election (see our post on this pattern of candidates passing on their equal time rights). But would a Trump declaration of a candidacy on The Apprentice even face that minimal risk? Probably not. For a broadcasters to be forced to honor a request for equal opportunities (or equal time as many call it), there must be a "legally qualified candidate" to make the request. We'll look at that issue in a moment. But even more fundamentally, there must be a legally qualified candidate who makes the appearance that triggers the requests for equal opportunity. And, right now, Trump is not a legally qualified candidate, and one wonders whether he ever will be. Years ago, when Howard Stern was the King of New York radio, he for weeks claimed that he was running for Governor of New York - and started aggressively campaigning for the job on his morning radio show. Why did the opposing candidates (who were at the time, I believe, Mario Cuomo and George Pataki), not get equal time on the radio stations on which the Stern program was broadcast? Because he never became a legally qualified candidate. He talked on and on about running but, when the time came to file the necessary papers to qualify for a place on the ballot, he passed, and dropped his campaign. That same ting seemed to happen with that aforementioned legal scholar, Mr. Colbert, and his intent to run in the South Carolina presidential primary in 2008 (see our post here). In addition to Trump not being a legally qualified candidate, there may well be no other candidates yet ready to claim any equal opportunity rights, as there currently are no other declared candidates, who have filed papers with the FEC declaring their candidacy, to qualify as official candidates. There has been lots of discussion about exploratory campaign committees - but few if any real candidates. What about the President you might ask? Good question - but right now, we are, at most, in the run up to the primaries - not to the general election. In the primaries, Mr Trump (who has indicated interest in running for the Republican nomination) would be opposed only by Republicans - not by the President. So only the Republican candidates could request equal time during the primary season. And even if some candidate officially declares between now and the last episode of The Apprentice, there still might not be an obligation. Again, we are focused on equal time to candidates before a particular election. And right now there is not a single election looming - but instead a series of primaries, each with their own filing dates and qualification requirements. In fact, with many of the "primaries" actually being in the form of caucuses (which are subject to political rules), there might not even be formal, legal ways to register for a "place on the ballot" so to speak. So it may come down to a subjective decision as to whether a candidate has done enough in a state to be considered a bona fide candidate. While, once a Presidential candidate becomes legally qualified in 10 states, FCC rules deem him qualified for purposes of equal time, reasonable access and lowest unit rates, there is not much law on how a candidate gets to be qualified in some of these states - and it is likely the simple declaration that "I'm running" doesn't do it. Usually some form of petition and filing fee may be necessary - which may or may not be accomplished at the same time as the declaration of candidacy. If there are no formal papers to be filed, an active election effort in the state would be required to establish a candidacy - and it's unlikely that any quasi-candidate has done enough in any state (or certainly in 10 states) to meet that standard. And what did the Hollywood Reporter blog get wrong? They quoted me as saying that there were no cases deciding that a candidate appearance in an entertainment program triggered equal opportunities, when there have been such cases. In fact, the FCC tried to change the rules to eliminate the need to offer equal time in such situations, soon after stations were forced to stop running Bedtime for Bonzo during the Reagan campaigns. But the FCC backed down from that change when faced with a challenge filed in the Court of Appeals arguing that Section 315 of the Communications Act exempted from equal opportunities only very specific classes of broadcast programs (essentially news and news interview programs, an exemption that we've written much about, see, for instance, our post here), and entertainment programs were not among the exemptions. So obviously there are cases that hold that candidate appearances in entertainment programs are covered by equal opportunities (including cases about comedian Pat Paulsen, who also became a legally qualified candidate, and the movie Storm Warning starring Ronald Reagan). Perhaps they confused it with another issue which does remain unresolved - which we also wrote about in connection with the Fred Thompson/Law and Order situation, whether cable television networks are covered by the rule, or only local origination by particular cable systems (certain FCC officials had said, at the time of the Fred Thompson situation, that the FCC was ready to extend the rule to cable networks, but no formal ruling to that effect has been issued). All in all, the Donald appears to be able to go on making all the noise that he wants about running for President - perhaps in hope that it will not be just the Gary Busey fans who'll be watching the final episode of the Apprentice, but the political junkies as well. Anything to drive ratings or the birth of the next political superstar? Here, the old maxim "stay tuned" is quite appropriate.	<urn:uuid:51e57b6c-481a-47e8-aec9-52eb83aa84ae>	2013-05-18T18:06:32Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0234375, 0.029296875, -0.0031585693359375, -0.01220703125, 0.0673828125, -0.0322265625, -0.017822265625, 0.099609375, -0.01544189453125, 0.002197265625, 0.06787109375, 0.00811767578125, -0.055419921875, 0.0174560546875, 0.040283203125, 0.010620117...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.976386	1,494	http://e-music.india-meets-classic.net/tag/section-315/	0.221772
Dick Rosenthal wrote:He took a shit in a stairwell. Big Fucking Deal. I don't think Duchie ever took a shit in anyplace other than the stairwell during his entire career at The Heights. Shitting in the stairwell made his room much more pleasant for the 300lb chicks he liked to bring home with him. I can't confirm whether he made them shit in the stairwell as well, but that would have been a sensible idea as well. Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest	<urn:uuid:bba5dc17-3bc7-4c94-b46e-bd7d03be9c36>	2013-05-18T18:05:44Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.025407608598470688, 0.02812499925494194, 0.012839674018323421, -0.004585597664117813, 0.07228261232376099, -0.07771739363670349, -0.004381793551146984, 0.10706521570682526, -0.003787364112213254, -0.08152174204587936, 0.06385869532823563, 0.061684783548116684, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.993174	109	http://eagleoutsider.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=7&p=336078	0.392291
It’s Friday! That means another chapter of Eclipse to review before the movie. Enjoy! Chapter Number: 6 Chapter Name: Switzerland Page Numbers: 131-151 Date of Chapter: May 25, 2006 Bella leaves La Push feeling it was right to visit Jacob.Â Suddenly, a silver Volvo appears in her rearview mirror.Â Bella avoids making eye contact with Edward and heads to Angelaâ€™s house.Â Edward drives by Bella and doesnâ€™t stop to talk to her.Â Bella helps Angela address her graduation invitations, and Angela can sense something is wrong.Â When she asks, Bella explains that Edward thinks Jacob is dangerous and doesnâ€™t like Bella being around Jacob.Â Angela thinksÂ Edward is justÂ jealous.Â The conversation turns to the girls preparing for college.Â Angela is sad that Bella will most likely be in Alaska, and Bella feels a wave of sadness knowing she wonâ€™t be able to keep in touch. Bella returns home trying to avoid going to her room.Â Finally, she heads to her room knowing Edward will be there.Â He is waiting by the open window glaring at her.Â Bella tries to make light of the situation, but Edward is furious.Â He tells Bella he almost crossed the treaty line to look for her.Â Bella questions Edward about being jealous and he insists the anger is only over Bellaâ€™s safety.Â Edward tells Bella she can not go back to La Push.Â After the argument, Bella claims to be Switzerland.Â She refuses to get caught up in the battle between mythical creatures. Edward has to make up the hunting trip and plans to leave again on Friday.Â Bella realizes this as an opportunity to visit with Jacob and calls to tell him.Â When leaving work on Thursday night Bella is picked up by Alice.Â At first Bella is not suspicious but then realizes Alice is kidnapping her until Edward returns.Â Edward rewarded Alice for watching Bella by giving her the canary yellow Porsche from Italy.Â Enraged, Bella calls Jacob to tell him she canâ€™t come on Saturday, and he is very upset.Â He becomes angry once Bella informs him she is being held hostage even though she knows it is for her own safety.Â Jacob instantly wants to rescue her.Â Bella tells Jacob good night and calls to leave Edward a message.Â Alice shows Bella to Edwardâ€™s room where, to Bellaâ€™s surprise, a large bed sits.Â Bella refuses to sleep on it and instead sleeps on the couch.Â Rosalie asks Bella to speak with her. Characters Involved: Jacob Black,Â Bella Swan,Â Edward Cullen,Â Alice Cullen,Â Charlie Swan,Angela Webber,Â Ben Cheney,Â Rosalie Hale Character Mentioned:Â Jasper Hale,Â Emmett Cullen,Â Esme Cullen Places Visited: Angelaâ€™s House, Cullen House, Swan house â€œEdwardâ€™s only human, Bella.Â He is going to act like any other boy.â€Â Angela pg 136 â€œI am a neutral country.Â I am Switzerland.Â I refuse to be affected by territorial disputes between mythical creatures.â€ Bella pg 143 â€œYou are in trouble. Enormous trouble.Â Angry grizzly bears are going to look tame next to what is waiting for you at home.â€Â Bella pg 149 Important information learned: Edward will not allow Bella to see Jacob. Alice keeps Bella hostage at Edwardâ€™s request for an automobile.	<urn:uuid:46bdb196-c450-4391-b29e-8eed41c83a1d>	2013-05-18T17:36:56Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.024658203125, 0.00830078125, 0.0030517578125, 0.0084228515625, 0.11669921875, -0.01202392578125, 0.0030059814453125, 0.138671875, 0.0169677734375, -0.037109375, 0.08837890625, -0.0157470703125, -0.01287841796875, -0.049560546875, 0.043212890625, -0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931155	755	http://edwardsgoldeneyes.com/newsupdate/eges-eclipse-revisted-chapter-6-switzerland/	0.349696
Choose the stars of the London 2012 Games See highlights and elect the stars of the London Olympic Games Near the beginning of the 2012 London Olympics, the Earth shows its netizens who are the major highlights and hopes to climb the top step of the podium in the British capital. Besides seeing a brief history of the athletes, you can evaluate and choose who will be the main star of the current edition of the Olympics. Participate and vote on names that will make history in the biggest sporting event in the world.	<urn:uuid:62677a14-8f9a-47a3-a197-c1c98fdcfe2b>	2013-05-18T18:05:39Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.01989850401878357, 0.02871260605752468, -0.0065104165114462376, -0.006109775509685278, 0.12232905626296997, -0.07264957576990128, -0.033386752009391785, 0.06784188002347946, 0.007077991496771574, 0.01088408101350069, 0.005375267006456852, 0.007745726499706507, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.890789	104	http://elearningexamples.com/choose-the-stars-of-the-london-2012-games/	0.336998
Figure 3-29.Block diagram of a flip-flop with a toggle input. Figure 3-30.Flip-flop with three inputs (block diagram). Remember, a SET input will SET the flip-flop if it is in the CLEAR state, otherwise, it will not do anything; a trigger at the CLEAR input can only CLEAR the circuit if it is SET; and a trigger applied to the TOGGLE input will cause the bistable multivibrator to change states regardless of what state it is in. Q7. In a bistable multivibrator, how many trigger pulses are needed to produce one complete cycle in Q8. How many stable states are there for a flip-flop? Q9. If a voltage (positive or negative) is measured on the "1" output of a flip-flop, what state is it in? The BLOCKING OSCILLATOR is a special type of wave generator used to produce a narrow pulse, or trigger. Blocking oscillators have many uses, most of which are concerned with the timing of some other circuit. They can be used as frequency dividers or counter circuits and for switching other circuits on and off at specific times. In a blocking oscillator the pulse width (pw), pulse repetition time (prt), and pulse repetition rate (prr) are all controlled by the size of certain capacitors and resistors and by the operating characteristics of the transformer. The transformer primary determines the duration and shape of the output. Because of their importance in the circuit, transformer action and series RL circuits will be discussed briefly. You may want to review transformer action in NEETS, Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers before going to the next section. Figure 3-31, view (A), shows a transformer with resistance in both the primary and secondary circuits. If S1 is closed, current will flow through R1 and L1. As the current increases in L1, it induces a voltage into L2 and causes current flow through R2. The voltage induced into L2 depends on the ratio of turns between L1 and L2 as well as the current flow through L1.	<urn:uuid:b71c11cc-706a-40b0-80db-c5da83a265b8>	2013-05-18T18:06:20Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03861385956406593, -0.014603960327804089, 0.011138614267110825, 0.001431002514436841, 0.06732673197984695, -0.10990098863840103, 0.015470297075808048, 0.10148514807224274, -0.06163366511464119, 0.010272277519106865, 0.11386138945817947, 0.0028774752281606197, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887821	477	http://electriciantraining.tpub.com/14181/css/14181_125.htm	0.496922
- United States Grand Prix Third constructors' title 'remarkable' - Horner Red Bull team principal Christian Horner has congratulated his team on taking its third consecutive constructors' title at the United States Grand Prix this weekend, putting its success down to long hours, dedication and determination. Red Bull sealed the championship at the Circuit of the Americas with a podium finish for Sebastian Vettel, although the title had looked liked foregone conclusion heading into the weekend. In winning its third title, Horner said his team had achieved something "quite remarkable". "We're half way there and we've closed out one championship. To have won three consecutive constructors' is something we could only have dreamed about three years ago and to achieve what we have in 2010, 2011 and 2012 against the opponents that we have, and in only our eighth year in the sport, is something that is quite remarkable. I think it's testimony to the long hours, dedication and determination within the team that we've managed to achieve this and it's something that every member of the team is fiercely proud of." Technical director Adrian Newey admitted the 2012 victory had been one of the toughest due to the competitive nature of the field. "To achieve the hat-trick is very special and I was lucky enough to achieve that at Williams and then again at Red Bull with a second and then three firsts; it's a great tribute to the team," he said. "Last year's was obviously the easiest but 2010 was different because we had a lot of silly points losses at the start of the year from reliability and driver mistakes, but the car had very good pace. "This year pace-wise it's been very close since the start of the year and in the mid-season probably more than anything. In some ways it's been the most tiring to keep it up and it does feel like a long season." Newey added that he would not be partying too hard with Sebastian Vettel still under threat from Fernando Alonso in the drivers' championship and one round remaining. "With the drivers' championship still in the balance and only a week away we can't afford to get too obliterated tonight." © ESPN EMEA Ltd. Products you might like at espnshop.co.uk	<urn:uuid:3482393d-e156-49c0-8e04-0ae2c5ccc8ff>	2013-05-18T17:19:26Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.009765625, -0.009765625, 0.0018157958984375, 0.02880859375, 0.0869140625, -0.06689453125, -0.01904296875, 0.072265625, -0.0027618408203125, -0.07177734375, 0.001129150390625, 0.01318359375, -0.06103515625, 0.0194091796875, 0.04248046875, 0.00128173...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.981508	468	http://en.espnf1.com/usa/motorsport/story/95442.html	0.256012
I've started blogging just a few month ago and I try to learn more and more about it, but it is not clear for me what should I do to place affiliate link to my site. I have my livingwithallergy.com domain. I would like to put some affiliate link to my site. I learned, that it is not allowed at .com. If I change to .org , can I use affiliate links? It is necessary to go to an other host? If I change to .org, how can I use the .com in the future? What are the minimum changes I need to do to place affiliate link to my site ? The blog I need help with is livingwithallergy.com.	<urn:uuid:1332120d-27d8-4411-a26c-20600ea7a6f5>	2013-05-18T17:59:28Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04991883039474487, 0.019886363297700882, -0.010957792401313782, -0.017248377203941345, 0.043019481003284454, -0.07954545319080353, -0.0014331372221931815, 0.053977273404598236, -0.035105518996715546, -0.009232954122126102, 0.08685065060853958, -0.0081168832257390...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969845	151	http://en.forums.wordpress.com/topic/what-changes-i-need-to-do-to-place-affiliate-link-to-my-site	0.339481
Portraying Ottoman Society European artists who came to Istanbul as members of diplomatic entourages depicted scenes from different parts of the Ottoman capital, distinctive costumes worn by the different classes of people in the empire, and portraits of foreign ambassadors, interpreters, and increasingly of Ottoman dignitaries. Vanmour, for example, in addition to several audience scenes and pictures of Istanbul, painted various state officials in their typical costume, and these were published in Marquis de Ferriol's Recueil de cent estampes représentant différentes nations du Levant in 1714. A number of paintings of similar size in various collections and museums are thought to belong to this series of oil paintings by Vanmour. One of the most notable of the European artists who worked in Istanbul in the 18th century was a knight of Malta Antoine de Favray, who arrived in Istanbul in 1762 and was employed by the French ambassadors Comte de Vergennes and Comte de St. Priest until 1771. His portraits of Vergennes and his wife show the couple not only dressed in Turkish costume but even seated in oriental style. This tradition of painting, particularly portraiture, introduced by western artists, gradually spread from court and diplomatic circles to broader sectors of society; first to high-ranking state officials and then to leading Ottoman families, whose members increasingly commissioned portraits of themselves. Even more importantly, this tradition of oil painting influence local artists, one of the most renowned being Osman Hamdi Bey, who despite his oriental birth, did many works that place him among the artists of the orientalist movement.	<urn:uuid:b3940918-a67c-4484-854b-8e7a164d3cbf>	2013-05-18T17:57:41Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.008264802396297455, 0.007730263285338879, -0.015378289856016636, -0.014309210702776909, 0.08092105388641357, -0.025164473801851273, -0.001120476983487606, 0.08815789222717285, -0.021217105910182, -0.03305920958518982, 0.049671053886413574, 0.005037006456404924, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958412	335	http://en.peramuzesi.org.tr/exhibitions/detail_collection_exhibitions.aspx?Page=LeCDLPager130037679894433129__4&SectionID=%2Bf3VT5rF4MEpviRMKyRRMA%3D%3D&ContentID=PLTM%2BW%2BpJJuMYPsdD1MVUw%3D%3D	0.506415
MOSCOW, August 15 (RIA Novosti) - The life expectancy of Russian men is the lowest in Europe, the Federal Service for State Statistics said Monday. According to documents received by RIA Novosti, life expectancy for men in Russia is 58.8 years, whereas in Ukraine it is 62.6 years. Russia's women are expected to live to 72 years, trailed only by Turkey (71) and Moldova (71.6). The low life expectancy of Russia's population is linked to cardiovascular diseases and other factors that cause premature death such as accidents, poisonings and injuries. Add to blog You may place this material on your blog by copying the link. Image Galleries: New "Watercolors" Train Exhibition in the Moscow Metro Infographics: The Origin of Geomagnetic Storms Cartoons: Dreams of Space The failure of the Islamist political parties who came to power in the dramatic events of the Arab Spring would allow the military to reenter the political arena. Political Islam was successful in the opposition, but it could fail in power, as the negative experience of Egypt and Iraq have shown.	<urn:uuid:e87f29a8-8e87-4f06-8d86-5ec6d9fac931>	2013-05-18T17:27:53Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00612681545317173, 0.023080913349986076, -0.009725104086101055, 0.015625, 0.10684647411108017, -0.07728216052055359, -0.030601659789681435, 0.07624481618404388, -0.000366717460565269, -0.048755187541246414, 0.04590249061584473, 0.030731327831745148, 0.04901452...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949531	237	http://en.rian.ru/russia/20050815/41155931.html	0.24522
Introduction to Physical Science/Energy Many Forms of Energy By 9th grade (U.S. system) some students can identify potential energy (energy stored in objects due to their position - snow on a steep slope) and kinetic energy (displayed by snow when it breaks loose and an avalanche falls down the steep slope.) Some students recognize the heat is a form of energy as well. In fact, depending on the context of the discussion, students may identify many forms of energy, such as: Potential, Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Magnetic, Sound, Nuclear and so on.	<urn:uuid:0da88be6-9328-444a-9744-daffe374e829>	2013-05-18T17:17:54Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03443877398967743, -0.007387329824268818, -0.002697172574698925, 0.014880952425301075, 0.05314625799655914, -0.07610544562339783, 0.009513180702924728, 0.09481292217969894, -0.009619472548365593, -0.03592687100172043, 0.07482992857694626, 0.015731291845440865, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.896348	122	http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Physical_Science/Energy	0.206614
\|\|This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (January 2013)\| North American box art \|Release date(s)\|\|PlayStation 2 \|Media/distribution\|\|Optical disc, digital distribution\| Ōkami (Japanese: 大神, literally "great god", "great spirit" or "wolf" if written as 狼) is an action-adventure video game developed by Clover Studio and published by Capcom. It was released for Sony's PlayStation 2 video game console in 2006 in Japan and North America, and 2007 in Europe and Australia. Despite the closure of Clover Studio a few months after the game's initial release, a version for Nintendo's Wii console was developed and produced by Ready at Dawn, Tose and Capcom, which was released in North America in April 2008, in Europe in June 2008, and in Japan in October 2009. Set sometime in classical Japanese history, Ōkami combines several Japanese myths, legends and folklore to tell the story of how the land was saved from darkness by the Shinto sun goddess, named Amaterasu, who took the form of a white wolf. It features a distinct sumi-e-inspired cel-shaded visual style and the Celestial Brush, a gesture-system to perform miracles. Ōkami was one of the last PlayStation 2 games selected for release prior to the release of the PlayStation 3. Although it suffered from poor sales, Ōkami received critical acclaim, earning the title of IGN's 2006 Game of the Year. The Wii version has earned similar praise though the motion control scheme has received mixed reviews. A high-definition port of the game was released on the PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network in October 2012 and for retail in Japan on 1 November 2012, supporting the use of the PlayStation Move motion controller. A sequel for the Nintendo DS titled Ōkamiden was released in Japan on 30 September 2010 and in North America and Europe in March 2011. Ōkami has the player controlling the main character, Amaterasu, in a woodcut, watercolor style, cel-shaded environment, which looks like an animated Japanese ink-illustration (known as ink wash painting, sumi-e) with other styles of art. The gameplay style is a mix of action, platform, and puzzle gaming genres, and has been noted by many reviewers to have numerous similarities in overall gameplay style to The Legend of Zelda series, an inspiration that director Hideki Kamiya, a self-proclaimed Zelda-fan, has admitted has influenced his general game design. The main story is primarily linear, directed through by Amaterasu's guide Issun, though numerous side quests and optional activities allow for players to explore the game world and take the story at their own pace. By completing quests, side quests and small additional activities (such as making trees bloom into life or feeding wild animals), Amaterasu earns Praise, which can then be spent to increase various statistics of the character, such as the amount of health and number of ink wells for Celestial Brush techniques. Combat is staged in a ghostly virtual arena, and Amaterasu can fight enemies using a combination of weapons, fighting techniques and Brush methods to dispatch the foes. At the end of combat, money (as yen) is rewarded to Amaterasu, with bonuses for completing a battle quickly and without taking damage. The money can be spent on numerous items from merchants across the land, including healing goods, better weapons, tools and key items for completing quests. The money can also be used to buy new combat techniques at dojos throughout the land. Additionally, rare Demon Fangs can be earned through combat which can be traded for additional, unique items that are beneficial in gameplay but not required to complete the game. Weapons inspired by the Imperial Regalia of Japan (the Reflector, the Rosaries and the Glaive) can be equipped on Amaterasu as either main or sub-weapons (one each), and used in addition to other melee attacks that the player can have Amaterasu learn through the course of the game. Celestial Brush Unique to Ōkami is the Celestial Brush. Players can bring the game to a pause and call up a canvas, where the player can draw onto the screen, either using the left analog stick on the DualShock controller, or pointing with the Wii Remote or PlayStation Move controller in subsequent remakes. This feature is used in combat, puzzles and as general gameplay. For example, the player can create strong wind by drawing a loop, cut enemies by drawing a line through them or fix bridges by painting on the broken one, amongst many other abilities. These techniques are learned through the course of the game by completing constellations to release the Celestial Brush gods (inspired by the Chinese zodiac) from their hiding spots. It is also possible to upgrade or modify certain Brush powers later in the game; for example, the Celestial Brush power "Inferno" can gain a new power called "Fireburst", which has a different drawing pattern, and allows players to create flames without relying on torches or other related items. The player's ink for drawing is limited by the amount available in special ink wells, preventing the player from solely using Brush techniques to defeat enemies; ink is restored in the wells over time when the Brush is not used. (Note: Most character names below are the shortened names of the U.S. version.) The game is set in a Nippon (Japan) based on Japanese folklore, and begins with a flashback to events 100 years prior to the game's present; the narrator describes how Shiranui, a pure white wolf, and Nagi, a swordsman, together fought the eight-headed demon Orochi to save Kamiki Village and the maiden Nami, Nagi's beloved. Shiranui and Nagi are unable to defeat Orochi, but manage to seal the demon away. In the game's present, Susano, a descendant of Nagi and self-proclaimed greatest warrior, breaks Orochi's seal due to the fact that he does not believe in the legend and wants to prove it false; Orochi escapes and curses the lands, sapping the life from every living being. Sakuya, the wood sprite and guardian of Kamiki Village, calls forth Amaterasu, the sun goddess, known to the villagers as the reincarnation of the white wolf Shiranui, and pleads for her to remove the curse that covers the land. Accompanied by the artist Issun (an inch-high creature known as a Poncle), Amaterasu is able to restore the land to its former beauty. Throughout the journey, Amaterasu is hounded by Waka, a strange but powerful individual who seems to have the gift of foresight and further teases Amaterasu and Issun to his own mysterious ends. Additionally, Amaterasu locates several Celestial Gods who have hidden in the constellations; the gods bestow upon the goddess powers of the Celestial Brush to aid in her quest. Soon, Amaterasu, along with Susano, must battle Orochi to protect Kamiki Village and rescue Susano's beloved, Kushi, recreating events from 100 years prior. This time, the duo are able to fully conquer the demon, causing a black, evil spirit to float northward. Amaterasu and Issun then embark on a journey across Nippon, befriending many people along the way through their good deeds, and continue to remove Orochi's curse on the land through defeating other demons that release similar dark presences, all of which float northward. As Amaterasu travels to find the source of these evil spirits, she is brought to the wreckage of a ship able to travel through the stars: the "Ark of Yamato", trapped in the frozen plains of Kamui. Waka appears and reveals himself as a member of the Moon Tribe, a race who used the Ark to escape from Orochi's assault on the Celestial Plain and sail the heavens – unaware of the evil spirits imprisoned on the Ark; the demons attacked and killed all but Waka himself, resulting in the Ark crashing to earth. Yami, the demon controlling all the evil spirits, appears and strips Amaterasu of her Celestial Brush powers before engaging her in battle. Issun takes up his role as the Celestial Envoy and encourages all those they have helped to send their thoughts and prayers to Amaterasu, causing her to regain her powers and defeat Yami, ridding both the Ark and Nippon of these evil beings forever. With her mission done, Amaterasu departs with Waka on the Ark to sail back to the Celestial Plain together. The player controls Ōkami Amaterasu, the goddess of the sun, in the form of a white wolf. Amaterasu is referred to in the Japanese and European version of the game as a female, while in the North American version she was genderless. While Amaterasu, when endowed with ink power, is seen by the player with red markings, cloud-like fur on her shoulders, and weapons on her back, most of the human characters in the game only see her as a plain white wolf; some believe Amaterasu to be the reincarnation of Shiranui (the white wolf that fought Orochi 100 years prior to the game's present), and do not recognize her spiritual nature. If the player depletes their power by overuse of the celestial brush, Amaterasu will temporarily revert to this mundane white form. Issun, an arrogant, inch-tall "wandering artist" seeking out the 13 Celestial Brush techniques for himself, accompanies Amaterasu (whom he calls "Ammy" or "furball") and serves as a guide, dialogue proxy, and as comic relief. He grows in character along with Ammy throughout the game, becoming her true friend, inspiration, and eventually her savior. At the end of the game, Amaterasu encounters Yami, the main antagonist and final boss of the game. Yami resembles a small fish inside a huge sphere, whose design is altered through the different stages of the battle. Each form represents a different form of evil - His true form shows that even small and innocent things can become evil and that all great evil starts out small. - His first form, which is a sphere with red markings, shows humans' desire to destroy things. He demonstrates this using Hammers, Buzzsaws and missiles during his battle with Amaterasu. - His second form, which is a sphere with green markings, shows how humans like to incinerate things. - His third form, which is a slot machine with blue markings, shows how humans are always taking risks. - His fourth form, which resembles a yellow two-legged walker with whips for arms shows humans' desire to use Technology for their evil needs. Yami is also the ruler of the demons. Before battle, he drains Amaterasu of her powers and leaves her as a plain white wolf. Amaterasu regains her powers throughout the fight, but, after the fourth round, Yami destroys them all again and leaves Amaterasu in a near-dead state. However, when Issun gets everyone to believe in Amaterasu before the fifth and final round, she changes into her most powerful form and battles Yami, vanquishing him forever. In the final battle, Yami also has a huge clawed hand, which demonstrates the evil which comes from Humans' hands. The word 'Yami' means 'darkness' in Japanese. Two other characters also reappear several times within the quest. Waka appears to Amaterasu several times in the game as a beautiful young flute-playing man in costume resembling a tengu (more precisely, a tengu dressed like a yamabushi, which is a frequent tengu appearance). He is aware of the goddess's true identity and foretells her future and at times battles with her. He leads the Tao Troopers whose members Abe and Kamo are based on the two famous onmyōji Abe no Seimei and Kamo no Yasunori. Waka's dialogue, dropping French affectionate terms at times, conveys a sense of familiarity with Amaterasu, as it turns out that Waka is much older than he appears and has walked with Amaterasu on the Celestial Plain hundreds of years ago. The other is Orochi, the eight-headed demon and a major villain within the game which the player will encounter several times. Orochi repeatedly has threatened Kamiki village, demanding a sacrifice of a young woman. Each of its eight heads is infused with a different elemental magic power, but the entire demon is susceptible to a special brew of sake available only at Kamiki Village, allowing Amaterasu to defeat it while in its stupor. Throughout the game, the player encounters several other characters that are inspired from Japanese folklore. Ōkami resulted from the combined ideas of Clover Studio. The game was originally built around "depict[ing] a lot of nature", but had no central concept or theme, according to lead designer Hideki Kamiya. Kamiya eventually created a minute-long demonstration movie showing a wolf running about a forest, with flowers blossoming in its wake, but still lacked any gameplay. Kamiya and other members of the team introduced ideas around the nature aspect and eventually led to the game's initial prototype, which Kamiya admitted was "incredibly boring to play". Kamiya suggested that he allowed so many ideas from the team that resulted in the development moving off-target, including creating more of a simulation. Eventually, they settled onto the gameplay found in the final product. The art in Ōkami is highly inspired by Japanese watercolor and wood carving art of the Ukiyo-e style, such as the work of Hokusai. Ōkami was originally planned to be rendered in a more photorealistic 3D style. However, Clover Studio determined that the more colorful sumi-e style allowed them to better convey Amaterasu's association with nature and the task of restoring it. The change was also influenced by limitations in the PS2 hardware to render the photorealistic 3D graphics. As a result of the switch to the watercolor style, the idea of the Celestial Brush came about. Atsushi Inaba, CEO of Clover, noted that "Once we fixed ourselves on a graphical style and got down to the brushwork, we thought 'Wouldn't it be great if we could somehow get the player involved and participate in this artwork instead of just watching it?' That's how the idea of the Celestial Brush was born". Original concepts for enemies included the use of dinosaurs, but the designs settled onto more demon-like characters. Amaterasu's initial designs were aimed to avoid having the character look like "your pet wearing clothing". The developers had considered having Amaterasu change into a dolphin when in the water and a falcon when jumping off a cliff, but dropped these ideas. Sakuya, designed around a peach motif, was envisioned with what were called "level 2" and "level 3" designs where the character would wear less clothing as the story progressed, but the "level 3" appearance, effectively naked, was vetoed by Inaba. Waka's character was aimed to be a Tatsunoko-like character, with the hood designed to be reminiscent of those worn by the Gatchaman. Orochi in Japanese mythology is a gigantic creature, so lead character designer Takeyasu Sawaki designed the back of the demon to include a garden and palace; this inspired the game designers to include a bell in those structures that would be Orochi's fatal weakness in the game. The localization team had to translate 1500 pages of text to make sure it made sense in a "native check", due to lack of plurals in the Japanese language and the large number of characters and conditional conversations that the player could interact with. The team recognized that certain elements of the game would not be recognized by Western audiences, but left enough text and details to allow the players to look up the information for themselves. Only one puzzle in the game had to be changed as it required knowledge of the steps in drawing a kanji character which would be readily known for Japanese audiences; for the Western release, these steps were demonstrated in the game. The team noted that personalities of characters could be easily conveyed in Japanese text simply by the way sentences were constructed or slurred, a feature that could not directly be applied to localization. Instead, working with Kamiya, the team scripted the localization to either recreate the personality to match the Japanese version, or to create a whole new set of mannerisms for the characters as appropriate. Ōkami was shown at the 2005 E3 Convention, approximately 30% complete, with a planned release in 2006. At this point, the game had much of the core gameplay, including the Celestial Brush and the combat system in place. The game was released a year later in 2006. However, just a few weeks following its release in North America to strong critical reception, Capcom announced the closure of Clover Studio. Naming and allusions The title of the game is a pun; the word ōkami (狼) in Japanese means "wolf". However, the kanji characters used as the title of this game (大神), pronounced identically, mean "great deity", so the main character is a great wolf deity. The same characters (大神) are also used to write the full name of the sun goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami. The localization team opted to use shorter versions of Japanese names (for example, a boy named "Mushikai" was localized as "Mushi") instead of replacing the names with Western-style ones. Issun's informal name for Amaterasu in the Western translation, "Ammy", was inspired by Kamiya, and is similar in tone with the Japanese informal name, "Ammako". Throughout the game, Ōkami includes several references (in visual effects, animation, or dialogue) to other Capcom titles such as Viewtiful Joe, which Clover Studios also developed. For example, Mrs. Orange's technique for making cherry cake parodies Street Fighter's Akuma's Shun Goku Satsu, complete with a kanji word displayed on screen with her back-facing the screen. \|Soundtrack album by Various artists\| \|Released\|\|31 May 2006\| All of the music in Ōkami is original and inspired by classical Japanese works. The final song, played over the credit sequence, "Reset", is sung by Ayaka Hirahara. Capcom has released an official 5-disc soundtrack for Ōkami, which is available exclusively in the Japanese market. In the US.. and European release, the player can unlock a jukebox to hear the in-game music upon completion of the game. At the 2007 BAFTA Video Games Awards Ōkami won Best Score. Suleputer has also published another album, a piano arrangement, entitled Ōkami Piano Arrange. It was released on 30 March 2007. Mika Matsūra both arranged the 10 songs, and performed it on the piano. The characters' speech in the game is actually created by scrambling samples of voice actors' speech, with more emotional lines being created from voice work given in that emotion. \|Ōkami original soundtrack tracklist\| \|Composers: • Masami Ueda • Hiroshi Yamaguchi • Rei Kondo • Akari Groves\| Wii port The gameplay function of "drawing" or "painting" strokes on the screen led several journalists and gamers alike to believe that Ōkami would be well-suited for the Nintendo DS or Wii, both of which feature controls capable of creating drawing motions freely. After the game's release, industry rumors of the game being ported to either console persisted, despite Atsushi Inaba of Clover Studio feeling that Ōkami's action-based gameplay would not translate well to the console and statements from Capcom that there were "no plans for Ōkami on Wii". However, at the 2007 UK Gamers Day, Capcom announced that Ready at Dawn would oversee porting and development of a Wii version of Ōkami originally scheduled for release in March 2008 but subsequently pushed back to April 2008. Christian Svensson, Capcom's Vice-President of Strategic Planning and Business Development, stated that Capcom had received numerous requests from fans for the development of the Wii version, and that the ported game "specifically exists because of that direct communication, especially those we receive on our message boards (even if they're sometimes mean to us)." Ready at Dawn president Didier Malenfant has stated that, aside from the control scheme, the Wii version will be "an exact port of the PS2 version." The lack of enhancements for the game caused several complaints from gamers, which Svensson addressed, stating that \|“\|\|...we're getting the game up and running first. The game is enormous. If after we have every thing working correctly, cleanly and as desired so as not to "break" the amazing experience that is Ōkami, we will worry about potential enhancements. As we are NOT at that point in the process yet, we are loathe [sic] to even mention any potential changes or enhancements for fear of disappointing the fans/media.\|\|”\| Svensson reported that the original game assets given to them from Capcom Japan were incomplete, and even after requesting old hard drives and computers to recover more assets, Ready at Dawn was still required to recreate some from scratch. Furthermore, the game had to be recoded to change optimizations that were made for the PlayStation 2 version; Svensson stated that "part of the reason we didn't show it until we started showing it was because, if we showed it in a form that was anything less than near-perfect, people were going to freak out". Ready at Dawn's creative director Ru Weerasuriya later reflected that porting Ōkami to the Wii was a challenging task—"we started with no assets and literally reverse-engineered the whole thing back onto Wii"—they did out of love for the game, but the level of effort would preclude them from attempting such a port again. On 15 November 2007, Svensson noted that the engine had been ported to the Wii, writing that "There are still several systems getting set up properly but there's most definitely a Wii-driven Amaterasu running around Wii-rendered environments as we speak." A listing posted at Capcom's website for the game on 15 February 2008 revealed that the Wii version would support 480p and widescreen output, and IGN confirmed that the motion sensing of the Wii Remote would be used to perform the Celestial Brush features within the game. IGN's hands-on also cited small changes to the game such as additional motion-sensing controls using both the Wii Remote and Nunchuck attachment, and the ability to skip cutscenes, but reported no other changes in content of the game. Svennson noted that Capcom would not use television advertising for Ōkami on the Wii, but would use online marketing, including art contests and a new website with "all sorts of things for fans to use to make stuff". This site was made live on 3 April 2008, featuring wallpapers, character artwork and fan-created art for the game. Svennson further noted that "If [Ōkami for the Wii] did the numbers that we did on the PS2, I'd be very happy. This doesn't need to be a mainstream success for this to be a success for the company." A "paper parchment" filter applied to all on-screen elements that was readily apparent in the PlayStation 2 version was still included in the Wii port, but the effect was made much less significant. To help with drawing with the Celestial Brush, two different buttons on the Wii controllers were given brush functionality; one button was assigned to provide free-form strokes, while the other was set to draw a straight line from the starting point. The final credits movie that was in the PlayStation 2 version of the game was removed from the Wii version, much to Kamiya's regret as it removed the omoi—"a combination of thoughts, emotions, and messages" — from the game: "[The staff roll was] the omoi of everyone who worked on the project, put together in a moment of bliss held out just for those who completed the journey. It was a special staff roll for a special moment. And now it is gone. All of it. ...It's incredibly disappointing and sad." A Capcom representative stated that the credits, a pre-rendered movie, had the Clover Studio logo within it, and they had "no legal right to use the Clover logo in a game they were not involved with directly". Since they also lacked the source to the credits, they opted to remove them entirely from the game. Ready at Dawn's co-founder Didier Malenfant also claimed that the Wii version of Ōkami took up much more space on the game media than the PlayStation 2 version, and that the movie was cut in order to fit everything on a single game disk, however despite these claims, the credit sequence was restored in the Japanese release of the Wii version and revealed that the port was co-developed by Tose, having provided additional planners, designers, programmers and test players. The images from the credits, although not the credits themselves, are still available as unlockable art. Players have discovered that the cover of the North American Wii version of Ōkami includes a watermark from IGN, and traced the source to an image taken from IGN's site. To make up for the error, Capcom offered for a limited time to replace the cover with one of three high-resolution covers free of charge to users in North America. Due to delays in fulfilling the offer, Capcom shipped copies of all three covers to those that registered. They have since discontinued the offer, but have made the cover images available worldwide in high-quality PDF files for users to download and print themselves. The European PAL version of the cover has no such error. High-definition remaster In June 2012, Capcom announced that a high-definition remastering of the game, Okami HD (Okami Zekkei-ban (roughly translated, Okami Magnificent Version)) was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 on 30 October 2012; a retail product was released in Japan, while the game is available for download through the PlayStation Network in Europe and North America. The remastered edition supports the PlayStation Move peripheral, and trophy achievements have been added. The remastering was done between Capcom and HexaDrive, who had previously worked on the high-definition remastering of Rez. Sales of Ōkami were considered poor for justifying a sequel; in July 2009, in response to users' questions on the possibility of a sequel, Svensson stated that "I think we need a lot more people buying the current version before we seriously consider a sequel". However, after the appearance of a Japanese trademark by Capcom on the word "Ōkamiden" a few months before the Wii version of Ōkami in Japan, many speculated that a sequel was pending. The September 2009 issue of Famitsu announced that Ōkamiden was indeed a sequel to Ōkami for the Nintendo DS, to be released by Capcom in Japan in 2010. The game takes place nine months after the end of Ōkami, with the player in control of Chibiterasu, a wolf puppy with the same powers as Amaterasu, but not yet at his full potential, and features the same style of gameplay, including the Celestial Brush using the DS's touchscreen controls. \|GameRankings\|\|92.65% (77 reviews) (PS2) 89.80% (42 reviews) (Wii) 90.43 (7 reviews)(PS3) \|Metacritic\|\|93/100 (68 reviews) (PS2) 90/100 (41 reviews) (Wii) 90/100 (14 reviews) (PS3) \|Game Informer\|\|9.5/10 (PS2) \|Nintendo Power\|\|7.5/10 (Wii)\| \|Official PlayStation Magazine (UK)\|\|8/10 (PS3)\| Ōkami was acclaimed by critics, with a score of 92.65% on GameRankings, making it the eighth highest overall game of 2006 and second for the PlayStation 2, behind Konami's Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence. GameSpot gave it a 9 out of 10 and selected it as an Editor's Choice, citing that its "visual design instantly stands out, but it turns out to be just one of many inspired aspects of this impressive action adventure game." IGN gave the game a 9.1 out of 10, as being "beautiful, charismatic, engaging and one of the most original games you'll play anytime soon." Electronic Gaming Monthly's three reviewers gave it a 9, 9.5, and 9 out of ten, one saying: "I'll be surprised if you can find a better game on any system this fall." Newtype USA named Ōkami its Game of the Month for October 2006, heralded the pacing as "nearly flawless" and proclaimed "Ōkami is that rarest of beasts: a game without any obvious flaws. Clover's creativity and attention to detail are on full display here. Shame on any gamer who passes up this divine adventure." Eurogamer.net scored the game 10/10 saying "Right from the start it conjures an atmosphere of being something special, but to keep that level of quality up consistently over 60 hours ensures that this will be a game that will be talked about for years to come". In 2007, Ōkami was named eighteenth best PlayStation 2 game of all time in IGN's feature reflecting on the PlayStation 2's long lifespan. Famitsu gave the game a near perfect score of 39 out of 40, the 15th game to date to receive this score from the publication. However, the game was noted to have some flaws. The game was criticized for its uneven difficulty. Reviewers have also noted some difficulty in getting the game to recognize the correct Celestial Brush patterns, as well as excessive amounts of dialog, particularly at the introduction, which was also hampered by the computer-generated voices used instead of voice acting. The Wii version of Ōkami has received generally similar praise to the PlayStation 2 version, with GameSpot stating that the support for widescreen and the Wii controls "make it even more relevant today than it was in 2006". The use of the Wii Remote for the Celestial Brush was well received; in GameSpot's review, they noted that the Wii functionality with the Brush "improves the pace of the game". However, other aspects to the controls were found to be weaker, particularly in combat. In their review, Nintendo Power recommended the PlayStation 2 version of the game over the Wii, stating that "Though you can overcome the drawing and attacking issues with practice (and by sticking to whip-style weapons), it's a hurdle you shouldn't have to leap." The Wii version was received the 'Game of the Month award from IGN for April 2008. It was a nominee for multiple awards from IGN in its 2008 video game awards, including Best Artistic Design and Best Use of the Wii-Mote. The high-definition release on the PlayStation 3 was praised for being the "definitive" version of the game, with the rendering in 1080p helping to make the graphics style of the game stand out. Cam Shae of IGN did express some disappointment that the PlayStation 3 version did not attempt to address the "pop up" of far-off objects due to draw distance, a limitation of the PlayStation 2 version. Oli Welsh of Eurogamer considered that the game remains as relevant as it was when it was first released in 2006, being one of the few video games of the Zelda style. Ōkami's initial showing at the 2005 E3 Convention garnered severals awards and recognition, including 1UP's "Best PS2 Game", "Best Game of Show" (second place), and "Best Action Game" (third place); IGN's "Best PS2 Game of Show", and runner-up for "Best of Show" and "Most Innovative Design"; and X-Play's "Most Original Game". GameSpy recognized it as the fifth best game showing for the convention. Upon release, Ōkami appeared as the "Game of the Month" for IGN, Electronic Gaming Monthly, and Game Informer. IGN, Edge Magazine and Game Revolution rated it as the best overall game of 2006, while Game Trailers and Official PlayStation Magazine, named it best PS2 game for 2006. IGN further awarded the game the "Best Overall" and "PS2 Adventure Game", the "Best Overall" and "PS2 Artistic Design", the "Overall" and "PS2 Most Innovative Design", and the "Best Overall Story". GameSpot awarded the game for the "Best Artistic Graphics" for 2006. IGN named Ōkami the 19th top game of all time in a 2007 list. In 2010, GamePro ranked it as the fifth best game for the PlayStation 2. Ōkami has also won awards from outside the mainstream gaming press. The game earned the "Best Character Design" and only one of three Innovation Awards at the 2007 Game Developers Choice Awards. Ōkami won the Grand Prize in the Entertainment Division of the 2006 Japan Media Arts Festival. On 13 August 2007. It was also awarded the best "Animation in a Game Engine", "Art Direction in a Game Engine", "Outstanding Original Adventure Game", and "Game of the Year" in the 2006 awards by the National Academy of Video Game Testers and Reviewers (NAVIGaTR). Ōkami was given an "Award for Excellence" from the Japanese Computer Entertainment Supplier’s Association (CESA) at the Japan Game Awards 2007 and was later given 2009 CESA Developers Conference (CEDEC) award for "Visual Arts". The game was awarded the "Best Anthropomorphic Video Game" in the 2006 Ursa Major awards. It also won the 2007 BAFTA awards for "Artistic Achievement" and "Original Score". Ōkami sold 200,000 copies in North America in 2006, grossing approximately US$8 million and ranking as the 100th best selling game of the year in the region. By March 2007, the total sales of the PlayStation 2 version were near 270,000. By comparison, Ōkami sold 66,000 copies in Japan for 2006. While it was initially thought that poor sales of Ōkami and God Hand (another Clover title released in the same time frame) were the cause of the closure of Clover Studio, it was later revealed that three key developers within Capcom and Clover Studios, Shinji Mikami (Resident Evil series), Hideki Kamiya (Devil May Cry series), and Inaba, had left the company, and the studio was dissolved, such that "now all the resources should be used more effectively and more efficiently since they are centralized." Inaba, Mikami, and Kamiya went on to form the video game development company "Seeds Inc", later merging with a company called "ODD" to become "Platinum Games". On 30 July 2008, Capcom revealed that the Wii version of Ōkami had sold approximately 280,000 copies in North America and Europe since its release date. The Wii version debuted in Japan with a modest 24,000 copies sold in its first week in the region. It was the sixth-bestselling game in Japan on 23 October 2009. Total sales for the game remained under 600,000 total units by March 2009, and was named the "least commercially successful winner of a game of the year award" in the 2010 version of the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. Ben Mattes, producer for the 2008 Prince of Persia video game, cited Ōkami as well as Ico and Shadow of the Colossus as influences on the gameplay and artwork for the game. Capcom's Street Fighter IV is also stated to have character designs influenced by Ōkami with hand-drawn images and brushstroke-like effects. The Disney video game, Epic Mickey, uses similar drawing aspects as Ōkami, allowing the player to draw and modify parts of levels to proceed. The final boss, Yami, appears as the main antagonist and final boss in the crossover fighting game, Tatsunoko vs. Capcom: Ultimate All Stars. Amaterasu appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. After Clover's dissolution and most of its staff's subsequent reformation as Platinum Games, one of their next games, Bayonetta, contains several references to Ōkami; the most notable of these is when the title character transforms into a panther and, like Amaterasu, a trail of flowers and plant life follows her. For the 2010 San Diego Comic Con, Capcom raffled a limited run of T-shirts designed by Gerald de Jesus and iam8bit that placed Amaterasu and Chibiterasu (from Ōkamiden) into a homage to the Three Wolf Moon t-shirt. In 2009, GamesRadar included Okami among the games "with untapped franchise potential", commenting: "Seriously, if Nintendo can make the same Zelda game every few years, then why can’t Capcom release Okami 2? " See also - Clover Studio Co., Ltd., Ready at Dawn Studios LLC, Tose Co., Ltd.. Ōkami (in Japanese). (Capcom Co., Ltd.). Wii. Scene: staff credits. (15 October 2009) - Kolan, Patrick (12 November 2006). "Capcom Splits From THQ in Australia". IGN. 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Retrieved 11 August 2007.[dead link] - Graft, Kris (12 October 2006). "Clover Studios to Dissolve". NextGen.biz. Retrieved 11 August 2007. - Kietzmann, Ludwig (15 February 2007). "Former Clover members start up new studio". Joystiq. Retrieved 28 September 2007. - Kietzmann, Ludwig (28 September 2007). "Ex-Clover dev team buries 'Seeds' to form 'Platinum Games'". Joystiq. Retrieved 28 September 2008. - Plunkett, Luke (30 July 2008). "Ōkami On Wii Didn't Do So Well". Kotaku. Retrieved 30 July 2008. - Remo, Chris (22 October 2009). "Japanese Software: Pokemon, Wii Fit Plus Hold Fast In Top Slots". Gamasutra. Retrieved 22 October 2009. - Anoop Gantayat. "Ōkami Hits Top Ten in Japan". - 2010 Guinness World Records Gamers Edition. BradyGames. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7440-1183-8. - Totilo, Stephan (5 January 2009). "‘Prince of Persia’ Producer Addresses ‘Colossus’ Copycat Critique". MTV. Retrieved 5 January 2009. - Guttridge, Luke (5 January 2009). "Preview: Street Fighter IV". Play.tm. Retrieved 5 January 2009. - Ogden, Gavin (30 July 2009). "Epic Mickey details arise". Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 3 August 2009. - Magrino, Tom (18 May 2009). "Tatsunoko vs. Capcom confirmed for US". Gamespot. Retrieved 18 May 2009. - Aziz, Hamza CTZ (21 July 2010). "Amaterasu and Thor join Marvel vs. Capcom 3". Destructoid. Retrieved 21 July 2010. - Khan, Jahanzeb (7 January 2010). "Bayonetta Review". PalGN. Retrieved 15 July 2010. - Warmouth, Brian (15 July 2010). "Awesome Three Wolf Moon Shirt Gets Ōkami-fied". MTV. Retrieved 15 July 2010. - 123 games with untapped franchise potential, GamesRadar US, April 30, 2009 \|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ōkami\|	<urn:uuid:e127194e-8851-4358-b059-48e9b854a3a9>	2013-05-18T17:31:53Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0003032684326171875, 0.00885009765625, -0.003936767578125, 0.006378173828125, 0.054443359375, -0.0498046875, -0.00106048583984375, 0.1025390625, -0.03369140625, -0.01953125, 0.05615234375, 0.01806640625, 0.0079345703125, -0.0299072265625, 0.0178222656...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.91651	12,239	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckami	0.305234
In computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type that depends on a value. Dependent types play a central role in intuitionistic type theory and in the design of functional programming languages like ATS, Agda and Epigram. An example is the type of n-tuples of real numbers. This is a dependent type because the type depends on the value n. Deciding equality of dependent types in a program may require computations. If arbitrary values are allowed in dependent types, then deciding type equality may involve deciding whether two arbitrary programs produce the same result; hence type checking may become undecidable. The Curry–Howard correspondence implies that types can be constructed that express arbitrarily complex mathematical properties. If the user can supply a constructive proof that a type is inhabited (i.e., that a value of that type exists) then a compiler can check the proof and convert it into executable computer code that computes the value by carrying out the construction. The proof checking feature makes dependently typed languages closely related to proof assistants. The code-generation aspect provides a powerful approach to formal program verification and proof-carrying code, since the code is derived directly from a mechanically verified mathematical proof. Systems of the lambda cube Henk Barendregt developed the lambda cube as a means of classifying type systems along three axes. The eight corners of the resulting cube-shaped diagram each correspond to a type system, with simply typed lambda calculus in the least expressive corner, and calculus of constructions in the most expressive. The three axes of the cube correspond to three different augmentations of the simply typed lambda calculus: the addition of dependent types, the addition of polymorphism, and the addition of higher kinded type constructors (functions from types to types, for example). The lambda cube is generalized further by pure type systems. First order dependent type theory The system of pure first order dependent types, corresponding to the logical framework LF, is obtained by generalising the function space type of the simply typed lambda calculus to the dependent product type. Writing for -tuples of real numbers, as above, stands for the type of functions which given a natural number n returns a tuple of real numbers of size n. The usual function space arises as a special case when the range type does not actually depend on the input, e.g. is the type of functions from natural numbers to the real numbers, written as in the simply typed lambda calculus. Second order dependent type theory The system of second order dependent types is obtained from by allowing quantification over type constructors. In this theory the dependent product operator subsumes both the operator of simply typed lambda calculus and the binder of System F. Higher order dependently typed polymorphic lambda calculus The higher order system extends to all four forms of abstraction from the lambda cube: functions from terms to terms, types to types, terms to types and types to terms. The system corresponds to the Calculus of constructions whose derivative, the calculus of inductive constructions is the underlying system of the Coq proof assistant. Object-oriented programming \|Language\|\|Actively developed\|\|Paradigm[fn 1]\|\|Tactics\|\|Proof terms\|\|Termination checking\|\|Types can depend on[fn 2]\|\|Universes\|\|Proof irrelevance\|\|Program extraction\|\|Extraction erases irrelevant terms\| \|ATS\|\|Yes\|\|Functional / imperative\|\|No\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|?\|\|?\|\|?\|\|Yes\|\|?\| \|Cayenne\|\|No\|\|Purely functional\|\|No\|\|Yes\|\|No\|\|Any term\|\|No\|\|No\|\|?\|\|?\| \|Coq\|\|Yes\|\|Purely functional\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Any term\|\|Yes[fn 5]\|\|No\|\|Haskell, Scheme and OCaml\|\|Yes\| \|Dependent ML\|\|No[fn 6]\|\|?\|\|?\|\|Yes\|\|?\|\|Natural numbers\|\|?\|\|?\|\|?\|\|?\| \|Epigram 2\|\|Yes\|\|Purely functional\|\|No\|\|Coming soon[dated info]\|\|By construction\|\|Any term\|\|Coming soon[dated info]\|\|Coming soon[dated info]\|\|Coming soon[dated info]\|\|Coming soon[dated info]\| \|Guru\|\|No\|\|Purely functional\|\|hypjoin\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Any term\|\|No\|\|Yes\|\|Carraway\|\|Yes\| \|Idris\|\|Yes\|\|Purely functional\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Yes (optional)\|\|Any term\|\|No\|\|No\|\|Yes\|\|Yes, aggressively\| \|Matita\|\|Yes\|\|Purely functional\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Any term\|\|Yes\|\|?\|\|OCaml\|\|?\| \|NuPRL\|\|No\|\|Purely functional\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Yes\|\|Any term\|\|Yes\|\|?\|\|Yes\|\|?\| \|Twelf\|\|Yes\|\|Logic programming\|\|?\|\|Yes\|\|Yes (optional)\|\|Any (LF) term\|\|No\|\|No\|\|?\|\|?\| See also - This refers to the core language, not to any tactic or code generation sublanguage. - Subject to semantic constraints, such as universe constraints - Ring solver - Optional universes, optional universe polymorphism, and optional explicitly specified universes - Universes, automatically inferred universe constraints (not the same as Agda's universe polymorphism) and optional explicit printing of universe constraints - Has been superseded by ATS - Anton Setzer (2007). "Object-oriented programming in dependent type theory". In Henrik Nilsson. Trends in Functional Programming, vol. 7. Intellect. pp. 91–108. - "Agda download page". - "Agda Ring Solver". - "Announce: Agda 2.2.8". - "ATS Changelog". - "email from ATS inventor Hongwei Xi". - "Coq CHANGES in Subversion repository". - "Epigram homepage". - "Guru SVN". - Aaron Stump (6 April 2009). "Verified Programming in Guru". Retrieved 28 September 2010. - Adam Petcher (1 April 2008). "Deciding Joinability Modulo Ground Equations in Operational Type Theory". Retrieved 14 October 2010. - "Idris git repository". - "Idris, a language with dependent types - extended abstract". - Edwin Brady. "How does Idris compare to other dependently-typed programming languages?". - "Matita SVN". - "Xanadu home page". Further reading - Martin-Löf, Per (1984). Intuitionistic Type Theory. Bibliopolis. - Nordström, Bengt; Petersson, Kent; Smith, Jan M. (1990). Programming in Martin-Löf's Type Theory: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. - Barendregt, Henk (1992). "Lambda calculi with types". In S. Abramsky, D. Gabbay and T. Maibaum. Handbook of Logic in Computer Science. Oxford Science Publications. - McBride, Conor; McKinna, James (January 2004). "The view from the left". Journal of Functional Programming 14 (1): 69–111. - Altenkirch, Thorsten; McBride, Conor; McKinna, James (April 2005). Why dependent types matter. - Norell, Ulf. Towards a practical programming language based on dependent type theory. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, September 2007. - Oury, Nicolas and Swierstra, Wouter (2008). "The Power of Pi". Accepted for presentation at ICFP, 2008. - Norell, Ulf (2008). Dependently Typed Programming in Agda.	<urn:uuid:49bd6b86-3a40-480a-8870-ee3bed0d0e0b>	2013-05-18T17:59:54Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.052978515625, 0.00122833251953125, 0.01129150390625, 0.0023956298828125, 0.0279541015625, -0.0289306640625, 0.00885009765625, 0.1025390625, -0.038330078125, 0.0260009765625, 0.083984375, 0.01177978515625, -0.0634765625, 0.07470703125, 0.0185546875, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.707123	1,635	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_types	0.779029
\|Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Oregon's 3rd district May 21, 1996 \|Preceded by\|\|Ron Wyden\| August 16, 1948 \| Portland, Oregon, U.S. \|Alma mater\|\|Lewis and Clark College\| Earl Blumenauer (born August 16, 1948) is the U.S. Representative for Oregon's 3rd congressional district, serving since 1996. He is a member of the Democratic Party. The district includes most of Portland east of the Willamette River. He previously spent over 20 years as a public official in Portland, including serving on the Portland City Council from 1987 to 1996. Early life Blumenauer was born in Portland on August 16, 1948. In 1966, he graduated from Centennial High School on the eastside of Portland and then enrolled at Lewis & Clark College in the southwest part of the city. He majored in political science and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lewis & Clark in 1970. Blumenauer completed his education in 1976 when he earned a Juris Doctor degree from the school's Northwestern School of Law (now Lewis & Clark Law School). Starting before law school in 1970 and continuing until 1977, he worked as an assistant to the president of Portland State University. Early political career In 1969-70, Blumenauer organized and led Oregon's "Go 19" campaign, an effort to lower the state voting age (while then unsuccessful it supported the national trend which soon resulted in federal law lowering the voting age to 18). In 1972, he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives as a Democrat representing District 11 in Multnomah County. He won re-election in 1974 and 1976, and continued representing Portland and Multnomah County until the 1979 legislative session. From 1975 to 1981 he served on the board of Portland Community College. Following his time in the Oregon Legislature, he served on the Multnomah County Commission from 1979 to 1986. He lost a race for Portland City Council to Margaret Strachan in 1981. He left the county commission in March 1986 to run again for city council. Blumenauer was elected to the Portland City Council in May 1986. His first term began in January 1987, and he remained on the council until 1996. From the start of his first council term, he was named the city's Commissioner of Public Works, which made him the city council member in charge of Portland's Bureau of Transportation (also known as the Transportation Commissioner). During his time on the city council Blumenauer was appointed by Oregon Governor Neil Goldschmidt to the state's commission on higher education, and he served on that board in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, Blumenauer was defeated by Vera Katz in an open race for mayor of Portland—to date, only the second time that Blumenauer has ever lost an election. At the time he was described as "the man who probably knows the most about how Portland works", but left local politics to run for Congress. After winning election to Congress, he resigned from the city council in May 1996, to take up his new office. U.S. Congress Blumenauer was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1996 in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the election of then-U.S. Representative Ron Wyden to the U.S. Senate. He received 69% of the vote, defeating Republican Mark Brunelle. He was elected to a full term that November, and has been re-elected eight more times by wide margins in what has long been the most Democratic district in Oregon. He was most recently reelected in 2012, winning almost 78% of the vote over Republican Ronald Green, who won 16%. In Congress, Blumenauer is noted for his advocacy for mass transit, such as Portland's MAX Light Rail and the Portland Streetcar, and, as a strong supporter of legislation that promotes bicycle commuting, cycles from his Washington residence to the Capitol and even to the White House for meetings. Among the bills that Blumenauer has sponsored that have become law are the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 and the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005. In addition, the Legal Timber Protection Act passed as part of the 2008 Farm Bill, while the Bicycle Commuter Act passed with the 2008 bailout bill. In the political aftermath of Hurricane Katrina Blumenauer noted that he was among those who had pointed out the vulnerability of New Orleans and encouraged Congress to help that city and the gulf coast get better prepared: - September 15, 2004: Mr. Speaker, barely have we recovered from Hurricane Hugo and we are seeing Hurricane Ivan pose the threat that has long been feared by those in Louisiana, that this actually might represent the loss of the City of New Orleans. Located 15 feet below sea level, there is the potential of a 30-foot wall of water putting at risk $100 billion of infrastructure and industry and countless lives. - January 26, 2005: Mr. Speaker, I recently had the opportunity to view the devastation in Southeast Asia as a result of the tsunami. As appalled as I was by what I saw, I must confess that occasionally my thoughts drifted back to the United States. What would have happened if last September, Hurricane Ivan had veered 40 miles to the west, devastating the city of New Orleans? One likely scenario would have had a tsunami-like 30-foot wall of water hitting the city, causing thousands of deaths and $100 billion in damage....The experience of Southeast Asia should convince us all of the urgent need for congressional action to prevent wide-scale loss of life and economic destruction at home and abroad. Prevention and planning will pay off. Maybe the devastation will encourage us to act before disaster strikes. Blumenauer is a supporter of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has voted for "free trade" agreements with Peru, Australia, Singapore, Chile as well as Africa and the Caribbean. Blumenauer's support for these free trade agreements has angered progressives, environmental and labor activists. In 2004, he voted against the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). On September 24, 2007, four labor and human rights activists were arrested in Blumenauer's office protesting the congressman's support for the Peru Free Trade Agreement. In February 2009, after an incident in Connecticut wherein a domesticated chimpanzee severely mauled a woman gained national attention, Blumenauer sponsored the Captive Primate Safety Act to bar the sale or purchase of non-human primates for personal possession between states and from outside of the country. The previous year, in June 2008, Blumenauer had sponsored legislation to ban interstate trafficking of great apes, which had passed in the House but been tabled by the Senate. Blumenauer has received some media attention during the political debate over health care reform for sponsoring an amendment to the America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 to change current procedures to mandate that Medicare pay for end-of-life counseling. The amendment, as introduced, is based on an earlier proposal cosponsored by Blumenauer and Republican Representative Charles Boustany of Louisiana. The amendment has generated controversy, with conservative figures as well known as 2008 vice presidential candidate and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin suggesting that the amendment, if made law, will be used as a cover for the United States federal government to set up "death panels" to determine which people will receive medical treatment. Blumenauer sharply criticized the claim as "mind-numbing" and called it an "all-time low". His rebuke was echoed by Republican Senator Johnny Isakson of Georgia, who scorned the "death panels" claim as "nuts". Committee assignments House Caucuses - Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus - Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition - National Guard and Reserve Component Caucus - Animal Protection Caucus - Historic Preservation Caucus - International Conservation Caucus - Coalition on Adoption - Fitness Caucus - Bosnia Caucus - Korea Caucus - Diabetes Caucus - Congressional Bike Caucus - Caucus to Control and Fight Methamphetamine - Human Rights Commission - House Oceans Caucus - Internet Caucus - Congressional Asian and Pacific American Caucus - Dem Caucus Congressional Taskforce on Seniors - Wild Salmon Caucus - High Performance Building - Congressional Human Trafficking Caucus - Congressional Land Conservation Caucus - Urban Caucus - Wine Caucus - Small Brewers Caucus - Quality Care Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus Electoral history \|Year\|\|Democrat\|\|Votes\|\|Pct\|\|Republican\|\|Votes\|\|Pct\|\|3rd Party\|\|Party\|\|Votes\|\|Pct\|\|3rd Party\|\|Party\|\|Votes\|\|Pct\|\|3rd Party\|\|Party\|\|Votes\|\|Pct\| \|1996\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|165,922\|\|67%\|\|Scott Bruun\|\|65,259\|\|26%\|\|Joe Keating\|\|Pacific\|\|9,274\|\|4%\|\|Bruce A. Knight\|\|Libertarian\|\|4,474\|\|2%\|\|Victoria P. Guillebeau\|\|Socialist\|\|2,449\|\|1%\|\|\| \|1998\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|153,889\|\|84%\|\|(no candidate)\|\|Bruce A. Knight\|\|Libertarian\|\|16,930\|\|9%\|\|Walt Brown\|\|Socialist\|\|10,199\|\|6%\|\|Write-ins\|\|2,333\|\|1%\| \|2000\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|181,049\|\|67%\|\|Jeffery L. Pollock\|\|64,128\|\|24%\|\|Tre Arrow\|\|Pacific Green\|\|15,763\|\|6%\|\|Bruce A. Knight\|\|Libertarian\|\|4,942\|\|2%\|\|Walt Brown\|\|Socialist\|\|4,703\|\|2%\|\|\| \|2002\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|156,851\|\|67%\|\|Sarah Seale\|\|62,821\|\|27%\|\|Walt Brown\|\|Socialist\|\|6,588\|\|3%\|\|Kevin Jones\|\|Libertarian\|\|4,704\|\|2%\|\|David Brownlow\|\|Constitution\|\|3,495\|\|1%\|\|*\| \|2004\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|245,559\|\|71%\|\|Tami Mars\|\|82,045\|\|24%\|\|Walt Brown\|\|Socialist\|\|10,678\|\|3%\|\|Dale Winegarden\|\|Constitution\|\|7,119\|\|2%\|\|Write-ins\|\|1,159\|\|<1%\| \|2006\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|186,380\|\|73%\|\|Bruce Broussard\|\|59,529\|\|23%\|\|David Brownlow\|\|Constitution\|\|7,003\|\|3%\|\|Write-ins\|\|698\|\|<1%\| \|2008\|\|Earl Blumenauer\|\|254,235\|\|75%\|\|Delia Lopez\|\|71,063\|\|21%\|\|Michael Meo\|\|Pacific Green\|\|15,063\|\|4%\|\|Write-ins\|\|701\|\|<1%\| - "Earl Blumenauer". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 2008-11-19. - "Voter Guide for Oregon District 3". National Federation of Independent Business. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - "Blumenauer speaks at law commencement". Lewis & Clark Chronicle (Lewis & Clark College). Summer 2002. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - "About Earl Blumenauer". Blumenauer for Congress. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - 1973 Regular Session (57th). Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on November 18, 2008. - Mayes, Steve (March 18, 1986). "Blumenauer backs 'supercounty' plan". The Oregonian, p. B6. - Read, Richard; and Gordon Oliver (May 21, 1986). "Blumenauer clinches City Council seat". The Oregonian, p. B1. - "Blumenauer takes oath" (January 6, 1987). The Oregonian, p. B8. - Oliver, Gordon; and Lane, Dee (December 17, 1986). "Bureau assignments announced by mayor". The Oregonian, p. 1. - "Members of Congress / Earl Blumenauer". The U.S. Congress Votes Database. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - Schrag, John (1999). "Battle of the Bleeding Hearts". Willamette Week 25th Anniversary Edition. Retrieved 2012-11-04. - Parente, Michele (May 26, 1996). "Councilman Blumenauer ends 10-year stint at City Hall". The Sunday Oregonian, p. C7. - "Election Results Final Agate Tally". The Oregonian. May 25, 1996. pp. D2. - "November 2012 General Election - Election Results". Elections Division, Multnomah County. November 15, 2012, 4:30 p.m. Retrieved November 18, 2012. - "Clinton, Obama campaigns headed Oregon's way \| KATU.com - Portland News, Sports, Traffic Weather and Breaking News - Portland, Oregon \| Local & Regional". KATU.com. 2008-03-05. Retrieved 2010-08-23. - Editorial (2002-11-09). "Fall Voter’s Guide 2002". Willamette Week. Retrieved 2006-12-22. - Hitt, Greg (2007-12-29). "For Congressman, Life in Bike Lane Comes Naturally". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-12-30. - "THE FLOOD INSURANCE REFORM ACT OF 2004". Rep. Blumenauer’s office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-27. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - "President Signs Water for the Poor Act Into Law". Rep. Blumenauer’s office. Archived from the original on 2006-12-27. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - As of December 2006, the Genocide Intervention Network gives Blumenauer a grade of A on its DarfurScores.com web site. "DarfurScores.org: Earl Blumenauer". Genocide Intervention Network. Retrieved 2006-12-30. - Congressman Earl Blumenauer's Website, Representing the 3rd Congressional District of Oregon - Daily Kos: DAMNING Congressional Record: Cries for Help Ignored By The Federal Government [updated] - "U.S. Should Remain Active in the WTO," Rep. Earl Blumenauer - "Earl Blumenauer on Free Trade". Ontheissues.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23. - "Project Vote Smart - Representative Blumenauer on HR 434 - Africa Free Trade bill". Votesmart.org. Retrieved 2010-08-23. - Moore, Scott (2007-09-27). "Trade Secret". Portland Mercury. - "H.R.80 Captive Primate Safety Act". OpenCongress. - Pope, Charles (February 24, 2009). "House passes Blumenauer bill to restrict primate sales". The Oregonian. - Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo (October 29, 2009). "It's alive! End-of-life counseling in health bill". The Associated Press. - Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2009). "The Health-Care Lie Machine". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2009-08-11. - Farber, Daniel (August 8, 2009). "Palin Weighs In on Health Care Reform". CBS News. Retrieved 2009-08-11. - Daly, Matthew (August 14, 2009). "Palin stands by 'death panel claim". Associated Press. - "Election Statistics". Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. Retrieved 2008-01-10. \|Wikisource has original works written by or about: - U.S. Congressman Earl Blumenauer official U.S. House site - Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress - Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart - Profile at Ballotpedia - Congressional profile at GovTrack - Congressional profile at OpenCongress - Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission - Financial information (federal office) at OpenSecrets.org - Staff salaries, trips and personal finance (federal office) at LegiStorm.com - Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues - Voting record at The Washington Post - Appearances on C-SPAN programs - Collected news and commentary at The Washington Post - Oregon Secretary of State - Willamette Week stories: \|United States House of Representatives\| \|Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Oregon's 3rd congressional district \|Representatives to the 105th–113th United States Congresses from Oregon (ordered by seniority)\| \|105th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| G. Smith\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| R. Smith \| E. Furse \| E. Blumenauer \| D. Hooley\| \|106th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| G. Smith\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| D. Hooley \| G. Walden \| D. Wu\| \|107th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| G. Smith\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| D. Hooley \| G. Walden \| D. Wu\| \|108th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| G. Smith\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| D. Hooley \| G. Walden \| D. Wu\| \|109th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| G. Smith\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| D. Hooley \| G. Walden \| D. Wu\| \|110th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| G. Smith\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| D. Hooley \| G. Walden \| D. Wu\| \|111th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| J. Merkley\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| G. Walden \| D. Wu \| K. Schrader\| \|112th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| J. Merkley\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| G. Walden \| D. Wu \| K. Schrader\| \|113th\|\|Senate: R. Wyden \| J. Merkley\|\|House: P. DeFazio \| E. Blumenauer \| G. Walden \| K. Schrader \| S. Bonamici\|	<urn:uuid:c45179bc-82b7-4d5f-a9ed-ce9c7225126c>	2013-05-18T17:58:29Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.00537109375, 0.0289306640625, -0.03466796875, -0.00121307373046875, 0.05078125, -0.0478515625, -0.012451171875, 0.08642578125, -0.016845703125, -0.06884765625, 0.03662109375, 0.036376953125, -0.0196533203125, 0.00799560546875, 0.036376953125, -0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.898975	3,942	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Blumenauer	0.370575
\|Founded\|\|1932 (as Misr Airwork)\| \|Hubs\|\|Cairo International Airport\| \|Frequent-flyer program\|\|EgyptAir Plus\| \|Destinations\|\|78 (incl. subsidiaries)\| \|Company slogan\|\|Enjoy The Sky\| \|Parent company\|\|EgyptAir Holding Company\| \|Headquarters\|\|EgyptAir Administrative Complex EgyptAir (Arabic: مصر للطيران, Miṣr liṭ-Ṭayarān) is the flag carrier airline of Egypt. The airline is based at Cairo International Airport, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 75 destinations in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. An extensive network of domestic services is focused on Cairo, Egypt's capital. The airline is a member of Star Alliance, having joined on 11 July 2008. The airline's logo is Horus, the sky deity in ancient Egyptian mythology, usually depicted as a falcon or a man with the head of a falcon. The airline has taken Horus as its logo because of its ancient symbolism as a "winged god of the sun". Origins and early history The airline was founded in May 1932 as Misr Airwork. It was managed prewar by Airwork Ltd of the United Kingdom. Regular services were begun in June 1933 with a small fleet of De Havilland Dragon eight-seat biplane airliners. Services linked Cairo with Mersa Matruh via Alexandria. In 1934 international services began to Lydda and Haifa, being extended to Baghdad in 1936. Misr Airwork's routes were taken over by the Egyptian government in September 1939. Postwar the airline used the name Misrair and Beech C-45's were supplemented in 1948 by the larger Vickers VC.1 Viking which was operated until 1961. Sud-Est Languedoc four-engined airliners were purchased in 1952. These were supplanted by the turboprop Vickers Viscount in 1955, the type serving the airline until 1965. Misrair was renamed United Arab Airlines (UAA) in 1960. Jet equipment arrived in mid 1960 with the delivery of De Havilland Comet 4C airliners. These enabled the UAA route structure to be extended to London from 1 July 1960, followed by services to other European cities. Operations since 2002 EgyptAir is a state-owned company with special legislation permitting the management to operate as if the company were privately owned without any interference from the government. The company is self-financing without any financial backing by the Egyptian government. The airline underwent a major corporate re-engineering in 2002, when its structure was changed from a governmental organization into a holding company with subsidiaries. The move coincided with establishment of the Egyptian Minister of Civil Aviation and the government's ambitious strategy to modernize and upgrade its airports and airline. The airline was given the right to operate without any interference from the government and the duty to do so without any financial backing In 2004, EgyptAir became the first IOSA certified airline in Africa. The airline launched a regional subsidiary called EgyptAir Express with a fleet of new Embraer E-170 jets. The carrier links Cairo with Sharm El Sheikh, Hurghada, Luxor, Aswan, Marsa Alam, Abu Simbel and Alexandria (Egypt) in addition to secondary regional destinations to complement the parent company's pattern of service. In June 2009 the subsidiary received the last of the 12 Embraer E-170 aircraft on order. The EgyptAir Holding Company has recorded substantial profits in past years, reaching US$170 million during the 2007/2008 financial year. This is fortified by huge assets of more than US$3.8 billion. The airline's financial year is from July to June. For the fiscal year ending 31 July 2007, EgyptAir achieved a record total revenue of US$1,143 billion. Total group revenue grew by 14%, as compared with the previous year. In early 2007, the airline partnered with the Egyptian Ministry of Civil Aviation and 'Egyptian Holding Company for Airports & Air Navigation' to form a new corporate airline, Smart Aviation Company, based at Cairo Airport. On October 16, 2007 the Chief Executive Board of Star Alliance voted to accept EgyptAir as a future member. The airline had already forged commercial and cooperative agreements with several members of the Star Alliance by then, including Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Swiss International Airlines, South African Airways, Turkish Airlines and bmi. Nine months after being invited as a future member (a record time by any airline joining an alliance), EgyptAir became the 21st member of Star Alliance in a ceremony held in Cairo on 11 July 2008. In 2009, EgyptAir's operations at its Cairo International Airport hub (where it holds 61% of the airport's departure slots) were notably overhauled due to the inauguration of the new Terminal 3 in April 2009. The airline transferred all its operations (international and domestic) to the new terminal that has more than doubled the airport's capacity. Under the Star Alliance “Move Under One Roof” concept at Cairo Airport, all Star Alliance member carriers serving Cairo, have moved to the new Terminal 3. In 2010 the airline will overhaul operations at its Alexandria base by transferring operations from the older facilities at Alexandria International Airport to the brand new airport in Borg El Arab Airport. The airline's CEO also stated the company was evaluating whether to set up a low cost carrier subsidiary for its Alexandria operations to address the growth of LCCs in the city. During the 2009-2010 Paris Airshow, the airline announced a new venture with US lessor Aviation Capital Group (ACG) and other Egyptian private and public shareholders to establish a leasing joint venture focusing on the Middle East and Northern Africa region. The new joint venture - named Civil Aviation Finance and Operating Leases (CIAF-Leasing) will initially focus on narrowbody aircraft. On 10 March 2010 the airline took delivery of its largest aircraft, the Boeing 777-300ER in Cairo Airport, with a seat capacity of 346. The aircraft is equipped with a new on-board product and the largest business cabin to-date. This is the first aircraft to enter the fleet on an operating leasee (from GECAS). All other mainline aircraft are owned. The airline is initially operating the aircraft to London Heathrow and Tokyo Narita followed by John F. Kennedy International Airport from 31 October 2010. In August 2010 EgyptAir will also receive new Airbus A330-300, which will replace the Boeing 777-300ER on the London Heathrow route from 1 September 2010. Corporate affairs Ownership and structure There are three carriers, which operate under the same AOC but are managed separately and have their own profit and loss accounts: - EgyptAir Airlines, the core airline company - EgyptAir Cargo, a dedicated cargo airline (established in 2002) - EgyptAir Express, the domestic and regional airline (launched in June 2007) Other companies within EgyptAir Holding Company are: - EgyptAir Maintenance & Engineering, originally an in-house operation but now also carrying out 3rd party business; EASA Part 145 and FAA Certified - EgyptAir Ground Services, providing services to over 75% of the air carriers flying to Egypt - EgyptAir In-flight Services - EgyptAir Tourism & Duty Free Shops - EgyptAir Medical Services - EgyptAir Supplementary Industries Company (formed in 2006) Subsidiaries and associates The airline has stakes in: - Air Cairo (60%) - Smart Aviation Company (13.33%) - Air Sinai (100%) - Egypt Aero Management Service (50%) - LSG Sky Chefs Catering Egypt (70%) - Civil Aviation Finance and Operating Leases - 'CIAF-Leasing' (Ownership % - TBD) Business trends Trends for recent years, for the EgyptAir Holding Company and for its main subsidiary Egyptair Airlines, are shown below (for years ending 30 June): \|EgyptAir Holding Company\| \|Net Profits (E£m)\|\|579\|\|695\|\|573\|\|533\|\|−1,059\| \|Number of employees\|\|20,734\|\|29,285\|\|31,725\| \|Number of passengers (m)\|\|7.8\|\|8.2\|\|8.7\|\|8.0\| \|Passenger load factor (%)\|\|72\|\|68\| \|Cargo carried (tons m)\|\|127\|\|121\| \|Number of aircraft (at year end)\|\|45\|\|50\|\|59\|\|66\|\|76\| \|Net Profits (E£m)\|\|161\|\|232\|\|208\|\|130\|\|−2,205\| \|Number of employees\|\|7,600\| \|Number of passengers (m)\|\|5.7\|\|6.7\|\|6.8\|\|7.3\|\|6.8\| \|Passenger load factor (%)\|\|63\|\|67\|\|68\|\|72\|\|68\| \|Number of aircraft (at year end)\|\|38\|\|40\|\|48\|\|50\|\|63\| Trends for EgyptAir Express and EgyptAir Cargo are shown on the relevant articles. Figures for the year ending 30 June 2011 reflect the disruption that occurred because of the Egyptian Revolution in early 2011. Head office As of July 2011 EgyptAir serve 76 destinations; 12 in Egypt, 17 in Africa, 20 in the Middle East, 7 in Asia, 20 in Europe and 1 in the Americas. * Star Alliance member As of November 2012, the EgyptAir fleet consists of the following aircraft: \|Airbus A321-200\|\|4\|\|—\|\|—\|\|0\|\|22\|\|139\|\|161\|\|New configuration\| \|Airbus A330-200\|\|7\|\|—\|\|3\|\|0\|\|24\|\|244\|\|268\|\|Aircraft SU-GCK painted in Star Alliance livery\| \|Airbus A330-300\|\|4\|\|—\|\|—\|\|0\|\|36\|\|265\|\|301\|\|OnAir internet and mobile usage capability New business class featuring lie-flat beds. Economy cabins equipped with PTV \|Airbus A340-200\|\|3\|\|—\|\|—\|\|12\|\|24\|\|224\|\|260\|\|phased out\| \|Boeing 737-500\|\|4\|\|—\|\|—\|\|0\|\|8\|\|96\|\|104\|\|All Leased to Badr Air\| \|Boeing 777-200ER\|\|4\|\|—\|\|—\|\|12\|\|21\|\|286\|\|319\|\|1 Stored\| \|Boeing 777-300ER\|\|6\|\|—\|\|—\|\|0\|\|49\|\|297\|\|346\|\|New business class featuring full lie-flat beds New economy cabins equipped with PTV \|EgyptAir Express Fleet\| \|EgyptAir Cargo Fleet\| \|Airbus A300B4-200F\|\|2\|\|—\|\|—\|\|96,000 kg\|\|SU-BDG stored at CAI airport\| \|Airbus A300-600RF\|\|2\|\|—\|\|—\|\|97,000 kg\| Incidents and accidents - On 27 July 1963, United Arab Airlines Flight 869, a de Havilland Comet, crashed into the sea on approach to Bombay Airport, India, all 62 passengers and crew on board were killed. - On 18 March 1966, United Arab Airlines Flight 749, an Antonov An-24, crashed while attempting to land at Cairo International Airport. All 30 passengers and crew on board were killed. - On 20 March 1969, a United Arab Airlines Ilyushin Il-18 crashed while attempting to land at Aswan Airport. 100 of the 105 passengers and crew on board were killed in the disaster. - On 19 March 1972, EgyptAir Flight 763 crashed into a mountain on approach to Aden International Airport in Yemen killing all 30 passengers and crew on board. - On 25 December 1976, EgyptAir Flight 864 crashed into an industrial complex in Bangkok, Thailand. All 52 persons on board plus 19 people on the ground were killed. - On 23 November 1985, EgyptAir Flight 648 operated by a Boeing 737 was hijacked to Malta International Airport by three men from the Abu Nidal terrorist group. Omar Rezaq was among them. An Egyptian Sky Marshall on board shot and killed one of the hijackers before being gunned down himself. After several hours of negotiations, Egyptian troops stormed the aircraft and battled with the hijackers, who threw several hand grenades and shot / killed five Israeli and US passengers. The aircraft was severely damaged by the explosions and fire. Two of the six crew members and 59 of the 90 passengers were killed. - On 31 October 1999, EgyptAir Flight 990, a Boeing 767 flying between New York City and Cairo, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Nantucket, all 217 passengers were killed. The relief first officer of the flight, Gameel Al-Batouti, was suspected by U.S. authorities of committing suicide and intentionally crashing the plane. Egyptian officials have strongly disputed that claim. - On 7 May 2002, EgyptAir Flight 843, a Boeing 737-500, crashed into terrain in heavy rain, fog, and a sandstorm on its approach to Tunis, Tunisia, killing 15 of 64 occupants. - Davies, R.E.G. (1964). A History of the World's Airlines. Oxford University Press. ISBN None Check - Davies, 1964, p. 199 - Davies, 1964, pp. 404-405 - NTSB Group Chairman's Factual Report, January 18, 2000 - "Annual Report 2010-2011". 2012. - "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-04-03. p. 76. - "EgyptAir Airlines Annual Reports 2006-2007". EgyptAir. Retrieved 22 February 2013. - "EgyptAir Annual Reports 2009-2010". EgyptAir. Retrieved 21 February 2013. - "EgyptAir Annual Reports 2008-2009". EgyptAir. Retrieved 21 February 2013. - "EgyptAir Annual Reports 2010-2011". EgyptAir. Retrieved 20 February 2013. - "EgyptAir profile". Arab Air Carriers Organization. Retrieved 22 February 2013. - "Egyptair Plus Hand Book." Egyptair. 6 of 10. Retrieved on 2 May 2010. - "Egyptair[dead link]." Arab Air Carriers Organization. Retrieved on 29 September 2009. - EGYPTAIR - Welcome to EGYPTAIR website - Worldwide codeshare list aug 2011 - "EgyptAir fleet list". Retrieved 2010-12-16. - "EgyptAir 864". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-11-01. - "EgyptAir Flight 990 Accident Information". 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2007-11-12. - "Flight Safety Australia July/August 2002" (PDF– Globewatch). Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved 2007-11-12. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: EgyptAir\|	<urn:uuid:2a3b20c0-fa6e-4568-a597-53f87dfe6ec6>	2013-05-18T17:52:03Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0164794921875, 0.03271484375, -0.0174560546875, -0.00830078125, 0.0732421875, -0.09033203125, -0.01361083984375, 0.10595703125, -0.023193359375, -0.027099609375, 0.0869140625, 0.05615234375, 0.0179443359375, -0.0098876953125, 0.034423828125, -0.010...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.90209	3,124	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir	0.245846
\|\|This article has no lead section. (March 2013)\| 16 May 1946 Born to a family of musicians, he took a guitar in his hands for the first time at the age of 12. At 16, Francis Goya formed his first group (Les Jivaros) together with his brother who played the percussion, and several friends. In 1966 he became acquainted with a singer named Lou who joined Francis’ rock group , The Liberty Six (Later, Lou was a producer for Plastic Bertrand and composed for him the song Ça plane pour moi which gained success all over the world). In 1970 Francis Goya was invited to a professional soul music group J J Band, with which he recorded two albums, the second of them produced by Brian Bennett, percussionist for The Shadows. This LP was recorded in London for CBS. Thanks to J J Band, Francis Goya took part in a tour over Europe and Africa. He also became a studio guitar player, and played on the stage with performers of different styles, such as Demis Roussos, The Three Degrees, Vicky Leandros, and others. The Brilliant Idea: Nostalgia In 1975, he released his first solo LP Nostalgia, which quickly reached top positions in the charts. Nostalgia was a tender and romantic melody written by Francis Goya and his father. That was the beginning of his international career. Francis Goya tours with his performances all over the world, from Asia to Latin America, South Africa, Russia etc. Between the tours, he records at least one new album; their number has already reached 35 LPs and CDs, and most of them have the status of a gold disc or platinum disc. As of today, Francis Goya has sold over 28 million of his albums all over the world; this is quite a rare case for instrumental music. Francis Goya directed the Eurovision orchestra in Rome (during Luxembourg's performance) in 1991 and in Ireland in 1993. Latin American Influence Francis Goya has always admired Latin American music. In 1991, he decided to record, concurrently with instrumental music, a CD containing Brazilian songs (Bahia Lady). The timbre of his voice and passionate guitar-playing turned out to be a marvelous combination, and the public liked it. He decided to continue working in this way, and, in 1992 and 1993 released two new albums of the same style (Noche Latino and Festival Latino). 1994 was the year for “going back to the roots”, for releasing a new CD of instrumental music, and for a tour of over fifty concerts in the Netherlands. In 1996 a new musical CD in the New Age was released (Gondwana). In 1998 Francis Goya recorded beautiful songs of Jacques Brel, these were released on a CD and distributed all over Europe. Later, a duet album with Richard Clayderman was recorded. Wind from the East The Moscow Nights which was recorded in Moscow, was released in 1981 in all countries of the former Soviet Union, and won enormous success; this allowed Francis Goya to become a West-European star in Eastern Europe. March 2001: First Concerts in Estonia After twenty years of success in Eastern Europe, in 2001, Francis Goya was invited to give a concert in Estonia in the Tallinn Philharmonic Hall, with accompaniment of the Chamber Orchestra of the Philharmonic Hall[disambiguation needed], directed by Jean-Luc Drion, a pianist and a director, who had, by the time, been a friend of Francis Goya for 30 years. The first concert was such a success that Francis Goya had to prolong his stay in Estonia and give a second concert on the following day in the same Philharmonic Hall[disambiguation needed]. After such first experience in Estonia, Francis Goya decided to record an instrumental album that included pieces by the great Estonian composer Raimond Valgre. That album was also a huge success in Estonia. Furthermore, the Russian album entitled A Tribute To Alexandra Pakhmutova which was recorded in Saint Petersburg was widely distributed in Korea, Taiwan and China. Due to his popularity, Francis Goya regularly goes on tours all over the world, and the public receives every concert with exceptional enthusiasm: - March 2004: A concert in Jakarta (Indonesia) - April 2004: A concert in Saint Petersburg (Russia) - October 2005: Palais des Beaux Arts in Brussels (Belgium) - March 2006: A concert in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Hall[disambiguation needed] (Russia) - April 2006: A concert at Abbaye de Forest in Brussels (Belgium) - May 2006: A tour of three concerts in Poland (Poznan, Krakow, and Warsaw) - May 2006: Participation in Braine-l'Alleud Festival (Belgium). Et si on se faisait plaisir - June 2006: Recording an album specially for China - September 2006: A concert in l’Église St Étienne in Braine l’Alleud - November 2006: A grand tour over the Baltic countries - December 2006: Concerts in Jakarta and Singapore; a concert in the Oktyabrsky Concert Hall in Saint Petersburg (Russia). - March 2007: Concerts in Tallinn (Estonia), Vilnius (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia), Vameira, Tartu (Estonia), and Pärnu (Estonia) - April 2007: A grand concert in Moscow - May 2007: A gala concert in Cambodia for the benefit of humanitarian organizations (Lions Club) - May 2007: A concert at the World of Guitar Festival in Kaluga (Russia) - September 2007: A concert in Waterloo (Belgium) - October 2007: A concert for the benefit of St Michel Oncological Charity Foundation in Nivelles (Belgium) - October 2007: A grand tour over Russia - February 2008: A grand tour over South Africa - March 2012: Concerts in Vilnius (Lithuania), Tallinn (Estonia), Riga (Latvia), Moscow, Saintt Petersburg, Tumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Izhevsk and Kirov[disambiguation needed] (Russia). - March 2013: On the occasion of Women's Day, two concerts "Romantic Guitar" 7 in Saint Petersburg Russia, 8 in Tallinn Estonia In 2007, the group Safri Duo (Falling Hight) used a sample from Tonight’s the Night piece, which was written by Francis Goya in 1976. In 2010, Francis Goya opened his first musical school Ateliers Art et Musique (Art and Music Studio) in Marrakesh. In 2011, he established the Francis Goya Foundation for cultural development of Moroccan children and teenagers from “problem” regions Site officiel de la Fondation Francis Goya with the assistance of the Belgian Ambassador to Morocco, Consul of Belgium in Morocco, and high officials of the State of Morocco. 2012: A grand tour over the major cities of the Baltic countries and Russia is planned. Atelier Art et Musique (Art and Music Studio) in Marrakesh (Morocco) The school is dedicated to love of arts and music. l'Atelier Art & Musique Francis Goya. On the initiative of Francis Goya and his daughter Valérie, who also works for the Foundation, l'Atelier Art & Musique Francis Goya was established on March 8, 2010. Moral support of the Consulate of Belgium and Prefecture of Marrakesh and partnership with Yamaha, allowed commencing studies in instrumental and vocal disciplines. Francis Goya provides classes for everyone, from beginners to mature musicians, and in everything, from musical development to solfeggio, including multivarious classes in playing the guitar, the piano, and the violin, and classes of magic, dancing, and singing. And indeed, over a hundred students of various levels enrolled for various courses, thus displaying a vivid interest towards their school. Francis Goya Foundation for cultural development of children and teenagers from “problem” regions Francis Goya Foundation : Art and music for destitute children all over the world. Throughout his entire long career as a composer and a musician, Francis Goya has always taken part in charity campaigns aimed at collecting donations for the financing of orphanages and secondary schools in Cambodia, the department of urgent pediatrics of the Queen Fabiola Hospital (l’Hôpital Reine Fabiola) in Belgium, and Saint Michel Oncological Foundation in Brussels. When Francis Goya moved, a long time ago, to Morocco he saw that development of Moroccan young population needs support. A brilliant idea occurred to him when he was traveling over the south regions of the country. He was playing the guitar, with his family around him, at a bivouac near a small village, when suddenly a crowd of children ringed round him and started listening too. The idea was developed further: Francis decided to establish a Foundation for revealing of new talents among children and teenagers from “problem” regions and helping them develop their musical talents. To establish the Francis Goya Foundation, support has been received from Francis Goya’s Moroccan and European friends, who share the same values. The approach consists in arranging free concerts in order to collect funds to buy musical instruments and to finance singing and dancing classes for children. Schools, orphanages, and mountain regions are visited in order to discover young talents who would benefit from serious musical classes and gain and opportunity of studying abroad, and to find those who need long-term control and assistance. “When live is generous to us, there comes time to give and time to serve – the more so, because music makes hearts warmer. Today is an important day: we are laying the first stone to the base of the edifice, and we would like to use this opportunity to appeal to generosity of the donators for the financing of our ambitious projects, such as donation of musical instruments or taking the charge of conducting artistic classes for children and teenagers from “problem” regions (such as orphanages, hospitals, douars). I would like to thank you in advance for the coverage and publicity that you can give to this good initiative” – the speech of Francis Goya, President of the Francis Goya Foundation Francis Goya has some 40 album releases to his credit. - "Nostalgia"/"Nautilus" (1975) - "Concierto d'Aranjuez"/"Lovers melody" (1976) - "Maria Padilha"/"Daddy's bolero" (1976) - "Caf'Conc'"/"Tangoya" (1976) - "Gipsy Wedding" (1977) - "Argentina"/"Natasha" (1978) - "Manolita"/"Natasha" (1978) - "Moscow nights"/"Song of the Dnjepr" (1981) - Nostalgia (1975) - Souvenirs aus Griechenland (1979) - Summernight Moods (1979) - Guitarra Romantica (1979) - Romantic Guitar (1985) - This is Francis Goya (1986) - Rendez-vous (1988) - Plays His Favourite Hits Vol.1 (1990) - Bahia Lady (with Carmina Cabrera) (1990) - Noche Latino (with Carmina Cabrera)(1993) - Festival Latino (with Carmina Cabrera)(1994) - The Very Best of (1994) - Together (with Peter Weekers) (1994) - Jacques Brel (1998) - Plays His Favourite Hits Vol. 2 (1998) - Francis Goya in Moscow (1999) - Together (with Richard Clayderman)(2000) - Latin Romance (1999) - Best of Francis Goya (1999) - De Mooiste Sfeermelodieën (2000) - Pleased to meet You, Mr. Valgre (2001) - Hollands Glorie (2002) - Hollands Glorie Kerst (2002) - A tribute to Alexandra Pakhmutova (2002) - Klassieke Droommelodieën (2003) - Rakkaudella (2004) - Intimité (with Jean-Luc Drion)(2004) - Magic Moments (2004) - Gondwana (2004) - Face to Face (2005) (with Richard Clayderman) - Wings for life (2008) \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Francis Goya\| - (French) Official website Official website - (French) Francis Goya Foundation - (French) Atelier Arts et Musique - (French) Francis Goya at the Belgian Pop & Rock Archives	<urn:uuid:a1982a27-5b02-46e3-9767-e9a27457a0fc>	2013-05-18T17:38:29Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.019287109375, 0.005615234375, -0.0206298828125, -0.000888824462890625, 0.07080078125, -0.03662109375, -0.00003337860107421875, 0.08984375, -0.047119140625, -0.051513671875, 0.051513671875, -0.003173828125, 0.03857421875, -0.0174560546875, 0.0299072265...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936805	2,747	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Goya	0.317228
\|29th Emperor of the Roman Empire\| Denarius featuring Gordian II \|Reign\|\|22 March – 12 April 238 (with Gordian, and in revolt against Maximinus Thrax)\| \|Full name\|\|Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus (from birth to accession); Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus (as emperor) \|Died\|\|12 April 238 (aged 46)\| \|Place of death\|\|Carthage, Africa Proconsularis\| \|Successor\|\|Pupienus and Balbinus\| \|Mother\|\|Unknown, possibly Fabia Orestilla\| \|Part of a series on Roman imperial dynasties\| \|Year of the Six Emperors\| Gordian II (Latin: Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus; c. 192 – April 12, 238), was Roman Emperor for one month with his father Gordian I in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. Seeking to overthrow the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he died in battle outside of Carthage. Early life Born c. 192, Gordian II was the only known son of Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus the Elder. His family were of Equestrian rank, who were modest and very wealthy. Gordian was said to be related to prominent senators. His praenomen and nomen Marcus Antonius suggest that his paternal ancestors received Roman citizenship under the Triumvir Mark Antony, or one of his daughters, during the late Roman Republic. Gordian’s cognomen ‘Gordianus’ suggests that his family origins were from Anatolia, especially Galatia and Cappadocia. According to the notoriously unreliable Historia Augusta, his mother was a Roman woman called Fabia Orestilla, born circa 165, who the Augustan History claims was a descendant of Roman Emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius through her father Fulvus Antoninus. Modern historians have dismissed this name and her information as false. There is some evidence to suggest that Gordian's mother may have been the granddaughter of Greek Sophist, consul and tutor Herodes Atticus. His younger sister was Antonia Gordiana, who was the mother of Emperor Gordian III. Although the memory of the Gordians would have been cherished by the Senate and thus appear sympathetic in any Senatorial documentation of the period, the only account of Gordian's early career that has survived is contained within the Historia Augusta, and it cannot be taken as an accurate or reliable description of his life story prior to his elevation to the purple in 238. According to this source, Gordian served as quaestor in Elagabalus' reign and as praetor and consul suffect with Emperor Alexander Severus. In 237, Gordian went to the Africa Proconsularis as a legatus under his father's command as a proconsular governor. Revolt against Maximinus Thrax Early in 235, Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Avita Mamaea were assassinated by mutinous troops at Moguntiacum in Germania Inferior. The leader of the rebellion, Maximinus Thrax, became Emperor, despite his low-born background and the disapproval of the Roman Senate. Confronted by a local elite that had just killed Maximinus's procurator, Gordian's father was forced to participate in a full scale revolt against Maximinus in 238 and became Augustus on March 22. Due to Gordian I's advanced age, the younger Gordian was attached to the imperial throne and acclaimed Augustus too. Like his father, he too was awarded the cognomen Africanus. Opposition would come from the neighbouring province of Numidia. Capelianus, governor of Numidia, a loyal supporter of Maximinus Thrax, and who held a grudge against Gordian, renewed his allegiance to the reigning emperor and invaded Africa province with the only legion stationing in the region, III Augusta, and other veteran units. Gordian II, at the head of a militia army of untrained soldiers, lost the Battle of Carthage and was killed. According to the Historia Augusta, his body was never recovered. Hearing the news, his father took his own life. This first rebellion against Maximinus Thrax was unsuccessful but, by the end of 238, Gordian II's nephew would be recognised emperor by the whole Roman world as Gordian III . See also Primary sources - Herodian, Roman History, Book 7 - Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians - Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus - Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284 - Zosimus, Historia Nova Secondary sources - Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001 - Syme, Ronald, Emperors and Biography, Oxford University Press, 1971 - Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004 - Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4 - Canduci, Alexander (2010), Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Immortal Emperors, Pier 9, ISBN 978-1-74196-598-8 - Meckler, Michael L., Gordian II (238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis (2001) - Gibbon. Edward Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (1888) - Southern, pg. 66 - Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 17:4 - In Classical Latin, Gordian's name would be inscribed as MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVS. - Canduci, pg. 63 - Birley, pg. 340 - Peuch, Bernadette, "Orateurs et sophistes grecs dans les inscriptions d'époque impériale", (2002), pg. 128 - Syme, pp.100-101 - Meckler, Gordian II - Syme, pp. 1-16 - Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 18:4 - Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 18:5 - Birley, pg. 341. An inscription confirming this fact has been found at Caesarea in Palestine. - Potter, pg. 167 - Southern, pg. 64 - Herodian, 7:7:2 - Potter, pg. 170 - Southern, pg. 67 - Herodian, 7:9:3 - Historia Augusta, The Three Gordians, 16:1 - Southern, pg. 68 \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gordianus II\| Served alongside: Gordian I Pupienus and Balbinus	<urn:uuid:685f3e84-9523-4c54-af2f-f548af072182>	2013-05-18T17:50:38Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.045654296875, -0.00823974609375, -0.0126953125, -0.0213623046875, 0.083984375, -0.09521484375, -0.040283203125, 0.11279296875, -0.023193359375, -0.0712890625, -0.025634765625, 0.01416015625, 0.0810546875, 0.025390625, 0.034912109375, -0.02160644531...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.9062	1,498	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_II	0.214555
Interferon type I Human type I interferons comprise a vast and growing group of IFN proteins. Mammalian types The IFN-α proteins are produced by leukocytes. They are mainly involved in innate immune response against viral infection. They come in 13 subtypes that are called IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21. These genes for these IFN-α molecules are found together in a cluster on chromosome 9. IFN-α is also made synthetically as medication. Types are: The IFN-β proteins are produced in large quantities by fibroblasts. They have antiviral activity which is mainly involved in innate immune response. Two types of IFN-β have been described, IFN-β1 (IFNB1) and IFN-β3 (IFNB3) (a gene designated IFN-β2 is actually IL-6). IFN-β1 is used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis as it reduces the relapse rate. IFN-ε, –κ, -τ, -δ, and –ζ IFN-ε, –κ, -τ, and –ζ appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, IFNK. Only ruminants encode IFN-τ, a variant of IFN-ω. So far, IFN-ζ is found only in mice, while a structural homolog, IFN-δ is found in a diverse array of non-primate and non-rodent placental mammals. Most but not all placental mammals encode functional IFN-ε and IFN-κ genes. IFN-ω, although having only one functional form described to date (IFNW1), has several pseudogenes: IFNWP2, IFNWP4, IFNWP5, IFNWP9, IFNWP15, IFNWP18, and IFNWP19 in humans. Many non-primate placental mammals express multiple IFN-ω subtypes This subtype of Type I IFN was recently described as a pseudogene in human, but potentially functional in the domestic cat genome. In all other genomes of non-feline placental mammals, IFN-ν is a pseudogene; in some species, the pseudogene is well preserved, while in others, it is badly mutilated or is undetectable. Moreover, in the cat genome, the IFN-ν promoter is deleteriously mutated. It is likely that the IFN-ν gene family was rendered useless prior to mammalian diversification. Its presence on the edge of the Type I IFN locus in mammals may have shielded it from obliteration, allowing its detection. Sources and functions IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, and are also active against tumors. Recently, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been identified as being the most potent producers of type I IFNs in response to antigen, and have thus been coined natural IFN producing cells. IFN-ω is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors. IFN-α acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus thus causing fever. It does this by binding to opioid receptors and eliciting the release of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). Non-mammalian types Avian Type I IFNs have been characterized and preliminarily assigned to subtypes (IFN I, IFN II, and IFN III), but their classification into subtypes should await a more extensive characterization of avian genomes. Functional lizard Type I IFNs can be found in lizard genome databases. Turtle Type I IFNs have been purified (references from 1970s needed). They resemble mammalian homologs. The existence of amphibian Type I IFNs have been inferred by the discovery of the genes encoding their receptor chains. They have not yet been purified, or their genes cloned. Piscine (bony fish) Type I IFN has been cloned in several teleost species. With few exceptions, and in stark contrast to avian and especially mammalian IFNs, they are present as single genes (multiple genes are however seen in polyploid fish genomes, possibly arising from whole-genome duplication). Unlike amniote IFN genes, piscine Type I IFN genes contain introns, in similar positions as do their orthologs, certain interleukins. - Schultz et al., The interferon system of non-mammalian vertebrates. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Volume 28, pages 499-508. - Samarajiwa et al., Type I interferons: genetics and structure. The Interferons: Characterization and Application, 2006 Wiley-VCH, pages 3-34. - Oritani and Tomiyama, Interferon-ζ/limitin: Novel type I Interferon that displays a narrow range of biological activity. International journal of hematology, 2004, Volume 80, pages 325-331 . - Hardy et al., Characterization of the type I interferon locus and identification of novel genes. Genomics, 2004, Volume 84 pages 331-345. - Todd and Naylor, New chromosomal mapping assignments for argininosuccinate synthetase pseudogene 1, interferon-beta 3 gene, and the diazepam binding inhibitor gene. Somat. Cell. Mol. Genet. 1992 Volume 18, pages 381-5. - Wang et al., Fever of recombinant human interferon-alpha is mediated by opioid domain interaction with opioid receptor inducing prostaglandin E2. J Neuroimmunol. 2004 Nov;156(1-2):107-12.	<urn:uuid:4c5bcdff-1f9c-4574-9c72-31bc7ba5e853>	2013-05-18T18:00:27Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.00946044921875, 0.01416015625, -0.002716064453125, -0.01556396484375, 0.041748046875, -0.10302734375, -0.0169677734375, 0.1513671875, -0.02880859375, -0.0400390625, 0.1435546875, 0.004669189453125, -0.059814453125, 0.0859375, 0.0208740234375, -0.03...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.907784	1,322	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_type_1	0.302197
Jean Bricmont (2010) April 12, 1952 \| Jean Bricmont (born April 12, 1952) is a Belgian theoretical physicist, philosopher of science and a professor at the Université catholique de Louvain. He works on renormalization group and nonlinear differential equations. He is mostly known to the non-academic audience for co-authoring Fashionable Nonsense (also known as Intellectual Impostures) with Alan Sokal, in which they criticise relativism in the philosophy of science. Jean Bricmont also collaborates with activist Noam Chomsky and campaigns on a variety of progressive causes. In 2005 he published Impérialisme humanitaire. Droits de l’homme, droit d’ingérence, droit du plus fort ?, published in English as Humanitarian Imperialism in 2006. In 2006, he wrote the preface to L'Atlas alternatif - Frédéric Delorca (ed), Pantin, Temps des Cerises. He is a member of the Division of Sciences of the Royal Academy for Sciences, Letters and Arts of Belgium. In 2007, he wrote an article in French discussing the possibility of a US invasion of Iran: "Pourquoi Bush peut déclencher une attaque contre l’Iran". \|This article about a Belgian scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\| \|This article about a physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:f151545b-5b3c-401c-b1f8-1f484cb98614>	2013-05-18T17:28:46Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.03125, 0.0165550597012043, -0.012927827425301075, -0.0036969867069274187, 0.0546875, -0.0202752985060215, 0.009765625, 0.0918898805975914, -0.01404389925301075, -0.0241815485060215, 0.09375, -0.004627046175301075, -0.0684523805975914, -0.00651041651144623...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.852054	323	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bricmont	0.166514
Natural language generation Natural Language Generation (NLG) is the natural language processing task of generating natural language from a machine representation system such as a knowledge base or a logical form. Psycholinguists prefer the term language production when such formal representations are interpreted as models for mental representations. It could be said an NLG system is like a translator that converts a computer based representation into a natural language representation. However, the methods to produce the final language are different from those of a compiler due to the inherent expressivity of natural languages. NLG may be viewed as the opposite of natural language understanding: whereas in natural language understanding the system needs to disambiguate the input sentence to produce the machine representation language, in NLG the system needs to make decisions about how to put a concept into words. Simple examples are systems that generate form letters. These do not typically involve grammar rules, but may generate a letter to a consumer, e.g. stating that a credit card spending limit was reached. More complex NLG systems dynamically create texts to meet a communicative goal. As in other areas of natural language processing, this can be done using either explicit models of language (e.g., grammars) and the domain, or using statistical models derived by analysing human-written texts. The Pollen Forecast for Scotland demo shows a simple NLG system in action. This system takes as input six numbers, which give predicted pollen levels in different parts of Scotland. From these numbers, the system generates a short textual summary of pollen levels as its output. For example, using the historical data for 1-July-2005, the software produces Grass pollen levels for Friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. However, in Northern areas, pollen levels will be moderate with values of 4. In contrast, the actual forecast (written by a human meteorologist) from this data was Pollen counts are expected to remain high at level 6 over most of Scotland, and even level 7 in the south east. The only relief is in the Northern Isles and far northeast of mainland Scotland with medium levels of pollen count. Comparing these two illustrates some of the choices that NLG systems must make; these are further discussed below. The process to generate text can be as simple as keeping a list of canned text that is copied and pasted, possibly linked with some glue text. The results may be satisfactory in simple domains such as horoscope machines or generators of personalised business letters. However, a sophisticated NLG system needs to include stages of planning and merging of information to enable the generation of text that looks natural and does not become repetitive. Typical stages are: Content determination: Deciding what information to mention in the text. For instance, in the pollen example above, deciding whether to explicitly mention that pollen level is 7 in the south east. Document structuring: Overall organisation of the information to convey. For example, deciding to describe the areas with high pollen levels first, instead of the areas with low pollen levels. Aggregation: Merging of similar sentences to improve readability and naturalness. For instance, merging the two sentences Grass pollen levels for Friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday and Grass pollen levels will be around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country into the single sentence Grass pollen levels for Friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. Lexical choice: Putting words to the concepts. For example, deciding whether medium or moderate should be used when describing a pollen level of 4. Referring expression generation: Creating referring expressions that identify objects and regions. For example, deciding to use in the Northern Isles and far northeast of mainland Scotland to refer to a certain region in Scotland. This task also includes making decisions about pronouns and other types of anaphora. NLG systems effectively generate jokes (see computational humor), but from a commercial perspective, the most successful NLG applications have been data-to-text systems which generate textual summaries of databases and data sets; these systems usually perform data analysis as well as text generation. In particular, several systems have been built that produce textual weather forecasts from weather data. The earliest such system to be deployed was FoG, which was used by Environment Canada to generate weather forecasts in French and English in the early 1990s. The success of FoG triggered other work, both research and commercial. Recent research in this area include an experiment which showed that users sometimes preferred computer-generated weather forecasts to human-written ones, in part because the computer forecasts used more consistent terminology , and a demonstration that statistical techniques could be used to generate high-quality weather forecasts. Recent applications include the ARNS system used to summarise conditions in US ports. In the 1990s there was interest in using NLG to summarise financial and business data. For example the SPOTLIGHT system developed at A.C. Nielsen automatically generated readable English text based on the analysis of large amounts of retail sales data. More recently there is interest in using NLG to summarise electronic medical records. Commercial applications in this area are appearing , and researchers have shown that NLG summaries of medical data can be effective decision-support aids for medical professionals. There is also growing interest in using NLG to enhance accessibility, for example by describing graphs and data sets to blind people. An example of an interactive use of NLG is the WYSIWYM framework. It stands for What you see is what you meant and allows users to see and manipulate the continuously rendered view (NLG output) of an underlying formal language document (NLG input), thereby editing the formal language without learning it. As in other scientific fields, NLG researchers need to test how well their systems, modules, and algorithms work. This is called evaluation. There are three basic techniques for evaluating NLG systems: - Task-based (extrinsic) evaluation: give the generated text to a person, and assess how well it helps him perform a task (or otherwise achieves its communicative goal). For example, a system which generates summaries of medical data can be evaluated by giving these summaries to doctors, and assessing whether the summaries helps doctors make better decisions. - Human ratings: give the generated text to a person, and ask him or her to rate the quality and usefulness of the text. - Metrics: compare generated texts to texts written by people from the same input data, using an automatic metric such as BLEU. An ultimate goal is how useful NLG systems are at helping people, which is the first of the above techniques. However, task-based evaluations are time-consuming and expensive, and can be difficult to carry out (especially if they require subjects with specialised expertise, such as doctors). Hence (as in other areas of NLP) task-based evaluations are the exception, not the norm. Recently researchers are assessing how well human-ratings and metrics correlate with (predict) task-based evaluations. Work is being conducted in the context of Generation Challenges shared-task events. Initial results suggest that human ratings are much better than metrics in this regard. In other words, human ratings usually do predict task-effectiveness at least to some degree (although there are exceptions ), while ratings produced by metrics often do not predict task-effectiveness well. These results are preliminary. In any case, human ratings are the most popular evaluation technique in NLG; this is contrast to machine translation, where metrics are widely used. - R Turner, S Sripada, E Reiter, I Davy (2006). Generating Spatio-Temporal Descriptions in Pollen Forecasts. Proceedings of EACL06 - Goldberg E, Driedger N, Kittredge R (1994). "Using Natural-Language Processing to Produce Weather Forecasts". IEEE Expert 9 (2): 45–53. doi:10.1109/64.294135. - Reiter E, Sripada S, Hunter J, Yu J, Davy I (2005). "Choosing Words in Computer-Generated Weather Forecasts". Artificial Intelligence 167: 137–69. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2005.06.006. - Belz A (2008). "Automatic Generation of Weather Forecast Texts Using Comprehensive Probabilistic Generation-Space Models". Natural Language Engineering 14: 431–55. - Anand, Tej; Kahn, Gary (1992). "Making Sense of Gigabytes: A System for Knowledge-Based Market Analysis". In Klahr, Philip; Scott, A. F. Innovative applications of artificial intelligence 4: proceedings of the IAAI-92 Conference. Menlo Park, Calif: AAAI Press. pp. 57–70. ISBN 0-262-69155-8. - Harris MD (2008). "Building a Large-Scale Commercial NLG System for an EMR". Proceedings of the Fifth International Natural Language Generation Conference. pp. 157–60. http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W08-1120.pdf. - Portet F, Reiter E, Gatt A, Hunter J, Sripada S, Freer Y, Sykes C (2009). "Automatic Generation of Textual Summaries from Neonatal Intensive Care Data". Artificial Intelligence 173 (7–8): 789–816. doi:10.1016/j.artint.2008.12.002. - Law A, Freer Y, Hunter J, Logie R, McIntosh N, Quinn J (2005). "A Comparison of Graphical and Textual Presentations of Time Series Data to Support Medical Decision Making in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit". Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 19 (3): 183–94. doi:10.1007/s10877-005-0879-3. PMID 16244840. Further reading - Dale, Robert; Reiter, Ehud (2000). Building natural language generation systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-02451-X. - ACL Special Interest Group on Generation (SIGGEN) - SIGGEN part of ACL Anthology (contains NLG research papers) - ACL NLG Portal (contains list of NLG resources) - Bateman and Zock's list of NLG systems - Introduction An open-ended review of the state of the art including many references (Last update: September 2002) - KPML — general-purpose natural language generation system - Yseop — business-oriented natural language generation system - SimpleNLG — Open source Java library to assist in NLG (English only) - SimpleNLG-EnFr — Open source Java library adaption of SimpleNLG which adds French support.	<urn:uuid:511fa647-d36b-43e9-9e22-7d67b86f0a5c>	2013-05-18T18:07:54Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.021240234375, 0.00135040283203125, 0.005706787109375, 0.019775390625, 0.0654296875, -0.054443359375, 0.0020904541015625, 0.1015625, -0.0137939453125, 0.0213623046875, 0.0859375, 0.02001953125, -0.0478515625, 0.06689453125, 0.0244140625, -0.0136718...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887051	2,270	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_generation	0.371296
Church of the East \|Part of a series on\| The Church of the East (Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ʿĒ(d)tāʾ d-Maḏn(ə)ḥāʾ), also known as the Nestorian Church,[note 1] is a Christian church, part of the Syriac tradition of Eastern Christianity. The church of the Persian Sassanid Empire, it quickly spread widely through Asia. Between the 9th and 14th centuries it was the world's largest Christian church in terms of geographical extent, with dioceses stretching from the Mediterranean to China and India. Several modern churches claim continuity with the historical Church of the East. The Church of the East was headed by the Patriarch of the East, continuing a line that, according to tradition, stretched back to the Apostolic Age. Liturgically, the church adhered to the East Syrian Rite, and theologically, it is associated with the doctrine of Nestorianism, which emphasizes the distinctness of the divine and human natures of Jesus. This doctrine and its chief proponent, Nestorius (386–451), were condemned by the First Council of Ephesus in 431, leading to the Nestorian Schism and a subsequent exodus of Nestorius' supporters to Sassanid Persia. The existing Christians in Persia welcomed these refugees and gradually adopted Nestorian doctrine, leading the Church of Persia to be known alternately as the Nestorian Church. The church grew rapidly under the Sassanids, and following the Islamic conquest of Persia, it was designated as a protected dhimmi community under Muslim rule. From the 6th century, it expanded greatly, establishing communities in India (the Saint Thomas Christians), Central Asia (where they had evangelical success among the Mongol tribes), and China, which was home to a thriving Nestorian community under the Tang Dynasty from the 7th to the 9th century. In the 13th and 14th century the church experienced a final period of expansion under the Mongol Empire, which had influential Nestorian Christians in the Mongol court. From its peak of geographical extent, the church experienced a rapid period of decline starting in the 14th century, due in large part to outside influences. The Mongol Empire dissolved into civil war, the Chinese Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongols and ejected Christians and other foreign influences from China (also including Manichaeism), and many Mongols in Central Asia converted to Islam. The Muslim Mongol leader Timur (1336–1405) nearly eradicated the remaining Christians in Persia; thereafter, Nestorian Christianity was largely confined to Upper Mesopotamia and the Malabar Coast of India. In the 16th century, the Church of the East went into a schism from which two distinct churches eventually emerged; the modern Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church, an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. Organization and structure The head of the church, the Patriarch of the Church of the East, also bears the title of Catholicos. Like the churches from which it developed, the Church of the East has an ordained clergy divided into the three traditional orders of deacon, priest (or presbyter), and bishop. Also like other churches, it has an episcopal polity: organization by dioceses, each headed by a bishop and made up of several individual parish communities overseen by priests. Dioceses are organized into provinces under the authority of a metropolitan bishop. The office of metropolitan bishop is an important one, and comes with additional duties and powers; canonically, only metropolitans can consecrate a patriarch. The Patriarch also has the charge of a province: the Province of the Patriarch. For most of its history the church had six or so Interior Provinces in its heartland in Mesopotamia and western Persia, and an increasing number of Exterior Provinces elsewhere. Most of these latter were located farther afield within the territory of the Sassanids (and later of the Caliphate), but very early on, provinces formed beyond the empire's borders as well. By the 10th century, the church had between 20 and 30 metropolitan provinces including in China and India. The Chinese provinces were lost in the 11th century, and in the subsequent centuries, other exterior provinces went into decline as well. However, in the 13th century, during the Mongol Empire, the church added two new metropolitan provinces in northern China, Tangut and Katai and Ong. The Church of the East is associated with Nestorianism, a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428 – 431, which emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus. Nestorius's doctrine represented the culmination of a philosophical current developed by scholars at the School of Antioch, most notably Nestorius's mentor Theodore of Mopsuestia. This became a source of controversy when Nestorius publicly challenged usage of the title Theotokos (literally, "Bearer of God") for the Virgin Mary. He suggested that the title denied Christ's full humanity, arguing instead that Jesus had two loosely joined natures, the divine Logos and the human Jesus, and proposed Christotokos (literally, "Bearer of the Christ") as a more suitable alternative title. These statements drew criticism from other prominent churchmen, particularly from Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, leading to the First Council of Ephesus in 431, which condemned Nestorius for heresy and deposed him as patriarch. Nestorianism was officially anathematized, a ruling reiterated at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. However, a number of churches, particularly those associated with the School of Edessa in Mesopotamia, supported Nestorius—though not necessarily the doctrine ascribed to him—and broke with the churches of the Roman Empire. Many of Nestorius' supporters relocated to Sassanid Persia. These events are known as the Nestorian Schism. Although the "Nestorian" label was initially a theological one, applied to followers of the Nestorian doctrine, it was soon applied to all associated churches with little regard for theological consideration. While often used disparagingly in the West to emphasize the Church of the East's connections to a heretical doctrine, many writers of the Middle Ages and since have simply used the label descriptively, as a neutral and conventional term for the church. Other names for the church include "Persian Church", "Syriac" or "Syrian" (often distinguished as East Syriac/Syrian), and, more recently, "Assyrian". In modern times some scholars have sought to avoid the Nestorian label, preferring "Church of the East" or one of the other alternatives. This is due both to the term's derogatory connotations, and because it implies a stronger connection to Nestorian doctrine than may have historically existed. As Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar W. Winkler said, "Nestorius himself was no Nestorian" in terms of doctrine. Even from the beginning, not all churches called "Nestorian" adhered to the Nestorian doctrine; in China, it has been noted that none of the various sources for the local Nestorian church refer to Christ as having two natures. As such, in 2006 an academic conference changed its name from "Research on Nestorianism in China", explaining in the Preface, "...it was decided not to keep the term "Nestorianism" in the title of the future conferences and the present book, but to use the term Church of the East, which is correct and wide enough to cover the whole field of the research." The 2000 work, The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913, offers an explanation in the first chapter: The terminology used in this study deserves a word of explanation. Until recently the Church of the East was usually called the 'Nestorian' church, and East Syrian Christians were either 'Nestorians' or (for the Catholic group after the schism of 1552) 'Chaldeans'. During the period covered in this study, the word 'Nestorian' was used both as a term of abuse by those who disapproved of the traditional East Syrian theology, as a term of pride by many of its defenders (including Abdisho of Nisibis in 1318, the Mosul patriarch Eliya X Yohannan Marogin in 1672, and the Qudshanis patriarch Shem'on XVII Abraham in 1842), and as a neutral and convenient descriptive term by others. Nowadays it is generally felt that the term carries a stigma, and students of the Church of the East are advised to avoid its use. In this thesis the theologically neutral adjective 'East Syrian' has been used wherever possible, and the term 'traditionalist' to distinguish the non-Catholic branch of the Church of the East after the schism of 1552. The modern term 'Assyrian', often used in the same sense, was unknown for most of the period covered in this study, and has been avoided. The modern Assyrian Church of the East has shunned the "Nestorian" label. The church's present head, Catholicos-Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV, explicitly rejected the term on the occasion of his consecration in 1976. The Peshitta, in some cases lightly revised and with missing books added, is the standard Syriac Bible for churches in the Syriac tradition: the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syrian Catholic Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, the Indian Orthodox Church, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Maronite Church, the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church, the Syro-Malabar Church and the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. The Old Testament of the Peshitta was translated from the Hebrew, although the date and circumstances of this are not entirely clear. The translators may have been Syriac-speaking Jews, or the early Jewish converts to Christianity. The translation could have been done separately for different Old Testament texts, and the whole work was probably done by the 2nd century AD. Parthian and Sassanid periods Christians were already forming communities in Mesopotamia as early as the first century, when it was part of the Parthian Empire. By the third century, the area had been conquered by the Persian Sassanid Empire (becoming the province of Asuristan), and there were significant Christian communities in northern Mesopotamia, Elam, and Fars. The Church of the East traced its origins ultimately to the evangelical activity of the apostles Addai, Mari and Thomas, but leadership and structure was disorganized until the establishment of the diocese of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the bishop of which came to be recognized as Catholicos, or universal leader, of the church. This position received an additional title later, Patriarch of the East. These early Christian communities were reinforced in the fourth and fifth centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern Roman Empire. However, the Persian Church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of Shapur II (339–79), from the Zoroastrian majority who accused it of Roman leanings. The church grew considerably during the Sassanid period, but the pressure of persecution led to the Persian Church declaring itself independent of all other Christian churches in 424. Meanwhile, in the Roman Empire, the Nestorian Schism had led many of Nestorius' supporters to relocate to the Persian Empire. The Persian Church increasingly aligned itself with the Nestorian schismatics, a measure encouraged by the Zoroastrian ruling class. The church became increasingly Nestorian in doctrine over the next decades, furthering the divide between Roman Christendom and the Nestorians. In 486 the Metropolitan of Nisibis, Barsauma, publicly accepted Nestorius' mentor, Theodore of Mopsuestia, as a spiritual authority. In 489, when the School of Edessa in Mesopotamia was closed by Byzantine Emperor Zeno for its Nestorian teachings, the school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into the Persian Empire. The Persian patriarch Mar Babai I (497–502) reiterated and expanded upon his predecessors' esteem for Theodore, solidifying the church's adoption of Nestorianism. Now firmly established in the Persia, with centers in Nisibis, Ctesiphon, and Gundeshapur, and several metropolitan sees, the Church of the East began to branch out beyond the Persian Sassanid Empire. However, through the 6th century the church was frequently beset with internal strife and persecution from the Zoroastrians. The infighting led to a schism, which lasted from 521 until around 539, when the issues were resolved. However, immediately afterward Roman-Persian conflict led to a renewed persecution of the church by the Sassanid King Khosrau I; this ended in 545. The church survived these trials under the guidance of Patriarch Mar Abba I, who had converted to Christianity from Zoroastrianism. By the end of the 5th century and the middle of the 6th, the area occupied by Nestorians included "all the countries to the east and those immediately to the west of the Euphrates", including Persia, Egypt, Syria, Arabia, Socotra, Mesopotamia (Assyria and Babylonia), Media, Bactria, Hyrcania, and India; and possibly also to places called Calliana, Male, and Sielediva (Ceylon). Beneath the Patriarch in the hierarchy were nine metropolitans, and clergy were recorded among the Huns, in Persarmenia, Media, and the island of Dioscoris in the Indian Ocean. Islamic rule After the Sassanid Empire was conquered by Muslim Arabs in 644, the newly established Rashidun Caliphate designated the Church of the East as an official dhimmi minority group headed by the Patriarch of the East. As with all other Christian and Jewish groups given the same status, the Church was restricted within the Caliphate, but also given a degree of protection. Nestorians were not permitted to proselytize or attempt to convert Muslims, but their missionaries were otherwise given a free hand, and they increased missionary efforts farther afield. Missionaries established dioceses in India (the Saint Thomas Christians). They made some advances in Egypt, despite the strong Monophysite presence there, and they entered Central Asia, where they had significant success converting local Tartar tribes. Nestorian missionaries were firmly established in China during the early part of the Tang Dynasty (618–907); the Chinese source known as the Nestorian Stele describes a mission under a Persian proselyte named Alopen as introducing Nestorian Christianity to China in 635. In the 7th century, the Church had grown to have two Nestorian archbishops, and over 20 bishops east of the Iranian border of the Oxus River. The patriarch Timothy I (780–823), a contemporary of the caliph Harun al-Rashid, took a particularly keen interest in the missionary expansion of the Church of the East. He is known to have consecrated metropolitans for Damascus, for Armenia, for Dailam and Gilan in Azerbaijan, for Rai in Tabaristan, for Sarbaz in Segestan, for the Turks of Central Asia, for China, and possibly also for Tibet. He also detached India from the metropolitan province of Fars and made it a separate metropolitan province, known as India. By the 10th century the Church of the East had a number of dioceses stretching from across the Caliphate's territories to India and China. Nestorian Christians made substantial contributions to the Islamic Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, particularly in translating the works of the ancient Greek philosophers to Syriac and Arabic. Nestorians made their own contributions to philosophy, science (such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Qusta ibn Luqa, Masawaiyh, Patriarch Eutychius, Jabril ibn Bukhtishu) and theology (such as Tatian, Bar Daisan, Babai the Great, Nestorius, Toma bar Yacoub). The personal physicians of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrian Christians such as the long serving Bukhtishu dynasty. The Church of the East had a vigorous corps of missionaries, who proceeded eastward from their base in Persia, having particular success in India, among the Mongols, and reaching as far as China and Korea. Nestorianism reached India at a very early date, becoming the religion of the Saint Thomas Christians of the Malabar Coast probably by the 6th century. Whether or not Christianity in India predated the Nestorian missions (the Saint Thomas Christians attribute their Christianization to Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century), in later times Southern India's Christian community maintained strong ties with the Nestorian Church in Persia. These ties were strengthened through a series of mass migrations by Syriac Christians to the Malabar Coast in the 9th century. After the 8th century the Thomas Christian community was organized as the Ecclesiastical Province of India. In the 12th century Indian Nestorianism engaged the Western imagination in the figure of Prester John, supposedly a Nestorian ruler of India who held the offices of both king and priest. The geographically remote Malabar church survived the decay of the Nestorian hierarchy elsewhere, enduring until the 16th century when the Portuguese arrived in India. The Portuguese at first accepted the Nestorian sect, but by the end of the century they had determined to actively bring the Saint Thomas Christians into full communion with Rome under the Latin Rite. They installed Portuguese bishops over the local sees and made liturgical changes to accord with the Latin practice. In 1599 the Synod of Diamper, overseen by Aleixo de Menezes, Archbishop of Goa, led to a revolt among the Saint Thomas Christians; the majority of them broke with the Catholic Church and vowed never to submit to the Portuguese in the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653. In 1661 Pope Alexander VII responded by sending a delegation of Carmelites headed by Chaldean Catholics to re-establish the East Syrian rites under an Eastern Catholic hierarchy; by the next year, 84 of the 116 communities returned, forming the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. The rest, which became known as the Malankara Church, soon entered into communion with the Syriac Orthodox Church; from the Malankara Church has also come the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Christianity reached China by 635, and its relics can still be seen in Chinese cities such as Xi'an. The Nestorian Stele, set up on 7 January 781 at the then-capital of Chang'an, attributes the introduction of Christianity to a mission under a Persian cleric named Alopen in 635, in the reign of Tang Taizong during the Tang Dynasty. The inscription on the Nestorian Stele, whose dating formula mentions the patriarch Hnanishoʿ II (773–80), gives the names of several prominent Christians in China, including the metropolitan Adam, the bishop Yohannan, the 'country-bishops' Yazdbuzid and Sargis and the archdeacons Gigoi of Khumdan (Chang'an) and Gabriel of Sarag (Loyang). The names of around seventy monks are also listed. Nestorian Christianity thrived in China for approximately 200 years, but then faced persecution from Emperor Wuzong of Tang (reigned 840–846). He suppressed all foreign religions, including Buddhism and Christianity, causing it to decline sharply in China. A Syrian monk visiting China a few decades later described many churches in ruin. The Church disappeared from China in the early 10th century, coinciding with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty and the tumult of the next years (the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period). Christianity in China experienced a significant revival during the Mongol-created Yuan Dynasty, established after the Mongols had conquered China in the 13th century. Marco Polo in the 13th century and other medieval Western writers described many Nestorian communities remaining in China and Mongolia; however, they clearly were not as vibrant as they had been during Tang times. The Church of the East enjoyed a final period of expansion under the Mongols. Several Mongol tribes had already been converted by Nestorian missionaries in the 7th century, and Christianity was therefore a major influence in the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan was a shamanist, but his sons took Christian wives from the powerful Kerait clan, as did their sons in turn. During the rule of Genghis's grandson, the Great Khan Mongke, Nestorian Christianity was the primary religious influence in the Empire, and this also carried over to Mongol-conquered China, during the Yuan Dynasty. It was at this point, in the late 13th century, that the Church of the East reached its greatest geographical extent. But Mongol power was already waning, as the Empire dissolved into civil war, and it reached a turning point in 1295, when Ghazan, the Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, made a formal conversion to Islam when he took the throne. Jerusalem and Cyprus Rabban Bar Sauma had initially conceived of his journey to the West as a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, so it is possible that there was a Nestorian presence in the city ca.1300. There was certainly a recognizable Nestorian presence at the Holy Sepulchre from the 1348 through 1575, as contemporary Franciscan accounts indicate. At Famagusta, Cyprus, a Nestorian community was established just before 1300, and a church was built for them ca.1339. Schism and later history Collapse of the exterior provinces The 'exterior provinces' of the Church of the East, with the important exception of India, collapsed during the second half of the fourteenth century. Although little is known of the circumstances of the demise of the Nestorian dioceses in Central Asia (which may never have fully recovered from the destruction caused by the Mongols a century earlier), it was probably due to a combination of persecution, disease, and isolation. The blame for the destruction of the Nestorian communities east of Iraq has often been thrown upon the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, whose campaigns during the 1390s spread havoc throughout Persia and Central Asia, but in many parts of Central Asia, Christianity had died out decades before Timur's campaigns. The surviving evidence from Central Asia, including a large number of dated graves, indicates that the crisis for the Church of the East occurred in the 1340s rather than the 1390s. Several contemporary observers, including the papal envoy Giovanni de' Marignolli, mention the murder of a Latin bishop in 1339 or 1340 by a Muslim mob in Almaliq, the chief city of Tangut, and the forcible conversion of the city's Christians to Islam. At the end of the 19th century, the last tombstones in two East Syrian cemeteries were discovered and dated in Mongolia. They dated from 1342, and several commemorated deaths during a plague in 1338. In China, the last references to Nestorian and Latin Christians date from the 1350s. It is likely that all foreign Christians were expelled from China soon after the revolution of 1368, which replaced the Mongol Yuan dynasty with the xenophobic Ming dynasty. By the 15th century, Nestorian Christianity was largely confined to northern Mesopotamia, in the rough triangle formed by Mosul and Lakes Van and Urmia. Small Nestorian communities were located further west, notably in Jerusalem and Cyprus, but the Malabar Christians of India represented the only significant survival of the once-thriving exterior provinces of the Church of the East. Schism of 1552 Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shemʿon IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which resulted in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East. The patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58) caused great offense at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Hnanishoʿ as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Hnanishoʿ had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch Eliya VII (1558–91). These appointments, combined with other accusations of impropriety, caused discontent throughout the church, and by 1552 Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb had become so unpopular that a group of bishops, principally from the Amid, Seert and Salmas districts, chose a new patriarch, electing a monk named Yohannan Sulaqa, the superior of Rabban Hormizd Monastery near Alqosh. However, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. Franciscan missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians, and they persuaded Sulaqa's supporters to legitimize their position by seeking their candidate's consecration by Pope Julius III (1550–5). Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in Mosul, which set out his claims to be recognized as patriarch. On April 9, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On April 28 he was recognized as "patriarch of Mosul" by pope Julius III in the bull Divina disponente clementia and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the Chaldean Catholic Church, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East. Sulaqa was consecrated "patriarch of Mosul" in Rome in April 1553 and returned to Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Turkish authorities recognizing him as an independent "Chaldean" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of five months in Amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops (for the dioceses of Gazarta, Hesna d'Kifa, Amid, Mardin and Seert). Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta. He also won over the governor of ʿAmadiya, who invited Sulaqa to ʿAmadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555. Sees in Qochanis, Amid, and Alqosh The connections with Rome loosened up under Shimun VIII Sulaqa's successors, who all used the patriarchal name Shimun. The last patriarch to be formally recognized by the Pope died in the 1600, and the heredity of the office was reintroduced, and thus by 1660 the Church of the East had become divided into two patriarchates, the Eliya line in Alqosh (which comprised those who had not entered in Communion with Rome) and the Shimun line. In 1672 the Patriarch of the Shimun line, Mar Shimun XIII Denha, moved his seat to the village of Qochanis in the mountains of Hakkari. In 1692 he formally broke communion with Rome and he allegedly resumed relations with the line at Alqosh. In the Western regions, a new start for the Chaldean Patriarchate began in 1672 when Mar Joseph I, then the metropolitan of Amid, entered in communion with Rome, separating from the Patriarchal see of Alqosh. In 1681 the Holy See granted him the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans deprived of its patriarch" as leader of the Chaldean people who stayed in communion with Rome, and thus forming the third patriarchate of the Church of the East. Josephite line of Amid All Joseph I's successors took the name of Joseph. The life of this patriarchate was difficult: the leadership was continually vexed by traditionalists, while the community struggled under the tax burden imposed by the Ottoman authorities. Nevertheless its influence expanded from the original towns of Amid and Mardin toward the area of Mosul, where they relocated the see. Yohannan Hormizd, the last in the Eliya hereditary line in Alqosh, made a Catholic profession of faith in 1780. He entered full communion with the Roman see in 1804, but he was recognized as Patriarch by the Pope only in 1830. This merged the majority of the Patriarchate of Alqosh with the Josephite line of Amid, thus forming the modern Chaldean Catholic Church. The Shimun line of patriarchs at Qochanis, which extended mainly in the Northern mountains, remained independent of the Chaldean Church, and the patriarchate of the present-day Assyrian Church of the East, now located in Chicago, Illinois, forms the continuation of this line. 20th century The Assyrian Church of the East faced a further split in 1898, when a bishop and a number of followers from the Urmia area in Iran entered communion with the Russian Orthodox Church, and again in 1964 when some traditionalists responded to ecclesiastical reforms brought on by Patriarch Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII (1908–1975) by forming the independent Ancient Church of the East. Today the Assyrian Church has about 170,000 members, mostly living in Iran, Iraq, and Syria. The Patriarchate of the Assyrian Church of the East is in exile in Chicago, and that of the Ancient Church of the East is in Baghdad. In the Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church of the East in 1994, the two churches recognized the legitimacy and rightness of each other's titles for Mary. See also - Ancient Church of the East - Assyrian Church of the East - Chaldean Catholic Church - Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318 - Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552 - Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1552–1913 - List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East - Syriac Christianity - Though the "Nestorian" label is well established, it has been contentious. See the Nestorianism section for the naming issue and alternate designations for the church. - "History of the Nestorian Church". Nestorian.org. Retrieved May 1, 2013. - Wilmshurst, Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 21–2 - "Nestorian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 28, 2010. - Wilmshurst, p. 4 - According to John Foster, Church of the Tang Dynasty, p. 34, in the 9th century there were 25 metropolitans - Silverberg, Robert (1972). The Realm of Prester John. Doubleday. pp. 20–23. - Foltz, p. 63 - "Cyril of Alexandria, Third epistle to Nestorius, including the twelve anathemas". Monachos.net. - "Nestorius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 29, 2010. - Baum, W. & Winkler, D., (2000, 2003[tr.]) The Church of the East, London, RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 4–5 - Hofrichter, Peter L. (2006). "Preface". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (editors). Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8050-0534-0. - Hill, p. 107 - Winkler, Church of the East: a concise history, p. 1 - Roberson, Ronald (1999) . The Eastern Christian Churches: a brief survey. Edizioni Orientalia Christiana. ISBN 8872103215. - Culture and customs of Iran, p. 61 - Foster, pp. 26–27 - Stewart, pp. 13−14 - Foster, p. 33 - Fiey, POCN, 47 (Armenia), 72 (Damascus), 74 (Dailam and Gilan), 94–6 (India), 105 (China), 124 (Rai), 128–9 (Sarbaz), 128 (Samarqand and Beth Turkaye) and 139 (Tibet) - Hill, Donald. Islamic Science and Engineering. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. ISBN 0-7486-0455-3, p. 4 - Rémi Brague, Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization - Britannica, Nestorian - "Christians of Saint Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 9, 2010. - Ding, Wang (2006). "Renmants of Christianity from Chinese Central Asia in Medieval ages". In Malek, Roman; Hofrichter, Peter (editors). Jingjiao: the Church of the East in China and Central Asia. Steyler Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8050-0534-0. - Stewart, p. 169 - Stewart, p. 183 - Moffett, pp. 14–15. - Jackson, Mongols and the West, p. 97 - H. C. Luke, "The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre," in Jerusalem 1920–1922 (London: John Murray, 1924), pp. 46–56. - J. M. Fiey, Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux. (Beirut, 1993) p. 71. David Wilsmhurst, The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 (Louvain: Peeters, 2000), p. 66. - Frazee, p. 55. - Wilmshurst, Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913, 345–7 - Wilmshurst, p. 19 - Wilsmhurst, p. 21. - Wilmshurst, pp. 21–22. - Wilmshurst, p. 22. - Habbi, "Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553", L'Orient Syrien 11 (1966), 99–132 and 199–230; Wilmshurst, Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, pp. 21–22 - Heleen H.L. Murre. "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. Retrieved 2009-02-04. - "Common Christological declaration between the Catholic church and the Assyrian Church of the East". The Holy See. November 11, 1994. Retrieved January 25, 2010. - Angold, Michael, ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Volume 5, Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2. - Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W (1 January 2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29770-2. Google Print, retrieved 16 July 2005. - Daniel, Elton L. (2006). Culture and customs of Iran. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32053-8. - "Nestorius and Nestorianism". Catholic Encyclopedia. - Fiey, J. M., Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux (Beirut, 1993) - Foltz, Richard, Religions of the Silk Road, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010 ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1 - Foster, John (1939). The Church of the T'ang Dynasty. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. - Charles A. Frazee, Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4 - Gumilev, Lev N. (2003). Poiski vymyshlennogo tsarstva [Looking for the mythical kingdom] (in Russian). Moscow: Onyx Publishers. ISBN 5-9503-0041-6. - Hill, Henry, ed (1988). Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. - Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-36896-5. - Jenkins, Philip. The Lost History of Christianity. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-147281-6. - Moffett, Samuel Hugh (1999). "Alopen". Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions: 14–15. - Morgan, David (2007). The Mongols (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3539-9. - Rossabi, Morris (1992). Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West. Kodansha International Ltd. ISBN 4-7700-1650-6. - Seleznyov, Nikolai N., "Nestorius of Constantinople: Condemnation, Suppression, Veneration, With special reference to the role of his name in East-Syriac Christianity" in: Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 62:3–4 (2010): 165–190. - Stewart, John (1928). Nestorian missionary enterprise, the story of a church on fire. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark. - Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-0876-5.	<urn:uuid:0aa21439-2cda-4d66-a971-a19d6227a81d>	2013-05-18T17:51:36Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.007080078125, -0.01190185546875, -0.01104736328125, -0.0211181640625, 0.05126953125, -0.091796875, -0.0245361328125, 0.099609375, -0.032958984375, -0.054931640625, 0.06494140625, 0.002838134765625, -0.03515625, 0.033447265625, 0.019775390625, -0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.942852	8,167	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Church	0.879913
Pausanias (Greek: Παυσανίας) (died c. 470 BC) was a Spartan general of the 5th century BC. He was a scion of the royal house of the Agiads but not in the direct line of succession himself: the son of Cleombrotus and nephew of Leonidas I, serving as regent after the latter's death, since Leonidas' son Pleistarchus was still under-age. Pausanias was also the father of Pleistoanax, who later became king, and Cleomenes. Pausanias was responsible for the Greek victory over Mardonius and the Persians at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, and was the leader of the Hellenic League created to resist Persian aggression during the Greco-Persian Wars. After the Greek victories at Plataea and the Battle of Mycale, the Spartans lost interest in liberating the Greek cities of Asia Minor. However, when it became clear that Athens would dominate the Hellenic League in Sparta's absence, Sparta sent Pausanias back to command the League's military. In 478 BC Pausanias was suspected of conspiring with the Persians and was recalled to Sparta, however he was acquitted and then left Sparta of his own accord, taking a trireme from the town of Hermione. After capturing Byzantium Pausanias was alleged to have released some of the prisoners of war who were friends and relations of the king of Persia. However, Pausanias argued that the prisoners had escaped. He sent a letter via Gongylus of Eretria to King Xerxes (son of Darius), saying that he wished to help him and bring Sparta and the rest of Greece under Persian control. In return, he wished to marry the king’s daughter. After receiving a letter back from Xerxes in which Xerxes agreed to his plans, Pausanias started to dress like a Persian aristocrat and he started to adopt Persian customs. Many Spartan allies joined the Athenian side because of Pausanias’ arrogance and high-handedness. The Spartans recalled him once again, and Pausanias fled to Kolonai in the Troad before returning to Sparta because he didn’t wish to be suspected of Persian sympathies. On his arrival in Sparta, the ephors had him imprisoned but he was later released. Nobody had enough evidence to convict him of disloyalty; even though some helots gave evidence that he had offered certain helots their freedom if they joined him in revolt. One of the messengers that Xerxes and Pausanias had been using to communicate provided written evidence to the Spartan ephors that they needed to formally prosecute Pausanias. The ephors planned to arrest Pausanias in the street but he was warned of their plans and escaped to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House. The ephors walled up the doors, put sentries outside and proceeded to starve him out. When Pausanias was on the brink of death they carried him out, and he died shortly thereafter. This chain of events prevented Pausanias's death from taking place within the sanctuary of the temple, which would have been an act of ritual pollution. See also - Thucydides I,133 s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 1#Second Congress at Lacedaemon - Preparations for War and Diplomatic Skirmishes - Cylon - Pausanias - Themistocles	<urn:uuid:ca234f7e-e1d6-4e66-a4ff-990416df442a>	2013-05-18T17:19:50Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.017333984375, 0.002899169921875, -0.016357421875, -0.00543212890625, 0.099609375, -0.04638671875, -0.04638671875, 0.10205078125, -0.011474609375, -0.0625, 0.07763671875, 0.019287109375, 0.0235595703125, -0.01129150390625, 0.04931640625, -0.01025390...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.980155	753	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(general)	0.954085
Postmodernism is a term which describes the postmodernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements. It is in general the era that follows Modernism. It frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term for skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. It is often associated with deconstruction and post-structuralism because its usage as a term gained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post-structural thought. One of the most well-known postmodernist concerns is "deconstruction," a concern for philosophy, literary criticism, and textual analysis developed by Jacques Derrida. The notion of a "deconstructive" approach implies an analysis that questions the already evident deconstruction of a text in terms of presuppositions, ideological underpinnings, hierarchical values, and frames of reference. A deconstructive approach further depends on the techniques of close reading without reference to cultural, ideological, moral opinions or information derived from an authority over the text such as the author. At the same time Derrida famously writes: "Il n'y a pas de hors-texte (there is no such thing as outside-of-the-text)." Derrida implies that the world follows the grammar of a text undergoing its own deconstruction. Derrida's method frequently involves recognizing and spelling out the different, yet similar interpretations of the meaning of a given text and the problematic implications of binary oppositions within the meaning of a text. Derrida's philosophy influenced a postmodern movement called deconstructivism among architects, characterized by the intentional fragmentation, distortion, and dislocation of architectural elements in designing a building. Derrida discontinued his involvement with the movement after the publication of his collaborative project with architect Peter Eisenmann in Chora L Works: Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman. Postmodernism and Structuralism \|\|This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)\| Structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by French academics in the 1950s, partly in response to French Existentialism. It has been seen variously as an expression of Modernism, High modernism, or postmodernism[by whom?]. "Post-structuralists" were thinkers who moved away from the strict interpretations and applications of structuralist ideas. Many American academics consider post-structuralism to be part of the broader, less well-defined postmodernist movement, even although many post-structuralists insisted it was not. Thinkers who have been called structuralists include the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the semiotician Algirdas Greimas. The early writings of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the literary theorist Roland Barthes have also been called structuralist. Those who began as structuralists but became post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze. Other post-structuralists include Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, and Luce Irigaray. The American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced include Judith Butler, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Avital Ronell, Hayden White. Post-structuralism is not defined by a set of shared axioms or methodologies, but by an emphasis on how various aspects of a particular culture, from its most ordinary, everyday material details to its most abstract theories and beliefs, determine one another. Post-structuralist thinkers reject Reductionism and Epiphenomenalism and the idea that cause-and-effect relationships are top-down or bottom-up. Like structuralists, they start from the assumption that people's identities, values and economic conditions determine each other rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation. Thus the French structuralists considered themselves to be espousing Relativism and Constructionism. But they nevertheless tended to explore how the subjects of their study might be described, reductively, as a set of essential relationships, schematics, or mathematical symbols. (An example is Claude Lévi-Strauss's algebraic formulation of mythological transformation in "The Structural Study of Myth"). Post-structuralists thinkers went further, questioning the existence of any distinction between the nature of a thing and its relationship to other things. Post-Structuralists generally reject the notion of formulations of “essential relations” in primitive cultures, languages, or descriptions of psychological phenomena being forms of Aristotelianism, Rationalism, or Idealism. Another common thread among thinkers associated with the Post-Structuralist movement is the criticism of the absolutist, quasi-scientific claims of Structuralist theorists as more reflective of the mechanistic bias inspired by bureaucratization and industrialization than of the inner-workings of actual primitive cultures, languages or psyches. Generally, Post-structuralists emphasize the inter-determination and contingency of social and historical phenomena with each other and with the cultural values and biases of perspective. Such realities were not to be dissected, in the manner of some Structuralists, as a system of facts that could exist independently from values and paradigms (either those of the analysts or the subjects themselves), but to be understood as both causes and effects of each other. For this reason, most Post-structuralists hold a more open-ended view of function within systems than did Structuralists and were sometimes accused of circularity and ambiguity. Post-structuralists countered that, when closely examined, all formalized claims describing phenomena, reality, or truth, rely on some form or circular reasoning and self-referential logic that is often paradoxical in nature. Thus, it was important to uncover the hidden patterns of circularity, self-reference and paradox within a given set of statements rather that feign objectivity, as such an investigation might allow new perspectives to have influence and new practices to be sanctioned or adopted. In this latter respect, Post-structuralists were, as a group, continuing the philosophical project initiated by Martin Heidegger, who saw himself as extending the implications of Friedrich Nietzsche's work. Post-structuralist writing tends to connect observations and references from many, widely varying disciplines into a synthetic view of knowledge and its relationship to experience, the body, society and economy - a synthesis in which it sees itself as participating. Structuralists, while also somewhat inter-disciplinary, were more comfortable within departmental boundaries and often maintained the autonomy of their analytical methods over the objects they analyzed. Post-structuralists, unlike Structuralists, did not privilege a system of (abstract) "relations" over the specifics to which such relations were applied, but tended to see the notion of “the relation” or of systemization itself as part-and-parcel of any stated conclusion rather than a reflection of reality as an independent, self-contained state or object. If anything, if a part of objective reality, theorization and systemization to Post-structuralists was an exponent of larger, more nebulous patterns of control in social orders – patterns that could not be encapsulated in theory without simultaneously conditioning it. For this reason, certain Post-structural thinkers were also criticized by more Realist, Naturalist or Essentialist thinkers of anti-intellectualism or anti-Philosophy. Post-structuralists, in contrast to Structuralists, tend to place a great deal of skepticism on the independence of theoretical premises from collective bias and the influence of power, and reject the notion of a "pure" or "scientific" methodology in social analysis, semiotics or philosophical speculation. No theory, they said – especially when concerning human society or psychology – was capable of reducing phenomena to elemental systems or abstract patterns, nor could abstract systems be dismissed as secondary derivatives of a fundamental nature: systemization, phenomena, and values were part of each other. Postmodernism and Post-postmodernism \|\|This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)\| Recently the notions of metamodernism, Post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been increasingly widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoborek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture and/or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), Nicolas Bourriaud (Altermodern), and Alan Kirby (digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very widespread acceptance. The exhibition Postmodernism - Style and Subversion 1970-1990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 24 September 2011 – 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show ever to document postmodernism as a historical movement. History of term The term "Postmodern" was first used around the 1870s. John Watkins Chapman suggested "a Postmodern style of painting" as a way to move beyond French Impressionism. J. M. Thompson, in his 1914 article in The Hibbert Journal (a quarterly philosophical review), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion: "The raison d'etre of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition." In 1917, Rudolf Pannwitz used the term to describe a philosophically-oriented culture. His idea of post-modernism drew from Friedrich Nietzsche's analysis of modernity and its end results of decadence and nihilism. Pannwitz's post-human would be able to overcome these predicaments of the modern human. Contrary to Nietzsche, Pannwitz also included nationalist and mythical elements in his use of the term. In 1921 and 1925, Postmodernism had been used to describe new forms of art and music. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a new literary form. However, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee: "Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914-1918." In 1949 the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture, and led to the postmodern architecture movement, perhaps also a response to the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style. Postmodernism in architecture is marked by the re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban architecture, historical reference in decorative forms, and non-orthogonal angles. After that, Postmodernism was applied to a whole host of movements, many in art, music, and literature, that reacted against tendencies in the imperialist phase of capitalism called "modernism," and are typically marked by revival of historical elements and techniques. Walter Truett Anderson identifies Postmodernism as one of four typological world views. These four world views are the Postmodern-ironist, which sees truth as socially constructed; the scientific-rational, in which truth is found through methodical, disciplined inquiry; the social-traditional, in which truth is found in the heritage of American and Western civilization; and the neo-romantic, in which truth is found through attaining harmony with nature and/or spiritual exploration of the inner self. Postmodernist ideas in philosophy and the analysis of culture and society expanded the importance of critical theory and has been the point of departure for works of literature, architecture, and design, as well as being visible in marketing/business and the interpretation of history, law and culture, starting in the late 20th century. These developments—re-evaluation of the entire Western value system (love, marriage, popular culture, shift from industrial to service economy) that took place since the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968—are described with the term Postmodernity, Influences on postmodern thought, Paul Lützeler (St. Louis) as opposed to Postmodernism, a term referring to an opinion or movement. Postmodernism has also been used interchangeably with the term post-structuralism out of which postmodernism grew, a proper understanding of postmodernism or doing justice to the postmodernist thought demands an understanding of the poststructuralist movement and the ideas of its advocates. Post-structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form. "Postmodernist" describes part of a movement; "Postmodern" places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. Influence on art The movement of Postmodernism began with architecture, as a response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and Utopianism of the Modern movement. Modern Architecture, as established and developed by people such as Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Philip Johnson, was focused on the pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection, and attempted harmony of form and function, and dismissal of "frivolous ornament." Critics of modernism argued that the attributes of perfection and minimalism themselves were subjective, and pointed out anachronisms in modern thought and questioned the benefits of its philosophy. Definitive postmodern architecture such as the work of Michael Graves and Robert Venturi rejects the notion of a 'pure' form or 'perfect' architectonic detail, instead conspicuously drawing from all methods, materials, forms and colors available to architects. Modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is associated with the phrase "less is more"; in contrast Venturi famously said, "Less is a bore." Postmodernist architecture was one of the first aesthetic movements to openly challenge Modernism as antiquated and "totalitarian", favoring personal preferences and variety over objective, ultimate truths or principles. It is this atmosphere of criticism, skepticism, and emphasis on difference over and against unity that distinguishes the postmodernism aesthetic. Among writers defining the terms of this discourse is Charles Jencks, described by Architectural Design Magazine as "the definer of Post-Modernism for thirty years" and the "internationally acclaimed critic..., whose name became synonymous with Post-modernism in the 80s". Urban planning Postmodernism is a rejection of 'totality', of the notion that planning could be 'comprehensive', widely applied regardless of context, and rational. In this sense, Postmodernism is a rejection of its predecessor: Modernism. From the 1920s onwards, the Modern movement sought to design and plan cities which followed the logic of the new model of industrial mass production; reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation and prefabricated design solutions (Goodchild 1990). Postmodern also brought a break from the notion that planning and architecture could result in social reform, which was an integral dimension of the plans of Modernism (Simonsen 1990). Furthermore, Modernism eroded urban living by its failure to recognise differences and aim towards homogenous landscapes (Simonsen 1990, 57). Within Modernism, urban planning represented a 20th century move towards establishing something stable, structured, and rationalised within what had become a world of chaos, flux and change (Irving 1993, 475). The role of planners predating Postmodernism was one of the 'qualified professional' who believed they could find and implement one single 'right way' of planning new urban establishments (Irving 1993). In fact, after 1945, urban planning became one of the methods through which capitalism could be managed and the interests of developers and corporations could be administered (Irving 1993, 479). Considering Modernism inclined urban planning to treat buildings and developments as isolated, unrelated parts of the overall urban ecosystems created fragmented, isolated, and homogeneous urban landscapes (Goodchild, 1990). One of the greater problems with Modernist-style of planning was the disregard of resident or public opinion, which resulted in planning being forced upon the majority by a minority consisting of affluent professionals with little to no knowledge of real 'urban' problems characteristic of post-Second World War urban environments; slums, overcrowding, deteriorated infrastructure, pollution and disease, among others (Irving 1993). These were precisely the 'urban ills' Modernism was meant to 'solve', but more often than not, the types of 'comprehensive', 'one size fits all' approaches to planning made things worse., and residents began to show interest in becoming involved in decisions which had once been solely entrusted to professionals of the built environment. Advocacy planning and participatory models of planning emerged in the 1960s to counter these traditional elitist and technocratic approaches to urban planning (Irving 1993; Hatuka & D'Hooghe 2007). Furthermore, an assessment of the 'ills' of Modernism among planners during the 1960s, fuelled development of a participatory model that aimed to expand the range of participants in urban interventions (Hatuka & D'Hooghe 2007, 21). Jane Jacobs's 1961 book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had developed within Modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning (Irving 1993, 479). However, the transition from Modernism to Postmodernism is often said to have happened at 3:32pm on the 15th of July in 1972, when Pruitt Igoe; a housing development for low-income people in St. Louis designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki, which had been a prize winning version of Le Corbusier's 'machine for modern living' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn down (Irving 1993, 480). Since then, Postmodernism has involved theories that embrace and aim to create diversity, and it exhaults uncertainty, flexibility and change (Hatuka & D'Hooghe 2007). Postmodern planning aims to accept pluralism and heighten awareness of social differences in order to accept and bring to light the claims of minority and disadvantaged groups (Goodchild 1990). It is important to note that urban planning discourse within Modernity and Postmodernity has developed in different contexts, even though they both grew within a capitalist culture. Modernity was shaped by a capitalist ethic of Fordist-Keynesian paradigm of mass, standardized production and consumption, while postmodernity was created out of a more flexible form of capital accumulation, labor markets and organisations (Irving 1993, 60). Also, there is a distinction between a postmodernism of 'reaction' and one of 'resistance'. A postmodernism of 'reaction' rejects Modernism and seeks to return to the lost traditions and history in order to create a new cultural synthesis, while Postmodernity of 'resistance' seeks to deconstruct Modernism and is a critique of the origins without necessarily returning to them (Irving 1993, 60). As a result of Postmodernism, planners are much less inclined to lay a firm or steady claim to there being one single 'right way' of engaging in urban planning and are more open to different styles and ideas of 'how to plan' (Irving 474). Literary postmodernism was officially inaugurated in the United States with the first issue of boundary 2, subtitled "Journal of Postmodern Literature and Culture", which appeared in 1972. David Antin, Charles Olson, John Cage, and the Black Mountain College school of poetry and the arts were integral figures in the intellectual and artistic exposition of postmodernism at the time. boundary 2 remains an influential journal in postmodernist circles today. Jorge Luis Borges's (1939) short story Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, is often considered as predicting postmodernism and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody. Samuel Beckett is sometimes seen as an important precursor and influence. Novelists who are commonly connected with postmodern literature include Vladimir Nabokov, William Gaddis, John Hawkes, William Burroughs, Giannina Braschi, Kurt Vonnegut, John Barth, Donald Barthelme, E.L. Doctorow, Jerzy Kosinski, Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon, Pynchon's work has also been described as "high modern") Ishmael Reed, Kathy Acker, Ana Lydia Vega, and Paul Auster. In 1971, the Arab-American scholar Ihab Hassan published The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature, an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective, in which the author traces the development of what he calls "literature of silence" through Marquis de Sade, Franz Kafka, Ernest Hemingway, Beckett, and many others, including developments such as the Theatre of the Absurd and the nouveau roman. In 'Postmodernist Fiction' (1987), Brian McHale details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that the former is characterized by an epistemological dominant[clarification needed], and that postmodern works have developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology. In Constructing Postmodernism (1992), McHale's second book, he provides readings of postmodern fiction and of some of the contemporary writers who go under the label of cyberpunk. McHale's "What Was Postmodernism?" (2007), follows Raymond Federman's lead in now using the past tense when discussing postmodernism. \|\|This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)\| Postmodern music is either music of the postmodern era, or music that follows aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism. As the name suggests, the postmodernist movement formed partly in reaction to the ideals of the modernist. Because of this, Postmodern music is mostly defined in opposition to modernist music, and a work can either be modernist, or postmodern, but not both. Jonathan Kramer posits the idea (following Umberto Eco and Jean-François Lyotard) that postmodernism (including musical postmodernism) is less a surface style or historical period (i.e., condition) than an attitude. The postmodern impulse in classical music arose in the 1960s with the advent of musical minimalism. Composers such as Terry Riley, Krzysztof Penderecki, György Ligeti, Henryk Górecki, Bradley Joseph, John Adams, George Crumb, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Michael Nyman, and Lou Harrison reacted to the perceived elitism and dissonant sound of atonal academic modernism by producing music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies, whilst others, most notably John Cage challenged the prevailing Narratives of beauty and objectivity common to Modernism. Some composers have been openly influenced by popular music and world ethnic musical traditions. Postmodern Classical music as well is not a musical style, but rather refers to music of the postmodern era. It bears the same relationship to postmodernist music that postmodernity bears to postmodernism. Postmodern music, on the other hand, shares characteristics with postmodernist art—that is, art that comes after and reacts against modernism (see Modernism in Music). A clarifying example of this phenomenon would be a rock band that sells T-shirts, ostensibly an adjunct business to their primary musical pursuit, yet the T-Shirts become more popular or are deemed "cooler" that the band's original musical output. Though representing a general return to certain notions of music-making that are often considered to be classical or romantic, not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism. The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentalist preoccupation that is decidedly anti-romantic. Eclecticism and freedom of expression, in reaction to the rigidity and aesthetic limitations of modernism, are the hallmarks of the postmodern influence in musical composition. Influential postmodernist philosophers \|\|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)\| - Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) - Rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of "subjectivity" and "objectivity" and asserted that similar grounding oppositions in logic ultimately refer to one another. Instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the "Hermeneutic Circle". He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal and immanent apprehension of them. In this vein, he asserted that it was the task of contemporary philosophy to recover the original question of (or "openness to") Dasein (translated as Being or Being-in-the-World) present in the Presocratic philosophers but normalized, neutered and standardized since Plato. This was to be done, in part, by tracing the record of Dasein's sublimation or forgetfulness through the history of philosophy which meant that we were to ask again what constituted the grounding conditions in ourselves and in the World for the affinity between beings and between the many usages of the term "being" in philosophy. To do this, however, a non-historical and, to a degree, self-referential engagement with whatever set of ideas, feelings or practices would permit (both the non-fixed concept and reality of) such a continuity was required - a continuity permitting the possible experience, possible existence indeed not only of beings but of all differences as they appeared and tended to develop. Such a conclusion led Heidegger to depart from the Phenomenology of his teacher Husserl and prompt instead an (ironically anachronistic) return to the yet-unasked questions of Ontology, a return that in general did not acknowledge an intrinsic distinction between phenomena and noumena or between things in themselves (de re) and things as they appear (see qualia): Being-in-the-world, or rather, the openness to the process of Dasein's/Being's becoming was to bridge the age-old gap between these two. In this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of Post-structuralist and Postmodernist thought. Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them (however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience (see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being (and, by extension, reality) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity (see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism). - Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) - Re-examined the fundamentals of writing and its consequences on philosophy in general; sought to undermine the language of 'presence' or metaphysics in an analytical technique which, beginning as a point of departure from Heidegger's notion of Destruktion, came to be known as Deconstruction. Derrida utilized, like Heidegger, references to Greek philosophical notions associated with the Skeptics and the Presocratics, such as Epoché and Aporia to articulate his notion of implicit circularity between premises and conclusions, origins and manifestations, but - in a manner analogous in certain respects to Gilles Deleuze - presented a radical re-reading of canonical philosophical figures such as Plato, Aristotle and Descartes as themselves being informed by such "destabilizing" notions. - Michel Foucault (1926–1984) - Introduced concepts such as 'discursive regime', or re-invoked those of older philosophers like 'episteme' and 'genealogy' in order to explain the relationship among meaning, power, and social behavior within social orders (see The Order of Things, The Archaeology of Knowledge, Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality). In direct contradiction to what have been typified as Modernist perspectives on epistemology, Foucault asserted that rational judgment, social practice and what he called 'biopower' are not only inseparable but co-determinant. While Foucault himself was deeply involved in a number of progressive political causes and maintained close personal ties with members of the far-Left, he was also controversial with Leftist thinkers of his day, including those associated with various strains of Marxism, proponents of Left libertarianism (e.g. Noam Chomsky) and Humanism (e.g. Jürgen Habermas), for his rejection of what he deemed to be Enlightenment concepts of freedom, liberation, self-determination and human nature. Instead, Foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and exclusion. In line with his rejection of such 'positive' tenets of Enlightenment-era Humanism, he was active, with Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, in the Anti-Psychiatry Movement, considering much of institutionalized psychiatry and, in particular, Freud's concept of repression central to Psychoanalysis (which was still very influential in France during the 1960s and 70s), to be both harmful and misplaced. Foucault was known for his controversial aphorisms, such as "language is oppression", meaning that language functions in such a way as to render nonsensical, false or silent tendencies that might otherwise threaten or undermine the distributions of power backing a society's conventions - even when such distributions purport to celebrate liberation and expression or value minority groups and perspectives. His writings have had a major influence on the larger body of Postmodern academic literature. - Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998) - Identified in The Postmodern Condition a crisis in the "discourses of the Human Sciences" latent in Modernism but catapulted to the fore by the advent of the "computerized" or "telematic" era (see Information Revolution). This crisis, insofar as it pertains to academia, concerns both the motivations and justification procedures for making research claims: unstated givens or values that have validated the basic efforts of academic research since the late 18th century might no longer be valid (particularly, in Social Science & Humanities research, though examples from Mathematics are given by Lyotard as well). As formal conjecture about real-world issues becomes inextricably linked to automated calculation, information storage and retrieval, such knowledge becomes increasingly "exteriorised" from its knowers in the form of information. Knowledge is materialized and made into a commodity exchanged between producers and consumers; it ceases to be either an idealistic end-in-itself or a tool capable of bringing about liberty or social benefit; it is stripped of its humanistic and spiritual associations, its connection with education, teaching and human development, being simply rendered as "data" - omnipresent, material, unending and without any contexts or pre-requisites. Furthermore, the 'diversity' of claims made by various disciplines begins to lack any unifying principle or intuition as objects of study become more and more specialized due to the emphasis on specificity, precision and uniformity of reference that competitive, database-oriented research implies. The value-premises upholding academic research have been maintained by what Lyotard considers to be quasi-mythological beliefs about human purpose, human reason and human progress - large, background constructs he calls "Metanarratives". These Metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization and the commercialization of the University and its functions. The shift of authority from the presence and intuition of knowers - from the good-faith of Reason to seek diverse knowledge integrated for human benefit or truth fidelity - to the automated database and the market had, in Lyotard's view, the power to unravel the very idea of 'justification' or 'legitimation' and, with it, the rationale for research altogether - esp. in disciplines pertaining to human life, society and meaning. We are now controlled not by binding extra-linguistic value paradigms defining notions of collective identity and ultimate purpose, but rather by our automatic responses to different species of "language games" (a concept Lyotard imports from JL Austin's theory of Speech Acts). In his vision of a solution to this "vertigo," Lyotard opposes the assumptions of universality, consensus, and generality that he identified within the thought of Humanistic, Neo-Kantian philosophers like Jürgen Habermas and proposes a continuation of experimentation and diversity to be assessed pragmatically in the context of language games rather than via appeal to a resurrected series of transcendentals and metaphysical unities. - Richard Rorty (1931–2007) - Argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary Analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. In addition, he denounces the traditional epistemological perspectives of Representationalism and Correspondence theory that rely upon the independence of knowers and observers from phenomena and the passivity of natural phenomena in relation to consciousness. As a proponent of anti-foundationalism and anti-essentialism within a Pragmatist framework, he echoes Postmodern strains of Conventionalism and Philosophical Relativism, but opposes much Postmodern thinking with his commitment to Social Liberalism. - Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007), - In Simulacra and Simulation, introduced the concept that reality or the principle of the "Real" is short-circuited by the interchangeability of signs in an era whose communicative and semantic acts are dominated by electronic media and digital technologies. Baudrillard proposes the notion that, in such a state, where subjects are detached from the outcomes of events (political, literary, artistic, personal, or otherwise), events no longer hold any particular sway on the subject nor have any identifiable context; they therefore have the effect of producing widespread indifference, detachment, and passivity in industrialized populations. He claimed that a constant stream of appearances and references without any direct consequences to viewers or readers could eventually render the division between appearance and object indiscernible, resulting, ironically, in the "disappearance" of mankind in what is, in effect, a virtual or holographic state, composed only of appearances. - Fredric Jameson (born 1934) - Set forth one of the first expansive theoretical treatments of Postmodernism as a historical period, intellectual trend and social phenomenon in a series of lectures at the Whitney Museum, later expanded as Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991). Eclectic in his methodology, Jameson has continued a sustained examination of the role that Periodization continues to play as a grounding assumption of critical methodologies in Humanities disciplines. He has contributed extensive effort to explicating the importance of concepts of Utopianism and Utopia as driving forces in the cultural and intellectual movements of Modernity, and outlining the political and existential uncertainties that may result from the decline or suspension of this trend in the theorized state of Postmodernity. Like Susan Sontag, Jameson served to introduce a wide audience of American readers to key figures of the 20th Century Continental European intellectual Left, particularly those associated with the Frankfurt School, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism. Thus, his importance as a 'translator' of their ideas to the common vocabularies of a variety of disciplines in the Anglo-American academic complex is equally as important as his own critical engagement with them. - Douglas Kellner (born 1943) - In "Analysis of the Journey," a journal birthed from postmodernism, Kellner insists that the "assumptions and procedures of modern theory" must be forgotten. His terms defined in the depth of postmodernism is based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of this theory in real life experiences and examples. Kellner used science and technology studies as a major part of his analysis; he urged that the theory is incomplete without it. The scale was larger than just postmodernism alone, it must be interpreted through cultural studies where science and technology studies play a huge role. The reality of the September Eleventh attacks on the United States of America is the catalyst for his explanation. This catalyst is used as a great representation due to the mere fact of the planned ambush and destruction of "symbols of globalization", insinuating the World Trade Centers. One of the numerous, yet appropriate definitions of postmodernism and the qualm aspect aids this attribute to seem perfectly accurate. In response, Kellner continues to examine the repercussions of understanding the effects of the September Eleventh attacks. He questions if the attacks are only able to be understood in a limited form of postmodern theory due to the level of irony. In further studies, he enhances the idea of semiotics in alignment with the theory. Similar to the act of September 11 and the symbols that were interpreted through this postmodern ideal, he continues to even describe this as "semiotic systems" that people use to make sense of their lives and the events that occur in them. Kellner's adamancy that signs are necessary to understand one's culture is what he analyzes from the evidence that most cultures have used signs in place of existence. Finally, he recognizes that many theorists of postmodernism are trapped by their own cogitations. He finds strength in theorist Baudrillard and his idea of Marxism. Kellner acknowledges Marxism's end and lack of importance to his theory. - The conclusion he depicts is simple: postmodernism, as most utilize it today, will decide what experiences and signs in one's reality will be one's reality as they know it. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already obvious, etc?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the flames'." See also - Culture and politics - Opposed by - Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989; American Heritage Dictionary's definition of "postmodern" - Derrida (1967), Of Grammatology, Part II, Introduction to the "Age of Rousseau," section 2 "...That Dangerous Supplement...", title, The Exorbitant Question of Method, pp. 158–59, 163. - Benoît Peeters, Derrida: A Biogaphy, pg. 377-8, translated by Andrew Brown, Polity Press, 2013, ISBN 9780745656151 - Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Structural Anthropology. Trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (First published New York: Basic Books, 1963; New York: Anchor Books Ed., 1967), 324. Lévi-Strauss, quoting D'Arcy Westworth Thompson states - "To those who question the possibility of defining the interrelations between entities whose nature is not completely understood, I shall reply with the following comment by a great naturalist - In a very large part of morphology, our essential task lies in the comparison of related forms rather than in the precise definition of each; and the deformation of a complicated figure may be a phenomenon easy of comprehension, though the figure itself has to be left unanalyzed and undefined. - Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Anthropologie Structurale. Paris: Éditions Plon, 1958. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Structural Anthropology. Trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (New York: Basic Books, 1963), 228. - See the following web reference for a common critique of from an "Anti-positivist" perspective. - Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. Capitalism and Schizophrenia, vol. II: A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 101. Orig. published as Mille Plateaux, in 1980 by Les Editions de Minuit, Paris. Deleuze, here echoing the sentiments of Derrida's reflection on Foucault's "The History of Madness" (1961) in his essay "Cogito and the History of Madness" (1963), makes a very thinly veiled reference to semiological certainty of both Saussure and Lacan (who speaks of "The Unity of the Father" in his theory of semantic coherence), critiquing the premise of objectivity in their methodology - "The scientific model taking language as an object of study is one with the political model by which language is homogenized, centralized, and standardized, becoming a language of power, a major or dominant language. Linguistics can claim all it wants to be science, nothing but pure science -- it wouldn't be the first time that the order of pure science was used to secure the requirements of another order...The unity of language is fundamentally political. There is no mother tongue, only a power takeover by a dominant language that at times advances along a broad front, and at times swoops down on diverse centers simultaneously...The scientific enterprise of extracting constants and constant relations is always coupled with the political enterprise of imposing them on speakers and transmitting order-worlds." - The Postmodern Turn, Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture, Ohio University Press, 1987. p12ff - Thompson, J. M. "Post-Modernism," The Hibbert Journal. Vol XII No. 4, July 1914. p. 733 - Pannwitz, Rudolf. Die Krisis der europäischen Kultur, Nürnberg 1917 - OED long edition - Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2004 - Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 2004 - Walter Truett Anderson (1996). The Fontana Postmodernism Reader. - Yilmaz, K 2010, 'Postmodernism and its Challenge to the Discipline of History: Implications for History Education', Educational Philosophy & Theory, 42, 7, pp. 779-795, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 April 2012. - Sullivan, Louis. "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered,” published Lippincott's Magazine (March 1896). - Loos, Adolf. "Ornament and Crime,” published 1908. - Manfredo Tafuri, 'Architecture and utopia: design and capitalist development', Cambridge: MIT Press, 1976. - Venturi, et al. - "Radical Post-Modernism: Architectural Design". Retrieved 12 February 2012. - Goodchild, B 1990, 'Planning and the Modern'Postmodern Debate', in The Town Planning Review, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 119–137. - Hatuka, T & D'Hooghe, A 2007, 'After Postmodernism: readdressing the Role of Utopia in Urban Design and Planning', in Places: Forum of Design for the Public Realm, vol. 19, Issue 2, pp. 20–27/ - Irving, A 1993, 'The Modern/Postmodern Divide and Urban Planning', in The University of Toronto Quareterly, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 474–487. - Simonsen, K 1990, 'Planning on 'Postmodern' Conditions', in Acta Sociologica, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 51–62. - Anderson, The origins of postmodernity, London: Verso, 1998, Ch.2: "Crystallization". - boundary 2, Duke University Press, Boundary2.dukejournals.org - Elizabeth Bellalouna, Michael L. LaBlanc, Ira Mark Milne (2000) Literature of Developing Nations for Students: L-Z p.50 - Stavans (1997) p.31 - "7 - Pynchon’s postmodernism Cambridge Companions Online - Cambridge University Press". Universitypublishingonline.org. Retrieved 2013-04-04. - JSTOR 21101765853833 - "Mail, Events, Screenings, News: 32". People.bu.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-04. - "What Was Postmodernism?". Electronic Book Review. 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2013-04-04. - Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Les Éditions de Minuit, 1979. English Translation by Geoffrey Bennington and Brian Massumi. Manchester University Press, 1984. See Chapter 1, The Field: Knowledge in Computerised Societies.// - Lule, Jack. "The Postmodern Adventure (Book)." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78.4 (2001): 865-866. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Apr 2012. - Danto, AC 1990, "The Hyper-Intellectual", New Republic, 203, 11/12, pp. 44-48, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 April 2012. . - Noam Chomsky on Post-Modernism Further reading - Powell, Jim (1998). "Postmodernism For Beginners" (ISBN 978-1-934389-09-6) - Alexie, Sherman (2000). "The Toughest Indian in the World" (ISBN 0-8021-3800-4) - Anderson, Walter Truett. The Truth about the Truth (New Consciousness Reader). New York: Tarcher. (1995) (ISBN 0-87477-801-8) - Anderson, Perry. The origins of postmodernity. London: Verso, 1998. - Ashley, Richard and Walker, R. B. J. (1990) “Speaking the Language of Exile.” International Studies Quarterly v 34, no 3 259-68. - Bauman, Zygmunt (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. - Beck, Ulrich (1986) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. - Benhabib, Seyla (1995) 'Feminism and Postmodernism' in (ed. Nicholson) Feminism Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New York: Routledge. - Berman, Marshall (1982) All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (ISBN 0-14-010962-5). - Bertens, Hans (1995) The Idea of the Postmodern: A History. London: Routledge. (ISBN 0-145-06012-5). - Best, Steven Best and Douglas Kellner. Postmodern Theory (1991) excerpt and text search - Best, Steven Best and Douglas Kellner. The Postmodern Turn (1997) excerpt and text search - Bielskis, Andrius (2005) Towards a Postmodern Understanding of the Political: From Genealogy to Hermeneutics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). - Braschi, Giannina (1994), Empire of Dreams, introduction by Alicia Ostriker, Yale University Press, New Haven, London. - Brass, Tom, Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism (London: Cass, 2000). - Butler, Judith (1995) 'Contingent Foundations' in (ed. Nicholson) Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New Yotk: Routledge. - Callinicos, Alex, Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1999). - Drabble, M. The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6 ed., article "Postmodernism". - Farrell, John. "Paranoia and Postmodernism," the epilogue to Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), 309-327. - Featherstone, M. (1991) Consumer culture and postmodernism, London; Newbury Park, Calif., Sage Publications. - Giddens, Anthony (1991) Modernity and Self Identity, Cambridge: Polity Press. - Gosselin, Paul (2012) Flight From the Absolute: Cynical Observations on the Postmodern West. volume I. Samizdat (ISBN 978-2-9807774-3-1) - Goulimari, Pelagia (ed.) (2007) Postmodernism. What Moment? Manchester: Manchester University Press (ISBN 978-0-7190-7308-3) - Grebowicz, Margaret (ed.), Gender After Lyotard. NY: Suny Press, 2007. (ISBN 978-0-7914-6956-9) - Greer, Robert C. Mapping Postmodernism. IL: Intervarsity Press, 2003. (ISBN 0-8308-2733-1) - Groothuis, Douglas. Truth Decay. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000. - Harvey, David (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (ISBN 0-631-16294-1) - Hicks, Stephen R. C. (2004) Explaining Postmodernism: Skepticism and Socialism from Rousseau to Foucault (ISBN 1-59247-646-5) - Honderich, T., The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, article "Postmodernism". - Hutcheon, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism. (2002) online edition] - Jameson, Fredric (1991) Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (ISBN 0-8223-1090-2) - Kimball, Roger (2000). Experiments against Reality: the Fate of Culture in the Postmodern Age. Chicago: I.R. Dee. viii, 359 p. (ISBN 1-56663-335-4) - Kirby, Alan (2009) Digimodernism. New York: Continuum. - Lash, S. (1990) The sociology of postmodernism London, Routledge. - Lyotard, Jean-François (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (ISBN 0-8166-1173-4) - --- (1988). The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence 1982-1985. Ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. (ISBN 0-8166-2211-6) - --- (1993), "Scriptures: Diffracted Traces." In: Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 21(1), 2004. - --- (1995), "Anamnesis: Of the Visible." In: Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 21(1), 2004. - McHale,Brian, (1987) 'Postmodernist Fiction. London: Routledge. - --- (1992), 'Constructing Postmodernism. NY & London: Routledge. - --- (2008), "1966 Nervous Breakdown, or, When Did Postmodernism Begin?" Modern Language Quarterly 69, 3:391-413. - --- (2007), "What Was Postmodernism?" electronic book review, - MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (University of Notre Dame Press, 1984, 2nd edn.). - Magliola, Robert, Derrida on the Mend (Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1984; 1986; pbk. 2000, ISBN I-55753-205-2). - ---, On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth, ISBN 0-7885-0296-4, pbk). - Manuel, Peter. "Music as Symbol, Music as Simulacrum: Pre-Modern, Modern, and Postmodern Aesthetics in Subcultural Musics," Popular Music 1/2, 1995, pp. 227–239. - Murphy, Nancey, Anglo-American Postmodernity: Philosophical Perspectives on Science, Religion, and Ethics (Westview Press, 1997). - Natoli, Joseph (1997) A Primer to Postmodernity (ISBN 1-57718-061-5) - Norris, Christopher (1990) What's Wrong with Postmodernism: Critical Theory and the Ends of Philosophy (ISBN 0-8018-4137-2) - Pangle, Thomas L., The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-8018-4635-8 - Park, Jin Y., ed., Buddhisms and Deconstructions (Lanham: Rowland & Littlefield, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7425-3418-6; ISBN 0-7425-3418-9. - Sim, Stuart. (1999). "The Routledge critical dictionary of postmodern thought" (ISBN 0415923530) - Sokal, Alan and Jean Bricmont (1998) Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science (ISBN 0-312-20407-8) - Vattimo, Gianni (1989). The Transparent Society (ISBN 0-8018-4528-9) - Veith Jr., Gene Edward (1994) Postmodern Times: A Christian Guide to Contemporary Thought and Culture (ISBN 0-89107-768-5) - Windshuttle, Keith (1996) The Killing of History: How Literary Critics and Social Theorists are Murdering our Past. New York: The Free Press. - Woods, Tim, Beginning Postmodernism, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999,(Reprinted 2002)(ISBN 0-7190-5210-6 Hardback,ISBN 0-7190-5211-4 Paperback) . \|Look up postmodernism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\| \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Postmodernism\| - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on postmodernism - Discourses of Postmodernism. Multilingual Bibliography by Janusz Przychodzen (PDF file) - Modernity, postmodernism and the tradition of dissent, by Lloyd Spencer (1998) - Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodernist Thought * Characterizing a Fogbank: What Is Postmodernism, and Why Do I Take Such a Dim View of it? - Postmodernism and truth by philosopher Daniel Dennett - Postmodernism is the new black: How the shape of modern retailing was both predicted and influenced by some unlikely seers (The Economist 19 December 2006) - Gaining clarity: after postmodernism, Eretz Acheret Magazine	<urn:uuid:d67aa1e6-e3d9-4ae4-b09b-33a2f39390c4>	2013-05-18T18:00:09Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02880859375, 0.00011014938354492188, 0.00946044921875, 0.00799560546875, 0.02685546875, -0.052734375, 0.005279541015625, 0.134765625, -0.050537109375, -0.01348876953125, 0.09130859375, 0.0123291015625, -0.05859375, 0.030029296875, 0.0341796875, -0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.898322	11,839	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Modernism	0.799886
\|\|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2012) Space Ghost Coast to Coast is a soundtrack album by Sonny Sharrock, containing music composed for Cartoon Network's Space Ghost Coast to Coast. The disc is a promotional CD advertising the first season of the series, and, as such, is a rarity and very hard to find. Sonny Sharrock agreed to provide the theme music for Space Ghost Coast to Coast after listening to producer Keith Crofford's description of the show. According to Crofford, Sharrock thought the show sounded "cute." On November 19, 1993, Sharrock and Lance Carter, his drummer of choice, met at Quantum Sound Studio, a recording studio in Jersey City, N.J., to improvise over a guide track created by Atlanta musician Eddie Horst. Horst has fondly recalled Sharrock looking up after a particularly blistering take and asking, "Was that too melodic?" The ensuing session not only passed muster for the show's theme song, but it also inspired all of the music for the album. Horst served as producer and played all other instruments on the tracks. The vocals of Alfreda Gerald, who sings on "Hit Single," were added at a later date. All the disparate elements were mixed by the show's sound designer, Roy Clements. Sonny Sharrock recorded the seven short pieces about five months before the premiere of Space Ghost Coast to Coast in April 1994, and six months before his death in May 1994. It is one of the last projects he completed in the studio before his death. The album contains "Hit Single," the theme song for Space Ghost Coast to Coast, as well as "Out to Launch," "Fear of a Ghost Planet," and "Rocket #99," which are free jazz compositions that were improvised. As a tribute to Sonny Sharrock, the episode "Sharrock" featured nearly fifteen minutes of unedited takes of music recorded for the show. Two versions of the CD were released, the first being released in 1994 and lacking the seventh track, and the second version being released in 1996. The cover art for the first version says "No. 1/Apr 15," while the second version says "No. 2/Dec 25." There are changes in the liner notes in the reissue edition as well (i.e. the second version includes short facts about the first 30 episodes of the show, while the first version has a biography of the fictional "Original Way Outs" band). Track listing - "Hit Single" – 1:23 - "Cinnamon Ghost" – 1:43 - "Out to Launch" – 4:08 - "Fear of a Ghost Planet" – 1:54 - "Rocket #99" – 1:45 - "Ghost Planet National Anthem" – 3:32 - "Ghost Planet National Anthem (remix)" – 3:32 - Sonny Sharrock - guitar - Lance Carter - drums - Alfreda Gerald - vocals - Eddie Horst - bass, horns, engineering	<urn:uuid:45423b6a-4f06-4481-8d03-63b267cb5d3c>	2013-05-18T18:09:26Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.026123046875, 0.004180908203125, -0.02001953125, 0.015869140625, 0.0810546875, -0.02783203125, 0.000919342041015625, 0.0810546875, -0.04296875, -0.034912109375, 0.0537109375, 0.014404296875, 0.004180908203125, -0.04443359375, 0.032470703125, -0.00...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957779	624	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast_(album)	0.423883
Théodore Simon was born on July 10, 1872 in Dijon, Burgundy, France. During much of his early life, he was fascinated by Alfred Binet's work and constantly read his books. His interest in psychology continually increased, especially as the need for clinical experience in the field decreased. In 1899, he became an intern at the asylum in Perray-Vaucluse where he began his famous work on abnormal children. This drew Binet's attention, who was at the time studying the correlation between physical growth and intellectual development. Binet came to the asylum and continued his work there with Simon. This research led to Simon's medical thesis on the topic in 1900. From 1901-1905, Simon worked in various hospitals, from Sainte-Anne to Dury-les-Amiens. 1905 is the year during which Simon and Binet made public their famous Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, the first intelligence measuring device ever devised. It premiered in L'Année psychologique, a journal founded by Binet in 1895. Throughout his life after this point, Simon always remained critical of immoderate and improper use of the scale. He believed that its over-use and inappropriate use prevented other psychologists from achieving Binet's ultimate goal: understanding human beings, their nature, and their development. The scale was revised in 1908 and again in 1911, but Simon kept it the same after Binet's death in respect for one of history's greatest psychologists and Simon's true idol. After 1905 until 1920, Simon worked as the head psychiatrist at St. Yon hospital. In 1920, he returned as medical director at Perray-Vaucluse until 1930. From there, he moved to act as medical director until late 1936, when he retired. Throughout his life (starting in 1912 until 1960) he was also an editor for Bulletin of Société Alfred Binet. He died of natural causes in 1961. Wolf, T. H. (1961). American Psychologist, 16: 245-248. \|This article about a psychologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:298577ed-54d5-448b-8e64-b0712bfd8598>	2013-05-18T17:40:05Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.02208939753472805, 0.02273908443748951, -0.016047297045588493, -0.01325363852083683, 0.07276507467031479, -0.07484407722949982, 0.0072115384973585606, 0.12214136868715286, -0.02585758827626705, -0.06912682205438614, 0.0665280669927597, 0.022349271923303604, -...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975395	441	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Simon	0.338177
\|Single by Britney Spears\| \|from the album Circus\| \|Released\|\|September 26, 2008\| \|Format\|\|CD single, Digital download\| \|Writer(s)\|\|Nikesha Briscoe, Rafael Akinyemi\| \|Producer\|\|K. Briscoe/The Outsyders\| \|Britney Spears singles chronology\| "Womanizer" is a song by American recording artist Britney Spears from her sixth studio album, Circus. It was released on September 26, 2008 by Jive Records as the lead single of the album. Produced and co-written by Nikesha Briscoe and Rafael Akinyemi of The Outsyders, the song was re-recorded after a snippet was leaked onto the internet. "Womanizer" is an uptempo earworm electropop song with characteristic sirens and a repetitive hook. Described by Spears as a girl anthem, the song's lyrics recall a womanizing man, while the protagonist of the song makes clear she knows who he really is. "Womanizer" was well received by contemporary critics, with reviewers praising its hook, melody and empowering lyrics. Critics also observed it was a stand-out track from its album and also deemed it as a comeback single for Spears. "Womanizer" was a commercial success, peaking atop of the charts in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, Sweden and the United States. It also reached the top ten in every country it charted in also receiving several certifications from several countries. In the United States, "Womanizer" was her first single to reach number-one since "...Baby One More Time" in 1999. The song broke the record for the highest jump to number one at a time which was later broken by Kelly Clarkson's "My Life Would Suck Without You" in 2009. It is also her best-selling digital song in the country, having sold over 3.3 million copies, and over 6 million copies around the globe, making it one of the best-selling singles worldwide. The music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, was created by Spears as a sequel to the music video of "Toxic". It portrays Spears as a woman who disguises herself in different costumes and follows her boyfriend through his daily activities to expose him in the end. The video also contains interspersed scenes of Spears naked in a steam room, as a response to the attacks she had received over the years about her weight. It received positive reviews and was considered as a return to form for Spears. The video was also nominated for two categories at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, and went on to win Best Pop Video. The song has been covered by a number of artists from different genres, including Lily Allen, Franz Ferdinand and Girls Aloud. Spears performed "Womanizer" on several television shows including The X Factor and Good Morning America, as well as award shows such as the 2008 Bambi Awards. She has also performed the song at The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009) and the Femme Fatale Tour (2011), incorporating police-inspired costumes and imagery. "Womanizer" received a Grammy nomination in 2010 in the Best Dance Recording category, but lost to Lady Gaga's "Poker Face". The song was written and co-produced by Nikesha Briscoe and Rafael Akinyemi of the production team, The Outsyders. Spears recorded main vocals with Brendan Dakora at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank, California and Bojan "Genius" Dugic at Legacy Studios in New York City. Pro Tools engineering was done by John Hanes, assisted by Tim Roberts. On September 19, 2008, a low quality 37 second snippet of the song was posted on the official website of 107.5 The River, a radio station in Lebanon, Tennessee. According to Jive Records, a representative of the label played a rough mix of the song for people at the station, who recorded it and leaked it on the Internet. The snippet was later removed from the website. The song was scheduled to premiere on September 23, 2008, but the release was delayed when Spears went into the studio to re-record some vocals. The new recordings were done with Jim Beanz and Marcella "Ms. Lago" Araica. The song was finally mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios in Virginia. "Womanizer" was officially sent to radio stations on September 26, 2008. A few days later, Spears talked about it during a live interview with New York's Z100 on October 18, 2008, stating, "It's basically saying, 'We know what you're up to.' It's about guys cheating on girls, it's a girl anthem. That's why I like it". Music and lyrics The pre-chorus of "Womanizer", in which the title is repeated eight times. \|Problems listening to this file? See media help.\| "Womanizer" is an uptempo electropop song with dark synths that runs through a dance oriented beat. It has been compared to previous Spears' songs such as "Toxic" (2003) and "Ooh Ooh Baby" (2007). It is written in the verse–pre-chorus–chorus form. The track opens with its characteristical sirens. According to Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times, Spears "quick-witted" vocals are similar to the style of The Andrews Sisters. It was also noted by Daily News writer Jim Farber that Spears' delivery has a "tone of petulance". After the bridge, Spears sings the chorus one more time and the song ends while the beat drops and Spears sings the "you’re a womanizer, baby" hook. The song is composed in the key of C#minor with 139 beats per minute. The chord progression in the song is C#m-F#m-E-Eb-D. Lyrically, the song refers to a womanizing man. It has been suggested that the lyrics address Spears' ex-husband Kevin Federline. Critical reception Peter Robinson of The Observer gave the song the maximum five stars referring to it as a "comeback single" and as having a "genius hook". He added that the song "[has] been called lazy, largely by misinformed people who also think that Kylie's 'la la la's would have been better with proper words". Popjustice compared it to "Some Girls" by Rachel Stevens and added "[The] track lays a really strong foundation for the fully-realised comeback that didn't quite happen last time and it's hard not to think of it as a late contender for single of the year. [...] It's literally quite good". Myrddin Gwynedd of The New Zealand Herald said "it's got hit written all over it". On the week of November 24, 2008, the Derby Telegraph chose it as single of the week. In the album review, Nekesa Mumbi Moody of The Providence Journal said that along with "Shattered Glass", they were "[two] fun disco tracks". USA Today writer Steve Jones named it one of the standout tracks of the album and commented that "she seems most at ease when she's playing the teasing tart". Talia Kraines of the BBC commented that Spears needed more songs like "Womanizer", saying "Britney 2.0 needs to be full of wild dancefloor driven moves". Simon Price of The Independent commented the song borrows its electronic sound from Goldfrapp. Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times complimented Spears' delivery and the lyrics, saying the song is "about the kind of girl power that's focused on besting one obnoxious man, is also vintage and contemporary at the same time – more feminism as individualism". Mike Newmark of PopMatters called the song " a meaty, high-voltage shuffler helmed by the Outsyders, who do an admirable job of recreating the chemistry of Spears and Danja on last year’s single 'Gimme More'". Bill Lamb of About.com thought that Spears was confident, but the song sounded "like a rather weak attempt to approach the attitude of Katy Perry in a classic Britney futuristic bubblegum pop context". He would later name "Womanizer" the third most annoying pop song of 2008. Jim Farber of the Daily News said the pre-chorus was the most repetitive in a pop song since The Shaggs's "Gimmie Dat Ding". Jim Abbott of the Orlando Sentinel called it "basically an adult update of her teen-pop tease act". Ian Watson of Dotmusic wrote that Spears sounded "trapped on this single. Not trapped, as in desperate and distraught, but trapped as in literally frozen – like she's been placed into a robot on a production line and she has to sing these words, dance these steps, work it like this, until the spotlight snaps off and the factory's powered down for the night". The song has been nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Dance Recording on December 2, 2009. Spears had previously won the category in the 2005 ceremony for her single "Toxic". However, it lost to Lady Gaga's "Poker Face". Commercial performance In the United States, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number ninety-six on the issue dated October 8, 2008. The following week, the song jumped to number one breaking the records for largest jump to number one and largest jump to any position in the history of the chart, previously held by T.I.'s "Live Your Life" and Beyoncé and Shakira's "Beautiful Liar", respectively. The record was later broken by Kelly Clarkson's "My Life Would Suck Without You". It also garnered first-week download sales of 286,000, the biggest opening-week tally by a female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital downloads in 2003, surpassing the record previously held by Mariah Carey's "Touch My Body". The record was broken on January 27, 2010 by Taylor Swift's "Today Was a Fairytale". "Womanizer" was Spears' first number one single since her debut "...Baby One More Time" in 1999. On the week of January 3, 2009, the song reached number one on the Billboard Pop Songs and number six on Radio Songs. As of July 2009, "Womanizer" was listed at number thirty-nine in the best selling digital songs of all time, with sales over 2,777,600. As of May 2013, "Womanizer" has sold 3,380,000 paid digital downloads in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It is Spears' best-selling digital single in the country. In Canada, the single topped the Canadian Hot 100 on October 18, 2008, and stayed in the position for five consecutive weeks. "Womanizer" entered the Australian charts on October 13, 2008 at number sixteen. Three weeks later, it peaked at number five. It shipped over 70,000 copies, earning a platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In New Zealand, the song peaked at number nine on October 27, 2008. The song was certified gold according to the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ), selling over 7,500 copies. The track debuted at number four in the United Kingdom on November 9, 2008 and reached its peak position of number three four weeks later. On January 16, 2009, it was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), with sales over 200,000 copies. According to The Official Charts Company, the song has sold 400,000 copies there. "Womanizer" reached the peak in a number of European countries, including Belgium (Flanders), Denmark, Finland, France, Norway and Sweden. It also reached the top ten in Austria, Belgium (Wallonia), Czech Republic, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands. In addition, the track became Spears' sixth European number-one single. Music video The music video was filmed on September 24 and 25, 2008 in Los Angeles, directed by Joseph Kahn, who previously worked with Spears for the music videos of "Stronger" and "Toxic". According to Kahn, Spears pitched him her original concept, which included all the main elements used in the final version. Spears thought of the video as a sequel to "Toxic", as seen in her documentary Britney: For the Record, whereas Kahn approached it as "a 2008 answer" to the previous clip. He added that, "'Toxic' was a crystallization of her career at that time, [...] There are elements and moments of that I felt could [have been] improved. ['Womanizer'] is a bit more fashion-forward". About how the concept of the video related to their previous work, Kahn commented that "It's just a great girl fantasy. There are things she's really good at, like having a really natural knack for knowing what girls want. [...] It's a much more mature sound and much more mature lyrics, and she always has the greatest ideas. She's hyper-aware of pop culture". The costumes and looks for each of the different women were chosen by Spears and Kahn. The scenes in the sauna were suggested by Kahn, as a response to the attacks Spears received over the years about her weight. He stated, "I knew that the whole world would be watching, so I wanted something in there that stated, 'This is Britney, this is why you should respect her'". The set was cleared for two hours, leaving her and Kahn alone shooting the sequence. Kahn also decided to end the video with an image of Spears smiling, because "We just needed to tell everybody she's OK". A censored version of the music video premiered on October 10, 2008 on ABC's 20/20 at the end of their show. The uncensored version premiered on MTV the same night. The video begins with an opening caption that reads "Womanizer". During the introduction, Spears is naked and smiling at a sauna, while covering herself with her hands. These scenes are seen throughout the video. When the first verse begins, a blonde Spears wearing a slip nightgown is making breakfast for her boyfriend (played by model Brandon Stoughton) as he gets ready for work. When he is at the office, he sees a new secretary, which is actually Spears in disguise wearing horn-rimmed glasses and a pencil skirt. She starts dancing in front of him and sings the chorus. She makes him follow her into the photocopier, where she photocopies her buttocks. On the back, we see an awkward-looking man, the same who appears in the plane scene on "Toxic". Then, Spears is disguised as a redhaired waitress in a restaurant. She dances around him with her dancers and plays with him over the kitchen counter. After this, her boyfriend is seen getting driven home by Spears, disguised as chauffeur. She starts to kiss him, driving the car with her heel until both get home. Once they get into the bedroom, Spears reveals that she was the three women he was "womanizing" all along. She then begins attacking her boyfriend. This is shown through Spears as her three alter egos, and then as the real version of herself. Spears throws a blanket over her boyfriend and makes the bed. The video ends with Spears smiling, and a repeat of the opening caption. Bill Lamb of About.com called it "arguably the best music video of Britney's career". Margeaux Watson of Entertainment Weekly said the video "looks promising. [...] The dancing is stiff and minimal, a disappointment since her moves are her strong suit. But this is a welcome return to the Britney we love – gorgeous, gyrating, greased up, and gamely playing the vamp". OK! commented that "in addition to seeing Brit in three different sexy getups, the video [...] features an oiled-up Britney writhing around in nothing but a smile". Rolling Stone said the video was "a cross between 'Toxic' and The Office" and added, "she’s dancing [and] looking like the old Britney". Courtney Hazlett of msnbc.com claimed "When Spears isn’t shown naked and writhing in a steam room, she’s fired up". TV Guide writer Adam Bryant said that "the music video features some of the most strategically placed hands in music-video history [...] [The] video is quite a return to form for the troubled pop star". The music video for "Womanizer" became a worldwide success right after it premiered on the Internet, gaining seven million viewers in less than 48 hours. The music video was listed as the best video of 2008 in polls by MTV and Fuse TV. It won Music Video of the Year at the 2009 NRJ Music Awards. The video was also nominated for Best Pop Video and Video of the Year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. It lost the latter category to Beyoncé's "Single Ladies", but won Best Pop Video. Live performances The song was performed for the first time at the Bambi Awards in Germany, on November 27, 2008. For the performance Spears wore hot pants, fishnet stockings and a black top hat. The ensemble was compared to the costume Madonna wore during the first act of her Sticky & Sweet Tour (2008–09). Spears was also presented with an award for Best International Popstar by Karl Lagerfeld, who said, "I admire you ... not just for your art, but for your energy. [You are] coming back not only as a phoenix but as a bird of paradise". The following night, Spears performed the song at Star Academy, with similar choreography and dance moves but wearing a red strapless dress. On November 30, 2008, Spears performed at The X Factor. The performance was watched by over thirteen million UK citizens, making it the most viewed episode in the show’s history. On December 2, 2008, she performed the song at Good Morning America along with a performance of "Circus". On December 15, 2008, she performed at the Japanese music show Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ. The following day, she performed at NTV Best Artist 2008 in a black and gold bra, hot pants and a white top hat. She also sported a fake tattooed heart in her cheek. The song was a major part in The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009), as the encore of the show. After a video interlude of Spears's music videos set to "Break the Ice" ended, Spears appeared wearing a police officer uniform designed by Dean and Dan Caten, with black sunglasses, a hat with her trademark logo and sequined handcuffs. Her female dancers were also dressed as policewomen, while her male dancers were dressed as criminals. During the performance, she danced and flirted with the male dancers. At the end of the song, she returned to the main stage while her dancers surrounded her and a shower of sparks fell over them. She thanked the audience and bowed to each side of the arena. She left the stage with an instrumental version of "Circus" playing in the background. Jane Stevenson of the Toronto Sun praised the performance for being a standout number in the show. "Womanizer" was also performed at the Femme Fatale Tour (2011) as the last song of the fourth act. Following "I Wanna Go", which featured her dancing with members of the audience onstage, Spears performed "Womanizer" while surrounded by her dancers dressed as police officers. Shirley Halperin of The Hollywood Reporter stated that "[the] mid-tempo numbers [...] seemed to stall out quickly, where faster offerings like 'Womanizer,' 'I Wanna Go' and 'Toxic' had the sold out crowd jumping in place and pumping their number twos in the air." Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic called the back-to-back performances of "I Wanna Go" and "Womanizer" "a triumphant double shot of dance-pop greatness." Keith Caufireld of Billboard said the performance "seemed a bit flat after the crowd-wowing 'I Wanna Go.'" Cover versions and influence "Womanizer" has been covered by many artists from a variety of music genres, as well as a great number of amateurs. Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly explained that "the song has been covered by other artists with an enthusiasm only matched in recent times by musicians’ desire to remake Radiohead’s 'Creep' in their own image". On December 8, 2008, New Zealand singer Ladyhawke performed a cover at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. The song was covered by American band The All-American Rejects on the Yahoo! Music Pepsi Smash show in December 2008. It was performed in an acoustic version, in which the band members played percussions with beer bottles. The cover also included an excerpt from The Turtles's "Happy Together". British singer Lily Allen also covered the song, because "simple really, I love Britney and I love the song". Her cover was a stripped down version, that according to Nick Levine of Digital Spy, "might provoke those who reckon it doesn't have much of a chorus to revise their opinion". Allen also performed the song as the encore during her 2009 tour. French singer Sliimy cover was deemed as an "indie makeover". He would later be the opening act of the second Paris date at The Circus Starring Britney Spears. On January 13, 2009, English singer Ana Silvera covered the song during one of her London concerts. On April 6, 2009, Scottish band Franz Ferdinand also covered the song at Radio 1's Live Lounge. Lead singer Alex Kapranos claimed "It's been the best song out in the last few months". It was also covered regularly by them during their 2009 American spring tour. The song was performed live by UK girl group Girls Aloud during their Out of Control Tour, starting April 24, 2009. Their version was released on their 2009 live album Out of Control: Live from the O2. "Womanizer" was also covered by Fall Out Boy, among others. "Weird Al" Yankovic also covered this song for part of the polka medley off his latest album Alpocalypse. "Womanizer" became one of Spears's biggest hits and preceded a number of "swing-beat tracks" such as Kristinia DeBarge's "Goodbye" and Kaci Battaglia's "Crazy Possessive", which according to Ben Norman of About.com, "admirably follow the trend of a passionately mad (as in hatter) artist unraveling over a fiercely electronic beat. While the sound wasn't uncommon in the UK in prior years—see: Goldfrapp; Rachel Stevens,— this track was such a landmark in Ms. Spears' career that it was hard to ignore the potential appeal of having other artists create music that would cater to her fans". In the 2012 Glee episode "Britney 2.0", actors Melissa Benoist, Alex Newell and Jenna Ushkowitz performed a cover of the song. Track listings	<urn:uuid:563be0e5-8388-44bb-bcdf-defc23545ab8>	2013-05-18T17:21:50Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.006561279296875, 0.020751953125, -0.015869140625, 0.007659912109375, 0.07275390625, -0.08984375, -0.002166748046875, 0.0703125, -0.053466796875, -0.07177734375, 0.05078125, -0.003204345703125, 0.0294189453125, -0.051513671875, 0.0322265625, -0.013...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971483	4,803	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanizer_(song)	0.377795
was a Dadaist and writer. He was born on April 6 and died on February 1 , near Locarno[?] . One of the founders of the Dada movement, he was active in Zurich , Switzerland from 1916 to 1920. He moved to the United States in 1940 and became an American citizen. Richter was also the author of a first-hand account of the Dada movement titled Dada: Art and Anti-Art. Hans Richter was also the name of a well known German conductor (1843-1916). He is noted as one of Richard Wagner's greatest champions. All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License	<urn:uuid:9bf991b1-2a35-4493-8dc7-9cc0ee669114>	2013-05-18T17:18:17Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.0359589047729969, 0.010220462456345558, -0.017551369965076447, -0.034032534807920456, 0.07876712083816528, -0.08690068125724792, -0.0011304045328870416, 0.05907534062862396, -0.052226025611162186, -0.0710616409778595, 0.03874143958091736, 0.03446061536669731, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977285	147	http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ha/Hans_Richter	0.943786
2008-06-12 11:32:53 GMT 2008-06-12 19:32:53 (Beijing Time) Xinhua English BEIJING, June 12 (Xinhua) -- China said on Thursday it is resolutely opposed to any nation facilitating the Dalai Lama's secessionist activities. "We demand that Australia take China's solemn concerns seriously and not allow the Dalai Lama to use the Australian territory to engage in separatist activities," Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang told a regular press conference. Commenting on the Dalai Lama's ongoing visit to Australia, Qin said the Chinese government is strongly against him undertaking any secessionist activity in any country by any name. The spokesman said that new contacts between the central government and the Dalai Lama's side have not yet been decided.	<urn:uuid:612258a9-f348-4cfd-8acc-e248b5b7984b>	2013-05-18T17:27:24Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.041903410106897354, 0.034446023404598236, 0.007990056648850441, 0.037819601595401764, 0.09161932021379471, -0.04066051170229912, -0.019975142553448677, 0.08238636702299118, -0.0042391689494252205, -0.03870738670229912, 0.06782670319080353, 0.006969104986637831, ...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928652	160	http://english.sina.com/china/1/2008/0612/166508.html	0.19402
Problem With Distributed Programming Example Wed Jun 8 18:15:32 CEST 2005 On 8 Jun 2005, at 16:54, wrote: > Hi All, > I'm trying to get up to speed with Erlang and I'm working through > the "Getting Started With Erlang" document. I'm having a problem > with the first distributed programming example (tut17). The > message from ping to pong doesn't appear to be getting received (or > possibly sent). > A couple questions. > - I can't get the example to work between two machines. The pong > machine has a dash ('-') character in it's hostname. This causes > the Erlang shell to complain with a badarith error in the start_ping > () function. Is there a way to include a dash in a node name? A node name is syntactically the same as an atom. To include "funny" characters in an atom use singe quotes: > - I can't get the example to work on a single machine using two > seperate Erlang shell instances. I've tried the hostname and > "localhost" for nodenames but still no luck. Check you are starting them with something like: > - What's the proper way in the tut17 example to specify nodes in > dotted-quad IP notation (xx.xx.xx.xx)? Good question, I don't know. > - Does message passing automatically work between nodes on machines > with different endianness. For example between nodes on x86 and Yes, all is beautifully transparent > Sorry if these questions are fundamental, but I'm trying to get > over the basic learning hump rather quickly. Great. It sounds like you might be on the track of a new project. Plenty of help available on this list if you get stuck. More information about the erlang-questions	<urn:uuid:58e8f870-7f84-4de2-b723-a3f1a7c32cd7>	2013-05-18T17:18:41Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.04186320677399635, 0.021668631583452225, 0.011939858086407185, 0.0039983787573874, 0.0710495263338089, -0.07606132328510284, 0.005196049343794584, 0.08254717290401459, -0.018057193607091904, 0.015330188907682896, 0.04215801879763603, 0.03773584961891174, -0.0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.899612	417	http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2005-June/015667.html	0.628457
Soccer chief calls for gays to come out FRANKFURT, Germany -- The outgoing German soccer federation president says it's time for gay players to come out. Theo Zwanziger called on gay players "to have the courage to declare themselves," although he conceded it was surely difficult to acknowledge one's homosexuality within a team. He pointed to the example of Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit, who came out years ago. Speaking at a discussion on the subject organized by the federation, Zwanziger said Tuesday that society was more understanding than a few years ago. Germany captain Philipp Lahm, however, disagrees as far as soccer goes. "Football is like being the gladiators in the old times," Lahm said in an interview published Monday. "The politicians can come out these days, for sure, but they don't have to play in front of 60,000 people every week." "I don't think that the society is that far ahead that it can accept homosexual players as something normal as in other areas," he added. Zwanziger, who will leave his job in March, said Lahm is a tolerant person "and if that's how he sees the situation, I am not going to be the one to criticize him." No player in Germany's professional leagues has so far acknowledged his homosexuality. Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press MORE SPORTS HEADLINES - Ribery, Benzema charged with soliciting minor - Ex-U.S. coach denies Solo's shoving allegation - Messi, Ronaldo, Iniesta UEFA award finalists - Kompany: Van Persie would boost any team	<urn:uuid:8c9d9421-2f77-40e1-a74b-df7906a3a989>	2013-05-18T17:20:06Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ -0.015454234555363655, 0.029371583834290504, 0.0016009220853447914, -0.0028603142127394676, 0.0867486372590065, -0.04439890757203102, 0.0037354850210249424, 0.05635245889425278, -0.0023800376802682877, -0.06898906826972961, 0.05806010961532593, 0.049863386899232864,...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.981218	342	http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/7471041/german-soccer-chief-theo-zwanziger-calls-gays-come-out	0.184371
- capital (adj.) - early 13c., "of or pertaining to the head," from Old French capital, from Latin capitalis "of the head," hence "capital, chief, first," from caput (genitive capitis) "head" (see capitulum). Meaning "principal" is early 15c. Of letters, "upper case," from late 14c. A capital crime (1520s) is one that affects the life or "head;" capital had a sense of "deadly, mortal" from late 14c. in English, a sense also found in Latin. The felt connection between "head" and "life, mortality" also existed in Old English: e.g. heafodgilt "deadly sin, capital offense," heafdes þolian "to forfeit life." Capital punishment was in Blackstone (1765) and classical Latin capitis poena. Capital gain is recorded from 1921. Capital goods is recorded from 1899. Of ships, "first-rate, of the line," attested from 1650s. Related: Capitally. - capital (n.1) - early 15c., "a capital letter," from capital (adj.). The meaning "capital city" is first recorded 1660s (the Old English word was heafodstol). The financial sense is from 1610s (Middle English had chief money "principal fund," mid-14c.), from Medieval Latin capitale "stock, property," noun use of neuter of capitalis "capital, chief, first." (The noun use of this adjective in classical Latin was for "a capital crime.") [The term capital] made its first appearance in medieval Latin as an adjective capitalis (from caput, head) modifying the word pars, to designate the principal sum of a money loan. The principal part of a loan was contrasted with the "usury"--later called interest--the payment made to the lender in addition to the return of the sum lent. This usage, unknown to classical Latin, had become common by the thirteenth century and possibly had begun as early as 1100 A.D., in the first chartered towns of Europe. [Frank A. Fetter, "Reformulation of the Concepts of Capital and Income in Economics and Accounting," 1937, in "Capital, Interest, & Rent," 1977] Also see cattle, and cf. sense development of fee, pecuniary. - capital (n.2) - "head of a column or pillar," late 13c., from Anglo-French capitel, Old French chapitel, or directly from Latin capitellum "little head," diminutive of caput (see capitulum).	<urn:uuid:8fb2110f-f11e-47bc-8d30-7f35baa56ea2>	2013-05-18T17:49:11Z	CC-MAIN-2013-20	[ [ 0.0113525390625, 0.0301513671875, -0.035888671875, -0.00191497802734375, 0.05859375, -0.09375, 0.0034942626953125, 0.08837890625, -0.05419921875, -0.0244140625, 0.125, 0.047119140625, -0.029541015625, 0.04345703125, 0.005859375, -0.0478515625, -0...	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382584/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95331	571	http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=capital&allowed_in_frame=0	0.632859