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Southern Maine Tabbed As Coaches' Preseason Pick
GORHAM, Maine - The University of Southern Maine Huskies received five
first-place votes and 60 points to finish first among the eight teams in the
annual preseason poll of the Little East Conference's softball coaches.
The Huskies finished ahead of the Western Connecticut State University
Colonials, who captured the other three first-place votes and 54 total points. A
year ago, Western Connecticut posted a 13-1 mark to win its second consecutive
LEC regular-season title, before adding the conference tournament title. The
Colonials received the league's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament, where they
compiled a 1-2 slate to finish the campaign with an overall mark of 35-4.
The only conference team to defeat Western Connecticut in the 2001 regular
season was Southern Maine, which finished in second place with a 10-4 conference
ledger and concluded the year with an overall mark of 21-14.
Keene State, which bowed to Western Connecticut in last year's title game,
received 48 points to finish third in the preseason poll. The Owls compiled a
9-5 record to finish third in the conference race a year ago, while their
overall record was 20-16.
The remainder of the poll found Rhode Island College (7-7; 22-19) in
fourth place with 43 points, Eastern Connecticut (8-6; 18-22) in fifth place
with 30 points, Plymouth State (4-10; 10-20) in sixth place with 27 points,
UMass Dartmouth (5-9; 12-19) in seventh place with 18 points, and UMass Boston
(0-14; 1-19) in eighth place with 8 points.
Each of the league's eight members will play a 14-game, regular-season
conference schedule, consisting of doubleheaders against the remaining seven
league foes. The top six teams will advance to the conference tournament, with
the top two teams receiving a first-round bye. Opening round games will be
played on April 30 at the site of the higher seed. The two winners will advance
to the four-team, double-elimination tournament to be held on May 3-4 at the
site of the regular-season champion.
2002 Little East Conference Preseason Softball Poll
Rk Team (1st Place Votes) Points
1) Southern Maine (5) 60
2) Western Connecticut (3) 54
3) Keene State 48
4) Rhode Island College 43
5) Eastern Connecticut 30
6) Plymouth State 27
7) UMass Dartmouth 18
8) UMass Boston 8 | <urn:uuid:fe1ca3db-0847-4a85-a377-65106d84396c> | 2013-05-18T05:14:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Help other aquarium owners choose the best specimen for their tanks. If you have any experience with this particular species, share it with other aquarium owners. Tell us what you enjoyed most about it, what it added to your aquarium, and if you would recommend it to others.
If this is your first time ordering this specimen, we hope you'll come back after you've introduced it to your habitat to tell us your experience.
Dr. Race Foster & Dr. Marty Smith | <urn:uuid:508e0389-3413-4290-938a-722175f5b708> | 2013-05-18T05:54:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Story of the Third Reich! In 1919 the German war machine was shattered and broken, laid waste by the extreme conditions of the Treaty of Versailles. Just 20 years later Nazi Germany had the most powerful armed forces in the world.The Story of the Third Reich explores the momentous events of these years. From Hitler's rise to power in the early thirties to fall in 1945.
Tags: The Story of the Third Reich, Third Reich, National Socialism, Nazi, Adolf Hitler, Mein Kempf, Treaty of Versailles, Anti-Semitism, Holocaust, Waffen SS, Gestapo, SD, World at war, Europe, Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, Power, Communism, Allies, Axis, Potsdam, Nur
Marked as: approved
Views: 5672 | Comments: 0 | Votes: 0 | Favorites: 0 | Shared: 0 | Updates: 0 | Times used in channels: 1
|Liveleak on Facebook| | <urn:uuid:48778ff1-28a1-48cc-9f0c-0c98439c8cf8> | 2013-05-18T05:52:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Like the Republican party, the Democratic party also cracked beneath the weight of the issues at hand. States that favored slavery in the territories walked out of the Democratic convention at Charleston, preventing nominee Stephen Douglas from winning the party endorsement. A reconvened convention eventually nominated Douglas, but kept territory slavery out of the platform altogether.
As a result of disagreements over the issue of slavery, splinter parties formed. The Southern Democratic Party spun off from traditional Democrats to nominate John Breckenridge, an advocate of slavery in the West. Republican breakaways formed the Constitutional Union Party. They nominated John Bell who would not address the issue of slavery at all, but rather spoke of upholding the Constitution.
With four candidates in the race, Lincoln won the 1860 election. But by the time he took office in March of 1861, seven southern states had already seceded from the Union. When the first shot rang out at Fort Sumter, just one month after Lincoln took office, the Civil War began. Lincoln's hopes for peacefully preserving the union were dashed. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. He also promoted a Constitutional Amendment to permanently abolish slavery. These bold steps marked a shift from Lincoln's more moderate campaign position on slavery issues. They also shifted the focus of the war from preserving the union to freeing the slaves.
Remarkably, the election of 1864 was not suspended during the bloody Civil War. Union soldiers were given absentee ballots or furloughed to permit them to vote. With mounting Union victories, the votes of soldiers and the campaign slogan, "Don't switch horses in mid-stream," Lincoln won the election. Sadly, as this 1864 campaign song strangely foreshadows, Lincoln did not live to see passage of the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery forever. He was assassinated just five days after Ulysses S. Grant celebrated victory over Robert E. Lee at Appomattox.
Lincoln's presidency causes one to wonder:
- Why he changed his position on the issue of abolition during his presidency?
- Whether these changes might affect the way we view his original platform?
- What were Lincoln's priorities when he created his original platform? How did the advent and progress of the war affect these priorities?
- To what extent did Lincoln's original platform represent his personal views? To what extent did it reflect a desire and strategy to win the presidency?
- If YOU were running for president, how would you balance your own opinions with the need to appeal to party and popular opinion? | <urn:uuid:13028e4a-e4c5-477c-ac63-506fc2400ab6> | 2013-05-18T06:57:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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TYNGSBORO -- The chairman of Greater Lowell Technical High School and a committee member disagree over the current status of the investigation into the allegations of gender harassment made by the superintendent against a committee member.
Chairman Victor Olson said at Thursday night's School Committee meeting that Erik Gitschier, through his attorney, had not responded to a request to enter into third-party mediation with Superintendent-Director Mary Jo Santoro over her allegations at an October School Committee meeting that Gitschier was harassing her because she is a woman.
Gitschier, of Lowell, shared a copy of a letter with The Sun sent by his attorney Gary Brackett, of Worcester-based Brackett & Lucas, dated Jan.
"My client is willing to consent to participate in mediation to address the issues related to the allegations of gender harassment," Brackett wrote to the School Committee's attorney Michael Long.
The letter goes on the say that Brackett and Gitschier request that Santoro put the allegations she is making against Gitschier in writing in accordance with the school district's policy, so that they may review it before proceeding.
Gitschier said without the allegations in writing, he does not know what the two parties would be mediating over.
Olson, of Dracut, says as long as Gitschier and his attorney have put stipulations on going into mediation, there has been no agreement
Gitschier said the school district's policies require a harassment complaint to be put in writing.
Under the school district's policy a grievance may be made verbally, but an "appropriate facilitator" would record the complaint in writing and submit a copy to the complaint officer, usually the Title IX coordinator, who will then submit a copy to the charged person immediately and request a response within 10 days.
The complaint officer would then attempt an informal resolution. If no resolution was reached, it would then move on to a formal complaint.
Any records of the grievance and response and a detailed report of the informal resolution would be kept confidential, according to the district's policy.
In November, a month after Santoro accused Gitschier of harassment at a public meeting, Fred Bahou, of Lowell, requested the formal complaint be made public because Santoro had made her complaints of harassment at a public meeting.
Long had advised the committee the motion was out of order and was reluctant to provide details about the ongoing investigation.
The motion was withdrawn.
So far, four months after Santoro made her public statements of harassment, Gitschier hasn't received anything in writing.
Brackett said he and Gitschier previously requested a written statement of the allegations, but had not received one.
Brackett said he believes a written statement has been prepared.
Olson said he's never heard of someone presenting a written statement before entering into mediation.
"Typically when you go into mediation there isn't a written document," said Olson. "I've never heard of someone presenting written stuff going in prior."
Olson said he might write down some generalities, but wouldn't give a detailed list.
"They're putting conditions on it. The superintendent confirmed without any stipulations. That's not confirming you're going in," Olson said.
After Santoro's public statements that she felt Gitschier was harassing her, Olson requested the school district's attorney and director of human resources lead an informal investigation into Santoro's claims.
The director of human resources recused herself from the investigation, The Sun has learned, because of a potential conflict as Santoro is her direct supervisor.
Gitschier and Santoro obtained their own legal counsel. Santoro is being represented by Howard Lenow, of Wayland-based Lenow & McCarthy.
Although Long is the School Committee's attorney, Gitschier chose to obtain his own legal counsel because he has been critical of the relationship between Santoro and the attorneys at Long & DiPietro, saying about a year ago the relationship was "too close."
The School Committee's attorney Michael Long will not be involved in the mediation process.
Brackett said the two parties will agree on a third-party mediator and Santoro and Gitschier will sit down with that person and their attorneys.
The update Olson gave Thursday night on the status of Santoro's gender harassment claim was at the request of Vice-chair George O'Hare, of Lowell.
Under "old business" O'Hare asked about any outstanding "legal activities" against the School Committee.
Follow Sarah Favot on Twitter @sarahfavot. | <urn:uuid:3fcd5d26-cf7b-4280-9e80-babdabf00b14> | 2013-05-18T07:21:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Boulder trails are common to the interior of Menelaus crater as materials erode from higher topography and roll toward the crater floor. Downhill is to the left, image width is 500 m, LROC NAC M139802338L [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].
Most boulder trails are relatively high reflectance, but running through the center of this image is a lower reflectance trail. This trail is smaller than the others, and its features may be influenced by factors such as mass of the boulder, boulder speed as it traveled downhill, and elevation from which the boulder originated. For example, is the boulder trail less distinct than the others because the boulder was smaller? What about the spacing of boulder tracks? The spacing of bounce-marks along boulder trails may say something about boulder mass and boulder speed. But why is this boulder trail low reflectance when all of the surrounding trails are higher reflectance? Perhaps this boulder trail is lower reflectance because the boulder gently bounced as it traveled downhill, and barely disturbed a thin layer of regolith? The contrast certainly appears similar to the astronauts' footprints and paths around the Apollo landing sites. Or, maybe the boulder fell apart during its downhill travel and the trail is simply made up of pieces of the boulder - we just don't know yet.
LROC WAC context of Menelaus crater at the boundary between Mare Serenitatis and the highlands (dotted line). The arrow marks the location of today's featured image at contact between the crater floor and NE crater wall [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].
What do you think? Why don't you follow the trail to its source in the full LROC NAC frame and see if you can find any other low reflectance trails. | <urn:uuid:ce50e516-2229-404a-b328-7d80cdfd0d33> | 2013-05-18T07:25:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Usage-Based Reading - An Experiment to Guide Reviewers with Use Cases
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: Information and Software Technology
Reading methods for software inspections are used for aiding reviewers to focus on special aspects in a software artefact. Many experiments have been conducted for checklist-based reading and scenario-based reading concluding that the focus is important for software reviewers. This paper describes and evaluates a reading technique called usage-based reading (UBR). UBR utilises prioritised use cases to guide reviewers through an inspection. More importantly, UBR drives the reviewers to focus on the software parts that are most important for the customer. An experiment was conducted on 27 third year Bachelor's software engineering students, where one group used use cases sorted in a prioritised order and the control group used randomly ordered use cases. The main result is that reviewers in the group with prioritised use cases are significantly more efficient and effective in detecting the most critical faults from a customer's point of view. Consequently, UBR has the potential to become an important reading technique. Future extensions to the reading technique are suggested and experiences gained from the experiment to support replications are provided.
- Technology and Engineering
- Scenario-Based Reading
- Software Inspection
- Controlled Experiment
- Software Engineering | <urn:uuid:de07a26c-138e-4ca0-b69c-42e20f5c9b1c> | 2013-05-18T06:56:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Death tracker as well as kill tracker?
I've been thinking for a long time, "You know, the people with the highest scores on most servers are often the people that die the most, too."
Does anyone else notice this? Maybe this isn't the case all the time, but I've seen it more than enough times to wonder why Jedi Outcast doesn't track an individual's deaths as well as their kills.
I mean, I've seen this strategy a lot. Big group of players all hacking at each other randomly, suddenly some guy jumps right into the middle with a slow, powerful swing. He's pretty much garaunteed at least one kill, but he's also pretty much dead within a couple moments. He does that enough, he's got like 20 kills, and since he was killed by a different person almost every time, no one else has quite as high a kill count.
People just don't try to keep themselves alive in this game. I mean, why should they? There's no penalty for dying, and it's a lot easier to rack up the kills when you don't fear getting cleaved yourself. Of course, that means it takes less skill as well.
I don't complain when I see it happen. I mean, that is how the game is. There's no penalty for dying, so why should people worry? I just think it would be more fun, and add more strategy to the game if there were.
Harder, better, faster stronger... | <urn:uuid:4058947e-8fc3-4c97-84fc-8f0b6bd2deb1> | 2013-05-18T08:11:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Lyrics » Flatfoot 56 Lyrics » City On A Hill Lyrics|
Lyrics Depot is your source of lyrics to City On A Hill by Flatfoot 56. Please check back for more Flatfoot 56 lyrics.
City On A Hill LyricsArtist: Flatfoot 56
Album: Jungle Of The Midwest Sea
Like a tree without its branches, like a fire without a light,
You're a battle weary soldier who is running from the fight,
Like a ship without an anchor, you're a boat without a crew,
You hide the light inside you as you're whoring out the truth,
On the outside you're pretty, on the inside you're drenched,
In the blood of the anointed in the wound of the oppressed,
Fill your cup full of sorrows as you soil the master's clothes,
You were faithful at the wedding feast, but now wasted in the road,
Like a city on a hill with a blackout in effect
You defy your maker, is there one you respect?
Like a city on a hill you are tattered and torn,
You defy your Maker in your return to the scorn,
Put life to your footsteps, put spine to your feet,
Will you make your decision are you chaff or are you wheat?
Will you rise or will you fall, will you stand or will you crawl?
Will you be the ones He's called you to be or turn away and run,
I say No
No more on the fence
All lyrics are the property of their respective authors, artists and labels. | <urn:uuid:c8504bbb-23c7-4474-a6c9-6123965b389d> | 2013-05-18T07:01:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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We're sorry, we couldn't find results for your search:
Try your search again using these tips:
- Double check the spelling. Try varying the spelling.
- Limit the search to one or two words.
- Be less specific in your wording. Sometimes a more general term will lead you to the similar products. | <urn:uuid:4cb7db58-5119-4514-9e48-1c647f304d1b> | 2013-05-18T08:02:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Geronti Kikodze's brief article which appeared in the Sakartvelo
newspaper in 1917 deals with significant political developments of that
period. The author discusses the issues of self-governance in Georgia,
the process of nationalization of schools, the autocephaly of the Georgian
Church and, especially, the formation of the Georgian army. Geronti Kikodze
refers to the experience of other countries in justifying the necessity
of creating the Georgian national armed forces. By means of succinct and
convincing reasoning, he concludes that the building of a Georgian army
is an urgent and historical task as Georgia “is located right on the highway
and this highway needs a permanent army to defend the country from continuous
offensives of the enemies”. The author also sees the benefit of the formation of a national army in fostering among young Georgians perseverance, a sense of solidarity and selflessness - the qualities that would be of great benefit to the country. This article echoes with the current political situation and life in our country and, therefore, we felt it was very timely to have it published…
According to the information received from Petrograd, the Provisional Government has given permission to form the Georgian national army from the military units that are now scattered in different regions of the country. This decree will be the source of great joy to the Georgian people. After the nationalization of schools and gaining autocephaly of the Georgian Church, this is another decisive step that Georgia is taking toward its national self-governance. By its true importance, this third step surpasses the former two. This is particularly so given today's compelling circumstances.
The war has once again proved the old truth that a weak person is always under the threat from a strong one, that in a human society there is no means for protecting oneself other than with real force. Today, this is recognized by all. Not everybody in this country, however, has the courage and determination to acknowledge the close link between the contemporary culture and the national army, as ninety-three German scientists, men of letters and artists have done. “Had we not had an army, our civilization would have been destroyed long ago,” the German intellectuals declared. “Militarism in our homeland was born to protect the culture that is threatened by numerous new assaults in the next centuries. Our people and our army are one.”
If great Germany says this, what can little Georgia then say? Indeed, our country stands right on the highway and this highway needs a permanent defender to prevent intruders of all stripes from trespassing it. Lately, however, as the detachments composed of Georgian soldiers defended the fortresses of Warsaw and Riga, marauders looted the laurel-covered valleys of Kvemo Achara and Livani, where brigands from the mountains plundered the villages of Kakheti and Khevsureti. We can only hope that such an impudence will be brought to an end when an armed Georgian soldier will be standing close to the Georgian hearth.
The ideologists of militarism maintain that the modern army is the school where a person learns perseverance and acquires firmness of resolve. He develops the sense of solidarity and selflessness. Modern Russian barracks have led to the deaths of Georgian soldiers rather than contributed to their development. The physical and moral atmosphere of the frosty Russia has been totally unfit for the Georgian young men and our soldiers came back from the military service with nothing but worn-out clothes, tuberculosis and syphilis.
Undoubtedly, the formation of a Georgian army has a significant moral value. The poor and illiterate part of the Georgian population has a distorted view of the national self-governance. Very often, they regard it as a step back. This could be explained in part by the fact that the idea of Georgia's autonomy has until now existed as an abstract notion. The national school and the national army will inspire in the Georgian people the love for an autonomous institution. They will be able to see with their own eyes that national self-governance is neither slavery nor serfdom, but their very denial. This experience will prompt them to make a conclusion, which the long-term ideological propaganda has dismally failed to produce.
"Sakartvelo" newspaper, 1917. | <urn:uuid:1bdc5268-0181-4ee8-86fd-c14db0553120> | 2013-05-18T07:20:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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MUNICH (AP) — Lionel Messi has sent a signed Barcelona shirt to former Bayern Munich striker Gerd Mueller, whose scoring record he broke last year.
Bayern released a photograph Thursday with Mueller holding the shirt. Messi wrote on the shirt: "To Gerd Mueller, with respect and admiration, a hug." Messi scored 91 goals last year, breaking Mueller's 40-year-old record. Mueller scored 85 goals in 1972.
Messi received a record fourth FIFA Player of the Year award earlier this month. | <urn:uuid:065fa1b6-e3a7-49b6-b801-272ad956674a> | 2013-05-18T06:20:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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If I have to make a choice between losing my wallet or phone, I will choose the former because my phone holds much more precious data han the amount of money I regularly put in my wallet. To me, losing my phone/tablet/laptop is equally disastrous.
What about you? Which of the followiing would be the most disastrous to lose?
Feel free to add your own comments below.
Receive the latest update in your inbox. | <urn:uuid:883869a2-9348-42c1-8199-ab360513fee1> | 2013-05-18T07:25:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Steve Shaw asks:
I heard Google loves a tag page. I know it would be in a tag subfile, but can someone please elaborate on how best to set up tag pages?
Comments for this Question are closed.
If you are looking for help, please ask a new question here.
We will be happy to help you! | <urn:uuid:a179f614-af09-4c36-a5f1-04b53ff5f2aa> | 2013-05-18T05:55:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Entertainment consists of any activity that provides the general public with pleasure during their leisure time. These activities may include watching television, attending a theatrical or performance or the opera, going to the movies, attending a sporting event, and playing a variety of board games or video games. Recreational activities are intended specifically for the therapy provided for the physical, mental, and emotional states of the mind and body. The most usual recreational activities include writing, art, yoga, trips to amusements parks, or attending restaurants, but new sectors such as adventure tourism, motor sports, and extreme events such as bungee jumping or sky diving have emerged in this realm as well. The tourism sector consists of travel and tour agencies used by the public to book trips and vacations, and as such ties in neatly with the travel sector of travel and leisure. There are many different forms of travel for those partaking in trips and vacations, including air and sea travel as well as on land. Cruises are popular for the travel and leisure industry, as are a variety of destination resorts worldwide. | <urn:uuid:ed374277-84ab-4743-b753-d8b8d3b354b6> | 2013-05-18T05:29:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung
May 26, 1943
[Extracted from. a speech explaining the dissolution of the Communist International, delivered on 26 May 1943, to the cadres of Communist Party. 'Chieh-fang jih-pao', 28 May 1943.]
. . . Comrade Mao Tse-tung first pointed out that the dissolution of the Communist International was exactly as an American press agency had reported, 'a great event marking the dividing line between two epochs'...
Comrade Mao Tse-tung asked: 'Why should the Communist International be disbanded? Did it not devote all its efforts to the emancipation of the working class of the whole world and to the war against fascism?'
Comrade Mao Tse-tung said: 'It is true that the Communist International was created by Lenin himself. During its entire existence it has rendered the greatest services in helping each country to organize a truly revolutionary workers' party, and it has also contributed enormously to the great cause of organizing the anti-fascist war.' Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed particularly to the great services of the Communist International in aiding the cause of the Chinese revolution...
Comrade Mao Tse-tung further pointed out: 'Revolutionary movements can be neither exported nor imported. Despite the fact that aid was accorded by the Communist International, the birth and development of the Chinese Communist Party resulted from the fact that China herself had a conscious working class. The Chinese working class created its own party - the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese Communist Party, although it has a history of only twenty-two years, has already undertaken three great revolutionary movements' . . .
Since the Communist International has rendered such great services to China and to various other countries, why should it be necessary to proclaim its dissolution? To this question Comrade Mao Tse-tung replied: 'It is a principle of Marxism-Leninism that the forms of revolutionary organizations must be adapted to the necessities of the revolutionary struggle. If a form of organization is no longer adapted to the necessities of the struggle, then this form of organization must be abolished.' Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed out that at present the form of revolutionary organization known as the Communist International is no longer adapted to the necessities of the struggle. To continue this organizational form would, on the contrary, hinder the development of the revolutionary struggle in each country. What is needed now is the strengthening of the national Communist Party [min-tsu kung-chan tang] of each country, and we no longer need this international leading centre. There are three main reasons for this. (1) The internal situation in each country and the relations between the different countries are more complicated than they have been in the past and are changing more rapidly. It is no longer possible for a unified international organization to adapt itself to these extremely complicated and rapidly changing circumstances. Correct leadership must grow out of a detailed analysis of these conditions, and this makes it even more necessary for the Communist Party of each country to undertake this itself. The Communist International, which is far removed from the concrete struggle in each country, was adapted to the relatively simple condition of the past, when changes took place rather slowly, but not it is no longer a suitable instrument. (2) .... The anti-fascist states are of all kinds: socialist, capitalist, colonial, semi-colonial. Among the fascist states and their vassals there are also great differences; in addition, there are also the neutral countries, which find themselves in varying circumstances. For some time it has been felt that a centralized organization of an international character was not very appropriate for organizing rapidly and efficiently the anti-fascists of all these states, and this has become particularly obvious recently. (3) The leading cadres of the Communist Parties of the various countries have already grown up and attained political maturity. Comrade Mao Tse-tung explained this point by using the example of the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese Communist Party has been through three revolutionary movements. These revolutionary movements have been continuous and uninterrupted and extraordinarily complex, even more complex than the Russian Revolution. In the course of these revolutionary movements, the Chinese Communist Party has already acquired its own excellent cadres endowed with rich personal experience. Since the Seventh World Congress of' the Communist International in 1935 the Communist International has not intervened in the internal affairs of the Chinese Communist Party. And yet, the Chinese Communist Party has done its work very well, throughout the whole Anti-Japanese War of National Liberation
Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung | <urn:uuid:82aeef40-41fa-4df3-abf2-9aadd5d7a31b> | 2013-05-18T06:30:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Treatments and drugsBy Mayo Clinic staff
Immediate treatment may not be necessary
If you aren't experiencing symptoms and don't show signs of anemia, an enlarged spleen or other complications, treatment usually isn't necessary. Instead, your doctor is likely to monitor your health closely through regular checkups and exams, watching for any signs of disease progression. Some people remain symptom-free for years.
Treatments for myelofibrosis
Researchers are working to develop medications that target the JAK2 gene mutation that's thought to be responsible for myelofibrosis. The first of these medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration is ruxolitinib (Jakafi). Ruxolitinib and the other medications being developed and tested in clinical trials have been helpful in decreasing enlarged spleens and reducing symptoms associated with myelofibrosis.
Ruxolitinib works by stopping the action of all JAK-related genes in the body, including those found in both healthy and diseased cells. Because healthy cells that contain JAK genes are affected, low levels of platelets and red blood cells can occur. This can cause an increased risk of bleeding and infection. Other side effects include bruising, dizziness and headaches.
Treatments for anemia
If myelofibrosis is causing severe anemia, you may consider treatment, such as:
- Blood transfusions. If you have severe anemia, periodic blood transfusions can increase your red blood cell count and ease anemia symptoms, such as fatigue and weakness. Sometimes, medications can help improve anemia so that you don't need blood transfusions.
- Androgen therapy. Taking a synthetic version of the male hormone androgen may promote red blood cell production and may improve severe anemia in some people. Androgen therapy does have risks, including liver damage, masculinizing effects in women and growth of prostate cancer cells in men.
- Thalidomide and related medications. Thalidomide (Thalomid) and the related drug lenalidomide (Revlimid) may help improve blood cell counts and may also relieve an enlarged spleen. These drugs may be combined with steroid medications. Thalidomide and related drugs carry a risk of serious birth defects and require special precautions. This type of treatment is being studied in clinical trials.
Treatments for enlarged spleen
If an enlarged spleen is causing complications, your doctor may recommend treatment. Your options may include:
- Surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy). If the size of your spleen becomes painful and begins to cause harmful complications, and if you don't respond to other forms of therapy, you may benefit from having your spleen surgically removed. Risks include infection, excessive bleeding and blood clot formation leading to stroke or pulmonary embolism. After the procedure, some people experience liver enlargement and an abnormal increase in platelet count.
- Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs may reduce the size of an enlarged spleen and relieve related symptoms, such as pain.
- Radiation therapy. Radiation uses high-powered beams, such as X-rays, to kill cells. Radiation therapy can help reduce the size of the spleen, when surgical removal isn't an option.
Stem cells transplant
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation — stem cell transplantation from a suitable donor — is the only treatment that has the potential to cure myelofibrosis. But it also has a high risk of life-threatening side effects. Most people with myelofibrosis, because of age, stability of the disease or other health problems, don't qualify for this treatment.
Prior to a stem cell transplant, also called a bone marrow transplant, you receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy your diseased bone marrow. Then you receive infusions of stem cells from a compatible donor. After the procedure, there's a risk that the new stem cells will react against your body's healthy tissues, causing potentially fatal damage (graft-versus-host disease). Other risks include organ or blood vessel damage, cataracts and the development of a different cancer later on.
Doctors are studying a reduced-intensity transplant, also called a nonmyeloablative transplant or minitransplant. Reduced-intensity transplants use lower doses of pre-transplant chemotherapy and radiation. Although reduced-intensity transplantation has side effects, doctors hope that it will one day be a safer option for older adults.
- Hoffman R, et al. Primary myelofibrosis. In: Hoffman R, et al. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2009. http://www.mdconsult.com/books/about.do?about=true&eid=4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06715-0..X5001-8--TOP&isbn=978-0-443-06715-0&uniqId=230100505-56. Accessed Dec. 29, 2010.
- Mesa RA. New drugs for the treatment of myelofibrosis. Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports. 2010;5:15.
- Alchalby H, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning followed by allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in myelofibrosis. Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports. 2010;5:53.
- Idiopathic myelofibrosis. Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/attachments/National/br_1190656475.pdf. Accessed Dec. 30, 2010.
- Thorium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts147.pdf. Accessed Dec. 30, 2010.
- Jakafi (prescribing information). Wilmington, Del.: Incyte Corporation; 2011. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda. Accessed Nov. 23, 2011.
- Stein BL, et al. Janus kinase inhibitors: An update on the progress and promise of targeted therapy in the myeloproliferative neoplasms. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2011;23:609. | <urn:uuid:17116e40-61e5-4186-8201-273828acea7c> | 2013-05-18T07:01:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The page cannot be displayed
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In this Article
What things increase a woman's risk of infertility?
Many things can change a woman's ability to have a baby. These include:
How does age affect a woman's ability to have children?
Many women are waiting until their 30s and 40s to have children. In fact, about 20 percent of women in the United States now have their first child after age 35. So age is a growing cause of fertility problems. About one-third of couples in which the woman is over 35 have fertility problems.
Aging decreases a woman's chances of having a baby in the following ways:
How long should women try to get pregnant before calling their doctors?
Most experts suggest at least one year. Women 35 or older should see their doctors after six months of trying. A woman's chances of having a baby decrease rapidly every year after the age of 30.
Some health problems also increase the risk of infertility. So, women should talk to their doctors if they have:
It is a good idea for any woman to talk to a doctor before trying to get pregnant. Doctors can help you get your body ready for a healthy baby. They can also answer questions on fertility and give tips on conceiving.
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE! | <urn:uuid:70ef922a-9c56-4210-98d1-2b551d2ad00a> | 2013-05-18T06:21:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Are You Sleep Deprived?
Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Medical Editor: Jay W. Marks, MD
No matter how much sleep you need, if you don't get enough, you will suffer the effects of sleep deprivation. Research has shown that in tests of driving ability and hand-eye coordination, people deprived of sleep perform as badly as, or even worse than, people who are intoxicated. It's no wonder that drowsiness is a major cause of traffic accidents and deaths.
Individuals vary in their need for sleep. Some people require nine or more hours of sleep per night, while others may not feel deprived after just five hours of sleep. But the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per night.
Are you getting enough sleep? Ask yourself the following questions:
- Do you often feel drowsy during the day?
- Do you usually fall asleep within the first five minutes after lying down in bed? | <urn:uuid:385ddb8a-30a2-4f56-b5a7-b077815fc683> | 2013-05-18T06:57:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Scientists have revealed that new treatments for the incurable nerve disease known as Lou Gehrig's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) could be developed via a long-used anti-cancer drug.
Their research showing how the drug prevents clumping of an enzyme linked to ALS appears in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
Lucia Banci, Ivano Bertini and colleagues explain that ALS causes a progressive loss of muscle control as the nerves that control body movements wither and die. Patients become weak and have difficulty swallowing and breathing, and most die within three to five years of diagnosis. Although some ALS cases are hereditary and run in families, about 90 percent are "sporadic," with the cause unknown. Some research links sporadic ALS to clumping of an antioxidant enzyme called hSOD1. The authors explored whether cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug used since the 1960s that is known to interact with some of the enzyme's amino acids, has any effect on hSOD1 clusters.
The scientists found that in laboratory tests, the anti-cancer drug cisplatin bound readily to the enzyme, preventing hSOD1 from aggregating and dissolving existing bunches. Cisplatin targets sites that can form bonds between hSOD1 after the enzyme loses the atom of copper it normally carries. The scientists note that cisplatin does not prevent the enzyme from performing its normal functions. "From this work it appears that cisplatin is a promising lead compound for the rational design of ALS treatments," the authors say. | <urn:uuid:d0f8a42e-9fa9-4f76-ac42-8a63bfcbbf8d> | 2013-05-18T05:26:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Jul 06, 2012
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- The United States has identified four Lebanesenationals as money-launderers for the Iranian-sponsored Hizbullah.
Jun 05, 2012
JERUSALEM [MENL] -- Hamas has again been foiled in a plot to abductIsraelis.
Jun 03, 2012
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- The United States, under pressure to stop PresidentBashar Assad, has imposed sanctions on a major Syrian bank.
Jun 01, 2012
JERUSALEM [MENL] -- Palestinian insurgency cells, believed receiving fundsfrom Iran, have emerged throughout the West Bank. | <urn:uuid:2f4a8564-73cb-46c8-80e7-51392406743c> | 2013-05-18T06:44:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Feb 12, 2003
ANKARA [MENL] -- Turkey's military plans a major invasion of northern Iraqto secure its interests amid any U.S.-led war against the regime ofPresident Saddam Hussein.
Feb 13, 2003
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel's military has been conducting a quiet debate overthe use of a second-strike nuclear capability against emerging nuclearpowers in the Middle East.
Mar 23, 2003
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- Iraq's military, in contrast to U.S. intelligenceassessments, has remained intact and continues to battle allied forces.
Mar 24, 2003
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- Iraq has demonstrated increasing resistance against theadvance of allied forces toward Baghdad. | <urn:uuid:8c5e7534-eda5-4b46-8cb3-b80fecb1b5e5> | 2013-05-18T05:50:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The following information was extracted from the publication "Threatened"
produced by BNZ in cooperation with the Department of Conservation
and Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society.
The Predation Threat
In 1987, a dog was on the loose in Waitangi State forest in the Bay of Islands. For six weeks it rampaged through the forest killing every kiwi it encountered. By the time the dog was found, perhaps as many as 500 of the 1000 kiwi living there had been slaughtered. This carnage at Waitangi illustrates just how vulnerable the kiwi is to predators and the speed at which seemingly healthy populations can fail.
Other predators introduced to New Zealand by humans may cause similar havoc. The main threat to the kiwi is posed by: Possums, stoats, ferrets, and feral (wild) cats who steal eggs and kill young. Larger predators include pigs and dogs.
Young kiwi leave the nest at just three weeks of age, weighing only 200g. Small and slow, they are easy prey. Very few survive this precarious journey from birth to 12 months, when they reach the critical size that enables them to stand up to most predators.
Humans, primarily through destroying forests and introducing predators in the first place, pose the single greatest threat to the kiwi. Ironically, we are also their greatest hope.
The kiwi is a one-off evolutionary design, holding all sorts of biological records. New Zealand's ancient isolation and lack of mammals allowed it to occupy a habitat and lifestyle that everywhere else in the world would be occupied by a mammal.
Whereas birds traditionally depend on sight, the kiwi is one of the few birds with a highly developed sense of smell. You can sometimes hear them sniffing around in the dark. Alarm them during the day and they will run off. Then, at a distance, just like a wolf or other mammal, they'll stick their bill (nose) in the air, sniffing to see if they are safe from pursuit.
Other reasons the kiwi could pass for a mammal is its loose, hair-like feathers, its long whiskers, the fact it can't fly and that it burrows in the ground.
Other kiwi curiosities include:
Being the only known bird to have external nostrils at the end of its bill. It literally sniffs out its food a bill-length below the surface.
It's huge eggs. The kiwi has one of the largest egg-to-body weight ratio of any bird. The mature egg averages 20% of the female's body weight. Compare that to 2% for an ostrich!
Being the smallest living member of the ratite family (which includes ostriches and emus).
They live in pairs — as monogamous couples — for most, if not all of their lives.
Sex role reversal: The female is bigger and dominates the male.
In some varieties, the male does most of the incubating of the eggs.
The eggs take an exceedingly long time to hatch — up to 80 days.
Kiwi tend to live in pairs, forming monogamous couples. These bonds are generally till death and have been known to last over 30 years. About every third day, the pair will shelter in the same burrow together. The relationship tends to be quite volatile and physical, the female generally calling the shots over her smaller partner.
During the night, as they are out foraging for food or patrolling their territory, they will perform duets, calling to each other. The female has a lower hoarser call than the male.
From the outside, it doesn't appear that kiwi domestic life is bliss. But the bond is long-lasting.
There are few surprises in the kiwi diet. It's mostly earthworms, spiders, fallen fruits and seeds, larvae of beetles and cicada and a mixture of forest invertebrates. But they will also take large food items like freshwater crays and even frogs. In captivity, kiwi have fished eels out of a pond, subdued them with a few thuds and eaten them.
Kiwi are extremely territorial birds, They protect their patch — which can be as much as 40 hectares — by calling or, if that fails, by chasing the intruder kiwi and giving it a good booting over. Very occasionally, kiwi kill each other fighting for territory.
Acutely aware of neighbours, they will often engage in calling duels. If a bird is intruding into another's space, it will rush back at full speed into its own space before returning a neighbour's call.
A gathering of kiwi is a rarity. However, on Stewart Island, they do live in small, mixed aged family groupings.
Kiwi Nests, er, Burrows!
Kiwi are burrowers. They may quickly clear a burrow at the end of a night's work, crash there during the day and then move on to a new burrow the next day.
Great Spotted Kiwi prefer dens. Unlike the Little Spotted Kiwi and the Brown Kiwi, who tends towards simple one-entrance burrows, the Great Spotted will put the time and effort into constructing a labyrinth of tunnels several metres long with more than one exit.
Common Kiwi Myths
Kiwi experts are keen to dispel myths surrounding the kiwi — particularly that they are half-blind and bumbling.
Here are a few common ones:
Myth: "Kiwi fight with their beaks."
To use their beaks to fight would be like head-butting someone with your nose.
At the end of the beak are the kiwi's external nostrils. Finely tuned and capable of detecting a few parts per million of scent, the beak, when probing the ground, can detect worms and other food.
Myth: "Kiwi are cute, gentle little creatures."
They are actually super-strong and often extremely bad tempered. The adults can look after themselves using their razor sharp claws as weapons. A couple of slashes can quickly draw blood — as conservationists have often found when putting their hands down kiwi burrows.
Because they are so aggressive, DOC staff can attract them simply by imitating their call. Incensed that another kiwi is on their turf, the response is instant and dramatic:
"It's amazing to hear them coming to kick the intruder out. They sound like a deer charging, almost exploding, through the dark. Standing there, it's quite intimidating. I guess it's part of the threat display."
"Pete" is a Great Spotted Kiwi in West Northland. "We've just got to walk into his territory and he comes catapulting in for a hit-and-run. He belts you in the leg and then runs off into the undergrowth. I think he views us as super-big kiwi. He's probably given some trampers a helluva scare."
Myth: "Kiwi are a bit thick."
According to Conservation Officers who know them best, they are capable of learning quickly and altering behaviour in the light of experience.
Myth: "Kiwi move slowly."
Superbly adapted to their natural habitat, the kiwi is extremely agile and quick moving. A kiwi can cover his territory — possibly the size of 60 football fields — in a night. This might take in three valley streams and all sorts of obstacles.
Myth: "Kiwi and half-blind."
The notion of their being half-blind probably stems from their being nocturnal and having small eyes. In fact, as Conservation Officers can testify, if you chase them at night, they can run very fast, swerving around trees and expertly navigating the undergrowth. Similarly, they are unfazed by daylight.
Kiwi Culture -- From a Maori Perspective
The Maori people have a very personal interest in seeing the kiwi survive and flourish.
According to many Maori traditions, the kiwi is the oldest of all Tanemahuta's bird family. It was Tane, the god of the forest who, with different wives, created much of the natural world, including birds, trees, stones and humans.
For Maori, kiwi are, in effect, our elder siblings. And, like a good older brother or sister, they are very protective of us. That's partly why they patrol the forests nightly.
Kiwi -- Six Unique Varieties
There are six identified varieties of kiwi.
The Little Spotted Kiwi
The smallest (about the size of a bantam) and most endangered species, the "Little Spots" have a very mellow, often docile nature. They have suffered terrible that the hands of possums, stoats, cats and larger predators.
Now extinct on mainland New Zealand, the largest remaining population is on Kapiti Island where 1000 birds occupy some 1900 ha of mixed forest, scrub and grassland. Sensitive management by DoC and the Maori Trustees of private land on Kapiti are ensuring that cats, dogs and other kiwi predators don't reach the island.
The Great Spotted Kiwi
The rugged mountaineer of the kiwi — found primarily in the high, often harsh hill country — the Great Spotted has forged a strange deal with evolution. The same harsh environment that makes it struggle from one day to the next also makes it tough going for the pigs, dogs and stoats that would otherwise be keen to pursue it.
Big bold and handsome, it is found only in the South Island, mainly in North West Nelson, Central Westland and Eastern Canterbury.
The North Island Brown Kiwi
Bug noses and short tempers is one way to sum up the Brown Kiwi. They are little toughies ... and have to be to survive against humans, introduced predators and the natural challenges of their often harsh bush existence.
The North Island Brown Kiwi is found only in the upper two-thirds of the North Island. They are widespread in Northland in a diverse range of vegetation types including exotic forests and rough farm land.
Okarito Brown Kiwi
In one sense, the new kid on the block. It was only in 1993 that the Okarito Brown, living in lowland forest just north of Franz Josef was identified as a distinct variety of kiwi. Tell-tale signs are its slightly greyish plumage sometimes accompanied by white facial feathers.
Squat and round and bigger than their northern Brown Kiwi cousins, they can grow to almost the same size as Great Spotted Kiwi. The Southern Tokoeka are found in Fiordland and on Stewart Island. They are the most communal of the somewhat reclusive kiwi.
The Haast Tokoeka, found in the rugged mountains behind Haast, was also identified as a distant variety of Kiwi in 1993. They spend their summers in the high sub alpine tussock grasslands but probably retreat to the lowland forests in winter.
Kiwi Sightings -- Where You Can See Kiwi
Few of us get the chance to see a kiwi in the wild but Brown Kiwi can be seen at the following places: | <urn:uuid:9a72a1b6-062c-472b-953a-6ed25e5be7b9> | 2013-05-18T07:20:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Civics merit badge was one of the original 57 merit badges issued by the Boy Scouts of America in 1911.
Civics is a discontinued merit badge. It was one of the original 1911 merit badges, but was renamed Citizenship by the 1948 revision to the Boy Scout Handbook. That badge was then replaced by Citizenship in the Nation in in 1951 and Citizenship in the Community and Citizenship in the Home in 1952 (later renamed as the Family Life merit badge). At the same time, the World Brotherhood merit badge was introduced, and these four badges constituted the "Citizenship Group" of merit badges, any two of which were required for Eagle. In 1972, the Citizenship in the World merit badge replaced World Brotherhood.
Civics requirements at inception
- State the principal citizenship requirements of an elector in his state.
- Know the principal features of the naturalization laws of the United States.
- Know how President, Vice-President, senators, and congressmen of the United States are elected and their terms of office.
- Know the number of judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, how appointed, and their term of office.
- Know the various administrative departments of government, as represented in the President's Cabinet.
- Know how the governor, lieutenant-governor, senators, representatives, or assemblymen of his state are elected, and their terms of office.
- Know whether the judges of the principal courts in his state are appointed or elected, and the length of their terms.
- Know how the principal officers in his town or city are elected and for what terms.
- Know the duties of the various city departments, such as fire, police, board of health, etc.
- Draw a map of the town or city in which he lives, giving location of the principal public buildings and points of special interest.
- Give satisfactory evidence that he is familiar with the provisions and history of the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States.
|| The official source for the information shown in this article or section is:|
Boy Scout Handbook, 1911 Edition
The text of these requirements is locked and can only be edited by an administrator.
Please note any errors found in the above requirements on this article's Talk Page. | <urn:uuid:0ee57b5c-df89-42fc-908a-5dc6ecab06d1> | 2013-05-18T05:57:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In July 2010, Pakistan suffered the worst flooding in the country’s history. As heavy monsoon rains fell, over 2,000 people were killed and another 20 million people directly affected, with 1.6 million homes damaged or destroyed.
Merlin's work in Pakistan has saved countless lives since the flooding in July 2010.
Murad Ali Khan is a Merlin Health Co-ordinator. He tells us about life in Swat, Pakistan.
The Sindh area of Pakistan has been hit by severe flooding for the second year running.
One year after the monsoon flooding that devastated Pakistan in July 2010, Merlin is still working tirelessly to meet the many health challenges faced by the Pakistani people.
Merlin has worked in Pakistan since 2005, so was ideally placed to respond rapidly and effectively to outbreaks of waterborne disease in the areas of Pakistan hardest hit by the flooding in July last year.
A year since the most devastating floods in Pakistan's history, thousands of people are still struggling to rebuild their lives and malnutrition rates remain critical.
Two years since severe flooding devastated Pakistan, people are struggling to rebuild their lives and health care is scarce.
Last year’s floods were a human tragedy on a vast scale. Disease outbreaks, malnutrition and lack of shelter led to serious health problems, requiring urgent action. More than a million homes were destroyed, 2000 people lost their lives and vital fields and livestock were swept away. | <urn:uuid:4e9fbf3a-f93f-410d-9e83-9e5367dc1661> | 2013-05-18T07:25:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Description: Academy Award nominee Gus Van Sant directs Academy Award winner Sean Penn as gay-rights icon Harvey Milk. Mr. Milk (1930-1978) was an activist and politician, and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in America; in 1977, he was voted to the city supervisors' board of San Francisco. The following year, both he and the city's mayor George Moscone were shot to death by another city supervisor, Dan White. Mr. Milk was previously the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary feature The Times of Harvey Milk, but Milk is the first non-documentary feature to explore the man's life and career. Milk is being filmed on location in San Francisco. | <urn:uuid:4ef07b47-12fe-4f71-a9c8-626dd12e1a3e> | 2013-05-18T07:16:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The most important aspect of today's American Civil Liberties Union lawsuit challenging the Defense of Marriage Act's definition of marriage -- as reported on Monday night by Metro Weekly -- follows the rules of real estate: location, location, location!
Edith "Edie" Windsor -- a New York City widow who lost her wife, Thea Spyer, after a decades-long battle with multiple sclerosis and, later, a serious heart condition -- provides a ready-made picture for media operations centered in the Big Apple, and her compelling story is the type that can -- and will -- be told over and over in the coming weeks and months.
From the complaint:
Edie and Thea met in New York City in 1963 ....
Edie and Thea first met at Portofino, a restaurant in Greenwich Village, where it was comfortable for a lesbian clientele to go on Friday evenings. Edie, who was working long hours at her job, decided to call an old friend and ask her to take her "to where the lesbians go." At the restaurant, Edie was introduced to Thea. Although Edie and Thea were each there with other people, they danced together all night. In fact, by the end of the evening, Edie had danced a hole through the bottom of one of her stockings.
After a wedding engagement that lasted more than forty years, and a life together that would be the envy of any couple, Thea and Edie were finally legally married in Toronto, Canada in 2007. Having spent virtually their entire lives caring for each other in sickness—including Thea's long, brave battle with multiple sclerosis—and in health, Thea and Edie were able to spend the last two years of Thea's life together as married.
And, then, after Thea died as a result of her heart condition, the legal conflict:
New York State legally recognizes Edie and Thea's marriage and provided them with the same status, responsibilities, and protections as other married people. However, Edie and Thea were not considered "married" under federal law because of the operation of the statute known (ironically) as the Defense of Marriage Act ("DOMA"), 1 U.S.C. § 7.
And, finally, the ACLU's summary of the wrong that Windsor is seeking to have righted:
This clearly unequal treatment of Edie and Thea's marriage both demeans their remarkable commitment to one another and has great practical significance for Edie, the sole beneficiary of Thea's estate. Under the Internal Revenue Code, the transfer of money or property from one spouse to another upon death generally does not trigger any estate tax at all. Because of the operation of DOMA, however, the federal government does not consider Edie and Thea to have been married, and, as a result, Edie has been forced to pay more than $350,000 in federal estate tax that she would otherwise not have had to pay if Edie and Thea's marriage were recognized under federal law.
The remedy sought by the ACLU is simple.
As Roberta Kaplan, the lawyer with Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP who is the lead attorney on the case, told Metro Weekly on Monday night, "What we're seeking in the case is a check back -- with interest."
Read the lawsuit: 2010-11-9-WindsorvUS-Complaint.pdf
[Photo of Edie Windsor and Thea Spyer provided by the ACLU from the documentary Edie & Thea: A Very Long Engagement.] | <urn:uuid:da7a0300-6cba-4395-8e0c-41d3e980a320> | 2013-05-18T06:45:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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5.10.1918, Helsinki - ,
Architect 1946, Helsinki University of Technology
In 1948 Heikki Siren made a study tour to Germany, England, Switzerland, France and Italy. In the Scandinavian Countries he was a frequent visitor.
He married architecture student Katri (Kaija) Tuominen in 1944, and in 1949 they set up an office, Kaija and Heikki Siren (their respective contributions in the output of the office are not differentiated here). Nowadays the office is named Arkkitehtitoimisto Siren & Co.
The early stage of the Sirens' career includes the Teekkarikylä students' housing from the 1950s, the Servin mökki restaurant built for the Helsinki Olympics in 1952 and the Otaniemi Chapel from 1957, all part of the campus of Helsinki University of Technology in Otaniemi, Espoo.
Kaija and Heikki Siren designed many buildings for Tapiola garden city, Espoo, such as the experimental wooden rowhouses at Kimmeltie and Kontiontie streets built in 1955, the luxurious Otsonpesä rowhouse from 1959 and the Aarnivalkea School from 1957. During the following decades they continued to design dwellings around Tapiola.
Examples of early cultural buildings by the Sirens are the small stage of the Finnish National Theatre and the Lahti Concert Hall, both built in 1954. Their Orivesi Church, built in 1961, was radical in form by contemporary standards. The Sirens' work in Helsinki includes large office blocks, of which the best known is probably the circle-formed Ympyrätalo built in 1968.
The Sirens made designs abroad, too: a housing area was built in Paris in 1970, the Bruckner House concert hall in Linz, Austria, in 1973, and the Baghdad Congress Palace in Iraq in 1982. In the mid-1970s golf courses by their design were built in Japan.
The architects' home and studio Villa Siren was built in stages in 1951/1956/1960 for Lauttasaari, Helsinki. Their holiday buildings in Barösund, placed beautifully by the seaside on the smooth rocks of the archipelago, are mainly from the late 1960s.
* * *
The museum's collections do not include drawings by Kaija and Heikki Siren. | <urn:uuid:ff5342f1-8f53-41da-a7aa-c986de1902e0> | 2013-05-18T05:59:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Health Library
- Research a Disease or Condition
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- What to do After Being Discharged
- Self-Care Instructions
- Questions to Ask Your Doctor
- Nutrition, Vitamins & Special Diets
Abortion - surgical - aftercare
You have had a surgical abortion. This is a procedure that ends pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from your womb (uterus).
What to Expect
You will likely recover without problems. It may take a few days to feel well.
You may have cramps that feel like menstrual cramps for a few days.
Your normal period will likely return in 4-6 weeks.
It is normal to feel sad or depressed after this procedure. Seek help from your health care provider or a counselor if these feelings do not go away. A family member or friend can also provide comfort.
To relieve discomfort or pain in the abdomen:
- Take a warm bath. You may also apply a heating pad set on low. Or apply a hot water bottle filled with warm water.
- Take over-the-counter painkiller as instructed.
- Rest as needed.
- Do not do any strenuous activity the first few days after the procedure. This includes not lifting anything heavier than 10 pounds (about the weight of a1 gallon milk jug).
- Also, do not do any aerobic activity, including running or working out. Light housework is fine.
Other things to help speed your recovery include:
- Use pads to absorb bleeding and drainage from the vagina. Change the pads every 2-4 hours to avoid infection.
- Do not use tampons or put anything in the vagina, including douching.
- Do not have vaginal intercourse for 2-3 weeks, or until cleared by your healthcare provider.
- Take any other medicine, such as an antibiotic, as instructed.
- Begin using birth control starting right after the procedure. It is possible to get pregnant again even before your normal period resumes. Contraception (birth control) can help prevent unplanned pregnancies. Be aware though, unplanned pregnancies can occur even when you use birth control.
Call your doctor if:
- You have vaginal bleeding that increases or you need to change your pads more than every 2-4 hours.
- You have continued pain or pregnancy symptoms.
- You have signs of infection, including fever that does not go away, vaginal drainage with a foul odor, vaginal drainage that looks like pus, pain or tenderness in your abdomen.
Jensen JT, Mishell Jr DR. Family planning:contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination. In: Lentz GM, Lobo RA,Gershenson DM, Katz VL, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap13.
Reviewed By: Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Bellevue, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang. | <urn:uuid:49e27065-f840-45ce-bea4-d14c532f2240> | 2013-05-18T08:08:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The 6-0, 187-pound Coe spent the previous three seasons with the New York Giants where he played in 21 games with one start. He was originally selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the fifth round (173rd overall) of the 2007 NFL Draft. Coe has spent time in his career with the Colts (2007), Jacksonville Jaguars (2009-10) and the Giants (2010-12). He has played in 34 career games with one start while registering 40 tackles, 4 passes defensed in his five seasons.
Coe started for two seasons at Arkansas before transferring as a senior to Alabama State where his father, Charles, was head coach. Over the course of his collegiate career he appeared in 43 games with 25 starts. He totaled 100 tackles, seven interceptions, 26 passes defensed, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. Born December 17, 1983 in Memphis, Tennessee, Coe attended Cordova High School. | <urn:uuid:7bb7ecaf-1e20-4c31-994a-61781557bd57> | 2013-05-18T05:25:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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of the Giant Squid scientifically known as Architeuthis
dux, is the largest of all invertebrates. Scientists
believe it can be as long as 18 metres (60 feet). This specimen
was collected by Dr Gordon Williamson who worked as the resident
ships biologist for the whaling company Salvesons. He examined
the stomach contents of 250 Sperm Whales Physeter macrocephalus
keeping the largest squid beak and discarding the smaller until
he ended up with this magnificent specimen. | <urn:uuid:03dc2cd4-80be-4c32-8ff8-4b196542656b> | 2013-05-18T05:25:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Microsoft RTVideo and Microsoft RTAudio Codec Porting Kits
RTVideo and RTAudio codecs are real-time Microsoft video and audio codecs developed for the Windows Live Messenger, Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007, Microsoft Office Communicator 2007, and Microsoft Office Live Meeting 2007 platforms. The RTAudio codec is designed for both high-quality wideband and narrowband voice over IP (VoIP) applications, including applications such as games, audio conferencing, and wireless applications. The RTVideo codec provides high-quality, efficient, and robust real-time video communication over IP networks. The RTVideo codec is based on the SMPTE VC-1 codec and includes system-level enhancements for recovery of packet loss on IP networks.
RTVideo and RTAudio codecs allow third-party implementation of the codecs to expand on interoperability with Microsoft Real-Time Communication platforms. The RTAudio encoder is capable of encoding single-channel (mono), 16-bit per sample audio signals. It can be configured to operate in narrowband (8-kilohertz [kHz] sampling rate) or wideband modes (16-kHz sampling rate). It also has a built-in adaptive jitter control and advanced packet loss concealment modules. High-quality video and audio can be delivered between the Microsoft Real-Time Communication platform and other standards-based video conferencing solutions.
The following resources provide more information about RTVideo and RTAudio codecs: | <urn:uuid:6e2216ab-b957-4043-8326-12d35bc9c133> | 2013-05-18T05:28:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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To the editor:
The long-term survival of humankind may very well hinge upon the efforts of free-thinking young people around the world to arrive at some rational consensus regarding the long-term goals of our species.
Humans have long sought to discover the "purpose of life." Discovering purpose usually implies seeking out the will of some transcendent force or being. The search for purpose has primarily served to create groups that hold mutually incompatible notions of ultimate purpose and, as Mark Twain once observed, "have made a graveyard of the globe in trying their honest best to smooth their brother's path to happiness and heaven."
Setting rational goals is different than discerning purpose. Setting goals requires humans to think about what kind of world they want to live in and what kind of world they want to leave to future generations. Goal setting requires weighing competing priorities and such an exercise can enable us to come to terms with our own desires and how our own ideas are similar to and different from the other human beings that share the planet.
The pervasive nature of the world wide web provides an open platform upon which such goal-setting deliberations can emerge and be sustained.
Such online deliberations have undergirded the Arab Spring uprisings and in the Occupy protests around the world.
Politicians know that the best way to control people is keep them from talking freely to one other.
Corporations promote a ceaseless barrage of good-guys vs. bad-guys hysterical utterances via their intentionally polarizing media holdings like MSNBC and FOX News.
While you're fretting about the feds taking away your gun, corporate manipulators are working to eliminate your job, your retirement, your pension and maybe even your house.
Young people are awakening to the awareness that their futures are being sold through the incessant trickery and deceptive practices of a few wealthy people willing to sacrifice the future success of the many for the sake of preserving the temporary advantage they enjoy in the status quo.
Rather than seeking to encourage the emergence of such a global conversation, these same corporate- owned and controlled media choose to ridicule and demean these bold young voices.
Meanwhile, the guardians of the status quo work tirelessly peddling their divisiveness and their hysteria, while the subservient media rake in record profits running the attack ads for the best politicians that money can buy.
WILLIAM A. KENNEDY | <urn:uuid:cdc6d674-e2c8-4391-b4df-660fb000d4ae> | 2013-05-18T05:55:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Back | Next
VILLAGE ECONOMY > Gandhiji on VILLAGES > Ideal Village
"That village may be regarded as reformed, where everybody wears khadi, which produces all the khadi it needs, in which every inhabitant spends some of his time in one or more processes relating to cotton, which uses only oil produced in indigenous oil-presses, which consumes only jaggery manufactured in the village itself or in its neighbourhood and only hand-milled flour and hand-pounded rice; the village, in other words, where the largest possible number of village industries are flourishing, in which nobody is illiterate, where the roads are clean, there is a fixed place for evacuation, the wells are clean, there is harmony among the different communities, and untouchability is completely absent, in which everybody gets cow's milk, ghee etc., in moderate quantities, in which nobody is without work, and which is free from quarrels and thefts, and in which the people abide by the sevak's advice in all matters. This is possible in the existing conditions. I cannot of course say about the time required."
(Letter to Munnalal Shah, 4-4-1941; 73:421)
"The villagers can make great progress if they work like this in co-operation with one another. Ours is a small village. We should inquire and find out in which spheres of activity and to what extent we can work on a co-operative basis. Even if all villagers are not inclined to follow the co-operative method we must find out those who are prepared to give it a trial. . .
"We should produce all the other necessities in the village itself. Then we should also find out what other industries we can set up here. We ought to press oil and make shoes locally. Similarly we can think of other industries also. . .
"We have to think about education in Sevagram. Though you have not asked me any question on this, I may at least tell you that in my opinion there should not be a single illiterate person in Sevagram. I put forward the concept of basic education very late in my life but all the same I attach great importance to it. I had put the following question before the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad : What kind of literature are the writers bringing out for the crores of illiterate villagers? This task is as huge as it is difficult.
"Let me also tell you that our own life, if it is simple and pure, is bound to have its impact on the villagers without our having to tell them in so many words."
(Speech at the prayer meeting, Sevagram, 22-10-1941; 75:43.44.)
"My idea of village swaraj is that it is a complete republic, independent of its neighbours for its own vital wants, and yet interdependent for many others in which dependence is a necessity. Thus every village's first concern will be to grow its own food crops and cotton for its cloth. It should have a reserve for its cattle, recreation and playground for adults and children. Then if there is more land available, it will grow useful money crops, thus excluding ganja, tobacco, opium and the like. The village will maintain a village theatre, school and public hall. It will have its own waterworks, ensuring clean water supply. This can be done through controlled wells or tanks. Education will be compulsory up to the final basic course. As far as possible every activity will be conducted on the co-operative basis. There will be no castes such as we have today with their graded untouchability. Non-violence with its technique of satyagraha and non-co-operation will be the sanction of the village community. There will be a compulsory service of village guards who will be selected by rotation from the register maintained by the village. The government of the village will be conducted by a Panchayat of five persons annually elected by the adult villagers, male and female, possessing minimum prescribed qualifications. These will have all the authority and jurisdiction required. Since there will be no system of punishments in the accepted sense, this Panchayat will be the legislature, judiciary and executive combined to operate for its year of office. Any village can become such a republic today without much interference even from the present Government whose sole effective connection with the villages is the exaction of the village revenue. I have not examined here the question of relations with the neighbouring villages and the centre if any. My purpose is to present an outline of village government. Here there is perfect democracy based upon individual freedom. The individual is the architect of his own government. The law of non-violence rules him and his government. He and his village are able to defy the might of a world. For the law governing every villager is that he will suffer death in the defence of his and his village's honour.
"The reader may well ask me—I am asking myself while penning these" lines—as to why I have not been able to model Sevagram after the picture here drawn. My answer is: 1 am making the attempt. I can see dim traces of success though I can show nothing visible. But there is nothing inherently impossible in the picture drawn here. To model such a village may be the work of a lifetime. Any lover of true democracy and village life can take up a village, treat it as his world and sole work, and he will find good results. He begins by being the village scavenger, spinner, watchman, medicine man and schoolmaster all at once. If nobody comes near him, he will be satisfied with scavenging and spinning."
(Harijan, 26-7-1942; 76:308-9.)
"My idea of self-sufficiency is that villages must be self- sufficient in regard to food, cloth and other basic necessities. But even this can be overdone. Therefore you must grasp my idea properly. Self-sufficiency does not mean narrowness. To be self-sufficient is not to be altogether self-contained. In no circumstances would we be able to produce all the things we need nor do we aim at doing so. So though our aim is complete self-sufficiency, we shall have to get from outside the village what we cannot produce in the village; we shall have to produce more of what we can in order thereby to obtain in exchange what we are unable to produce. Only nothing of our extra produce would be sent to Bombay or far off cities. Nor would we produce things with an eye to export to those cities. That would run counter to my conception of swadeshi. Swadeshi means serving my immediate neighbour rather than those far away.
"Our outlook must be that we would serve the village first, then the neighbourhood, then the district and thereafter the province."
(Discussion with Shrikrishnadas Jaju, 10-10-1944; 78:171.)
"My ideal village still exists only in my imagination. After all every human being lives in the world of his own imagination. In this village of my dreams the villager will not be dull—he will be all awareness. He will not live like an animal in filth and darkness. Men and women will live in freedom, prepared to face the whole world. There will be no plague, no cholera and no smallpox. Nobody will be allowed to be idle or to wallow in luxury. Everyone will have to do body labour. Granting all this, I can still envisage a number of things that will have to be organized on a large scale. Perhaps there will even be railways and also post and telegraph offices. I do not know what things there will be or will not be. Nor am I bothered about it. If I can make sure of the essential thing, other things will follow in due course. But if I give up the essential thing, I give up everything."
(Letter to Jawaharlal Nehru, 5-10-1945; 81:320.)
1. The crucial question according to you, is how to ensure man's mental, economic, political and moral development. That is my position too.
2. And in doing so every individual should have equal right and opportunity.
3. From this point of view there should be equality between villages and cities. And therefore their food and drink, their way of life, their dress and their habits should be the same. If such a condition is to be brought about people should produce their own cloth and food and build their own houses. So also they should produce their own water and electricity.
4. Man is not born to live in the jungle; he is born to live in society. If we are to make sure that one person does not ride on an other's back, the unit should be an ideal village or a social group which will be self-sufficient, but the members of which will be interdependent. This conception will bring about a change in human relationship all over the world."
(Letter to Jawaharlal Nehru, 13-11-1945; 82:72.)
"Independence must begin at the bottom. Thus, every village will be a republic or panchayat having full powers. It follows, therefore, that every village has to be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs even to the extent of defending itself against the whole world. It will be trained and prepared to perish in the attempt to defend itself against any onslaught from without."
(Harijan, 28-7-1946; 85:32.)
"A village unit as conceived by me is as strong as the strongest. My imaginary village consists of 1,000 souls. Such a unit can give a good account of itself, if it is well organized on a basis of self-sufficiency. Do not, therefore, think that unless you have a big union you will not be able to give a good account of yourself. . .
"... I have conceived round the village as the centre a series of ever-widening circles, not one on top of the other, but all on the same plane, so that there is none higher or lower than the other. Maine has said that India was a congerie of village republics. The towns were then subservient to the villages. They were emporia for the surplus village products and beautiful manufactures. That is the skeleton of my picture to serve as a pattern for Independent India. There are many faults in the ancient village system. Unless they are eradicated, there will not only be no hope for the untouchables in a free India but for India in the comity of nations."
(Harijan, 4-8-1946; 85:79.) | <urn:uuid:159907fc-f461-4e6b-bf1f-fc4e8c349d8e> | 2013-05-18T05:59:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Originally Posted by Toxic
I never thought it would be competitive, I could have done without Anderson trying to humiliate Bonnar though. He could have done his trip and knee a minute in instead of playing a cage game that only goes to further prove Silva is so much better something we all knew. Silva is a bully, its really that simple. He may be the GOAT but the man doesn't need to clown the guys who step in the cage with him to prove it.
Exactly why I dislike Silva, and GSP should never fight him.
I'd give GSP about as much of a chance as Bonnar (considering hes 2 weight classes lower), but GSP shouldn't give Anderson the satisfaction of acting like a clown in the cage against him. | <urn:uuid:b1ba7d5b-d33b-43ad-817f-865e2eed8bfd> | 2013-05-18T05:50:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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-NVIDIA GeForce 6150SE nForce 430- is my videocard. Is that good enough to play Guild Wars 2?
Also, another question: If my videocard doesn't meet the requirements, does that mean I can't play Guild Wars 2 on medium/high quality, or does it mean I can't play Guild Wars 2 at all? What other video cards are recommended if this one doesnt work?
I would be shocked if you can even start the game with that GPU. It is hard for us to give a good recommendation for a replacement without more details about the rest of your computer. What CPU, motherboard and power supply do you have?
These are the minimum requirements for Guild Wars 2:
Windows® XP Service Pack 2 or better • Intel® Core 2 Duo 2.0 GHz, Core i3, AMD Athlon 64 X2, or better • 2 GB RAM • NVIDIA® GeForce® 7800, ATI X1800, Intel HD 3000, or better (256MB of video RAM and shader model 3.0 or better) • 25 GB available HDD space • Broadband Internet connection • Keyboard and mouse | <urn:uuid:c2aacadf-a784-4da9-b117-53951f8015c5> | 2013-05-18T06:44:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sins of a Solar Empire is a real-time space strategy and the first chapter in an epic science fiction saga. The independent Trader Worlds must unite and form the Trader Emergency Coalition to defend themselves against the return of their exiled brethren, "The Advent" and the arrival of the desperate remnants of the ancient Vasari Empire. Explore and conquer nearby planets and distant solar systems by applying brute force, cunning strategy, elegant diplomacy, economic mastery, and researched technology. The gameplay features seamless transition between epic strategy and tactical combat modes.
Mini-mod adding blue arcadia as a TECH capital ship for demonstration purposes. | <urn:uuid:39483619-fe91-4da7-8c1f-c79f6b2a45a0> | 2013-05-18T08:04:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As America's independence was being declared in Philadelphia in l776, Padre Francisco Garces trekked through the Mojave area, leaving traces of his visit at Willow Springs, near Rosamond, and on Castle Butte, near California City.
Garces was followed by famous pathfinders like Jedediah Smith, in 1827, John C. Fremont, Kit Carson and Wyatt Earp. Many of these visitors, including a group from the ill-fated Manly-Jayhawker Party, used the Midland Trail, which roughly parallels Highway 14 north of town.
Wagon trails to the Panamint mines were established by men like M.M. Belshaw and others who are remembered in many local street names.
Mojave was established in 1876 when the Southern Pacific Railroad laid out the original plat for a town on its line between Los Angeles and San Francisco over nearby Tehachapi Pass. The first passenger train arrived August 8, 1876, which is celebrated as Mojave's birthday. Chinese coolies built a line from Mojave to Needles, California, on the Colorado River, reaching the Arizona border in 1883. That line was sold to the Santa Fe Railway in 1898, granting that railroad trackage rights over Tehachapi Pass. Today the Southern Pacific is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad, while Santa Fe is now part of the giant Burlington Northern Santa Fe.
The UP's Lone Pine Branch, which runs north out of Mojave, was built by Southern Pacific in 1910 to aid in constructing the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The line connected with the Carson and Colorado Narrow Gauge Railroad at Owenyo, providing, for a time, a direct rail link between Los Angeles and the Southern Pacific's Overland Route over Donner Summit. The Lone Pine branch now carries coal to and potash products from the Trona Railway connection at Searles Station, between Randsburg and Ridgecrest. Another rail line, the Oak Creek Branch, runs west from Mojave to the California Portland Cement plant at Creal, carrying coal up and cement back.
Mojave's flimsy buildings were destroyed by fire several times over the next century, most spectacularly in 1884 when 90 cases of powder in the railroad depot exploded with a bang heard 25 miles away.
GOLD was discovered in 1894 on Soledad Mountain and at other nearby locations, spwning mines with colorful names like Elephant-Eagle, Asher, Yellow Dog and Golden Queen.
Mojave's history of providing hospitality to weary travelers, a tradition that continues to this day, began with the opening of the Morrissey Hotel in 1876. The famous Fred Harvey organization operated a "Harvey House," in the old two-story railroad depot, complete with a contingent of "Harvey Girls" serving delicious meals to travelers and miners.
BORAX played a role in Mojave's history, especially between 1884 and 1889 when the famous 20-Mule Team Wagons hauled borax between mines in Death Valley and the railroad in Mojave, a 160 mile, 15-day trip. A monument on Sierra Highway in front of the Kentucky Fried Chicken store honors the spot where the wagons unloaded. The huge wagons, which can be seen at Death Valley and in nearby Boron, were built by J.W.S. Perry on land at the southeast corner of K and Nadeau Streets, the present location of Don's Oil Changers. Perry charged $900 each for his wagons.
CEMENT production began in the area in 1908 to provide cement for the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The plant has been modernized over the years and is operated today by Calaveras Cement. California Portland Cement built the Creal plant west of Mojave in 1955. The plant is one of the world's most modern.
Several small AIRPORTS were built in the Mojave area over the years, including Meyer Field behind the homes along Barstow Road. Mojave Airport began life in 1942 when a Naval Air Station was built on the present site on the east side of town. During World War II the field trained thousands of Navy and Marine pilots for combat, using SBD dive bombers and F4U Corsairs.
Decommissioned after the war, the field was reborn to again train pilots for the Korean Conflict. Closed again in 1959, the airport entered its third life in 1972 with formation of the Mojave (now East Kern) Airport District. Jump to the Mojave Airport page for more information on this facility, home of the National Test Pilot School, Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites, XCOR Aerospace and Voyager, the first aircraft to circumnavigate the globe without refueling.
Mojave's rich past is prelude to the history that continues to be made on the land and in the air - and soon, space - above this exciting and interesting region. | <urn:uuid:d83f2774-5678-4729-815f-4f1fb6c311aa> | 2013-05-18T06:55:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Definition of camaraderie
n. - Comradeship and loyalty. 2
The word "camaraderie" uses 11 letters: A A A C D E E I M R R.
No direct anagrams for camaraderie found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after camaraderie (in bold), or to aaacdeeimrr in any order:
s - camaraderies
All words formed from camaraderie by changing one letter
Browse words starting with camaraderie by next letter | <urn:uuid:8c97875d-7184-4984-bd20-bf4a96a88041> | 2013-05-18T05:51:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The word "puddings" uses 8 letters: D D G I N P S U.
Direct anagrams of puddings:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after puddings (in bold), or to ddginpsu in any order:
l - puddlings
All words formed from puddings by changing one letter
Browse words starting with puddings by next letter | <urn:uuid:e7d5beb8-01f7-4cc3-ac9a-0641836e635e> | 2013-05-18T07:16:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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seltzers is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
The word "seltzers" uses 8 letters: E E L R S S T Z.
No direct anagrams for seltzers found in this word list.
Adding one letter to seltzers does not form any other word in this word list.Words within seltzers not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from seltzers by changing one letter
Browse words starting with seltzers by next letter | <urn:uuid:00003882-41ff-4d08-83b5-0a6418c84a0d> | 2013-05-18T07:13:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Memory loss (amnesia) is unusual forgetfulness. You may not be able to remember new events, recall one or more memories of the past, or both.
Forgetfulness; Amnesia; Impaired memory; Loss of memory; Amnestic syndrome
Normal aging may cause some forgetfullness. It's normal to have some trouble learning new material, or needing more time to remember it.
However, normal aging does NOT lead to dramatic memory loss. Such memory loss is due to other diseases. Sometimes, memory loss may be seen with depression. It can be hard to tell the difference between memory loss and confusion due to depression.
Some types of memory loss may cause you to forget recent or new events, past or remote events, or both. You may forget memories from a single event, or all events.
Memory loss may cause you to have trouble learning new information or forming new memories.
The memory loss may be temporary (transient), or permanent.
Memory loss can be caused by many different things. To determine a cause, your doctor or nurse will ask if the problem came on suddenly or slowly.
Many areas of the brain help you create and retrieve memories. A problem in any of these areas can lead to memory loss.
Causes of memory loss include:
Alcohol or use of illicit drugs
Not enough oxygen to the brain (heart stopped, stopped breathing, complications from anesthesia)
Brain growths (caused by tumors or infection)
Brain infections such as Lyme disease, syphilis, or HIV/AIDS
A person with memory loss needs a lot of support. It helps to show them familiar objects, music, or photos.
Write down when the person should take any medication or complete any other important tasks. It is important to write it down.
If a person needs help with everyday tasks, or safety or nutrition is a concern, you may want to consider extended care facilities, such as a nursing home.
What to expect at your health care provider's office
The doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and ask questions about the person's medical history and symptoms. This will almost always include asking questions of family members and friends. They should come to the appointment.
Medical history questions may include:
Can the person remember recent events (is there impaired short-term memory)?
Can the person remember events from further in the past (is there impaired long-term memory)?
Is there a loss of memory about events that occurred before a specific experience (anterograde amnesia)?
Is there a loss of memory about events that occurred soon after a specific experience (retrograde amnesia)?
Is there only a minimal loss of memory?
Does the person make up stories to cover gaps in memory (confabulation)?
Is the person suffering from low moods that impair concentration?
Has the memory loss been getting worse over years?
Has the memory loss been developing over weeks or months?
Is the memory loss present all the time or are there distinct episodes of amnesia?
If there are amnesia episodes, how long do they last?
Aggravating or triggering factors
Has there been a head injury in the recent past?
Has the person experienced an event that was emotionally traumatic?
Has there been a surgery or procedure requiring general anesthesia?
Does the person use alcohol? How much?
Does the person use illegal/illicit drugs? How much? What type?
What other symptoms does the person have?
Is the person confused or disoriented?
Can they independently eat, dress, and perform similar self-care activities?
Have they had seizures?
Tests that may be done include:
Blood tests for specific diseases that are suspected (such as low vitamin B12 or thyroid disease)
Kirshner HS. Approaches to intellectual and memory impairments. In: Gradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, eds. Neurology in Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2008:chap 6.
Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc. | <urn:uuid:1ecf636a-7368-4a97-934c-f395ff5fd3cf> | 2013-05-18T05:29:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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My name is Richard.
Hi Ya Richard. I see you post a lot on weather forums.
When you're chewing on life's gristle
Don't grumble, give a whistle
And this'll help things turn out for the best. And always look on the bright side of life. | <urn:uuid:4656a5c2-7d1e-4e0e-bbce-4c5be5057037> | 2013-05-18T07:26:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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“expressive and stylish performances [from] the upcoming American artist Robert Gruca… Cheers for Robert Gruca! These are idiomatic performances in the best Handelian vein, filled with fire and nuance, plus the unmistakable energy and drive that Handel used as his signature to make an indelible mark on the music of his day (and beyond)… a program that makes us long to hear more of this guitarist.”
Phil Muse, Audio Society of Atlanta [January 2013]
Arrangements by David Russell, William Kanengiser and Robert Gruca.
When GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL died in England at the age of seventy-four, three thousand mourners gathered at Westminster Abbey to mark his passing. In 1784, a group of Handel’s admirers commemorated the centenary of his birth (albeit one year early) with a grand performance of Handel’s work at Westminster Abbey, thus beginning a long tradition of yearly gatherings for performances to honor the man who was described by Beethoven as “the greatest composer that ever lived.”
Handel was born in Germany to a sixty-three year old barber-surgeon and his second wife. From an early age, Handel pursued music despite his father’s desire that his son enter into the more practical field of Civil Law. Handel’s early love of music is illustrated in stories of Handel sneaking a small clavichord into his attic room to play while his parents slept below, or a young Handel chasing his father’s carriage in order to accompany him to Weissenfels where the boy had free access to harpsichords and organs. It was the Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels who, having overheard Handel playing the organ, ultimately succeeded in convincing Handel’s father to allow the boy to pursue his musical education.
During the course of his life, Handel traveled widely and was exposed to and instructed in the music of Italy, France, Germany and England. He ultimately settled in England becoming a naturalized English citizen in 1726 and remaining there until his death.
ROBERT GRUCA is a gifted guitarist who performs a wide range of solo, chamber and orchestral music from the classical guitar repertoire. An engaging performer who brings passion and artistry to his performances, Gruca has appeared with the Cleveland Orchestra in Gustav Mahler’s Symphony No.7 under the direction of Franz Welser-Möst, as well as Kurt Weill’s Little Threepenny Music, Igor Stravinsky’s Le Rossignol under the baton of Pierre Boulez and Howard Shore’s Lord of the Rings
Symphony with the composer conducting. Known for expressive and nuanced musical interpretations and an extraordinary technical command of the instrument, he has received numerous awards, including first prizes in the Columbus State Guitar Symposium Competition, Appalachian State Guitar Festival Competition and East Carolina University Guitar Festival Competition. Gruca received a Master of Music degree at the Cleveland Institute of Music, where he studied with John Holmquist and Jason Vieaux. He has participated in master classes with numerous prominent guitarists, including David Russell, Sergio and Odair Assad and the Los Angeles Guitar Quartet. Gruca released a CD in 2006 of works by Johann Sebastian Bach, Dusan Bogdanovic, Roloand Dyens, Nakita Koshkins, Joaquín Rodrigo and Franz Schubert. www.robertgruca.com
GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL (1685-1759)
SONATA IN A MINOR, OP.1, NO.4, HWV 362
Originally Recorder Sonata in A minor, Op.1/4 (1725/26)
SUITE NO.8 IN D MAJOR, HWV 441
Originally Harpsichord Suite No.8 in G major (1733)
Gavotte with Variations
SUITE NO.7 IN D MINOR, HWV 432
Originally Harpsichord Suite No.7 in G minor (1720) | <urn:uuid:4c96ce79-0faa-4c39-8403-8f2fd2e13e37> | 2013-05-18T07:20:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How do I save energy in the home?
Every little helps
This one is easy! It's not difficult to switch off lights or televisions when you leave the room — it's just a matter of getting into the habit.
Save energy in your home wherever possible. It saves money and you'll reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being released which contributes to global warming.
You may not think that switching off a few lights will make a difference to global warming. However, if everyone in your school did this then a great amount would be saved.
Here are some ideas for saving energy in your home or school. Can you think of any more? | <urn:uuid:6c1eb25d-aa20-4c85-9ed1-aa411817c49a> | 2013-05-18T05:50:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Bassoon is a woodwind instrument that was developed in the 16th century to add a stronger bass to the wind band ensemble. From the double reed family, the bassoon plays in the tenor range and below. It is known for its distinctive tone, wide range and agility.
Six main pieces make up the bassoon, including the reed. The bell, extends upward; the long joint, connects the bell and the boot; the boot (or butt) is at the bottom of the instrument and folds over on itself; the wing (or tenor) joint, extends from boot to bocal; and the bocal (or crook), attaches the wing joint to a reed.
Bassoon players must learn three different clefs: Bass (first and foremost), Tenor, and Treble. The range of the bassoon begins at B-flat and extends upward over three octaves (comparable to the E on the treble staff). | <urn:uuid:1add40d6-c1ce-4297-82ff-df3d883f794a> | 2013-05-18T06:28:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The 1736/1737 season wasn’t a particularly good period for
Handel. The rival London opera company, the Opera of The Nobility
gave its last performance. But the contest between the two companies
seems to have left the London opera audience rather sated with
the genre. Add to this that Handel himself suffered from some
sort of ‘paraletick disorder’ which left him unable to
conduct. He had completed his last opera of the season, Berenice
in January 1737 and it premiered in May 1737. It ran for
just four performances. The season finished with a revival of
Alcina and performances of Alexander’s Feast.
After this Handel took the cure in Aix La Chapelle.
The libretto for Berenice is based on one by Antonio
Salvi, which made its first appearance in Florence in 1709 to
music by Perti. It is possible that Handel encountered
it during his visit to Florence that year. No great changes
were made to the libretto prior to Handel’s setting it: the
recitatives were shortened and two new aria texts were introduced,
which may mean that Handel did the work himself.
The plot is the usual opera seria one; A loves B who
loves C who loves D. In this case Berenice, Queen of Egypt is
under pressure to choose a husband. She loves Demetrio who loves
her sister Selene who is in turn loved by Arsace. But Berenice
is being pressured by the Roman ambassador Fabio to choose Alessandro
who is actually in love with Berenice. It is a well enough put
together plot, but somehow it is hard to get quite as worked
up about the characters’ fates as in some of Handel’s other
Following the initial performances the opera was only revived
once during Handel’s lifetime, in Brunswick. Since then it has
rather been neglected. One of the reasons, perhaps, is that
unlike many of Handel’s other lesser known but nonetheless interesting
operas, it lacks a definitive hit number - something which helps
identify the piece.
Berenice has been recorded once before, in 1995 under
Rudolph Palmer. This new recording from Alan Curtis and Il Complesso
Barocco easily displaces the 1995 recording and looks set to
become definitive. For this disc, Curtis restores the longer
versions of two of the arias which Handel truncated before the
first performance (Alessandro’s Mio bel sol and Selene’s
Si poco e forte). Curtis also re-instates Berenice’s
Avvertite, mie pupille which was cut by Handel and was
the only time the composer used the key of C sharp minor in
The original cast consisted of Anna Strada del Po as Berenice,
the soprano castrato Gioacchino Conti as Alessandro, contralto
Francesca Bertolli as Selene and alto castrato Domenico Annibali
as Demetrio, with Maria Caterina Negri as Arsace. Curtis preserves
the gender assignment of roles as closely as possible, using
counter-tenor Franco Fagioli as Demetrio and mezzo-soprano Mary
Ellen Nesi as Selen. But the soprano castrato role of Alessandro
has to be sung nowadays by a female soprano, Ingela Bohlin.
Berenice is one of those slightly problematic operas
which seem to work better in the theatre where the gender of
the characters is (usually) more obvious. Here we have a pair
of low voices, one singing a man and one a woman, and a pair
of high voices similarly paired. Curtis has chosen a beautifully
balanced cast. But it is one where the voices are not highly
distinctive so that you sometimes have to concentrate to tell
whether Berenice or Alessandro is singing, or Selene or Arsace.
If you listen to the opera with the libretto these sort of problems
Klara Ek as Berenice has a lovely voice which adds an air of
fragility to the character whilst introducing an element of
steel where necessary. There is a slight quaver to her voice
which adds a note of character. Ingela Bohlin’s Alessandro is
delivered with a beautiful bright soprano voice, but which never
manages to sound in the least bit masculine. Having your lead
pair sung by two sopranos is something of a bonus when it comes
to the final duet, where the two voices intertwine beautifully.
Handel’s orchestration of the opera was quite restrained. But
he did showcase Giuseppi Sammartini’s oboe playing. Berenice’s
aria Chi t’indende has a wonderful obbligato oboe part.
Ek and oboist Patrick Beaugiraud combined magically here.
Romina Basso displays some nicely warm even tones as Selene,
but adds to this an admirable proficiency in the faster passages.
Her lover Demetrio is sung by counter-tenor Franco Fagioli.
Fagioli has a soft-grained, sometimes feminine-sounding voice,
but one which can take on the more dramatic edge when required.
Fagioli’s tones are rather distinctive, which might not always
be a good thing, but here ensures that his character is always
Mary Ellen News provides strong support in the relatively small
role of Arsace - she only gets two arias. And the lower voices
are well represented by Vito Priante as Aristobolo (Berenice’s
captain) and Anicio Zorzi Giutiniani as Fabio the Roman ambassador.
What the cast provides above all is intelligent balance. They
seem to be without a serious weak link. Each contributes a finely
musical performance whilst being fully alive to the technical
requirements so that I for once don’t have to add my usual moan
about singers smudging their runs.
Curtis keeps the piece moving without ever making it rushed
and the recitative feels swift without sounding skimped. He
doesn’t quite manage to get the feel of a live drama, but comes
This is one of Alan Curtis’s most recommendable recordings.
Whilst Handel’s opera might not be of top rank and there are
places where he seems to have been wool-gathering, there is
plenty of interest here. And with this intelligently balanced
performance, we have an account which certainly does the piece | <urn:uuid:7ec05893-d587-46cd-ac33-4c3e6c5e1e22> | 2013-05-18T06:27:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Official music video for the track I'm Getting Ready by Michael Kiwanuka.
""I'm Getting Ready"" is the debut single by British soul musician Michael Kiwanuka. It was released in the United Kingdom as a Digital download on 24 July 2011. On 8 January 2012 the song entered the UK Indie Chart at number 26.",,,,,, | <urn:uuid:1069c177-bbec-4c30-a047-4dd68a4fe0ba> | 2013-05-18T08:09:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Too many of our young people are caught up in conflicts every day that they do not know how to manage -- teasing, jealousy, and physical aggression. Juvenile delinquency and violence are symptoms of youth's inability to manage conflict in their lives. Teaching youth how to manage conflict in a productive way can help reduce incidents of violent behavior. Conflict resolution education is a beneficial component of a comprehensive violence prevention and intervention program in schools and communities.
Conflict resolution education encompasses problem solving in which the parties in dispute express their points of view, voice their interests, and find mutually acceptable solutions. Conflict resolution education programs help the parties recognize that while conflict happens all the time, people can learn new skills to deal with conflict in nonviolent ways. The programs that appear to be most effective are comprehensive and involve multiple components such as the problem-solving processes and principles of conflict resolution, the basics of effective communication and listening, critical and creative thinking, and an emphasis on personal responsibility and self-discipline.
Effective conflict resolution education programs can:
Four Common Strategies for Approaching Conflict Resolution
Experts identify four school-based conflict resolution strategies that can be replicated in other settings. These are commonly referred to as: (1) Peer Mediation, (2) Process Curriculum, (3) Peaceable Classrooms, and (4) Peaceable Schools. In all four approaches, conflict resolution education is viewed as giving youth nonviolent tools to deal with daily conflicts that can lead to self-destructive and violent behaviors. It is up to each local school district to decide how conflict resolution education will be integrated into its overall educational environment. The expectation is that when youth learn to recognize and constructively address what takes place before conflict or differences lead to violence, the incidence and intensity of that situation will diminish.
The program examples provided below empower young people with the processes and skills of conflict resolution. However, youth need to know that conflict resolution does not take precedence over adult responsibility to provide the final word in a variety of circumstances or situations. Conflict resolution has a place in the home, school, and community, but it can only supplement, not supplant, adult authority.
1) Peer Mediation Approach
Recognizing the importance of directly involving youth in conflict resolution, many schools and communities are using the Peer Mediation approach. Under this approach, specially trained student mediators work with their peers to resolve conflicts. Mediation programs reduce the use of traditional disciplinary actions such as suspension, detention, and expulsion; encourage effective problem solving; decrease the need for teacher involvement in student conflicts; and improve school climate.
An example of a Peer Mediation program is We Can Work It Out, developed by the National Institute for Citizenship Education in the Law and the National Crime Prevention Council. The program promotes mediation, negotiation, or other non-litigating methods as strategies to settle unresolved confrontations and fighting.
One Albuquerque elementary school principal reported, "We were having 100 to 150 fights every month on the playground before we started the New Mexico Center for Dispute Resolution's Mediation in the Schools Program. By the end of the school year, we were having maybe 10 (fights)." Other elementary schools using the same Peer Mediation approach to conflict resolution education reported that playground fighting had been reduced to such an extent that peer mediators found themselves out of a job.
Process Curriculum Approach
Teachers who devote a specific time -- a separate course, a distinct curriculum, or a daily lesson -- to the principles, foundation abilities, and problem-solving processes of conflict resolution are implementing the Process Curriculum approach. The Program for Young Negotiators, based on the Harvard Negotiation Project, is representative of this approach. Participating students, teachers, and administrators are taught how to use principled negotiation to achieve goals and resolve disputes. This type of negotiation helps disputants envision scenarios and generate options for achieving results that satisfy both sides.
In a North Carolina middle school with more than 700 students, conflict resolution education was initiated. The school used the Peace Foundation's Fighting Fair curriculum and a combination of components from various conflict resolution projects. After a school year, in-school suspensions decreased from 52 to 30 incidents (a 42-percent decrease), and out-of-school suspensions decreased from 40 incidents to 1 (a 97-percent decrease).
Peaceable Classroom Approach
The Peaceable Classroom approach integrates conflict resolution into the curriculum and daily management of the classroom. It uses the instructional methods of cooperative learning and "academic controversy." The Educators for Social Responsibility curriculum, Making Choices About Conflict, Security, and Peacemaking, is a peaceable classroom approach to conflict resolution. The program shows teachers how to integrate conflict resolution into the curriculum, classroom management, and discipline practices. It emphasizes opportunities to practice cooperation, appreciation of diversity, and caring and effective communication. Generally, peaceable classrooms are initiated on a teacher-by-teacher basis into the classroom setting and are the building blocks of the peaceable school.
Studies on the effectiveness of the Teaching Students To Be Peacemakers program, a Peaceable Classroom approach to conflict resolution, show that discipline problems requiring teacher management decreased by approximately 80 percent and referrals to the principal were reduced to zero.
Peaceable School Approach
The Peaceable School approach incorporates the above three approaches. This approach seeks to create schools where conflict resolution has been adopted by every member of the school community, from the crossing guard to the classroom teacher. A peaceable school promotes a climate that challenges youth and adults to believe and act on the understanding that a diverse, nonviolent society is a realistic goal.
In creating the Peaceable School Program of the Illinois Institute for Dispute Resolution, students are empowered with conflict resolution skills and strategies to regulate and control their own behavior. Conflict resolution is infused into the way business is conducted at the school between students, between students and teachers and other personnel, between teachers and administrators, and between parents and teachers and administrators.
In an evaluation of the Resolving Conflict Creatively Program in four multiethnic school districts in New York City, teachers of the Peaceable School approach to conflict resolution reported a 71-percent decrease in physical violence in the classroom and observed 66 percent less name calling and fewer verbal insults. Other changes in student behavior reported by the teachers included greater acceptance of differences, increased awareness and articulation of feelings, and a spontaneous use of conflict resolution skills throughout the school day in a variety of academic and nonacademic settings.
The effective conflict resolution education programs highlighted above have helped to improve the climate in school, community and juvenile justice settings by reducing the number of disruptive and violent acts in these settings; by decreasing the number of chronic school absences due to a fear of violence; by reducing the number of disciplinary referrals and suspensions; by increasing academic instruction during the school day; and by increasing the self-esteem and self-respect, as well as the personal responsibility and self-discipline of the young people involved in these programs.
Young people cannot be expected to promote and encourage the peaceful resolution of conflicts if they do not see conflict resolution principles and strategies being modeled by adults in all areas of their lives, such as in business, sports, entertainment, and personal relationships. Adults play a part in making the environment more peaceful by practicing nonviolent conflict resolution when minor or major disputes arise in their daily lives.
(Information provided by the U.S. Department of Education.) | <urn:uuid:2117d9f1-3399-4b6a-929c-55e15ad30135> | 2013-05-18T05:15:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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China Service Medal
The China Service Medal was a relatively early entry into the hallowed halls of the medals of America when it was created by an Act of Congress in August of 1940. These US military medals were established to honor US Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel who served ashore in China or were attached to vessels that operated in support of operations in China either between July 1937 and September of 1939, or between September of 1945 and April of 1957. Regulations permitted the wearing of a Bronze Service Star on these military medals and ribbons if a service member had performed duty during both periods of eligibility. These Navy medals are now considered obsolete, and are no longer issued by the US Navy. However, they can still be worn by Navy personnel who earned them during that period.
These Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps ribbons and medals are worn in the position directly below the Navy Expeditionary Medal, the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal and the Coast Guard’s Medal for Humane Action; and are worn directly above the National Defense Service Medal in the general order of precedence that has been established for the proper display of all Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard military ribbons and medals. The China Service Medal is generally available as Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard decorations in the form of military medals, ribbons, and lapel pins. They can be worn as traditional slide-on medals, mini medals, and ribbons. While traditionalist may still prefer to purchase the traditional slide-on full size military medals, mini-medals, and slide-on military ribbons; the newer thin mini-medals, and ultra thin military ribbons commercial suppliers now provide have become extremely popular among up and coming military personnel who know how important it is to their career advancement to always maximize the neatness and smartness of their uniform appearance. | <urn:uuid:195f886c-5b11-4521-99b1-e67e4e0bd7be> | 2013-05-18T06:20:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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• As already annotated on the Project Cost Management money is not the most present aspect in the discussion of open source software and free software. But having free software which supports the Project Cost Management Process and the Project Procurement Management Process would surely be an advantage... perhaps also for those free software developers which already are paid by a project.
Project Procurement Management
The Project Procurement Management "[...] includes the processes to purchase or acquire the products, services, or results needed from outside the project team to perform the work". An organization can either be the buyer or the seller of these products, services and so on. And the procurement management includes the contract management and the change control processes "[...] required to administer contracts or purchase orders issued by authorized team members". And like some of the other knowledge areas the Project Procurement Management contains an internal structure strictly following the pattern of «plan», «execute», and «control»:
- At first one "[...] (determines) what to purchase or acquire and (determines) when and how": one plans purchases and acquisitions
- Secondly one "[...] (documents) products, services, and results requirements and (identifies) potentional sellers: one plans the contracting
- Then one requests seller responses, ...
- ... one selects a seller, and
- ... one administrates the contracts.
- And last but not least one organizes the contract closure.
(comp. PMBOK3, page 269) | <urn:uuid:67a59fa8-59d3-48b3-b8ba-93faaae09e08> | 2013-05-18T08:11:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Carl Hubbell (June 22, 1903 - November 21, 1988) was a left-handed screwball pitcher in Major League Baseball who played with the New York Giants in the National League from 1928 to 1943.
Hubbell was born in Carthage, Missouri. Nicknamed "King Carl" by the fans and "The Meal Ticket" by his teammates, Hubbell's first major-league victory was a 4-0 shutout of the Philadelphia Phillies. Making a late entry to the majors at age 25, Hubbell would go 10-6 in his first season, and would pitch his entire career for the Giants. With a slow delivery of his devastating screwball, Hubbell recorded five consecutive 20-win seasons for the Giants (1933-37), and helped his team to three NL pennants and the 1933 World Series title. In the 1933 Series, he won two complete game victories, including an 11-inning 2-1 triumph in Game Four (the run was unearned). In six career Series starts, he was 4-2 with 32 strikeouts and a low 1.79 earned run average.
In the 1934 All-Star game played at the Polo Grounds, Hubbell set a record by striking out Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx, Al Simmons and Joe Cronin in succession: five batters destined for Cooperstown. In 1984, the 50th anniversary of this legendary performance, the National League pitchers Fernando Valenzuela and Dwight Gooden combined to fan six batters in a row for a new All-Star Game record (future Hall of Famers Dave Winfield, Reggie Jackson, and George Brett by Valenzuela; Lance Parrish, Chet Lemon, and Alvin Davis by Gooden). Hubbell himself was on hand for the 1984 All-Star Game at San Francisco's Candlestick Park to throw out the first pitch (a screwball of course).
Hubbell finished his career with a 253-154 record, 1678 strikeouts, 724 walks, 36 shutouts and a 2.97 ERA, in 3590 innings pitched.
After his retirement, Hubbell served as director of the Giants' minor league organization and director of player development for 35 years. The last 10 years of his life were spent as a Giants scout.
Carl Hubbell was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947.
He died due to injuries sustained in an auto accident in Scottsdale, Arizona at 85 years of age. Hubbell is interred in Meeker-Newhope Cemetery in Meeker, Oklahoma.
In 1999, he ranked number 45 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. | <urn:uuid:59e53f02-9ea8-471b-ba95-a851982e864a> | 2013-05-18T08:11:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Most of the boas you find for sale will be listed as 'red-tailed' boas. While this is a definite species, the name is generically applied as a marketing term. The name 'boa constrictor' conjures up too many images of old jungle movies. All boas really are 'constrictors' which means they kill their prey by crushing it to death. If your snake wraps itself around your arm or neck, gently unwind it starting from the tail end, not the head. In captivity, young boas are usually fed pre-killed mice, which you can buy frozen. Be warned, as the snake gets bigger--and they can grow to ten feet or more--so does their appetite. Soon you could be feeding them rabbits. If the thought of a hungry snake gobbling down Thumper bothers you, a boa probably isn't the right pet. Like any large animal, boas require a lot of room. A large aquarium tank may be okay for a young one, but you can plan on building a fairly huge enclosure eventually. They're also master escape artists. You can expect to spend a fair amount of time wondering where your pet has slithered off to. If you're willing to commit a fair amount of time and money to its care, a boa will get used to being around you, and can eventually become an affectionate pet. | <urn:uuid:7c946b73-565f-4158-b8d8-781385eb0091> | 2013-05-18T07:24:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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REFORM IN SPANISH EDUCATION: THE INSTITUCION LIBRE DE ENSENANZA
by Noel M. Valis
Paper presented to Thomas Woody Society, University of Pennsylvania, January 26, 1977
This document examines the development and influence of the Free Institute of Education (Institucion Libre de Ensenanza) and of its founder, Don Francisco Giner de los Rios, in late nineteenth century Spain. Founded in 1876 against a background of repression and reimposition of state-controlled education during the Bourbon Restoration the Institute was a private institution free of Church and State. Its intent was to create an alternative to the higher education system of official Spain, but due to financial problems, it evolved into an institution of primary and secondary education. Subject matter included traditional, State-required subjects, but also anthropology, technology, social sciences, economics, art, drawing, singing, and handwork--all generally neglected in State- and Church-run schools. Most radical were the innovations in art and physical education (stressing free inquiry, observation, and spontaneous criticism in the former, and development of the whole person in the latter) and in the institution of field trips, hiking, and nature observation. The use of textbooks was discouraged as much as possible, and examinations were regarded as producing mostly negative results. Emphasis was placed instead upon the creation of student notebooks that reflected the pupil's judgment and synthesis of materials. Don Francisco borrowed much from the French and English forms of education, and was influenced by Rousseau, Froebel, Pestalozzi, Krause, and Sanz Del Rio, the last of whom provided his ideal of reconciling all human facilities to produce an artistic taste, technical preparedness, spiritual elevation and an austere, moral sense of life. The Institute fell victim to the Civil War of 1936, but proved a pervasive influence in Spanish society to this day. (MB)
It has sometimes been said of Spanish philosophy, "What Spanish philosophy?" The same reproach might be directed at the non-existence of Spanish education. "There ain't no such animal," some might claim, forgetting for the moment the intellectual freedom and depth of thirteenth-century Toledo under the reign of Alfonso X, the Wise (El Sabio), and the splendor and revival of learning in the sixteenth-century Universities of Salamanca, Alcala and other institutions. What is mostly remembered, however, is the disheartening decline of Spanish education, ushered in by the rigidities, fears and intolerance of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.
But this view of education in Spain, of necessity simplified, would not be complete without mention of the establishment and significance of the Instititucion Libre de Ensenanza, in English, the Free Institution/Institute of Education. In order to understand more clearly the Institute's impact on Spanish society, I will review very quickly some of the historical background to its founding in 1876.
A broad overview of nineteenth-century Spain reveals to us that the "lack of civility" among Spaniards, which reached such extreme proportions during the 1936-30 Civil War, had its roots in the last century. Civil war, frequent military uprisings in the form of "pronunciamientos," and dissension everywhere created an ambience of unease and fragmentation within Spanish society. Historians talk of "Las dos Espanas," the "two Spains," that is, the liberal, progressive side as opposed to the traditional, sometimes reactionary side of the country. It is probably more accurate, however, to talk of the many Spains.
To disagree was the Spaniard's right -- no, his duty to himself, to his own proud sense of individuality and dignity. A solution imposed from above, from the State, seemed, in many cases, the only solution when there were problems, and there were many -- economic, political, religious. The problem of Spanish education was only of several, and it too came to be subsumed into the more general and overriding conflict of State versus Individual, of Authority vs. Freedom. Reconciling such absolutes frequently failed; worse still, the distinction between philosophy and ideology, that is, between the search for truth and the molding, frequent distorting of existential reality to one's own conception of it, this distinction would too often become blurred in the disputes and violence of nineteenth-century Spain. Tempers rose, passions were unleashed, ideologies reigned supreme, and somewhere in the shuffle, clarity of vision and truth were lost.
This split in Spanish society in part gave birth to the Free Institute of Education. Specifically, we must look to the years 1868 and 1874 to explain how the Institute came into being. The date 1868 conjures up one outstanding event in modern Spanish history: the overthrow of the reigning Bourbon monarch, Isabel II, an action which is termed the Glorious Revolution of 1868. It was a somewhat qualified victory for the liberal cause in Spain since the end result was to bring confusion, instability, bitterness, and finally, in 1874, the reestablishment of another Bourbon king, Isabel's son, Alfonso XII. This period, called the Restoration (Restauracion) in Spain, also reinstated the State-controlled, religiously oriented educational system which the Revolution of 1868 had attempted to change. This move and the specific action which the Minister in charge of education, Manuel de Orovio, brought against the future founder of the Institute, Francisco Giner de los Rios, would be the direct and immediate causes of the Institute's creation.
SPANISH EDUCATION: OVERVIEW
Before going into a more detailed explanation of the origins of the Institute, I think a brief look at the state of Spanish education prior to 1876 would be useful. In my opening statement, I mentioned two high points in the history of Spanish education: the medieval center of learning in Toledo and the sixteenth-century Universities of Salamanca and Alcala de Henares. Both periods were characterized by a high enthusiasm for learning and considerable freedom in which to do it. In Toledo, Jews, Moors and Christians collaborated together in a spirit of respect and tolerance. In the first half of the sixteenth century, students and professors at Salamanca, Alcala and other universities constituted, within an amazing diversity of university modes of existence, an entity independent of the strictures and authority of the State. Yet by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, learning in Spain seemed to have ceased. For example, at the University of Salamanca, the Chair for Mathematics and Astrology -- the title speaks for itself, I think -- remained vacant for thirtyyears until it was finally filled in 1726.
What happened? In brief: The Counter-Reformation. This is obviously a great simplification of the causes of Spain's decadence in education and elsewhere. But certainly Spain's withdrawal and increasing isolation from the rest of Europe from the middle of the sixteenth century on explains in part the origins of stagnation in her schools and universities. In 1559 Philip II forbade study in foreign universities; shortly before that, he banned the importing of books from abroad. The additional power of the Inquisition to safeguard orthodoxy among Spaniards and weed out the impure and heretical elements must also be taken into account. And finally, as the historian Americo Castro has pointed out, Spaniards became reluctant to demonstrate intellectual powers and curiosity for fear of being taken for a Jew. Spanish Jews were known for their interest in intellectual matters. And nobody wanted to deal with the Inquisition.
To control the inner life and content of the universities and other schools the government stepped in so that by the nineteenth century Spanish schools, particularly the Universities, to quote Salvador Madariaga, "were more Government establishments for the granting of official diplomas" (p. 75, Spain, N.Y., 1943). He goes on to say that "in a sense all universities tend fatally to become degree factories. But in Spain ... they were nothing else."
Schooling on all levels were plagued by unimaginative, and stiff, unbending teaching, bad textbooks, long hours of routine and frequent utter boredom, and sometimes even brutalization. Memorization and recitation were the chief pedagogic tools. The first third of the last century also brought in more imitation of French manners and customs, certainly not the first instance of French influence on Spanish education. Eighteenth-century Spain had already adopted Gallic centralization of schooling. The critic Mariano Jose de Larra describes the mania of copying, badly, I might add, French mores among the Spanish middle classes and well-to-do. The narrator of "El casarse pronto y mal" writes that his sister became enamored of French customs and from then on, "bread was no longer bread (pan), nor wine, wine (vino)." "Suffice it to say," continues Larra in this ironic vein,
that my sister adopted the ideas of the period; but as this second education was as shallow and superficial as the first (her Spanish upbringing), and as that weak segment of humanity never knows how not to go to extremes, she suddenly jumped from the Christian Year of Our Lord 18__ to the era of Pigault Lebrun (a frivolous, sometimes scandalous French novelist) and left off going to Mass and devotions, without knowing in the least why she did so, why she used to go in the first place. She said that her son could be educated in whatever manner it suited him; that he could read without order or method whatever books fell into his hands; and God knows what other things she said about ignorance and fanaticism, reason and enlightenment, adding that religion was a social contract into which only idiots entered in good faith and that the boy didn't need religion to be good; that the terms, father and mother (padre y madre) were lower-class, and that one should treat one's papa and mama familiarly with the tu form of address because there is no friendship like that which unites parents to their children. (Articulos de Costumbres, Madrid, 1965).
A writer of a later period, Jose Maria de Pereda retains this image of his school days in the 1840's:
The chill of death, the obscurity of a dungeon, the stench of grottoes, the unhappiness, affliction and pain of torture permeated the classroom ... Virgil and Dante, so clever in depicting hell and torment, would have been at wit's end to describe those images of school which are engraved in my memory for the rest of my life ... I believed myself cut off from the refuge of my family and the protection of the State; I heard the swish of the cane and the complaints of the victims, and the lessons were very long, and there were no excuses for not knowing them; and not knowing them meant caning and mockery, which also hurt; and confinement, fisticuffs, whipping, and the ignominy of all these things. Who is the brave soul who could truly paint such scenes if the worst of it was what the spirit felt and not what the eyes saw or the flesh suffered? (Esbozos y rasgunos, "Mas reminiscencias," Obras completas, v. 1, Madrid, 1959, p. 1226).
He then goes on to say that "one had to know the lesson literally (al pie de la letra"), word for word. One misplaced word, one substitute, was enough to merit punishment." (p. 1226). Why, one asks, was this so? Pereda explains that the professor "taught the way he had been taught: by blows. Little by little the habit became part of his nature. The want of intellect, the extreme devotion to the profession, the traditions of the classroom and the educational system did the rest." (p. 1232).
And finally, here is the testimony of yet another writer, the novelist Benito Perez Galdos, who describes Spanish education in the 1860's:
The class lasted hours and hours ... Never was there a more repugnant nightmare, fashioned out of horrible aberrations which were called Arithmetic, Grammar or Ecclesiastical History ... Around the axis of boredom revolved such grave problems as syntax, the rule of three, the sons of Jacob, all confounded in the common hue of pain, all tinted with loathing ... (El Doctor Centeno, Obras completas, v. 4, Madrid, p. 1319).
Pereda was a conservative, Galdos a liberal -- yet both concur that the Spanish educational system was wretched. Thus, when liberals and progressives took control in 1868, one of their first priorities was educational reform. They declared, first of all, the principle of freedom of education and teaching. The instability and factionalism of the liberal regime, however, precluded any lasting reforms in education. The conservative return to power in 1874 reestablished the right of the State to dictate to schools the textbooks to be used and the curriculum to be followed. In addition, Orovio, the Minister in charge of education, sent out to the Directors (or Rectores) of the Universities a circular in which he recommended that no religious doctrines inimical to those held by the State be taught and that no political ideas be expressed to the detriment of the king's person or the constitutional monarchy then in power. The circular also stated that action would be taken against any professor who so indulges in such political or religious meditations -- i.e., expulsion from the University. The Minister's recommendations were no mere recommendations.
The result of all this was the removal of several professors from their faculty chairs. Among them was the future founder of the Institute, Francisco Giner de los Rios. For not adhering to the State's demands, he was arrested in March 1875, at 4:00 in the morning, and spent four months confinement until he was finally expelled from the University.
The principle in question was clearly one of academic freedom. The State, however, saw the "university question" ("cuestion universitaria") from another angle: that is, the University and its Faculties were no more than instruments of the government's policies and, therefore, were obligated to conform to the State's instructions and directives. The professors were, in effect, civil servants (and still are today).
This, then, is the historical and educational background to the founding of the Institucion Libre de Ensenanza, the Institute, in 1876.
THE INSTITUCION LIBRE DE ENSENANZA
Perhaps the most significant point to be made about the Institute's existence is the profound and far-reaching, if diffuse, influence of its founder, Francisco Giner de los Rios, a professor of philosophy of law at the University of Madrid. It was largely Don Francisco's attractive and vibrant personality which held the Institute together and proved to be the Prime Mover of the school. All the accounts of Don Francisco by friends, former students, disciplines, and fellow professors stress the very personal and individual effect of the man. This is not to deny the cogency of his ideas and methods of teaching but simply to make clear that, with Don Francisco, abstractions were made concrete in his very person; that is, through him and his relations with men and women, he incarnated his own beliefs. One friend had this to say about him as a teacher at the time of his death in 1915:
What was the secret of his teaching? Did he reveal anything new? Or was it that everything was transformed at the touch of his powerful creative imagination?
The secret lay as much in the form as in the substance.
As a teacher, he brought us something that was the complete opposite of the old methods; and he discouraged the craze for oratory which has been so damaging to education in Spain. In his lectures at the University or at the Institution, he only aimed at one thing: to shake the pupil out of his torpor, stir him up to independent investigation, to working the thing out by himself; and above all he recommended games, art, the country.
As an educationist he created a complete system of social education, which had for its axis the child, the citizen, the man as he would like to see him, healthy in mind and body, and working for a Spain that was strong and dignified and which must one day rise again. (J.B. Trend, Origins of Modern Spain, N.Y. 1934, p. 99).
Or as another writer put it: "He gave us our conception of the universe and of the way to peel an orange." (p. 103).
What was Don Francisco's creation, the Institute, like and what were its educational and philosophical origins? How did Don Francisco and his disciples "make men," "hacer hombres," the overriding goal of the Institute? As J.B. Trend, Rafael Altamira, and others have noted, Don Francisco Giner believed that the most pressing problem of Spain was the problem of education. He, like the literary Generation of 1898, was obsessed -- and rightly so -- with the question of Spain's decadence, and the vital necessity for her regeneration. And he took the now classic position of the nineteenth-century liberal that through education lay the country's revitalization. It must be clearly understood that Don Francisco's efforts were those of a minority and directed toward a minority. It was not mass education, although the effects of the Institute certainly were to reach public education throughout Spain in the twentieth century.
First and most important, the Institute was created as a private institution, independent of both Church and State. I don't think it is necessary to do more than mention here the historic interdependence of Church and State in Spain. The credo of the Institute, which appeared regularly on the masthead of its publication, the Bulletin of the Free Institute of Education (El Boletin de la Institucion Libre de Ensenanza) was as follows:
The Free Institute of Education is completely opposed to religious, philosophical and political sectarianism, proclaiming only the principle of liberty and the inviolability of science and the concomitant independence of scientific research and explanation, with regard to any other authority than that of the conscience itself of the Professor, who is alone responsible for his ideas. (cited by A. Jimenez-Landi, "Don Francisco Giner de los Rios y la Institucion Libre de Ensenanza," Revista Hispanica Moderna, v. 25, nos. 1, 2, 1959, p. 16).
Because Spain's educational history had been one of bickering and divisiveness between the demands of the State and the private sector, and conflict between the precepts of the Church and needs of Science, with Religion usually dominating over Science, Don Francisco abhorred dogmatic, closed positions. He fervently believed in tolerance. It was not, however, mere intellectual benevolence which motivated Don Francisco. Rather, it was an ethical, moral stance, a way of life, which he wanted to instill in his pupils, the "Institutionists."
A follower of Giner de los Rios, Jose Castillejo, has written that, for Don Francisco, "the two greatest forces in education are: the personality of the teacher and the social atmosphere and surroundings of the school" (Wars of Ideas in Spain, London, 1937, p. 97). We have already seen in the magnetic power of Don Francisco's teaching itself the importance of the teacher's personality. What about the ambience of the school?
Here, one sees right away to what extent Don Francisco and his disciples felt compelled to move away from the current, i.e., antiquated and rigid teaching methods and atmosphere of both public and private schools in Spain. First, the classroom should be informal, akin to familial surroundings. The teacher should not merely dictate or lecture, but rather converse, using whatever approach or combination of approaches worked best, starting with the Socratic dialogue. No one method was to be used, to the exclusion of all others. The teacher was a guide, the pupils a family. A small family. Classes were to be kept small. And coeducational (Primary and secondary education in Spain today is not coeducational.) Cordiality and the spirit of discovery were the key words at the Institute. Don Francisco aimed at dispelling not only the fear and horror of school, such as we have seen in Pereda's reminiscences, but the passivity with which most students received their education.
The original intent of the Institute was to create an alternative to the higher education of official Spain, but the desire was not to be met. It was quickly found to be beyond the resources of the Institute which suffered from chronic insufficiency of funds from its inception. Instead, the school evolved into an institution of primary and secondary education. Since most students entering a Spanish university were ill-prepared to meet its demands, the "Institutionists" felt that a solid intellectual, moral, physical and spiritual background given in the primary and secondary levels of education was an a priori necessity.
What was taught at the Institute besides the traditional subjects required by the State ___ curriculum included Anthropology, Technology, Social Sciences, Economics, Art, Drawing, Singing, and Handwork. Most of these subjects were generally neglected in State and Church-run schools of the period.
Most remembered and most significant are the innovations carried out in the arts and in physical education, and the frequent excursions. First, art. "Institutionists," for the most part, tried to avoid systematic and highly structured courses in art and art history. Instead, they emphasized such activities as excursions to historical monuments and places and visits to museums. Such an unorthodox procedure was unheard-of in nineteenth-century Spain. Rather than mere lessons, the Institute stressed the actual, vivid experiencing of art as much as possible. Like the literary generation of 1898, they also, in a sense, rediscovered Spain's cultural heritage, by extolling the value of Spanish folklore, architecture and painting. It was, for example, a disciple of Don Francisco, Manuel de Cossio, who rediscovered the forgotten and neglected El Greco for Spaniards and the rest of the world.
One of the most delightful illustrations of the Institute's approach to art is to be found in Don Francisco's essay on "Spontaneous Criticism by Children of the Fine Arts." In it he describes how a group of children of twelve and fourteen years of age, conducted by him one day to a museum, learned to form their own artistic sensibilities and judgments by comparing two pieces of sculpture, one by Donatello and the other by Lucas de la Robbia. On this occasion, Don Francisco did not even attempt to point out the obvious differences in style, expression and composition in the two sculptures. He simply let the children use their own powers of observation, uninfluenced by any previous explanations or prejudices. Thus, through observation, they were able to define the work.
The second and more difficult problem, says Don Francisco, was one of judgment. Which was the better sculpture? "I discovered," he writes, "a very curious phenomenon: there was a unanimous explosion in favor of Lucas de la Robbia. They stumbled over their words in their rush to tell me that from the very first de la Robbia had seemed to them so superior that they could scarcely understand why there should be any doubt; that sweetness, that mystical expression, that softness, that elegance, that repose. How could anyone compare this divine object with the coarse rawness and the hard, unbecoming and massive forms of Donatello? Why, it was almost a caricature of a sculpture! 'And Donatello is a sculptor with a great reputation!' they told me, almost aggressively. You can imagine how I resisted giving them the least sign of disagreement with this vehemently-held point of view, nor did I even invite them to study more carefully both works before pronouncing an opinion. Showing nothing but the most rigorous neutrality and even indifference, I began to look around rather distractedly, now at one piece, now at another. They did the same. After a little while, and spontaneously, there occurred a certain attenuation in the crudeness of their first judgment: 'No, I wouldn't say that it was exactly grotesque (in Spanish, 'un mamarracho').' 'There's a certain strength; the composition has a certain vigor.' 'If you put the piece in the right place, it wouldn't seem so bulky, so massive ...' And then: 'You know, if you really look hard at these things of Donatello, they're very manly; de la Robbia seems a little effeminate,' etc., etc. Finally, why prolong it? The gradual reversal of opinion in favor of Donatello reached the point of one child saying: 'There must be other works of Lucas de la Robbia which deserve his fame.' And it was precisely the very boy who had first placed in doubt the merits of Donatello's own reputation." ("Antologia," Revista Hispanica Moderna, v. 25, nos, 1, 2, 1959, pp. 132-133).
A second innovation which I mentioned before was the approach to physical education. Rather than the routine and boredom of calisthenics, directed toward a military goal of physical competence, the Institute stressed games, games which were to form character. The use of games as an ethical force is, of course, an educational practice borrowed from the public schools of England. Anyone who has read Kipling's Stalky and Company or the early school novels of P. G. Wodehouse will have a good idea of what I am referring to.
But, for Don Francisco, playing cricket and football also signified that the whole person was being educated. Intellectual formation alone was lopsided. To provide an integral education required an awareness and use of one's own body. Mere discreet walks, in carefully monitored lines, which was the usual practice and extent of physical exercise in other schools, were simply inadequate.
The third point of the Institute's educational program were the excursions out to the countryside. This also was unheard-of in the last century of Spain. Long walks and mountain climbing simply were not done. In Don Francisco's time, people shut all their windows tight, never letting in fresh air; they frequented taverns and cafes, and sometimes strolled casually at night for a short walk along a busy thoroughfare, but almost never thought exploring the countryside an exhilarating occupation. Again, like the Generation of 1898, Don Francisco and his Institute discovered the Spanish countryside. Before that, almost no one seems to have appreciated it. Realist novelists, for example, rarely describe Nature; even the Spanish Romanticists evidence little sensitivity toward Nature.
The idea, which was brought back from Paris in 1878 by one of the Institute's professors, was, like the introduction of games, imported from abroad and adapted to Spanish circumstances. Excursions developed the intellectual and physical capabilities of the pupil; more important, for Don Francisco, they allowed one to enter into communion with Nature, to feel oneself as part of a Whole.
I would like to touch briefly on two other aspects of the Institute's educational program; the use of textbooks and examinations. Don Francisco discouraged the use of textbooks; to a great extent, he did so as a reaction to the wretched official textbooks forced on students at State-and Church-run schools. Instead, he preferred the creation of student notebooks which reflected the child's own judgments and synthesis of the material, and which were carefully checked and read by the teachers. Likewise, Don Francisco felt that examinations brought mostly negative results. Examinations in other schools were simply the means to acquire a degree; and stressed only the student's ability to memorize and to repeat exactly what the Professor dictated in class.
Respect for the freedom of the child is at the heart of the Institute's teaching. The intuitive method in education, which goes back to Jacques Rousseau, by way of Froebel and Pestalozzi, was practiced by the Institute. This meant the substitution of restraint, obligation, and mechanical behavior by personal effort, spontaneity, and school work which had become ___ and attractive.
These then, were the main points of the Institute's program. It should be noted that the educational reform undertaken by the Institute was not the first instance of attempts to improve education in Spain; and that the Institute's pedagogy depended, to a large extent, on influences from abroad which were modified to suit the Spanish temperament. The pedagogical efforts of [Gaspar Melchor de] Jovellanos in the eighteenth century and the short-lived Pestalozzian schools of the early nineteenth are but two examples of such attempts at educational improvement in Spain. With regard to the Institute's educational philosophy, we have already seen that the "Institutionists" borrowed from both England and France. And a survey of the Institute's publications reveals that Don Francisco and his colleagues were quite aware of the pedagogical approaches of Pestalozzi and Froebel.
But perhaps the most significant, if somewhat vague, influence on the Institute is derived from the importation of the ideas of an obscure, second-rate German philosopher by name of Christian Friedrich Krause by a then equally obscure Spanish professor, Julian Sanz del Rio. This is not the place to examine the abstruse metaphysics of Krause or of Sanz del Reio's adaptation of it, but simply to state that Sanz del Rio's profoundly ethical work, Humanity's Ideal for Life strongly influenced Francisco Giner de los Rios and many other Spanish intellectuals who, during the 1860's and 70's, called themselves Krausistas. The Krausist tendency and ideal to create a world increasingly more unified, harmonious and complete is translated in pedagogical terms into the attempt to reconcile all the faculties of the human being, to develop the whole personality of the individual so that he or she might cultivate not only an artistic taste and sensibility, but a technical preparation, spiritual elevation, and an austere, moral sense of life.
Despite the criticisms leveled against Don Francisco and his Institute of being anti-religious, the Institute did inculcate a spiritual leaning in its students without favoring any particular orthodox religious belief. Don Francisco himself was a boliovor. Jose Castillejo writes that "Ginor ... following Sanz del Rio, believed that schools need a religious spirit, to lift up the minds of children towards a universal order of the world, a supreme ideal of life and a harmony among men and between humanity and Nature. Without that spirit education is dead and dry" (Wars of Ideas in Spain, p. 100). One could say, in brief, that the whole of the Institute's education, the entire atmosphere of the Institute, was permeated with this spiritualization of man and the universe.
It does not take too much imagination to see that the Institute would not be without enemies. The ideological dichotomy between left and right, progressive and traditionalist, in Spain immediately polarized the significance of the Institute. It was the product of the Devil for some; the only hope and salvation in Spain for others. The Institute itself fell, one more victim, to the ravages of Spain's Civil War in 1936. Yet, looked at dispassionately, the Institute's openness to ideas and influences from the rest of Europe, its undogmatic approach to education and to life itself, could not help but bring a breath of fresh air to the closed and narrow society of nineteenth-century Spain. If it perhaps erred too much in the direction of intellectual anarchy and placed too much confidence in the innate goodness of man, the Institute's efforts at raising the moral and intellectual level of Spaniards became an all-pervasive influence in many institutions, both public and private, in government circles, in business. The Institute was "much more than a school." It was an atmosphere of intellectual and moral enlightenment; and a belief in the regeneration of Spain. | <urn:uuid:df3439e0-db77-4b79-9f38-5a9f9dd9fe4b> | 2013-05-18T05:18:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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About this page and these names
This page is part of Names Directory. The purpose of this page is
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gender/thematic/language/genealogy/babynames meaning check | <urn:uuid:6d94e38f-d643-4d26-817e-cfbfbc4a533b> | 2013-05-18T06:00:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I was born on the stroke of twelve, between the 30th and 31st of July, 1751. To some I am the foremost keyboard player in Europe but to others, I am the overlooked sister of a genius. The matter is complicated. I write music for the bottom drawer while living in Salzburg with my dear Mama. Papa is in Rome with Wolfie to enshrine my brother's talents and in the year, 1770, I am destined for marriage, not a career. Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia Mozart - Nannerl for short. | <urn:uuid:8b9285ce-bdbc-40a2-bda6-78c06eb71d4b> | 2013-05-18T04:55:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Long March 4C launches Yaogan Weixing-16 spy satellite for China
Following the postponement of the Zhongxing-12 (ChinaSat) communications satellite launch, the Chinese kept up their impressive launch pace with the lofting of the Yaogan Weixing-16 satellite by a Long March (Chang Zheng) 4C rocket on Sunday. The launch took place at 4:06am UTC from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.
Chinese media refer to the new satellite as a new remote sensing bird that will be used for scientific experiments, land survey, crop yield assessment, and disaster monitoring. As was the case with previous launches of the Yaogan Weixing series, western analysts believe this class of satellites is being used for military purposes.
In particular this mission is similar to the Yaogan Weixing-9, with three satellites flying in formation in a type of NOSS system. Being similar to the YG-9 mission, the triplet comprises an electro-optical surveillance satellite, an synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite, and possibly a electronic/signal intelligence satellite.
Designed for location and tracking of foreign warships, the satellites will collect optical and radio electronic signatures of the maritime vessels that will be used in conjunction with other information valuable for the Chinese maritime forces.
This was the 172nd successful Chinese orbital launch, the 172nd launch of a Chang Zheng launch vehicle, the 55th successful orbital launch from Jiuquan and the fourth from Taiyuan this year. It was also the 17th successful orbital Chinese launch in 2012.
Looking back to the Yaogan Weixing launch series:
The first Yaogan Weixing satellite (29092 2006-015A) was launched by a Chang Zheng-4C (Y1) from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center on April 27, 2006. Developed by Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST), the details about this satellite were closely guarded, but later it was said that this was the first Jianbing-5 satellite, equipped with the first space-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
The second satellite on the series, the Yaogan Weixing-2 (31490 2007-019A), was launched on 25 May, 2007, by a Chang Zheng-2D (Y8) from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. Details were also restricted, though it is claimed that this spacecraft is an electro-optical military observation satellite also known as JB-6 Jianbing-6, complementing the results of the Yaogan Weixing-1.
Another SAR mission similar to Yaogan-1 was launched on November 11, 2007 – with the Yaogan Weixing-3 (32289 2007-055A) satellite orbited by a Chang Zheng-4C (Y3) launch vehicle from Taiyuan.
Yaogan Weixing-4 (33446 2008-061A) was then launched on December 1, 2008. This was the second electro-optical satellite on the series and was launched by a Chang Zheng-2D (Y9) from Jiuquan.
Other satellite in the Jianbing-6 series were Yaogan Wexing-7 (36110 2009-069A), launched on December 9, 2009 from Jiuquan by a Chang Zheng-2D (Y10), and Yaogan Weixing-11 (37165 2010-047A) launched on September 22, 2010, by the Chang Zheng-2D (Y11) launch vehicle from Jiuquan.
The first second-generation electro-optical reconnaissance satellite developed by CAST, Yaogan Weixing-5 (33456 2008-064A), was launched on December 15, 2008. The launch took place from Taiyuan by the Chang Zheng-4B (Y20) rocket.
Yaogan Weixing-12 (37875 2011-066B) was other second-generation electro-optical reconnaissance satellite, launched on November 11, 2011, by the Chang Zheng-4B (Y21) launch vehicle from Taiyuan.
Yaogan Weixing-6 (34839 2009-021A), launched by a Chang Zheng-2C-III (Y19) from Taiyuan on April 22, 2009, was a second-generation SAR satellite developed by SAST, having a spatial resolution of 1.5m.
Other second-generation SAR satellites were the Yaogan Weixing-10 (36834 2010-038A) launch on August 9, 2010, by the Chang Zheng-4C (Y6) launch vehicle from Taiyuan; and the Yaogan Weixing-13 (37941 2011-072A) launch on November 29, 2011, by the Chang Zheng-2C (Y20) launch vehicle from Taiyuan.
The Yaogan Weixing-8 (36121 2009-072A), launched on December 15, 2009, by the CZ-4C (Y4) from Taiyuan was a new generation of optical reconnaissance satellite. Similar to the Yaogan-8 was the mission of Yaogan Weixing-14 launched on May 10th, 2012 by the Chang Zheng-4B (Y12) from Taiyuan.
The YaoGan Weixing-9 mission, launched March 5, 2010 from Jiuquan, had an architecture different from the previous missions on the series. Launched by Chang Zheng-4C (Y5) rocket, the mission put not one but a triplet of satellites in Earth orbit. Flying in formation this three satellites form what looks like a type of NOSS system.
The Yaogan Wrinxing-15 was a optical reconnaissance satellite launched on May 29, 2012 by the Chang Zheng-4C (Y10) from Taiyuan. The launch used a Long March 4C (Chang Zheng-4C) launch vehicle, an optimized version of the Long March 4B (Chang Zheng-4B), using an upper stae with restart capability and a new interstage adapter between the first and second stages. This vehicle also used a 3.35m diameter fairing for the Yaogan 15 ride uphill.
Launch Vehicle and Launch Site:
With its main commonality matched to the Long March 4B, the first stage has a 24.65 meter length with a 3.35 meter diameter, consuming 183,340 kg of N2O4/UDMH (gross mass of first stage is 193.330 kg).
The vehicle is equipped with a YF-21B engine capable of a ground thrust of 2,971 kN and a ground specific impulse of 2,550 Ns/kg. The second stage has a 10.40 meter length with a 3.35 meter diameter and 38,326 kg, consuming 35,374 kg of N2O4/UDMH.
It includes a YF-22B main engine capable of a vacuum thrust of 742 kN and four YF-23B vernier engines with a vacuum thrust of 47.1 kN (specific impulses of 2,922 Ns/kg and 2,834 Ns/kg, respectively).
The third stage has a 4.93 meter length with a 2.9 meter diameter, consuming 12,814 kg of N2O4/UDMH. Having a gross mass of 14,560 kg, it is equipped with a YF-40 engine capable of a vacuum thrust of 100.8 kN and a specific impulse in vacuum of 2,971 Ns/kg.
The Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, in Ejin-Banner – a county in Alashan League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region – was the first Chinese satellite launch center and is also known as the Shuang Cheng Tze launch center.
The site includes a Technical Centre, two Launch Complexes, Mission Command and Control Centre, Launch Control Centre, propellant fuelling systems, tracking and communication systems, gas supply systems, weather forecast systems, and logistic support systems.
Jiuquan was originally used to launch scientific and recoverable satellites into medium or low earth orbits at high inclinations. It is also the place from where all the Chinese manned missions are launched.
Presently, only the LC-43 launch complex, also known by South Launch Site (SLS) is in use. This launch complex is equipped with two launch pads: 921 and 603. Launch pad 921 is used for the manned program for the launch of the Chang Zheng-2F launch vehicle (Shenzhou and Tiangong). The 603 launch pad is used for unmanned orbital launches by the Chang Zheng-2C, Chang Zheng-2D and Chang Zheng-2C launch vehicles.
The first orbital launch took place on April 24, 1970 when the CZ-1 Chang Zheng-1 (CZ1-1) rocket launched the first Chinese satellite, the Dongfanghong-1 (04382 1970-034A).
(Images via Chinanews.cn, Twitter and Unknown Public Domain Source). | <urn:uuid:d5bf134f-fe03-4b0b-a246-24e9e266a75c> | 2013-05-18T07:13:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Henze, Hans Werner
Hans Werner Henze was among the most prolific and successful of contemporary German composers. His systematic study of music only began after the war, with Wolfgang Fortner, and later with visits to Darmstadt and absorption of serial technique, to be used with great originality in a musical language that was also influenced by Stravinsky. In 1953 he moved to Italy, and gradually developed his leaning towards the political New Left, reflected in some of his music and choices of texts and themes. His festival activities at Montepulciano and his involvement with the Munich Biennale, among other things, enabled him to exercise a strong influence on the course and promotion of contemporary music. In Italy he had eventually settled in a villa near Rome, where he lived with his partner Fausto Moroni, who helped him recover from a serious illness but died himself in 2007, to be remembered in Henze’s Elogium Musicum, a work for chorus and orchestra.
Henze’s immensely successful operas range from the 1951 Kafka radio opera, with its Trakl settings, Der Landarzt (The Country Doctor) to König Hirsch (King Stag), the Kleist Prinz von Homburg, Elegy for Young Lovers, with a libretto by WH Auden and Chester Kallmann, Der junge Lord (The Young Lord), based on a tale by Wilhelm Hauff, The Bassarids, with Auden and Kallmann, based on Euripides, and We Come to the River and The English Cat, with texts by Edward Bond. Der verratene Meer (Treacherous Oceans), based on Yukio Mishima’s Gogo no eiko, translated as The Sailor who fell out of Grace with the Sea, had its première in 1990, to be followed by Venus and Adonis, a fifteenth opera L’Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe (The Hoopoe and The Triumph of Filial Love), an Arabian fairy-tale, and, in 2007, Phaedra, a reworking of the tragedy of Phaedra and her stepson Hippolytus. Henze also provided music for a series of ballets and incidental music for the cinema and the theatre. His work continued with the opera Gisela! or the Strange and Memorable Ways of Happiness, staged in 2010, after the first performance earlier in the same year of Immolazione (Sacrifice), based on Franz Werfel’s long poem Das Opfer.
An exceptionally wide range of orchestral music includes ten symphonies, with a seventh drawing on Hölderlin and an eighth on Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Henze has written concertos for piano, for violin and, for Gary Karr, a double bass concerto, as well as a double concerto for oboe and harp for Heinz and Ursula Holliger.
Chamber & Instrumental Music
In addition to his string quartets Henze has written music for a variety of ensembles, including sonatas for violin, for viola and for flute and piano. Music for solo instruments includes the useful Lucy Escott Variations for harpsichord, works for various solo instruments, for violin, double bass, cello, marimba and trumpet, as well as a set of pieces for solo guitar, These last include his two Royal Winter Music, with movements based on characters from Shakespeare.
Vocal & Choral Music
Vocal and choral music by Henze is equally varied and remarkable, with Novae de infinito laudes (New Praises of the Infinite) with a text from Giordano Bruno, the Virgilian Muses of Sicily and the controversial Das Floss der ‘Medusa’ (The Raft of the Medusa), as well as the revolutionary El Cimarrón (The Fugitive).
|Box Set Release||Catalogue Number|
|GLASS Of Beauty and Light (US Version)||Naxos|
|PÄRT The Silence of Being||Naxos| | <urn:uuid:982238a0-0760-4dcc-a4ab-2261910f5318> | 2013-05-18T07:13:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Neighborhood fire stations could be getting quiet in San Francisco -- as in less firefighters -- if a wage dispute isn't resolved soon, the fire department's chief warns.
San Francisco's $306 million budget deficit can be closed only if the firefighters union agrees to give back $9 million in salary, according to the San Francisco Examiner. But that hasn't happened yet, and must happen by July 1 if fire stations aren't going to see reduced service, warned fire chief Joanne Hayes-White.
"Potential brownouts" -- where fire stations close entirely for periods of time -- could happen, she warned.
Stations on Powell Street, at Turk and Webster streets, and in the Richmond and Mission districts could close or reduce service, according to Hayes-White.
The labor discussions with the union are ongoing and could be resolved this week. If not, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors will have to make a budget decision if fire services aren't to be reduced. | <urn:uuid:300d9642-cf89-4950-a586-81ed0da7cea2> | 2013-05-18T06:21:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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She is cunning - the black widow - deceitful, as she weaves her deadly web. Only the sharpest eye could spot the fault, the clue, the dangling thread. Though, if that thread were ever pulled, what a frightful unravelling might ensue....
Los Angeles. 1998. March 18th. Evening. The home: a comfortable tract house in the town of Northridge. San Fernando Valley. The TV was on. There was a man on the couch in the living room. A door opened.
The spider's sticky trap was sprung.
911Operator: "9-1-1 emergency operator #682."
DianeBates: "YES,THERE'S A MURDER HERE! I DON'T KNOW WHAT HAPPENED!"
911Operator:"Okay ma'am, what happened?"
DianeBates:"I don't know! It's my son-in-law!"
The call was from the mother in law, back from a night at the movies.
DianeBates: "It's a gunshot! He's bleeding!"
Diane Bates was distraught. It was she who discovered Joel Shanbrom, sprawled on the couch. Dead.
911Operator: "Got shot by a gun?"
DianeBates: "He's dead, I think!"
Detective Brian McCartin: He was shot in the head three times.
Keith Morrison: They weren't foolin' around.
Detective Brian McCartin: No, whoever shot him, they wanted him dead.
Veteran LAPD detective Brian McCartin arrived to find a house ransacked.
Detective Brian McCartin: At quick glance, it looks like it was a home invasion robbery. So that was the first thing going through our minds.
Home invasion? And then, another shocking discovery. There was a witness! Still in the house! Joel's wife Jennifer was where she almost always was about that time in the evening...an upstairs bathroom, bathing their three-year-old, Jacob.
Detective Brian McCartin: As she gave him a bath, she heard some voices and some noise. And she heard what she thought sounded like someone confronting her husband. And then all of a sudden the shots rang out.
And so, said Jennifer, she scooped up Jacob from the tub and rushed down the hall to hide in the master bedroom shower.
Detective Brian McCartin: She said she heard some voices, and she heard people come upstairs. She thought multiple people.
Keith Morrison: So, maybe these were the robbers?
Detective Brian McCartin: She thought, "Now they're going through the upstairs." And she heard drawers opening, noise banging, drawers falling onto the floor. And then all of a sudden-- she said the next thing she heard were the police knockin' on the bathroom door.
So terrified was Jennifer that cops had to slide their badges under the door to coax her out. Her story supported what happened. A ransacking upstairs. A violent shooting downstairs.
But then investigators learned something else that might also explain what happened... Joel Shanbrom was a police officer.
Detective Brian McCartin: Maybe it was job-related. That was an avenue we had to look at also. Maybe he arrested somebody that was angry enough to do this to him.
Joel had been an officer for the LA School District for five years. And one of it's most popular.
Officer Russ Orlando: Joel and I just hit it off. And, he was like the brother i never had.
Russ Orlando went through training with Joel. They were close friends.
Officer Russ Orlando: I never saw Joel upset. I never saw him have a harsh word.
Keith Morrison: A gentle guy?
Officer Russ Orlando: Very gentle, but firm and would take action when he needed to.
Joel's sister Karen.
Karen Shanbrom, sister: Joey was the kind of guy that would light up a room.
Karen Shanbrom: He didn't get upset. Wasn't confrontational. And things would just roll off him like water off a duck's back.
He was the baby of the Shanbrom family's four kids. He served in the Navy after high school. And then came back home and fell for a sweet, perky blond, named Jennifer Fisher. Met her rollerskating.
She was five years younger than he was. But it was love: her very first love. And though Joel worried that she might someday want to sow her wild oats after all. Jennifer seemed to know just what she wanted. She was just 21 when they married. But eager to settle down. And life seemed to be just the way it was supposed to be.
Karen Shanbrom: You know he had a home. He had a wife. He had a baby. He had a career that he liked.
How sudden it was. Whatever the cause” targeted as a cop, or robbed and killed by chance... The end was ugly.
Karen Shanbrom: I remember when my mother told me, somebody killed our Joey. I felt like I had lost my right arm and my right leg. I felt like they were gone. I felt like I had body parts missing because part of me was gone.
All night long, that first night, the cops combed the Shanbrom's house. A visibly shaken Jennifer was taken to the nearby police station to provide what information she could in the hope that it might lead to whoever executed her popular husband.
Detective Brian McCartin:Obviously, he's a police officer. We actually get more pressure from his agency and our agency. And-- but I'm still gonna put as much effort into that case as I would any case.
But for the moment Detective McCartin didn't have much to go on... Except, perhaps, for a small discovery near Joel's body: tiny pellets suggesting he was killed by a small gauge shotgun, normally used for sport hunting.
A clue, possibly?
And then, a few days later - it was at Joel's funeral, of all places - a loose thread caught the detective's attention, like a spider web glinting in the sun.
If he pulled that thread would it tell him who killed officer Joel Shanbrom...and why?
The morning after, LAPD Detectives investigating the brutal murder of fellow officer Joel Shanbrom spent the entire night extracting clues from the chaos of the crime scene:
Detective Brian McCartin: We believed maybe we were lookin' at a home invasion robbery, and that was from her story.
"Her" was Jennifer Shanbrom, Joel's wife. She told police what she heard as she hid, terrified, in that upstairs bathroom.
Jennifer Shanbrom:"Well, at first I thought it was just the TV, but I think I heard Joel say, 'I'm a cop' or 'I'm a police officer."
Detective: "Then you heard a shot?"
Jennifer Shanbrom: "I think i heard the next gun shot and it was at that point that I realized I'm dead meat."
Detective Brian McCartin: She said she ran into the master bathroom in a panic because she thought she was gonna be the next victim of these robbers.
It struck detectives as important that Jennifer told them she heard her husband confront the killers downstairs... just before she heard the gunshots. So McCartin looked carefully at that scene down in the living room. And imagined what may have happened there the night before.
Detective Brian McCartin: If you're confronted by people, intruders in your home, you're on the couch. You're gonna be up, tryin' to defend-- get ready-- you might have to just move or do something to-- you know, to fend off an attack.
But here's where the evidence didn't seem to fit quite right. For one thing, said McCartin, a policeman at home, out of uniform, would never reveal he was a cop for fear of making a bad situation worse. And besides, if Joel had been shot while confronting his attackers, there should have been blood spatter everywhere. But there wasn't. There was lots of blood, of course. But only on the couch.
Detective Brian McCartin: In my opinion he was shot while he was sleepin' on the couch. He was on the couch the entire time.
Keith Morrison: It was more, what? An execution-style killing?
Detective Brian McCartin: That's what I believe, yes.
There was something else about the place that bothered him, too.
Sure, it was ransacked.. But there was no rhyme or reason to it. Why would the robbers turn the baby's bedroom upside down? What could they possibly have wanted in there?
Detective Brian McCartin: We realized that-- it couldn't have been a home invasion robbery.
Jennifer must have been mistaken. Maybe, up there in that bathroom shower stall, guarding a baby, terrified, she simply misinterpreted what was going on.
After all, as detectives had long since learned...
MarkSaffarick: There's a flow to crimes. There's a crime flow. Everything makes sense. Everything happens in a sequence, it happens in time, a time sequence, it happens in a chronology sequence. But you get crimes where-- that doesn't make sense. And that's where I can come in.
Mark Saffarick is a former FBI special agent who consulted on the case. He's an expert on analyzing crime scenes, especially ones that appear... staged.
MarkSaffarick: When you see a staged homicide, you start to recognize that-- there's just too much going on. It's just too much activity. Like they really want you to believe that someone was in here stealing stuff and searching. But you don't have anything taken.
Keith Morrison: No jewelry?
MarkSaffarick: Nothing's taken.
Keith Morrison: No weapons, no money?
MarkSaffarick: Nothing. Except the murder weapon.
And that murder weapon, as revealed by the pellets, was a sport weapon, an unusual type of shotgun.
Detective Brian McCartin: And-- so all these little bits and pieces together, we started to think. And that-- that doesn't sound right.
Detective Brian McCartin: When I take on any murder, you start from the closest people to the victim. Ninety-something percent of all murders are committed by friends, relatives or acquaintances of the victim. So, obviously the first one is the-- is the wife.
Though it had to be said: petite, pretty Jennifer Shanbrom, now a 28-year-old widow, was nobody's idea of a murderess.
Still. Maybe she knew something - or someone - that she wasn't revealing? Or... was afraid to reveal.
Detective Brian McCartin: Within that 24 hours, we had our surveillance unit, we decided, let's tail Jennifer, see where she's going, see who she's meeting.
And - this was odd - and also a little unusual for a grieving widow:
Detective Brian McCartin: She was every day-- almost every minute of the day was with Matt. wherever she went, Matt was with her.
Matt? Who was Matt?
He was Matthew Fletcher, a family friend, who had gotten Jennifer and Joel involved in his financial services business. Now he was apparently helping Jennifer deal with her loss.
Joel's sister Karen knew Matt Fletcher and had her own impression.
Karen Shanbrom: He always knew what he was gonna do. And he was always, seemed so sure of himself. Nothing was ever an issue, 'cause he just seemed to have an answer for everything.
And he seemed to be everywhere with Jennifer, including Joel's funeral, where Russ Orlando gave one of the eulogies.
Officer Russ Orlando: (Cries) "I love you, Joel."
Dozens of police officers from all over California attended, including LAPD detectives, who kept a close eye on Jennifer. After the service, Joel's friend Russ Orlando went to pay his respects.
Officer Russ Orlando: I walk up to limo. Bend my head in. Pay my respects. And she's crying. I turned around and walked away.
Finally coming to terms with her husband's death? Later, Russ encountered another observer who had a better view into the limo.
Officer Russ Orlando:She was sitting in the limo with Matt Fletcher. And she had put her hand on his knee and said, "Thank God that's over with." And then the waterworks were off.
Could it be? Was her public grief a facade? After the funeral, Joel's family held a somber gathering... But Jennifer, Matt and her family, still under the watchful eye of a plainclothes policeman, had their own funeral reception.
Karen Shanbrom: They all went back to this hotel, they did the same thing that we did. except for theirs was festive.
Keith Morrison: Festive?
Karen Shanbrom: Yeah. Theirs was festive. I understand that they had champagne delivered. To have champagne delivered?! I mean, I dunno, it doesn't make any sense. I always thought that champagne is for celebration. And who the hell would celebrate a murdered husband? Not me.
It didn't make sense. Even if Jennifer wasn't actually celebrating the death of her husband and father of her three old son.. even if it was their version of a wake... why champagne?
Was she hiding some secret knowledge about the crime? Did she know who pulled the trigger? Or why?
Detective Brian McCartin: Probably more murders are committed between husbands and wives than anybody else. Husband killin' the wife or vice-versa. It happens a lot.
So it does. But this particular murder that Detective Brian McCartin was investigating didn't quite fit the profile. The victim, Joel Shanbrom, was thought to be happily married. And his wife Jennifer, a bubbly young blond, hardly seemed the type to pull the trigger at point-blank range. Yet, her story of what happened didn't quite fit what McCartin had seen in the house. And her behavior at the funeral.. a little too cozy with that “family friend” Mathew Fletcher.
Detective Brian McCartin: There's something here. There's something not right. There's gotta be something else.
Like, for example, a motive for murder. McCartin dug into the Shanbrom's financial records. And there he found a clue.
Detective Brian McCartin: He wasn't making enough money for her. And as we learned, he at times had two or three additional jobs on top of his full-time job just to supplement their income and to keep his wife happy.
The Shanbrom's were deep in debt. Joel's $40,000 police salary wasn't coming close to cutting it, especially when it came to Jennifer's lavish lifestyle.
Officer Russ Orlando:She spent money faster than he could make.
Karen Shanbrom: Jennifer wanted the biggest house. The top of the line model. The biggest house.
Keith Morrison: Had to be the biggest?
Karen Shanbrom: Had to be the biggest, had to be the best. Whatever she had, it wasn't enough for her.
In fact, less than two years after celebrating this Christmas in their brand new home, the bank foreclosed. They were forced to move to a rental house.
But downsizing and Jennifer didn't seem to get along.
Officer Russ Orlando:She wanted more and more and more. And Joel kept working harder and harder and harder.
One of Joel's three side jobs was moonlighting as a sales rep for a financial services company.
Detective Brian McCartin: That's where the connection between Matt, Jennifer & Joel first started.
Ah yes, Matt...Matthew Fletcher. The man who seemed to know everything and be everywhere, especially when it came to Jennifer.
Detective Brian McCartin: He worked for a financial advisor type company. And he convinced them to join the company that he was with.
Keith Morrison: He was a pretty smooth guy, right?
Detective Brian McCartin: He's like a conman televangelist. I mean, he's good in a crowd. He could sell you the Brooklyn Bridge.
And he could also sell insurance; life insurance, which was part of his financial service business.
In fact,soon after meeting Joel, Fletcher sold him $500,000 of insurance, even though he already had a $314,000 policy from police department.
And there was insurance that Joel didn't even know about. Just weeks before he was killed, detectives discovered, Joel's wife Jennifer had secretly re-instated yet another policy which Joel had earlier cancelled. This one totaled $300-thousand too.
Detective Brian McCartin: The amount of insurance that the coverage had was-- was high for-- for his income. Actually three policies that amounted to about $1.2 million.
Over a million bucks in coverage for a cop making $40,000. But Jennifer and Joel had high hopes that their new business venture would soon justify all those numbers.
Detective Brian McCartin: And so his goal was to work hard at this business, financial business, and eventually quit the department and go full-time.
But in the months before the murder it was Jennifer who seemed to be working full time with Matt Fletcher. And apparently it wasn't all business.
Karen Shanbrom: I started to suspect that they were having an affair.
Keith Morrison: Just by the way they were behaving together?
Karen Shanbrom: I don't even know how to put it into words. But you know when somebody's havin' sex and you know when they're not. There's just somethin' there.
Now under surveillance and possibly implicated in a murder, Matt and Jen maintained they were just "friends. But their pagers told a very different story.
Detective Brian McCartin: They were sending codes back and forth to each other on their pager. "I love you. I miss you. I want you." And this was all within the first week of the murder.
The more digging detectives did, the more Joel's murder looked like an inside job.
Detective Brian McCartin: Jennifer-- what we learned from her father and from other friends is that she knew how to use a gun. She was a good shot. She actually bragged to people that she taught Joel how to shoot a gun. She had her own gun.
Those pellets found at the crime scene, remember, came from a shotgun... a hunting weapon.
Jennifer knew how to use one, and Matt Fletcher, friends confirmed, owned a shotgun and was known to use it at a local skeet range.
Detective Brian McCartin: It didn't take us long to be 100 percent sure it was them. It wasn't very long at all.
It seemed like a solid case: an affair, a clear motive, the shotguns... Certainly enough to file charges. So he eventually took the case to one of LA's top Deputy District Attorneys: Jeff Jonas.
Jeff Jonas, deputy district attorney: There's a lotta cases in L.A. County and there's-- there's x amount of manpower. I've done a lot of circumstantial cold cases. This was gonna take a lot of work. First of all, are you gonna take it and then are you gonna expend the manpower to try to put it together?
Keith Morrison: Did you hear the sound of the brakes coming on?
Not that Deputy DA Jonas didn't like the case - he did - but he wasn't convinced the evidence was strong enough for a conviction. He told the detectives: keep digging.
Keith Morrison: Didn't have enough? i mean, good Lord. You had them partying a couple of days after the murder, telling a story that didn't make any sense based on the murder scene.
Detective Brian McCartin: THAT'S TRUE.
Keith Morrison: You know, obviously having an affair. Insurance policies that are too big. That isn't enough?
Detective Brian McCartin: We don't have the murder weapon, we don't have any eye witnesses. We don't have any real physical evidence-- like DNA or anything of that nature that would point to-- either one of them. It was-- it's a tough case.
And so what first appeared to be a promising case instead joined the long depressing parade of unsolved crimes grinding slowly through the system.
But there was nothing slow about Jennifer Shanbrom and her lover Mathew Fletcher. They moved quickly to cash in on all that insurance money. And before long began buying up the luxurious lifestyle Jennifer always wanted.
Not enough evidence. Too many questions. No smoking gun.
A few weeks after Joel Shanbrom was shot to death in his own living room, the investigation into his murder seemed to stall. Which made what happened next all the more infuriating for investigators to watch.
Joel's widow Jennifer and her constant companion Matt Fletcher were not wasting any time cashing in.
Jeff Jonas: Immediately after the murder, the very first thing on Matt Fletcher's mind, is to file for everything in terms of insurance.
Detective Brian McCartin: Matt was spearheading the collection of all the insurance funds. he would, more or less, tell these insurance agents what to do and how to do it.// and he was very pushy at trying to get-- the insurance paid as quickly as possible to her.
Sure enough, within months, Jennifer's first insurance payout arrived.
Jeff Jonas: The proceeds of that policy, $314,000 are given to Jennifer, she gives half of that to Matt.
The DA's office requested a hold be put on the remaining insurance payouts. But in June, Jennifer and Matt, who until now maintained they were just "friends", still managed to fund a romantic rendezvous in Mexico.
Karen Shanbrom: She said that she and Matt officially started dating. In June, that's when they started dating. He's killed March 18-- in June, she says, "We officially started dating."
Then just four short months later, they got engaged...
Jeff Jonas: There's a picture of Jennifer and Matt together. She looks the happiest that I've ever seen in a picture, just the whole connotation of the sinister widow.
...Or the Black Widow as Jonas had taken to calling her.
Jeff Jonas: Interesting way to mourn the death of your beloved husband-- get engaged to the person that helped you perpetrate the murder and get a three-carat engagement diamond ring-- probably with the proceeds.
Then in Hawaii, on Valentine's Day 1999, a month before the first anniversary of her husband's death, Widow Shanbrom became Mrs. Mathew Fletcher.
Keith Morrison: What did that tell you?
Detective Brian McCartin: It just bolstered our belief that, you know, they lied initially that they were having an affair, and-- that they were both in cahoots together in this murder.
First the murder, now the marriage. And a lifestyle funded by a dead police officer's insurance money. While the happy couple was skating, Joel's family was steaming. Why wasn't something being done?
Detective Brian McCartin: The father would write letters to the district attorney's office, trying to pressure them to look at it closer. "Look at my son's case. You know, let's file it. Let's go to trial. Let's arrest the people that did this."
Karen Shanbrom: My sister was calling. My brother was calling. Poor Jeff. He was getting calls, you know, from all of my family members.
Jonas was under pressure from both the family and a massive caseload. An orphan case like this? He could have, perhaps should have, reassigned it...down the ladder. But something told him not to.
Jeff Jonas: I said, "you know what, I'll take this personally. But, you have to understand I've got three or four other murder cases backed up."
By keeping the case for himself, Jonas could at least ensure the investigation would remain on the District Attorney's radar. But,filing charges? Getting it to trial? That, he warned the family, would take a long time.
Jeff Jonas: I said, we got a great investigator in Brian McCartin. You just have to trust us. You know, there's no statute of limitations in a murder."
For the next two years,Detective McCartin quietly kept compiling the case, reviewing the evidence, interviewing dozens of people who knew Joel, Jennifer and Matt.
Detective Brian McCartin: I think it's persistence is-- is the key. You know, just don't give up. If you give up, the case'll never be cleared. And I have a lot of persistence. I never give up.
McCartin also kept track of Jennifer and Matt, who were living in a secluded townhouse, but keeping a low profile...
Karen Shanbrom: She always used the word "officially." We're officially a pager and a, and a P.O. box. We don't want anybody to know where we live, 'cause the intruders might come to try to find us.
But the newlywed Fletchers weren't shy about sporting around the neighborhood in their fancy cars, adorned with distinctive license plates.
Karen Shanbrom: One of them said-- the acronym for "create wealth." and the other said, "Quit workin'." And he had a motorcycle that had a-- a paint job on the gas tank and on the side with $100 bills. All they ever talked about was money. All that mattered was money.
And now, as the second anniversary of Joel's murder approached, it seemed like Jennifer and Matt had indeed committed the perfect crime.
Karen Shanbrom: My father would call me all the time. When are they gonna get arrested? What's going on? Why, you know, why haven't they been arrested yet?" I do remember thinking, "What if? What if they get away with it?"
McCartin and Jonas needed something to put the Black Widow case over the top. But what about this? Instead of targeting Matt and Jennifer, wasn't there another person in the house that night? Why yes, there was.
There's a hard truth at the heart of the justice system. Decisions have to be practical. No solid evidence can mean acquittal. So circumstantial cases often go cold, no arrest, no trial... No justice.
But as murdered police officer Joel Shanbrom's widow Jennifer and her new husband, Matt Fletcher, flashed their new wealth, an improbable determination kept the investigation alive.
Karen Shanbrom: I don't remember ever losing hope. I do remember Brian McCarten from robbery/homicide saying, "we will never close this case. we will keep it open until we solve it."
Detective Brian McCartin: We'll find out who did this, we’ll arrest 'em. We'll convict 'em.
Keith Morrison: You really believe that yourself at the time?
Detective Brian McCartin: I did. I did.
An opinion Detective McCartin shared with deputy DA Jeff Jonas.
Detective Brian McCartin: And we would periodically meet and discuss the case. And I-- I remember tellin' him, I said, "Jeff, we-- we're probably not gonna get much more than this. I mean, this is it. Let's let a jury decide."
But not just any jury. How about an investigative Grand Jury? A kind of a legal dry run, to test the case.
Detective Brian McCartin:Where you can bring in your witnesses, lock them into statements; and there's no defense attorney there to cross them. And then, let's see, really, how much and what we have; and what would an independent body, like a grand jury, decide or think of everything we have.
Jeff Jonas: I wanted to get Diane Bates under oath, on the witness stand.
Diane Bates...Remember her? Jennifer's mother. She's the one who apparently stumbled into the crime scene and then called 911.
Jonas and McCartin had long suspected Bates knew a lot more than she was saying about that horrendous night. For one thing:
Jeff Jonas: She could never account for at least 20 to 30 minutes from the time that we were able to figure that she got home until the time that she made the 911 call.
Did she know more than she let on? All along she had supported Jennifer's alibi... about hiding in the bathroom during the shooting... AND had backed up Matt Fletcher's contention that he wasn't anywhere near at the time of the murder.
But Diane Bate's story had changed - frequently. And even in this interview with police she had been erratic and inconsistent.
Diane Bates: "My first reaction was that he killed himself.""So I said, there's been a murder... or there's been a shooting or something."
Jonas was convinced that Bates was the key to implicating not only Jennifer but also Matt, who, the DA believed was at the crime scene... Either during or right after the murder.
Jeff Jonas: When she phoned 911, she knew what had occurred and she was covering for both matt and Jennifer. And she was gonna cover for-- for Jennifer for the rest of her life.
DianeBates: "It all happened so fast!"
Maybe under questioning Bates would slip up...and give the prosecution something to work with.
But.. to get Jennifer's mother even to tell her side of the story Jonas had to grant Bates immunity. She would never be charged with any part of her son-in-law's murder.
Bates took the bait. For three days, under the Grand Jury's grilling, she refused to implicate Matt or Jennifer...but to members of the jury, her testimony seemed ...evasive.
Jeff Jonas: The grand jury has a right to ask questions at the conclusion of your presentation. One of the first questions was, "Diane Bates, do you always lie or just in front of the grand jury?"
Then Jonas took the grand jury through the couple's affair, their financial motive, the apparently staged crime scene.
Keith Morrison: What did that grand jury think?
Detective Brian McCartin: Oh, they believed we had enough. That was enough to go forward and indict.
But ... not yet. Jonas was committed to this now, but his higher-ups wanted more evidence. And who could blame them? LA juries, after all, have become famous for granting acquittals in cases prosecutors believed were solid.
And so now, and for the next two years, Jonas and Detective Brian McCartin worked out the details, in an effort to make their case jury proof.
Detective Brian McCartin: Well, you go over everything numerous times. There's gotta be something else. And-- then I'd find this, then I'd find that. Add it to my list.
But all the while, Mathew and Jennifer Fletcher were apparently oblivious. Or at least - by all accounts - unworried.
By now they were living in a posh gated community, raising Joel's son Jacob and their own newborn daughter. Just the lifestyle Jennifer always wanted.
Jeff Jonas: She wanted to be a millionaire, as did-- Matt Fletcher. And when she saw Matt Fletcher, who is the great deceiver; the great manipulator-- and she just bought in hook, line and sinker.
But then, it was February 2002, nearly four years after Joel Shanbrom's murder. Still no smoking gun. The evidence they had was apparently all they were going to get.
Was it a gamble? Jonas spoke to his Detective. Time to strike.
Detective McCartin tracked down Matt Fletcher driving his new Mercedes and arrested him.
Detective Brian McCartin: He believed that he was beyond-- the reach of the police-- that he was untouchable. He was laughing at what we were doing.
The next morning Jennifer turned herself in. She was eight months pregnant.
Matt and Jennifer would finally have their day in court. But even after an exhaustive four year investigation the case was still totally circumstantial. No weapon. No DNA. No eyewitnesses.
Detective Brian McCartin: It's a 50/50 crap shoot. You know, in my opinion, I believe we have more than enough to convict. Whether the jury is gonna believe that...I have no idea.
And the prosecution would also have to prepare for a big surprise in the courtroom: a smooth talking opponent who knew the case even better than they did... Mathew Fletcher.
Here it was: The case that almost didn't make it to court... A case that looked for all the world like a black widow's perfect crime, finally in front of a judge and jury.
Prosecutor Jeff Jonas was ready to unravel that complicated web of a case. But now found himself facing an unlikely and utterly unexpected opponent.
Defending Mathew Fletcher would be none other than... Matthew Fletcher!
Mathew Fletcher: This trial is about a senseless murder, with no eyewitnesses, no weapon, no physical evidence to link myself or Jennifer to this crime. Our involvement is only in the prosecutor's mind. A made for television imagination.
Jeff Jonas: Matt had this very, very, very inflated opinion of his intellect, of his ability and of his persuasive-- talents.
Keith Morrison: He thought he was the smartest guy in the room.
Jeff Jonas: Oh, my word. We were all stupid.
Jennifer's road to court was more complicated. She had her baby in jail, while she awaited trial. All three of her children now lived with Jennifer's sister.
To help her to face the charge of murder, she hired an experienced trial attorney named Barry Bernstein.
BarryBernstein: We've heard nothing. Not one thing material from these people, except speculation there was an affair, conjecture there was an affair and changing stories based on gossip.
It was, as one reporter called it, a "circus," from the moment Matt and Jennifer entered the courtroom.
Detective Brian McCartin: They-- were as though they were on a picnic together. They were obviously in separate cells, but once they came together at the-- counsel table, they would joke and talk as though, "This is nothing. We're just here, you know, and we're having lunch; and then we'll be on our way soon". It's like they didn't realize the gravity of what they were-- where they were and what they were facing.
...Which was murder in the first degree and several counts of conspiracy and insurance fraud. For good measure, Jonas also charged Matt with one more crime: bigamy. It turned out he failed to divorce his current wife before he married Jennifer!
Jeff Jonas: People in my office are sort of s-- lookin' at me, like, "Well, are you nuts? You got a murder case and you're filing a bigamy?" I said, "I'm showing what kind of a person this guy is."
For over four months in court Jonas presented an exhaustive case unraveling Matt and Jennifer's affair, the murder, cover-up and insurance conspiracy.
Jeff Jonas in court: So that we don't forget throughout the testimony (holds up pictures). That's what this case is about. There's no question it's a murder. No question that it was an execution.
When it happened on that dreadful night in Northridge, Jonas told the jury, Joel was asleep on the couch. It was Jennifer, he said, who - with her three-year-old in the house - sneaked up from behind her husband and fired the first shot. Then, a second, but neither one was immediately fatal.
Keith Morrison: Was there a third shot?
Jeff Jonas: My belief is, that Jennifer panicked after the second shot. And then Matt finished it off and left.
Keith Morrison: Why do you think it was Jennifer who shot the first two times?
Jeff Jonas: Because she despised her husband, and-- intended to marry Matt Fletcher, and had fallen in love with him, and was willing to do anything-- and he probably-- had some-- some influence in doing that.
Jonas argued that Diane Bates, arrived unexpectedly either during or right after the shooting. Then the cover-up began: the bogus ransacking of the house, Matt's escape with the murder weapon, and eventually the 9-1-1 call.
A theory which, said Matthew Fletcher, simply missed both the real murderers and their blatantly obvious motive: to rob the house and if necessary kill anybody who got in their way.
Matt Fletcher in court:"The people that came there did not come there with the deliberate intent on killing Joel Shanbrom or any occupants of the house."
And Fletcher, it turned out, was a decent courtroom debater. He presented alibi witnesses, though they couldn't, in the end, account for his whereabouts right at the time of the murder. Still Fletcher insisted the state had it all wrong. Joel Shanbrom, he told the jury, was the victim of a home invasion robbery gone wrong.
Matt Fletcher in court:"They didn't expect Joel to be there. They didn't expect a police officer to be there. And upon confronting them and identifying himself as a police officer that cost him his life."
Matt was smooth. He seemed persuasive.
And as the end approached, the outcome was, at best, uncertain.
Detective Brian McCartin: I couldn't read the jury. They were all sharp. They stayed awake. Some juries fall asleep. I had no idea what they were gonna do.
Nor did Jonas, and with closing arguments nearly complete, he felt he needed something else to sway the jury. One night just before his final rebuttal, Jonas took a last look at the crime scene photos, including the bathroom where Jennifer was hiding with her son. And there it was! Why hadn't he noticed it before?
Jeff Jonas: And sitting in the shower stall is this water bol-- bottle, the light bulb goes on, I said, "Wait a minute. Whoever keeps a water bottle in the shower?"
Jeff Jonas in court:Does that bother you? You always take a shower with a water bottle? It's half-drunk. She had time to get a water bottle but not time to get a gun or a phone?
Jeff Jonas: That means this whole thing was planned. She's got a boy in one arm, and she's running, running down the hall. She says, "You know what? I might be in there for an hour and a half, I'm gonna grab a water bottle and take it in there, because we're gonna need a drink."
The trial had stretched from March to July. Now, it was up to the jury. Was Joel Shanbrom killed in a home invasion robbery? Or had Matt and Jennifer committed cold blooded, premeditated murder for insurance money?
Karen Shanbrom: The jury went out. And they went out. And they stayed out, and they stayed out, and they stayed out. Oh-- god. It was hellacious. It was brutally, brutally hellacious.
Detective Brian McCartin: I've never been that apprehensive about anything-- worried about what the outcome was gonna be.
Jeff Jonas: I do not allow myself to believe that a jury is gonna let a killer go. I can't-- I can't buy into that or I'd probably have-- a nervous breakdown.
Then finally after 12 days...a verdict.
In a packed courtroom, thick with tension, Matt and Jennifer seemed surprisingly relaxed - even confident.
Detective Brian McCartin: Happy, jovial. "I'm going home today." This is all-- people were there. Actually, her family was sitting in the audience with gifts to give them when they were acquitted.
Court Clerk reads verdict: "We the jury in the above entitled action find the defendant Jennifer Fletcher guilty of the crime of murder."
The web had come undone, and it showed. Matthew and Jennifer Fletcher were found guilty on all 6 counts of murder, conspriacy, lying in wait, insurance fraud. Everything. And for Matt, a 7th count: guilty of bigamy.
Karen Shanbrom:"I don't think we can say anybody's happy today because Joey's not back, but now we know that the people who did this terrible thing, who have ruined so many lives, now, god willing will not see the light of day except through, through bars."
Detective Brian McCartin: I was very happy. It felt good to finally be done with the case and put two murderers away. They were done. They were gone.
Jeff Jonas: There's a euphoria, you would think. But, by and large, it's a huge void. And the reason is because you can't really celebrate a death. And you can't really celebrate a murder. You're thankful that it's over. You're grateful that the jury did the right thing.
10 months later, Matt and Jennifer were formally sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The Black Widow and her mate would spin their poison web no more.
Karen Shanbrom: Those two people are serving the rest of their life in prison because they decided that it was okay to play god and to kill my brother. Justice, standing tall and being blind, wasn't gonna let that happen. The system works, and justice does prevail.
© 2013 NBCNews.com Reprints | <urn:uuid:9a873eb3-e4cd-4b64-8751-1171162b4ba5> | 2013-05-18T06:20:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Algebraic structure may mean either
There are several notions of an algebraic structure on an object of some category or higher category, which differ in generality. It may be to be an algebra over an algebraic theory, algebra over an operad (or higher operad) or an algebra over a monad, or over a prop, over a properad etc. See also variety of algebras.
There is also an older notion of an algebraic structure/algebra as a model for a one-sorted theory where the only relation symbols in the language involved are and equality (with standard interpretation in models). This notion includes for example fields which are not an algebraic theory in the sense of monads (because there are no free objects in the case of fields, i.e. the category of fields is not monadic over the category of sets).
There is a forgetful functor from the category of algebras/algebraic structures of some type (in any of the above formalisms) to the original category. This functor forgets structure in the sense of stuff, structure, property. We say that a functor in the base category preserves some algebraic structure if it lifts to the corresponding category of algebras. | <urn:uuid:e7973167-5508-4db9-81e1-82c564eac0d8> | 2013-05-18T06:43:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ten years ago, on the eve of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the assumptions many Americans held about the coming war, fed by rhetoric from the George W. Bush White House, turned out to be wildly inaccurate. Saddam Hussein, as we now know, did not possess weapons of mass destruction. The conflict would not end quickly. And the cost of the war — in lives and dollars — would far eclipse expectations. Today, a new set of beliefs defines many discussions about the war and its aftermath. Are they just as wrong?
1. The troop surge succeeded.
The surge of 26,000 troops into Baghdad in 2007 had two objectives: tamp down the bloody sectarian civil war and forge a political compromise among the three principal groups in Iraqi society — Shiite Arabs, Sunni Arabs and ethnic Kurds — that would set the country on a path to stability.
The surge helped accomplish the first goal, but it was not the only reason for the reduced violence. A decision by Sunni tribal leaders to oppose al-Qaida fighters in Iraq also played a major role. So, too, did Iraqi behavior; as mixed Sunni-Shiite neighborhoods in Baghdad became more homogeneous and fortified, opportunities for sectarian violence decreased.
When it came to political compromise, however, the surge was a flop. Majority Shiites did not want to give the Sunnis and Kurds a greater role in the government and security forces, and the hopes of striking a grand bargain in the waning days of the Bush administration fizzled. As a consequence, red-hot embers remain in the tinderbox that is Iraq. Disputes over land and oil could spark another Kurd-Arab civil war in the north. Sunnis in the central part of the country, who have been holding anti-government protests for the past three months, now openly talk of rebellion. Sunni leaders accuse the Shiite-dominated security forces of persecuting them in the name of combating terrorism and purging old members of Hussein's Baath Party.
2. Iraq today is relatively peaceful.
Levels of violence are far lower than they were in 2006, at the height of the civil war, when hundreds of people were being killed every week. But Iraq is far from stable. On Monday, a suicide bomber drove his explosives-laden car into a police station, killing five people; the same day, six more people were killed in various militant attacks in Baghdad. Three days earlier, 19 people died in a string of attacks targeting security personnel.
For the Iraqis who have no ticket out, life is still defined by bloodshed and fear. "The war is not over," a friend in Baghdad wrote to me recently. "There is still killing and bombing. We are still scared."
3. Iraq is a democracy.
It is — on paper. It has held successive national elections; it has a parliament and a modestly functional court system. In practice, however, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki is exercising authority and centralizing power in ways that remind many Iraqis of Hussein. His security agencies have rounded up numerous Sunni leaders in recent months, accusing them of supporting the insurgency. Sunni officials contend that Maliki is using terrorism as a pretext to neutralize political foes.
Since he first won election in 2006, Maliki has moved to consolidate control over the country's security forces. He also has presided over the dismantling of the Sons of Iraq, the Sunni tribal militia that was instrumental in the fight against al-Qaida. The militia was supported by the U.S. military, which urged Maliki to integrate its members into the army and police force. Although he pledged to do so, only a fraction of Sunni militiamen have been given positions in the security services.
4. Iraq is in Iran's pocket.
Forget about all the blood and treasure the United States has poured into Iraq. Iran is Iraq's most strategically significant ally. Maliki owes his second term in large part to the pressure that Tehran exerted on rival Shiite political parties in Iraq, many of which received substantial financial support from the Iranian government. And there's plenty of evidence to indicate quid for the quo: Despite objections from Washington, Maliki's government has allowed Iranian cargo airplanes, allegedly filled with munitions, to fly to Syria through Iraqi airspace, enabling Tehran to prop up Syrian dictator Bashar Assad.
But it would be wrong to assume that Maliki is permitting the flights only because of Iranian pressure. Even though Assad shares much of the Baathist ideology that Hussein espoused, he and his fellow Alawites are Shiites. It's more than kinship, however, that drives Maliki to favor the status quo in Syria. He and other leaders of Iraq's Shiite majority worry that if the Free Syrian Army overthrows Assad, the rebels will establish a radical Sunni government that will collaborate with Iraq's Sunni minority to topple the Baghdad government. "If the opposition is victorious, there will be a civil war in Lebanon, divisions in Jordan and a sectarian war in Iraq," Maliki warned in an interview with the Associated Press last month.
Nor do Tehran's money and love guarantee that Iraqi Shiites will do its bidding. Consider Muqtada al-Sadr, whose Mahdi Army militia was the bete noire of U.S. troops throughout much of the war. He spent years living in Iran, burnishing his religious credentials and rebuilding his political movement. Since his return to Iraq, though, he has sought to fashion himself as more of an Iraqi nationalist, reaching out to Sunni and Kurdish political factions that are Maliki rivals. When Sunnis convened large protests late last year to demand that Maliki amend terrorism and de-Baathification laws, Sadr bucked Tehran's dictates by meeting with Sunni leaders and espousing political compromise.
Iran is still bigger and more powerful. But Iraq's collaboration with Tehran is as often driven by its own interests as those of its neighbor.
5. The Americans have all left.
There are still about 220 U.S. military personnel in Iraq. They work for the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq, which handles the sale of military equipment to the Iraqi army and coordinates training. Those personnel work in an annex of the U.S. Embassy in central Baghdad, the largest American diplomatic mission in the world. The massive complex, built on the grounds of the former Green Zone in the capital, houses hundreds of State Department officers, U.S. development specialists and representatives from other federal agencies. Legions of private security contractors guard the compound.
Concerns that the fighting in Syria could spill over into Iraq recently prompted the CIA to increase its support to Iraqi counterterrorism forces, according to a report in The Wall Street Journal. Although the agency still intends to reduce its presence to about 300 personnel in Iraq, its station in Baghdad will remain one of the largest in the world. | <urn:uuid:87e66ea0-37dc-4d57-9970-e47cd62a5a3f> | 2013-05-18T07:21:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Heritage Dance Foundation
In 1998, The Heritage Dance Foundation, a 501 ( c )3 non profit corporation created by Charles S. Zwerling, MD, bought DanceWeek from Dick Mason in order to continue his fine work and report the news of ballroom dancing in the United States. DanceWeek became overnight the flagship for the Heritage Dance Foundation whose mission is: to promote the international sport of partnership dancing through encouraging opportunities for dance education, cultivating excellence within the sport and elevating overall standards for a superior competitive environment.
Over the past years the Heritage Dance Foundation has developed and maintained many worthwhile projects, including:
- The Junior Dance Foundation assisting youth in ballroom,
- The United States Dance Congress annual event and seminar which the HDF transferred to the NDCA
- Publication of the national bi-weekly newsletter, DanceWeek.
- The publication of Ability, The Ballroom Dance Journal,
- Establishment of amateur and professional dance scholarships
- Members of the National Dance Council of America
- Assisting Competition Organizers for tax deductible scholarship events
- Producer of original theatrical productions “ Remember the Paramount” and “Broadway at Paramount”
- Producer of original television show “ A Time to Dance”
- Creation of a theatrical ensemble, Encore Entertainment
The Heritage Dance Foundation has created a performing arts division in order to nuture and encourage regional community theatrical and dance productions. | <urn:uuid:e0970448-e790-4678-b815-63b4682b0a76> | 2013-05-18T08:04:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(a) refrain from prosecuting a charge that the prosecutor knows is not supported by probable cause;
(b)make reasonable efforts to assure that the accused has been advised of the right to, and the procedure for obtaining, counsel and has been given reasonable opportunity to obtain counsel;
(c) not seek to obtain from an unrepresented accused a waiver of important pretrial rights, such as the right to a preliminary hearing;
(d) disclose to the defense at the earliest practical time all evidence or information known to the prosecutor that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense, and, in connection with sentencing, disclose to the defense and to the tribunal all unprivileged mitigating information known to the prosecutor, except when the prosecutor is relieved of this responsibility by a protective order of the tribunal;
(e) not subpoena a lawyer in a grand jury or other criminal proceeding to present evidence
about a past or present client unless the prosecutor reasonably believes:
(1) the information sought is not protected from disclosure by any applicable privilege;
(2) the evidence sought is essential to the successful completion of an ongoing
investigation or prosecution; and
(3) there is no other feasible alternative to obtain the information;
(f)except for statements that are necessary to inform the public of the nature and extent of the prosecutor's action and that serve a legitimate law enforcement purpose, refrain from making extrajudicial comments that have a substantial likelihood of heightening public condemnation of the accused and exercise reasonable care to prevent investigators, law enforcement personnel, employees or other persons assisting or associated with the prosecutor in a criminal case from making an extrajudicial statement that the prosecutor would be prohibited from making under Rule 3.6 or this Rule.
(g)when a prosecutor knows of new, credible, and material evidence creating a reasonable likelihood that a convicted defendant did not commit an offense of which the defendant was convicted:
(1) if the conviction was obtained outside the prosecutor's jurisdiction, promptly disclose notice of the existence of that evidence to an appropriate tribunal and prosecuting authority, and
(2) if the conviction was obtained in the prosecutor's jurisdiction
(i) promptly disclose the existence of that evidence to the defendant unless a court
authorizes delay, and
(ii) undertake further investigation or cause an investigation to determine whether the
defendant was convicted of an offense that the defendant did not commit.
(h) when a prosecutor knows of or receives clear and convincing evidence establishing that a defendant in the prosecutor's jurisdiction was convicted of an offense that the defendant did not commit, seek to undo the conviction.
A prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not simply that of an
advocate. This responsibility carries with it specific obligations to see that the defendant is accorded procedural justice and that guilt is decided upon the basis of sufficient evidence, and that special precautions are taken to prevent and to rectify the conviction of innocent persons. This responsibility also obligates the prosecutor to promptly make available to the defense information which is known, material and favorable to the defendant's position. Discovery of such information by the prosecutor confers no property right in the same upon the prosecutor; rather, in the interest of seeing that the truth is ascertained and all proceedings justly determined, the defense should be accorded ready access to any such information. Applicable law may require other measures by the prosecutor and knowing disregard of those obligations or a systematic abuse of prosecutorial discretion could
constitute a violation of Rule 8.4.
A defendant may waive a preliminary hearing and thereby lose a valuable opportunity to challenge probable cause. Accordingly, prosecutors should not seek to obtain waivers of preliminary hearings or other important pretrial rights from unrepresented accused persons. Paragraph (c) does not apply however to an accused representing himself with the approval of the tribunal. Nor does it forbid the lawful questioning of an uncharged suspect who has knowingly waived the rights to counsel and silence.
The exception in paragraph (d) recognizes that a prosecutor may seek an appropriate
protective order from the tribunal if disclosure of information to the defense could result in
substantial harm to an individual or to the public interest.
Paragraph (e) is intended to limit the issuance of lawyer subpoenas in grand jury and other criminal proceedings to those situations in which there is a genuine need to intrude into the lawyer-client relationship.
Paragraph (f) supplements Rule 3.6, which prohibits extrajudicial statements that have
a substantial likelihood of prejudicing an adjudicatory proceeding. In the context of a criminal prosecution, a prosecutor's extrajudicial statement can create the additional problem of increasing public condemnation of the accused. Although the announcement of an indictment, for example,will necessarily have severe consequences for the accused, a prosecutor can, and should, avoid comments that have no legitimate law enforcement purpose and have a substantial likelihood of increasing public opprobrium of the accused. Nothing in this Rule is intended to restrict the statements that a prosecutor may make that comply with Rule 3.6(b) or 3.6(c).
Like other lawyers, prosecutors are subject to Rules 5.1 and 5.3, which relate to responsibilities regarding lawyers and nonlawyers who work for or are associated with the lawyer's office. Paragraph (f) reminds the prosecutor of the importance of these obligations in connection with the unique dangers of improper extrajudicial statements in a criminal case. In addition, paragraph (f) requires a prosecutor to exercise reasonable care to prevent persons assisting or associated with the prosecutor from making improper extrajudicial statements, even when such persons are not under the direct supervision of the prosecutor. Ordinarily, the reasonable care standard will be satisfied if the prosecutor issues the appropriate cautions to law-enforcement personnel and other relevant individuals.
When a prosecutor knows of new, credible, and material evidence creating a reasonable likelihood that a person outside the prosecutor's jurisdiction was convicted of a crime that the person did not commit, paragraph (g) requires prompt disclosure to the appropriate tribunal and prosecuting authority, such as the chief prosecutor of the jurisdiction where the conviction occurred. If the conviction was obtained in the prosecutor's jurisdiction, paragraph (g) requires the prosecutor to examine the evidence and undertake further investigation to determine whether the defendant is in fact innocent or cause another appropriate authority to undertake the necessary investigation, and to promptly, absent court-authorized delay, disclose existence of the evidence to the defendant. Consistent with the objectives of Rules 4.2 and 4.3, disclosure to a represented defendant must be
made through the defendant's counsel, and, in the case of an unrepresented defendant, would ordinarily be accompanied by a request to a court for the appointment of counsel to assist the defendant in taking such legal measures as may be appropriate.
Under paragraph (h), once the prosecutor knows of clear and convincing evidence that the defendant was convicted of an offense that the defendant did not commit, the prosecutor must seek to undo the conviction. Necessary steps may include disclosure of the evidence to the defendant, requesting that the court appoint counsel for an unrepresented indigent defendant, and, where appropriate, notifying the court that the prosecutor has knowledge that the defendant did not commit the offense of which the defendant was convicted.
A prosecutor's independent judgment, made in good faith, that the new evidence is not of such nature as to trigger the obligations of paragraphs (g) and (h), though subsequently determined to be erroneous, does not constitute a violation of this Rule.
Reference: Minutes of the Professional Conduct Subcommittee of the Attorney Standards Committee on 09/20/85 and 11/08/85; Minutes of the Joint Committee on Attorney Standards on 06/08/04, 03/18/05, 06/14/05, 12/11/09, 03/19/10, 06/15/10, 09/10/10, 12/10/10, and 03/04/11. | <urn:uuid:32914680-c228-483e-a7fc-ae3318a578ee> | 2013-05-18T05:58:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Mumbai police cracks Pallavi Purkayastha murder case
August 10, 2012 | Duration: 34 min, 37 sec
She had been stabbed with a knife and was bleeding profusely. But Pallavi Purkayastha managed to escape the attacker who was trying to rape her in her flat in Central Mumbai. She rushed outside her door - Apartment 1601 on the 16th floor - and ran up and down the corridor, her blood staining the walls and the floor. There are four other flats on the same storey. The desperate lawyer rang at least two doorbells. Nobody answered. | <urn:uuid:bac6a449-edb9-4d18-980f-08312a1ac210> | 2013-05-18T05:13:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ask Linux users what they find most annoying about Linux, and many will complain about device drivers. While the vast majority of PC components and peripherals work with Linux, some don't work at all, and others are marginal. A leading Linux kernel developer has come up with a solution. In a recent blog and e-mail posting, kernel hacker Greg Kroah-Hartman wrote, "The Linux kernel community is offering all companies free Linux driver development. No longer do you have to suffer through all of the different examples in the Linux Device Driver Kit, or pick through the thousands of example drivers in the Linux kernel source tree trying to determine which one is the closest to what you need to do." That's a significant point. While many hardware vendors don't want to open up their devices' APIs (application programming interfaces) and ABIs (application binary interfaces) to the open-source community, it's often not because they have any real secret ingredient. | <urn:uuid:2ae9918e-5f0a-4938-80a9-d64c1231321d> | 2013-05-18T05:56:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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October 14, 2012 - 3:00am
Russia announced this week that it would no longer work to disarm nuclear and chemical weapons under the U.S. program known as Nunn Lugar. This was a very successful program that reduced Russia's stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction over the past 20 years. U.S. money and expertise drove the program, but now the Russians believe they have plenty of both to continue the job on their own. NPR's Mike Shuster reports. | <urn:uuid:98474e19-4a92-4b57-a72e-a7a7a29d1091> | 2013-05-18T06:29:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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California, the largest and most important of the Pacific Coast States, is the second State of the United States in point of area, and the twenty-first in point of population. It is bounded on the north by the State of Oregon; on the east by the State of Nevada and, for a comparatively short distance, by the Territory of Arizona; on the south by the Peninsula of Lower California (Mexico); and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It lies entirely between 42° and 32° N. lat., and between 12°5 and 11°3 W. long. It is 800 miles long, running in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction, and has an average width of 200 miles. According to the official returns of the United States Census of 1900, its total area is 158,360 square miles. Of this number 2,188 square miles constitute the water area; the total land area, therefore, is 156,172 square miles. The capital of the State is Sacramento, with a population (1900) of 29,000. San Francisco, built on San Francisco Bay, is the metropolis, with a population (1900) of 342,000. The other chief cities, with a population according to the United States Census of 1900, are Los Angeles, 102,000; Oakland, 66,000; San José, 21,000; San Diego, 17,000; Stockton, 17,000; Alameda, 17,000; Berkeley and Fresno, 12,000. These figures have been enormously increased since 1900. The estimated population of the three largest cities in January, 1907, was as follows: San Francisco, 400,000; Oakland, 276,000; and Los Angeles, 245,000.
The State presents two systems of mountains which converge at Mount Shasta, in the north, and Tehachapi, in the south. The outer, or western, range is called the Coast Range, and is close to the sea, in some places coming down precipitately to the water's edge; the eastern range is called the Sierra Nevada. The latter is considerably higher than the former, and in several peaks reaches a height of more than 14,000 feet. The Sierra Nevadas extend along the eastern border of the State for about 450 miles; they are but a portion, physically, of the Cascade Range, which traverses also the States of Oregon and Washington. The Sierra Nevada Range is practically unbroken throughout the entire length of the State of California, the Coast Range is broken by the magnificent harbour of San Francisco. Both of these ranges follow the general contour of the coast line. Between them lies a great valley which is drained by the Sacramento River in the north and the San Joaquin River in the south. These two rivers, navigable by steamers for about 100 miles from their mouth in San Francisco Bay, constitute a great parent water-system of California, and both empty into the harbour of San Francisco, which is situated approximately midway between the northern and southern extremities of the State. The Sierra Nevada Mountains form the great watershed from which are fed most of the rivers and streams of California. The combined valleys of the Sacramento and the San Joaquin rivers are approximately 500 miles long, and have an average width of 50 miles. This area, the surface of which is quite level, is one of the most fertile regions in the world.
In addition to those already mentioned, the divisions of the mountain ranges form numerous smaller valleys. The principal of these are Sonoma, Napa, Ukiah, Vaca, Contra Costa, and Alameda valleys in the north; and Santa Clara, Pajaro, and Salinas valleys in the south. South of the Tehachapi Range, in Southern California, is another low-lying stretch of country which has become the centre of the citrus industry and the home of a large variety of semi-tropical fruits. In the south-eastern part of the State and east of the mountains is the low-lying desert region consisting of the Mojave Desert and Death Valley. Owing to the great height of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and their comparative proximity to the sea, the numerous streams, fed from their glaciers and perpetual snows, afford abundant water-power throughout their steep descent to the sea. This power is utilized for generating light and operating mills and factories.
California has one of the finest harbours in the world, San Francisco Bay, capable of accommodating the combined navies of the world. There are five other bays forming good harbours, San Diego, San Pedro, Humboldt, Santa Barbara, and Monterey bays. The 800 miles of California's length from north to south are equal to the combined length of ten States on the Atlantic seaboard; the northern line of California is on the same latitude as Boston, and the southern line is that of Savannah, Georgia. The entire state is subject to the beneficent influence of the Japan Current. The climate is equable; except in the high mountains, snow and the extremes of cold, experienced in the same latitudes on the Atlantic Coast, are unknown. There are, in reality, but two seasons: the wet and the dry. The wet or rainy season lasts from about September to April, during which the rains are occasional, alternating with clear weather. During the entire summer the winds from the west and south-west blow over the coast, keeping the weather cool, and not infrequently bringing in cold fogs towards evening. But it is chiefly in the balminess of its winters that the climate of California excels. It is never too cold to work outdoors, and the citrus fruits, semi-tropical as they are, grow to perfection throughout the valleys of California. The records of the climate left by early Franciscan missionaries who evangelized California are duplicated by those of the Government Weather Bureau of today.
The population of California, according to the United States Census of 1900, is 1,485,053, or 9.5 per square mile. This figure constitutes an increase of 22.7 percent upon the population of 1890. The following table, taken from the United States Census of 1900, exhibits the population of California in each census year since its admission into the Federal Union, its rank among the States in point of population, and the percentage of increase in its population during the period of ten years between each census:
|Year||Rank||Population||Percentage of Increase|
The census of 1900 also presents the following details of population: (a) White, 1,402,727; African, 11,045; Indian, 15,377; Chinese, 45,753; Japanese, 10,151. (b) Native-born, 1,117,813; Foreign-born, 367,240; (c) Males, 820,531; Females, 664,522. The estimated population of California (January, 1907) is 2,217,897, an increase of 732,844, or 49.3 percent since the census of 1900.
The soil of the State of California is rich and highly productive. It consists for the most part of alluvial deposits. This is especially true of the delta lands of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. Much of the so-called desert land consists of a rich subsoil covered with but a thin crust of sand. The value of irrigation in making this desert land productive, as well as in enriching the soil by bearing to it the washed-out life-principles from the uplands, is almost incalculable. The soil readily responds to the plough, and there is no hard, tough subsoil to be turned and mellowed. California has approximately 40,000,000 acres of arable land. To this must be added fully 10,000,000 acres of its so-called desert land, which needs but the touch of water from its irrigation systems to make it as productive as the valley or farm lands. The remaining 50,000,000 acres of California's domain, the mountainous and desert acreage, afford pasturage for millions of cattle and sheep. The chief products of the soil of California are hay, grain, fruits, wines, lumber, dairy produce, and livestock. It may be safely said that, in the combined values of these products, California is the richest in the United States. Ships loaded with her grain at San Francisco Bay carry their precious cargoes to every port in the world; her fruits, packed in special cars and shipped by fast freight, are the first choice in Chicago and New York, and find a ready market in London; her wines have given a standard of excellence to American wines, and "American wines" means "California wines" the world over.
The total value of all California's agricultural products, according to the census of 1900, was $131,690,606. The value of the output in 1906 reached the total of $213,000,000. The following table presents the total output of agricultural products in detail for the year 1906:
Asparagus 23,000,000 pounds
Almonds 4,200,000 pounds
Apricots 585,000 pounds
Apples 132,455,000 pounds
Beans 125,000,000 pounds
Barley 24,000,000 bushels
Brandy 4,070,992 gallons
Citrus Fruits 18,220,000 boxes
Canned Fruits and Veg. 4,475,751 cases
Corn 2,000,000 bushels
Cherries 5,382,000 pounds
Figs 45,000 pounds
Grapes 73,224,000 pounds
Hops 73,000 bales
Hay 3,000,000 tonnes
Lumber 900,000,000 feet
Pears 54,390,000 pounds
Peaches 21,015,000 pounds
Plums 43,938,000 pounds
Prunes 180,000,000 pounds
Raisins 100,000,000 pounds
Other Dried Fruit 41,000,000 pounds
Olive Oil 51,000 gallons
Potatoes 6,500,000 bushels
Walnuts 12,800,000 pounds
Wool 22,000,000 pounds
Wheat 4,700,000 centals
Wine 41,000,000 gallons
The total annual output of fruit from California farms is $40,000,000, and this is made up of all known fruits that grow in temperate and semi-tropical climates. In the year 1906 there were 30,000,000 fruit trees in California; this figure does not include nuts, figs, olives, or berries. Six million of these fruit trees belong to Santa Clara Valley alone. The principal fruit trees are as follows: apple trees, 4,000,000; apricot trees, 3,500,000; cherry trees, 1,000,000; peach trees, 4,500,000; pear trees, 2,000,000; orange trees, 6,000,000; lemon trees, 2,000,000. There are 272,500 acres of land devoted to the cultivation of grapes: 250,000 for wine, and 22,500 for table grapes.
The total value of the output in manufactures in 1900, according to the census, was $302,874,761. In 1906 it amounted to $400,000,000. The chief elements contributing to California's success in manufactures are an abundance of raw material from her soil, cheap fuel from her forests, and cheap power from her streams. The heaviest items of manufacture are sugar, lumber and timber products, flour, machinery, and leather goods. During 1906 the total output of sugar was 62,110 tons. The discovery of rich deposits of petroleum has given an impetus to manufactures that is already far-reaching in its results. In 1900 there were 12,582 manufacturing plants in California, representing a total investment of $205,395,025, and giving employment to 98,931 persons; the sum paid out for labour was $55,786,776, and for materials, $188,125,602.
Mining is still one of the most important industries of California, notwithstanding that the flood of population first lured to her mountains by the discovery of gold has long ago been turned to agriculture and commerce. There are some forty-seven mineral substances now being mined in the State. The value of the total output in 1900 was $28,870,405. In 1906 it was over $54,000,000. Gold, petroleum, and copper are now the most valuable items of this output. In the same year there were 1,107 producing mines in the State. The value of the gold output was $19,700,000; silver, $2,460,000; copper, $3,750,000; quicksilver, $904,000; petroleum, $10,000,000. It is estimated that in the petroleum industry alone the total investment is more than $20,000,000; 35,000,000 barrels of oil were produced in 1906. There are also large and valuable deposits of brick and pottery clays, lime, asphaltum, bitumen, and iron ore.
Twenty-two per cent of the area of the State is forest-clad, and the importance of the lumber industry in California increases each year as the mountains of the east and the north are denuded of their trees. California is the home of the redwood (Sequoia). These remarkable trees attain a height of three hundred feet in the famous groves of Big Trees in Mariposa and Calveras Counties. Redwood and pine are the two principle woods. It is estimated that, without the growth of another tree, the forests of California can not be exhausted for two hundred years. San Francisco alone sends 400,000,000 feet of lumber to the world each year. The total output of the State for 1906 was 900,000,000 feet. There are $16,000,000 invested in the industry, 250 mills, and the value of the total output, together with the by-products of the forests, is $17,000,000--the lumber itself amounting to $8,500,000.
Throughout the splendid harbour of San Francisco passes by far the greatest part of the ocean commerce of California, as well as of the entire Pacific Coast. The harbours of the State now carry on an ocean commerce of about $100,000,000 per year, the precise figure for 1906 being: imports $49,193,303; exports $45,479,422. The total foreign commerce of the State for 1900 was $119,212,911, and in 1906 San Francisco was fourth among the cities of the United States in point of customs receipts. Besides the ocean commerce of California with every port of the world which passes through her harbours, she has direct communication by rail with every quarter of the United States. Four great transcontinental railroads carry her goods and passengers to and from her cities, and a fifth is now (1907) nearing completion. In 1900 the total railroad mileage of the State was 5,532.
The educational system of the State commences with primary schools and continues through grammar schools and high schools, culminating in the State University. These are all public schools, being supported by the State and counties, and affording free education to all. The State Constitution creates the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction; it also provides for a superintendent of schools for each of the fifty-seven counties of the State. It makes provision for the maintenance of the public school system, and directs that the proceeds of all public lands and of all escheated estates shall be appropriated to the support of the common schools. The State University is situated at Berkeley on the Bay of San Francisco. It was created by act of the legislature on 23, March, 1868, and this act is confirmed by the present constitution (that of 1879), making the organization and government of the university perpetual. The university is designed for the education of male and female students alike, and in fact the principle of co-education is recognized and put in practice in nearly all state educational institutions.
The total number of professors, including the various officers of instruction and research, in the University of California, for the year ending 30 June, 1906, was 318, as follows: academic, 252; art, 9; Lick Astronomical Observatory, 9; law, 6; medicine, 34; pharmacy, 8. The total number of students for the same period was 3,338, of whom 2,007 were men, and 1,331 women, the women being nearly 40 percent of the total enrollment. This percentage is far higher in the Colleges of Letters, Social Sciences, and Natural Sciences, in which, as an average, the women outnumber the men more than two to one. The College of Agriculture, as well as several other technological colleges, including the College of Mechanics, the College of Mining, the College of Commerce, the College of Civil Engineering, and the College of Chemistry, are designed to afford a complete technical training in their respective branches. The Affiliated Colleges of the University, being the schools of Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry, are situated in San Francisco; there are several experiment stations for which the university receives $15,000 annually from the Federal Government; and there is a State University Farm of 780 acres at Davisville. The university has been the recipient of munificent endowments both from the State and from private persons. In addition to these, and the proceeds of public land already mentioned, a direct tax of two cents on every $100 of taxable property in the State is levied, and applied to the support of the university. But four of the fifty-seven counties of the State have no high school, and some counties have several. There are also five normal schools, situated respectively at San Francisco, Los Angeles, San José, San Diego, and Chico. In addition to these there are night schools, technical schools, and commercial schools in all the large cities of the State.
The public school system of the State was founded in the constitutional convention at Monterey, in September, 1849. The 500,000 acres of land granted by Congress to new States for the purpose of internal improvement were appropriated to constitute a perpetual school fund. It was also provided that a school should be kept in each district at least three months each year to secure any share of the State school funds. In the school year ending 30 June, 1906, there were 3,227 primary and grammar schools in the State, and 117 high schools. The total number of teachers in the public schools was 9,371; the total number of pupils, 321,870. The total number of pupils in private schools was 43,080. California has been more than lavish in her provision for her public school system. The total income of her public schools during the scholastic year 1905-06 was $11,494,670.29. The total value of public school property for the same year was $23,860,341. This does not include the State University. The total income of the State University for the same period was $1,564,190. The Leland Stanford Junior University is situated at Palo Alto. It was founded by Mr. and Mrs. Leland Stanford as a memorial to their only child. The total value of the endowments given to the university by its founders reaches the astonishing figure of $26,000,000. Like the University of California, it is co-educational, but the number of women students is limited to 500. The university was opened to students in 1891.
The work of religious education in California is confined almost exclusively to institutions under Catholic auspices. In California the Catholic Church, notwithstanding that she receives no financial aid from the State, and that the support of her schools and colleges must be derived entirely from contributions of the faithful, has done great things in the cause of Christian education. The great pioneers of Catholic education in California were the Jesuits. In 1851 Santa Clara College was founded by the venerable Father John Nobili, S.J. This was followed, four years later, by the establishment of St. Ignatius College in San Francisco under the leadership of the Rev. Anthony Maraschi, S.J. From the days of these small beginnings the zeal of those charged with the education of Catholic youth has been untiring, progress has been steady, and the results already achieved have more than compensated for the sacrifices and expenditures which the work entailed. The following figures for the year 1907 will give some idea of the importance of Catholic education in California: 1 archdiocesan seminary, 5 seminaries of religious orders, 1 normal school, 11 colleges, academies and high schools for boys, 47 academies for girls, 73 parochial schools, 31,814 young people under Catholic care . Besides the institutions just mentioned there are numerous orphan asylums, industrial school, infant asylums, day homes and a protectory for boys to which is attached a boys' industrial farm at Rutherford. In addition to the colleges in charge of the Jesuits already mentioned, the Christian Brothers conduct Sacred Heart College in San Francisco, and St. Mary's College in Oakland. St. Vincent's College, in Los Angeles, is under the care of the Vincentian Fathers. There are several other universities and colleges, as well as numerous grammar, primary and secondary schools and kindergartens, under private management.
The origin of the name California has been the subject of some conjecture; but certain it is that by the end of the sixteenth century it was applied to all the territory claimed by the Spanish Crown, bordering on the Pacific Ocean and lying north of Cape San Lucas. In a much later day it came to designate, under the familiar phrase, "The Two Californias", the territory now included in the State of California, and the Peninsula of Lower California. After Florida, California is the oldest name of any of the United States. The land was discovered by the Spaniards--Lower California by Cortez who visited the peninsula in 1533; and Alta or Upper California by Cabrillo, in 1542. Lower California had been evangelized by the Jesuits who established eighteen missions between 1697 and 1767. Upon the expulsion of the Jesuits in the latter year, the care of the missions and the conversion of the Indians in the Spanish settlements were entrusted to the Franciscans. To them therefore belongs the honour of founding the great mission system of California proper. The leader of this gigantic work was the renowned Father Junípero Serra, and his first settlement in California was the mission of San Diego, which he established in July, 1769. San Francisco was founded in 1776. For fifteen years the saintly man laboured in California with apostolic zeal, and at the time of his death in 1784, he established nine missions between San Diego and San Francisco. The total number of missions founded in California by the Franciscans was twenty-one, and they extended from Sonoma in the north to San Diego in the south. Prominent among them were Santa Clara, San Luis, Obispo, Santa Barbara, and San Juan Capistrano. The missions were all established under the sovereignty of the King of Spain; each mission had its church, a residence for the fathers, a presidio, or military guard, and shops and workrooms for the Indians, who, besides receiving instruction in the Faith, were taught the useful arts of civilization. (See CALIFORNIA MISSIONS.) Each mission was established in conjunction with a Spanish settlement under a civil governor, and during this period, the immigration was almost exclusively Spanish and Mexican. In 1822 California ceased to be a Spanish colony and became part of the territory of Mexico. From that date begins the decline of the missions; the policy of the government became one of annoyance, interference, and aggression. Finally, in 1834, began the secularization of the missions, which was in fact their downright confiscation. The Fathers were deprived of their lands and buildings; and the Indians freed from the benevolent government of the friars.
The results were disastrous. The Indians were scattered and dispersed, and many of them lapsed into barbarism. The missions themselves were destroyed. This confiscation forms one of the saddest injustices in history. The temporal wrongs done at this time were partially righted in 1902 by the award of the International Tribunal of Arbitration at The Hague, in the case of the Pious Fund, which adjudged the payment by Mexico to the United States for the Catholic Church in California, of the accrued interest of the Fund. When taken over by President Santa Anna in 1842, the total value of the Pious Fund estates was estimated at $1,700,000. In 1826 the first emigrant train of Americans entered the present territory of California. From that year onward there was a gradual influx of Americans, most of whom engaged in trading, hunting, prospecting, cattle-raising, and farming. As the American population increased there were frequent misunderstandings and clashes with the Mexican authorities, some of them not altogether creditable to the Americans. Commodore Jones made an unauthorized seizure of Monterey in 1842. The United States Government subsequently disavowed his acts and made apologies to Mexico.
In 1846 a party of Americans seized Sonoma, captured the commandant, and proclaimed the independence of the Republic of California. The young republic chose the Bear Flag as its emblem. In a few weeks news was received of hostilities between the United States and Mexico; the Bear Flag gave place to the American Flag; and Monterey, San Francisco, Sonoma, and Sutter's Fort were soon in the hands of the Americans. California was finally ceded to the United States, on the conclusion of the war with Mexico, by the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, proclaimed 4 July, 1848. In January, 1848, gold was discovered by James W. Coloma, on the American River. The news spread like wildfire, and by the early part of 1849 a mighty tide of immigration had set in. The gold-seekers came from every section of the United States, and from Europe. In that year more than 80,000 men arrived in California. These men were afterwards called the "Forty-niners". Some of them came from Australia; some, from New York and Europe by way of Cape Horn; some crossed the Isthmus of Panama; while a large number came across the plains in caravans, on horseback, and even on foot. Fortune awaited thousands of these pioneers in the rich placer mines, and California became the richest gold-producing State in the United States. But thousands of those who were unsuccessful in their quest for gold, found even greater and more lasting wealth in tilling the rich soil and engaging in commerce. After the excitement caused by the discovery of gold had subsided, a steady stream of immigration began, and continues to the present time. The foreign immigrants have been chiefly Irish, German, English, Canadian, Italian, and French, though there are also considerable numbers of Portuguese and Swedes. As shown in the tables already presented, more than seventy five percent of the total population in 1900 was native-born.
So rapid was the growth of population after the discovery of gold, that in 1849 a constitution was adopted by the convention at Monterey, and California was admitted into the Union of States by Act of Congress on 9 September, 1850. That day has ever since been a legal holiday, and is generally celebrated and referred to as Admission Day. Peter H. Burnett was elected first governor of the new state and served during 1851 and 1852. All sorts of men found their way into the new El Dorado, as it was called. Most of them were hardy, industrious, and honest--these were the true pioneers. But there was a considerable admixture of the reckless and daredevil element, criminals and desperadoes, who sought fortune and adventure in the new gold diggings. In 1851 there was a veritable carnival of crime in San Francisco which the lawfully constituted authorities were unable to suppress. The citizens of the city organized themselves into a Vigilance Committee and punished crimes and criminals in summary fashion. The members of the committee were known as "Vigilantes", and were for the most part honest and reputable men, who resorted to these measures only from motives of necessity and duty, in the disturbed condition of the government. A similar condition arose again in 1856 and was met by the same remedy. It must be said that the trials of the Vigilance Committee, while informal, were in the main fair, and the punishments inflicted richly deserved.
Large numbers of Chinese coolies had emigrated to California ever since 1850; the influx was greatest during the building of the Central Pacific Railroad which was completed in 1869. A strong anti-Chinese sentiment developed, due chiefly to three principal objections made against them: they worked for wages much lower than white men; they spent little of their earnings; they rarely established homes, but lived together in large numbers and in unclean surroundings. The agitation grew to tremendous proportions, provoked serious riots, and finally resulted in the so-called Chinese exclusion acts which have been enacted periodically by Congress since 1882. There were at one time over 100,000 Chinese in California. In 1900 the number had decreased to 45,753; and it is now (1907) much smaller. In 1891 the Australian Ballot was introduced at State elections. Among other important political events of the last twenty-five years was the prohibition of hydraulic mining, which had destroyed immense areas for agriculture and had choked up river beds with the accumulation of detritus; also the passage of numerous beneficial laws for the promotion of irrigation, for the fumigation of fruit trees, and for the importation of predatory insects for the purpose of destroying insect pests. The present constitution of California was adopted in 1879. During the Spanish-American War and the subsequent American occupation of the Philippines, San Francisco has been the chief depot for the transportation of troops and supplies. On 18 April, 1906, one of the greatest earthquakes recorded in history visited the coast of California; it was most severe in San Francisco. Fire started simultaneously in a dozen quarters and burned incessantly for three days. All but the western and southern parts of the city were consumed. The city, as a city, was destroyed. The loss of life is estimated at 500, and of property at $500,000,000. More than 300,000 people left the city after the fire. Over 200,000 of these have returned, and incredible strides have been made in rehabilitating the city. Nearly $200,000,000 have been expended (December, 1907) on improvements in the 497 city blocks that were destroyed.
The territory of the State of California is divided, ecclesiastically, into the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the Diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, and the Diocese of Sacramento. The first includes the city of San Francisco and the central and more westerly counties of the State. The second includes all of Southern California. The third embraces the entire northern part of the State, as well as nearly half of the State of Nevada. With the exception of the Diocese of Sacramento, their boundaries are conterminous with those of the State. The Diocese of Salt Lake, in Utah, and the Dioceses of Sacramento and of Monterey and Los Angeles are suffragan to the Archdiocese of San Francisco. The Catholic population of California is estimated at 344,000 (1906), made up as follows: Archdiocese of San Francisco, 227,000; Diocese of Sacramento, 42,000; Diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles, 75,000. By far the greater portion of these are white, the total of blacks, Indians, and Chinese being less than five percent.
From 1769, the year which saw the foundation of San Diego, until the second expedition of Fremont (1846), the settlers and immigrants were chiefly Catholic, being natives of Spain and Mexico. The discovery of gold in 1848 was immediately followed by an inrush of thousands of immigrants. These gold-seekers were mostly Americans, but there was also a large proportion of foreigners. From that time until the present, the immigration has been steadily on the increase, the Catholic part of it being chiefly Irish, Irish-American, Italian, French, and German.
The first governor of California, Peter H. Burnett, was a convert to the Catholic Faith. Stephen M. White, who represented California in the Senate of the United States, was one of the first graduates of the Jesuit college at Santa Clara. He was an astute lawyer, a brilliant orator, and a tireless worker. E. W. McKinstry, like Judge Burnett, was a convert to the Faith; and like him, also, was a member of the Supreme Bench. Judge McKinstry was a man of deep erudition, a fine constitutional lawyer, and an exemplary Catholic. W. G. Lorigan, a Catholic, was also chosen to the Supreme Bench. Joseph McKenna, another California Catholic, became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1898), and James F. Smith, General in the United States Army, Member of the Philippine Commission, and Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, is another alumnus of Santa Clara College. Garret W. McEnerney, one of the leaders of the California Bar, who won international fame by his masterful presentation of the claims of the Catholic Church in California to the Pious Fund (q.v.) before the Tribunal Arbitration at The Hague in 1902, graduated at St. Mary's College.
The following statistics of the Catholic Church in California are taken from the Catholic Directory for 1907: archbishop, 1; bishops, 2; total priests, 488; secular, 321; religious, 167; total churches, 366; churches with resident priests, 209; missions with churches, 157; stations, 119; seminary, 1; seminaries of religious orders, 5; colleges and academies for boys, 11; academies for young ladies, 47; parishes with parochial schools, 73; orphan asylums, 12; total young people under Catholic care, 31,814; Catholic population, 344,000. There are houses or monasteries of Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, Paulists, Marists, Selesians, Christian Brothers, and Brothers of Mary. The Catholic sisterhoods are almost all represented.
The total number of churches was 1505; total value of church property, $11,961,914; total number of communicants, 280,619. Of course, these figures have been greatly increased since that time. Catholics do not recognize any such enumeration as "communicants"; the total for this head therefore underestimates the Catholic population.
|Denomination||Organization||Churches||Value of church property||Number of communicants|
The constitutional provision safeguarding religious freedom is ample and specific. It reads as follows: "The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall be forever guaranteed by this State; and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account of his opinions on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this State." The Constitution prohibits the appropriation of money from the State treasury for the use or benefit of any corporation, association, asylum, hospital, or any other institution not under the exclusive management and control of the State as a State institution. But there is, nevertheless, a proviso authorizing the granting of State aid to institutions conducted for the support of maintenance of "minor orphans, or half-orphans, or abandoned children, or aged persons in indigent circumstances". The Constitution also expressly prohibits the appropriation of money in support of any sectarian creed, church, or school. The policy of the State is to afford the fullest measure of religious liberty to all, to discriminate in favour of, or against, no one on account of religious belief, and not to permit the power or resources of the State to be used for the propagation of any form of religion or for the benefit of any religious institution. Every Sunday is by express legislative enactment a legal holiday (Civil Code, 7); on that day all courts are closed, and business is universally suspended. Any act required by law or contract to be done or performed on a particular day which happens to fall on a Sunday, may be done or performed on the next day with full legal effect. But there is no law compelling the religious observance of Sunday, and contracts, deeds, wills, notes, etc. executed on Sunday are just as valid as if executed on any other day. But, while there is no Sunday Law, properly so-called, there is an act of the legislature passed 27 February, 1893, securing to all employees one day's rest in seven, and making it a misdemeanor to violate the provisions of the act.
The Code of Civil Procedure provides that "every court, every judge or clerk of any court, every justice and every notary public, and every officer or person authorized to take testimony in any action or proceeding, or to decide upon evidence, has power to administer oaths or affirmations". Any person who desires it may, at his option, instead of taking an oath, make his affirmation. The Bible is not used in administering oaths; in judicial proceedings, the witness raises his right hand and the clerk or judge swears him "to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God". To make a willfully false statement after having taken an oath or affirmation, before an officer authorized to administer it, to testify to the truth, is perjury, a felony punishable by imprisonment in the State's prison for from one to fourteen years. The Penal Code makes it a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of $200 or imprisonment for ninety days, to utter profane language in the presence or hearing of women and children (Penal Code, sect. 415). The Supreme Court of the State, in the case of Delaney, ex parte, California Reports, Vol. XLIII, page 478, has held it to be within the power of a municipal corporation empowered by its charter to prohibit practices which are against good morals, to prohibit and punish the utterance of profane language. The entire matter of profane language is generally left to the control of the local authorities, and most of the counties and cities have ordinances prohibiting and punishing it. It is customary to open the sessions of the legislature with prayer, though there is no provision of law either requiring or prohibiting the practice. There is no recognition of any religious holidays, by name, except Sunday. New Years' Day and Christmas are both holidays, but they are described in the Civil Code merely as "the first day of January. . .and the twenty-fifth day of December". It must be said that the same rule is observed in the Code in referring to the other legal holidays. Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, etc. are simply the twenty-second day of February, the thirtieth day of May, the fourth day of July, etc. The seal of confession has the full sanction and protection of the law. It occupies the same position in the eyes of the law as communications made to attorneys and physicians in their professional capacities. It is the policy of the law to encourage these confidential or privileged communications, as they are called, and to keep them inviolate. Section 1881 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that a priest cannot be examined as to any confession made to him, as such, by a penitent.
The laws governing the incorporation of churches, and religious societies and providing for the protection and management of church property are both beneficent and effective. The Civil Code (section 602) provides that any bishop, chief priest, or presiding elder, may become a sole corporation by complying with certain simple legal formalities. Thereafter, the usual attributes of corporation aggregate attach, mutatis mutandis, to the corporation sole. Under this statute all Catholic Church property in the Archdiocese of San Francisco is held in the name of "The Roman Catholic Archbishop of San Francisco", a corporation sole. Upon the death of the incumbent, his successor, properly appointed and qualified, takes the place of his predecessor, and no probate or other proceedings are required to vest the title to the church property which, in contemplation of law, remains always in the corporation sole, regardless of who may be, for the time being, the incumbent. In addition to the laws governing corporations sole, there are very liberal statutes authorizing the incorporation of single churches, as well as of religious, charitable, and educational associations, and the holding of property by such corporations; also authorizing the consolidation of two or more churches or parishes into one corporation. Under the law of California, therefore, the property interests of the church are jealously safeguarded, and she is free to hold her church property in either of the methods above pointed out. Prior to the year 1900, California stood alone among the States of the Union in taxing church property in the same manner and at the same rate as business or residence property. On 6 November, 1900, the people of the State adopted an amendment to the Constitution, providing that "all buildings, and so much of the real property on which they are situated as may be required for the convenient use and occupation of said buildings, when the same are used solely and exclusively for religious worship, shall be free from taxation". The residences of the clergy, the hospitals, orphanages, refuges, asylums, and all other institutions which are devoted to charitable or eleemosynary objects, but which are not used "solely and exclusively for religious worship", are still subject to taxation as before. The law exempts "ministers of religion" from military duty; and "a minister of the gospel, or a priest of any denomination following his profession" is exempt from jury duty.
The Civil Code defines marriage as "a personal relation arising out of a civil contract, to which the consent of parties capable of making that contract is necessary. Consent alone will not constitute marriage; it must be followed by a solemnization authorized by this code" (55). This section of the code formerly permitted "a mutual assumption of marital rights, duties or obligations" to take the place of a solemnization. In other words, the so-called common-law marriages were permitted, and their validity upheld, by the laws of the State. But the difficulty of determining just what constituted "a mutual assumption of marital rights, duties or obligations", and the numerous and scandalous cases of intrigue, temporary or illicit relations, hasty, ill-advised, and clandestine unions, with their consequent perplexing questions of legitimacy, succession, property rights, and the status of the parties themselves, convinced the leading minds of California that the position of the Catholic Church on the necessity of the public safeguards with which she protects the marriage ceremony, is the only wise and safe one. Accordingly, in 1895, the legislature amended the law, and made it necessary that the consent of the parties to the marriage be evidenced by a solemnization of the marriage. No particular form of solemnization is required, but the parties must declare in the presence of the person solemnizing the marriage that they take each other as husband and wife. Marriages may be solemnized by a priest, or a minister of any denomination, or by a justice or judge of any court. A license must first be obtained, and the person solemnizing the marriage must attach his written certificate to the license, certifying to the fact, the time, and the place of, and the names and residences of the parties and the witnesses to, the marriage. The license and certificate must then be recorded with the County Recorder. Under these stringent rules little or no difficulty is found in proving a marriage; and all relations between the sexes are simply meretricious unless the parties avail themselves of the legal requirements of solemnization of marriage. There is a charitable provision of the law, designed for the benefit of innocent offspring, to the effect that all children of a marriage void in law or dissolved by divorce are legitimate. The age of consent to marriage is eighteen in males and fifteen in females; but if the male be under the age of twenty-one, or the female under the age of eighteen, the consent of parents or guardian must first be obtained. The law of the State forbids and makes absolutely void marriages: (1) Between whites and negroes, mongolians, or mulattoes; (2) Between ancestors and descendants, brothers and sisters, uncles and nieces, aunts and nephews (marriages between cousins are permitted); (3) If either party be already married, for one year after the entry of an interlocutory decree of divorce. The annulment of marriages is provided for in certain cases; such marriages are considered voidable and may be annulled for any of the following causes: (1) If, at the time of the marriage, either party be under the age of consent, and the consent of parents or guardian be not obtained; (2) If either party be of unsound mind at the time of the marriage; (3) If consent of the marriage be obtained by fraud; or (4) By force, or (5) If either party be physically incapable of entering into the marriage state. The annulment of marriage must carefully be distinguished from divorce. The latter implies the existence of a perfectly valid marriage. The former affords relief to the injured party, who may either ratify the marriage, and thus make it valid from the beginning, or have it set aside and declared void from the beginning.
The principle of divorce is recognized by the law of California, which assigns six grounds of divorce: adultery, extreme cruelty, willful desertion, willful neglect (failure to provide), habitual intemperance, and conviction of a felony. Notwithstanding that a cause for divorce be proved to exist, the divorce must be denied upon proof of any of the following: connivance, collusion, condonation, recrimination (proof of a cause of divorce against the plaintiff), or lapse of time. To prevent fraudulent and secret divorces, as well as the promiscuous granting of divorces, the law requires a bona fide residence by the plaintiff for one year in the State, and for three months in the county, before filing suit. Upon dissolution of the marriage by divorce, the Superior Court has jurisdiction to award the care and custody of the children to the innocent party, or to make such other provision for their care and custody as the best interests of the children, both moral and material, may require; and this disposition may be altered from time to time in the discretion of the Court.
In 1903 the law on the subject of divorce was amended. Since that year, upon proof by the plaintiff of a cause for divorce, an interlocutory decree of divorce is granted. This decree entitles the successful party to a final decree of divorce upon the expiration of one year after the entry of the interlocutory decree. This change in the law prevents the remarriage of either of the parties until the expiration of one year from the entry of the interlocutory decree.
As previously explained, the Church receives no financial aid from the State towards the religious education of her children, and here, as elsewhere, Catholics are taxed for the support of public schools, as well as charged with the duty of maintaining schools of their own. Here also, as elsewhere, the effects of the public school system of non-religous education emphasize the necessity of providing for Catholic youth a complete system of education that includes, with the best profane scholarship, a sound moral and religious training. The need is especially felt in the university courses, whose systems of philosophy, if not positively anti-Christian, are certainly not calculated to foster belief in a personal God, or to strengthen faith in a Divine revelation. There are liberal statutes in force, permitting and encouraging the foundation and maintenance of private institutions of learning, and the only interference permitted the State authorities concerns the supervision of sanitary arrangements, and the prescribing of such standards of scholarship as will entitle graduates to admission to the State University without examination.
There are also liberal statutes authorizing the incorporation of religious, social, benevolent, or charitable organizations. Such corporations may make and enforce rules for the government of themselves and their institutions, and may purchase and hold such real property as may be necessary for the objects of the association, not exceeding six whole lots in any city or town, or fifty acres in the country, and the annual profit or income of such land must not exceed $50,000. Orphan asylums, however, maintaining at least 100 orphans are permitted to purchase and hold 160 acres of land, of a net annual value of not more than $50,000. These provisions, it must be remembered, do not limit the power of purely religious corporations, whether sole or aggregate, to purchase and hold such lands as may be necessary for their churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, orphan asylums, and parsonages, under statutes previously discussed. The State Constitution prohibits the appropriating of public money "for the support of any sectarian or denominational school, or any school not under the exclusive control of the officers of the public schools"; it also provides that no "sectarian or denominational be taught, or instruction thereon be permitted, directly or indirectly, in any of the common schools of the State". Under another constitutional provision already discussed, the legislature passed a law in 1880 appropriating annually to every institution maintaining orphans the sum of $100 for each orphan, and $75 for each half orphan. In 1903 the legislature created a State Board of Charities and Correction, consisting of six members appointed by the governor. This board has a supervisory jurisdiction over all charitable, correctional, and penal institutions, including hospitals for the insane.
There is no State law forbidding the sale of liquor to citizens generally. But it is forbidden: to bring intoxicating liquor to a prison, jail, or reformatory; or to sell, give, or expose it for sale within half a mile to a State prison, or within 1,900 feet of a reformatory, or within one mile of the University of California at Berkeley, or within one an one-half miles of any veteran's home, or within the State Capitol, or on the grounds adjacent thereto; or at a camp meeting; or to a common or habitual drunkard; or to an Indian; or to a minor under the age of eighteen years; or within one mile of an insane asylum. It is forbidden to permit a minor under the age of eighteen years to enter a saloon; and it is also forbidden to give or sell intoxicating liquor to anyone on election day. Beyond these provisions, the general law leaves the control of the sale of liquor entirely to local authority. Each county, city, and town is free to regulate the liquor traffic to suit the wishes of its citizens.
There are two State prisons, situated respectively at San Quentin and Folsom. These prisons, under the Constitution, are subject to the direct control of the State Board of Prison Directors, consisting of five members appointed by the governor. The prisoners are kept at work, in the rock-crushing plant, in making grain bags, in building roads, etc. Priests and ministers are free to visit the prisoners and conduct religious services for their benefit. There are two State reformatories for juvenile offenders--the Preston School of Industry at Ione City, and the Whittier State School, at Whittier. Each is governed by its own board of trustees, and is entirely independent of the Board of Prison Directors. There is also a juvenile court charged with the control and punishment of juvenile dependents and delinquents. A large discretion is vested with the judge of this court and much good has been accomplished since its creation in keeping children of Catholic parentage under the care and influence of conscientious Catholic officers.
In California every person of sound mind who has reached the age of eighteen years may dispose of his entire estate by will, subject to the payment of his debts and expenses of administration. Such part of a decedent's estate as is not disposed of by will is distributed according to the statutes of succession. The estates of such persons as die without wills and without heirs escheat to the State. The phrase "expenses of administration" includes funeral expenses of the deceased, expenses of his last illness, and provision for the support of his family, including the homestead, family allowance, and setting apart property exempt from execution.
No person is permitted to dispose by will of more than one-third of the value of his estate to charitable uses. A will attempting to dispose of a greater proportion to charity would not be absolutely void, but all the charitable bequests and devises would be reduced proportionately so that their total value would not exceed one third. Moreover, every charitable bequest and devise is absolutely void unless it be made at least thirty days prior to the testator's death. A bequest or devise to a church as such, or to a college, orphan asylum, missionary society, hospital, or home for the aged would be for a charitable use under this provision. But not so a devise or bequest to a priest or bishop by name, and in his individual capacity. It has also been held that a bequest to a priest for Masses to be offered for the repose of the soul of the deceased, is not a charitable bequest.
Cemeteries may be purchased, held, and owned under the liberal statutes for the ownership of church property, already explained. Or, they may be purchased, held, and owned by cemetery corporations formed under a general law, by which their land holdings are limited to 320 acres situated in the county in which their articles of incorporation are filed, or in an adjoining county. The law provides for the survey and subdivision of such lands into lots or plots, avenues or walks, and for the government of such corporations, as well as the sale and tenure of burial plots.
CLINCH, California and Its Missions (San Francisco, 1904); JAMES, In and Out of the Old Missions (Boston, 1906); JACKSON, California and the Missions (Boston, 1903); BURNETT, Recollections of an Old Pioneer; EDWORDS, California Annual (San Francisco, 1907); U. S. Census of 1900 (Washington); U. S. Census of 1890 (Washington); SWETT, History of the Public School System of California (San Francisco, 1876); Catholic Directory for 1907 (Milwaukee); Twenty-second Biennial Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (Sacramento, 1906); University of California Register (Berkeley, 1907); BABCOCK, History of California (Sacramento, 1907); TREADWELL, Constitution of California (San Francisco, 1907); Civil Code, Code of Civil Procedure, Political Code, Penal Code (San Francisco, 1906).
APA citation. (1908). California. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03170a.htm
MLA citation. "California." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03170a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Matthew and Therese Reak. Dedicated to my friends, the Ottles.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. November 1, 1908. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is feedback732 at newadvent.org. (To help fight spam, this address might change occasionally.) Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:5ee17248-7eb4-4c93-89a4-245d63f4f165> | 2013-05-18T07:19:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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HIS408 Intellectual History of 20th-Century Europe
An exploration of modern European intellectual thought, from modernism at the end of nineteenth century to postmodernism at the end of the twentieth century. Possible readings include: Kafka, Eliot, Freud, Woolf, Sartre, and Foucault.
- Liberal Arts
- Must be enrolled in the following level: Undergraduate
- Must be enrolled in one of the following field(s) of study (major, minor or concentration): History (532), History B-6 (601H), Social Studies - History B-2 (599H), Social Studies-History 1-6 (630H)
- May not be enrolled in the following class: Freshman | <urn:uuid:caff17d5-f50f-4e98-b317-c41fe1e56394> | 2013-05-18T07:25:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NEWPORT CITY – Two years ago, Fr. Shiju Chittattukkara, S.D.V, left his home in southern India to spread the Catholic word in the United States. His first stop was St. Mary Star of the Sea Catholic Church in Newport. Last Thursday, Chittattukkara left Newport to serve at Our Lady of Solace in Coney Island, N.Y.
Chittattukkara came to Newport as an assistant pastor to Father Michael Reardon. Chittattukkara had been a priest for a year and a half before coming to Newport. This was his first time in the United States. Prior to coming to the Northeast Kingdom, he knew nothing about Newport.
“Newport is a very beautiful place,” he said. Chittattukkara said he enjoyed the four seasons. He thought it was a mistake when first told he would be coming to Newport. “I never thought I would come to America.”
Chittattukkara learned English in India but did not practice it until he came to the United States. He feels he speaks English better now than he did two years ago.
In Brooklyn, Chittattukkara will serve as an assistant pastor at a church that serves the English and Spanish communities. Moving from Newport is going to be a culture shock, he said. “New York is not Newport,” said Chittattukkara. “Newport is peaceful. I’m very comfortable here.”
Chittattukkara said he loves the people in Newport, will remember them and will miss them.
While in Newport, he saw snow for the first time. He said he was surprised at how white snow is. However, he said his concentration was on the parish, not snow or cold.
Chittattukkara, 32, said he is joyful and happy that he is a priest. He first knew he wanted to be priest at the age of 16. He joined the congregation in 1996.
The primary religion in India is Hindu, said Chittattukkara. Catholic following in his area of India is 18 percent.
As a whole, Chittattukkara is not concerned that the Catholic Church will diminish.
“It will get better,” he said, referring to the numbers in the church, “despite all the problems and difficulties we are facing right now, the church will not die.”
Chittattukkara’s message to the residents to the Newport area is, “Try to be the people of good will.” | <urn:uuid:24eefdf2-393e-4246-9266-605892aee54f> | 2013-05-18T08:03:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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UN slaps sanctions on two DR Congo rebels
- From: AAP
- December 01, 2012
THE UN security council has imposed sanctions against two Democratic Republic of Congo rebel leaders accused of killing children and others who tried to flee their force.
The council on Friday said it had ordered a global travel ban and assets freeze against Baudoin Ngaruye and Innocent Kaina, both top military leaders of the M23 movement which has seized territory in eastern DR Congo.
The council and the United States have already ordered similar sanctions against Sultani Makenga, military chief of M23, which is said to get backing from neighbouring Rwanda.
Ngaruye, who is considered a deputy to Makenga, "is responsible for executions and torture of deserters within the M23", said a sanctions committee statement.
Innocent Kaina "oversaw the recruitment and training of over 150 children for the M23 rebellion, shooting the boys who had tried to escape", the statement added.
The security council "took a strong step today by sanctioning Baudoin Ngaruye and Innocent Kaina", US ambassador to the UN Susan Rice said.
"We condemn the actions of the M23 and those who support them."
The M23 rebellion erupted in Congo's mineral-rich North Kivu province in April.
This month, the rebels launched a major offensive against government forces and took the key city of Goma, which they still hold despite a ceasefire agreement under which they are supposed to withdraw. | <urn:uuid:a0895e90-5a68-430b-b7b3-76980e0c4857> | 2013-05-18T05:05:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Spaniards rage against austerity
- From: AAP
- September 26, 2012
SPAIN'S government has been hit by the country's financial crisis on two fronts as protesters enraged with austerity cutbacks and tax hikes clashed with police near Parliament, while the nation's borrowing costs increased in an auction of its debt.
More than 1000 riot police blocked off access to the parliament building in the heart of Madrid, forcing most protesters to crowd nearby avenues and shutting down traffic at the height of the evening rush hour.
Police used batons to push back some protesters at the front of the march attended by an estimated 6000 people as tempers flared, and some demonstrators broke down barricades and threw rocks and bottles toward authorities.
Television images showed officers beating protesters in response, and an Associated Press television producer saw several people dragged away by police and one protester with his head bloodied. Spain's state TV said at least nine people were injured, including one officer, and that 15 were detained.
The demonstration, organised with an Occupy Congress slogan, drew protesters from all walks of life weary of nine straight months of painful economic austerity measures imposed by Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and his solid majority of politicians. Smaller demonstrations on Tuesday attracted hundreds of protesters in Barcelona and Seville.
Angry Madrid marchers who got as close as they could to parliament, 250 metres away, yelled "Get out!, Get out! They don't represent us! Fire them!"
"The only solution is that we should put everyone in parliament out on the street so they know what it's like," said Maria Pilar Lopez, a 60-year-old government secretary.
Lopez and others called for fresh elections, claiming the government's hard-hitting austerity measures are proof that the ruling Popular Party misled voters when it won power last November in a landslide.
While Rajoy has said he has no plans to cut pensions for Spaniards, Lopez fears her retirement age could be raised from 65 to as much as 70. Three of her seven nieces and nephews have been laid off since Rajoy ousted Spain's Socialists, and she said the prospect of them finding jobs "is very bleak."
Spain is struggling in its second recession in three years with unemployment near 25 per cent. The country has introduced austerity measures and economic reforms in a bid to convince its euro partners and investors that it is serious about reducing its bloated deficit to 6.3 per cent of gross domestic product in 2012 and 4.5 per cent next year.
The deficit reached 50.1 billion euro ($A62.51 billion), equivalent to 4.77 per cent of GDP, through August, the government said on Tuesday. Secretary of State for the budget Marta Fernandez Curras said the deficit "is under control."
Spain has been under pressure from investors to apply for European Central Bank assistance in keeping its borrowing costs down. Rajoy has yet to say whether Madrid will apply for the aid, reluctant to ask since such assistance comes with strings attached.
Concerns over the country's public finances were evident earlier on Wednesday when the Treasury sold 3.98 billion euro in short-term debt but at a higher cost. It sold 1.39 billion euro in three-month bills at an average interest rate of 1.2 per cent, up from 0.95 per cent in the last such auction August 28, and 2.58 billion euro in six-month bills on a yield of 2.21 per cent, up from 2.03 per cent.
The government is expected to present a new batch of reforms Thursday as it unveils a draft budget for 2013. | <urn:uuid:134e1a41-29b5-497d-a23c-40d9543b76a3> | 2013-05-18T06:22:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Chemical weapons probe sought in Syria
2 U.S. officials say they don't believe rebels used chemical weapons
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's government and the opposition demanded independent investigations Wednesday into countering accusations of the use of chemical weapons, allegations that prompted most members of the U.N. Security Council to call for a probe.
The demands, made in writing to the United Nations, came a day after the government and the rebels accused one another of using chemical weapons in fighting in the flashpoint province of Aleppo and a rural suburb of the Syrian capital of Damascus.
Even as both sides accused the other of using such weapons, the U.S. ambassador to Syria and other officials said there was no evidence to substantiate the reports.
"So far, we have no evidence to substantiate the reports that chemical weapons were used yesterday," Ambassador Robert Ford told the House Foreign Affairs Committee.
"But I want to underline that we're looking very carefully at these reports. We are consulting with partners in the region and in the international community."
Ford, who was pulled from Syria when the United States closed its embassy in Damascus more than a year ago, said he was "skeptical" of Russian reports that the rebel Free Syrian Army had used chemical weapons.
Competing calls for investigations
Throughout the civil war, which began in 2011, it has been difficult for the international community to determine the validity of claims by both sides of violence and casualties because access to the country has been severely restricted by the Syrian government.
Even so, the United Nations confirmed Wednesday it was studying a written request received from Syrian government officials, who were calling for a neutral party to investigate their claim.
A majority of the members of the U.N. Security Council plan to send a letter to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to request an inquiry to "shed light" over the reports, said Gerard Araud, the French ambassador to the United Nations. He made the comments after Wednesday's closed-door meeting of the Security Council.
The letter asks Ban to conduct a "swift, thorough and impartial" investigation, Philip Parham, the UK's deputy ambassador to the United Nations, said.
Parham described the Syrian government's demand as a request for a narrow investigation, looking into only one alleged incident.
"The way in which they have framed the request prejudges the outcome of the investigation by alleging it's the opposition that is responsible for that case of use of chemical weapons," he said.
The Security Council is calling for a broader investigation.
The rebels' coalition government, meanwhile, demanded an international investigation and called for a delegation to visit the sites of the alleged attacks.
Military analysts believe the Syrian government may have one of the largest stockpiles of chemical weapons in the world. Specifically, the supply is believed to include sarin, mustard and VX gases, which are banned under international law. Syria has denied the allegation.
The use of chemical and biological weapons are banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention. Syria is not one of the 188 signatories to the convention, which bans the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons.
In recent months, reports have repeatedly surfaced that Syrian forces moved some of the chemical weapons inventories possibly because of deteriorating security in the country, raising fears the stockpile could fall into the hands of al Qaeda-linked groups working with the opposition should al-Assad's government fall.
As a result, the United States has been talking with neighboring countries about the steps needed to secure the weapons stockpile should al-Assad be forced from office.
Meanwhile, U.S. President Barack Obama on Wednesday reiterated his warning to Syria's government that it would be held accountable for the use of chemical weapons "or their transfer to terrorists."
"We intend to investigate thoroughly exactly what happened," Obama told reporters during a joint news conference in Jerusalem with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
The president said he was "deeply skeptical" of Syrian government claims that the opposition used chemical weapons.
Obama has previously said Syria's use of chemical weapons would cross a "red line."
"We have been very clear to the Assad regime -- but also to other players on the ground -- that a red line for us is, we start seeing a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized," he told reporters. "That would change my calculus; that would change my equation."
Intelligence agencies pore over the evidence
Intelligence officials around the world were investigating the accusations, U.S. officials told CNN on Wednesday.
Investigators were talking to rebels and defectors, poring over medical intelligence regarding symptoms reported by doctors and looking at satellite imagery used to track missiles launched and chemical weapons movements, the officials said on condition of anonymity. They were not authorized to release details to the media.
A spokesman for Netanyahu, Mark Regev, told CNN that Israeli officials had no confirmation that chemical weapons had been used.
But Regev's comments did not square with those of Israeli Justice Minister Tzipi Livni.
"It is clear for us here in Israel" that chemical weapons have been used in Syria, and an international response should be on the table, Livni told CNN in an exclusive interview from her home in Tel Aviv.
Livni wouldn't say whether there is evidence the Syrian government has directed the use of any chemical weapons.
But she said the development would pose a direct threat to Israel, which shares a border with Syria.
Their concerns centered on an attack Tuesday in Khan al-Asal in the northern province of Aleppo. State-run media blamed rebels for the attack, which it said killed 25 people and injured more than 110 others.
Rebels say they have no chemical weapons
On Wednesday, Syria's U.N. ambassador, Bashar Ja'afari, said the Syrian government has asked Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to open an investigation into the alleged use of chemical weapons by "terrorist groups," which is how the government refers to rebels.
But the opposition Free Syrian Army said rebels don't have access to chemical weapons and blamed the casualties on a government missile.
Separately, an opposition group said the government attacked the rural Damascus suburb of Ateibeh with "chemical rockets," causing an unspecified number of deaths along with cases of suffocation, nausea and hysteria. There was no immediate government response.
The reports ignited a firestorm of reactions, with Russia slamming the rebels and some U.S. lawmakers saying that Washington might need to take action against the Syrian government.
Observers: Images are not consistent with a chemical weapons attack
But images posted by Syrian state-run media of the aftermath of the Aleppo incident, which the government blamed on rebels, are not consistent with a chemical weapon attack, some observers said.
"There are no images of the site of the attack; just of some affected people. These people do not show outward symptoms of a CW (chemical weapon) attack. Definitely not mustard; definitely not a nerve agent," wrote Jean Pascal Zanders, senior research fellow at the European Union Institute for Security Studies.
"There are far too many people, including non-medical staff, around the affected persons. Apart from a surgical mask, nobody wears any protective garment or gas masks. If there would have been a CW attack with one of the agents known (or believed) to be in Syria's arsenal, then most of the people present would have been fatally or seriously contaminated."
He added that, during the Arab uprisings, witness reports cited chemical attacks, but none had been confirmed. "People are exposed to a wide range of toxicants in today's battlefield," he said in an e-mail. "Furthermore, once a rumor gets around, people are more likely to think that they suffer from symptoms similar to the ones being rumored."
Not the first round of claims
U.S. officials pointed to previous claims that the Syrian government used chemical weapons, which were found to be false after extensive investigation.
The Syrian government did not use chemical weapons against residents of Homs in a December attack, a U.S. State Department investigation showed, but did apparently misuse a riot-control gas in the incident, according to senior U.S. officials.
The officials said the State Department launched a probe from its consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, after reports from doctors and activists that dozens of people suffered nervous system, respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments after inhaling the gas in Homs on December 23.
The civil war -- which began two years ago after a government crackdown on Syrian protesters -- has left around 70,000 people dead and uprooted more than 1 million others, the United Nations has said.
Copyright 2013 by CNN NewSource. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:4f4ca68a-98cc-4685-a09b-ded89b5db602> | 2013-05-18T05:24:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A 52-year-old climber died on Mt. McKinley yesterday, soon after reaching the 20,320-foot summit, reports Reuters. After a 20-hour climb, Brian Young returned to the high camp, 3,000 feet below the summit, when he apparently suffered a heart attack and stopped breathing. Attempts...
Read full story » | <urn:uuid:7b3d29ce-8161-43b9-bcec-1a5bbaf79124> | 2013-05-18T05:59:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Yesterday, during their Republican convention coverage, Megyn Kelly and Brit Hume kept right on talking during the singing of the Star Spangled Banner. Mediaite noted that while MSNBC aired the song in full, Kelly and Hume "acknowledged the anthem before going right back to discussing the convention. As they were literally in an open-air box in the convention center, the anchors actually had to raise their voices."
If MSNBC had done it, Fox News' coverage would have gone something like, "Well, a network's decision to talk over the singing of our national anthem has some people wondering if that shows a disrespect for America." And then the slew of attacks from a "fair and balanced" debate would ensue.
UPDATE: I just noticed they talked over the Pledge of Allegiance, too. If they really loved America, wouldn't they have stood up and joined in? | <urn:uuid:0bbdd5ca-b773-460a-ae98-b4fb02ec1742> | 2013-05-18T05:29:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Stevenson, Lehman going into Canadian lacrosse hall of fame
Former New Westminster Salmonbellies star Craig Stevenson will be inducted into the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame along with long-time Salmonbellies junior executive Murray Lehman in the builders category on Saturday.
Stevenson grew up in Ontario but the ’Bellies attracted him west in 1993 and he never went back staying with the New Westminster squad until 2006.
He finished his career 17th in all-time Western Lacrosse Association scoring. Between the ’Bellies and the Peterborough Lakers he racked up 440 goals and 711 assists in 400 senior A games.
Stevenson also played in the National Lacrosse League for Buffalo, Ottawa, Vancouver and Calgary scoring 76 points in 37 games.
Lehman first managed team's in New West's minor system in the 1970s before becoming B.C. Junior A Lacrosse League commissioner in 1981, which he did for nine seasons. In 1992 he began an 11 season stretch on the Jr. ’Bellies board as assistant general manager, general manager and president which included the team winning the 1994 Minto Cup.
He has also been on the hall of fame's board of governors since 1993 and is also currently in his fifth season as general manager of the Jr. B ’Bellies.
The 1928 Canadian Olympic gold medal squad, which was made up of the 1927 Mann Cup champion New Westminster Salmonbellies, will be inducted into the team category.
Lacrosse was a demonstration sport at the Games in Amsterdam, and the three countries involved—Canada, the United States and England—all ended up in a three-way tie for first. During their sojourns to and from The Netherlands, the Salmonbellies amassed an 11-2 record.
Six players, two builders and two teams will be inducted at the hall's banquet and ceremonies to be held at the Firefighters' Club in Burnaby on Nov. 17. | <urn:uuid:893c2366-d997-497a-b861-575ba2d8b764> | 2013-05-18T05:55:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Battle of the Boyne
The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland, between the deposed King James VII of Scotland and II of England and his son-in-law and successor, William III ("William of Orange"), for the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones. It took place on July 1, 1690 (Old Style date), just outside of the town of Drogheda on Ireland's east coast. As a consequence of the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the battle is now commemorated on July 12.
Though not militarily decisive, its symbolic importance has made it one of the most infamous battles in British and Irish history and a key part in Irish Protestant folklore. It is still commemorated today, principally by the Orange Order. Irish Protestants have cast the battle as one between William the representative of Christ and the forces of darkness. Their victory meant that the Protestants had "won" Ireland, and it justified their ascendancy.
King William's victory was followed by systematic efforts to Protestantize Ireland with Protestant settlers and legal restrictions on the rights of Catholics. However, this was but a chapter in a continuing process of what was called the "pacification" of Ireland, beginning with Pope Adrian IV's bull that granted Ireland to England and Henry II's invasion of 1171. This process led to the establishment of a Protestant majority in the province of Ulster, most of which became Northern Ireland in 1921, and where conflict between Catholic and Protestants, known as the "troubles," led to British military intervention in between 1969 and 1997.
A sectarian battle
The battle of the Boyne was the decisive encounter in a war that was primarily about James's attempt to regain the thrones of England and Scotland, but is widely remembered as a decisive moment in the struggle between Protestant and Catholic factions in Ireland. However, recent analyses have played down the religious aspect of the conflict. In fact, both armies were religiously mixed, and William of Orange's own elite force—the Dutch Blue Guards—had the papal banner with them on the day, many of the Guardsmen being Dutch Catholics. They were part of the League of Augsburg, a cross-Christian alliance designed to stop a French conquest of Europe, supported by the Vatican. The war in Ireland was also the beginning of a long-running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by James's supporters, the Jacobites, to restore the Stuart dynasty rule to the British thrones. While most Jacobites in Ireland were indeed Catholics, many English and Scottish Jacobites were Protestants and were motivated by loyalty to the principle of monarchy (considering James to have been illegally deposed in a coup) or to the Stuart dynasty in particular, rather than by religion. A handful of British Jacobites fought with James at the Boyne. In addition, some of the French regiments fighting with the Jacobites at the Boyne were composed of German Protestants. In a European context, therefore, the battle was not a religiously motivated one, but part of a complicated political, dynastic, and strategic conflict.
In an Irish context, however, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re-run of the Irish Confederate Wars of 50 years earlier. For Irish Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious toleration for Catholicism, and land ownership. The Irish Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest and had also lost the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and to sit in the Irish Parliament. They saw the reign of the Catholic King James as a means of redressing these grievances and to secure the autonomy of Ireland from the English Parliament. To these ends, under Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell they had raised an army to restore James to his throne after the Glorious Revolution. By 1690, they controlled all of Ireland except for the Northern province of Ulster. Most of James II's troops at the Boyne were Irish Catholics.
Conversely, for Williamites in Ireland, the war was about maintaining Protestant and British rule in Ireland. The Irish Williamites were mainly Protestant settlers from England and Scotland who had come to the country during the Plantations of Ireland. They were a majority in the northern province of Ulster. They feared for both their lives and their property if James and his Catholic supporters were allowed to rule Ireland. In particular, they feared a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, when there had been widespread massacres of Protestants. For these reasons, the Protestant settler community fought en masse for William III. Many of the Williamite troops at the Boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were Protestants from Ulster, who called themselves "Eniskilleners" and were referred to by contemporaries as "Scotch-Irish."
The competing sides
The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic King James of England, Scotland and Ireland and opposing him, his son-in-law the Protestant William III ("William of Orange"), who had deposed James from his English and Scottish thrones in the previous year. James' supporters still controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament. James also enjoyed the support of the French King, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch, such as William, on the throne of England. To support James' restoration, Louis sent 6000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites. William was already Stadtholder of the Netherlands and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from continental Europe as well as from Great Britain.
James was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother—King Charles II—in Europe, notably at the battle of the Dunes in 1658. However, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and to making rash decisions. William was also a seasoned commander and able general but had yet to win a full battle. Many of his battles ended in bloody stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that William lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of battle. William's success against the French had been reliant upon tactical maneuvers and good diplomacy rather than force. His diplomacy had assembled the League of Augsburg—a multi-national coalition formed to resist French aggression in Europe. From William's point of view, his takeover of power in England and the ensuing campaign in Ireland was just another front in the war against Louis XIV of France.
James II's subordinate commanders were Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, who was the Lord Deputy of Ireland and James's most powerful supporter in that country; and the French general Lauzun. William's second in command was the Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, a 75 year old professional soldier. He had formerly been a Marshal of France, but had been expelled in 1685, from his native country by Louis XIV because he was a Huguenot Protestant.
The Williamite army at the Boyne was about 36,000 strong, composed of troops from many countries. Around 20,000 had been in Ireland since 1689, commanded by Schomberg. William himself arrived with 16,000 more in June 1690. William's troops were in general far better trained and equipped than were those of James. The best Williamite infantry were from Denmark and the Netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets. There were also a large contingent of French Huguenot troops fighting with the Williamites. William did not have a high opinion of his British troops, with the exception of the Ulster Protestant irregulars who had held Ulster in the previous year. The English and Scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable, since James had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. Moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little combat. The Jacobites were 23,500 strong. James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics. The Jacobite's Irish cavalry, who were raised from among the dispossessed Irish gentry, proved themselves to be high caliber troops at the battle. However, the Irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. They had been hastily trained, badly supplied, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. In fact, some of them at the Boyne carried only farm implements, such as scythes. On top of that, the Jacobite infantry who had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket.
William had landed in Carrickfergus in Ulster on June 14, 1690, and marched south to take Dublin. It has been argued that the Jacobites should have tried to block this advance in rugged country around Newry, on the present day Irish border. However, James only fought a delaying action there and chose instead to place his line of defense on the Boyne river, around 50 km from Dublin. The Williamites reached the Boyne on June 29. The day before the battle, William himself had a narrow escape, when he was wounded by Jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the river.
The battle itself was fought on July 1, over a ford of the Boyne at Oldbridge, near Drogheda. William sent about a quarter of his men to cross at a place called Roughgrange, near Slane, about 10 km from Oldbridge. The Duke of Schomberg's son, Meinhardt Schomberg, later the 3rd Duke led this crossing, which was unsuccessfully opposed by Irish dragoons. James panicked when he saw that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his cannon to counter this move. What neither side had realized was that there was a deep ravine at Roughgrange, so that the forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. The Williamites there went on a long detour march which, late in the day, almost saw them cut off the Jacobite retreat at the village of Naul.
At the main ford at Oldbridge, William's infantry led by the elite Dutch Blue Guards forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot-soldiers, but were pinned down by the counter-attacks of the Jacobite cavalry. Having secured the village of Oldbridge, some Williamite infantry held off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire while others were driven into the river. William's second in command, the Duke of Schomberg, and George Walker (1645-1690) were killed in this phase of the battle. The Williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, held off the Jacobite cavalry, who retired and regrouped at Donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring. The Jacobites retired in good order. William had a chance to trap the retreating Jacobites as they crossed the river Nanny at Duleek, but was held up by a successful Jacobite rear-guard.
The casualty figure of the battle was quite low for a battle of such a scale—of the 50,000 or so participants, about 2,000 died, three quarters of whom were Jacobites. The reason for the low death toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already-beaten enemy. This did not happen at the Boyne because the counter-attacks of the Jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army. The Jacobites were badly demoralized by their defeat, however, and many of the Irish infantrymen deserted. The Williamites triumphantly marched into Dublin two days after the battle. The Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the river Shannon, where they were besieged. James left so quickly that he outpaced the messenger that was sent to warn Limerick of the defeat.
After his defeat, James quickly returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. James's loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691.
The battle was overshadowed in its time in Great Britain by the destruction of the Anglo-Dutch fleet by the French two days later, off Beachy Head, a far more serious event in the short term; only on the Continent was the Boyne treated as a major victory. The reason for this was that it was the first proper victory for the League of Augsburg, the first ever alliance between Catholic and Protestant countries, and in achieving this William of Orange and Pope Alexander VIII (its prime movers) scotched the myth—particularly emanating from Sweden—that such an alliance was blasphemous, resulting in more joining the alliance and in effect ending the very real danger of a French conquest of Europe.
The Boyne was not without strategic significance on both Great Britain and Ireland, however. It marked the end of James's hope of regaining his throne by military means and virtually assured the triumph of the Glorious Revolution. In Scotland, news of this defeat led to the Highlanders gradually abandoning the Jacobite Rising which Bonnie Dundee had led. In Ireland, the Boyne was the beginning of the Williamite victory over the Jacobites, which maintained British and Protestant dominance over the country. For this reason, the Boyne is still celebrated by the Protestant Orange Order on the twelfth of July.
Commemoration of the battle
Originally, Irish Protestants commemorated the Battle of Aughrim on the July 12, as symbolizing their victory in the Williamite war in Ireland. At Aughrim, which took place a year after the Boyne, virtually all of the old native Irish Catholic and Old English aristocracies plantations under Elizabeth I and Oliver Cromwell) were wiped out. The Boyne, which in the old Julian calendar, took place on July 1, was treated as less important, third in commemorative value after Aughrim and the anniversary of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 on October 23. What was celebrated on the twelfth was not William's "victory over popery at the Battle of the Boyne," but the extermination of the elite of the native Irish at Aughrim, thereby ending the fear of having to surrender the planted lands.
In 1752, a new Gregorian calendar was introduced to the United Kingdom, which placed the Boyne on July 12, instead of Aughrim. However, even after this date, "The Twelfth" still commemorated Aughrim. But after the Orange Order was founded in 1795, amid sectarian violence in Armagh, the focus of parades on July 12, switched to the battle of the Boyne. Usually the dates before the introduction of the calendar on September 14, 1752, are mapped in English language histories directly onto the Julian dates without shifting them by 11 days. Being suspicious of anything with papist connotations, however, rather than shift the anniversary of the Boyne to the new July 1, or celebrate the new anniversary of Aughrim, the Orangemen continued to march on the July 12, which, in New Style dates marked the battle of the Boyne. Despite this, there are also smaller parades and demonstrations on July 1, the date which maps the old style date of the Boyne to the new style in the usual manner and which also commemorate the massacre of the 36th (Ulster) Division on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916.
It has also been suggested that the Boyne was preferred to Aughrim because the Jacobites' rout there allowed the Irish Catholics to be presented as contemptible cowards, whereas at Aughrim they fought bravely and died in great numbers. In the context of a resurgent Irish nationalism from the 1790s onwards, it is argued that the narrative of the Boyne was more comforting for Loyalists in Ireland. The commemoration of the battle of the Boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the Unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself. It is not uncommon to see large murals of a monarch, William on a white horse at the head of his army marking out Loyalist territory.
The memory of the battle also has resonance among Irish Nationalists. Most Irish people see the battle as a major step on the road to the complete British colonization of Ireland. In 1923, Irish Republican Army members blew up a large monument to the battle on the battlefield site on the Boyne and also destroyed a statue of William III in 1929, that stood outside Trinity College Dublin in the center of the Irish capital.
"The Twelfth" in Ireland today
The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today, especially in Northern Ireland where Protestants remember it as a great victory over Catholics and responsible for the sovereignty of Parliament and the 'Protestant monarchy'.
In recent years "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations as members of the Orange Order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. However some of these areas now have a nationalist majority, who now object to marches passing through their areas. This is mainly due to population migrations caused by institutionalized sectarianism in Northern Ireland in the mid 1900s which had made Northern Ireland, in the words of Ulster Unionist Party leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner David Trimble, a "cold house for Catholics" at the time.
Each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other's supposed attempts to repress them; Catholics still see Orange Order marches as provocative attempts to 'show who is boss', while Protestants insist they have a right to "walk the Queen's highway" and see any attempt to deny them the right to walk through traditional routes used for centuries as an attempt to marginalise and restrict their freedom to celebrate their Protestant identity earned in the Glorious Revolution settlement. Thus the battle is still very present in the awareness of those involved in the Catholic-Protestant rivalry in Ireland.
The battlefield today
The site of the battle of the Boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of Drogheda. Oldbridge, the scene of the main Williamite crossing, has an Irish Government Interpretive Centre on it, which is dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle. This facility is currently being redeveloped. The other main combat areas on the day (at Duleek, Donore and Plattin—along the Jacobite line of retreat) are marked with tourist information signs.
- Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony. Irish Battles. Harlow: Longmans, 1969. ISBN 0582112486
- Lenihan, Padraig. 1690 Battle of the Boyne. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0752433040
- McNally, Michael and Graham Turner. Battle of the Boyne 1690: The Irish Campaign for the English Crown. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 184176891X
All links retrieved January 7, 2013.
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Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. | <urn:uuid:61fea23b-726e-46c2-8304-8b96613db141> | 2013-05-18T05:28:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A tracheostomy (TRA-ke-OS-to-me) is a surgically made hole that goes through the front of your neck and into your trachea (TRA-ke-ah), or windpipe. The hole is made to help you breathe.
A tracheostomy usually is temporary, although you can have one long term or even permanently. How long you have a tracheostomy depends on the condition that required you to get it and your overall health.
To understand how a tracheostomy works, it helps to understand how your airways work. The airways carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs. They also carry carbon dioxide, a waste gas, out of your lungs.
The airways include your:
Air enters your body through your nose or mouth. The air travels through your voice box and down your windpipe. The windpipe splits into two bronchi that enter your lungs. (For more information, go to the Health Topics How the Lungs Work article.)
A tracheostomy provides another way for oxygen-rich air to reach your lungs, besides going through your nose or mouth. A breathing tube, also called a trach (trake) tube, is put through the tracheostomy and directly into the windpipe to help you breathe.
Doctors use tracheostomies for many reasons. One common reason is to help people who need to be on ventilators (VEN-til-a-tors) for more than a couple of weeks.
Ventilators are machines that support breathing. If you have a tracheostomy, the trach tube connects to the ventilator.
People who have conditions that interfere with coughing or block the upper airways also may need tracheostomies. Coughing is a natural reflex that protects the lungs. It helps clear mucus (a slimy substance) and bacteria from the airways. A trach tube can be used to help remove, or suction, mucus from the airways.
Doctors also might recommend tracheostomies for people who have swallowing problems due to strokes or other conditions.
Creating a tracheostomy is a fairly common, simple procedure. It's one of the most common procedures for critical care patients in hospitals.
The windpipe is located almost directly under the skin of the neck. So, a surgeon often can create a tracheostomy quickly and easily.
The procedure usually is done in a hospital operating room. However, it also can be safely done at a patient's bedside. Less often, a doctor or emergency medical technician may do the procedure in a life-threatening situation, such as at the scene of an accident or other emergency.
As with any surgery, complications can occur, such as bleeding, infection, and other serious problems. The risks often can be reduced with proper care and handling of the tracheostomy and the tubes and other related supplies.
Some people continue to need tracheostomies even after they leave the hospital. Hospital staff will teach patients and their families or caregivers how to properly care for their tracheostomies at home.
The NHLBI updates Health Topics articles on a biennial cycle based on a thorough review of research findings and new literature. The articles also are updated as needed if important new research is published. The date on each Health Topics article reflects when the content was originally posted or last revised. | <urn:uuid:39ecdb48-857a-435c-acae-3974e2b40bfd> | 2013-05-18T05:25:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Written by: TVM (email@example.com)
"Hey" Maxie said as she came up behind me and I looked up with a smile. "I got German Language Lab in ten minutes, k?"
"Sure" I said as she leaned down and kissed me. Me trying to feed her my tongue but Maxie being Maxie doesn't stick around long enough for that. Just a quick peck on the lips and she was gone. "She could be a good kisser if she wanted to be."
"At least you got a girlfriend" Dakota commented from across the table. "I can't even get a girl to sniff me."
"The way you smell I'm glad for them" I said as she gave me a slant eyed evil look and flipped me off, like always. I laughed. "Kidding. You actually smell good."
"Yeh ok" She said and looking down at her 'food'. "What is this crap?"
"I dunno but the stuff taste like they took a dump in the pot and then added some spices" I said as I looked down at the brown and red mess on my lunch tray that was supposed to have been meatloaf but didn't taste much like it. Dakota laughed and offered no denials. "Squeezed out a big one today."
Dakota's eyes suddenly began drifting across the cafeteria and it wasn't the first time I had seen her look that way either (past few days if my memory serves). But I was honestly trying not to embarrass her and still figure out who she was secretly gawking at (it was killing me). Finally, playing it coy, I followed her eyes and turned and stood as if I were going to the soda machine and found what I thought to be the source of her attracton. A tongue hardening kitty kat (girl) who was sitting by herself and reading. It was the same girl from a few days ago, Mindy Sullivan. "Damn girl she's hot."
"Huh?" Dakota asked as I gave her a wicked smile and motioned with my eyes to the cute blond. "I don't know what your talking about."
"Blond, perky, and holla hot" I said as I sat back down and she blushed. Confirming my discovery. I knew Dakota wasn't straight from the moment I met her. But this was, obviously, not the first time I'd actually seen her openly stalk a hottie with her eyes. "Denial?"
"Nope" She said as we both laughed.
"Go talk to her" I said.
"Noooo" She demanded. "I only talked to her once and if I just walk up and start talking to her she'll think I'm...stalking her. She's nice and I don't wanna get her scared of me."
"OK, I will" I said with a daring smile as I rose and watched Dakota about wet her panties as she scrambled after me. She met me at the end of the table and got in front of me. "What?"
"I saw her first, thats not fair" Dakota hissed and sneaking another look at the blond.
"Then go talk to her" I said. "Try to control the drooling though."
"Fuck you" Dakota said as I laughed.
"STOP, THAT'S MY BOOK..." The pleading voice said as Dakota and I turned and saw (to no ones surprise) that Veronica was now holding the book of Mindy's in her hand and taunting her. "Look, please give it back....OWWWWWWWW."
"What the fuck?" I asked as my feet started moving for me and I marched towards the table just after the brute pushed Mindy to the ground roughly. She now stood over the girl who lay on the floor of the cafeteria terrified and covering up. Veronica saw me and backed up a few feet as I stopped. "You got a problem Shrek?"
"Yeh mouthy Mindy, the dumb blond decided to start something so I showed her how I shut stupid blond's up" Veronica said as Mindy scrambled to her feet and instinctively stood behind me.
"I did not, you started..." Mindy said tentatively and shutting up when Veronica stepped towards her.
"You're a bully" I said to Veronica and almost crapped myself when Dakota pushed past me in a rage and crashed her body into Veronica's. Sending both of them to the floor in a heap. The cafeteria erupted with noise as Dakota scrambled to her feet and punched Veronica with every muscle in her body as the bigger girl tried to get up. I pulled her away before Veronica could get back to her feet as Dakota screamed, "YOU GOT ONE MORE TIME TO FUCK WITH HER AND I'M GONNA HURT YOUR FAT ASS."
Security arrived, 'shockingly' and seperated the two and squashed the situation before it escalated any further. Dakota picked up Mindy's book and handed it to her as Mindy smiled brightly and gladly excepted it. The noise in the cafeteria was to loud to say anything still as the security helped Veronica away and I made sure Mindy walked with us as we made our way out of the cafeteria to the benches in the small courtyard just beyond the doors. Mindy and Dakota both seemingly nervous now as they sat down on opposites sides of me.
"Thanks..." Mindy said and trailed off and giggled nervously.
"It's ok, at least she knows not to fuck with me" I said as Mindy looked at me and blushed as she laughed.
"You didn't do anything" Dakota said as she stood and glared at me. "Hello..."
"She was kidding, I think" Mindy said as she stood and joined Dakota. "I don't know why you did what you did, but thanks and all."
"I saw her start with you before outside of the library" Dakota said, "And then again a few days ago. Remember when you hid behind the bushes? First time we met."
"So you have been stalking her?" I asked. Dakota's eyes showing the shock as I laughed and covered my mouth.
"I'm gonna kill you, I was not stalking her, how about screwing my chance before it even starts?" Dakota asked as she glared at me.
"I saw you that day at the library" Mindy said as Dakota froze and looked back at her, "I did, you were using the computer in the corner, hair in braids?"
"Uh huh" Dakota said as Mindy grinned brightly. I defintely felt the attraction. Apparently both had been stalking the other.
"I wasn't stalking you, I'm not weird" Dakota said softly.
"Yes you are" I said as she flipped me off and Mindy laughed.
"Can we be friends? I like you guys" Mindy asked with a hopeful voice.
"Only if you go out with my friend" I said as Mindy's lip dropped open. "What do you say?"
"Cally, god you're a bitch" Dakota said as she literally pushed me off my seat to the ground and I knew my warped sense of humor had once again went to far. "SHUT UP."
"You mean on a date?" Mindy asked as we both looked back at her. "Cause I've never been on a date with a girl."
"Noooo, big mouth skank on the ground is just that a...big mouth" Dakota said as I got back to my feet. "I hope we can be friends."
"OK" Mindy said with a smile.
"UGH, I had you all set up and you're too dense to go for it" I said to Dakota.
"Cally..." Dakota said with her fists clinched to her side. Knowing Dakota was already in the mood to kill me, I decided to go for broke and see if I could hook her up. So I said, "Mindy will you go out with Dakota, she likes you, if you say no we can still be friends."
"Ohhhh so you did mean a date?" Mindy asked as Dakota looked back at her. "You like me or is she just like...trying to make you mad?"
"Both" Dakota said as she eyed balled me still.
"Both?" Mindy asked in confusion until it finally dawned on her. "Ohhhhhhh I get it, I'm kinda slow sometimes."
"It doesn't show" I said as Mindy giggled and gave me a dirty look.
"OK, so we're friends" Dakota said. "Don't you have class Cal?"
"OH crap" I said as I looked at the clock above the door and saw it said five past the hour. "I'll see ya after?"
"Sure" Dakota said as I rushed off towards the cafeteria to get my book bag. Which in the choas earlier had been forgotten.
"I seriously wonder sometimes why I am friends with her" I said as I watched Cally run off towards the cafeteria. Hearing Mindy giggle and looking back to see her smiling at me. "Don't take anything she says seriously she's just a crackhead."
"I get that" Mindy said as I smiled. "UMMMMMM...about this date."
"No pressure" I said. "Seriously. I've never even been on a date with a girl either."
"But you do like me?" She asked with an adorable biting her bottom lip smile.
"Kinda of yeh, but not in that weird ass stalker way that she made it seem" I said as Mindy giggled.
"She really gets under your skin huh?"
"You have no idea" I said as Mindy grinned. "Wanna hang out for a while?"
"Yesss" Mindy said as a smile crossed my face. OK, so this time I won't kill Cally but it's gonna happen eventually, I promise you. "Can we like go somewhere that no one else is?"
"The lake ok?" I asked as she grinned and picked up her book and we made the short walk down behind Keller-Montgomery hall to the shore of the small lake that is secluded from the rest of the campus by the large number of trees that lined the shore. We found a patch of grass down by the shore and sat down and leaned against one of the huge trees. "I come down here to read sometime."
"I like do to, no one messes with me down here" Mindy said with a shrug.
"Bullies?" I asked as she gave me a worried look and said, "My sister Cindy is forever fighting over me and that makes it even worse cause I'm always worried she'll get hurt."
"Me and Cally sorta of run together cause we're both..." I said and trailing off and not knowing how to put it.
"Weird?" Mindy asked with a playful grin.
"Noooo" I said as she laughed. "Want me to beat you up?"
"No" She said seriously and moved away a bit.
"Wait..." I said and touching her arm as I crawled over and got back in front of her. "I won't, I don't hit."
"I was just kidding" She said softly.
"And so was I" I said as I poked her in the ribs and she gave me a shocked look as she squirmed away and pointed at me.
"Stop that, I'm ticklish" She said as she again scooted away and I began crawling after her. Catching her as we both tumbled to the grass and I sunk my fingers into her tickle spots. She squealed in laughter and broke away after a moment and rolled away from me with a cute smile on her face. "Stop Dakota, please no more, I'll pee my pants...please?"
"No more tickling" I said as I crawled back to her side and laid down on my stomach as she now lay on her back and looked up at me. Her eyes looking to into mine and I swear she tilted her head back and invited me to kiss her. But instead of that I absentmindedly ran my fingers under her chin and tickled her again as she giggled and grabbed my hand.
"I said no more tickling" She demanded as she held my hand in hers and I moved closer.
"OK, OK" I said as she smiled and this time I knew she wanted to be kissed as she sorta of gave me the 'go for it' look with her eyes. "Can I kiss you?"
"No" She said with a lip biting grin as we both laughed. But a moment passed as the giggles turned to something more serious and she released my hand and gently stroked her fingers under my chin and drew my lips to hers. What a sweet kiss. | <urn:uuid:61df62b8-4005-4865-8cbd-46798335fa37> | 2013-05-18T05:55:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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However, Epic has no intention to bring the engine to the platform.
The Wii U is capable of running Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4, according to company Vice President Marc Rein. He goes on to say, though, that Epic has no plans to port the engine themselves, but that developers would be able to port games using that engine to the system.
He clarifies this statement by saying that "We'll run on mobile phones and on a wide variety of things, so if a customer decides they want to port an Unreal Engine 4 game to Wii U, they could," but emphasizes that "Unreal Engine 3 is a really good fit for that platform."
Epic's senior PR manager Dana Cowley also points out that "beyond the PC, we haven't confirmed any other platforms for Unreal Engine 4." | <urn:uuid:055b763e-fc88-4930-9223-d928aebe3784> | 2013-05-18T06:42:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Archive/File: people/e/eichmann.adolf/transcripts/Testimony-Abroad/Franz_Slawik-01 Last-Modified: 1999/06/14 Testimonies Given Abroad FRANZ (ALFRED JOSEPH) SLAWIK 16 June 1961 To the Competent Court of Justice, Vienna Re: Request for Legal Assistance The main hearing in the criminal proceedings against the Accused Adolf Eichmann is at present taking place in this Court. In the context of this main hearing, I request you to extend legal assistance to this Court by the examination on oath of the following witness: Franz Slawik, currently in the Remand Installation, Vienna, Austria. The witness is to be examined on the following allegations of the Accused: (1) that in April and May 1944 he worked for the Accused as a house steward and caretaker; (2) that during the time when the Accused lived in the Apostol Street, a Jewish youth called Salomon was neither beaten nor killed on the grounds of this house. To complete the testimony of the witness, I request that the witness also be asked the following questions which were drawn up by Counsel for the Accused: (1) In April, May and June of 1944, did you, as a member of the SS, act as caretaker of the lodgings which the Accused occupied from time to time? (2) Did you also perform this activity in the house in which the Accused lived in Apostol Street in Budapest, and which had previously belonged to a Jewish industrialist called Leopold Aschner? (3) Apart from Eichmann and yourself, who else lived in this house? (4) At this time, did Eichmann have a Hungarian- speaking chauffeur called Teitel? (5) At the end of May, were trenches dug in the garden of the villa for air-raid protection or other purposes? (6) Who carried out this work? (7) Did neighbours complain that the people working there were stealing fruit? (8) Did you, together with the driver, Teitel, lock up the suspect in a corridor next to the back entrance of the villa? (9) Did you then fetch a third person, and did you enter the corridor with that person? (10) Did you, or did the person with you, beat up the alleged offender? (11) Who was the person with you? (12) What was the outcome of the beating? (13) Did the driver, Teitel, drive the victim away in the Accused's amphibious vehicle? I would also request that the witness be asked the following additional questions which were drawn up by the Attorney General: (1) When did you make the Accused's acquaintance? (2) When did you start working for him, and in which offices did you work for him? (3) As the Accused's subordinate, what were the duties you carried out? (4) When did you come to Hungary? (5) Where did you live in Budapest? (6) When did the Accused move into Aschner's villa? (7) What were your duties at the villa? (8) Describe the villa and its environs. (9) Did Hungarian Jews work in the garden of the villa? (10) Who made the labourers available? (11) Who superintended the work? (12) What were the duties of the engineer Kolbach? (13) Who was engineer Buehring? (14) What work did the Hungarian Jews carry out in the villa and its environs? (15) Who were the Accused's chauffeurs? (16) How were the tools kept in the villa? (17) While you were staying at the Aschner villa, what clothes did you wear? (18) How was the Accused dressed? (19) What fruit grew in the garden of the villa and the neighbouring gardens? (20) To whom did the fruit in the villa's garden belong? (21) Who ordered you to punish those who stole fruit from the garden of the villa or the neighbouring villas? (22) From whom did you learn that the boy Salomon had stolen fruit? (23) On whose orders did you lock him in the tool shed? (24) When did you call the Accused to come to the tool shed? (25) With what tools or other instruments did the Accused maltreat the boy Salomon? (26) On which parts of Salomon's body were blows inflicted by the Accused? (27) Describe Salomon's appearance after he was maltreated. (28) What orders did the Accused give to the chauffeur for the removal of the body? (29) What do you know about the accusation that one of your Jewish workers tried to rape a Hungarian child? (30) What measures did the Accused adopt after learning of this accusation? (31) With whom did this false accusation originate, and was it withdrawn? (32) What were your duties in connection with the Jewish labourers? (33) What do you know of the fate of engineer Kolbach? I would request you to summon to the examination of the witness the representative of the Attorney General of the State of Israel, c/o H.E. Ambassador Dr. F.E. Shinnar, Israel Mission, Cologne, as well as Counsel for the Accused, Advocate Dr. R. Servatius, Hohenzollernring 14, Cologne, and to afford them, on their part, the opportunity to ask the witness any questions which might arise from his answers. There is no objection on the part of this Court to the aforementioned representatives of the parties obtaining copies of the record of the examination. Please forward the original of the record of the examination to this Court, (-) Moshe Landau President of the Trial Court File No.: 33 a Hs 3944/61 Examination of Witness Vienna District Court for Criminal Matters, on 6 July 1961, as from 10.00 a.m. Present: Judge: Counsellor of District Court Franz Fiedler Recording Clerk: VB Juliane Beringer Criminal Proceedings Uagainst: Adolf Eichmann The witness is instructed to tell the truth in reply to questions which he is to be asked, according to the best of his knowledge and belief, to conceal nothing, and to give his testimony in such a way as to be able to affirm it upon oath if required to do so. With regard to his personal circumstances he stated: ------ 1. First name and surname: Alfred Josef Slawik 2. Age: 20.10.1913 3. Place of birth: Vienna 4. Religion: Roman Catholic 5. Marital status: Married 6. Occupation: Warehouse supervisor 7. Residence: Vienna 10, Wirerstrasse 6-14/4/3/16, currently remanded for investigation at the Vienna District Court for Criminal Matters. 8. Relationship to the Accused or other persons involved in šthe examination: Not related Section 153 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was explained to him. I. On the allegations of the Accused, Adolf Eichmann: ------ (051): From April 1944 until around November 1944, I worked for Eichmann as the caretaker, or rather house servant, at the Aschner villa in Apostol Street, Budapest (Am Rosenberg). (052): I do not and did not know anything about a Jewish boy being beaten or killed on the grounds of the Aschner villa in Apostol Street while I was working for Eichmann. Today I am not sure whether I was away in Vienna for ten days or two weeks of leave in April or May 1944. After I returned, I heard nothing about any such event. II. On the questions of the Defence: (051): From April 1944 until approximately November 1944, I worked for Eichmann as house servant, only in the Aschner villa in the Apostol Street. I was a member of the SS with the rank of an Oberscharfuehrer. (052): The Aschner villa in Apostol Street was said to have belonged to a manufacturer of electric bulbs by the name of Aschner. (053): In addition to Eichmann and myself, the other permanent residents of the Aschner villa were the Hungarian caretaker couple (whose name I no longer remember), a servant called Janka, and Eichmann's driver, Karl Boehm. Shortly after we moved into the villa, two more of Eichmann's drivers also came to live there, but I only remember the name Teitel. I no longer remember the name of the third driver. At the time of the Hungarian Arrow Cross revolt (I no longer remember when this was), the tenants of the villa were SS Fuehrer Abromeit, Wisliceny, Novak, Dannecker, Girzick and Government Counsellor Hunsche. (054): Teitel must have come to Eichmann from the Waffen-SS as the driver of an amphibious vehicle, around the middle or end of April 1944. He was an ethnic German from Hungary. I heard that in June or July 1944 Teitel was brought before an SS court for the murder of an old woman in Budapest and was said to have been shot. (055): It must have been May 1944 when two covered pits for shelter were dug in the garden of the villa. Another garden, which was separated from the garden of the villa by a little path, also belonged to the Aschner villa. Air-raid trenches were dug in this garden, too, probably for the inhabitants of the surrounding villas. (056): This work was carried out by a Jewish engineer using Jewish labourers. I myself had nothing at all to do with this work. (057): I know nothing about complaints about stealing of fruit. I am unable to say anything about Questions 8 to 13, as I know nothing about this. III. On the questions of the Attorney General: (051): I made Eichmann's acquaintance around the beginning of 1939 in Vienna. (052): At the beginning of 1939, I came to the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna. This was subordinate to Section IVB4a of the Head Office for Reich Security, and Eichmann was in charge of the office. I remained a member of the Eichmann office until the end of the War. (053): I was at first assigned to the SS guard which was responsible for guarding the office building; I then carried out the duties of a telephonist and orderly, and I also acted temporarily as cook for the office. It was only in Budapest that I was under Eichmann personally as his house servant. (054): I came to Budapest at the beginning of April 1944. (055): As soon as I came to Hungary, I lived in the Aschner villa. (056): Eichmann moved into the Aschner villa at the same time as I did. He came to Hungary before me, and I believe that prior to that he lived in a hotel. (057): At the Aschner villa, I was responsible for ensuring that the household was run properly. I had to take care of the cleanliness of the premises, as well as catering for Eichmann and taking care of his personal needs. When there were visitors, I also had to see to it that the guests were waited on. (058): The Aschner villa, a two-storey building, was situated on the Rosenberg, in a garden which sloped towards the Danube. The villa also had a tower. The entrance to the garden and the entrance to the villa were both in Apostol Street. The villa had another entrance, to the basement, which led to the caretaker's flat and the heating installation. This entrance was at the rear of the house, around the back from the entrance to the villa proper, in the right-hand corner. From the entrance to the villa itself, one first came to a vestibule (cloakroom), which had two doors. The door in the wall on the right led into a room, while the door opposite the entrance door led into a round hall, which was dome-shaped and extended into the second floor. On the right of the hall the steps led up to the second floor. On the left of the entrance to the hall were the servants' stairs to the second floor, the door to the kitchen and to the large dining room. The servants' stairs also had an exit to the servants' quarters in the basement. Opposite the entrance to the hall there was a door to the lounge. On the right of the lounge there was the winter garden, while on the left of the lounge a door covered by wallpaper led to the library. The windows of the winter garden, the lounge and the library overlooked the garden, with a view of the Danube. On the first floor were the sitting rooms in which we lived. Above the winter garden, the lounge and the library there were no rooms, but a large terrace. On the right of the Aschner villa, looking from Apostol Street to the villa, there was another villa with the garage in the left-hand corner of the garden, and there was a little path, and on the other side of this path there was a large garden, which also belonged to the Aschner villa. The slope down towards the Danube was not built up. The entire other side of Apostol Street was taken up by villas. (059 and 10): Hungarian Jews, made available by the Religious Community, worked in the garden of the Aschner villa. (0511 to 14): No work was carried out in the villa itself; the air-raid installations, already mentioned, were built only in the two gardens. I believe that the name of the engineer from the Jewish community who had to carry out the air-raid constructions was Kolbach. This engineer was responsible for carrying out and supervising the work. I do not know an engineer Buehring. (0515): Karl Boehm was Eichmann's permanent chauffeur; Eichmann also had another two drivers - Teitel, and an SS Unterscharfuehrer whose name I have forgotten. (0516): I do not know where the tools were kept. I paid no attention to this work, as I had nothing to do with it. (0517): At the Aschner villa I only wore civilian clothes. I had one brown and one dark blue suit. (0518): Eichmann only wore the SS uniform. (0519): There were many flower beds in the garden of the villa, but not many trees. However, I do not know if they were fruit trees. I myself eat hardly any fruit and therefore was not interested in the trees. The other garden, which also belonged to the villa, had many trees in it, but I forget what sort of trees they were. (0520): I do not know anything about any fruit being taken. If there was any fruit, this might have been taken by the Hungarian caretaker. The Hungarian caretaker was already there when I arrived at the villa and must have been engaged already by Aschner. I never fetched fruit or arranged to have fruit fetched from the garden for supplying the household. I am unable to say anything about Questions 21 to 28, as I know nothing about this. I never received an order to punish fruit thieves, I never locked anyone up in any room of the villa. I know nothing at all of a tool shed in the villa. The garden was maintained by the Hungarian caretaker, but I do not know where he kept his tools. I do not know anything about Eichmann having ill-treated anyone or a boy called Salomon. (0529 to 31): I do not know anything about one of the Jewish workers being accused of having tried to rape a Hungarian child. I did not have any Jewish workers, and Jewish labourers were only used in the garden to install the air- raid shelters. I am unable to give any further information, as I know nothing about this. (0532): I had nothing at all to do with the Jewish labourers. (0533): I do not know anything about the fate of engineer Kolbach. Read, confirmed, signed (-) Juliane Beringer (-) Franz Slawik (-) F. Fiedler Section 153 of the Code of Criminal Procedure reads: If the giving of evidence or replying to a question would result in a direct and major material loss for the witness, or would bring discredit upon himself or one of his relatives (Section 152(1)), and he therefore refuses to give evidence, he should only be compelled to give such evidence in circumstances of extreme importance. Section 170, Paragraph 1, of the Code of Criminal Procedure reads: The following persons may not be sworn, and otherwise their oath is void: (1) those who have themselves been convicted or are suspected of having committed or having been an accessory to the criminal offence on account of which they are being examined. (2)...
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Home · Site Map · What's New? · Search Nizkor | <urn:uuid:527d4586-050e-4406-9b8d-55156fd5052e> | 2013-05-18T05:51:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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College life involves excitement, along with new challenges, risks, and responsibilities. You are meeting new people, learning new things, and making your own decisions. It can sometimes be stressful. You have to deal with pressures related to food, drink, appearance, drugs, and sexual activity.
There are steps you can take to stay healthy and safe while you're in college, such as
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine) | <urn:uuid:33dd375a-6941-4226-9574-8e7434f42e97> | 2013-05-18T06:44:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|King Sunny Ade|
AKA Sunday Francis Adeniyi
Birthplace: Oshogbo, Ondo State, Nigeria
Race or Ethnicity: Black
Executive summary: King of juju
King Sunny Ade was born into Nigeria's Ondo royal family, but rebelled against the contraints of his background by dropping out of school and becoming a musician -- an occupation held in very low regard in his homeland. He built up a reputation working with several juju bands in Lagos (juju being a guitar-based musical style popular in Nigeria) before finally forming his own band, The Green Spots, in 1964.
Already hugely popular in Africa, Ade began to gain attention in Europe and the States during the surge of interest in "world music" that took place in the early 1980s. He has used the monies gained from his popularity to establish a wide variety of business interests.
FILMOGRAPHY AS ACTOR
O.C. and Stiggs (10-Jul-1987) · Himself
Do you know something we don't?
Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile
Copyright ©2012 Soylent Communications | <urn:uuid:4c1f6b06-bb84-4e1b-9966-dad4046ad821> | 2013-05-18T07:00:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On July 2, The New York Times ran a review of author Patrick Somerville's book This Bright River. It was not a flattering assessment. Film and literary critic Janet Maslin described the starting point as "generic" and the destination as "soggy."
When Somerville read the review, he realized the whole thing hinged on a factual error: Maslin mixed up two characters from the very beginning, confusing which one got hit in the head.
To clear up the mistake, Ed Marks, an editor at the Times, began an email correspondence with one of those characters, Ben, who has an email address set up by Somerville. Ben, through Somerville, and the editor developed what Somerville calls a "ghost relationship."
NPR's Neal Conan talks with Somerville about his Salon.com piece, "Thank You for Killing My Novel" and how people we never meet can change our lives.
On how the character in his novel became friends with New York Times editor Ed Marks
"It was very strange, to say the least, but it was pretty fun, too. ... I made the email account because [my character, Ben] has a couple exchanges with other characters [in the novel] and I thought it would be a fun thing to do to make it real. ... And so I logged in to the account and checked, and there was an email from an editor from The New York Times. And the subject line said: 'Did you get hit in the head?'
"... It seems a little cute, I know, but I thought, well, since he's doing it, I'm going to do it, too. And so I wrote back as though I was the character, and we went back and forth. And it turned out, actually, outside of the fact-checking issue that we had to deal with, we had a lot of other things in common, too.
"... [It seemed like a friendship but] I couldn't quite say. I couldn't speak for Ed, but I thought so. And then Ed confirmed it later on that he was, in fact, friends with Ben. ... Although, I should also say that Ed and I had to drop the ruse. Eventually, it just became a little bit too much. And so now, I don't want to speak for Ed again, but I would say I'm friends with Ed."
On what Somerville calls "ghost relationships"
"I've thought in the past that I may be in love with Virginia Woolf. I'm not sure. I'm not sure if that stands. And that's not true when I'm reading The Waves, I should say, too. But it's true of all of her other books. But, you know, these are intimate, personal connections, and books give that to us. Letters give that to us. And I don't think that it's a new thing.
"But I think that it's something that's been amplified by the Internet, as well, because there's so many cross connections that can come from, I don't know, chat rooms, comment sections, things that people post, Twitter, Facebook. There's just so many people who can comment on other people and have an impact on somebody's day. It's a pretty amazing phenomenon."
On the paradox, and the beauty, of "ghost relationships"
"You [might] never know your neighbor and you can have a very important relationship with somebody who is far, far away. And the funny thing, too, is I've gotten a bunch of emails now from people who read the Salon piece, who are telling me about their ghost relationships that they're in. And one gentleman wrote me to tell me all about a friendship he struck up with someone 15 years ago via email and has continued to this day. They email each other every week. They've never met ... And the guy said to me he didn't know if he wanted to meet him, either. He didn't know if that would work right.
"And maybe that's the thing [that] gives people the sense of freedom to be able to be honest, more honest, or to be themselves. That cloak of anonymity is just enough to make us comfortable and be a little bit more revealing than we would be if we were sitting in a coffee shop with someone." | <urn:uuid:0f2c80b6-e67f-4811-800a-f97607a5f2d6> | 2013-05-18T05:19:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hes alone, the man who stares into the camera; so tired, you can feel his exhaustion through the screen. The sand behind him, lit by two tiki torches and spiked with dried brush, is barren and uninviting. Bedraggled, unshaven, and thin, he speaks in a hoarse voice, gesturing to an encrusted item; an artifact, he explains, found in the remains of a Spanish galleon. The next item he wearily holds up to the camera has a familiar hue. This, gentlemen...I dont have to tell you what this is..., the mans tone, still tired, brightens. The item hes referring to is a Spanish gold ingot. Mined in what was called the New World in the times the Spanish held dominion there hundreds of years ago, and lost to the sea in a shipwreck, the ingot was merely a part of the Caribbeans massive underwater graveyard...until now. | <urn:uuid:1101eec1-f7d2-4c26-b7ea-ca11736ba13a> | 2013-05-18T05:49:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There are many programs.
You can try 3DMark03 (http://www.futuremark.com
) or 3DMark01 (same site)
There is also Aquamark (use google for link
) or SuperPi (for memory tests).
These are the most common used programs.
There are many others ofcourse.
Oh yeah, try to use the search-function of this forum and you'll find a lot of information | <urn:uuid:d0ee6c4e-1830-4ed5-a6e6-74cc1a635d17> | 2013-05-18T05:50:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Juan Sandoval, born in Lima in 1977, is a graduate from the National Superior School of Fine Arts. His paintings fall within a surrealistic current of ethnic inspiration. They seek to rescue the social and the fundamental,...
Read Full Story
Juan Sandoval Robles
Juan Sandoval, born in Lima in 1977, is a graduate from the National Superior School of Fine Arts. His paintings fall within a surrealistic current of ethnic inspiration. They seek to rescue the social and the fundamental, inviting assessment of the human condition, emphasizing the woman and her dignity. His themes gather dreams and reminiscences. They are sometimes charged with an apocalyptic vision, but permeated with lyricism, like one who walks in darkness seeking the heart of man.
"I have drawn and painted since I was a schoolboy, and I believe it was then that I set out to become an artist. Thus, with this long-caressed desire, I came to the School of Fine Arts. In my painting, I am concerned with man - not man within the benign universe, but essentially man within society. I paint with oils and watercolors using both brush and palette knife. I make a sketch before beginning to paint, although I do not hesitate to modify something if it is in the interest of the theme, including colors that better express it.
"I prefer warm colors, such as earth colors and violets. They are vivid and command attention, they are strong and transmit energy. It is not so easy to know when one has finished his work. I feel it when I see that I have achieved the qualities of color and harmony of form. In painting, there is always something of the great masters. In order to achieve a pictorial identity of one's own, it is necessary to make one's own way.
"For me, the decision to paint was more daring than challenging. I assumed it as such and I continue to carry it out with honor and love.
"Novica is an excellent window for young people to display their art with a contemporary vision of life, its beings and nature." | <urn:uuid:3029eafc-02ed-452f-922f-ee206486ee19> | 2013-05-18T08:02:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In 2002, after moving with his family to New York City, Jin hit the national stage with live appearances on BET's music-video countdown show 106 & Park.
For seven consecutive weeks, he dominated the program's "Freestyle Friday" rap battles, fending off his challengers' ethnic insults with rapid-fire retorts like:
"Yeah, I'm Chinese / Now you understand it / I'm the reason that his little sister's eyes are slanted / If you make one joke about rice or karate / NYPD be in Chinatown searching for your body."
His success led to his signing with the hip-hop label Ruff Ryders Entertainment as the first mainstream Asian-American rapper. It set the entertainment world abuzz.
"I thought I was heading to the moon," Jin says. "Everybody was writing about me. I'm appearing on ESPN. I was in movies [and on] Entertainment Tonight. And I allowed myself to believe that 'I'm here!' "
In reality, "here" wasn't what Jin had in mind. There was a two-year delay before his debut album, The Rest Is History, was finally released in 2004, and it peaked at No. 54 on the Billboard 200 album chart.
"The reception and the album sales just did not live up to the hype," he says.
Breaking Down Doors
Most of the media hype over Jin's debut focused on his ethnicity, a topic Jin addressed head-on with his first single, "Learn Chinese." The track begins with, "Yeah, I'm Chinese, and what?" and later declares, "The days of the pork fried rice and the chicken wings coming to your house by me is over."
Jin tackled his ethnicity head on with his debut single "Learn Chinese" in 2004. ADVISORY: This video contains explicit language.
Jeff Chang, a former music journalist and author of Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation, sees Jin as an Asian-American pioneer in mainstream hip-hop, which, he says, may have been why Jin's career failed to take off.
"Oftentimes, history isn't kind to the people who break down the doors," says Chang, who now runs Stanford University's Institute for Diversity in the Arts. "Jin was trying to basically break the old mold of Asian-Americans being sort of kung fu artists or the folks who kind of stood in the background to play the supporting role. And so it might have simply been a case of Jin being there too early."
Chang says Jin may have also been too late, starting his career at the tail end of hip-hop's dominance of pop music in America.
As for Jin's own theory about what went wrong, he points to one main factor: the music.
"The album [The Rest Is History] lacked direction," Jin says, "because at that time, I didn't have direction in my life."
Finding A New Direction
It took a few years before Jin found a direction that would restart his career. It happened unexpectedly after he released a rap album in Cantonese, the Chinese dialect he grew up speaking with his parents.
Jin named the album ABC — not after the alphabet, but shorthand for "American-born Chinese" like himself. The album's lyrics often touch on what it means to be an "ABC," an outsider both in mainstream American society and in the Chinese community.
The title of Jin's first single in Cantonese, "ABC," refers to "American-born Chinese" like himself.
Jin says he'd thought about recording a Cantonese album for a long time. But he always brushed off the idea, until 2007, when it seemed like his career had stalled completely.
He originally planned to release the album as a small independent project in the U.S. But a few months after ABC's U.S. release, record executives at Universal Music Hong Kong came calling. They saw an opportunity for Jin to tap into Hong Kong's growing Cantonese hip-hop scene, so they re-released ABC locally in 2008.
"I went out [to Hong Kong and] three months turned into six months, six months turned into a year, a year turned into two, to three," Jin says, "and I've been there for four years now."
Becoming A 'Full-On Entertainer'
Known there as "MC Jin," Jin has become a household name in Hong Kong — and not just for his rapping skills, according to Ben Sin, a journalist who covers music there.
"I see him on TV shows and movies a lot, so he's completely branched out, like most Hong Kong celebrities, into just a full-on entertainer," Sin says. "He's not just a rapper anymore."
In addition to receiving accolades for his music, Jin even won an award in 2011 for "most improved actor" from Hong Kong's top television station, TVB, for his roles in TV dramas and hosting gigs.
Sin says Jin's relatively smooth entry into Hong Kong's entertainment world is partly due to the significant influence hip-hop still has on Asian pop music. Jin's past experience in American hip-hop brought a sense of authenticity to Hong Kong's local scene.
"I think the fact that he competed in rap competitions with black people was a big selling point [when Jin was first introduced to the Hong Kong audience]," Sin says. "[TV programs] were just showing clips of it and cut back to reactions of Hong Kong people going like, 'Oh my god! He was rapping with black people!' So it was a bit playing into the stereotype at first."
Back To America
Now, at 30, recently married and a new father, Jin has come home, back to the U.S., ready to tackle another stereotype — the "has-been musician."
Jin hopes to reintroduce himself to an American audience with his latest single, "Brand New Me."
He recently released a new English-language EP called Brand New Me, which he hopes will reintroduce him to an American audience. He is working on a full-length English-language album, tentatively titled Hypocrite.
Last year, Jin also put out a free album of faith-based music called Crazy Love Ridiculous Faith. It's yet another reinvention for the rapper, who's now eager to share his new identity as a born-again Christian.
"You know, I'm conveying and proclaiming, 'You know what? This is where I'm at. This is where my mindset is,' " says Jin — the Chinese kid who raps and is all grown up. | <urn:uuid:b3aa0534-a0e8-4b4f-9582-6c6c4c780abf> | 2013-05-18T07:15:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Much of the Muslim world is in an uproar over remarks by Pope Benedict, that they say are offensive to Islam. Speaking in Germany Tuesday, the pope quoted from a text that said the early spread of Islam had been accomplished by violence.
The Vatican says Benedict did not intend to hurt Muslims' feelings — but the outcry could end the pope's plans visit Turkey in November.
The incriminating words were contained in a long academic speech on reason and faith the pope delivered at Regensburg University. At one point, Benedict quoted a remark made in the 14th century by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus that derided Islam.
Translated from German, the pope cited the ruler's view of Islam: "He said, and I quote, 'Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.'"
Muslim reaction has been vehement.
Pakistan's parliament unanimously condemned the pope for his derogatory comments.
In Cairo, the Muslim Brotherhood urged Muslims to break relations with the Vatican if the pope does not apologize.
In Turkey, some of the harshest reactions were from an official of the Islamic-rooted ruling party. He said Pope Benedict's words look like an effort to revive the mentality of the crusades, and he compared the pope to Hitler.
In an effort to quell the furor, the Vatican issued a statement saying the pope wants to cultivate respect and dialogue with other religions and cultures, and had no intention to offend Islam.
Veteran Vatican correspondent Marco Politi says that Holy See officials are puzzled by Muslims' anger. But he feels their reactions are understandable.
"If a head of state would come and speak about the pope quoting some very offensive words used by Martin Luther 500 years ago when he was saying that the pope was a donkey, of course it's a quote but it stays," Politi says. "It will be in TV, in the newspapers. Because the words are like stones."
Some analysts say that, unlike his predecessor John Paul II, Benedict does not put Islam on an equal footing with Catholicism, and that he has distanced himself from John Paul's inter-faith encounters.
Khaled Fuad Allam, a Muslim professor of sociology at Trieste University, acknowledged that Benedict had touched the delicate issue of the two faces of Islam: peaceful and violent.
"The problem is not what he said, but how he said it," Allam said in remarks translated from Italian. "Too often, Westerners stress only the issue of fundamentalism in Islam. The result is that they lump all Muslims into the cage of violence." | <urn:uuid:882a9db9-aa41-49e1-a90b-0307c121581d> | 2013-05-18T08:03:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Did you ever stop to consider just how a volcano works? Of course it is only theory for no one has as yet dissected a volcano while it was active to observe and tabulate the reactions of its inner self. Rainier is a volcanic cone and no doubt it came into being in this manner.
First at a depth below the surface of the earth in some long, forgotten time the magma or molten rock presed toward the surface possibly throuhg some fracture in the outer crust. With these rising lavas there was also much gas that advanced ahead of the lava and thus both the gas and the lava pressed toward the surface gradually accumulating force and power under the pressure as its advance was hindered by the solid material above. And then finally this flow of motlen rock and gases achieved enogh power to burst through the surface. First, possibly, there was an explosive action as the gases burst upward and this was followed by more quiet flows of the lavas that welled out over the surface and inundated, in succeeding eruptions and lava flows, over 100 square miles of surrounding country which is the area of "The Mountain's" great base.
And in that manner eruptions followed one another when the pressure within the throat of this fire mountain achieved enough power to burst through the "plug" of hardened lavas which solidified after each flow. Rainier hasn't been active for several thousands of years and there is apparently little chance of its becoming active again but it stands today - a magnificent volcanic shaft, its flanks glistening with the greatest glacial system in continentaly United States, - a monument to nature's power in its wildest moods.
|<<< Previous||> Cover <| | <urn:uuid:c692f9d4-0ff8-4583-84fe-ef3293415e17> | 2013-05-18T07:14:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NTSB Identification: ATL97LA112.
The docket is stored in the Docket Management System (DMS). Please contact Records Management Division
Accident occurred Wednesday, August 06, 1997 in BAINBRIDGE, GA
Probable Cause Approval Date: 01/07/1998
Aircraft: Cessna 310K, registration: N124SP
Injuries: 1 Uninjured.
NTSB investigators may not have traveled in support of this investigation and used data provided by various sources to prepare this aircraft accident report.
After receiving a ferry permit with the stipulation that the landing gear remain extended, the pilot took off for a short flight. Enroute he encountered some turbulence, and was concerned about the condition of the landing gear. The pilot stated he decided to make a soft landing at the destination airport. As he was over the runway, he pulled back the power, and the airplane sunk to the ground at a high rate. After the hard landing, the right tire blew, and the right propeller struck the runway.
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to properly perform the soft landing procedure, leading to a hard landing. Full narrative available
Index for Aug1997 | Index of months | <urn:uuid:4e35ba66-fbf1-419f-bd49-2985416750dc> | 2013-05-18T07:15:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On April 2, 2008, about 1423 Pacific daylight time, an experimental Bennett Lancair 320, N456, landed with the nose gear and left main landing gear retracted at Portland-Hillsboro Airport, Portland, Oregon. The pilot/owner was operating the airplane under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91. The certificated private pilot and one passenger were not injured; the airplane sustained substantial damage to the wing spar. The local personal instructional flight departed Hillsboro at 1300. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan had been filed. Use your browsers 'back' function to return to synopsisReturn to Query Page
The pilot stated that while in cruise flight, the airplane lost electrical power. The pilot immediately turned off the radios and intercom in order to try to save electrical power. He also went through emergency procedures for a loss of electrical power. The pilot flew back to the Hillsboro airport through Columbia Gorge in case he had to make an emergency landing.
The pilot attempted to bring the gear down, but only heard the right main gear go down and lock. The left main gear and the nose gear did not seem to go down. The pilot stated that he went through the emergency checklist, but there is no emergency gear extension system installed on the airplane. He returned to the Hillsboro area, and received a green light-gun signal to land from the local tower. While landing, the landing gear collapsed about 500 or 600 feet down runway 30. The airplane skidded and the right main gear snapped off. The airplane went off the left side of the runway onto the grass, shearing off an intersection marker and causing substantial damage to the wing spar.
The pilot reported that after the occurrence, tower personnel told him that when he had flown by, the gear "did not look good." Several times during the flight the pilot checked and did not see any blown fuses. He had pulled a fuse himself and then reset it in order to "relieve pressure from the system."
After the occurrence, the pilot tested the battery and found that it had a dead cell. He also found discrepancies with the alternator. He found no anomalies within the wiring or fuses. | <urn:uuid:3261281e-95ab-4cb6-9a2c-f6b5e3ba63ad> | 2013-05-18T06:23:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Out-of-town judge needed for funeral director's sex offences trial 0
MATTAWA - A judge from a different part of Ontario will have to hear a trial involving a former funeral director facing sex offences.
Timmy Lynn Smith, 51, is accused of sex assault, sexual interference and two charges of committing an indecent act.
Smith remains free on bail and did not have to attend court today.
The three provincial court judges who sit on the bench in the Nipissing district, made up of North Bay, West Nipissing and Mattawa, have all been involved in Smith's criminal charges.
Two judges have dealt with Smith through pretrials - a conference between defence lawyers and judges to discuss issues to be dealt with at the trial or try to resolve the charges. The judges may have expressed an opinion about the merits of the case in an attempt to resolve the charges, said Ontario Court Justice Gregory Rodgers.
Rodgers is in the process of sentencing Smith on unrelated criminal matters involving a now-closed funeral home in Mattawa.
Credibility will be an issue at the trial involving the sex offences, he said.
Smith's charges were adjourned to Tuesday for time to confirm an out-of-town judge and set a trial date in either North Bay or Mattawa. | <urn:uuid:61b98f92-9e51-4eee-9e49-47c461fc75bc> | 2013-05-18T05:25:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Herbal Thyroid Capsules
The herbs in the formulation contain a large number of organic iodine compounds, various vitamins, trace elements, essential amino acids and other biologically active substances. Iodine is essential for the functioning of the thyroid gland. It is involved in the formation of the hormone thyroxine. When entering the body in adequate quantities, iodine may help fight the development of endemic goiter and affects the ratios of thyroid hormones. Iodine improves protein assimilation, the assimilation of phosphorus, calcium and iron, activates several enzymes. It is also known to decrease blood viscosity, reduce blood pressure and fight off heart diseases.
As a dietary supplement, take 2 capsules 3 times a day, or as directed by your health care professional.
Do not take if you have an over-active thyroid. Avoid taking this product after 2 pm. as it may interfer with normal sleep patterns. . These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Since the passing of Dr. John R. Christopher, his family has always been concerned with the manufacturing of his time tested formulas. Wholistic Botanicals LLC. has been chosen as the company because of it's commitment to the Christopher philosophy in manufacturing and marketing of Dr. Christopher's Formulas. The advisory board consists of Dr. Christopher's family. | <urn:uuid:fe07e464-8af7-4962-bd93-21c1d24e64bb> | 2013-05-18T06:49:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Dennis Sandole, a jazz guitarist and legendary teacher whose students included John Coltrane, died on Saturday at his home in Philadelphia. He was 87.
Mr. Sandole was 19 when he taught himself to play the guitar; his older brother, Adolph, taught himself the baritone saxophone. They began playing together in a neighborhood band in Philadelphia, and a decade later, in the early 1940's, Mr. Sandole was playing guitar with some of the major swing-era big bands, including those led by Charlie Barnet, Boyd Raeburn, Tommy Dorsey and Ray McKinley. While on the West Coast in that period, he also recorded film soundtracks and played at studio recording sessions, including several for Frank Sinatra and Billie Holiday.
In the mid-40's, Mr. Sandole moved back to Philadelphia to write music and to teach at the Granoff Studios.
He was John Coltrane's mentor from 1946 until the early 1950's, introducing him to theory beyond chords and scales and exposing him to the music of other cultures. Mr. Sandole taught advanced harmonic techniques that were applicable to any instrument, using exotic scales and creating his own.
His students said that he helped them develop confidence by focusing on their strengths and abilities. His book ''Guitar Lore'' was published in 1981 by the Theodore Presser Company.
Mr. Sandole taught privately until the end of his life, letting his musical career take a back seat to his teaching. His other students over half a century included the saxophonists James Moody, Michael Brecker, Rob Brown and Bobby Zankel; the pianists Matthew Shipp and Sumi Tonooka; and the guitarists Jim Hall, Joe Diorio and Pat Martino.
But he did record some of his own music, including ''Modern Music From Philadelphia,'' recorded with his brother and released by Fantasy in 1956. In 1999 Cadence Jazz released another album, ''The Dennis Sandole Project,'' a combination of old trio recordings and parts of ''Evenin' Is Cryin','' a jazz ballet-opera he wrote in the 1960's and 70's.
He is survived by a son, Dennis Jr., of Burke, Va.; two daughters, Denise, of Manhattan, and Stephanie Low of Pleasantville, N.J.; three sisters, Annette Lowe of Plymouth Meeting, Pa.; Marie Volpe of Philadelphia; and Rita Cavanaugh of Broomall, Pa.; three grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren. | <urn:uuid:bf17c35f-f306-4fce-b782-20c8ed940d32> | 2013-05-18T06:24:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There is no good answer to why Timothy Stansbury Jr. was shot to death by a police officer on a rooftop of the Louis Armstrong Houses in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood in Brooklyn. Mr. Stansbury, 19 years old, black and unarmed, was killed when he happened upon two white officers on patrol as he tried to open the door to the roof. This is more than a case of wrong place, wrong time.
While the police and the Brooklyn district attorney conduct their investigations, the police commissioner, Raymond Kelly, quickly told the public that the shooting appeared to be unjustified. His announcement is consistent with how previous police missteps have been handled in Michael Bloomberg's administration -- with an openness that was absent when Rudolph Giuliani was mayor.
No one disputes that Mr. Stansbury was simply taking a well-traveled route between buildings to make his way to a party. He posed no danger. By all indications, the same cannot be said of the police officer who fired, identified as Richard Neri Jr. | <urn:uuid:f103d076-9316-48cc-85c4-82b63f30e1e2> | 2013-05-18T08:09:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This lesson shows you how to setup and start a new project in Sony Vegas Movie Studio.
This lesson will show you how to capture your tape into Sony Vegas Movie Studio.
In this lesson you will learn how to import footage from a tapeless camera in Sony Vegas Movie Studio.
In this lesson you will learn the basics of putting your movie together.
This lesson will show you how to record narration with Sony Vegas Movie Studio.
Tiffany explains the basics of adjusting audio in Sony Vegas Movie Studio.
Francisco teaches you how to export a movie out of Final Cut to be used in a DVD burning program like iDVD, DVD Studio Pro, or Toast. Make sure you watch the lesson on how to import the movie with the program that you use.
iMovie lets you add music, effects, titles, graphics, voiceover and transitions to create a polished looking movie in no time! | <urn:uuid:5e967c0b-124d-4597-b329-d0e5ed58005b> | 2013-05-18T07:00:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There was only one moment here yesterday when doubt crossed Maria Sharapova's face during her quest to win the French Open title for the first time - and it came moments after completing her 6-3 6-2 victory over Sara Errani.
"Would you please welcome the runner-up," the on-court announcer said at the presentation ceremony. "Maria Sharapova!"
For a nanosecond the thought seemed to cross Sharapova's mind that her victory had been a cruel dream, but Errani, an ironic smile on her face, rose to receive her trophy.
The world No 24, the lowest ranked player to reach the final here since the rankings were launched 37 years ago, never looked like stopping Sharapova's quest to become the 10th woman to win all four Grand Slam titles.
The Russian had too much power and too much experience of the big-match occasion for an opponent who had never previously gone beyond the quarter-finals of a Grand Slam tournament. Four and a half years after winning her last Grand Slam title, Sharapova has completed her comeback in style, her first Roland Garros title complemented by her return to the No 1 position in world rankings.
The 25-year-old, who has topped the list of the world's highest-earning sportswomen since 2004, hardly needs tennis given her blossoming interests in fashion and business, but has worked tirelessly after spending nine months out of the game following shoulder surgery four years ago.
Just as impressively, she has learned to master clay, a surface which she once admitted made her feel like "a cow on ice".
Sharapova described this victory as "surreal, the most unique moment I've experienced in my career".
"When I won Wimbledon at 17, I thought that would be the most treasured moment of my career, but when I fell down on my knees today I realised that this was extremely special, and even more so."
"I love my work. I love playing tennis. I could have said: 'I don't need this. I have money. I have fame. I have victories. I have Grand Slams.' But when your love for something is bigger than all those things, you continue to keep getting up in the morning when it's freezing outside."
Now the Russian would love nothing more than to win her second Wimbledon title in four weekends' time. Asked if winning here might give her inspiration at the All England Club, Sharapova said: "What do you think? I'm going to retire? This is going to give me so much motivation."
Errani, who will jump 14 places to No 10, has proved herself a great battler over the last fortnight, but the Italian was all too often overpowered by the Russian, who belted 37 winners to her 12.
When Sharapova raced into a 4-0 lead there were fears of a one-sided contest, but Errani demonstrated her fighting spirit, recovering to 4-2 and saving two set points when serving at 2-5.
But Sharapova was not to be denied, converting her third set point in the next game by cracking a backhand winner down the line.
The second set followed a similar pattern. Sharapova again took the initiative, breaking serve in the opening game, before Errani demonstrated some resilience. Sharapova broke serve for the fifth and final time to serve for the match at 5-2, though once more her opponent refused to lie down.
A superb forehand winner by Sharapova when at full stretch set up the first match point, which she failed to convert by hitting a forehand long. An ace created a second, which Errani saved with an audacious drop shot.
Sharapova moved to a third match point with another ace and this time Errani's attempted drop shot fell into the net.
- IndependentBy Paul Newman | <urn:uuid:da3c8c17-dff1-4756-b1dc-4370e34061e6> | 2013-05-18T06:31:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Provisional win for Ericsson 4 in VOR
The Volvo Ocean Race is not over yet, but Ericsson 4 has already amassed enough points to all but assure their victory. Despite finishing third in leg 9 (between Marstrand and Stockholm) the team has a 13-point lead over second-place challenger PUMA, with only 12 points possible in the remaining leg of the race.
From ISAF's Sailing.org:
The final podium spot went to Ericsson 4, which ensures her overall victory in the Volvo Ocean Race 2008-09. Although there is still one leg left to complete before the team crosses the finish for the final time in St Petersburg on 27 June, it is now not possible for them to be beaten.
Skipper GRAEL said, "We are finishing Ericsson 4's circumnavigation. The boat was built here and left here nearly a year ago, so she's back after sailing around the world and winning the race. It couldn't be any better.
"We have a wonderful crew. A lot of experience. They have been fantastic on the whole leg, the whole race around the world. It's a pleasure to sail with them and get back to Stockholm in this position, he said. | <urn:uuid:78e56abb-7424-451a-9d7d-4cd07c1d9395> | 2013-05-18T06:49:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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