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(CNN) -- One year before the day of his death, an ailing Sen. Ted Kennedy electrified a crowd of thousands at the Democratic National Convention.
Sen. Ted Kennedy was an early supporter of Barack Obama's presidential campaign.
"There is a new wave of change all around us, and if we set our compass true, we will reach our destination -- not merely victory for our party, but renewal for our nation," Kennedy said on August 25, 2008.
"And this November, the torch will be passed again to a new generation of Americans, so with Barack Obama and for you and for me, our country will be committed to his cause."
Two months later, the election of the United States' first black president marked the actualization of decades of work for Kennedy, who was a champion of civil rights throughout his nearly 50-year tenure in the Senate.
In the 1960s, as civil rights battles raged across the country, it was Kennedy's brother, President John F. Kennedy, who sought passage of a landmark bill to ban discrimination.
And when JFK was assassinated, Ted Kennedy, already filling his older brother's Senate seat, filled his shoes, too, helping to push the legislation through.
Democratic Rep. John Lewis of Georgia, who worked closely with Kennedy on civil rights issues, said Kennedy was "our shepherd, he was our champion, he was our leader." Watch Lewis talk about Kennedy's civil rights legacy »
The first major speech Kennedy made on the Senate floor was in support of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which banned discrimination based on race or gender in public places, schools and places of employment.
"He didn't have to do it. He was not from the heart of the American South ... but I think because of his upbringing, his faith, his passion, he would say over and over again, 'We must do what is right. It's the right thing to do. We have a moral obligation,' " Lewis said.
And even as his 1980 presidential bid came to an end, Kennedy kept his focus on equal rights.
"And we can be proud that our party stands plainly and publicly and persistently for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment," he said in the keynote address at the Democratic convention that year.
"Women hold their rightful place at our convention, and women must have their rightful place in the Constitution of the United States. On this issue we will not yield; we will not equivocate; we will not rationalize, explain or excuse. We will stand for E.R.A. and for the recognition at long last that our nation was made up of founding mothers as well as founding fathers."
While the White House eluded his grasp, the longtime Massachusetts senator was considered one of the most effective legislators of the past few decades. In addition to the Civil Rights Act, Kennedy played a key role in passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act and the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act. He earned a reputation as an outspoken liberal standard-bearer during a conservative-dominated era from the 1980s to the early 2000s.
The senator pulled no punches when he felt civil rights might be in danger. In 1987, Kennedy led the opposition to President Reagan's nominee for the Supreme Court, Robert Bork. The senator was quick to warn that he thought Bork's conservative ideology would be dangerous for the country.
"In Robert Bork's America, there is no room at the inn for blacks and no place in the Constitution for women. And in our America, there should be no seat on the Supreme Court for Robert Bork," Kennedy charged. His effort was successful, as Reagan's nominee was rejected.
Sen. Chris Dodd, a close friend and colleague, said Kennedy spent his life fighting for justice for all.
"The issue was people in the shadows, people who don't have lawyers and lobbyists, people who don't have advocates," said Dodd, D-Connecticut.
"And so his biggest issue were those millions of people -- and that includes everyone, because everyone at some point or another in our lives needs an advocate. And you never could have a better one than Ted Kennedy. When he was in your corner, he was in it forever."
Kennedy made life different -- and better, Lewis said. "During the '60s, I saw those signs that said 'white men, colored men; white women, colored women; white waiting, colored waiting.' He helped to bring those signs down."
For many, it was fitting that Kennedy became an early supporter of Obama's presidential campaign, reaching out to all the groups he championed in the past to carry his civil rights legacy to the future.
"The work begins anew. The hope rises again. And the dream lives on," Kennedy said at the close of his convention address last year.
The morning after Kennedy's death, Obama acknowledged the personal role Kennedy played in helping him become president of the United States.
"I valued his wise counsel in the Senate, where, regardless of the swirl of events, he always had time for a new colleague. I cherished his confidence and momentous support in my race for the presidency. And even as he waged a valiant struggle with a mortal illness, I've profited as president from his encouragement and wisdom," the president said in a statement Wednesday morning.
"For five decades, virtually every major piece of legislation to advance the civil rights, health and economic well-being of the American people bore his name and resulted from his efforts."
Kennedy, Obama said, "picked up the torch of his fallen brothers and became the greatest United States senator of our time."
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Editor's note: Julian E. Zelizer is a professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School. His new book, "Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism," will be published this fall by Basic Books. Zelizer writes widely about current events.
Julian Zelizer says Joe Biden is a useful voice for president to hear as he shapes Afghanistan policy.
PRINCETON, New Jersey (CNN) -- Vice President Joseph Biden is emerging as an important voice within the White House on the war in Afghanistan.
The New York Times reported that during a meeting in the situation room on September 13, Biden urged the president to consider reducing America's troop presence in Afghanistan. Rather than embracing a mission to protect the Afghan population, the U.S., Biden reportedly said, should target al Qaeda cells in the region through special operations forces and targeted missile attacks.
The emerging relationship between Biden and President Obama brings back memories of Vice President Hubert Humphrey and President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1964, many congressional Democrats were strongly warning Johnson that it was not wise to escalate America's involvement in Vietnam.
While liberals such as Idaho's Frank Church were more predictably making this argument, so too were some of the most hawkish voices in the Senate. Georgia Senator Richard Russell, Johnson's mentor in the 1950s, privately told the president that Vietnam was the "damn worse mess I ever saw" and that if it came down to sending in American troops or getting out, "I'd get out." Russell added that the territory in Southeast Asia was not worth a "damn bit" to the U.S.
Russell was not alone. As the historian Fredrik Logevall has documented in his book "Choosing War," there were several prominent international leaders, such as France's Charles de Gaulle, who called for the U.S. to avoid sending forces into the region and embrace a policy of neutralization, which would attempt to negotiate an agreement to preserve the status quo of a country divided into communist and non-communist sections.
There were also secret memoranda from officials within the administration, including Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, warning of the high risks of escalation.
Johnson was sensitive to these arguments. In May, he had told national security adviser McGeorge Bundy that he had recently looked at a sergeant he knew, who had six children, and wondered why he should send him to Vietnam: "What in the hell am I ordering him out there for?"
Following the Democratic landslide in 1964, when Johnson decisively defeated Arizona Sen. Barry Goldwater and Democrats gained huge majorities in the House and Senate, Humphrey wrote Johnson to urge him to call for a withdrawal from Vietnam, since 1965 was the "first year when we can face the Vietnam problem without being preoccupied with the political repercussions from the Republican Right."
Humphrey believed that the president had not made a case, as had been done with World War II and Korea, about why this conflict was essential to the national interest. He also said this war would increase the chance for another world war rather than diminishing it. These kinds of statements by Humphrey "infuriated" the president, according to Humphrey.
Johnson didn't listen to Humphrey. In response to the vice president, Johnson wrote "we don't need all these memos" and kicked Humphrey out of his inner circle of decision making. There were many reasons he decided against withdrawal, including his political fears that advocating for such a policy would play directly into the hands of Republican critics such as Richard Nixon, and because he did have some sympathy for the "domino theory," which stated that if South Vietnam fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow.
Last week there was evidence that Obama won't ignore the voices of colleagues who are disagreeing with him. Despite having called Afghanistan a "war of necessity" and ordering an increase of 21,000 troops after becoming president, Obama is now saying publicly that he is skeptical that more troops will have the desired effect in Afghanistan.
"I'm not interested in just being in Afghanistan for the sake of being in Afghanistan or saving face or, in some way -- you know, sending a message that America is here for the duration," the president recently said on television. He is taking this position even as Republicans like Sarah Palin are delivering speeches in which they warn that Democrats are failing to stand tough against terrorism.
With all the comparisons that have been made between the current war in Afghanistan and America's war in Vietnam, there are some differences that seem to be creating a willingness by Obama to be more receptive to the critics, including Biden.
Most importantly, the memories of Vietnam, and now Iraq, continue to shape all policymaking decisions. The disastrous consequences of the Vietnam War have continued to serve -- among leaders in both parties -- as a powerful check when there are calls for military escalation.
The impact is not just psychological. As a result of Vietnam, the U.S. dismantled the draft in 1973 under President Nixon. The absence of a draft created a permanent restraint on presidents when making decisions about the possibility of war. They no longer have unlimited manpower resources upon which to draw.
Another factor is the media. With all the disparaging comments that are made about the media, one effect of the 24-hour, instantaneous news cycle has been that the internal debates taking place within the executive branch and the military have been disseminated to the public in real time.
Politicians have not enjoyed much room to have these debates in private. The doubts have reached the airwaves and the Internet. Many reporters have also been determined to avoid repeating the passive path taken by many colleagues before the Iraq war, when tough questions were not asked.
Congressional Democrats are also refusing to keep their doubts private. In the 1960s, Democrats learned the cost of waiting until after a war was underway to publicly challenge a set of decisions. Similarly, many Democrats regret that they did not challenge President Bush more vigorously when the nation went to war with Iraq in 2003.
Finally, there is the state of the economy. Whereas in the early 1960s the nation was enjoying a period of historic economic growth, now the nation is only beginning to feel some stability after the financial collapse of the fall of 2008. And conditions are still far from good, given high rates of unemployment. Obtaining support for a substantial troop commitment is more difficult when voters are concerned about their economic security.
None of this is to say what the president should do in Afghanistan. But what is important is that Obama must not repeat LBJ's mistake of blocking out the voices of close advisers who were urging him to consider a wider range of alternative strategies to keep America safe.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Julian Zelizer.
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| | Re: Does liking glee almost ensure someone is gay friendly?
As it's a TV show, anyone can like it. I think it's very popular among the gay community in general, but I guess anyone can enjoy it as well, whether or not they are homophobic or what not.
__________________ "Everybody's journey is individual. If you fall in love with a boy, you fall in love with a boy. The fact that many Americans consider it a disease says more about them than it does about homosexuality". | <urn:uuid:5ef313fa-e4fb-45f9-ab62-498daeb221ae> | 2013-05-26T09:42:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Former Qantas 707-138B owned by John Travolta at the 2007 Paris Air Show|
|Role||Narrow-body jet airliner|
|National origin||United States|
|Manufacturer||Boeing Commercial Airplanes|
|First flight||December 20, 1957|
|Introduction||October 1958 with Pan American World Airways|
|Status||In limited use|
|Primary users||Trans World Airlines
|Unit cost||US$4.3 million (1955 dollars) US$36.5 million (2012 dollars)|
|Developed from||Boeing 367-80|
Boeing C-137 Stratoliner
|Developed into||Boeing E-3 Sentry
Boeing E-6 Mercury
Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS
The Boeing 707 is a mid-size, long-range, narrow-body four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979. Its name is commonly pronounced as "Seven Oh Seven". Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 189 passengers and a range of 2,500 to 5,750 nautical miles (4,600 to 10,650 km).
Developed as Boeing's first jet airliner, the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines. Although it was not the first jetliner in service, the 707 was the first to be commercially successful. Dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s, the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age. It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft, and led to the later series of airliners with "7x7" designations. The later 727, 737, and 757 share elements of the 707's fuselage design.
The 707 was developed from the Boeing 367-80, a prototype jet first flown in 1954. A larger fuselage cross-section and other modifications resulted in the initial production 707-120, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines, which first flew on December 20, 1957. Pan American World Airways began regular 707 service on October 26, 1958. Later derivatives included the shortened long-range 707-138 and the stretched 707-320, both of which entered service in 1959. A smaller short-range variant, the 720, was introduced in 1960. The 707-420, a version of the stretched 707 with Rolls-Royce Conway 508 turbofans, debuted in 1960, while Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofans debuted on the 707-120B and 707-320B models in 1961 and 1962, respectively.
The 707 has been used on domestic, transcontinental and transatlantic flights, and for cargo and military applications. A convertible passenger-freighter model, the 707-320C, entered service in 1963, and passenger 707s have been modified to freighter configurations. Military derivatives include the E-3 Sentry airborne reconnaissance aircraft and the C-137 Stratoliner VIP transports. Boeing produced and delivered 1,011 airliners including the smaller 720 series; over 800 military versions were also produced. As of August 2011, 10 Boeing 707s were in airline service. By August 2012, this number was down to two – both in Iran.
Model 367-80 origins
During and after World War II Boeing was known for its military aircraft. The company had produced innovative and important bombers, from the B-17 Flying Fortress and B-29 Superfortress, to the jet-powered B-47 Stratojet and B-52 Stratofortress. The company's civil aviation department lagged far behind Douglas and other competitors, the only noteworthy airliners being the Boeing 314 Clipper and 307 Stratoliner. During 1949–1950 Boeing embarked on studies for a new jet transport, realizing that any design must be aimed at both the military and civil markets. At the time, aerial refueling was becoming a standard technique for military aircraft, with over 800 KC-97 Stratotankers on order. With the advent of the jet age a new tanker was required to meet the USAF's fleet of jet-powered bombers; this was where Boeing's new design would potentially win military orders.
Boeing studied numerous wing and engine layouts for its new transport/tanker, some of which were based on the B-47 and C-97, before settling on 367–80. The "Dash 80" took less than two years from project launch in 1952 to rollout on May 14, 1954, then first flew on July 15, 1954. It was powered by the Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engine, which was the civilian version of the J57 used on many military aircraft of the day, including the F-100 Super Sabre fighter and the B-52 bomber. The prototype was a proof of concept aircraft for both military and civilian use. The United States Air Force was the first customer, using it as the basis for the KC-135 Stratotanker midair refueling platform.
It was far from certain that the passenger 707 would be profitable. At the time, Boeing was making nearly all of its money from military contracts: Its last passenger transport, the Boeing 377 Stratocruiser, had netted the company a $15 million loss before it was purchased by the Air Force as the KC-97 Stratotanker. In a demonstration flight over Lake Washington outside of Seattle, on August 7, 1955, test pilot Tex Johnston performed a barrel roll in the 367-80 prototype.
The 132-inch (3,350 mm) wide fuselage of the Dash 80 was large enough for four-abreast (two-plus-two) seating (in the manner of the Stratocruiser). Answering customers demands and under Douglas competition, Boeing soon realized that this would not provide a viable payload, so decided to widen the fuselage to 144 in (3,660 mm), the same as the KC-135 Stratotanker, which would allow five-abreast[disputed ] seating—and the shared use of the KC-135's tooling. However, Douglas Aircraft had launched its DC-8 with a fuselage width of 147 in (3,730 mm). The airlines liked the extra space and six-abreast seating, and so Boeing was obliged to increase the 707's width again to compete, this time to 148 in (3,760 mm).
Production and testing
The first flight of the first production 707-120 took place on December 20, 1957, and FAA certification followed on September 18, 1958. A number of changes were incorporated into the production models from the prototype. A Krueger flap was installed along the leading edge between the inner and outer engines on early 707-120 and −320 models.
Further developments
The initial standard model was the 707-120 with JT3C turbojet engines. Qantas ordered a shorter body version called the 707-138, which was a −120 that had six fuselage frames removed, three in front of the wings, and three aft. The frames in the 707 were each 20 inches (500 mm) apart, so this resulted in a net shortening of 10 ft (3 m) to 134 ft 6 in (41.0 m). Because the maximum takeoff weight remained the same 247,000 lb (112 t) as that of the −120, the 138 was able to fly the longer routes that Qantas needed. Braniff International Airways ordered the higher-thrust version with Pratt & Whitney JT4A engines, the 707-220. The final major derivative was the 707-320, which featured an extended-span wing and JT4A engines, while the 707-420 was the same as the −320 but with Conway turbofan engines. British certification requirements relating to engine-out go-arounds also forced Boeing to increase the height of the tail fin on all 707 variants, as well as add a ventral fin, which was retrofitted on earlier −120 and −220 aircraft. These modifications also aided in the mitigation of dutch roll by providing more stability in yaw.
Though initially fitted with turbojet engines, the dominant engine for the Boeing 707 family was the Pratt & Whitney JT3D, a turbofan variant of the JT3C with lower fuel consumption and higher thrust. JT3D-engined 707s and 720s were denoted with a "B" suffix. While many 707-120Bs and 720Bs were conversions of existing JT3C-powered machines, 707-320Bs were available only as newly-built aircraft, as they had a stronger structure to support a maximum take-off weight increased by 19,000 lb (8,600 kg), along with modifications to the wing. The 707-320B series enabled non-stop westbound flights from Europe to the US west coast and from the US to Japan.
The final 707 variant was the 707-320C, (C for "Convertible"), which had a large fuselage door for cargo. It had a revised wing with three-section leading-edge flaps, improving takeoff and landing performance and allowed the ventral fin to be removed (although the taller fin was retained). 707-320Bs built after 1963 used the same wing as the −320C and were known as 707-320B Advanced aircraft.
Production of the passenger 707 ended in 1978. In total, 1,010 707s were built for civil use, though many of these found their way to military service. The 707 production line remained open for purpose-built military variants until 1991, with the last new build 707 airframes built as E-3 and E-6 aircraft.
Traces of the 707 are still found in the 737, which uses a modified version of the 707's fuselage, as well as the same external nose and cockpit configuration as the those of 707. These were also used on the previous 727, while the 757 also used the 707 fuselage cross-section. The Chinese government sponsored development of the Shanghai Y-10 during the 1970s, which was a near-carbon-copy of the 707; however, this did not enter production and only three prototypes were built.
The 707 wings are swept back at 35 degrees and, like all swept-wing aircraft, displayed an undesirable "Dutch roll" flying characteristic that manifested itself as an alternating yawing and rolling motion. Boeing already had considerable experience with this on the B-47 and B-52, and had developed the yaw damper system on the B-47 that would be applied to later swept wing configurations like the 707. However, many new 707 pilots had no experience with this phenomenon, as they were transitioning from straight-wing propeller-driven aircraft such as the Douglas DC-7 and Lockheed Constellation.
On one customer acceptance flight, where the yaw damper was turned off to familiarize the new pilots with flying techniques, a trainee pilot's actions violently exacerbated the Dutch roll motion and caused three of the four engines to be torn from the wings. The plane, a brand new 707-227, N7071, destined for Braniff, crash-landed on a river bed north of Seattle at Arlington, Washington, killing four of the eight occupants.
In his autobiography, test pilot Tex Johnston described a Dutch roll incident he experienced as a passenger on an early commercial 707 flight. As the aircraft's movements did not cease and most of the passengers became ill, he suspected a misrigging of the directional autopilot (yaw damper). He went to the cockpit and found the crew unable to understand and resolve the situation. He introduced himself and relieved the ashen-faced captain who immediately left the cockpit feeling ill. Johnston disconnected the faulty autopilot and manually stabilized the plane "with two slight control movements".
The 707s used engine-driven turbocompressors to supply high-pressure bleed air for pressurization. On many commercial 707s, the outer port (#1) engine mount is distinctly different from the other three, as this is the only engine not fitted with a turbocompressor. The turbocompressors fitted on engines 2 through 4 provide the required triple redundancy for the aircraft's cabin pressurization and air-conditioning system.
The P&W JT3D-3B engines are readily identifiable by the large gray secondary air inlet doors in the nose cowl. These doors are fully open (sucked in at the rear) during takeoff to provide additional air. When the engines are throttled back to cruise, the doors are shut.
Upgraded engines
Pratt & Whitney, in a joint venture with Seven Q Seven (SQS) and Omega Air, has selected the JT8D-219 as a re-engine powerplant for Boeing 707-based aircraft, calling their modified configuration a 707RE. Northrop Grumman has selected the −219 to re-engine the United States Air Force's fleet of 19 E-8 Joint STARS aircraft, which will allow the J-STARS more time on station due to the engine's greater fuel efficiency. NATO also plans to re-engine their fleet of E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft. The −219 is publicized as being half the cost of the competing 707 re-engine powerplant, the CFM International CFM56, and is 40 dB quieter than JT3D engines that are being replaced.
Operational history
The first commercial orders for the 707 came on October 13, 1955, when Pan Am committed to 20 707s and 25 Douglas DC-8s, a dramatic increase in passenger capacity over its existing fleet of propeller aircraft. The competition between the 707 and Douglas DC-8 was fierce. Several major airlines committed only to the DC-8, as Douglas Aircraft was a more established maker of passenger aircraft at the time. To stay competitive, Boeing made a late and costly decision to redesign and enlarge the 707's wing to help increase range and payload. The new version was numbered 707-320.
Pan Am was the first airline to operate the 707; the carrier inaugurated 707 service with a christening at National Airport on October 17, 1958, attended by President Eisenhower, followed by a transatlantic flight for VIPs (personal guests of founder Juan Trippe) from Baltimore's Friendship International Airport to Paris. The aircraft's first commercial flight was from New York to Paris on October 26, 1958 with a fuel stop in Gander, Newfoundland. In December, National Airlines operated the first U.S. domestic jet airline flights between New York/Idlewild and Miami, using 707s leased from Pan Am; American Airlines was the first domestic airline to fly its own jets, on January 25, 1959. TWA started domestic 707-131 flights in March and Continental Airlines started 707-124 flights in June; airlines that had ordered only the DC-8, such as United, Delta, and Eastern, were left without jets until September and lost market share on transcontinental flights. Qantas was the first non-US airline to use the 707s, starting in 1959.
The 707 quickly became the most popular jetliner of its time. Its popularity led to rapid developments in airport terminals, runways, airline catering, baggage handling, reservations systems, and other air transport infrastructure. The advent of the 707 also led to the upgrading of air traffic control systems to prevent interference with military jet operations.
As the 1960s drew to a close, the exponential growth in air travel led to the 707's being a victim of its own success. The 707 was now too small to handle the increased passenger densities on the routes for which it was designed. Stretching the fuselage was not a viable option because the installation of larger, more powerful engines would in turn need a larger undercarriage, which was not feasible given the design's limited ground clearance. Boeing's answer to the problem was the first twin-aisle airliner—the Boeing 747. The 707's first-generation engine technology was also rapidly becoming obsolete in the areas of noise and fuel economy, especially after the 1973 oil crisis.
In 1982, during the Falklands War the Argentine Air Force extensively used civilian 707s for long-range maritime patrol, with some of them being intercepted and shepherded away by Royal Navy Sea Harriers, it also led to the conversion of British Nimrods to carry Sidewinder air-to-air missiles after a casual encounter.
Trans World Airlines flew the last scheduled 707 flight for passengers by a US carrier on October 30, 1983, although 707s remained in scheduled service by airlines from other nations for much longer. Middle East Airlines (MEA) of Lebanon flew 707s and 720s in front-line passenger service until the end of the 1990s. Since LADE of Argentina took its 707-320B from regular service in 2007, Saha Airlines of Iran is the last airline to keep 707s in scheduled passenger service.
Operations of the 707 were threatened by the enactment of international noise regulations in 1985. Shannon Engineering of Seattle, Washington developed a hush kit with funding from Tracor, Inc, of Austin, Texas. By the late 1980s, 172 Boeing 707s had been equipped with the Quiet 707 package. Boeing acknowledged that more 707s were in service then than before the hush kit was available. Most remaining 707s are in freighter form, or as Business Jets.
Although certificated as Series 100s, 200s, 300s, etc., the different 707 variants are more commonly known as Series 120s, 220s, 320s, and so on, where the "20" part of the designation is Boeing's "customer number" for its development aircraft.
The original designation for what ultimately became the Boeing 720. Launch customer United Air Lines was a Douglas DC-8 customer and preferred not to be seen as buying the competing 707 hence the 720 designation. American Airlines always referred to its 720s as 707s.
The 707-120 was the first production 707 variant, with a longer, wider fuselage, and greater wingspan than the Dash-80. The cabin had a full set of rectangular windows and could seat up to 179 passengers. It was designed for transcontinental routes and often required a refueling stop on the North Atlantic. It had four Pratt & Whitney JT3C-6 turbojets, civil versions of the military J57, initially producing 13,000 lb (57.8 kN) with water injection. Maximum takeoff weight was 247,000 lb and first flight was on December 20, 1957. Major orders were the launch order for 20 707-121 aircraft by Pan American and an American Airlines order for 30 707-123 aircraft. The first revenue flight was on October 26, 1958. 56 were built, plus 7 short body −138s; the last −120 was delivered to Western in May 1960.
The 707-138 was a −120 with a fuselage ten feet shorter than the others, with 5 feet (3 frames) removed ahead and behind the wing, giving increased range. Maximum take off weight was the same 247,000 lb as the standard version. It was a variant for Qantas, thus had its customer number 38. The seven −138s were delivered to Qantas June–September 1959 and first carried passengers that July.
The 707-120B had Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1 turbofan engines, which were quieter, more powerful, and more fuel-efficient, producing 17,000 lbf (75.6 kN) each, with the later JT3D-3 version giving 18,000 lbf (80 kN). (This thrust did not require water injection, eliminating both the system and the 5000–6000 lb weight of the water itself.) The −120B had the wing modifications introduced on the 720 and a longer tailplane; a total of 72 were built, 31 for American and 41 for TWA, plus 6 short body −138Bs for Qantas. American had its 23 surviving −123s converted to 123Bs but TWA did not convert its 15 -131s. The only other conversions were Pan American's 5 surviving −121s and one surviving −139, the 3 aircraft delivered to the USAF as −153s and the 7 short body Qantas −138s. The first flight of the −120B was on June 22, 1960 and American carried the first passengers in March 1961; the last delivery was to American in April 1969. Maximum weight was 258,000 lb (117,025 kg) for both the long and short body versions.
The 707-220 was designed for hot and high operations with more powerful 15,800 lb (70.80 kN) Pratt & Whitney JT4A-3 turbojets. Five of these were produced, but only four were ultimately delivered with one being lost during a test flight. All were for Braniff International Airways and carried the model number 707-227; the first entered service in December 1959. This version was made obsolete by the arrival of the turbofan-powered 707-120B.
The 707-320 Intercontinental is a stretched version of the turbojet-powered 707-120, initially powered by JT4A-3 or JT4A-5 turbojets producing 15,800 lb (70.1 kN) each (most eventually got 17,500 lb (78.4 kN) JT4A-11s). The interior allowed up to 189 passengers due to an 80-inch (2,000 mm) fuselage stretch ahead of the wing (from 138 ft 10 in (42.32 m) to 145 ft 6 in), with extensions to the fin and horizontal stabilizer extending the aircraft's length further. The longer wing carried more fuel, increasing range by 1,600 miles (2,600 km) and allowing the aircraft to operate as true transoceanic aircraft. The wing modifications included outboard and inboard inserts, as well as a kink in the trailing edge to add area inboard. Takeoff weight was increased to 302,000 lb (137,000 kg) initially and to 312,000 lb (142,000 kg) with the higher-rated JT4A's and centre section tanks. First flight was on January 11, 1958; 69 turbojet 707-320s were delivered through January 1963, the first passengers being carried (by Pan Am) in August 1959. No −320 Intercontinental models were re-engined with fan engines in civil use, but around year 2000 the Israeli Air Force re-engined two ex-Sabena −320 based military tankers.
The 707-420 was identical to the −320 but fitted with Rolls-Royce Conway 508 turbofans (or by-pass turbojets as Rolls-Royce called them). First announced customer was Lufthansa. BOAC's controversial order was announced six months later but the British carrier got the first service-ready aircraft off the production line. The British Air Registration Board refused to give the aircraft a certificate of airworthiness, citing insufficient lateral control, excessive rudder forces and the ability to over rotate on take off, stalling the wing on the ground (a fault of the de Havilland Comet 1). Boeing responded by adding 40 inches to the vertical tail, applying full instead of partial rudder boost and fitting an underfin to prevent over rotation. These modifications became standard on all 707 variants and were retrofitted to all earlier 707s. The 37 -420s were delivered to BOAC, Lufthansa, Air-India, El Al and Varig through November 1963; Lufthansa was the first to carry passengers, in March 1960.
The 707-320B saw the application of the JT3D turbofan to the Intercontinental but with aerodynamic refinements. The wing was modified from the −320 by adding a second inboard kink, a dog-toothed leading edge, and curved low drag wingtips instead of the earlier blunt ones. These wingtips increased overall wingspan by three feet. Takeoff gross weight was increased to 328,000 lb (149,000 kg). The 175 707-320B aircraft were all new-build; no original −320 models were converted to fan engines in civilian use. First service was June 1962, with Pan Am.
The 707-320B Advanced is an improved version of the −320B, adding the three-section leading-edge flaps already seen on the −320C. These reduced takeoff and landing speeds and altered the lift distribution of the wing, allowing the ventral fin found on earlier 707s to be deleted. From 1965 -320Bs had the uprated −320C undercarriage allowing the same 335,000 lb (152,000 kg) MTOW. These were often identified as 707-320BA-H.
The 707-320C has a convertible passenger–freight configuration, which became the most widely produced variant of the 707. The 707-320C added a strengthened floor and a new cargo door to the −320B model. The wing was fitted with three section leading edge flaps which allowed the deletion of the underfin. Three hundred thirty-five of these variants were built, including a small number with JT3D-7 engines (19000 lb takeoff thrust) and a takeoff gross weight of 335,000 lb (152,000 kg). Ironically, most −320Cs were delivered as passenger aircraft, airlines hoping that the cargo door would increase second hand values. The addition of two additional emergency exits, one on either side aft of the wing raised the maximum passenger capacity to a theoretical 219. Only a few aircraft were delivered as pure freighters. One of the final orders was by the Iranian Government for 14 707-3J9C aircraft capable of VIP transportation, communication, and in-flight refuelling tasks.
Other variants
The 707-620 was a proposed domestic range-stretched variant of the 707-320B. The 707-620 was to carry around 200 passengers while retaining several aspects of the 707-320B. It would have been delivered around 1968 and would have also been Boeing's answer to the stretched Douglas DC-8 Series 60. Had the 707-620 been built, it would have cost around $8,000,000 in US currency. However, engineers discovered that a longer fuselage and wing meant a painstaking redesign of the wing and landing gear structures. Rather than spend money on upgrading the 707, engineer Joe Sutter stated the company "decided spending money on the 707 wasn't worth it". The project was cancelled in 1966 in favor of the newer Boeing 747.
The 707-700 was a test aircraft used to study the feasibility of using CFM International's CFM56 powerplants on a 707 airframe and possibly retrofitting them to existing aircraft. After a testing in 1979, N707QT, the last commercial 707 airframe, was refitted to 707-320C configuration and delivered to the Moroccan Air Force as a tanker aircraft. (This purchase was considered a "civilian" order and not a military one.) Boeing abandoned the program, since it felt it would be a threat to the Boeing 757 program. The information gathered in the test led to the eventual retrofitting program of CFM56 engines to the USAF C-135/KC-135R models, and some military versions of the 707 also used the CFM56. The Douglas DC-8 "Super 70" series by Cammacorp did develop commercially, extending the life of DC-8 airframes in a stricter noise regulatory environment, so there are today more DC-8s in commercial service than there are 707s.
The 707-820 was a proposed intercontinental stretched variant of the 707-320B. It was to be powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D-15 turbofan engines and would have had a 10-foot (3.0 m) extension in wingspan. Two variations were proposed, the 707-820(505) model and the 707-820(506) model. The 505 model would have had a fuselage 45 feet (14 m) longer than the 707-320B and would have carried 209 passengers in mixed-class configuration and 260 passengers in all-economy configuration. The 506 model would have had a fuselage 55 feet (17 m) longer than the 707-320B and would have carried 225 passengers in mixed class configuration and 279 passengers in all economy configuration. Like the 707-620, the 707-820 was also set to compete with the stretched DC-8s. The design was being pitched to American, TWA, BOAC and Pan Am at the time of its proposal in early 1965. The 707-820 would have cost $10,000,000 in US currency. Just like the 707-620, the 707-820 would have required a massive structural redesign to the wing and gear structures. The 707-820 was also cancelled in 1966 in favor of the 747.
The militaries of the United States and other countries have used the civilian 707 aircraft in a variety of roles, and under different designations. (Note the 707 and U.S. Air Force's KC-135 were developed in parallel from the Boeing 367–80 prototype.)
The VC-137C variant of the Stratoliner was a special-purpose design meant to serve as Air Force One, the secure transport for the President of The United States of America. These models were in operational use from 1962 to 1990. The two aircraft remain on display: SAM 26000 is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio and SAM 27000 is at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California.
Boeing 717 was the company designation for C-135 Stratolifter and KC-135 Stratotanker derivatives of the 367-80. The designation was later re-used in renaming the McDonnell Douglas MD-95 to Boeing 717 after the company was merged with Boeing.
Although 707s are no longer employed by major airlines, as of December 2012, 10 aircraft were in use by commercial airlines mainly with air cargo operators. American actor John Travolta owns, and is qualified to fly as second in command, an ex-Qantas 707-138B, registration N707JT.
The list of customer codes used by Boeing to identify specific options and livery specified by customers was started with the 707, and has been maintained through all Boeing's models. In essence the same system as used on the earlier Boeing 377, the code consisted of two digits affixed to the model number to identify the specific aircraft version. For example, Pan American Airlines was assigned code "21". Thus, a 707-320B sold to Pan Am had the model number 707-321B. The number remained constant as further aircraft were purchased; thus, when Pan American purchased the 747-100 it had the model number 747-121.
Orders and deliveries
707 Model Summary
Accidents and incidents
Aircraft on display
||This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2011)|
- VH-XBA Model 707-138B (No. 29) one of the first 707s exported, and the first civilian jet registered in Australia (to airline Qantas in 1959), is on display at the Qantas Founders Outback Museum in Longreach, Queensland, Australia.
- 4X-BYD Model 707-131(F), (No. 34) ex-Israeli Air Force and TWA aircraft is on display at the Israeli Air Force Museum near Hatzerim, Israel.
- 4X-JYW Model 707-328 (msn. 173617, no. 110)) Former Air France (F-BHSE) aircraft sold to the Israeli Air Force, aircraft on display at the Israeli Air Force Museum, Beersheba – Hatzerim (LLHB).
- D-AFHG Model 707-430 (msn. 17720, no. 115) Former Lufthansa airliner on display at Hamburg Airport (HAM/EDDH).
- N130KR Model 707-458 (msn. 18071, no. 216) Former El Al (4X-ATB) aircraft restored in 1960s Lufthansa markings with fictitious registration D-ABOC previously displayed at Berlin – Tegel (TXL/EDDT); now parked at the edge of the airfield.
- CC-CCG Model 707-330B (msn. 18642, no. 233) This ex-Lufthansa and LAN Chile is undergoing restoration at Santiago – Los Cerillos, Chile (ULC/SCTI) and will be repainted in the Chilean airline's 1960s scheme.
- F-BLCD Model 707-328B (no. 471) is on display at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris, France.
- EP-IRJ Model 707-321B (msn. 18958, no. 475) Former Iran Air aircraft originally delivered to Pan American as N416PA is currently the Air Restaurant at Mehrabad Airport, Tehran.
- A20-627 Model 707-338C (msn. 19627, no. 707) Flew with the RAAF. Originally delivered to Qantas as VH-EAG. Forward fuselage preserved at the RAAF Museum, Point Cook, VIC, Australia.
- 1419 Model 707-328C (no. 763) ex-SAAF aircraft is on display at the South African Air Force Museum – Swartkop Air Force Base, Pretoria.
- 1419 – 83-8033 Model 707-328C (msn. 19917, no. 763) of the South African Air Force. Originally delivered to Air France as F-BLCL. Complete airframe preserved at the SAAF Museum, Swartkop, South Africa.
- N893PA Model 707-321B (msn. 20030, no. 791) Former CAAC aircraft originally delivered to Pan American is preserved at Tianjin, China.
- HZ-HM2 Model 707-386C (msn. 21081, no. 903) Saudi Air Force VIP aircraft painted in the current Saudia color scheme. Del. 1975, reg. HZ-HM1. Entire aircraft preserved at Saudi Air Force Museum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
|Cockpit crew||Three (Four with navigator on overwater flights)|
179 (1-class, maximum)
219 (1-class, maximum)
|Length||145 ft 1 in (44.07 m)||152 ft 11 in (46.61 m)|
|Wingspan||130 ft 10 in (39.90 m)||145 ft 9 in (44.42 m)|
|Tail height||42 ft 5 in (12.93 m)|
|Maximum takeoff weight
|257,000 lb (116,570 kg)||333,600 lb (151,320 kg)|
|Empty weight||122,533 lb (55,580 kg)||146,400 lb (66,406 kg)|
|Runway needed at MTOW||11,000 ft (3,330 m)||10,840 ft (3,280 m)|
|Fuel capacity||17,330 US gal (65,600 L)||23,855 US gal (90,300 L)|
|Landing run||6,200 ft (1,875 m)||5,950 ft (1,813 m)|
(with maximum payload)
|2800 nmi (5200 km)||3,735 nmi (6,920 km)|
|Range at MTOW
(with maximum fuel)
|4,700 nmi (8,704 km)||5,750 nmi (10,650 km)|
|Cruising speed||540 knots (1000 km/h)||525 kn (972 km/h)|
|Fuselage width||12 ft 4 in (3.76 m)|
|Powerplants (4 x)||Pratt & Whitney JT3D-1
Rolls Royce Conway (BOAC only):
17,000 lbf (75.6 kN)
18,000 lbf (80 kN)
19,000 lbf (84.4 kN)
Notable appearances in media
The 707 is mentioned in the songs "Boeing Boeing 707" by Roger Miller; "Jet Airliner" performed by the Steve Miller Band and written by Paul Pena; and "Early Morning Rain", written by Gordon Lightfoot and popularized by artists such as Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, and Peter, Paul and Mary.
The aircraft has had major roles in the Airport and Airplane films, and has been alluded to in both television and theatrical movies. In 2011, the American television series Pan Am takes place in the early and mid-1960s and features interior sets and exterior CGI representations of the 707 on the ground and in flight; it was Pan Am's frontline airliner during that time. Additional footage of John Travolta's Boeing 707 in Pan Am livery has also been used in the TV series.
See also
- Related development
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Related lists
- "Boeing 707 Jet Transport." aviation-history.com. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- "707 Model Summary". Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
- Bowers 1989, p. 434
- "Tech data sheet at Boeing.com"
- Best source for range is http://www.boeing.com/commercial/airports/acaps/707sec3.pdf, which shows 2800 nm for a 707-120B with maximum payload and 5750 nm for a −320B with zero payload. It doesn't include a graph for the −120, for which range would be 2500 nm or less with full payload.
- Wilson, p. 13. Quote: "The Boeing 707, the airliner which introduced jet travel on a large scale."
- Wilson 1999, p. 48. Quote: "The USA's first jetliner, the 707 was at the forefront of jet travel revolution..."
- "World Airliner Census". Flight International. August 2011. p. 15. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
- "World Airliner Census". Flight International. August 2012. p. 13. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
- Wilson 1998, p. 18
- "Gamble in the Sky." Time, July 19, 1954. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Ruffin, Steven A (2005). Aviation’s Most Wanted: The Top 10 book of Winged Wonders, Lucky Landings and Other Aerial Oddities. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 320. ISBN 1574886746.
- Francillon 1999, p. 34
- Irving 1994, pp. 194–197
- Pither 1998, p. 21
- "Boeing 707." airlinercafe.com. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
- Johnston, A.M., Tex Johnston: Jet-Age Test Pilot, Smithsonian Books, December 2000, p. 247. ISBN 978-1-56098-931-8.
- "Boeing's Jet Stratoliner." Popular Science, July 1954, p. 24.
- "Boeing 707."[dead link] Flug Revue, May 12, 2002. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Bowers 1989, p. 433
- "Pan Am’s First Passenger Jet to Europe (1958)". Ghosts of DC. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- "Jets Across the U.S." Time, November 17, 1958. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Finlan, Alastair. The Royal Navy in the Falklands Conflict and the Gulf War: Culture and Strategy (British Politics and Society). London: Rutelage, 2004. ISBN 978-0-7146-8569-4.
- "Farewell Flight." Time, November 14, 1983. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- Federal Aviation Administration issued Supplemental Type Certificate SA2699NM to SHANNON engineering March 6, 1985.
- "Boeing 707." Goleta Air & Space Museum. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- PA, AA, TW and CO 707-120s started with 109–112 "revenue" seats and maybe a few lounge seats.
- Pither 1998, p. 22
- "707 Airplane Characteristics: Airport Planning." The Boeing Company, May 2001. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
- "T0WARD8 200-SEAT BOEINGS" (Press release). Flight International. March 25, 1965. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- Haenggi, Michael (2003). Boeing Widebodies. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press. pp. 15 and 17. ISBN 0-7603-0842-X.
- "Boeing 707-820: First details of the longer, faster, heavier and more" (Press release). Flight International. June 3, 1965. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- "KC-135E." Global Security. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- "Aircraft and Fleet Lists". ch-aviation.ch. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
- "N707JT". FAA Registry. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- "John Travolta’s Boeing 707". Blog.flightstory.net. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
- "Boeing 707 Accident summary." Aviation-Safety.net, May 5, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- "Boeing 707 Accident Statistics." Aviation-Safety.net, July 5, 2005. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- "Boeing 707 Family." Boeing. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
- "'Pan Am' Will Take Off in John Travolta's Boeing 707 This Week". Jaunted. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
- Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989. ISBN 0-85177-804-6.
- Bradley, Catherine. Boeing 707 Super Profile. Yeovil, Somerset UK: Haynes Publishing, 1983. ISBN 0-85429-356-6.
- Breffort, Dominique. Boeing 707, KC-135 and Civilian and Military Versions. Paris: Histoire & Collections. ISBN 978-2-35250-075-9.
- Caidin, Martin. Boeing 707. New York: Bantam Books, 1959.
- Cearley, George Walker. Boeing 707 & 720: A Pictorial History. Dallas, TX: G.W. Cearley Jr, 1993. No ISBN.
- Francillon, René. Boeing 707: Pioneer Jetliner. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Motor Books International, 1999. ISBN 0-7603-0675-3.
- Cook, William H. Road to the 707: The Inside Story of Designing the 707. Bellevue, WA: TYC Publishing Company, 1991. ISBN 0-9629605-0-0.
- Irving, Clive. Wide Body: The Making of the Boeing 747. Philadelphia: Coronet, 1994. ISBN 0-340-59983-9.
- Lloyd, Alwyn T. Boeing 707 & AWACS in Detail and Scale. Falbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-8306-8533-2.
- Pither, Tony. The Boeing 707, 720 and C-135. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1998. ISBN 0-85130-236-X.
- Price, Alfred. The Boeing 707. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1967.
- Proctor, Jon. Boeing 720. Miami, FL: World Transport Press, 2001. ISBN 1-892437-03-1.
- Schiff, Barry J. The Boeing 707. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982, First edition 1967, . ISBN 0-8168-5653-2.
- Smith, Paul Raymond. Boeing 707 – Airline Markings No. 3. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Swan Hill Press, 1993. ISBN 1-85310-087-0.
- Stachiw, Anthony L. and Andrew Tattersall. Boeing CC137 (Boeing 347C) in Canadian Service. St. Catherines, ON: Vanwell Publishing Ltd., 2004. ISBN 1-55125-079-9.
- Whittle, John A. The Boeing 707 and 720. Tonbridge, Kent: Air Britain (Historians), 1972. ISBN 0-85130-025-1.
- Wilson, Stewart. Airliners of the World. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1999. ISBN 1-875671-44-7.
- Wilson, Stewart. Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8, and Vickers VC-10. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1998. ISBN 1-875671-36-6.
- Winchester, Jim. Boeing 707. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife, 2002. ISBN 1-84037-311-3.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Boeing 707|
- Boeing 707 family on Boeing.com
- Detailed guide to all variants of the 707/720 on airlinercafe.com
- Boeing 707 page on Airliners.net
- A proposed double-decker design for the 707
- Video DVD on an Air Refueling Mission onboard to the B-707 TT Tanker of Italian Air Force
- "Boeing 707 Revelations" a 1956 Flight article on the forthcoming 707
|Boeing 7x7 aircraft production timeline, 1955–present|
|Boeing 717 (MD-95)|
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Constitution of Malta
|This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
The current Constitution of Malta was adopted as a legal order on September 21, 1964, and is the self-declared supreme law of the land. Therefore, any law or action in violation of the Constitution is null and void. Being a rigid constitution, it has a three-tier entrenchment basis in order for any amendments to take place.
Constitutional Development since Independence
The Constitution has been amended twenty-four times, most recently in 2007 with the entrenchment of the office of the Ombudsman. The constitution is typically called the Constitution of Malta and replaced the 1961 Constitution, dating from October 24, 1961. George Borg Olivier was its main instigator and negotiator.
Under its 1964 constitution, Malta became a parliamentary democracy within the British Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II was sovereign of Malta, and a governor general exercised executive authority on her behalf, while the actual direction and control of the government and the nation's affairs were in the hands of the cabinet under the leadership of a Maltese prime minister.
On December 13, 1974, the constitution was revised, and Malta became a republic within the Commonwealth, with executive authority vested in a Maltese president. The president is appointed by parliament. In turn, the president appoints as prime minister the leader of the party that wins a majority of parliamentary seats in a general election for the unicameral House of Representatives.
The president also nominally appoints, upon recommendation of the prime minister, the individual ministers to head each of the government departments. The cabinet is selected from among the members of the House of Representatives. The Constitution provides for general elections to be held at least every five years. Candidates are elected by the Single Transferable Vote system. The entire territory is divided into thirteen electoral districts each returning five MPs to a total of 65. Since 1987, in case a Party obtains an absolute majority of votes without achieving a Parliamentary majority a mechanism in the Constitution provides for additional seats to that Party to achieve a Parliamentary majority (Act IV of 1987). To date this mechanism, intended to counteract gerrymandering, came into effect twice: for the Sixth and the Eight Parliaments. A similar mechanism was introduced in 1996 so that additional seats would be given to that Party obtaining a relative majority of votes but not a parliamentary majority with only two parties achieving Parliamentary representation. This mechanism was first applied in the 2008 general election.
The Nature of the Constitution
The Independence Constitution of Malta of 1964 established Malta as a liberal parliamentary democracy. It safeguarded the fundamental human rights of citizens, and forced a separation between the executive, judicial and legislative powers, with regular elections based on universal suffrage.
This constitution was developed through constitutional history and its evolution. The constitutions of Malta fell under three main categories. These were:
- Those over which the British possessed total power;
- The intermediate genres of constitutions (1921-1947), where Malta had self government (the 1961 constitution was very similar to these constitutions);
- the Independence Constitution of 1964.
On July 27, 1960, the Secretary of State for the Colonies declared to the British House of Commons the wish of Her Majesty’s Government to reinstate representative government in Malta and declare that it was now time to work out a new constitution where elections could be held as soon as it was established. The Secretary, Iain Macleod, also notified the House of the appointment of a Constitutional Commission, under the chairmanship of Sir Hilary Blood, to devise thorough constitutional schemes after consultation with representatives of the Maltese people and local interests.
The Commissioners presented their report on December 5, 1960. The report was published on March 8, 1961. That same day, the Secretary of State declared to the House of Commons that Her Majesty’s Government had taken a decision. The Commissioner’s constitutional recommendations to be the basis for the subsequent Malta constitution were to be granted. The 1961 Constitution was also known as the Blood Constitution. It was enclosed in the Malta Constitution Order in Council 1961 and it was completed on 24 October of that same year. The statement that the Order makes provision for a new constitution where Malta is given self-government is found on the final page of the Order in Council.
The 1961 Constitution provided the backbone for the Independence Constitution. A date was provided to guarantee this legal continuity. An indispensable characteristic of this constitution is the substitution of the diarchic system, which was no longer practicable, by system of only one Government, the Government of Malta, with full legislative and executive powers. At that time Malta was still a colony and responsibility for defence and external affairs were referred to Her Majesty’s Government. There was a clear indication that the road towards independence continued and now was at a highly developed stage. It is imperative to recognise that the 1961 Constitution established most of the features of the 1964 Constitution. The British recognised Malta as a State. Another important characteristic of this constitution was an innovative introduction of a chapter covering the safeguarding of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual. This is fairly significant because Fundamental Human Rights are a protection for the individual by the State. In the 1961 Constitution, Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms are found in Chapter IV. The protection of freedom of movement was introduced only in the 1964 Constitution.
The declaration of rights of the inhabitants of the islands of Malta and Gozo dated June 15, 1802, gives a collective declaration of rights. The 1961 Constitution gave birth to what was recognised as a Parliament in the 1964 Independence Constitution. The Cabinet had the general direction and management of the Government of Malta. It consisted of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister alone might summon it and it was this office which presided over it. Not more than seven other ministers were members of the Legislative Assembly, and they were collectively responsible to it. This was one of the first attempts to restate some of the more important British Constitutional Conventions in the constitution. In the exercise of his powers, the Governor was to act on the advice of the Cabinet, except where he was directed to act in his discretion or on the recommendation or advice of a person other than the Cabinet.
Three elections of the promulgation of the 1961 Constitution existed. This constitution included the presence of a Cabinet for the first time in Malta. The legislature was unicameral. The Legislative Assembly’s normal life span was of four years. It consisted of fifty members and they were elected by universal suffrage from ten electoral divisions on the system of proportional representation by the single transferable vote. The 1961 Constitution constructed a firm foundation for a future achievement of Independence. When in 1964 Malta did in fact become independent, because the Government chose to avoid breaking all ties with the United Kingdom, there was legal continuity of the legislation, as a result of which Parliament remained functional. To a certain extent the same situation existed as regards to the legislation by the British Parliament for Malta. The Malta Independence Order itself developed into the subject of an entrenchment, since here it is declared that this evolved into an extension to the 1961 Constitution even in the sense of an amendment.
Even though Malta acquired independence, there was an ongoing presence of continuity. One of them is the monarchy pre-1964 and prior 1964. The Malta Independence Order 1964 was subject to the Malta Independence Act of that same year and it is a document that holds the chief regulations that govern the constitution of a state. This document is supreme over each and every other document and all legislation is subject to it. Throughout Malta's constitutional history, the nation acquired its own constitution, and to a certain extent, the Independence Constitution is made up of certain principles that arose for the first time in previous constitutions. It can be said that the Independence Constitution has evolved from the constitution which preceded it. But one must not ignore the fact that changes have taken place in this process of evolution. The statement that the 1964 constitution is in fact a replica of the 1961 constitution with sovereignty added might be criticised by saying that some factors differ between the two constitutions. The 1964 constitution is not merely what can be defined as an improvement. It is more like another stepping-stone in constitutional history being the final step in a long series of constitutions. In fact, even though it may seem that some provisions were altered from the 1961 constitution to the 1964 constitution, some of those provisions remained unchanged until the amendments of the 1964 constitution were made.
The Malta Independence Order, 1964, as amended by Acts:
- XLI of 1965, XXXVII of 1966
- IX of 1967
- XXVI of 1970
- XLVII of 1972
- LVII, LVIII of 1974
- XXXVIII of 1976
- X of 1977
- XXIX of 1979
- IV of 1987
- XXIII of 1989
- Proclamations Nos. II and VI of 1990
- Acts XIX of 1991
- IX of 1994
- Proclamations IV of 1995 and III of 1996
- Acts: XI of 1996, XVI of 1997
- Acts: III of 2000 and XIII of 2001
Past constitutions
Malta has had numerous past constitutions.
- The 1813 Constitution
- The 1835 Constitution
- The 1849 Constitution
- The 1887 Constitution
- The 1903 Constitution
- The 1921 Constitution
- The 1936 Constitution
- The 1939 Constitution
- The 1947 Constitution
- The 1959 Constitution
- The 1961 Constitution
Further reading
- Frendo, Henry, The Origins of Maltese Statehood - A Case Study of Decolonization in the Mediterranean - Malta: PEG Publications, ISBN 99932-0-015-8.
See also
- Supplement of the Malta Government Gazette, No. 11688 of September 18, 1964
- Supplement of the Government Gazette 31 October 1961 No. 11,346
- Section 2: 1961 Constitution – “The State of Malta”
- Articles 5-17: 1961 Constitution
- Article 45: 1961 Constitution
- Article 50: Malta Independence Order
- J.J. Cremona - THE MALTESE CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY SINCE 1813 (Publishers Enterprises Group Ltd (PEG) – 1994) ISBN 99909-0-086-8
- Royal Instructions of July 16, 1813, (C.O. 159/4) as supplemented by despatch at pp 124-125, infra
- Cremona, J.J, The Malta Constitution of 1835 and its Historical Background (Malta, 1959), (Appendix)
- Ordinances and other Official Acts published by the Government of Malta and its Dependencies, Malta, 1853, Vol X, pp70-77
- Law, Letters Patent and other Papers in relation to the Constitution of the Council of Fovernment of Malta, Malta, G.P.O., 1889, pp 113-132
- Malta Government Gazette No. 4603, June 22, 1903, pp 614-621
- Malta Government Gazette No. 6389, May 4, 1921, pp 326-366
- Malta Government Gazette No. 8206, September 2, 1936, pp 804-812
- Malta Government Gazette No. 8534, February 25, 1939, pp 244-257
- The Malta Constitution 1947, Malta, G.P.O. 1947
- The Malta (Constitution) Order in Council 1959, Malta, Department of Information, 1959
- The Malta Constitution 1961, Malta, Department of Information, 1961
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
- Il-Kostituzzjoni tar-Repubblika Maltija Ministeru tal-Ġustizzja u l-Intern. (Maltese)
- The Constitution of the Republic of Malta Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs. (English)
- The Constitution of the Republic of Malta Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs. (English) | <urn:uuid:777ae305-51f7-4113-a954-dd8ef6bc4704> | 2013-05-27T02:58:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Nahum (pron.: // or //; Hebrew: נַחוּם Naḥūm) was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the Hebrew Bible. His book comes in chronological order between Micah and Habakkuk in the Bible. He wrote about the end of the Assyrian Empire, and its capital city, Nineveh, in a vivid poetic style.
Little is known about Nahum’s personal history. His name means "comforter," and he was from the town of Alqosh, (Nah 1:1) which scholars have attempted to identify with several cities, including the modern `Alqush of Assyria and Capharnaum of northern Galilee. He was a very nationalistic Hebrew however and lived amongst the Elkoshites in peace.
Nahum's writings could be taken as prophecy or as history. One account suggests that his writings are a prophecy written in about 615 BC, just before the downfall of Assyria, while another account suggests that he wrote this passage as liturgy just after its downfall in 612 BC.
The book was introduced in Calvin's Commentary as a complete and finished poem:
No one of the minor Prophets seems to equal the sublimity, the vehemence and the boldness of Nahum: besides, his Prophecy is a complete and finished poem; his exordium is magnificent, and indeed majestic; the preparation for the destruction of Nineveh, and the description of its ruin, and its greatness, are expressed in most vivid colors, and possess admirable perspicuity and fulness.—Rev. John Owen, translator, Calvin's Commentary on Jonah, Micah, Nahum
Nahum, taking words from Moses himself, have shown in a general way what sort of "Being God is". The Reformation theologian Calvin argued, Nahum painted God by which his nature must be seen, and "it is from that most memorable vision, when God appeared to Moses after the breaking of the tables."
The tomb of Nahum is supposedly inside the synagogue at Alqosh, although there are other places outside Iraq that lay claim also to being the original “Elkosh” from which Nahum hailed. Alquosh was abandoned by its Jewish population in 1948, when they were expelled, and the synagogue that purportedly houses the tomb is in a poor structural state, to the extent that the tomb itself is in danger of destruction. The tomb underwent basic repairs in 1796. When all Jews were compelled to flee Alqosh in 1948, the iron keys to the tomb were handed to a Chaldean man by the name of Sami Jajouhana. Few Jews visit the historic site, yet Jajouhana continues to keep the promise he made with his Jewish friends, and looks after the tomb. A team of US/UK construction engineers, led by Huw Thomas, is currently planning ways to save the building and the tomb. Money has been allocated for proposed renovation in 2008.
Liturgical commemoration
The Prophet Nahum is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity. On the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, his feast day is December 1(for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, December 1 currently falls on December 14 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). He is commemorated with the other minor prophets in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31.
- "The Chronology of Biblical Prophets", Adapted from Hauer, C.E. & Young, W. A., An Introduction to the Bible: A Journey into Three Worlds, p.123, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1994
- Introduction to Nahum at the International Bible Society website
- Nahum at The Catholic Encyclopedia
- Heaton, E. W., A Short Introduction To The Old Testament Prophets, p. 35, Oneworld Publications, P.O. Box 830, 21 Broadway, Rockport, NA 01966, ISBN 1-85168-114-0
- Nahum at aboutbibleprophecy.com
- "Commentaries on Twelve Minor Prophets".
- Calvin; Commentary on Jonah, Micah, Nahum http://onetenthblog.wordpress.com/readings/780-2/
- Chaldean Man Keeps Promise With Jewish Friends
- RENOVATION - AL QUSH SYNAGOGUE AND THE TOMB OF NAHUM at tombofnahum.com
- Great Synaxaristes: (Greek) Ὁ Προφήτης Ναούμ. 1 Δεκεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
- Prophet Nahum. OCA - Feasts and Saints.
- December 1. The Roman Martyrology.
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:|
- Nahum article from The Catholic Encyclopedia
- Renovation - Al Qush Synagogue and the Tomb of Nahum
- Prophet Nahum Orthodox icon and synaxarion
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nahum". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. | <urn:uuid:70eb7aa6-7e74-4c89-acbc-703edc3ab06c> | 2013-05-26T09:42:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In 1779, Ludd is supposed to have broken two stocking frames in a fit of rage. After this incident, attacks on the frames were jokingly blamed on Ludd. When the "Luddites" emerged in the 1810s, his identity was appropriated to become the folkloric character of Captain Ludd, also known as King Ludd or General Ludd, the Luddites' alleged leader and founder.
Supposedly, Ludd was a weaver from Anstey, near Leicester. In 1779, either after being whipped for idleness, or after being taunted by local youths, he smashed two knitting frames in what was described as a "fit of passion". This story is traceable to an article in The Nottingham Review on 20 December 1811, but there is no independent evidence of its truth. John Blackner's book History of Nottingham, also published in 1811, provides a variant tale, of a lad called "Ludnam" who was told by his father, a framework-knitter, to "square his needles". Ludnam took a hammer and "beat them into a heap". News of the incident spread, and whenever frames were sabotaged, people would jokingly say "Ned Ludd did it". Nothing more is known about the life of Ludd.
By 1812, the organized frame-breakers who became known as the Luddites had begun using the name King Ludd or Captain Ludd for their mythical leader. Letters and proclamations were signed by "Ned Ludd".
In popular culture
- The character of Ned Ludd is commemorated in the folk ballad "General Ludd's Triumph." Chumbawamba recorded a version of this song on their 2003 release, English Rebel Songs 1381–1984.
- Robert Calvert wrote and recorded another song "Ned Ludd," which appeared on his 1985 album Freq; which includes the lyrics:
They said Ned Ludd was an idiot boy
That all he could do was wreck and destroy, and
He turned to his workmates and said: Death to Machines
They tread on our future and they stamp on our dreams.
- Steeleye Span's 2006 album Bloody Men has a five-part section on the subject of Ned Ludd.
- The Heaven Shall Burn song "The Final March" has a direct reference to Captain Ludd.
- Alt-country band The Gourds affectionately refer to Ned Ludd as "Uncle Ned" in the song "Luddite Juice" off their 2009 release, Haymaker.
- The Scottish folk musician Alasdair Roberts sings of Ned Ludd in his song "Ned Ludd's Rant (For World Rebarbarised)" on his 2009 album, Spoils.
- Theo Simon has written a song entitled "Ned Ludd", commemorating the machine-breakers of 1811-13 and praising current direct action protest as a continuation of his ethos.
- San Diego punk band The Night Marchers included a song called "Ned Lud" on their 2013 release "Allez, Allez."
- Edmund Cooper's alternative-history The Cloud Walker is set in a world where the Luddite ethos has given rise to a religious hierarchy which dominates English society and sets carefully prescribed limits on technology. A hammer – the tool supposedly used by Ned Ludd – is a religious symbol, and Ned Ludd is seen as a divine, messianic figure.
- The novel The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), by Edward Abbey, is dedicated to Ned Ludd.
- Anne Finger wrote a collection of short stories titled Call Me Ahab about famous disabled historical and literary figures, which included the story "Our Ned" about Ned Ludd.
- Ecodefense: A Field Guide To Monkeywrenching was published by Ned Ludd Books. Much of the content came from the "Dear Ned Ludd" column in the newsletter of the group Earth First!.
See also
- Anstey at Welcome to Leicester (visitoruk.com) According to this source, "A half-witted Anstey lad, Ned Ludlam or Ned Ludd, gave his name to the Luddites, who in the 1800s followed his earlier example by smashing machinery in protest against the Industrial Revolution."
- Palmer, Roy (1998) The Sound of History: Songs and Social Comment, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-215890-1, p. 103
- Chambers, Robert (2004) Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Part 1, Kessinger, ISBN 978-0-7661-8338-4, p. 357
- Hammond, J.L.; Hammond, Barbara (1919), The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832 (pdf), London: Longmans, Green and co., p. 259
- Chase, Alston (2001) In a Dark Wood, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 978-0-7658-0752-6, p. 41
- Alsen, Eberhard (2000) New Romanticism: American Fiction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-3548-1, p. 43
- George Gordon Lord Byron (2002) The Works of Lord Byron. Letters and Journals, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4021-7225-0, p. 97
- Traill, Henry Duff & Mann, James Saumarez (1902) Social England, Cassell & Co, p. 841
- Coe, Jonathan. "The Gourds," The Daily Gamecock, January 20, 2009
- Theo Simon, Seize the day (lyrics), Occupy Sheffield, retrieved 2012-07-27 | <urn:uuid:6a3ab184-a91c-4af1-9fa5-c816b08578d2> | 2013-05-26T09:35:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Westerlies, anti-trades, or Prevailing Westerlies, are prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing from the high pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the poles. These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner. Tropical cyclones which cross the subtropical ridge axis into the Westerlies recurve due to the increased westerly flow. The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.
The Westerlies are strongest in the winter hemisphere and times when the pressure is lower over the poles, while they are weakest in the summer hemisphere and when pressures are higher over the poles. The Westerlies are particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, or become more north-south oriented, which slows the Westerlies down. The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the Roaring Forties, between 40 and 50 degrees latitude. The Westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents, especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse.
If the Earth were a non-rotating planet, solar heating would cause winds across the mid-latitudes to blow in a poleward direction, away from the subtropical ridge. However, the Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of Earth causes winds to steer to the right of what would otherwise be expected across the Northern Hemisphere, and left of what would be expected in the Southern Hemisphere. This is why winds across the Northern Hemisphere tend to blow from the southwest, but they tend to be from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere. When pressures are lower over the poles, the strength of the Westerlies increases, which has the effect of warming the mid-latitudes. This occurs when the Arctic oscillation is positive, and during winter low pressure near the poles is stronger than it would be during the summer. When it is negative and pressures are higher over the poles, the flow is more meridional, blowing from the direction of the pole towards the equator, which brings cold air into the mid-latitudes.
Throughout the year, the Westerlies vary in strength with the polar cyclone. As the cyclone reaches its maximum intensity in winter, the Westerlies increase in strength. As the cyclone reaches its weakest intensity in summer, the Westerlies weaken. An example of the impact of the Westerlies is when dust plumes, originating in the Gobi desert combine with pollutants and spread large distances downwind, or eastward, into North America. The Westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the progression of west to east winds to slow down. In the Southern hemisphere, because of the stormy and cloudy conditions, it is usual to refer to the Westerlies as the Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude.
Impact on ocean currents
Due to persistent winds from west to east on the poleward sides of the subtropical ridges located in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, ocean currents are driven in a similar manner in both hemispheres. The currents in the Northern Hemisphere are weaker than those in the Southern Hemisphere due to the differences in strength between the Westerlies of each hemisphere. The process of western intensification causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary of an ocean. These western ocean currents transport warm, tropical water polewards toward the polar regions. Ships crossing both oceans have taken advantage of the ocean currents for centuries.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), or the West Wind Drift, is an ocean current that flows from west to east around Antarctica. The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean and, at approximately 125 Sverdrups, the largest ocean current. In the northern hemisphere, the Gulf Stream, part of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types at the base of the Westerlies, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. The Kuroshio (Japanese for "Black Tide") is a strong western boundary current in the western north Pacific Ocean, similar to the Gulf Stream, which has also contributed to the depth of ocean storms in that region.
Extratropical cyclones
An extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure weather system that has neither tropical nor polar characteristics, being connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as "baroclinic zones".
The descriptor "extratropical" refers to the fact that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside of the tropics, in the middle latitudes of the planet, where the Westerlies steer the system generally from west to east. These systems may also be described as "mid-latitude cyclones" due to their area of formation, or "post-tropical cyclones" where extratropical transition has occurred, and are often described as "depressions" or "lows" by weather forecasters and the general public. These are the everyday phenomena which along with anti-cyclones, drive the weather over much of the Earth.
Although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as baroclinic since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient, they can sometimes become barotropic late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform along the radius from the center of low pressure. An extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters and develops central convection, which warms its core and causes temperature and dewpoint gradients near their centers to fade.
Interaction with tropical cyclones
When a tropical cyclone crosses the subtropical ridge axis, normally through a break in the high-pressure area caused by a system traversing the Westerlies, its general track around the high-pressure area is deflected significantly by winds moving towards the general low-pressure area to its north. When the cyclone track becomes strongly poleward with an easterly component, the cyclone has begun recurvature, entering the Westerlies. A typhoon moving through the Pacific Ocean towards Asia, for example, will recurve offshore of Japan to the north, and then to the northeast, if the typhoon encounters southwesterly winds (blowing northeastward) around a low-pressure system passing over China or Siberia. Many tropical cyclones are eventually forced toward the northeast by extratropical cyclones in this manner, which move from west to east to the north of the subtropical ridge. An example of a tropical cyclone in recurvature was Typhoon Ioke in 2006, which took a similar trajectory.
- Robert Fitzroy (1863). The weather book: a manual of practical meteorology. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 63.
- Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Westerlies. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
- Nathan Gasser (2000-08-10). Solar Heating and Coriolis Forces. University of Tennessee at Knoxville. Retrieved on 2009-05-31.
- Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry (1909).Advanced geography. W.W. Shannon, State Printing, pp. 246. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
- National Snow and Ice Data Center (2009). The Arctic Oscillation. Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Retrieved on 2009-04-11.
- Halldór Björnsson (2005). Global circulation. Veðurstofu Íslands. Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
- James K. B. Bishop, Russ E. Davis, and Jeffrey T. Sherman (2002). "Robotic Observations of Dust Storm Enhancement of Carbon Biomass in the North Pacific". Science 298. pp. 817–821. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- Walker, Stuart (1998). The sailor's wind. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 91. ISBN 0-393-04555-2, 9780393045550 Check
- Wunsch, Carl (November 8, 2002). "What Is the Thermohaline Circulation?". Science 298 (5596): 1179–1181. doi:10.1126/science.1079329. PMID 12424356. (see also Rahmstorf.)
- National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (2009). Investigating the Gulf Stream. North Carolina State University. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
- Ryan Smith, Melicie Desflots, Sean White, Arthur J. Mariano, Edward H. Ryan (2005). The Antarctic CP Current. The Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved on 2009-04-11.
- S. Businger, T. M. Graziano, M. L. Kaplan, and R. A. Rozumalski (2004). Cold-air cyclogenesis along the Gulf-Stream front: investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, pp. 65-90. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
- David M. Roth (2000). P 1.43 A FIFTY YEAR HISTORY OF SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
- D. K. Savidge and J. M. Bane (1999). Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. 1. Description. Journal of geophysical research, pp. 18111-18126. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
- Dr. DeCaria (2007-05-29). "ESCI 241 – Meteorology; Lesson 16 – Extratropical Cyclones". Department of Earth Sciences, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- Robert Hart and Jenni Evans (2003). "Synoptic Composites of the Extratropical Transition Lifecycle of North Atlantic TCs as Defined Within Cyclone Phase Space" (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
- Ryan N. Maue (2009). CHAPTER 3: CYCLONE PARADIGMS AND EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION CONCEPTUALIZATIONS. Florida State University. Retrieved on 2008-06-15.
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division (2004). "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an extra-tropical cyclone?". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
- Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2009). Section 2: Tropical Cyclone Motion Terminology. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
- Powell, Jeff, et al. (May 2007). "Hurricane Ioke: 20–27 August 2006". 2006 Tropical Cyclones Central North Pacific. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-06-09. | <urn:uuid:93104ccf-3d6e-43ec-af16-17dcd0d47b03> | 2013-05-27T02:55:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Bible (World English)/Titus
Chapter 1
1 Paul, a servant of God, and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God's chosen ones, and the knowledge of the truth which is according to godliness, 2 in hope of eternal life, which God, who can't lie, promised before time began; 3 but in his own time revealed his word in the message with which I was entrusted according to the commandment of God our Savior; 4 to Titus, my true child according to a common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior.
5 I left you in Crete for this reason, that you would set in order the things that were lacking, and appoint elders in every city, as I directed you; 6 if anyone is blameless, the husband of one wife, having children who believe, who are not accused of loose or unruly behavior. 7 For the overseer must be blameless, as God's steward; not self-pleasing, not easily angered, not given to wine, not violent, not greedy for dishonest gain; 8 but given to hospitality, as a lover of good, sober minded, fair, holy, self-controlled; 9 holding to the faithful word which is according to the teaching, that he may be able to exhort in the sound doctrine, and to convict those who contradict him. 10 For there are also many unruly men, vain talkers and deceivers, especially those of the circumcision, 11 whose mouths must be stopped; men who overthrow whole houses, teaching things which they ought not, for dishonest gain's sake. 12 One of them, a prophet of their own, said, "Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, and idle gluttons." 13 This testimony is true. For this cause, reprove them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith, 14 not paying attention to Jewish fables and commandments of men who turn away from the truth. 15 To the pure, all things are pure; but to those who are defiled and unbelieving, nothing is pure; but both their mind and their conscience are defiled. 16 They profess that they know God, but by their works they deny him, being abominable, disobedient, and unfit for any good work.
Chapter 2
1 But say the things which fit sound doctrine, 2 that older men should be temperate, sensible, sober minded, sound in faith, in love, and in patience: 3 and that older women likewise be reverent in behavior, not slanderers nor enslaved to much wine, teachers of that which is good; 4 that they may train the young women to love their husbands, to love their children, 5 to be sober minded, chaste, workers at home, kind, being in subjection to their own husbands, that God's word may not be blasphemed. 6 Likewise, exhort the younger men to be sober minded; 7 in all things showing yourself an example of good works; in your teaching showing integrity, seriousness, incorruptibility, 8 and soundness of speech that can't be condemned; that he who opposes you may be ashamed, having no evil thing to say about us. 9 Exhort servants to be in subjection to their own masters, and to be well-pleasing in all things; not contradicting; 10 not stealing, but showing all good fidelity; that they may adorn the doctrine of God, our Savior, in all things. 11 For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all men, 12 instructing us to the intent that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we would live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present world; 13 looking for the blessed hope and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ; 14 who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify for himself a people for his own possession, zealous for good works. 15 Say these things and exhort and reprove with all authority. Let no man despise you.
Chapter 3
1 Remind them to be in subjection to rulers and to authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for every good work, 2 to speak evil of no one, not to be contentious, to be gentle, showing all humility toward all men. 3 For we were also once foolish, disobedient, deceived, serving various lusts and pleasures, living in malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another. 4 But when the kindness of God our Savior and his love toward mankind appeared, 5 not by works of righteousness, which we did ourselves, but according to his mercy, he saved us, through the washing of regeneration and renewing by the Holy Spirit, 6 whom he poured out on us richly, through Jesus Christ our Savior; 7 that, being justified by his grace, we might be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life. 8 This saying is faithful, and concerning these things I desire that you affirm confidently, so that those who have believed God may be careful to maintain good works. These things are good and profitable to men; 9 but shun foolish questionings, genealogies, strife, and disputes about the law; for they are unprofitable and vain. 10 Avoid a factious man after a first and second warning; 11 knowing that such a one is perverted, and sins, being self-condemned.
12 When I send Artemas to you, or Tychicus, be diligent to come to me to Nicopolis, for I have determined to winter there. 13 Send Zenas, the lawyer, and Apollos on their journey speedily, that nothing may be lacking for them. 14 Let our people also learn to maintain good works for necessary uses, that they may not be unfruitful.
15 All who are with me greet you. Greet those who love us in faith. Grace be with you all. Amen.
|Genesis • Exodus • Leviticus • Numbers • Deuteronomy • Joshua • Judges • Ruth • 1 Samuel • 2 Samuel • 1 Kings • 2 Kings • 1 Chronicles • 2 Chronicles • Ezra • Nehemiah • Esther • Job • Psalms • Proverbs • Ecclesiastes • Song of Solomon • Isaiah • Jeremiah • Lamentations • Ezekiel • Daniel • Hosea • Joel • Amos • Obadiah • Jonah • Micah • Nahum • Habakkuk • Zephaniah • Haggai • Zechariah • Malachi|
|Tobit • Judith • Esther (Greek) • Baruch • Daniel (Greek) • Jeremiah's Letter|
|Matthew • Mark • Luke • John • Acts • Romans • 1 Corinthians • 2 Corinthians • Galatians • Ephesians • Philippians • Colossians • 1 Thessalonians • 2 Thessalonians • 1 Timothy • 2 Timothy • Titus • Philemon • Hebrews • James • 1 Peter • 2 Peter • 1 John • 2 John • 3 John • Jude • Revelation| | <urn:uuid:45a6b3ee-d07d-4070-88f4-8d8fe42de5a3> | 2013-05-26T09:35:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Despite the development of the formidable T-34, the idea of a new mass-produced tank emerged inside the Soviet military circles. So two Soviet factories in Leningrad (Kirovsky factory and Voroshilovsky factory No.174) were ordered to develop a new 14-ton tank armed with 45 mm gun and protected by medium armor, similar to T-34.
In 1939, the Kirovsky factory was ordered to develop a light CS tank (close support tank). In 1940 the first prototype, named "Object 126" or T-126SP, was developed, manufactured and tested. Its protection was equal to the T-34's: its welded hull was assembled from 37 mm homogeneous armor plates; its roof was composed of 20 mm plates. Frontal, upper side and rear armor plates were sloped 40-57 degrees.
The new tank did have the 45mm Tank Gun Model 1932/38 supplied with 150 rounds plus a coaxial 7.62 mm DT machine-gun. Additionally, it was armed with the 7.62 mm DS bow machine-gun. The tank was powered by a 250 hp V-4 diesel engine, which provided the 17-ton vehicle with a maximum speed of 35 km/h.
The tank had torsion bar suspension. Its chassis consisted of six steel road wheels (each with internal shock absorber), idler, rear driver wheel with removable cogged rim, and three support wheels. The transmission consisted of the two-disk main friction clutch, the 4-speed gearbox, multiple-disk side clutches and side gears.
Measured by aggregate armament and protection, "Object 126" was superior to most of the Soviet light and medium tanks of that time. In fact, the German Pz-III played a notable role in development of the "Object 126". Having many advantages, the Soviet tank had some disadvantages as well. First of all, it had limited range and little room for crew. On the second prototype the internal room was increased by removing the DS machine-gun.
The second prototype received new lighter road wheels with rubber tires. Simultaneously, at LKZ factory (Kirovsky factory) engineer L.S.Troyanov developed another variant, named "Object 211". Both tanks were sent to comparison trials which the first tank ("Object 126") won. On February 12, 1941,"Object 126" was accepted for servise and named T-50. T-50 was intended to be the most mass-produced Soviet tank. It was the very first Soviet tank successfully passed all steps of Govermental Trials without any fails.
In their construction the T-50 and the "Object 126" were quite similar. Like its prototype, the T-50 had well-sloped welded armor. The driver's hatch was located in the upper frontal armor plate. Bow machine-gun was absent. T-50's design was hi-tech and weighed only 13.5 tons, with 37-mm frontal armor on hull and turret. The three-man conical turret had a commander's cupola with six vision slits. The turret was welded, of conic form, with flat rear armor hatch. The T-50 was still armed with the 45-mm gun model 1932/38 and one coaxial 7.62 mm DT TMG.
The T-50 had the torsion bar suspension with road wheels with internal shock absorbers. The tank was powered by 300 hp V-4 diesel engine (specific power - 21 hp/ton). Average ground pressure - 0.57 kg/cm2, top speed - 60 km/h. All tanks were equipped with radio.
On those times point of view, the T-50 was intended to be a kind of "universal" tank and should replace T-26 and BT light tanks.
Here I would like to notice, the T-50 wasn't light tank, also it wasn't intended to be light. According to the nomenclature of that time, the T-50 was rather a support tank for motorised and mechanised troops of the Red Army.
At that time, an artillery testings congucted at NII-48 Research Lab. These tests proved the T-50 couldn't be penetrated by the Soviet 76 mm Gun Model 1939 at 400 metres at any angle. Moreover, during these tests, the T-50 wasn't penetrated by the ex-German PaK 40 antitank gun, while the T-34 was penetrated three times.
In April 1941, the T-50 was accepted for service. Until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, factory No.174 produced not a single T-50, however. The most serious problem was with V-4 engine that was in fact very unreliable and expensive. Till the end of war, Soviet industry was unable to build an efficient and reliable V-4. Through extreme efforts Soviet industry was able to produce 50 tanks during the second half of 1941. An attempt to set up mass production of T-50 at Factory No.37 in Moscow failed.
In August 1941, the Factory No.174 was evacuated: mostly in Omsk, but several parts in Nizhnij Tagil and Barnaul. On October 13, 1941, the GOKO issued an order to build two new factories in Barnaul: the first to manufacture T-50s and the second to manufacture diesel engines for the T-50. However, in January 1942, the manufacture of the T-50 and its engines was cancelled and never resumed. Factory No.174 in Omsk manufactured 15 T-50s, but then was switched to building T-34s.
History has left few combat records of this very interesting tank. I know only that T-50 tanks manufactured in Leningrad served in one of the Soviet tank brigades on the Karelian Isthmus. Some were captured by Finns and used till the end of war (1944).
The T-50 was adequately protected, its armor protection was almost equal to T-34. Tank was intended to rearm with 57mm ZIS-4 Tank Gun. Its speed and maneuverability was much better then T-34. Also, the commander's cupola and restricted duties of the tank commander were also important improvement (comparing to the T-34). The steel intensity of the T-34 was twice as much then T-50. So why the production of such advanced tank was ceased? In fact, there were three reasons. At first, the mass production was tried to set up after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. At second, from autumn 1941, the Red Army began to receive British and Canadian "Valentine" tanks, which were quite close to the T-50 (with exception to maneuverability). At third, there were no available factory ready to produce V-4 engines.
That's why the fate of the T-50 was so short. Only 69 T-50 tanks were manufactured; after that it was finally removed from production.
Important to mention there were two types of T-50 distinguished by different armor thickness: the first one was 37-41 mm, the second one was 55-57 mm.
It's important to mention another variant of T-50: the "Object 211", which was developed by LKZ's Design Bureau headed by A. S. Ermolaev. It had a welded hull and conical turret. The armament and engine were the same as the production T-50, though "Object 211" was lighter. Anyway, it didn't have any superiority over production T-50. Only one vehicle was manufactured and that was before the war.
After the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, all further works on this project were cancelled. The single "Object 211" was used in defense of Leningrad and its further fate is unknown - list it as "missing in action". | <urn:uuid:9cc8de38-86a6-4f28-80f6-db43ae3a79ed> | 2013-05-27T02:55:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Brussels, 1 December 2010
REACH system for safer use of chemicals – frequently asked questions
What is REACH?
REACH, which stands for Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, is a system for ensuring the safe use of chemicals within the EU. The system was set up by EU legislation which came into force on 1 June 2007, creating a single regulatory system for dealing with new and existing chemical substances. REACH seeks to close the knowledge gap that previously existed concerning the risks associated with particular chemicals and to encourage the progressive replacement of dangerous chemicals with safer ones by means of its authorisation system. REACH places greater responsibility on industry to manage the risk of chemicals and provide appropriate safety information to professional users and, as far as the most hazardous substances are concerned, also to consumers.
What are the main benefits of REACH?
The main benefit of REACH is that the hazards and risks of chemicals are more systematically identified, which allows for appropriate risk management measures by industry or, if necessary, further regulatory action by the public authorities.
This will contribute to the prevention of health problems caused by exposure to chemicals, leading to a lower occurrence of diseases and preventable deaths, and, with that, lower costs for the national health systems. The benefits will come gradually as more and more substances are phased into REACH. The anticipated overall benefits to the environment and human health are generally expected to be significant although a quantitative assessment is difficult. The Commission’s Impact Assessment in 2003 developed an illustrative scenario which put the health benefits alone in the order of magnitude of €50 billion over a 30 year period.
The European chemicals industry will benefit from a single EU regulatory system, a decision-making system with clear deadlines, and more consumer confidence in their products. Downstream users of chemicals will get relevant information on the safe use of the chemical substances they use in their production process which will help them to ensure better protection of their workers. The chemicals industry's products will be safer for consumers and the environment and it will be easier to put corporate social responsibility into practice.
What is the purpose of REACH registration?
The aim of REACH registration is to ensure the safe use of chemicals by gathering safety information on the chemical substances available on the EU market in a single and comprehensive database. Enterprises that manufacture or import more than one tonne of a chemical substance per year are required to register the chemical in a central database. This will give industry greater knowledge about the chemicals it uses and whether these are hazardous to human health and the environment. This should ultimately lead to better risk assessment and safer use of chemicals throughout the EU. It will lead to less chemical pollution, greener choices by consumers and industry, and a cleaner environment.
What is the scope of REACH?
REACH covers all chemical substances manufactured in, or imported into the EU in quantities of one tonne or more per year. Registration under REACH is for substances only. However, the provisions of the Regulation apply to the manufacture, placing on the market or use of substances on their own, in preparations or in articles.
What are industry's obligations under REACH?
REACH requires manufacturers and importers of chemical substances to obtain information on the physical and chemical, health and environmental properties of their substances and use this information to determine how these can be used safely. Each manufacturer and importer must submit a registration dossier to the European Chemicals Agency documenting the data and assessments.
All users of dangerous chemicals are obliged to ensure the safe use of those chemicals through risk management measures identified in the registration dossiers and communicated to the users of chemicals through extended Safety Data Sheets. Manufacturers and importers are obliged to register substances they produce or import in quantities over 1 tonne per year. The registration requirement applies to substances on their own, in preparations and in articles under special conditions (intentional release of the substance). Failure to register means that the substance cannot be manufactured, imported or used in the EU.
Downstream users of chemicals – those who use a substance in the course of their industrial or professional activities – must apply the risk management measures for dangerous substances identified by the supplier and communicated via Safety Data Sheets. They have the right to make their use of a substance known to the manufacturer so it can be registered as an identified use and covered in the supplier’s chemical safety assessment. In this case they have to provide sufficient information to enable the supplier to prepare an exposure scenario for the use. Alternatively, for example if they prefer to keep their use confidential for business reasons, they can conduct their own chemical safety assessment and report this use to the chemicals agency.
Who did the 30 November deadline apply to?
The 30 November 2010 deadline applied to EU manufacturers and importers of chemical substances in very large quantities (above 1000 tonnes per year) and the most dangerous ones. Substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction ("CMR") had to be registered if they are manufactured or imported in a volume of above 1 tonne per year. Substances that are very toxic for the aquatic environment also had to be registered if they are produced or imported in volumes above 100 tonnes per year.
What happens to companies that did not register their substances in time?
Article 5 of the REACH Regulation imposes the principle of "no data no market". Member States are responsible for enforcing this principle, and each Member State has its system in place to check that companies subject to the deadline did register. If a company did not register a substance in time and continues to produce it and put it on the market, it is in breach of the law and can expect to be penalised.
How long will it be until we know how many and which substances have been registered?
The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) will be busy processing all the registration dossiers in the coming months and must complete this work by the end of February 2011 according to the REACH Regulation. So by then we will know the number of registered substances more precisely – although new substances may still come in and there may also be dossiers that failed the completeness check and which will be registered later.
What kind of information will we learn from this first registration?
We will learn which chemicals that meet the criteria for the first registration deadline are currently on the market, and in what tonnage range. We will also learn what these chemicals are used for, what risks are associated with them and how these risks are managed so they can they be handled safely. All the safety information contained in the registration dossier has to be passed down the supply chain (the downstream users) and the downstream users need to comply with the requirements for safe use within one year after receiving the safety data sheet with the REACH registration number.
This information will be available in a central database hosted by ECHA, which is growing as more registrations come in. REACH registration will lead to a concentration of knowledge that industry as a whole possessed but was divided between different companies all over Europe. Now this information has been brought together in the European Chemicals Agency. This is new and unique in the world.
What happens once companies have successfully registered their substances?
The Agency assigns a registration number after checking that the dossier is complete. This initial check does not include an examination of the quality or the adequacy of the data submitted. REACH stipulates that the quality assessment is carried out independently from the registration process, through a process called Evaluation (the E in REACH).
REACH specifies three independent evaluation processes to meet three distinct objectives:
First, a compliance check is used to check whether the information submitted by registrants is in compliance with the legal requirements.
Second, all testing proposals are examined to avoid unnecessary animal testing. Registrants must seek permission to undertake certain tests by submission of a testing proposal. Testing proposals which include animal tests undergo public consultation.
Third, substance evaluation aims to clarify whether the use of a substance may cause harm to human health or the environment. The substances are selected by the Agency in cooperation with Member States. Substances are evaluated according to priority criteria, considering hazardousness, exposure and volume.
How has industry been affected by the registration process?
Industry has known about registration for many years and large companies started working on their registration dossiers as soon as REACH entered into force or even before. Smaller companies and those who are not part of the chemical sector but use chemicals in the course of their work probably started work on their dossiers at a later stage. REACH has required a lot of work of gathering data. This included setting up or strengthening the use of communication channels between suppliers and customers to find out for example what they are using a certain substance for. But this has also meant exchanging data and testing results in Substance Information Exchange Forums (SIEF) whereby all those who had to register the same substance shared data and shared costs. This process led to new insights into uses of substances and their safety. Registration is a tremendous amount of work but it leads to better safety and improved communication in the supply chain.
What are the next registration deadlines?
31 May 2013: registration deadline for substances manufactured or imported in quantities of 100 tonnes and more.
31 May 2018: registration deadline for substances manufactured or imported in quantities of 1 tonne and more.
Registration prior to the deadline is of course possible. All new substances need to be registered before they are placed on the market.
What is the REACH authorisation process and how will it work in practice?
Authorisation means that the substance may no longer be used or placed on the market unless a company has obtained an authorisation to do so. Substances that are subject to authorisation will be listed in REACH Annex XIV.
The authorisation system is intended to ensure that the risks from such substances are properly controlled and that these substances will be progressively replaced by suitable alternative substances or technologies where these are economically and technically viable.
In particular, there may be applications where exposure to human beings or the environment is very limited and where risks can be adequately controlled. In other cases, the use of such substances can create substantial socio-economic benefits that outweigh the risks associated with the use (e.g. ensuring safety of equipment) and there is no suitable alternative. In these cases, an authorisation will be granted.
For certain substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to the reproductive system (so-called "CMR" substances), an authorisation will be granted if the applicant can show that risks from the use in question can be adequately controlled. This means that scientists can agree on a "safe threshold" below which a substance does not create negative effects to the human body or the environment. For other CMR substances and substances with persistent, bio-accumulative or toxic properties (PBT, vPvB substances), where adequate control is not possible, an authorisation will only be granted if no safer alternative exists and if the socio-economic benefits of the use of the substance outweigh the risks.
What is the Candidate List and how many substances are on it?
The Candidate List is a step in the REACH authorisation process. It is a list of substances of very high concern that have been nominated by the European Commission or by the Member States and decided upon by ECHA after public consultation. These substances may be subject to authorisation later. Currently there are 38 substances on the list. By the end of 2012, there should be 135.
The Candidate List can constitute a reference list for consumers and retailers. When asked by a consumer whether a certain product contains a substance listed on the Candidate List, the retailer has a legal obligation under REACH to reply.
What are the most dangerous substances?
Substances of very high concern are:
carcinogens (category 1a and 1b)
mutagens (category 1a and 1b)
substances which are toxic to reproduction (category 1a and 1b)
persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic substances (PBTs),
very persistent and very bio-accumulative substances (vPvBs)
substances identified from scientific evidence as causing equivalent concern to those mentioned above, for example substances which disturb the hormone system (endocrine disruptors).
How will REACH promote innovation and development of safer substitutes?
To enhance industry's competitiveness, one of the objectives of REACH is to promote research and development and innovation. For example:
- uses of substances in product or process-oriented R&D do not need to be registered for up to 5 years, renewable for a further maximum of 5 years in the case of a substance being exclusively used in the development of medicinal products or, under certain conditions, for a further maximum of ten years if the substance is not placed on the market.
the REACH threshold for registration (1 tonne/year) is much higher than the threshold of 10 kg for new substances under the previous regulatory system.
the costs of registering a new substance will be significantly lower than the cost of notification under the previous regulatory system.
registration will be quicker than notification, reducing the time to market.
the authorisation requirement for substances of very high concern will encourage companies to increase their research into safer substitutes.
Discrimination between new substances and existing substances will come to an end.
How much will REACH cost?
Testing and registration costs for producers and importers of chemicals: The Commission’s Impact Assessment in 2003 estimated the direct costs of REACH to the chemicals industry at a total of some €2.3 billion over an 11 year period.
Costs to downstream users: The costs to downstream users of chemicals were estimated in the Commission’s Impact Assessment of 2003 at €0.5 to 1.3 billion, under the assumption that 1 to 2 % of the substances would be withdrawn because continued production would no longer be profitable. Costs could rise to €1.7 – 2.9 billion when industry would face higher substitution costs in the downstream supply chains.
Total costs: Consequently, the overall costs of the Commission’s proposal of 2003 to the chemicals industry and its downstream users were estimated to be in the range of €2.8 - 5.2 billion. From a macroeconomic perspective, the overall impact in terms of a reduction in the EU’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was predicted to be very limited, whereas REACH will contribute to a marked improvement in health and environmental protection while safeguarding the competitiveness of industry. REACH will lead to significant public and private savings in health care and pollution control.
(general information on REACH)
(general information on REACH)
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Porsche has given its new Macan SUV a bolder look after seeing the success of the Range Rover Evoque, according to Michael Mauer, the sports car maker's design chief.
The Macan will go on sale in late 2014 as part of Porsche's plans to double annual vehicle sales to 200,000 by 2018.
Mauer said Porsche reevaluated the design of the Macan after Land Rover launched the Evoque in 2011. "We thought there were some details we could be more daring with," he told Automotive News Europe. Mauer did not specify which changes Porsche did to give the Macon a bolder look.
The Evoque went into production in July 2011, winning plaudits for its design that includes a dramatically rising beltline.
Mauer said it was common for designers to change the look of a future model after seeing a competitors' design. "As the person responsible for the look of the cars, I'm not afraid to make changes. When I saw the Evoque, I thought, interesting. I like it," he said.
But the Macan will not be a copy of the Evoque, Mauer said. "It will be a real Porsche -- the sports car in its segment."
The Macan shares a platform with the Audi Q5 and it will be Porsche's fifth model, positioned below the larger Cayenne.
The Evoque, shown, has been a sales success for Land Rover.
Porsche is investing 500 million euro in its factory in Leipzig, Germany, for Macan production. The company has not disclosed production volumes but German press reports have said annual output of 75,000 units of the SUV is planned. | <urn:uuid:cc875560-bc11-4cf5-867a-fb3c14e87847> | 2013-05-26T09:41:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|Quest Started By:||Description:|
|Scout Bristlethorp may be found at +1170, +810, in the northwest corner of the zone.
You say, 'Hail, Scout Bristlethorp'
Scout Bristlethorp says 'Tick tockles! Where did you come from? You scared the bolts right out of me. I about oiled my pants. I thought you were one of the [werewolves] out looking for food.'
You say, 'Werewolves?'
Scout Bristlethorp says 'Well, I been out here scouting the lands for awhile now. It wasn't too long after we crashed the Burrownizer that a few of us scouts set out to see what we could find. From what I have learned, there was a [huge war] fought in this area awhile ago. Not many creatures around here will talk about it, because it seems there was no victor, or they won't admit that. I pieced most of it together through the bits I discovered in writings and brief chats with the shiliskin traders.'
You say, 'What huge war?'
Scout Bristlethorp says 'They call it the War of the Four Crests. The shiliskins move in on the drachnids and skirmishes break out. The werewolf tribes then choose different sides and join the battle! The Shadowmanes join the side of the drachnids, and weren't happy about it for some reason. The Ragepaws choose to fight their brethren and join the shiliskin. Some of the artifacts that I discovered showed evidence of an [elite force] of Shadowmanes too, with fancy armor and weapons.'
You say, 'An elite force?'
Scout Bristlethorp says 'I'm not entirely sure what this so called elite force consisted of other than they floated in through the middle of this battle and crippled the Ragepaw forces. I have it here in one of my bags. Would you [like to see it]? I'll need it back, of course.'
You say, 'I'd like to see it'
Scout Bristlethorp digs in his bag and hands you a skull with some markings on it.
Receive A Rune-Etched Werewolf Skull.
You have been assigned the task 'Shadowmane Invasion'.
The direction to the entry to your instanced zone(s) have been marked on your compass.
Looking at the strange marks on the skull you start to imagine the battle between the four forces. The markings tell you that the Shadowmanes attacked first.
You can choose to play either a rogue shadowmane or a monk shadowmane.
Enter the Snarlstone Dens 0/1 (Undershore)
The instance entrance is located nearby.
LOADING, PLEASE WAIT...
You have entered Snarlstone Dens.
Slay the three Ragepaw Elders 0/3 (Snarlstone Dens)
Find and destroy the foul Ragepaw Elders. Ensure that their last breath is a painful one.
? ? ?
? ? ?
(Need information about two remaining steps.)
A chest with loot will drop after killing all 4 mini-bosses.
The common drop is Phantasmal Clockwork-Crafted Pauldrons, while the rare is the Phantasmal Lichen-Covered Shortsword.
Phantasmal Clockwork-Crafted Pauldrons transmute to:
???? (level 1-10)
???? (level 11-20)
???? (level 21-30)
Shiliskin Enchanted Shoulder Pads (level 31-40)
Tarnished Pauldrons of Control (level 41-50)
Polished Pauldrons of Control (level 51-60)
Malgrinnor Captain's Pauldrons (level 61-70)
Phantasmal Lichen-Covered Shortsword transmutes to:
???? (level 1-10)
Rusty Darkore Shortblade (level 11-20)
Dull Darkshore Shortblade (level 21-30)
Darkore Shortblade (level 31-40)
???? (level 41-50)
Shiliskin's Enchanted Shortsword (level 51-60)
Malgrinnor Captain's Shortsword (level 61-70)
Upon completing this monster mission you can request the second one from the Scout, "Defending the Caves".
|Submitted by: Euzena Pureblayde, Black Tower, Tunare|
|Send a Correction| | <urn:uuid:0f075cca-0a5e-4a52-9854-b1f2824d38ac> | 2013-05-26T09:35:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Return to Ha-ha (thing)
A landscaping term for a fence set in a ditch around a garden, so as to provide a barrier, but not obscure the view. Typically used only by United Kingdomites.
from The Oxford English Dictionary.
In Edward Gorey's The Awdrey-Gore Legacy a ha ha is listed first amoungst the places in the English Garden in which one might find the victim of a murder mystery.
* reprinted in Amphigorey Also. | <urn:uuid:fd76ff86-4d28-4bc9-9b3c-4eb2f759fcd2> | 2013-05-26T09:44:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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En*force"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.]
The act of enforcing; compulsion.
He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.
Sir W. Raleigh.
Confess 't was hers, and by what rough enforcement
You got it from her.
A giving force to; a putting in execution.
Enforcement of strict military discipline.
That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied.
The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:e871dc2b-a9e7-4de3-b8bd-0c10ad1657a7> | 2013-05-26T09:37:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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First, we should clarify what "evolution
" means. Like so many other words, it has more than one meaning
. Its strict biological definition
is "a change in allele frequencies over time." By that definition, evolution is an indisputable fact. Most people seem to associate the word "evolution" mainly with common descent, the theory that all life arose from one common ancestor. Many people believe that there is enough evidence to call this a fact, too. However, common descent is still not the theory of evolution, but just a fraction of it (and a part of several quite different theories as well). The theory of evolution not only says that life evolved, it also includes mechanisms, like mutations
, natural selection
, and genetic drift
, which go a long way towards explaining how life evolved.
Calling the theory of evolution "only a theory" is, strictly speaking, true, but the idea it tries to convey is completely wrong. The argument rests on a confusion between what "theory" means in informal usage and in a scientific context. A theory, in the scientific sense, is "a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena" Random House American College Dictionary. The term does not imply tentativeness or lack of certainty. Generally speaking, scientific theories differ from scientific laws only in that laws can be expressed more tersely. Being a theory implies self-consistency, agreement with observations, and usefulness. (Creationism fails to be a theory mainly because of the last point; it makes few or no specific claims about what we would expect to find, so it can't be used for anything. When it does make falsifiable predictions, they prove to be false.)
Lack of proof isn't a weakness, either. On the contrary, claiming infallibility for one's conclusions is a sign of hubris. Nothing in the real world has ever been rigorously proved, or ever will be. Proof, in the mathematical sense, is possible only if you have the luxury of defining the universe you're operating in. In the real world, we must deal with levels of certainty based on observed evidence. The more and better evidence we have for something, the more certainty we assign to it; when there is enough evidence, we label the something a fact, even though it still isn't 100% certain.
What evolution has is what any good scientific claim has--evidence, and lots of it. Evolution is supported by a wide range of observations throughout the fields of genetics, anatomy, ecology, animal behavior, paleontology, and others. If you wish to challenge the theory of evolution, you must address that evidence. You must show that the evidence is either wrong or irrelevant or that it fits another theory better. Of course, to do this, you must know both the theory and the evidence.
Taken from the Talk.Origins: Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution FAQ | <urn:uuid:d70d08f4-88e1-40e1-ada6-cdaa11164e91> | 2013-05-27T02:57:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The PEDIGREE of
HRH Charles's 18-Great Grandfather. HM Margrethe II's 18-Great Grandfather. HM Beatrix's 17-Great Grandfather. HM Constantine II's 18-Great Grandfather. HM Carl XVI Gustaf's 19-Great Grandfather. Ksr Wilhelm II's 16-Great Grandfather.
A small group of thoughtful people could change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has.
Ivan Semenovitch MOROZ
; Vasily Semenovitch TUSCHA
His 3-Great Grandchildren:
Irina Ivanovna TUTCHKOVA-MOROZOVA
; Michail Ivanovitch SCHESTOV (SCHEST)
His (poss.) 9-Great Grandchildren:
Pjotr I Alexeiovich ROMANOV (CZAR) of RUSSIA
; Ivan V ROMANOV (CZAR) of All The RUSSIAS
; Alexei GOLITSYN
[ Start ]
FabPed Genealogy Vers. 45.0 © Jamie, 1997-2013 | <urn:uuid:e7bb7066-fb96-48ba-a527-bfc78a46f7b1> | 2013-05-26T09:36:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In this section of your account you can add new users to your Fabulous account and set/modify their access to particular features.
This feature is useful of you want to allow other people to perform tasks within your account, without running the risk of providing them with unlimited access.
How do I add a new user to my account?
How do I modify the access privleges of individual users?
How do I disable a user?
How do I change passwords for users attached to my account?
How does the Challenge/Response security system affect my user accounts? | <urn:uuid:7543d5fd-3e1c-455b-98eb-5d72ec7b6ff6> | 2013-05-26T09:43:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It depends in what context you mean but basically streaming data is analagous to asynchronous data. Take the Web as an example. The Web (or HTTP specifically) is (basically) a request-response mechanism in that a client makes a request and receives a response (typically a Web page of some kind).
HTTP doesn't natively support the ability for servers to push content to clients. There are a number of ways this can be faked, including:
- Polling: forcing the client to make repeated requests, typically inconspicuously (as far as the client is concerned);
- Long-lived connections: this is where the client makes a normal HTTP request but instead of returning immediately the server hangs on to the request until there's something to send back. When the request times out or a response is sent th eclient sends another request. In this way you can fake server push;
- Plug-ins: Java applets, Flash, Silverlight and others can be used to achieve this.
Anything where the server effectively sends data to the client (rather than the client asking for it)--regardless of the mechanism and whether or not the client is polling for that data--can be characterised as streaming data.
With non-HTTP transports (eg vanilla TCP) server push is typically easier (but can still run afoul of firewalls and th elike). An example of this might be a sharetrading application that receives market information from a provider. That's streaming data.
How do you detect it? Bit of a vague question. I'm not really sure what you're getting at. | <urn:uuid:82eaac3d-c31c-4376-a5ac-bf9be516d3f5> | 2013-05-27T02:56:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Constructive Learning | Adaptation Level | Language Arts
Students will work in groups to create videos on the book Tom Sawyer using elements of visualization and characterization.
- Students will read Tom Sawyer.
- Students will write a script including dialogue and action cues based on their understanding of the characters in the book Tom Sawyer.
- Students will use their visualizations from reading to design costums and choose locations.
- Students will discuss how their interpretations of the same scene may have differed from other people's interpretations.
- Tom Sawyer
- Computers with video editing software
- Video cameras
- Props and costums
Grade Level: 6-8 | <urn:uuid:25f89dde-13cc-44d6-943d-a5f2e080096a> | 2013-05-26T09:35:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Who Owns the Land of Israeli?
By Richard Kelly Hoskins
There is much confusion over the ownership of the land of old Israel in the Near East. God made a covenant with Abram (Genesis 15:18-21), to give his seed for the land “from the river in Egypt [Nile] unto the great river, the river Euphrates.” The only seed born to Abram while he had that name was Ishmael (Genesis 16). The present descendants of Ishmael living in that area base their claim on this promise.
Abram’s name was then changed to Abraham (Genesis 17:5) and he fathered Isaac, who fathered Jacob, whose name was changed to “Israel” (Genesis 32:28). The children of Israel were then given Canaanland, a small portion of that larger land grant, but only on a conditional promise, i. e. they had to obey God’s Laws, Statutes and Judgments, or they would lose the land. The promise of the larger area to the Ishmaelites was unconditional and so could not be lost.
The Israelites disobeyed, lost their claim to Canaanland, and were driven out, first to [Syria, then] Assyria and then to Babylon. Although a tiny remnant returned under Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, they never again occupied all of Canaanland. Finally, all Israelites were driven out of even that small area of Palestine by persecution a few years after Jesus’ death and resurrection. A thousand years later the united effort of the entire West during the Crusades was unable to secure this land for much more than a few generations. The feeble ownership effort by the British between WW I and WW II [were] easily broken.
The Khazars, who call themselves Jews because of their religion, now claim this land from the Ishmaelites. This was prophesied in Ezekiel 36:2 “Thus saith the Lord God; Because the enemy hath said against you, Aha, even the ancient high places are ours in possession.” That “enemy” is given a name in verse 5, “Idumea,” meaning Edom. Edom means “red”, so reds would take possession of “the ancient high places” in the old land of Israel while Israel would multiply in other lands to fulfill numbers “as the stars of heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore.” (Genesis 22:17). The Khazarian claim is not by covenant but by force. It was prophesied. All that is presently happening is working out precisely as written. [Emphasis and a few extra words added]. | <urn:uuid:eceb2013-8e08-4446-8f17-1a949fbbc4da> | 2013-05-26T09:35:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Journey of Grantwriting - Part II
With a strategic plan you should draft two, a short term strategic plan and a long term strategic plan. The short term strategic plan is drafted for one to two years and will directly feed into your long term strategic plan. Typically the long range plan is drafted for five to ten years.
My recommendation with these vital plans are to pull them out often as they will guide you and make sure you are on moving forward and they will allow you to pat your self on the back as you are meeting your goals and objectives. Make sure when you accomplish a task you add another to keep your strategic plan current and alive.
Once this process has been completed you can move onto goals followed by objectives.
GOAL – The end toward which effort is directed. Outcomes and measurable benchmarks.
Goals can apply to where you picture your organization or your target population at the end of the grant period. Your goals should be action oriented and full of verbs.
However: Do not include measurements or timelines in your goal statement, as you will present these in your objectives.
There are three types of objectives :
- Process Objectives
- Outcome Objectives
- Impact Objectives
Always provide objectives for each goal & for each year for which you’re requesting funds for an activity. | <urn:uuid:ad2ab947-23b5-4243-afce-ed17cf18457d> | 2013-05-26T09:42:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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If you want familiarity, you could use QB64
-- a modern compiler that supports the QBasic dialect, adding to that new functionality suited to gaming (such as an interface to OpenGL, should you have the ambition).
So, how do you want to deploy your game? Would you plan to stick to a certain system type (desktop, mobile, Web, etc.)? Furthermore, what operating systems do which to support for those system types? Do you want to allow your app to be used online in a Web browser, or do you want people to download and install your app?
Knowing the "how" is only half as important as knowing the "why" when accomplishing the "what." EDIT
Note that Visual Basic 6.0 (to which this forum section is dedicated) is very different from QBasic, just as it is different from Visual Basic .NET. That said, VB6 is obsolete in that Microsoft has discontinued support for VB6 apps, and is gradually removing the ability from Windows to run those apps. Of the three, VB6 would be the one I would most likely recommend against | <urn:uuid:64efd6fd-7d86-4ba0-b4d6-9b8db75de14c> | 2013-05-27T02:55:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Re: Characters you'd like to see in future Avengers movies?
Originally Posted by Darth Wheatly
Defiantly Wasp and Ant/giant man
Giant Man, Wasp, Black Panther, and Vision are really the heroes I want to see join the team.
CAPTAIN AMERICA, THOR, IRON MAN, THE INCREDIBLE HULK, BLACK WIDOW, AND HAWKEYE
Spider-Man - It's the end of the world, I'M FREAKING OUT...why aren't you freaking out?
Captain America - Because I can hear it.
Spider-Man - Hear what?
Captain America - ....thunder *cue Thor's grand entrance* | <urn:uuid:bbe907ea-f88c-4949-a785-0699b087919a> | 2013-05-27T02:55:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Adding the plugin was a dumb question. I found it. Thanks for the buffer advice.
Just some observation about the plugin:
- It's missing the 60 band.
- In the hotkey settings, those functions labeled "increase" actually decrease, and visa-versa.
Otherwise, this is a great plugin man. And I appreciate it especially because it's almost a special request. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:f753ef61-280c-476f-9b5e-51bd400dda26> | 2013-05-27T02:54:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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libNUI is a hardware accelerated GUI framework that makes it possible to build rich multi-platform applications based on 3D rendered dynamic layouts. Interfaces are built as a composition of widgets and behaviors, and the framework handles positioning, resizing, anchoring, and texture stretching. Objects are connected with synchronous events and delegates for mono-threaded communication, or asynchronous notifications and message queues are used for multi-threaded applications. It also supports strings (including Unicode), paths, files, data streams, fonts, threads, critical sections, audio buffer rendering, and more.
IKNetworkActivityManager is a Cocoa class that simplifies work with UIApplication network activity indicator. It turns your networkActivityIndicatorVisible = YES/NO code to add/removeNetworkUser:, so you don't need to remember objects that can use network anymore. A demonstration App is available.
The Noble Ape Simulation is a collection of a number of autonomous simulation components including a landscape simulation, biological simulation, weather simulation, sentient creature (Noble Ape) simulation, and a simple intelligent-agent scripting language (ApeScript). Noble Ape also contains a social simulation where the Noble Apes can be tracked in terms of social groups and also over many generations to explain social phenomenon to users looking to study this kind of interaction. It has been in development for more than a fifteen years.
LibRCrypt is an Objective C library for complex data encryption based on Rubik's Cubes. The idea's pretty simple: If you represent data as the squares on a Rubik's Cube, you can apply transformations to the data and get back encrypted data, all of which is commutatitive. Just as a Rubik's Cube can be solved if you know all of the moves, this data can be "unwound", so to speak, if you know all of the transforms applied, but the encryption is even deeper than that. A cube can only cover (9 squares per face x 6 faces) 54 significant bits of data. Therefore, compressed data must be composed of multiple (even thousands) of Rubik's Cubes. | <urn:uuid:4f15a690-188e-4000-81e2-1772b2cead7d> | 2013-05-27T02:57:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Rockstar Games was forced to pull Grand Theft Auto: Vice City from Steam, according to reports from The Sixth Axis and Cinema Blend. According to those reports , the popular game was pulled because of licensing issues related to Michael Jackson's hit song "Wanna be Startin' Somethin'." The game was yanked because of a claim by Sony Music Entertainment because the song is featured in the game's Fever 105 radio station.
A Rockstar Games representative told GameSpot that the game would be back online as soon as they fix the licensing issue:
"Due to some music licensing issues, we've had to temporarily remove Vice City PC from digital stores. We'll make it available again as soon as possible." | <urn:uuid:338729bc-4562-4b57-832a-3eeef2c2023a> | 2013-05-26T09:44:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Clay County Arkansas Genealogy Trails
ALEXANDER, S. W.
ALLEN, J. H.
ALLEN, Capt. John J.
BARNES, W. F.
BEARDEN, Zachariah T.
S. W. ALEXANDER, manufacturer and dealer in hard wood lumber, railroad ties, wagons, agricultural implements, car material, etc., at Corning, Ark., was born in Hancock County, Ind., October 17, 1835, his parents, James and Mary (Mac Michael) Alexander, and his grandparents, on both sides, being natives of Orange County, N. C. They all emigrated at an early day (about 1828) to Indiana where they died. The great-grandfather was in the Revolutionary War, and fired the first cannon in that service. James Alexander remained in Hancock County, Ind., until the spring of 1857, when he emigrated to Polk County, Iowa, where he was living at the time of his death, in 1882. His wife died in 1872, having borne five children: John C., Julia A., Simeon W., James A. and Louisa. Mr. Alexander was a farmer by occupation.
Simeon W. Alexander, our subject, was reared and educated
in his native county, and from childhood has been
familiar with farm life. On reaching his majority he was
married, and emigrated to Illinois, locating in
Cumberland County, where he was engaged in the saw-mill
business until 1859, when he removed to Polk County,
Iowa, but returned to Illinois in December, 1863, and
there resided until the fall of 1869. In the fall of that
year he sold his mill and returned to Iowa, where he
remained until 1886, being engaged in both lumbering and
farming on an extensive scale. He owned 400 acres of good
land, and on coming to Clay County, embarked in the
lumber business, putting up a large sawmill. He still
continues this business and employs a great many hands.
He owns about 2400 acres of land in Clay County, some
1000 of which will make fine farming land when improved.
He also has one of the best houses in the county,
situated in Corning.
October 23, 1856, he was married to Miss Mary Faster, a native of Indiana, by whom he has seven children: William (in Dakota), Lucy M., Cora (wife of T. J. Conway, of Chicago), Charles W., Addie, Freddie and Edward. Mr. Alexander is a member of the I. O. O. F. and is one of the public-spirited men of Clay County, always being ready to advance the interests of the people.
Source: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northeast Arkansas, Goodspeed Pub. Co, c1891, p. 196.
Source: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northeast Arkansas, Goodspeed Pub. Co, c1891, p. 196-197.
CAPT. JOHN J. ALLEN was born in Lee County, Ga., on the 2nd of July, 1841, and is the son of Edward M. and Mary J. (Knight) Allen. The father was born in the "Palmetto State" in 1819 of Scotch-Irish parents, and was a mechanic and ginwright, making machines by hand. He was taken to Georgia when small, and was there reared to manhood. During the Indian troubles in the Southern States, especially in Florida, Mr. Allen participated as a private, and received in payment for his services a land warrant for 160 acres, and in 1853 chose the land on which Capt. John J. Allen now resides. Prior to this, however, he took a trip through Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi and the Indian Territory, making the journey on horseback, a distance of 3,000 miles. He then returned to Georgia, and the following year (1853) located in Arkansas, the nearest post-office at that time being sixteen miles distant, and the second nearest (Pocahontas) fifty miles distant. The families of McNiel, Nettles, Wooter, Singleton, Copeland, Sexton and White, were the only ones within a radius of ten miles. Wild animals roamed the country at will, and Indians were also very numerous. Schools were almost unknown, and Mr. Allen assisted in building many of the first houses. John G. Taylor, a Missionary Baptist minister, came with Mr. Allen to the State, and preached the first sermon in Northeast Arkansas. The latter opened thirty acres of land the first year, which was heavily covered with timber. He was a slave owner, and served for twelve months in the confederate army under Price, holding the rank of captain, when he resigned on account of his age. He died in 1877. His wife was born in Jasper County, Ga., about 1822, and was there married to Mr. Allen, by whom she became the mother of ten children: William A., John J., Elizabeth J., Edward M., Thomas M., living to be grown, and the following dying in infancy: Martha, Stapie, and two infants. Mrs. Allen died in 1860, and Mr. Allen then married Sarah J. Palmer, who bore him five children: Robert, Georgia L., George W., Willie, and Odus. Capt. Allen, our subject, has resided in Arkansas since twelve years of age, but spent his entire school days in Georgia. He was reared on the farm on which he is now residing, and remained at home until his marriage at the age of eighteen years, when he was engaged in farming until 1861. Then he enlisted in Company H, Fifth Arkansas Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, participating in many battles: Helena, Fredericksburg, Boonville, Lexington, Newtonia, and many others of less note. He enlisted as a private, but was promoted to captain, and was then transferred to the cavalry, serving two years. After coming home he engaged in farming, and in 1868 opened a mercantile establishment at Scatterville, and followed this occupation in connection with ginning for four years. He then removed to Tilton, where he was occupied in business until August, 1888.
Source: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northeast Arkansas, Goodspeed Pub. Co, c1891, p. 197.
JOSHUA BARE, farmer and stock raiser of St. Francis Township, is a fair sample of what can be accomplished by industry and perseverance. Although starting life with a limited amount of this world's goods, he is now one of the substantial farmers of the county, and is the owner of 240 acres of land in the home place, with 160 acres cleared, on which he has good buildings. Aside from this he is the owner of another tract of land in the township, one and a quarter miles from the home place, consisting of 160 acres of timber land. He also possesses some 320 acres in the St. Francis bottoms, with about 100 acres cleared, and has an interest in 205 acres of other lands, all the result of industry and good management. Mr. Bare was born in Crawford County, Ind., December 13, 1833, and is the son of Jacob Bare and Nancy (Copple) Bare, the latter of German descent. The father was born in Virginia but was reared in Indiana. After marriage he settled in Crawford County of that State, where he followed farming until about 1843, when he moved to Illinois and settled in Jefferson County. He resided there up to 1868, when he came to Arkansas, and located in what is now Clay County. Here he died in February 1877. He served as sheriff and deputy sheriff in Indiana, and was quite a prominent man. Joshua Bare was reared in Jefferson County, Ill., and came to Arkansas in 1855, locating in Clay County, but what was then Greene County, and entered eighty acres of land. He then bought eighty acres near Brown's Ferry, resided there about fifteen years, after which he sold this, and bought the place where he now lives. He has been four times married; first to Miss Susan Williams; then to Nancy Brown, who bore him one daughter, Peggy A., wife of John Nettle; his next marriage was to Mrs. Nettle, a widow, who bore him four children: Clarissa (wife of Wiley Thomas, Joshua, Bettie and Arabella. Mr. Bare's fourth marriage was to Mrs. Marietta Sarver, a widow, and the daughter of Jacob Sarver. Three children were born to this union: Jacob, Mattie and John Harry. When Mr. Bare first came to the State it was a comparative wilderness, and for about eleven winters he was engaged in trapping. He has killed bear, wolves, wild cats, lots of deer, turkey and small game. He would average about $200 worth of furs annually at that business. Mr. Bare has been a member of the I. O. O. F. for thirteen years. Mrs. Bare belongs to the Christian Church. An interesting volume might be written of many of Mr. Bare's hunting expeditions, but space will permit mention of only the following: In 1867, one of his neighbors, Billy Maner, a single man, had struck camp some seven miles south of where our subject lived in a wild locality on Old River. Mr. Bare went on one occasion to spend the night with him, but found the unsuccessful hunter without food. Starting the next morning with a determination to return only after he shot something, he traveled some distance, occasionally seeing game which could not be secured. Later on, while not far from camp, he killed tow wolves, and being a humorous disposition, the thought was suggested to pass off this meat upon the unsuspecting Billy as venison. Bringing a portion of the animal to headquarters (together with a squirrel), and assuring him that a large buck had been killed, the mess was eaten by the victim of Mr. Bare's joke, with a casual remark as to the toughness, etc. Subsequently the truth was told. Imagination rather than words can picture the result of such a revelation. In 1876 a three-days' hunt was indulged in by Mr. Bare, two of his nephews and a little negro boy. Starting with a cart and yoke of oxen, they drove into a bottom farm, proceeding horse-back until about a mile from their camping ground, when fresh bear tracks were discovered. Before very long an effort to secure bruin was commenced, and proved fruitful. While waiting for help to remove the animal (which weighed about 400 pounds) a large buck was killed by Mr. Bare. These furnish but mere instances of his good fortune with the gun and rifle.
Source: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northeast Arkansas, Goodspeed Pub. Co, c1891, p. 198-199.
W. F. BARNES, undertaker and furniture dealer, of Corning, Ark., has been in business here since August 1888, when he purchased his stock of goods of Mr. Bishop and continued at that stand until June 1, 1889, when he moved to his present location. His establishment is a two-story frame building, 40x20 feet, now under process of erection, which will, when finished, be commodious and substantial. Mr. Barnes' success in this line has been due to his energy and enterprise, and his establishment is now one of the leading concerns of this kind in the county. He was born in Lawrence County, Ill., in 1856, and was the eldest in a family of eight children born to John and Jane (Thompson) Barnes, who were Kentuckians by birth, but emigrated to Illinois in their youth, where they grew to maturity and met and married. The father settled with his parents in Lawrence County in 1826, and afterward became a successful farmer and teacher of that region., following these occupations for many years in that State. He died in 1885, but his widow is still residing in Illinois. The paternal grandfather was an early settler of Illinois, where he also makes his home. Mr. Barnes was early inured to the duties of farm life, and during his youth also attended the common schools of Lawrence and Wabash Counties, Ill. He engaged in farming for himself in that State and was married there in 1882 to Miss Ella P. Price, a native of that county. Her parents, Joseph and Hannah (Dart) Price, were born in Ohio and Kentucky, respectively, and are now residing in Illinois. In 1887 Mr. Barnes came to Corning, Ark., and until 1888 worked at the carpenter's trade, but has since been engaged in his present business. Politically he is a Democrat, and always supports the principles of that party. He belongs to the K. of H. and the I. O. G. T., and he and wife are members of the Methodist Church. They are the parents of two children: Opal V. and Verna D. Mr. Barnes has done well financially, is the owner of some valuable town property, and predits a bright future for Corning.
Source: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northeast Arkansas, Goodspeed Pub. Co, c1891, p. 199.
ZACHARIAH T. BEARDEN was born in Montgomery County, Tenn., September 29, 1849, and is the son of John and Prudence (Majors) Bearden. John Bearden was born in Montgomery County, Tenn., and is of Irish-English parentage. He received a fair, common-school education, later followed farming and emigrated to Clay County, Ark., in 1851. The county was called Greene County at that time, but was afterward changed to Clay. At that early day there were but six families in an area ten miles square, and all the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life were experienced by Mr. Bearden. Schools were taught on the subscription plan,a nd church was held about once a month in old log cabins. Mr. Bearden was a slave owner but generally perferred white labor. He was the owner of a large farm, but was broken up during the war. He died May 10, 1888, being seventy-six years of age. During life he was never an office seeker,but was elected by the people, without solicitation, to the office of county treasurer. Mrs. Bearden was also reared in Tennessee, grew to womanhood there, and was married in that State. Nine children were the result of this union: Richard E., Isom K., Judge H., Zach. T., Samuel J., Susan U., William J., Robert W. and Mary E. Mrs. Bearden died in this county, August 16 1877. Grandfather and Grandmother Bearden died in Tennessee; she was a native of North Carolina. Grandfather and Grandmother Majors were natives of West Virginia, and at an early day emigrated to Tennessee. Zachariah T. Bearden came with his parents to Arkansas when two years of age, settling in Greene County, and there remained.
Source: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northeast Arkansas, Goodspeed Pub. Co, c1891, p. 199.
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News & Policies >
For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
October 21, 2004
President's Remarks in Hershey, Pennsylvania
4:20 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all. (Applause.) Thank you all for coming. (Applause.) So he said, a couple of hundred people might show up if you came. (Applause.) I came; thousands are here; and I'm grateful. (Applause.) You know what this tells me -- with your help, we will carry Pennsylvania on November the 2nd. (Applause.)
Listen, we have a duty in our country to vote. And I'm asking you to turn to your friends and neighbors, go to your coffee shops, your houses of worship, your community centers, and tell people that we have a duty. And as you get people going to the polls, don't overlook discerning Democrats, people like Senator Zell Miller from Georgia. (Applause.) Our message is for everybody: If you want a safer America, a stronger America, and a better America, put me and Dick Cheney back in office. (Applause.)
AUDIENCE: Four more years! Four more years! Four more years!
THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all for coming. I am so grateful so many came. It means a lot. My only regret is that Laura is not here to see this crowd. (Applause.) She was a public school librarian when I met her for the second time. See, we went to the 7th grade together, San Jacinto Junior High in Midland, Texas. When I met her the second time, and I finally asked her to marry me, she said, fine, just so long as I never have to give a speech. (Laughter.) I said, okay, you got a deal. Fortunately, she didn't hold me to that promise. She's giving a lot of speeches, and when she does, the American people see a compassionate, strong, great First Lady. (Applause.) She is not with me today, but one of our twin daughters, Barbara, has come. (Applause.) Thank you for coming, baby. There's nothing better than campaigning for a President with a daughter you love. (Applause.)
I'm proud of my Vice President, Dick Cheney. (Applause.) Now, look, I admit it, he does not have the waviest hair in the race. (Laughter.) I did not pick him because of his hairdo. (Laughter.) I picked him because of his experience, his judgment. I picked him because he can get the job done. (Applause.)
I am proud to have been introduced to this great crowd by Major Dick Winters. (Applause.) An American hero who commanded Easy Company in World War II. (Applause.) I want to thank Congressman Todd Platts for joining us today. I'm proud you're here, Congressman. I want to thank the folks who are here from the statehouse and local office. I'm here to say as clearly as I can that Scott Paterno needs to be the next congressman from the 17th congressional district. (Applause.) I appreciate Tom Corbett, who is going to be the next attorney general; and Jean Craige Pepper, who's running for treasurer. (Applause.)
But most of all, I want to thank you all for coming. (Applause.) It's getting close to voting time. (Applause.) It's time to crank up the phones. It's time to put up the signs. (Applause.) It is time to carry Pennsylvania. (Applause.)
In the last few years, the people have come to know me. They know my blunt way of speaking -- I get that from my mother. They know I mangle the English language sometimes -- I get that from my dad. (Laughter.) Americans also know I tell you exactly what I'm going to do, and I keep my word. (Applause.)
When I came into office, the stock market had been in serious decline for six months, and the American economy was sliding into a recession. To help families and to get this economy growing again, I pledged to reduce taxes. I kept my word. (Applause.) The results are clear. The recession was one of the shallowest in American history. Over the last three years our economy has grown at rates as fast as any in nearly 20 years. The home ownership rate in America is at an all-time high. (Applause.) The past 13 months, we've added 1.9 million new jobs. (Applause.) The unemployment rate across our country is 5.4 percent -- lower than the average rates of the 1970s, 1980s, and the 1990s. (Applause.) Farm income is up. This economy is moving forward, and we're not going to go back to the days of tax and spend. (Applause.)
To make sure jobs are here in America, to make sure people can find work, America must be the best place in the world to do business. That means less regulations on our job creators. That means we got to do something about these frivolous lawsuits that are plaguing small business owners. (Applause.) To keep jobs here in America, Congress needs to pass my energy plan. (Applause.) It's a plan that encourages conservation, and encourages renewables. It's a plan that encourages clean coal technology. It is a plan that recognizes, to keep jobs in America, we must be less dependent on foreign sources of energy. (Applause.) To keep jobs here in America, we must open up markets for U.S. products. Listen, we can compete with anybody, anytime, anywhere so long as the rules are fair. (Applause.)
To make sure this economy continues to grow, we got to be wise about how we spend your money and keep the taxes low. (Applause.) Taxes are an issue in this campaign. Now, my opponent has his own history on the economy.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes. In 20 years as a senator from Massachusetts, he's built a record -- of a senator from Massachusetts. (Applause.) He's voted -- he has voted to raise taxes 98 times.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes. He voted to tax Social Security benefits.
THE PRESIDENT: Ninety-eight times in 20 years, that's about five times a year -- I would call that a predictable pattern. See, he can run from his record, but he cannot hide. (Applause.)
Now, he's promising not to raise taxes for anyone who earns less than $200,000 a year. He said that with a straight face. (Laughter.) The problem is to keep that promise, he'd have to break all his other promises. He has promised $2.2 trillion in new federal spending -- that's trillion with a "T." And so, they said, how are you going to pay for it, and he said, fine, he's just going to raise taxes on the rich. Now, you've heard that before. When he tries to raise taxes on the rich, that raises between $600 billion and $800 billion. There's a gap between what he's promised and how he says he's going to pay for it. And guess who usually gets to fill the gap. AUDIENCE: Booo!
THE PRESIDENT: There's something else wrong with the tax the rich slogan. The rich hire lawyers and accountants for a reason -- to slip the bill and pass it to you. We are not going to let him tax you. We will carry Pennsylvania and win on November the 2nd. (Applause.)
AUDIENCE: Four more years! Four more years! Four more years!
THE PRESIDENT: When I came into office our public schools had been waiting decades for hopeful reform. Too many of our children were being shuffled through school without learning the basics. I pledged to restore accountability in the school and to challenge the soft bigotry of low expectations. I kept my word. (Applause.) We passed the No Child Left Behind Act and we're seeing results. Our children are making sustained gains in reading and math. We're closing achievement gaps all around this country, and we're not going to go back the days of low standards and accepted mediocrity. (Applause.)
When I came into office we had a problem in Medicare. Medicine was changing, but Medicare was not. For example, we'd pay hundreds -- tens of thousands of dollars for heart surgery, but not one dime for the prescription drugs that could prevent the heart surgery from being needed in the first place. That did not make any sense to our seniors. It wasn't right. I pledged to bring Republicans and Democrats together to strengthen and modernize Medicare; I kept my word. (Applause.) Seniors are getting discounts on medicine. And beginning in 2006, all seniors will be able to get prescription drug coverage under Medicare. (Applause.)
We got more to do on health care. We got to make sure health care is available and affordable. We'll have a safety net for those with the greatest needs. That's why I believe in community health centers for the poor and the indigent. We'll do more to make sure poor children are fully subscribed in our programs for low-income families. Most of the uninsured in America work for small businesses. Small businesses are having trouble affording health care. To enable small businesses to afford health care we must allow them to pool together so they can buy insurance at the same discount big businesses get to do. (Applause.)
We will expand health savings accounts so workers and small businesses are able to pay lower premiums and people can save, tax-free, in an health care account they manage and call their own. (Applause.) To make sure health care is available and affordable, we have to do something about the frivolous lawsuits that are running up the cost of medicine and running good doctors out of practice. (Applause.) You have a problem here in the state of Pennsylvania because of these junk lawsuits. You're losing too many good docs. Too many OB/GYNs are leaving the practice. Too many pregnant women are wondering whether or not they're going to get the health care they need in order to bring their child into this world. The system is broken. You cannot be pro-doctor, pro-patient and pro-personal injury lawyer at the same time. (Applause.) You have to make a choice. My opponent put a personal injury lawyer on the ticket.
THE PRESIDENT: He voted against medical liability reform ten times. I'm standing with the doctors. I'm standing with the patients. I'm standing with the people of Pennsylvania. I'm for medical liability reform now. (Applause.)
I laid out a health care plan that's sensible and reasonable. Now, my opponent has got his health care plan of his own. And it's a plan for bigger government.
THE PRESIDENT: Now, the other day in the debate, he looked right in the camera again and he said this about his health care plan -- "The government has nothing to do with it." I remember him saying that. I was standing right there. (Laughter.) I could barely contain myself. (Applause.) The government has got a lot to do with his health care plan. Eight out of ten Americans would end up on a government health insurance program. Eight million Americans would lose their private health insurance at work, and most would go on a government plan. He says his plan helps small businesses. That's what -- that's not what small business groups think. They called it an overpriced albatross that would saddle small businesses with 225 new mandates.
I have a different view. We've got to help small businesses afford insurance, not saddle them with a bunch of rules of regulations from Washington, D.C. (Applause.) In all we do to reform health care, I believe the health decisions need to be made by doctors and patients, not by officials in our Nation's Capital. (Applause.)
I'll continue to set out policies for an optimistic and hopeful America. I believe this country should be an ownership society. There's a saying -- there's a saying, no one ever washes a rental car. (Laughter.) There's a lot of wisdom in that statement. When you own something, you care about it. When you own something in America, you care about the future of our country. (Applause.) That's why -- that's why we promote entrepreneurship in this administration. Every time a small business is started in America, somebody is achieving the American Dream. (Applause.)
We're encouraging health savings accounts so people have the security of owning and managing their own health care account. We're encouraging home ownership. Listen, more and more people are able to open the door where they live and say, welcome to my home, welcome to my piece of property -- and America is better off for it. (Applause.)
In a new term, we'll take the next step to build an ownership society by strengthening Social Security. Now, let me speak to the seniors who are here. You remember the 2000 campaign when they were running the TV ads that said if George W. gets elected, the seniors will not get their checks. That's old-style scare politics. I want you to remind your friends and neighbors, they got their checks. They'll continue to get their checks. And baby boomers like me are in pretty good shape when it comes to the Social Security trust fund. But we need to worry about our children and our grandchildren. See, we need to worry about whether or not the Social Security trust will be solvent when they need help in retirement. I think younger workers ought to be allowed to take some of their payroll taxes and set up a personal savings account that earns a better rate of return, an account they call their own, an account the government cannot take away. (Applause.)
When it comes to Social Security, as you heard the other night in the debates, my opponent wants to maintain the status quo.
THE PRESIDENT: The job of a President is to confront problems, not pass them on to future generations or future Presidents. (Applause.) He's against the Social Security reforms I laid out, and he's against about every other reform that gives more authority and control to the individual. On issue after issue, from Medicare without choices to schools with less accountability to raising taxes, he takes the side of more centralized control and more government. There is a word for that attitude. There is a word for that philosophy. It is called liberalism. (Applause.)
Now, he dismisses that word as a label. He must have seen it differently when he said, I'm a liberal and proud of it. (Laughter.) The others have noticed, as well. There's a nonpartisan National Journal magazine that did a study and named him the most liberal member of the United States Senate. That takes a lot of hard work in that bunch. (Laughter.) Can you imagine being more liberal than Ted Kennedy?
THE PRESIDENT: He can run -- he can even run in camo -- but he cannot hide. (Applause.)
I have a different record. I have a different philosophy. I do not believe in big government and I do not believe government should be indifferent. I'm what I call a compassionate conservative. I believe in policies that empower people to improve their lives, not try to run their lives. We'll continue to help men and women all across this country find the skills and tools they need to prosper in a time of change -- skills and tools necessary to realize the great promise of our country. That's how I have led, and that's how I will continue to lead for four more years. (Applause.)
AUDIENCE: Four more years! Four more years! Four more years!
THE PRESIDENT: In this time of change, some things do not change. Those are the values we try to live by: courage and compassion, reverence and integrity. In changing times, we will support the institutions that give our lives direction and purpose -- our families, our schools, our religious congregations. (Applause.) We stand for a culture of life in which every person matters and every being counts. (Applause.) We stand for marriage and family, which are the foundations of our society. (Applause.) We stand for the Second Amendment which protects every Americans individual right to bear arms. (Applause.) We stand for the appointment of federal judges who know the difference between personal opinion and the strict interpretation of the law.
My opponent's words on these issues are a little muddy, but his record is plenty clear. He says he supports the institution of marriage, but voted against the Defense of Marriage Act. AUDIENCE: Booo!
THE PRESIDENT: He voted against the ban on the brutal practice of partial birth abortion.
THE PRESIDENT: He called the Reagan years as a period of moral darkness.
THE PRESIDENT: There is a mainstream in American politics, and my opponent sits on the far left bank. (Applause.) During this campaign, he can run but he cannot hide. (Applause.)
This election will also determine how America responds to the continuing danger of terrorism. I believe the most solemn duty of the American President is to protect the American people. (Applause.) If America shows uncertainty or weakness in this decade, the world will drift toward tragedy. This will not happen on my watch. (Applause.)
Since that terrible morning of September the 11th, 2001, we have fought the terrorists across the Earth -- not for pride, not for power, but because the lives of our citizens are at stake. Our strategy is clear. We are defending the homeland. I thank the first responders who are here with us today. (Applause.) We're strengthening our intelligence. We're transforming our military. We will not have a draft. The all-volunteer army will remain an all-volunteer army. (Applause.) We are staying on the offensive. We will strike the terrorists abroad so we do not have to face them here at home. (Applause.) We will spread freedom and liberty, and we will prevail.
Our strategy is succeeding. Think about the world, the way it was some three-and-a-half years ago -- think about this. Afghanistan was the home base of al Qaeda. Pakistan was a transit point for terrorist groups. Saudi Arabia was fertile ground for terrorist fundraising. Libya was secretly pursuing nuclear weapons. Iraq was a dangerous place and a gathering threat. And al Qaeda was largely unchallenged as it planned horrific attacks.
Because the United States of America led, Afghanistan is an ally in the war on terror and is now a free nation -- (applause.) Pakistan is capturing terrorist leaders; Saudi Arabia is making raids and arrests; Libya is dismantling its weapons programs; the army of a free Iraq is fighting for its country's freedom; and more than three-quarters of al Qaeda's associates and members have been brought to justice. (Applause.)
We are standing with the people of Afghanistan and Iraq. I want the youngsters here to understand what has taken place -- (applause) -- what has taken place during a brief period of your life. It wasn't all that long ago that young girls couldn't go to school in Afghanistan. It wasn't all that long ago that their mothers were taken into the public square and whipped because they wouldn't toe the line of these ideologues of hate called the Taliban. It wasn't all that long ago that the people of that country lived in darkness. Because we acted in our own self-interest, because we acted to destroy the al Qaeda terrorists training camps, because we worked to secure ourselves, 25 million people live in freedom. They had presidential elections a couple of weekends ago in Afghanistan. (Applause.) The first voter in Afghanistan was a 19-year-old girl. (Applause.) Freedom is on the march, and the people of Afghanistan have gone from darkness to light. (Applause.)
The people of Iraq will be voting for a President in January. Think how far that society has come from the day of torture chambers and mass graves. It's in our interest that we spread freedom. Free societies will be hopeful societies which no longer feed resentments and breed violence for export. Free governments in the Middle East will fight the terrorists, instead of harboring them. Freedom will help us keep the peace we all want. Freedom is on the move, and America is more secure for it. (Applause.)
So our mission is clear. Our mission is clear. We will help these countries train armies and police forces and security forces in Afghanistan and Iraq so they can do the hard work of defending their freedom, so they can stand up and fight these terrorists who are trying to stop the advance of freedom. We'll help the countries get on the path of stability and democracy as quickly as possible, and then our troops will come home with the honor they have earned. (Applause.)
We have a great United States military, because those who wear the uniform are people of such great character and service and duty and honor. (Applause.) And I want to thank the veterans who are here today for having set such a great example for those who wear the uniform. (Applause.) And I want to thank the military families who are here for the sacrifices you have made. (Applause.) And I assure you, we'll keep the commitment we have made to the troops and their families. They will have the resources they need to complete their missions.
That's why I went to the Congress in September of 2003 and asked for $87 billion of supplemental funding to support our troops in harm's way. I received great bipartisan support. Your Senators Senator Specter and Santorum, voted with me on that bill. (Applause.) It was an important piece of legislation. Most people up in Congress understood how important it was. As a matter of fact, only 12 members of the United States Senate voted against funding for our troops -- two of who were my opponent and his running mate.
THE PRESIDENT: Now, I want to tell you another startling statistic. When you're out gathering the vote, I want to tell you another startling statistic, a true fact. There were only four members of the United States Senate, four out of a hundred, that had voted to authorize the use of force and then voted against the funding to support our troops in harm's way -- two of whom are my opponent and his running mate.
THE PRESIDENT: So they asked him how he could have made that vote. They asked him how he could have made that vote. And you might remember perhaps the most famous quote of the 2004 campaign. Here is what he said -- "I actually did vote for the $87 billion before I voted against it."
THE PRESIDENT: They kept asking him and he kept answering -- he must have given five or six different explanations. One of the most interesting ones of all is he finally said the whole thing was a complicated matter. (Laughter.) There's nothing complicated about supporting our troops in harm's way. (Applause.)
All elections come down to a choice, and in this, America's first presidential election since September the 11th, the security of our country as at risk in many ways different than we have ever faced before. We're in the midst of a global war against a well-trained, highly motivated enemy, an enemy that has no conscience. An enemy that hates Americans because of the very freedoms we love. The next commander-in-chief must lead us to victory in this war. Yet, you cannot win a war when you do not believe you are fighting one. (Applause.)
Senator Kerry was recently asked how September the 11th had changed him. And he replied this: "It did not change me much at all." End quote.
THE PRESIDENT: His unchanged world becomes obvious when he calls the war against terror primarily an intelligence and law enforcement operation, rather than a war which requires the full use of American strength. Senator Kerry's top foreign policy advisor questioned this is even a war at all. And here's what he said: "We're not in a war on terror in a literal sense. It's like saying 'the war on poverty' -- it's just a metaphor." End quote. It's a different mind-set, a different attitude. Confusing food programs with terrorist killings reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of the world we live in, of the world we face. And this is very dangerous thinking.
Senator Kerry also misunderstands our battle against insurgents and terrorists in Iraq. He called Iraq a diversion from the war on terror. Let me talk about the case of one terrorist to show you how wrong this thinking is. The terrorist leader we face today in Iraq, the one responsible for car bombings and beheadings of Americans, is a man named Zarqawi. Zarqawi ran a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan until our military arrived. He then went to Iraq. He received medical care in Iraq. He plotted and planned in Iraq. To confirm where he's coming from, just the other day Zarqawi announced his allegiance to Osama bin Laden. If Zarqawi and his associates were not busy fighting American forces in Iraq, does my opponent think they would be living peaceful and productive lives? Course not. That's why Iraq is not a diversion, but a central commitment in the war on terror. (Applause.)
The Senator the other day talked about the need for America to pass a global test when it comes to committing our troops.
THE PRESIDENT: I'm not making that up. He was standing right there when he said it. No, we'll work with our friends and allies. I'll continue to build alliances and strong coalitions. But I will never turn over America's national security decisions to leaders of other countries. (Applause.)
AUDIENCE: USA! USA! USA!
THE PRESIDENT: I believe -- I believe in the transformational power of liberty. That's what I believe. I believe liberty can transform nations. One of our friends, Laura and my friends is Prime Minister of Japan. He's a friend. I saw at the United Nations in New York. I said, listen, I'm going to be talking about you on the campaign trail, do you mind? He said, no, go ahead and talk about me. I said, okay. What he didn't -- I didn't ask him permission to tell you that Elvis is his favorite singer. (Laughter.) We've gotten to know him quite well. It probably doesn't sound much to folks out there that I would call him my friend. But remember, 60 years ago, we were at war with Japan. They were the sworn enemy of the United States of America. My dad, like many of his generation, like many of the Band of Brothers, fought against the Japanese -- people of that generation served. And your dads and granddads did the same, I'm confident.
After we won the war, Harry S. Truman, President of the United States, believed that liberty could transform an enemy into an ally. That's what he believed. There was a lot of skepticism about that, a lot of doubt. There was a lot of anger because of the war, and you can understand why. Families' lives have been turned upside down because of death during the war. A lot of people would said, well, the enemy can't possibly become a democracy. But our predecessors stayed with it. And as a result of that belief, I sit down at the table today talking about how to keep the peace with Prime Minister Koizumi. Some day, an American President will be sitting down with a duly-elected leader of Iraq, talking about peace in the Middle East. And our children and our grandchildren will be better off for it. (Applause.)
I believe -- I believe that millions in the Middle East plead in silence for their liberty. I believe women in the Middle East want to live in a free society. I believe mothers and fathers in the Middle East want to raise their children in a free and peaceful world. I believe all these things because freedom is not America's gift to the world; freedom is the Almighty God's gift to each man and woman in this world. (Applause.)
For all Americans these years in our history will always stand apart. There are quiet times in the life of a nation when little is expected of its leaders. This isn't one of those times. This is a time that requires firm resolve, clear vision, and a deep faith in the values that makes us a great nation.
None of us will ever forget that week when one era ended and another began. On September the 14th, 2001, I stood in the ruins of the Twin Towers. It is a day I will never forget. I will never forget the voices of those in hard hats yelling at me at the top of their lungs, "Whatever it takes." I will never forget the police or firefighter coming out of the rubble who grabbed me by the arm and he looked me square in the eye, and he said, "Do not let me down." Ever since that day -- ever since that day, I wake up every morning thinking about how to better protect our country. I will never relent in defending America, whatever it takes. (Applause.)
Four years ago -- four years ago, when I traveled your great state asking for the vote, I made a pledge that if you gave me a chance to serve, I would uphold the honor and the dignity of the office to which I have been elected. With your help, with your hard work, I will do so for four more years.
God bless. Thanks for coming. Thank you all. (Applause.)
END 5:00 P.M. EDT | <urn:uuid:fb479c33-c6f0-4c12-9765-68b04abf5303> | 2013-05-26T09:35:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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METHODISM IN THE UNITED STATES There are in the United States sixteen distinct Methodist denominations, all agreeing essentially in doctrine. John Wesley had been conducting his United Societies for more than twenty years before the movement took root in North America.
The first American Conference was held in 1773, and consisted of ten preachers, all of whom were born in England or Ireland. Asbury came to America to remain permanently; but Rankin, unable to identify himself with its people, to take the test oaths required in the Revolution, or to sympathize with the colonies, returned to England, as did all the English preachers except As bury. By May 1776 there were 24 preachers and 4,921 members; but in the first year of the Revolution there was a loss of 7 preachers and nearly i,000 members.
The preachers in the South determined upon administration of the sacraments, and a committee was chosen whose members ordained themselves and others. The Northern preachers opposed this step and for several years the Connexion was on the verge of disruption. An agreement was finally made to suspend the
administration until Wesley's desires and judgment should be ascertained. He perceived that the society would disintegrate unless effective measures were speedily taken, and early in 1784 he ordained Thomas Coke (1747-1814), already in orders of the Church of England, as superintendent. Wesley sent Coke to America as his commissioner to establish, for the Methodist Soci ety, a system of Church government, which should include the administration of Baptism and of the Lord's Supper. Wesley also appointed Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury "to be joint super intendents over our brethren in North America." Soon after Coke and his companions arrived they met Asbury and fifteen preachers, and a special conference was called, which opened on the 24th of December, 1784, in the suburbs of Baltimore, Mary land. This convention organized itself into a Methodist Episcopal Church, in which the liturgy sent by Wesley should be read, and the sacraments should be administered and deacons to be ordained by a presbytery using the episcopal form. Coke and Asbury were unanimously elected superintendents, Coke, aided by his clerical companions from England, ordaining Asbury as deacon and elder and formally consecrating him a general superintendent. This con vention adopted the first Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It adopted the existing doctrinal standards, consisting chiefly of Wesley's Sermons and his Notes on the New Testament; also twenty-five of the Articles of Religion of the Church of Eng land, modified so as to eradicate all trace of High Church ritual ism, Anglican or Roman, and the distinctive doctrines of Calvin ism. The Church thus established began its ecclesiastical career with 18,000 members, 104 travelling preachers, about the same number of local preachers, and more than 200 licensed exhorters. There were 6o chapels and Boo regular preaching places. Within five years the number of preachers swelled to 227, and the mem bers to 45,949 (white) and 11,682 (coloured). | <urn:uuid:373dd7c8-a19d-46b6-9248-1d4214d3efd5> | 2013-05-26T09:34:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There are many file types used in graphic design. These file types include image file formats such as JPG, GIF and TIFF.
GIF files are a format commonly used for graphics presented on websites. GIFs can contain a maximum of 256 colors, and are therefore best for images that contain simple shapes, a limited color palette, text and other elements as opposed to photos.
JPG files, also known as JPEG files, are a common file format for digital photos and other digital graphics. When JPG files are saved, they use "lossy" compression, meaning image quality is lost as file size decreases. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the committee that created the file type. | <urn:uuid:ba6e2fcd-82a8-4e23-90dc-6d92351de54b> | 2013-05-26T09:41:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
Ways to make it better...
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
broaden my grants opportunities. Their budget is too limited to make any significant changes. They are just starting so hopefully they are able to better channel their focus.
Would you volunteer for this group again?
For the time you spent, how much of an impact did you feel your work or activity had?
Did the organization use your time wisely?
Would you recommend this group to a friend?
What one change could this group make that would improve your volunteer experience?
broaden their partership pool. They don't have a big budget which limits them a lot on what they can do.
Did your volunteer experience have an effect on you? (teaching you a new skill, or introducing new friends, etc.)
I met two wonderful and life long friends. Last year, one of them, came to visit me for a few days from London here in L.A. had a wonderful time. She was on her way to volunteer in the Philippiness.
How did this volunteer experience make you feel?
I felt welcomed and appreciated. Everyone I met and worked with put their best effort forward in understanding my limited spanish. I really enjoyed my time at the orphanage.
When was your last experience with this nonprofit? | <urn:uuid:a82887fd-95b9-4305-893f-b6a9d648c1b4> | 2013-05-27T02:55:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I'm a smoker. There, I said it. I'm not the guy who goes outside three or four times a day at work to have a cigarette. I'm not the guy who has to have a smoke at breakfast, lunchtime or dinner. But I like to have a few smokes in the evening. I don't know why. It can't be an addiction, or I would do it all day long. But in the evening, I like to have a few smokes.
Oh, and when I'm drinking, or when I'm gambling. Then too. I know I should quit completely, I know that its bad for me. But I do it anyway. But I'm gonna quit. Completely. Honestly. I really will. Someday. | <urn:uuid:af730bd4-dc17-43d0-8e83-b0b999c0cf65> | 2013-05-26T09:34:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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At the School for Good and Evil, failing your fairy tale is not an option.
Welcome to the School for Good and Evil, where best friends Sophie and Agatha are about to embark on the adventure of a lifetime.
With her glass slippers and devotion to good deeds, Sophie knows she'll earn top marks at the School for Good and join the ranks of past students like Cinderella, Rapunzel, and Snow White. Meanwhile, Agatha, with her shapeless black frocks and wicked black cat, seems a natural fit for the villains in the School for Evil.
The two girls soon find their fortunes reversed—Sophie's dumped in the School for Evil to take Uglification, Death Curses, and Henchmen Training, while Agatha finds herself in the School for Good, thrust among handsome princes and fair maidens for classes in Princess Etiquette and Animal Communication.
But what if the mistake is actually the first clue to discovering who Sophie and Agatha really are . . . ?
The School for Good and Evil is an epic journey into a dazzling new world, where the only way out of a fairy tale is to live through one. | <urn:uuid:44315a8e-c97b-45d7-8b49-43db913aa264> | 2013-05-26T09:36:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Well, presumably when you mentally masturbate, your thinking is not productive or practical. Just as certain prudish people would have us abstain from the unproductive ways of onanism, those who would censor "mental masturbation" believe thoughts should make something. Like semen, thoughts should be put to use.
To me, thinking is a practice in and of itself and hence is inherently practical. Thinking is a kind of doing such as, say, running. It's an activity. Unless we say that running is physical masturbation as it's not practical. After all, you're not running to get anywhere such as the book store.
The runner might retort that his running makes him more physically fit which, in turn, makes him happier and healthier. In that sense, running is a practical activity.
But couldn't I say the same thing about thinking? Maybe I'm not trying to solve a problem but I'm making myself smarter and therefore healthier and happier. Oh, and the endorphins! Good mental masturbation is a great natural high.
And then there's the fact that thinking makes connections between things and, in so doing, creates the world. So when people are sitting quietly thinking on their own and not trying to solve a problem per se — when they are mentally friggin' themselves — they are making novel connections in the universe, creating new possibilities of life. And what, I ask, is more productive than that?
For example, when I was teaching, I'd sometimes find myself following a peculiar line of thought that had occurred to me mid-lecture. I could tell at some point that my students were not following me. It's not because what I was thinking was so startlingly smart. It was usually because my thinking had turned rather idiosyncratic — it was a train of thinking of my own making, decipherable to no one else, more or less. But this line of thinking would have an odd kind of allure, seducing me, enticing me: Come hither, it'd whisper in a throaty whisper, and I would.
Now, this is often a supremely pleasurable thing to do: to follow an idea into strange territory, making bold — if, at times, stupid — leaps of logic. But talking about it to others quickly becomes not just strange, annoying, and pedantic. It becomes obscene. Ergo, mental masturbation.
In this case, the crime of mental masturbation is akin to the crime of so-called TMI — divulging too much personal information in a social setting. It's a matter of etiquette. But continuing to call it mental masturbation is anti-intellectualism, the ploy of the dim witted. And it gives one of my favorite activities a bad name.
So I'm taking back mental masturbation from the anti-intellectuals. I think alone and for pleasure, dammit, and I'm proud! | <urn:uuid:9ddee6f2-5ff9-496a-8883-f6c9ce56ed21> | 2013-05-26T09:33:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From Holocron - Star Wars Combine
|Average Height||1.7 meters |
|Skin color||Gold to yellow-brown with dark stripes |
|Distinctions||Lion-like aliens |
|Average lifespan||Up to 79 standard years old |
|Known Members||List of known Cathar|
Biology and Appearance
The Cathar are a race of feline-like, biped humanoids from Cathar, a planet of savannas and rough uplands. The Cathar have fur-covered bodies with thick manes. They have prominent, retractable claws that can deliver powerful killing attacks on foes and prey. Their bodies also possess rapid healing abilities. On average, Cathar are 1.5 to 1.9 meters tall. These traits make them the perfect hand-to-hand specialists.
Society and Culture
They are known for their loyalty, passion, and temper. Quick and powerful, they are considered great warriors and dedicated, efficient predators. Their females are prized as slaves, whereas the males are generally considered too uncontrollable for slavery.
On their homeworld, Cathar live in cities built into giant trees, and are organized into clans governed by "Elders." Stories of their great heroes are often carved into the trunks of these tree-homes for following generations to see. The Cathar mate for life, to the extent that when one mate dies, the survivor never has a relationship with another. Cathar clan society includes great pageants and celebrations, especially for their heroes. Their religion includes a ritual known as the "Blood Hunt," in which Cathar warriors individually engage in combat against entire nests of Kiltik in order to gain honor and purge themselves of inner darkness. The native language of the Cathar is Catharese, which includes the emphasis of some spoken words with a growl.
The planet of Cathar was devastated by the Mandalorians during the Battle of Cathar, leading to the enslavement and near-extinction of the Cathar species. Over 90 percent of the species were killed by the Mandalorians in the battle. The few survivors were forced to flee offworld to survive. After the end of the Mandalorian Wars Cathar began to resettle their world and by the time of the Galactic Civil War, it had fully recovered from the damage the Mandalorians had done.
Force-sensitive Cathar often became Jedi, even though the Jedi way tended to be in opposition to their natural tendencies.
References: - http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Cathar | <urn:uuid:50a33d8d-41d4-4419-a59a-5d22961b2b6c> | 2013-05-26T09:42:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The kindergarten have been planning to offer a preventive program on sexual assault for young children, but they were still deliberating about this. After what happened, they are now ready to start, but how? By looking for the best program available.
I got hold of one program that they call, 'Ich bin doch kein Heini!?' ('I am nevertheless not Heini!?'). The puppet, Heini, would be the main 'speaker' of the program. The children would show "Heini" behaviors that would hopefully expose their self-assurance and self-confident. They would learn basic skills that build self-worth, self-confidence and good judgment. The moderators of the program would then integrate police know-hows with competent, social educational skills.
The children would be shown how to react opposite strangers, in different situations in which they would be alone; meaning, no presence of their parents.
But a part of the program would also involve the parents. Because the program's concept is to provide the resources for reinforcing the skills the children would need in preventing such things to happen. The key to the success of the program is to encourage the change of behavior and to encourage the children to follow the rules. That would mean more awareness on the part of the parents, of course.
The program is also based on the 'Feelings Yes, Feelings No' from Canada. It reinforces the children's understanding of yes and no feelings, provides them with a simple, non-threatening definition of sexual assault, and introduces them to skills that will aid them in assessing situations involving strangers. It also hopes to give children the skills necessary to protect themselves from sexual assault--from strangers, from family members, from other trusted persons.
The program would focus on behavior or reactions when the children faces a stranger's on the door, in a car or in the playground. Thus, it would be easier for the kids to react right when faced with these everyday situations. Role playing would be done during the 45 minute program. This sounds just right.
The thing is, the program states that they recommend that only kids from 6 years old up should join the program as the younger ones would not be able to appreciate and understand the danger in those situations.
Which made me think, are our younger kids really so open to these bad elements in the community? Therefore, as parents, it is really our responsibility to protect our kids; that is until they reach the age of 6 in which they could undergo this preventive project because then they would understand how perilous some situations could be. Of course, I know we should take care of the kids, it's just that even these professionals admit that the smallest are really vulnerable.
Headache is knocking... I need to think. | <urn:uuid:a2bb7a16-4ab2-4d68-b509-55f79e0bc0f2> | 2013-05-27T02:55:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Teachers love to assign book reports. Did you ever wonder why? Sure, you could think of it as a cruel attempt to force you to read. But it might be a little more than that!
Your teacher's goal is to broaden your understanding of the world and society. That is what good books do!
What Is Included in a Book Report?
Book report content will vary according to grade level. Middle grade-level book reports will provide the basic details about a book, a summary of the plot, and some comments regarding the student's opinions and impressions.
As students mature and advance, the book reports should include a little more.
As students enter high school and higher grades, they will start to explain and explore the messages that are contained in books--messages about life and its important experiences. Students will begin to share their own opinions about these messages (themes) contained in books.
Your Book Report Introduction
The introduction segment of your book report provides an opportunity to make a good first impression!
You should try to write a strong introductory sentence that grabs your reader's attention. Somewhere in your first paragraph, you should also state the book's title (italicized), the topic, and the author's name.
High school-level papers should include publication information as well as brief statements about the book's angle, the genre, the theme, and a hint about the writer's feelings in the introduction.
First Paragraph Example: Middle School Level:The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is a book about a young man growing up during the Civil War. Henry Fleming is the main character of the book. As Henry watches and experiences the tragic events of the war, he grows up and changes his attitudes about life.
First Paragraph Example: High School Level:
Can you identify one experience that changed your entire view of the world around you? Henry Fleming, the main character in The Red Badge of Courage, begins his life-changing adventure as a naive young man, eager to experience the glory of war. He soon faces the truth about life, war, and his own self-identity on the battlefield, however. The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is a coming of age novel, published by D. Appleton and Company in 1895, about thirty years after the Civil War ended. In this book, the author reveals the ugliness of war, and examines its relationship to the pain of growing up.
Before you get started on the body of the report, take a few minutes to jot down some helpful information by considering the following points.
- Did you enjoy the book?
- Was it well written?
- What was the genre?
- (fiction) Which characters play important roles that relate to the overall theme?
- Did you notice reoccurring symbols?
- Is this book a part of a series?
- (nonfiction) Can you identify the writer's thesis?
- What is the writing style?
- Did you notice a tone?
- Was there an obvious slant or bias?
ConclusionAs you lead to your final paragraph, consider some additional impressions and opinions:
- Was the ending satisfactory (for fiction)?
- Was the thesis supported by strong evidence (for non-ficton)?
- What interesting or notable facts do you know about the author?
- Would you recommend this book?
Conclude your report with a paragraph or two that covers these additional points. Some teachers prefer that you re-state the name and author of the book in the concluding paragraph. As always, consult your specific assignment guide. | <urn:uuid:f0d5fd91-0aa2-45fe-b167-6cb822a108a1> | 2013-05-26T09:35:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1 Cup all purpose flour
1/4 Cup plus 1 tablespoon sugar
1 Teaspoon baking powder
1/2 Teaspoon cinnamon
1/2 Teaspoon salt
1 Teaspoon vanilla
1 Tablespoon unsalted butter, melted
1/4 Cup plus 2 tablespoons buttermilk
2 Tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
1/4 Cup sugar
1 Tablespoon cinnamon
Spray a mini doughnut pan with non-stick cooking spray and fill each cavity about 2/3 full. Note that if you fill them more, the doughnuts will rise above the pan and look more like mini muffins than doughnuts. Bake in a pre-heated 350 degree oven for 10 - 11 minutes. The doughnuts will not be very brown but they should be springy to the touch. Allow them to cool in the pan for about 5 minutes before turning them out.
While they're baking, combine the 1/4 cup of sugar with the tablespoon of cinnamon in a bowl and have the 2 tablespoons of melted butter ready in another bowl. Quickly dip each doughnut into the butter and then roll them around in the cinnamon sugar mixture. This recipe makes 24 mini doughnuts. I have a 12 cavity pan so I made them in two batches. | <urn:uuid:296c9aab-3b3f-4f84-9466-9be8d6b2afa3> | 2013-05-26T09:34:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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hyperbole examples for kids: story
A hyperbole is simply a phrase with an exaggeration that is meant to have impact. Hyperboles are not literal. They're meant to paint a funny picture or make a point. Here are some examples of hyperboles to illustrate the point and to help you identify them when they come up in speech or writing.
* I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse!
* You snore louder than a freight train.
* He sleeps like a log. | <urn:uuid:2eb063c5-0dd7-4481-8291-79ca40e4478e> | 2013-05-27T02:54:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Skip to Main Content
We consider an orthogonal space-frequency block coded (OSFBC) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system under multi-tone interference and multi-path fading environment. An approximate analytic expression for the bit error probability of OSFBC-OFDM system with a block code matrix for four transmit antennas is derived and the derivation methodology for other code matrices is summarized. The bit error rate simulations are performed for QPSK signals and compared with the theoretical results. The influences of the total energy of multi-tone interference and the fraction of interfered bandwidth are investigated. | <urn:uuid:9cc5897d-c6cb-4030-9ffb-fb797b87ce45> | 2013-05-27T02:56:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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French Montana's "Pop That
" single featuring Lil Wayne
and others has entered the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
chart at #57, which makes this Weezy
's 100th entry on the chart. This is a big achievement for Tunechi
as he is only the third music artist and second rapper to hit the 100th mark! He has 31 solo tracks and has been featured on 69 records that have appeared on Billboard
's chart to bring his total to ... | <urn:uuid:c996db4d-1a91-4b74-ad4f-215ebd7a44f8> | 2013-05-26T09:37:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I really like how my friends dress. Sometimes I like hanging out with them just because they all look so good! Today was an example of this.
alex hackworth. a living god since ‘94
obviously alex was referring to me. Obviously.
- josephgordonloveme reblogged this from mydumbassopinion and added:
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- st-vincent-van-gogh posted this | <urn:uuid:6354fe05-8be5-4364-9d99-26458d111019> | 2013-05-26T09:35:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1. Commissioned as an officer in 19 Hyderabad Regiment (now Kumaon Regiment) on 30th Aug 1923, he commanded 6/19 Hyderabad Regiment from 17th Dec 1942 to 28th Aug 1945. He was the first Indian Commandant of The Kumaon Regiment Centre from 2nd Oct 1946 to 12th Dec 1946.
2. Later, he was Commander of 268 Infantry Brigade British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) in JAPAN in 1946-47. He was also Brigade Commander of the famous Lushai Brigade in Burma in 1947. In Dec 1947 he was appointed General Officer Commanding Madras Area and was Adjutant General at Army Headquarters from Jan 1948 to Aug 1948. Later he commanded 5 Corps. He was Chief of the Army Staff from 14th May 1955 to 7th May 1957. | <urn:uuid:9ba8ec28-a320-4b09-8722-c069dcbd4e0e> | 2013-05-26T09:35:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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If you're overweight, your primary care physician will help assess the role your weight plays in your knee pain and recommend a plan of treatment accordingly. Most likely, a plan for weight loss will be part of your treatment. Many knee problems can be avoided by maintaining a healthy weight.
Carrying extra weight is directly related to knee pain. A 2008 review article in the journal Obesity found that obesity (defined as having a body mass index of 30 or above) leads to pain, limits activity, and increases the risk of needing a total knee replacement. In 2003, Obesity Research published a study of 5,700 Americans over age 60. It showed that the more obese a person was, the more likely he or she was to experience knee pain. About 56% of severely obese people had significant knee pain, compared with 15% of people who were not overweight.
Such findings are not surprising when you consider that with each step on level ground, you put one to one-and-a-half times your body weight on each knee. So a 200-pound person can put 300 pounds of pressure on each knee with each step. The burden is even higher when you go up and down stairs (two or three times as much weight) or squat (four or five times). So if you're 50 pounds overweight, the simple act of going downstairs and squatting to move clothes from the washer to the dryer puts hundreds of extra pounds of force on your knees.
Related Video: Osteoarthritis of the Knee
See how osteoarthritis develops when cartilage in the knee tears or erodes and the bones begin to rub together. | <urn:uuid:c7e0f741-7ba1-4722-b64a-cc40b99370d9> | 2013-05-26T09:41:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Iowa Lakes is proud of the academic honors earned by its students. An honors list is published each term honoring full-time students who have earned a grade point average of 3.25 or higher. The list is released to area news media.
Candidates for graduation who have earned a cumulative GPA of 3.25 or higher are also honored at the commencement ceremony.
Three classes of recognition are indicated:
- Cum laude: 3.25 - 3.49
- Magna cum laude: 3.50 - 3.74
- Summa cum laude: 3.75 - 4.00
Graduation honors are also posted on the academic record based on the final cumulative GPA. | <urn:uuid:37f77540-54ff-4fe8-bf41-17a5822510cd> | 2013-05-26T09:41:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Just had a quick question regarding the capabilities of an iPhone.
To what extent can an iPhone connected to a dock control the external device that hosts the dock with an iPhone app ?
For example: Lets assume I have a radio which also has a dock to mount the iPhone. Will it be possible for me to create an iPhone app that can control the radios tuner?
Would be really really helpful if someone can clarify the extent to which an iPhone can control an external device through a dock!
Thank you in advance!! | <urn:uuid:067ce994-d47e-4d53-bc01-c4227fc8f087> | 2013-05-26T09:44:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fri August 17, 2012
Sacha Baron Cohen: The Fresh Air Interview
Originally published on Fri August 17, 2012 10:12 am
This interview was originally broadcast on May 21, 2012. Sacha Baron Cohen's The Dictator is now out on DVD.
Actor and writer Sacha Baron Cohen is famous for taking his characters — Ali G., Borat, Bruno — into the real world, interacting with people who have no idea that they're dealing with a fictional character. But his new movie, The Dictator, is a scripted comedy about a tyrant on the loose in New York.
On why he enjoyed playing a dictator
"Dictators are ludicrous characters, and, you know, in my career and in my life, I've always enjoyed sort of inhabiting these ludicrous, larger-than-life characters that somehow exist in the real world. And just looking around, you know, over the last 10 years in particular, I kind of became obsessed [with] Colonel Gadhafi, amongst others, but Gadhafi in particular because he was so over the top. His dress style was so flamboyant, so ridiculous. In fact it could only really get to that level of absurdity by the fact that he was somebody who was unquestioned. You know, it's a bit like when you walk around Los Angeles, and you see some of these stars dressed in a peculiar way, the reason they're dressed like that is that no one actually questions them."
On Gadhafi's flatulence
Baron Cohen: "He, you know, is notorious for breaking wind furiously during various BBC interviews."
Gross: "Do they edit that out, or do they leave that in?"
Baron Cohen: "They actually, they did a little piece on it because after he did the interview, they noticed that he was breaking wind, not only breaking wind but sort of raising himself up before breaking wind in a kind of proud moment of defiance of Western journalistic standards."
On the design of the set:
"I said [to the set designer] 'Listen, we want to create this new country that is not quite in the Middle East, it's not quite in Africa, but, you know, it has elements of Gadhafi, it has elements of the United Arab Emirates, it has elements of Turkmenistan. We don't want it to be specific, but we want it to feel real."
On Borat speaking in Hebrew in the movie Borat
"I do like the irony of Borat, a deeply anti-Semitic character, speaking Hebrew, and this guy [in The Dictator,] who you know, wants to annihilate Israel, is also speaking Hebrew."
On why the movie The Dictator, unlike Borat, is scripted
"We actually just thought we could make a better movie if it had a script and, you know, didn't involve real people. I think pulling off, pulling off a kind of fake documentary of me being a, you know, actual dictator would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible. We got away with it on Borat because Kazakhstan was a real country. So you could say, 'I'm from Kazakhstan National Television.' People would look up Kazakhstan, and it existed. But if I came this time and said, 'I'm from Wadiya,' they'd, you know, look it up and realize it didn't exist, and if I said listen, 'I'm the dictator of Turkmenistan or, you know, or Libya,' they could look it up on Wikipedia and realize that I'm not. So it would have been impossible to, you know, have this real story."
On being brave
"I don't know if I'm brave. Yeah, I mean, I don't know if I'm brave. I think I think in the moment. So when I'm in character, I'm in character, and I'm obviously thinking about what's going on around me, but it's easier to do stuff when you're in character."
On the police and FBI following his characters
"There was a time, you know, I got so used to the police turning up. You know, with Borat, I think they came about 45 times. Sometimes it was the police, then the FBI were following us for a while. They had so many complaints that there was a Middle Eastern man ... driving through America in an ice cream van, that the FBI assigned a team to us. And so we had the FBI and then we had the Secret Service. But there were so many of these instances, and with Bruno as well, that for a while it would take about six months afterwards for me not to totally freak out whenever I saw a policeman."
DAVE DAVIES, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Our first guest, actor and writer Sacha Baron Cohen, is famous for taking his characters into the real world and interacting with people who have no idea that they're dealing with a fictitious character.
He's done it with his characters Ali G, a hip-hop wannabe and clueless TV interviewer, Borat, a misogynistic, anti-Semitic and all-around clueless man from Kazakhstan, and Bruno, an Austrian, gay fashion reporter who comes to America and is, of course, clueless and incredibly inappropriate.
In Baron Cohen's latest movie, "The Dictator," which comes out on DVD next week, he plays General Aladeen, the tyrannical ruler of the fictitious North African country Wadiya, and he travels to Manhattan to address the U.N. Terry spoke with Sacha Baron Cohen last May, when "The Dictator" was in theaters.
Here's a clip from the film. The clueless dictator is in a health food store, run by an environmentally dedicated young feminist played by Anna Faris.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOVIE, "THE DICTATOR")
ANA FARIS: (As Zoey) Anyway, let me give you the grand tour. Up on the roof we've got this amazing organic garden, and...
SACHA BARON COHEN: (As Aladeen) Boring. Do you sell any assault rifles?
FARIS: (As Zoey) Oh wait, I got it. Humor, right? I took a feminist clown workshop once. Help, help, I'm trapped under a glass ceiling. I wasn't the best student, but...
COHEN: (As Aladeen) You seem educated.
FARIS: (As Zoey) Yes, I went to Amherst.
COHEN: (As Aladeen) I love it when women go to school. It's like seeing a monkey on roller skates. It means nothing to them, but it's so adorable for us.
TERRY GROSS, HOST:
Sacha Baron Cohen, welcome back to FRESH AIR. Thank you so much for coming back to the show.
COHEN: Thank you for having me back, Terry.
GROSS: So this is the first time that you have a character that comes to America, and it's scripted. You know, Bruno's come to America, Ali G's come to America, Borat's come to America, but that has been your character coming and actually talking to real people who didn't know who the characters were and didn't know that they were, you know, made-up characters.
So what are some of the differences for you - first of all, why did you do this as a scripted film? My assumption would be because it was unsafe to do it any other way at this point, between how famous you are now, more people are in on the joke, lawsuits, you've risked your life in other films for the joke. So I assume that's among the reasons why this one's scripted.
COHEN: That's it, and the biggest one was a creative one. We actually just thought we could make a better movie if it had a script and, you know, didn't involve real people. I think pulling off, pulling off a kind of fake documentary of me being a, you know, actual dictator would have been extremely difficult, if not impossible because, you know, we got away with it on "Borat" because Kazakhstan was a real country. So you could say I'm from Kazakhstan National Television, and people would look up Kazakhstan, and it existed.
But if I came this time and said I'm from Wadiya, they'd, you know, look it up and realize it didn't exist, and if I said listen, I'm the dictator of Turkmenistan or, you know, or Libya, they could look it up on Wikipedia and realize that I'm not. So it would have been impossible to, you know, have this real story.
Plus it had got extremely dangerous. On "Bruno," I remember towards the end, you know, we loved the experience. But I did say to the team, you know, at some point we've got to stop because you can only be so lucky, and we'd been incredibly lucky, We were very close a lot of times to, you know, sustaining real injuries and not just me, the crew as well. You know, there was a lot of kind of very violent situations, and we were antagonizing a lot of people who were armed, which we hadn't really dealt with in "Borat."
But with "Bruno," we felt that because he was sort of more of an unlikeable figure, in a way, that you would have to put him in slightly more dangerous situations and situations of homophobia. You know, and in a lot of places where we were dealing with homophobes, a lot of those guys were armed. And so it became - you know, we were very lucky that there wasn't really a problem.
GROSS: Well, I can definitely see why you're doing scripted movies now.
GROSS: In the don't-push-your-luck category.
COHEN: Yeah, I've got to say I do miss some of the fun. I miss a lot of it.
GROSS: Well, it must be so weird not to have - I assume, like, you have permits to shoot on the street, and you might have police protecting you as opposed to police trying to arrest you. That must be a new feeling for you.
COHEN: Yes. I mean there was a time, you know, I got so used to the police turning up. You know, with "Borat" I think they came about 45 times. Sometimes it was the police, then the FBI were following us for a while. They thought that - they had so many complaints that there was a Middle Eastern man, and this was Borat, who is supposedly from Kazakhstan, a Middle Eastern man driving through America in an ice cream van, that the FBI assigned a team to us.
And so we had the FBI and then we had the Secret Service. But there were so many of these instances, and with "Bruno" as well, that for a while it would take about six months afterwards for me not to totally freak out whenever I saw a policeman. And so it was totally bizarre shooting "The Dictator," to actually have cops protecting me. It was...
(SOUNDBITE OF MOVIE)
COHEN: ...quite ironic. I mean, a lot of the cops loved it, you know. But, I mean, there was one time during the filming of "The Dictator," there's one shot where we are just driving down the street, and I suddenly saw a bunch of police around a hotel room. I said all right, wait a minute, stop the car, and it turned out that Ahmadinejad was staying at the hotel. And I said, all right, great. We've got to shoot something here.
And so basically Ahmadinejad's convoy arrived and, you know, it's a bit of the movie where the dictator is down and out in New York on the street and no one recognizes him because he's had his beard shaved off. And so I was there saying, you know, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, it's me. I've still got your tennis shorts. What are you doing? It's me. Ahmadine, where are you? You know, my friend, (unintelligible), you know, you are my doubles badminton partner, why you're not responding?
COHEN: Anyway, the police were so scared. They all were fans and they were, you know, they were saying listen, please don't ruin this for us. We've got, you know, they've asked, you know, the Iranian government have asked us to look after Ahmadinejad. So, you know, if you cross the street we will have to arrest you. So there is a - there's a shot in the movie that is, that we use. You see me surrounded by five cops and those guys are real.
GROSS: And they...
GROSS: And they didn't arrest you.
COHEN: No, they didn't arrest me but they made it clear if I was going to cross the road that they'd arrest me. So, and I've got this thing where I can't get arrested in America, otherwise my visa then becomes taken away from me.
GROSS: So one of the things you stay away from in "The Dictator" is religion. We don't know if this dictator is Muslim. There's no mention of Islam, there's no mention of the prophet Muhammad, and that's a good thing, I think, because I don't think it's - I mean, Muslims are very offended by anything that parodies the religion but also especially it's considered sacrilege to, you know, parody in any way the prophet. Did you intentionally try to avoid that so as not to be misunderstood, so as not to insult people who you had no interest in insulting?
COHEN: Exactly. I mean, firstly again, he's not an Arab dictator, and he actually says that he isn't in the movie. And so we wanted to really ensure that he was not Arabic in any way. So we created a new language - well, I say that, but he actually speaks at times in Hebrew, which would be strange for...
GROSS: Like Borat did.
COHEN: Exactly, which would be strange for an Arabic dictator. And we created a new alphabet, which was actually a form of Manchu, which is a dialect, Chinese dialect. And we wanted to make sure the architecture was, you know, not exactly Arabic, as well. So we wanted it to be Arabesque but have influences of Africa and other dictatorships, as well.
And in terms of the religion, you know, he's not a Muslim. His religion is himself. You know, he's turned himself into a demigod. You know, and also we wanted to really make it clear particularly after the Arab spring that this was in no way a parody of Arabs. This was a parody of people who oppress Arabs and people who oppress other people around the world.
So that was kind of really crucial, you know, for me to, you know, put out there to show that, you know, that we do support, you know, the rights of people to be free, whatever their religion.
GROSS: Do you get any criticisms from Hebrew-speaking people for using Hebrew in your movies and passing it off as the language of the oppressor or the language of - yeah?
COHEN: Well, when - during the premiere of "Borat" in Israel, they had a screening, and about two-thirds of the way through, somebody shouted in the back row, you know, (unintelligible), which means he's speaking Hebrew. And at that point, the whole audience erupted in applause. You know, I think they loved it, you know, the irony.
I do like the irony of Borat, a deeply anti-Semitic character, speaking Hebrew, and this guy, who is the - you know, wants to annihilate Israel, is also speaking Hebrew.
DAVIES: Sacha Baron Cohen, speaking with Terry Gross. We'll hear more after a break; this is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
DAVIES: We're listening to Terry's interview recorded in May with Sacha Baron Cohen. His movie "The Dictator" is out on DVD next week.
GROSS: So the movie is scripted, but in promoting the movie you did things that were just in character, and this was really hysterical, when the Academy Awards people - I guess it's the National Academy of Arts and Sciences?
GROSS: When you were told that he couldn't show up in character for the red carpet, you did a really hysterical video in character in your full dictator regalia with your virgin bodyguards protecting you. And I'm going to play the clip of - we'll just hear the audio of that video that you did.
(SOUNDBITE OF VIDEO)
COHEN: (As General Aladeen) Good morning, great Satan of America. How are you? I am fine. Thank you. On behalf of the nation of Wadiya, I am outraged at being banned from the Oscars by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Zionists. While I applaud the Academy for taking away my right to free speech, I warn you that if you do not lift your sanctions and give me my tickets back by 12:00 p.m. on Sunday, you will face unimaginable consequences.
(As Aladeen) Furthermore, it is an act of aggression that nobody in films have been recognized by the Academy. Where are the nominations for such classic films as "When Harry Kidnapped Sally," "You've Got Mail Bomb" or "Planet of the Rapes"? On top of all this, I paid Hilary Swank $2 million to be my date, and she will not refund a penny.
(As Aladeen) My Sunday calendar is now as empty as a North Korean grocery store. But whatever happens, I still plan to attend director Brett Ratner's after-party, since it's impossible to catch herpes twice. Death to the West. Death to America. And good luck, Billy Crystals(ph). You're fantastic. How was that? Did I sound crazy enough?
GROSS: That's Sasha Baron Cohen in character as The Dictator, after he was banned from the Oscars. Why were you banned in character?
COHEN: I don't know. I mean I'll tell why I was invited. I was invited to the Oscars originally because I did this movie "Hugo" with Martin Scorsese, and the movie got nominated for a few awards. And so I think he was quite an unprecedented thing that the Academy essentially banned me from coming with a beard on. And...
GROSS: And this was to the red carpet and to the Oscars?
COHEN: Yes. I was not allowed to come. So the head of the...
GROSS: Could you have come yourself or just not come in character?
COHEN: They said I could come as myself. Yes. But the dictator was not to be dictated to.
COHEN: So, but the head of the Academy called my up agent and threatened him, and it became kind of like a, you know, semi kind of mafia-like threat of, you know, if I turned up within half a mile of the Oscars, he said that I would be arrested by one of the 250 plainclothes FBI officers that were, you know, under his command.
They said that there would be repercussions for my career in Hollywood, that I would 0 you know, there'd be repercussions for the film "Hugo." And so - so I issued that statement.
GROSS: But you defied the Academy. You actually showed up in character as the dictator on the red carpet. How did you decide to defy them?
COHEN: Well, they actually capitulated. I mean I put that video out saying that they had until 12:00 and it was obviously, it was a kind of jokey threat, but they actually gave in and they gave, handed me back my two tickets. So...
GROSS: OK. So what you did was, you were talking to Ryan Seacrest, who was doing, you know, the red carpet stuff and, you know, broadcasting from the red carpet, and he was interviewing you and you explained that you had Kim Jong Il's ashes in the urn and that like, oops, you accidentally spill them all over his beautiful tuxedo jacket. And I think you've explained that the, quote, ashes were actually flour and baking flour.
COHEN: Yes. Yes. It was flour. And then I was showing him the irony that the urn was actually made in South Korea. And so I lifted it up and it spilled on him.
GROSS: So I kept trying to put myself in Ryan Seacrest's shoes because it was a very funny stunt. At the same time I'm thinking like, God, this is, like, his big night. It's almost, like, you know, in the movie "Carrie," when she's, like, she's finally, like, she's prom queen, they like her after all, and then she has the pig blood spilled on her.
Did you worry, like, you were going to ruin his night, and maybe the flour wasn't going to come out of the jacket and he'd have to be on like global television with a stained jacket for the rest of the evening?
COHEN: Well, I think that's why it was flour rather than something that could stain, and that's why it was something that you could really brush off. And also, that's also the reason, you know, I was, you know, sitting with my co-writer and we were saying, you know, who do we - who do we spill it on, and we only came up with the idea the night before.
And, you know, we thought, you know, do we do it on Clooney or Brad Pitt? And I thought no, we can't do it on them because that really is their big night, you know, that is, you know, Hollywood is celebrating them for the, you know, their, you know, achievement in movies.
You know, really the journalists on the red carpet are just there to, you know, talk about what suit you're wearing and what, you know, and promote various fashion labels. So to cover a suit that was given by a fashion label with a bit of flour that could be brushed off we thought wasn't really such a terrible thing.
And also, after the actual event, I sent him a new jacket that was identical with a little label inside, which said made in the Republic of Wadiya by child slavery.
GROSS: Any regrets about anything you've done in character that looking back you think did cross the line and was maybe, like, hurtful in a way you didn't want to be or inappropriate in a way that you did expect it to be?
COHEN: There's always a discussion before anything is done. It's, you know, me and my co-writer or, you know, this can be co-writers, and we sit around and discuss the morality of a particular act, you know, is the subject worthy of, you know, having an hour of their time wasted?
Or - and if something worse is happening, you know, then, you know, for example, the hunters in Arkansas, when I'm Bruno, and I'm coming onto them, you know, and being flirtatious with them, which really isn't such a terrible thing.
If a woman was being flirtatious with a man, I don't think a man would get extremely upset; he might blush. But - so there was no real logical reason why a man being flirtatious with another man should get a man incredibly upset unless the subject exhibited some deep-rooted homophobia.
So, you know, when it's something like that, we do always question the morality. And, for example, if a woman was pregnant or, you know, there was somebody who was poor or somebody who was undeserving, you know, I'm certainly much more reluctant to do anything, and those people would be ruled out.
And, you know, if you look at the Ali G show and you look at generally the people who I interview, they tend to be white, wealthy, powerful males, you know, in positions of extreme influence.
GROSS: So in addition to your movie late last year there was "Hugo," Martin Scorsese's movie, which is based on a book about, you know, a children's or a young adolescent's novel about the rediscovery of the very early filmmaker George Melies.
And I'm just thinking what it must've been like for you to not only be in character but to be in somebody else's character. It's not a character you created. It's not something you have a lot of control over, and also you probably have to do a lot of takes, as you would in any movie, not only to get it right but just to get, you know, get it from different angles which the film director will need, you know, coverage.
Do you have the patience for that? Since you're so into, for lack of a better word, you know, like, guerilla filmmaking.
COHEN: Yes, I did. I mean, part of the reason I agreed to do that movie was I knew I was going to make "The Dictator." I knew it was a different genre, and I knew I had to learn how to make a real movie. And so I said, you know, Marty, if I make this movie, do you mind if I sit by your side and ask you a variety of inane and, you know, often idiotic questions about how to make a movie?
And he said fine. And I ended up sitting next to him by the monitor, watching how he directed.
GROSS: What's a kind of question you asked him?
COHEN: Well, I would ask basic stuff like - because there's so much improvisation on my movies, you know, because it's a scripted movie but, you know, we improvise a lot. So, you know, we do a couple of takes that are scripted and then half an hour of improvisation.
So I said how do we make it an interesting shot? And he said, well, you know, I said how do we get any movement to the camera while we're improvising? Because often, comedies can be very, very static. And he said, well, he goes, you know, there's a method that Kurosawa uses, which is you put two cameras, you put them on sticks, and then you put them on dollies, and then you keep on moving them around.
And so, you know, he knows every movie that's been made since the beginning of cinema and actually in every continent, and he's memorized every single movie. So it was incredible. He was giving me incredibly obscure movies to look at, which inspired me for the character in "Hugo" and inspired me for "The Dictator."
And I kept on asking him about it and also asking the other people on set how I would, you know - I basically abused everyone on set and abused the fact that they were sitting ducks for six months.
GROSS: Well, Sacha Baron Cohen, it's been great to have you back. Thank you so much for coming back to our show.
COHEN: Thank you having me back. Thank you for letting me speak for so long.
DAVIES: Sacha Baron Cohen spoke with Terry Gross in May. His movie "The Dictator" is out on DVD next week. I'm Dave Davies, and this is FRESH AIR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio. | <urn:uuid:77b0b43e-a836-4a96-9286-338baeda3ffc> | 2013-05-27T02:55:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Annabel thinks her mom has the best life. If she were a grown-up, she could do whatever she wanted! Then one morning she wakes up to find she's turned into her mother . . . and she soon discovers it's not as easy as it looks!
When her father dies, ten-year-old Rebecca is sent to live with the mother she's been brought up to believe had abandoned her and, through a growing relationship with a troubled foster child, begins to accept her mother and some of the truths her father had always kept from her. | <urn:uuid:08e642d2-4c26-4c2f-9862-ca84b309617e> | 2013-05-27T02:53:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How Can I Help My Son Feel Better About Not Having Facial Hair?
My son is 14, and still hasn’t really started to develop any facial hair yet. I know he feels very self-conscious about it, since all of his friends have it. Is this normal? And what do I say to make him feel better? - Jackson
Puberty brings about so many changes, it's easy for kids to feel insecure about it. Acne, mood changes, growth spurts, and hormonal changes — it's all part of growing up and everyone goes through it, but not always at the same pace. Ideally, as a parent, you've already started talking to your son about the changes teens go through as they grow.
On average, boys begin going through puberty a little later than girls, usually around age 11 or 12. But different kids develop at different rates — starting anywhere between ages 9 and 14 is normal, so it's natural for your son to feel behind the curve.
If he continues to have questions or concerns about puberty and development that you can't answer, a visit to his doctor may help reassure him. | <urn:uuid:b44befc3-2c10-4189-9c6f-65c1fa50395a> | 2013-05-26T09:38:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Originally Posted by barkstonwill
Beverly Thrills: I have two questions.
If you had a friend of 15+ years and they said to you "I don't respect you as a person, I pity you"
and you had another friend of 15+ years and they said "You have done nothing with your life. You aren't married. You have no kids. You care nothing about a career"
1. If two lifelong friends said that to you before breaking off all contact with you except when they needed something, what would you think of them?
and considering the way the world is...
2.are they justified in saying such things to another human being?
I know you're not asking me, but I would think the first and second are totally different statements. If a close friend said they pitied me, I'd be hurt, but then a close friend wouldn't put it that way, even if they did pity you. They'd try to put it in a way that would help you, not just make you feel like ****. So if they said #1 to me, I would probably have no interest in being their friend anymore, although since they've known me 15 yrs, I would probably at least glance at my life and see if anything about it engendered pity.
As for the second one, thats easier. Marriage, kids and career do not an important life make. Are you doing what YOU want to do? Are you happy? Do you do anything to better the world? You could be a single childless Walmart employee, but if you spent all your spare time painting, hanging out with friends, and volunteering for mentally ill children's organizations, then I don't think there's anything wrong with your life, and your life is not a failure. | <urn:uuid:a1c546c2-6316-4d51-b62f-5c58e279a47b> | 2013-05-26T09:36:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As the release date for game developer Crispy's Tokyo Jungle approaches, more details of the game have been released. The latest info is survival points and a costume feature.
Survival points, as they are aptly named, are obtained by surviving the environment. How long your animal avatar has survived, how many calories they've consumed, how many times they've leveled up, and how many times they've procreated and moved on to the next generation, invading territory, and completing challenges all help to increase survival points which can be used to unlock more playable animals and to purchase costumes.
While the obvious question is why one needs animals to dress up in a survival game, images released show that different costumes provide different merits and minuses for the animals that are wearing them to increase their survivability, although, it's hard to see the survivability merits of a cow wearing a schoolgirl's outfit… There's one panty shot I DON'T want to see.
Tokyo Jungle will be released in Japan on June 7th.
Tokyo Jungle [Crispy's] | <urn:uuid:e6bcd6b4-e9b4-491c-9e24-92b9e8eb3709> | 2013-05-26T09:43:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Thu September 20, 2012
Why Pictures Can Sway Your Moral Judgment
Originally published on Thu September 20, 2012 8:41 am
When we think about morality, many of us think about religion or what our parents taught us when we were young. Those influences are powerful, but many scientists now think of the brain as a more basic source for our moral instincts.
The tools scientists use to study how the brain makes moral decisions are often stories, said Joshua Greene, a Harvard psychologist, citing one well-known example: "A trolley is headed toward five people, and the only way you can save them is to hit a switch that will turn the trolley away from the five and onto a side track, but if you turn it onto the side track, it will run over one person."
It's a moral dilemma. Greene and other researchers have presented this dilemma to research volunteers.
Most people say they would flip the switch and divert the trolley. They say they don't want to kill someone, but one innocent person dead is better than five innocent people dead.
What this shows is that people resolve the moral dilemma by doing a cost-benefit analysis. Greene says they look at the consequences of each choice, and pick the choice that does the least harm.
In other words, people are what philosophers would call utilitarians. Except, Greene tells me, sometimes they aren't.
He asked me to visualize another well-known dilemma:
"This time, you're on a footbridge, in between the oncoming trolley and the five people. And next to you is a big person wearing a big backpack. And the only way you can save those five people is to push this big guy off of the footbridge so that he lands on the tracks. And he'll get squashed by the train; you sort of use him as a trolley stopper. But you can save the five people."
Would you push the big guy to his death? More important, do you feel this moral dilemma is identical to the earlier one?
"In a certain sense, they're identical," Greene said. "Trade one life to save five. But psychologically, they're very different."
Pushing someone to their death feels very different from pushing a switch. When Greene gives people this dilemma, most people don't choose to push the big guy to his death.
In other words, people use utilitarian, cost-benefit calculations — sometimes. But other times, they make an emotional decision.
"There are certain lines that are drawn in the moral sand," Green said. "Some things are inherently wrong, or some things inherently must be done."
There's another dimension here that's interesting: If you watched yourself during the first dilemma, you may have noticed you had to think about whether you'd push that switch. In the footbridge dilemma, you probably didn't have to think — you just knew that pushing someone to his death is wrong.
Greene says we really have two completely different moral circuits in our brain.
When you listen to a dilemma, the two circuits literally have a fight inside your brain. Part of your brain says, slow down, think rationally — make a cost-benefit analysis. Another says, no, don't think about it. This is just wrong!
"These responses compete in a part of the brain called the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which is a kind of place where different types of values can be weighed against each other to produce an all-things-considered decision," Greene said.
So what makes the ventromedial prefrontal cortex go with the rational mode sometimes, and the emotional mode other times?
Greene and a colleague, Elinor Amit, thought closely about what was happening to people as they tipped from rational mode to an emotional mode. In new research they've just published in the journal Psychological Science, these psychologists say they have the answer.
"Emotional responses don't just pop out of nowhere," Greene said. "They have to be triggered by something. And one possibility is that you hear the words describing some event, you picture that event in your mind, and then you respond emotionally to that picture."
That's the key: Some dilemmas produce vivid images in our heads. And we're wired to respond emotionally to pictures. Take away the pictures — the brain goes into rational, calculation mode.
Here's how they found that out: Greene and Amit set up an experiment. They presented people with moral dilemmas that evoked strong visual images. As expected, the volunteers made emotional moral judgments. Then the psychologists made it difficult for volunteers to visualize the dilemma. They distracted them by making them visualize something else instead.
When that happened, the volunteers stopped making emotional decisions. Not having pictures of the moral dilemma in their head prompted them into rational, cost-benefit mode.
In another experiment, Greene and Amit also found that people who think visually make more emotional moral judgments. Verbal people make more rational calculations.
Amit says people don't realize how images tip the brain one way or another. And that can create biases we aren't even aware of.
She laid out a scenario to think about: "Imagine a horrible scenario in which a terrorist takes an ax and starts slaughtering people in a bus," she said. "I'm coming from Israel, so these are the examples that I have in my mind."
The story produces a movie in our heads. We can see blood everywhere. We can hear people screaming. We don't have to think at all. It feels terribly wrong.
Then Amit presented another kind of news event: A drone strike that sends a missile hurtling toward a target. At the center of the cross-hairs, an explosion. There's dust billowing everywhere.
"So if you learn about these events from television or from pictures in a newspaper, which one [would you] judge as more horrible?" Amit asked. "The person with the ax that killed maybe two people but the scene looks horrible and extremely violent, or the picture of the drone that killed 100 people but looks relatively clean and nice?"
To be sure, the events Amit describes are completely different. One's a terrorist attack, the other is a military action. But it's true the ax murderer instantly sends the brain into emotional mode.
The drone strike has less vivid imagery. You can't see, up close, what the missile does. So most people go into utilitarian mode — they start to think about the costs and benefits.
Amit's point is not that one mode is better than the other. It's something much more disturbing. As you listen to the news everyday, hidden circuits in your brain are literally changing the ground rules by which you judge events.
You think you're making consistent moral choices when, really, the movies playing in your head might be making your choices for you. | <urn:uuid:931eded2-9064-4b49-af05-621a6e11cda9> | 2013-05-26T09:34:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A day after President Obama called for an extension of tax cuts for 98% of Americans, his campaign is once again slamming his presidential opponent Mitt Romney for not releasing more of his tax returns.
Romney's wealth has remained a hot topic on the campaign trail in part simply because of its enormity contrasted against the global economic crisis, but also because of lingering questions on how he earned his fortune and maintains it.
A new Obama campaign video released Tuesday questions Romney's refusal to release more of his tax returns. The Republican presidential candidate has released one year, plus one estimate year.
From the video:
Mitt Romney is defying calls to release more than one year’s worth of tax returns.
The Romney campaign response?
“Just take our word for it.”
So why is Mitt Romney hiding the rest of his tax returns?
The less than two-minute video uses cable news clips and quotes from Romney during the GOP presidential primary to make its point that Obama's competitor is hiding something. | <urn:uuid:b4cfe6f7-dad6-4233-8c1d-083d86d12ed7> | 2013-05-27T02:55:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Less Wrong is a community blog devoted to refining the art of human rationality. Please visit our About page for more information.
I have a paper to write. Where do I start? The first time I asked this question, it was easy: just sit down and start typing. I wrote a few hundred words, then got stuck; I needed to think some more, so I took a break and did something else. Over the next few days, my thoughts on the subject settled, and I was ready to write again. So I sat down, and asked: What do I do next? Fortunately, my brain had a cached response ready to answer this question: Solitaire!
So I procrastinated, and every time I asked my brain what to write, I got back an answer like "Don't bother!". Now a deadline's approaching, and I still don't have much written, so I sit down to write again. This time, I'm determined: using my willpower, I will not allow myself to think about anything except for the paper and its topic. So I ask again: Where do I start? (Solitaire!) What thoughts come to mind? I should've started a week ago. Every time I think about this topic I get stuck. Maybe I shouldn't write this paper after all. These, too, are cached thoughts, generated during previous failed attempts to get started. These thoughts are much harder to clear, both because there are more of them, because of their emotional content, but I'm determined to do so anyways; I think through all the cached thoughts, return to the original question (Where do I start?), get my text editor open, start planning a section and... Ping! I have a new e-mail to read, I get distracted, and when I return half an hour later I have to clear those same cached thoughts again.
Many authors say to stop in the middle of a thought when you leave off, so that "Where do I start?" will always have an easy answer. This sounds like a solution, but it ignores the fact that you'll get stuck eventually, so that you have to stop, at a spot that won't be easy to come back to.
In order to stop procrastinating, there are two obstacles to overcome: A question to answer, and a cached answer to clear. The question is "What do I do first?" and the cached answer is "procrastinate more". Knowing that "procrastinate" was a cached answer makes it easier to get past, but the original question is still a problem. Why is deciding what to do first so often difficult?
When I'm programming, I make a long, unorded to-do list for each project, listing all of the features I plan to implement. When I finish one, I go back to the list to pick something to work on next. Sometimes, I can't decide; I just stare at the list for awhile, weighing the costs and benefits of each, until eventually something happens to distract me. Most of the items on that list are harmful options, which serve only to induce analysis paralysis. It's the same problem some people have ordering off restaurant menus, and the same solution works. Instead of considering a series of options and deciding for each whether it's good enough to settle on, choose one option as the current-best without considering it at all, and compare options against the current-best.
Usually, choosing where to start, or what to do next, requires generating options, not picking one off a menu. When choosing, say, the topic of the next chapter, it's easy to convince ourselves that we'll come up with the perfect answer, if only we think about it a little more. If we take the outside view, we can see that this is probably not the case; and if we let thinking about one decision crowd out everything else, and think about it long enough without reaching an answer, then eventually we will settle on Solitaire as the best choice. When deciding how much thought to apply, remember: The utility we get from thinking about a decision is the cost of deciding incorrectly times the probability that we'll change our mind from incorrect to correct, minus the probability that we'll change our mind from correct to incorrect; and the longer we have gone without changing our mind, the less likely we are to do so in the future.
Procrastination is not a single problem, at least two: cached thought, and analysis paralysis, working together to stop us from getting work done. If we miss the distinction, then any attempts to find solutions will be doomed to confusion and failure; we must recognize and address each underlying problem, separately. | <urn:uuid:3c8fa614-6d39-48eb-855c-da0e253a22a9> | 2013-05-26T09:41:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This area of the site is for articles regarding the subject of the wiki. Add your own subcategories to this area, and endeavour to categorise all content somewhere under here.
To add an article, image, or category to this category, append
[[Category:Content]] to the end of its page.
This category has the following 30 subcategories, out of 30 total. | <urn:uuid:fbdb9097-0d7d-4ed5-a5ea-22429be596f9> | 2013-05-27T02:54:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Some kinds of moral stances—for instance, those that support unqualified (Lockean? Rothbardian?) property rights—can readily dismiss all taxation as theft and thus all states as robbers. I don’t dislike this conclusion; indeed, it warms my heart whenever I’m reminded that it invalidates the kind of petty local tyranny expressed in zoning laws and eminent domain action. But my political morality is rooted in the thought of Aristotle, Aquinas, and their modern interpreters (who have tended to offer pragmatic arguments for state authority), and that means that my account of rights and duties is somewhat more complicated. That means that I can still offer a credible case against the legitimacy of state authority; but it will be qualified, tentative, and contingent on at least some empirical claims that might be contestable.
I’d like to outline the multi-part case I’m inclined to offer against state authority and benefit from the responses of my readers. It would be good to hear from both Rothbardians and others who think it is obvious that the state is always and everywhere illegitimate (and who will therefore think I have been insufficiently radical) and from minarchists and other statists (who will doubtless think I have been excessively so).
I brief: I think anarchism is defensible on at least the following tentative but substantial grounds:
- The Absence of Justification for the State. There is no natural right to rule. The authority of the state seems arbitrary and indefensible. The state lacks legitimacy, but it may often be argued that, pragmatically, the state still does something useful. However, there are both negative and positive reasons to regard this as unpersuasive.
- Unjust and Destructive State Behavior. The state tends to be destructive. It engages in war and plunder, it oppresses, it excludes, and it subordinates.
- Undesirable Consequences of State Behavior. The state tends to promote inefficiencies through subsidies, monopolies, patents, tariffs, and other mechanisms that allow corporations to escape the cost principle. It also burdens people frustratingly.
- Positive Consequences of Anarchy. An anarchical society will foster efficiency and productivity.
- The Possible Effectiveness of Anarchical Social Institutions. (i) An anarchical society can provide the coordination needed to ensure social order. (ii) Anarchical social institutions can provide the services the state provides efficiently.
- The Capacity of Anarchical Social Institutions to Foster Creativity. An anarchical society can make possible a range of social and cultural experiments, the exploration of a range of possibilities, experiments in living.
What’s wrong with this list? In what ways is it too short, in what ways too extensive? I look forward to hearing from you. | <urn:uuid:601cff0f-fad7-4f61-8404-687c7c32d8a6> | 2013-05-27T02:53:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Click on the names to hear how they are pronounced
AD 581, Yang Jian replaced North Zhou from the Two Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and established a new era. He named this new dynasty Sui. He was the emperor -- Sui Wendi. He was a good emperor who made the lives of civilians much better than before. He made many reforms that helped to increase national power. The unifying of China once again was also accredited to him and his general (also son) Yang Guang.
Because of political needs, Sui started constructing many structures starting at the beginning of the dynasty. Wendi's son, Sui Yangdi, scaled up the construction. The projects were 1) building the two capital cities -- the city of Da Xing and city of Luo Yang; 2) filling up the storehouse; 3) opening up a canal, 4) constructing roads. During Yangdi's rein, a canal connecting the north and south was constructed, and a road connecting Luo Yang, through the mountain of Tai Hang, and Bing Zhou was constructed.
Right --> A Sui Woman Rider statue (graphic courtesy of China-Window.com)
After the death of Sui Wendi, his son Yang Guang inherited the throne. Yang Guang was later known as the famous tyrant Sui Yangdi. This title came from 1) his lavish of civilian's labour, 2) frequent invasion to Gaoli, 3)extravagance, 4) cruel punishments. During Yangdi's rein, there was conscription every year. If there were not enough men, he drafted women to do work for him. If anyone dared to say anything against him, he used cruel punishments on him. He didn't care who died or who lived.
Because of Yangdi's tyranny and natural hazards, neither people nor animals had means to live. Having no choice, the people revolted. AD 611, Wang Bo started a rebel army on the moutain of Chang Bai and called upon everybody in the country to follow him. Under these revolts, Sui was on the verge of destruction. AD 618, Sui Yangdi was killed by one of his officers. Sui was finished.
Although Sui was short-lived, its importance in Chinese history cannot be overlooked.
Because Sui was so short-lived, many of its cultural and scientific developments are grouped with Tang. | <urn:uuid:7770840b-8458-43de-9c86-ea059c3996df> | 2013-05-26T09:35:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In 2002, when she was just 15, Wanetta Gibson (left), told police that NFL hopeful Brian Banks (right) dragged her across their school campus and raped her. Brian was arrested, tried and locked up. He spent more than five years in prison and another five years on parole. He had to register as a sex offender and was still wearing an ankle monitor until Thursday May 24th when he was exonerated after Wanetta admitted she lied about the kidnapping and rape.
While Brian was locked up, Wanetta's family successfully sued the school district, claiming it had failed to adequately protect her. The school paid the family $1.5 million.
After ten years of torture for Brian, Wanetta eventually admitted in a videotaped interview with a private investigator that Brian never raped her. But then she was very concerned about the huge pay out her family received. “I will go through with helping you, but ... all that money they gave us, I mean me, I don’t want to have to pay that back,” Gibson said on tape. She later refused to repeat her story to prosecutors, but her videotaped confession was enough to exonerate Brian. Read the full story after the cut...
A young athlete’s dream of a pro football career was rekindled on Thursday when his conviction for raping a high school classmate was thrown out after his accuser admitted the attack never happened.
Over the cheers of his family and supporters, Brian Banks, 26, called it “the best day of my life, by far.”
“If I can do this, I can get through anything,” he told The Daily just after leaving a Long Beach, Calif., courtroom. “This was my hardest part, and, as they say, good things go to people who hustle while they wait.”
In a strange twist, Banks got the chance to clear his name in February 2011 when his accuser contacted him through Facebook and asked him to “let bygones be bygones.” Wanetta Gibson later admitted on tape that Banks had never raped her, setting the stage for yesterday’s dramatic reversal.
When the judge agreed to throw out his conviction on Thursday, Banks lowered his head and wept.
Later, the burly onetime linebacker said he had left behind anger but had not lost his ambition to play in the NFL. “I knew by hanging onto bitterness, it would keep me strangled,” he said.
It was unclear on Thursday whether Banks’ accuser would face any charges. She did not attend Thursday’s hearing and efforts to reach her for comment were unsuccessful. In a videotaped interview with a private investigator, Gibson admitted repeatedly that the rape and kidnapping story was fabricated. She also voiced concern about a payout — $1.5 million — she received from the Long Beach school district while Banks was in prison.
“I will go through with helping you, but ... all that money they gave us, I mean me, I don’t want to have to pay that back,” Gibson said on tape. She later refused to repeat her story to prosecutors, according to court documents filed by Banks’ attorney.
In 2002, Banks was a 17-year-old senior at Long Beach Polytechnic High School with big dreams. The school’s legendary athletic program has spawned dozens of pro sports careers, and was once named the best in the country by Sports Illustrated. A standout linebacker and special teams player, Banks was headed to the University of Southern California on a full scholarship after being heavily recruited by other powerhouse programs.
But his hopes appeared to come to an end in July 2002 after Banks and a 15-year-old Gibson ducked into a school stairway to make out. They did not have sex, but the girl later claimed Banks dragged her across campus and raped her.
The story didn’t hold water, said Banks’ attorney. Gibson gave varying locations for the alleged attack. No DNA was found. Also, how was she dragged across campus in broad daylight without anyone seeing them? Despite the lack of evidence, prosecutors offered Banks a difficult choice: Take a plea in hopes of a short sentence, or face a sentence of 41 years to life.
Banks said he agreed to plead no contest after his lawyer said a jury would see “a big black teenager, and you’re automatically going to be assumed guilty.”
While Banks was behind bars, Gibson’s family successfully sued the school district, claiming it had failed to adequately protect her. The school paid the family $1.5 million, according to Gibson.
Banks said he was shocked when she contacted him online. He was even more surprised when she agreed to speak with him and a private investigator face-to-face, and then admitted fabricating the tale.
“The case was built on nothing,” said Banks’ attorney, Justin Brooks, director of the California Innocence Project. “He took the plea because he was scared and facing 40 years in prison, and his lawyer was telling him to take it.”
Brooks said Gibson admitted she became upset during the encounter when Banks “said something obnoxious to her, and she stormed out and called it rape, and it just snowballed from there.”
Late last year, Banks began an intense workout regime with professional trainers in hopes of getting a try-out with a professional football team. All the while, he had to wear a plastic monitor strapped to one ankle.
“Every day I wake up, I put an extra sock on my GPS to keep it nice and snug and keep it from flying around while I work out,” he said. Brooks said they hoped to have it removed late yesterday.
Banks said he would continue to train. His dream tryout: “The team that wants to give me a chance.”
Culled from Daily Post | <urn:uuid:5c9584da-d552-44e6-ae72-a60d0885b41a> | 2013-05-26T09:42:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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[This essay is from a couple of years ago.]
The problem with defining ‘civil disobedience’ as a political concept is that such a definition is far too often formed within the limits of a particular legislature, ideology, and historical period. Hence, ambiguity arises; civil disobedience in North Korea has a far different meaning than the term does in the USA. With such cases in mind, the only way to avoid narrowness is to change one’s form of description from the empirical to the theoretical, attempting to find the highest common factor of each ideology. I will argue that each political perspective is socially constructed, and that each perspective’s status as a system/model (as opposed to simply a description of empirical events) can be revealed by that which it leaves out. This essay will show that a political model is created when a prescriptive definition of a political concept is offered instead of a descriptive one, so that this prescriptive definition becomes the criterion by which the concept is judged1, that civil disobedience is the violation of a present model in the name of another, and that no act of civil disobedience can be justified, since any act of civil disobedience can only be defined in terms of the political model in which it takes place. | <urn:uuid:5c9befa0-aa6a-472a-b758-4a1c0833f052> | 2013-05-26T09:40:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Fedora Project is an openly-developed project designed by Red Hat, open for general participation, led by a meritocracy, following a set of project objectives. The goal of The Fedora Project is to work with the Linux community to build a complete, general purpose operating system exclusively from open source software. Development will be done in a public forum. The project will produce time-based releases of Fedora about 2-3 times a year, with a public release schedule. The Red Hat engineering team will continue to participate in building Fedora and will invite and encourage more outside participation than in past releases.
Fedora 15, a new version of one of the leading and most widely used Linux distributions on the market, has been released. Some of the many new features include support for Btrfs file system, Indic typing booster, redesigned SELinux troubleshooter, better power management, LibreOffice productivity suite, and, of course, the brand-new GNOME 3 desktop: "GNOME 3 is the next generation of GNOME with a brand new user interface. It provides a completely new and modern desktop that has been designed for today's users and technologies. Fedora 15 is the first major distribution to include GNOME 3 by default. GNOME 3 is being developed with extensive upstream participation from Red Hat developers and Fedora volunteers, and GNOME 3 is tightly integrated in Fedora 15." | <urn:uuid:abe3be52-8046-409d-be83-00c729435170> | 2013-05-27T02:56:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On 05/17/2012 08:45 PM, Glenn Morris wrote:
Yeah, well, you can never trust users to be accurate in bug reports.
:-( Sorry about that.
Well, ok, but your initial report began:
Make an RCS file writable with chmod +w without locking it.
If I instead use M-x toggle-read-only, make changes, and use C-x v v,
then I see the problem.
Seriously, I've encountered this problem twice on two different
computers recently, and the other time it happened might have been
under Cygwin on Windows, where permissions are screwy.
I'm obviously not in any position of authority here, but as for my
personal opinion, I would have no objection whatsoever to making
vc-mistrust-permissions default to true for safety's sake. Might
also want to put a warning in the documentation of the variable
about what might happen if you set it to false and then use
vc-next-action on a file with non-checked-out changes.
OK. It looks like that variable only affects RCS and SCCS?
In which case I am guessing that few people will care if the default
changes, so maybe we should just do that... | <urn:uuid:f9b5a4db-ade7-49be-8993-91cb0e26ce90> | 2013-05-27T02:55:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Carl's refined theory of Greek Voices
moon at saint.soongsil.ac.kr
Sun Apr 18 13:05:03 EDT 1999
I quoted two paragraphs from your recent post on your theory of Greek
create a whole picture, I needed to ask some clarifying questions.
[Carl] it is only those
transitive verbs regularly having an active voice that have this full
complement of forms in all three voices in the aorist and the future, e.g.
ELUSE/ELUSATO/ELUQH and LUSEI, LUSETAI, LUQHSETAI.
On the other hand, the
so-called "deponent" verbs that have no active voice form in the present
but only a middle voice form, fall into two separate categories which are
traditionally called "middle deponents" and "passive deponents."
[Moon] It seems partially correct. For example, consider EGEIRW and
Your theory says that HGERQHN is a "passive deponent" of EGEIROMAI. But
has an active form EGEIRW, even though the passive deponent is derived from
form EGEIROMAI. So wouldn't it be less confusing to say "middle deponent
and "passive deponent aorists" without mentioning their present forms?
"Middle deponents": QEAOMAI has only a middle aorist and future:
QEASATO/QEASETAI; so also does hHGEOMAI: hHGHSATO/hHGHSETAI; (b) "Passive
deponents" constitute a much larger group: many or most of these have a
middle future and a "passive" aorist: DUNAMAI: HDUNHQH/DUNHSETAI;
POREUOMAI: POREUQH/POREUSETAI; some have both aorist and future -QH-
>So, to sum up, what I now hypothesize is that the -QH- type of "Third
aorist" came to be identified in the minds of Greek-speakers at some point
as the aorist equivalent of the older MAI/SAI/TAI morphology of the
middle/reflexive, and that it came to be extended finally to the future
with standard middle/reflexive endings added to the -QH- stem forms:
QHSOMAI/QHSHi/QHSETAI KTL. BUT: neither the -QHN aorists nor the -QHSOMAI
futures ever came to be associated exclusively with passive meaning;
these morphological patterns came to function in the aorist and future
the same sort of ambivalence that MAI/SAI/TAI and MHN/SO/TO morphological
patterns have in the other tenses:
[Moon] Your example using EFANHN seems to suggest that what is true of
the -QHN- stem is also true of the -HN- stem, doesn't it?
they MAY be passive--especially if there
are already active forms of the verb in question,
but they may simply be
the aorist and future equivalents of obsolete -SAMHN/SW/SATO (** 1st middle
aorist ** by Moon)
or -OMHN/OU/ETO (**2nd middle aorist*** by Moon) (aorist
or -SOMAI/SHi/SETAI (future "middle/passive").
[Moon] Do you mean that verbs with passive deponent aorists had
originally middle aorists as well, which became obsolete? Are there
examples that indicate it?
This new theory of Greek verbs is really helpful to me;
Brute force memorization does not work any more for me!
Dept of Computer Science
More information about the B-Greek | <urn:uuid:37288c83-fd57-4664-9484-290ae862fdf5> | 2013-05-26T09:42:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Surname and Family Lists
Topic: A mailing list for the discussion and sharing of information regarding Jewish but non-German branches of the Sztern surname and variations (e.g., Stern, Stein) at any time. Primary focus is on branches which were in BEL (Belarus), UKR (Ukraine), POL (Poland) and/or New York circa the late 1800s/early 1900s.
For questions about this list, contact the list administrator at SZTERNfirstname.lastname@example.org.
- Subscribing. Clicking on one of the shortcut links below should work, but if your browser doesn't understand them, try these manual instructions: to join SZTERN-L, send mail to SZTERN-Lemail@example.com with the single word subscribe in the message subject and body. To join SZTERN-D, do the same thing with SZTERN-Dfirstname.lastname@example.org.
- Unsubscribing. To leave SZTERN-L, send mail to SZTERN-Lemail@example.com with the single word unsubscribe in the message subject and body. To leave SZTERN-D, do the same thing with SZTERN-Dfirstname.lastname@example.org.
- Archives. You can search the archives for a specific message or browse them, going from one message to another. Some list archives are not available; if there is a link here to an archive but the link doesn't work, it probably just means that no messages have been posted to that list yet. | <urn:uuid:fa034a38-f7ad-4b7d-9b1d-c56e317efd26> | 2013-05-26T09:41:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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*. Though reluctant to raise this topic in the past, after more than two years I feel ready to share my perspective. So here it goes, and I ask in advance that you help me keep any ensuing discussion civil:
When it comes to bicycle safety, I draw a categorical distinction between two facets that are often mushed together, but for me are entirely independent: (1) safe behaviour, and (2) protective gear. I believe that safe behaviour is essential and a matter of social responsibility. I believe that protective gear is secondary and a matter of personal choice. This distinction and prioritisation governs (i.e. biases) the views on transportational cycling that are expressed throughout this blog.
To clarify what I mean by "safe behaviour" on a bicycle, here are the points I consider crucial:
Riding a bicycle that is functional and road-ready
Taking reasonable steps to ensure one's bicycle will not fail on the road. This includes making certain that the wheels are secured and that the brakes, lights, and other crucial components are functional. Riding a bike with known mechanical problems, insufficient braking capacity, or any unusual features that make it intentionally difficult to operate, can have disastrous consequences in traffic.
Being in possession of basic bike handling skills
This includes being able to start and stop without faltering, to maintain a line of travel without weaving, to reduce speed when appropriate, and to safely maneuver around obstacles. It helps to ride the type of bike one is comfortable with and in a way they are comfortable with, depending on skill level and personal preference. Those who do not yet possess adequate handling skills should practice on trails and quiet side streets before mixing with traffic.
Adhering to traffic laws
Knowing and following local traffic laws, as they pertain to bicyclists. This includes respecting lane directionality, street lights, stop signs and right of way, signaling turns and intentions to merge, and in general behaving predictably.
Knowing safety maneuvers
Awareness of various crucial safety maneuvers and the ability to execute them. For instance: not positioning oneself in the blind spot of a car that could turn into one's line of travel, not cycling in the door zone of parked cars, and not passing other cyclists on the right.
Having sufficient lighting on one's bicycle, so as to be clearly visible to others on the roads in the dark and in inclement weather.
Paying attention while cycling; being cautious and attentive to what goes on in one's peripheral vision while resisting distractions. This includes not being engrossed in conversation with fellow cyclists, not chatting on one's mobile phone or texting, and otherwise not engaging in activities that detract from an awareness of one's surroundings.
You might not agree with me on some aspects of these points, but I believe in them and try to adhere to them to the best of my ability. In my view, this makes me a conservative and safe cyclist.
As for protective gear (helmets, knee pads, steel-toed boots, padded vests, pre-emptive neck and back braces, etc), these things are simply not relevant to the safe operation of a bicycle. We all have the right to expect safe behaviour from each other, when the behaviour impacts other road users. But we do not have the right to decide what each other's personal comfort levels ought to be, when this comfort has no effect on us.
In addition, I think that protective gear - whether we believe it to be useful or not - is secondary to safe behaviour to such an extent, that to stress it above the other stuff (as I feel is routinely done in safety campaigns) is misguided and even, dare I say, dangerous. As I write this, out of the window I can see a helmeted cyclist making a left turn onto a one way street against traffic, riding a bicycle with no handbrakes and no lights. I think this sort of thing is a direct result of promoting protective gear instead of safe behaviour, and I think it's evidence that we have our priorities backwards. I do not find that my views on this matter are radical, although sometimes I am made to feel as if they are. Whether you agree or not is entirely up to you.
*a small group of us (Dave from Portlandize, Matt from Bicycles, Books and Bowties, and myself) are working on a transportation cycling brochure, where the topic of safety will be covered. However, I am not the person who is writing that particular section, and the opinions expressed here - though congruent with those in the brochure - are my own. | <urn:uuid:d21862b7-3f31-472a-ba5b-6c4cf6cc5559> | 2013-05-26T09:36:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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J. Michael Graves (1915-1996), a native of Charleston, graduated from the Avery Normal Institute in 1932. In this interview conducted by Edmund L. Drago, Graves discusses in detail his family history and genealogy. He recounts his upbringing in Charleston, his father’s position as a Pullman porter, and his parents’ focus on family pride, self-worth, and appreciation of culture. This uplift philosophy was evident in Graves’ academic as well as musical pursuits. The interview focuses on Graves attending Avery Normal Institute from 1926 to 1932, talking in detail about various Averyites, teachers, classes, and rhetorical and musical programs. Graves also refers to issues of exclusivity and skin color within Avery. The second part of the interview elaborates on Graves attending Fisk University, where he graduated in 1939 with a degree in Physics. Graves was a lifelong educator; after serving as a substitute teacher at various schools in the Lowcountry area, Graves then taught at Laing High School from 1939-1945, ultimately becoming Laing’s principal. The interview also covers Graves’ time in the military at the end of World War II. Further, Graves mentions inter- and intra-race relations in Charleston. He also recalls activities of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the formation of a Junior NAACP at Avery, as well as involvement in sit-ins, equalizing teacher salaries, and the Hospital Workers’ Strike of 1969. The last part of the interview focuses on Graves returning to Avery as a teacher, particularly recounting the transition of Avery’s student body to Burke High School in 1954.
In this third interview conducted in 1985, Eugene C. Hunt (1890 – 1995) talks at first about taking music lessons with Charleston’s most renown music teacher at the time, J. Donovan Moore. He refers in detail to his upbringing in Charleston’s Radcliffeborough neighborhood by mentioning several local families and Avery teachers that lived there, such as the Dashes and the Andersons, Ms. Simms and Ms. Clyde. Regarding religious affiliations, Hunt emphasizes his break with Central Baptist Church and joining of St. Mark’s Episcopal Church. Talking about long musical traditions in his family, Hunt recalls singing in several church choirs throughout high school. Inquiring about Charleston’s East Side and its bad reputation, Hunt elaborates on the varying ethnicities comprising the mixed neighborhood. Hunt mainly attributes the acquirement of his vast knowledge in African American and Charleston history to the schools he attended, his family, and people he frequently interacted with, such as Dr. John McFall. Referring to his parents’ professions, Hunt describes his family’s economic situation as poor. However, he emphasizes his parents’ desire to provide a good education for their children. Hunt mentions Ms. Jeannette Cox’s influence and guidance on his academic interests in Communication, English and Speech during his years in college. The interview then talks about the importance of storytelling and narratives in the African American community before concluding with insights on race relations in Charleston, especially Hunt’s relationship with the Stoney Family. | <urn:uuid:bbec97a8-4410-4bcd-96b4-a21699f7bb59> | 2013-05-27T02:56:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NEW DELHI: A man shot his 18-year-old son dead in Rohini Sector 18 on Saturday for something as trivial as having been denied his "full share of dinner", and later tried to make it appear as suicide. He was later arrested.
The victim, Subham Aggarwal, was a first-year computer engineering student at HRM Institute of Technology in Alipur. He was sleeping in his room when he was shot; his two sisters-Swati and Poonam- and mother Saroj were sleeping in another room in their DDA apartment. Subhash Aggarwal (58) first locked the door of the room the three women were sleeping in and then shot his son with his licensed double barrel shotgun.
After killing him, Subhash apparently raised an alarm that his son had committed suicide with a screwdriver. "I was amazed to see that he never tried taking Subham to the hospital. When I suggested that we call the cops, he was angry," said M L Sharma, a neighbour.
"We received two PCR calls around 1am. When our team reached there, we found a firearm injury on the upper abdomen and a large amount of blood. A double barrel gun was found lying under the quilt. We seized it and sent it for forensic examination. Subhash claimed his son had committed suicide. We questioned Poonam and lodged a murder case on her statement," said DCP (outer) B S Jaiswal.
Subhash, a police source said, felt humiliated when he was denied his full share of dinner and was even taunted by his daughters to earn his living and give up drinking.
"Poonam said that her father was an alcoholic and did not do anything for a living. He often picked up quarrels with his family members over petty issues. We confronted Subhash who eventually gave in to the pressure and confessed to his crime. He said he had suffered heavy losses in his businesses and couldn't earn a living. As a result of this, his children used to allegedly ill-treat him and even beat him up," said DCP Jaiswal.
On Friday night, Shubham happened to see his father eating around 10pm and made a big fuss over it. "He said he was incensed by this and resolved to eliminate his son," Jaiswal added.
Neighbours and friends, though, denied Subhash's version. "He always abused people. He never helped his son with his studies even though he was a school topper. He was not worried that Poonam had been forced to work in a private company in Gurgaon and then take up tuition classes to keep the family afloat; Swati, too, took up work at a beauty parlour. Instead, he hassled everyone with his demands for money," said Manish Goel, a family friend.
Subhash had dropped out of school in Class VIII. He belonged to Panipat, but came over to Delhi in 1987. He set up the Aggarwal Sweet Shop in I Block, Patel Nagar. The shop was sealed by DDA in 1992. Thereafter, he settled in Sec-18, Rohini. He then tried his hand at real estate, but failed and suffered losses. He took to drinking and became more and more difficult as a person.
"He had fallen into bad company and lost his business. After 1992, he never had a job. It was left to the four girls and the boy to earn. They have had a tough life," said another family friend. | <urn:uuid:7cbaa962-4ad5-4193-abaf-d5efde46194a> | 2013-05-26T09:35:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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by Keith Jenkins, A&S '08
Before earning two World Series championships in four years with the Boston Red Sox, first baseman Kevin Youkilis donned another pair of red socks, those of the University of Cincinnati.
From 1998 to 2001, Youkilis (or "Youk," as he is affectionately known by Boston fans) climbed into the Bearcats' record books -- owning or sharing 10 UC records, including the most games played, home runs, runs scored, walks in a career and the highest on-base percentage in UC history.
Youkilis returned to UC in November when he was recognized as one of the newest members of UC's James Kelly Athletics Hall of Fame.
"I tell you what, I'm pretty lucky in life right now," Youkilis says. "What more can you ask for? This is going to be an off-season where I just kind of sit back and count my blessings and say, 'Hey, you are very fortunate in life.'"
Brian Cleary, head coach of the UC baseball team since 1997, made Youkilis a member of his first recruiting class after discovering him at a UC baseball camp.
"I'm not shocked that he's enjoying the success that he is, because I know how driven he is," says Cleary.
Youkilis had been attending the UC baseball clinic every year since he was a little kid, all the way through his senior year of high school. Youkilis says he was hoping Cleary would give him a shot, and Cleary did just that, calling Kevin an hour after he left the camp one day during his senior year at Cincinnati's Sycamore High School.
"Brian Cleary once told my dad the greatest compliment he ever gave me," Youkilis recalls. "He said, 'Your son's going to be a millionaire some day. I don't know if it's in baseball, but he's going to make some money one of these days.'"
While at Sycamore, Youkilis helped lead his team to the 1994 Amateur Athletic Union National Championship.
Growing up a Bearcats fan, he followed in the footsteps of his father, Mike Youkilis, A&S '71, by attending UC. He also made it his goal to show his worth on the field while a part of the UC baseball program. | <urn:uuid:ea9adefc-6d49-4df1-aef3-5570c7014311> | 2013-05-26T09:42:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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[IPython-User] ipython and macosx 10.6
Wed Jan 12 11:43:38 CST 2011
On 1/12/11 10:36 AM, Peter Vince wrote:
> having installed ipython via macports I find that import of numpy gives me an
> architecture problem. Python (2.6.6) runs in 64 bit mode with apparently no way
> to force it into 32 bit mode (unlike using apple's python version (2.6.1) where
> I can use
> "arch -i386" to fire it off).
> Is there a way to force ipython to use Apple's python or to force 32 bit mode?
If you use Apple's python executable to run IPython's setup.py script to build
and install IPython from source, then the ipython script that gets installed
will use Apple's Python.
Alternately, you can build and install numpy from source using the same python
executable from MacPorts, then it will have the same architecture as that python
"I have come to believe that the whole world is an enigma, a harmless enigma
that is made terrible by our own mad attempt to interpret it as though it had
an underlying truth."
-- Umberto Eco
More information about the IPython-User | <urn:uuid:7b1e1c70-39b2-495b-b41e-1348ba2a0b21> | 2013-05-26T09:35:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Elizabeth M. Ellis Was Skilled, Avid Gardener
Elizabeth M. Ellis, 79, a clinical psychologist who practiced in Washington, D.C., until retiring about five years ago, died June 1 at Washington Hospital Center of complications after a stroke. She was for many years a summer visitor to the Vineyard.
Mrs. Ellis, a resident of Washington, was born in Milwaukee. She was graduated from the University of Chicago, receiving a master's degree in psychology from George Washington University and a doctorate in psychology from the University of Maryland.
From the 1970s until she retired, she had a private practice in clinical psychology, and was affiliated with the Community Psychiatric Clinic in Bethesda.
Her first marriage, to Walter Ellis, ended in divorce. She was married to Daniel M. Friedman in 1975, and soon after the couple purchased a house on Turkeyland Cove of the Edgartown Great Pond, where they spent increasingly longer periods each summer. In the last few years before her stroke in December of 1997, they spent three to four months there every summer.
Mrs. Ellis was a skilled and avid gardener, and an enthusiastic birder. She loved and cultivated flowers, and also grew a wide variety of herbs. She frequently went on bird walks and always kept a bird feeder on the property.
She is survived by her husband, Judge Daniel M. Friedman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, of Washington; four children from her first marriage, Buffy Ellis of Bethesda, Jonathan Ellis and Benjamin Ellis of New York, and Nancy Ellis of Dayton, Ore., and nine grandchildren. | <urn:uuid:20e11eb7-369c-4a34-b638-0cb9bd884e79> | 2013-05-26T09:37:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same,
SECTION 1. Section 43 of chapter 223 of the General Laws, as appearing in the 1984 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking out, in line 6, the words "ad damnum of the complaint" and inserting in place thereof the words:- amount of the attachment.
SECTION 2. Said chapter 223 is hereby further amended by striking out section 44, as so appearing, and inserting in place thereof the following section:-
Section 44. No ship or vessel shall be attached in a civil action unless the plaintiff or a person on his behalf makes affidavit and proves to the satisfaction of a justice of a court that he has a good claim and reasonable expectation of recovering an amount, exclusive of all costs, equal at least to one-third of the amount of damages claimed, which affidavit shall be annexed to the writ of attachment, and the certificate of the justice that he is satisfied that the same is true shall be annexed to the writ of attachment or endorsed thereon.
SECTION 3. Section 45 of said chapter 223, as so appearing, is hereby amended by striking out, in line 7, the words "ad damnum of the complaint" and inserting in place thereof the word:- attachment.
SECTION 4. Section 128 of said chapter 223, as so appearing, is hereby amended by striking out, in line 3, the words "ad damnum in the complaint" and inserting in place thereof the word:- attachment.
SECTION 5. Chapter 231 of the General Laws is hereby amended by inserting after section 13A the following section:-
Section 13B. No complaint in any civil action shall contain an ad damnum or monetary amount claimed against any defendant, unless such ad damnum or monetary amount claimed indicates damages which are liquidated or ascertainable by calculation and a statement under oath by a person having knowledge thereof is attached to such complaint setting forth the manner in which the amount of said damages was calculated. For the purposes of this section complaint shall include a claim, crossclaim or counterclaim.
SECTION 6. Section 59A of said chapter 231, as appearing in the 1984 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking out, in lines 4 and 5, the words "either that the ad damnum is not more than two thousand dollars, or".
SECTION 7. The second paragraph of section 104 of said chapter 231, as appearing in section 2 of chapter 278 of the acts of 1986, is hereby amended by striking out, in line 3, the words "ad damnum" and inserting in place thereof the word:- claim.
SECTION 8. Section 1 of chapter 246 of the General Laws, as appearing in the 1984 Official Edition, is hereby amended by striking out the first sentence and inserting in place thereof the following sentence:- Trustee process may be used in accordance with the applicable rules of court in connection with the commencement of all personal actions except actions only for specific recovery of goods and chattels, for malicious prosecution, for slander and libel, or for assault and battery; and any person may be summoned as trustee of the defendant therein; but except in the case of a complaint which contains a statement that the action is upon a judgment, a contract for personal services, for goods sold and delivered, or for money due under a contract in writing, or to recover damages on account of the operation of a motor vehicle not registered in the commonwealth, no summons and complaint in any action seeking damages in excess of one thousand dollars shall be served upon any alleged trustee unless there shall have been filed by the plaintiff, if other than a city or town of the commonwealth named therein, in the court wherein such action is commenced, a bond with a surety company authorized to do business in the commonwealth as surety, or with sureties approved by a justice, associate justice or special justice of such court, said bond to be in a penal sum in such amount as the court which approves the trustee process shall require but not less than two hundred and fifty dollars and to be conditioned upon payment to the defendant, if the plaintiff fails to recover or if such action is discontinued, of all costs which may be awarded to the defendant and all damages which he may sustain by reason of such attachment, but not exceeding the penal sum of the bond, nor unless there shall have been endorsed on the complaint by the justice, associate justice or special justice who approved said bond, or by the clerk of such court, the fact that the bond required by this section has been filed in such court.
SECTION 9. This act shall take effect on July first, nineteen hundred and eighty-seven and shall apply to all complaints, including by way of counterclaim or crossclaim, which are filed on or after July first, nineteen hundred and eighty-seven. | <urn:uuid:ee5067dd-b5e6-45f3-b892-d2ee97acf2fb> | 2013-05-27T02:57:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Provided by: libattr1-dev_2.4.46-5ubuntu1_i386
removexattr, lremovexattr, fremovexattr - remove an extended attribute
int removexattr (const char *path, const char *name);
int lremovexattr (const char *path, const char *name);
int fremovexattr (int filedes, const char *name);
Extended attributes are name:value pairs associated with inodes (files,
directories, symlinks, etc). They are extensions to the normal
attributes which are associated with all inodes in the system (i.e. the
stat(2) data). A complete overview of extended attributes concepts can
be found in attr(5).
removexattr removes the extended attribute identified by name and
associated with the given path in the filesystem.
lremovexattr is identical to removexattr, except in the case of a
symbolic link, where the extended attribute is removed from the link
itself, not the file that it refers to.
fremovexattr is identical to removexattr, only the extended attribute
is removed from the open file pointed to by filedes (as returned by
open(2)) in place of path.
An extended attribute name is a simple NULL-terminated string. The
name includes a namespace prefix - there may be several, disjoint
namespaces associated with an individual inode.
On success, zero is returned. On failure, -1 is returned and errno is
If the named attribute does not exist, errno is set to ENOATTR.
If extended attributes are not supported by the filesystem, or are
disabled, errno is set to ENOTSUP.
The errors documented for the stat(2) system call are also applicable
Andreas Gruenbacher, <email@example.com> and the SGI XFS
development team, <firstname.lastname@example.org>. Please send any bug reports
or comments to these addresses.
getfattr(1), setfattr(1), open(2), stat(2), setxattr(2), getxattr(2),
listxattr(2), and attr(5). | <urn:uuid:a6585210-19de-4321-9b8a-42b7d1ac58fc> | 2013-05-26T09:36:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As I went I heard a soft chuckle from within, the senseless laughter, as I diagnosed it, of a raving maniac.
* * * * *
I got down to breakfast early next morning, determined to tell the whole sad story and have Miss Brown put under restraint without further ado.
Before I could get a word out, however, the lunatic herself appeared, looking, I thought, absolutely full of beans. She and Aunt Angela exchanged salutations.
"I hope you slept better last night, Jane."
"Splendidly, thank you, Angela, except for an hour or so; but I got up and walked it off."
"Walked it off! Where?"
"All over the house. Most exciting."
"Do you mean to say you were walking about the house last night all by yourself?" Aunt Angela exclaimed in horror.
Miss Brown shook her grey head. "Oh, no, not by myself. Our sympathetic young friend had a touch of insomnia himself for once and was good enough to keep me company." She smiled sweetly in my direction. "He was most< | <urn:uuid:4a7c0ca7-ddb2-4dca-a011-0aef2d38e960> | 2013-05-26T09:36:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Watch Bruce Banner as he continues his unending struggle to control the Hulk while battling villains and eluding the unrelenting General Thunderbolt Ross in "The Incredible Hulk".
The show first aired on the UPN network in September 1996, and you can now tune in and experience a "new" action-packed episode every Thursday on Marvel.com!
Here's the synopsis of episode twelve:
"Darkness and Light" Part 2: Banner and the Hulk have been separated. Now suffering from amnesia and without Banner to control his rage, the Hulk goes on a murderous rampage. But things take an unusual turn when the Leader and Gargoyle capture the Hulk and transfer the Leader's intellect into the Hulk's body! | <urn:uuid:7041c920-6631-4997-baf0-17372d0e9455> | 2013-05-27T02:55:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Arthur Sampson Douglas
Honorary citizen of Titan; U.S.A., legally deceased
Place of Birth
Iron Man #55 (1973)
Captain Marvel #32 (1974)
6'4"; (as Arthur Douglas) 5'9"; (in most powerful body) 7'4"
680 lbs.; (as Arthur Douglas) 161 lbs.; (in most powerful body) 1,050 lbs.
Red; (as Arthur Douglas) blue
None; (as Arthur Douglas) brown
The Destroyer's body, while inhabited by Drax's spirit, is nearly invulnerable to all forms of physical injury. It is not known how great a force is necessary to injure him. His artificially created body could exist indefinitely in the vacuum of outer space, and he could survive for an unknown length without air, food, or water. Drax can fly by harnessing cosmic energy as a propulsion source. The maximum rate of speed that Drax could attain is not known, but he could make interplanetary journeys in a matter of weeks. It is unknown if he has retained this ability in his current form.Drax can also harness his cosmic energy and project it through his arms as concussive blasts. The maximum amount of force Drax can project is not known; he can, however, project enough energy to shatter large, ferrous meteors. It is unknown if he has retained this ability in his current form.
Years later, Drax was resurrected to once again battle Thanos (also recently resurrected). Drax's resurrection was not perfect, however; his brain remained damaged from his previous death. After Thanos was defeated a second time, Drax became a member of the Infinity Watch and guardian of the Power Gem.
Adam Warlock, leader of the Watch, shut off Drax's hunger to kill Thanos when he had the Infinity Gauntlet. However Moondragon accidentally caused some of his memories to resurface, and returned to him his insane hunger to kill Thanos.
Drax partially regained his intelligence when he and his daughter Moondragon petitioned Kronos, the being who had resurrected Arthur Douglas as Drax, to restore his mind and heal the severe injuries Moondragon had suffered. Moondragon gave up some of her mental prowess and Drax gave up some of his bulk to heal one another. The recovery took time, and Drax was for a while still dim-witted (but nowhere near as badly as he was before), undergoing tutoring by his daughter. Drax was taken to the Microverse where he was mistaken for the Hulk and helped the Microns overthrow the Psycho-Man and Fredd, an evil clone of Captain Marvel. Drax decided to remain there and help the Microns rebuild the Microverse's government.
Recently, as a detainee aboard a galactic prison transport, Drax crashed on Earth and escaped imprisonment, along with the other inmates. He regained his intelligence and fought the other inmates when they threatened the local townsfolk and the 10 year old girl named Cammi, who befriended him. Drax and Cammi were then taken to an intergalactic prison known as the Kyln
After an unknown amount of time the being known as Annihilus attacked Kyln. Having survived, Drax and Cammi team-up with Nova. During their time together Drax teaches Nova how to better harness the Nova Force and how to kill. Eventually Drax and Cammi join Nova's United Front and oppose Annihilus. During a crucial battle Drax is once more confronted by Thanos, who is trying to save Galactus. However, before Thanos could free Galactus, Drax managed to punch a hole through the Mad Titan's chest, killing him. Realizing his mistake he uses the power of the Silver Surfer to save Galactus. Once freed Galactus teleported both Drax and Moondragon to an undisclosed location. From there Drax vanished.Sometime after the war with Annihilus, the Phalanx managed to take over Kree Space and infect many worlds. Now trapped within Kree Space, Drax was hunted by a Phalanx infected Nova and Gamora. During the chase Nova was able to capture Drax and he was then infected with the techno-organic virus, becoming a Phalanx Select. Now working for the Phalanx he was recently given the assignment to hunt down and capture or kill Nova, who escaped from the Phalanx's grasp. Following Nova into a wormhole, Nova, Gamora, and Drax are now stranded in an unknown quadrant of space. | <urn:uuid:65b88f84-9b49-4abc-b93c-43862e927b35> | 2013-05-26T09:38:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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You can express any fraction/number to arbitrary decimal places by using a backtick followed by number of digits required. For example:
This is the same as
N[4/3, 20]. Now combine this with
AccountingForm, which never uses scientific notation to get the output that you desire.
However, be aware that
AccountingForm uses parentheses for negative numbers:
Daniel Lichtblau has a good point that although using
N might be shorter in this case, in general, it might not give the same result — for example, compare the digits of
N[Log,50]. You'll see that they differ in the last couple of digits. However, for small use cases, the difference might be insignificant. | <urn:uuid:73a8060d-581a-422e-839c-950491de023f> | 2013-05-27T02:55:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hi Guys, can you explain a simple rule when finding the derivatives on exponential functions please?
Find the Deriviative:
Use the product rule, then simplfy.
g'(x)=(x^2)'(e^4x^3) + (x^2)(e^4x^3)'
g'(x)= (2x)(e^4x^3) + (x^2)(e^4x^3)(12x^2)
I understand this completely, except for the 12X^2 in the second step. In this situation, why does the derivative of the exponential function e^4x^3 become part of the base and not e^12x^2?
I think this may solve the many problems I'm having with natural logarithms and exponential functions, staring at the function doesn't work anymore | <urn:uuid:f5efd135-33ef-408e-9b95-bb24dc639c5c> | 2013-05-26T09:42:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I have read in a journal paper this equality for the norm of two vectors. Could please anyone tell me if this can be valid and where i could read further about it since I cannot understand it:
Take the norm:
Shouldn't ||X-Y|| be calculated as the Euclidean distance of two vectors and not just the absolute difference of the two largest elements of the vectors?
Thank you very much | <urn:uuid:3ab1345c-c182-44e7-8766-71f7c9a0c552> | 2013-05-27T02:55:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This morning, regular Fox News and CNBC guest and Mitt Romney surrogate Donald Trump tweeted that Huffington Post founder Arianna Huffington "is unattractive both inside and out. I fully understand why her former husband left her for a man- he made a good decision."
Trump makes weekly guest appearances on Fox News' Fox & Friends and on CNBC's Squawk Box. He often uses those appearances to offer baseless conspiracy theories about President Obama. Indeed, CNBC.com has noted that Trump "has been at the forefront of the 'birther' movement -- those who question whether Obama was born in the U.S."
Shortly after Trump's appearance on CNBC this morning, the program hosted Huffington, who criticized the Republican National Convention for devoting insufficient attention to job creation.
Last year Fox News relentlessly promoted his claims that President Obama was not born in the United States. Earlier this month on CNBC, Trump used an appearance to claim that Mitt Romney should only release his tax returns if Obama releases his college transcripts, echoing a right-wing conspiracy that those documents indicate that he attended college as a foreign student.
UPDATE: In a subsequent tweet, Trump says of Huffington, "if you knew her and the phony Huffington Post you would understand" the harshness of his attack, and promises "more to follow." | <urn:uuid:434f55d1-f0fa-4d15-84a3-cf0702fde51b> | 2013-05-26T09:43:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Late Movies: Harpo Marx, Harpist
Harpo Marx, the "silent" Marx brother, was a phenomenal self-taught harpist -- hence the nickname. (His given name was Adolph, later Americanized to Arthur.) Today I saw a clip of Harpo playing "Blue Moon" quite brilliantly, and thought I'd dig in to find some other performances -- and I was really pleased by what I found. Let's take a look at that clip and a few others, to remember what a terrific harpist Harpo was. For some background on how Harpo learned to play and his position in the harp world, read this account by his son or this article with some more technical details.
From At the Circus, which is better known (to me, at least) for Groucho's rendition of "Lydia the Tattooed Lady." But, boy, this is great.
"Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2"
A little Liszt to flesh out this list.
This hilarious snippet starts off showing Chico's talents on the piano, from A Day at the Races. The middle section of this video is a pretty good argument for building sturdier pianos, and the transition to harp around 4 minutes in is a hoot. Apparently Harpo was also self-taught on piano and several other instruments.
"O Sole Mio" and "I'm Daffy Over You" from Monkey Business. Love the hat bit at the end.
The video quality is poor, but you get the idea.
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game"
Remember when Harpo was on I Love Lucy? Now you will: | <urn:uuid:aa221fe2-c412-4224-a17c-14ff7ce75fd1> | 2013-05-27T02:55:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The surname Spink in my family tree is from my paternal line. At the moment I have 27 people with this surname. The earliest person is my 4x great grandfather William Spink who was born about 1764, probably in the Linton area of the Yorkshire Dales.
According to surnamedb the name Spink is of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is said to derive from a nickname given in the first instance to someone thought to resemble a finch in some way. Possibly with reference to its brightly coloured plumage or sweet singing voice.
A large number of early medieval surnames were gradually created from the habitual use of nicknames, given with reference to a variety of characteristics, such as
- a person’s physical attributes or peculiarities
- mental or moral qualities
- a fancied resemblance to an animal’s or bird’s appearance or disposition
- habits of dress, or
The first recorded spelling of the family name is believed to be that of Roger Spinc dated 1133 in the “Chartulary of Ramsey Monastery”, Bedforshire. Other early recordings are :-
Thomas Spink listed in the Assize Rolls of Northumberland in 1256; the marriage of Edmonde Spincke and Alice Madison in Stepney, London on 5th September 1604; and the marriage of Stephen Spink and Ann Ring on 29th October 1696. | <urn:uuid:a92a3549-04b6-4538-9041-58f712da73ba> | 2013-05-26T09:35:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Reynolds, the paper says, maintains that the utility bills listed on his campaign finance report are for one of two buildings he owns next door to his home that he uses almost exclusively for campaign business.
Later, the story continues:
Reynolds said the utility bills are for an outbuilding behind rental property he owns at 9500 W. Schlinger Ave. in West Allis that has a separate meter from those of his home and the main rental building.
The campaign address is listed as his home, he said, so his renters don't receive that mail.So is Reynolds' campaign headquarters at 9430 W. Schlinger Ave., as Reynolds (R-West Allis) says on his campaign finance statements, or 9500 W. Schlinger Ave.?
The finance reports that Reynolds is required to file contains this statement: "I certify that I have examined this report and to the best of my knowledge and belief it is true, correct and complete."
So, a few questions if the Reynolds' campaign headquarters really is 9500 W. Schlinger Ave.
Does not reporting the correct address of your campaign headquarters count as failing to report accurately? Is there a "it's Ok if it isn't all true" card if your campaign headquarters is near your house? Would it still be OK if it were a mile away? Two miles? If Reynolds is required to report utility costs, as his lawyer claims (he also claims the HQ and Reynolds' home are on the same property), why wouldn't he be required to claim the value of the rent for his campaign HQ? | <urn:uuid:3cba4ec2-05ee-4970-a2af-7a7247a1c4a2> | 2013-05-26T09:40:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Godavari River is a major waterway in India, next to the Ganges and Indus rivers. It rises at Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik and Mumbai (formerly Bombay) in Maharashtra around 380 km distant from the Arabian Sea, but flows southeast across south-central India into Andhra Pradesh, and empties into the Bay of Bengal
The river Godavari starts at the western ghats and flows towards the eastern ghats. It flows in the southern India and is considered to be one of the seven sacred rivers. This river originates from the hills situated at the back of the village Tryanibak, located at Nasik district in Maharashtra. A large reservoir is situated at the hill from which the river originates. At 'Daulekharam' it merges into the "Bay of Bengal", making a delta. According to the Hindu religion the river Godavari is considered to be one of the very sacred rivers. The people believe that taking a holy dip in the river relieves them from all the sins.
The Godavari is the largest river system in Peninsular India. Arising in the Western Ghats near Nasik it passes through Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh before debouching into the Bay of Bengal near Kakinada. on the Andhra coast. There are ten major distributaries flowing through well established drainage networks. | <urn:uuid:a7dee25e-ab2a-46e4-a3ad-946a4b0b0b96> | 2013-05-26T09:35:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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6:1 “Woe to those who are at ease in Zion,
and to those who feel secure on the mountain of Samaria,
the notable men of the first of the nations,
to whom the house of Israel comes!
2 Pass over to Calneh, and see,
and from there go to Hamath the great;
then go down to Gath of the Philistines.
Are you better than these kingdoms?
Or is their territory greater than your territory,
3 O you who put far away the day of disaster
and bring near the seat of violence?
4 “Woe to those who lie on beds of ivory
and stretch themselves out on their couches,
and eat lambs from the flock
and calves from the midst of the stall,
5 who sing idle songs to the sound of the harp
and like David invent for themselves instruments of music,
6 who drink wine in bowls
and anoint themselves with the finest oils,
but are not grieved over the ruin of Joseph!
7 Therefore they shall now be the first of those who go into exile,
and the revelry of those who stretch themselves out shall pass away.”
8 The Lord God has sworn by himself, declares the Lord, the God of hosts:
“I abhor the pride of Jacob
and hate his strongholds,
and I will deliver up the city and all that is in it.”
9 And if ten men remain in one house, they shall die. 10 And when one's relative, the one who anoints him for burial, shall take him up to bring the bones out of the house, and shall say to him who is in the innermost parts of the house, “Is there still anyone with you?” he shall say, “No”; and he shall say, “Silence! We must not mention the name of the Lord.”
11 For behold, the Lord commands,
and the great house shall be struck down into fragments,
and the little house into bits.
12 Do horses run on rocks?
Does one plow there with oxen?
But you have turned justice into poison
and the fruit of righteousness into wormwood—
13 you who rejoice in Lo-debar,
who say, “Have we not by our own strength
captured Karnaim for ourselves?”
14 “For behold, I will raise up against you a nation,
O house of Israel,” declares the Lord, the God of hosts;
“and they shall oppress you from Lebo-hamath
to the Brook of the Arabah.”
7:1 This is what the Lord God showed me: behold, he was forming locusts when the latter growth was just beginning to sprout, and behold, it was the latter growth after the king's mowings. 2 When they had finished eating the grass of the land, I said,
“O Lord God, please forgive!
How can Jacob stand?
He is so small!”
3 The Lord relented concerning this:
“It shall not be,” said the Lord.
4 This is what the Lord God showed me: behold, the Lord God was calling for a judgment by fire, and it devoured the great deep and was eating up the land. 5 Then I said,
“O Lord God, please cease!
How can Jacob stand?
He is so small!”
6 The Lord relented concerning this:
“This also shall not be,” said the Lord God.
7 This is what he showed me: behold, the Lord was standing beside a wall built with a plumb line, with a plumb line in his hand. 8 And the Lord said to me, “Amos, what do you see?” And I said, “A plumb line.” Then the Lord said,
“Behold, I am setting a plumb line
in the midst of my people Israel;
I will never again pass by them;
9 the high places of Isaac shall be made desolate,
and the sanctuaries of Israel shall be laid waste,
and I will rise against the house of Jeroboam with the sword.”
10 Then Amaziah the priest of Bethel sent to Jeroboam king of Israel, saying, “Amos has conspired against you in the midst of the house of Israel. The land is not able to bear all his words. 11 For thus Amos has said,
“‘Jeroboam shall die by the sword,
and Israel must go into exile
away from his land.’”
12 And Amaziah said to Amos, “O seer, go, flee away to the land of Judah, and eat bread there, and prophesy there, 13 but never again prophesy at Bethel, for it is the king's sanctuary, and it is a temple of the kingdom.”
14 Then Amos answered and said to Amaziah, “I was no prophet, nor a prophet's son, but I was a herdsman and a dresser of sycamore figs. 15 But the Lord took me from following the flock, and the Lord said to me, ‘Go, prophesy to my people Israel.’ 16 Now therefore hear the word of the Lord.
“You say, ‘Do not prophesy against Israel,
and do not preach against the house of Isaac.’
17 Therefore thus says the Lord:
“‘Your wife shall be a prostitute in the city,
and your sons and your daughters shall fall by the sword,
and your land shall be divided up with a measuring line;
you yourself shall die in an unclean land,
and Israel shall surely go into exile away from its land.’”
8:1 This is what the Lord God showed me: behold, a basket of summer fruit. 2 And he said, “Amos, what do you see?” And I said, “A basket of summer fruit.” Then the Lord said to me,
“The end has come upon my people Israel;
I will never again pass by them.
3 The songs of the temple shall become wailings in that day,”
declares the Lord God.
“So many dead bodies!”
“They are thrown everywhere!”
4 Hear this, you who trample on the needy
and bring the poor of the land to an end,
5 saying, “When will the new moon be over,
that we may sell grain?
And the Sabbath,
that we may offer wheat for sale,
that we may make the ephah small and the shekel great
and deal deceitfully with false balances,
6 that we may buy the poor for silver
and the needy for a pair of sandals
and sell the chaff of the wheat?”
7 The Lord has sworn by the pride of Jacob:
“Surely I will never forget any of their deeds.
8 Shall not the land tremble on this account,
and everyone mourn who dwells in it,
and all of it rise like the Nile,
and be tossed about and sink again, like the Nile of Egypt?”
9 “And on that day,” declares the Lord God,
“I will make the sun go down at noon
and darken the earth in broad daylight.
10 I will turn your feasts into mourning
and all your songs into lamentation;
I will bring sackcloth on every waist
and baldness on every head;
I will make it like the mourning for an only son
and the end of it like a bitter day.
11 “Behold, the days are coming,” declares the Lord God,
“when I will send a famine on the land—
not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water,
but of hearing the words of the Lord.
12 They shall wander from sea to sea,
and from north to east;
they shall run to and fro, to seek the word of the Lord,
but they shall not find it.
13 “In that day the lovely virgins and the young men
shall faint for thirst.
14 Those who swear by the Guilt of Samaria,
and say, ‘As your god lives, O Dan,’
and, ‘As the Way of Beersheba lives,’
they shall fall, and never rise again.”
9:1 I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, and he said:
“Strike the capitals until the thresholds shake,
and shatter them on the heads of all the people;
and those who are left of them I will kill with the sword;
not one of them shall flee away;
not one of them shall escape.
2 “If they dig into Sheol,
from there shall my hand take them;
if they climb up to heaven,
from there I will bring them down.
3 If they hide themselves on the top of Carmel,
from there I will search them out and take them;
and if they hide from my sight at the bottom of the sea,
there I will command the serpent, and it shall bite them.
4 And if they go into captivity before their enemies,
there I will command the sword, and it shall kill them;
and I will fix my eyes upon them
for evil and not for good.”
5 The Lord God of hosts,
he who touches the earth and it melts,
and all who dwell in it mourn,
and all of it rises like the Nile,
and sinks again, like the Nile of Egypt;
6 who builds his upper chambers in the heavens
and founds his vault upon the earth;
who calls for the waters of the sea
and pours them out upon the surface of the earth—
the Lord is his name.
7 “Are you not like the Cushites to me,
O people of Israel?” declares the Lord.
“Did I not bring up Israel from the land of Egypt,
and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Syrians from Kir?
8 Behold, the eyes of the Lord God are upon the sinful kingdom,
and I will destroy it from the surface of the ground,
except that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob,”
declares the Lord.
9 “For behold, I will command,
and shake the house of Israel among all the nations
as one shakes with a sieve,
but no pebble shall fall to the earth.
10 All the sinners of my people shall die by the sword,
who say, ‘Disaster shall not overtake or meet us.’
11 “In that day I will raise up
the booth of David that is fallen
and repair its breaches,
and raise up its ruins
and rebuild it as in the days of old,
12 that they may possess the remnant of Edom
and all the nations who are called by my name,”
declares the Lord who does this.
13 “Behold, the days are coming,” declares the Lord,
“when the plowman shall overtake the reaper
and the treader of grapes him who sows the seed;
the mountains shall drip sweet wine,
and all the hills shall flow with it.
14 I will restore the fortunes of my people Israel,
and they shall rebuild the ruined cities and inhabit them;
they shall plant vineyards and drink their wine,
and they shall make gardens and eat their fruit.
15 I will plant them on their land,
and they shall never again be uprooted
out of the land that I have given them,”
says the Lord your God. (ESV) | <urn:uuid:5e1ef6d9-3cba-4d3a-b822-522c7e81758e> | 2013-05-26T09:35:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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THOR (DUTCH TRAILER 5 SUBTITLED)
The epic adventure THOR spans the Marvel Universe from present day Earth to the mystical realm of Asgard. At the center of the story is The Mighty Thor, a powerful but arrogant warrior whose reckless actions reignite an ancient war. As a result, Thor is banished to Earth where he is forced to live among humans. When the most dangerous villain of his world sends its darkest forces to invade Earth, Thor learns what it takes to be a true hero. | <urn:uuid:2b4482be-7746-48ef-bb8d-99eaaa8de2fd> | 2013-05-26T09:35:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Series 3 - Donald McLean's Letter Books
Most of the letters in this series relate to McLean's earlier career. He kept the earliest letter book when he was Sub-Protector at Taranaki. Later letter books cover his other official roles, but also include some private letters.
A larger series of loose drafts and fragments of outwards letters comprises series 4.
The letters in this series and series 4 are a mix of the very routine, and those of much greater historical significance. These two pages from the letter book McLean kept as Sub-Protector of Aborigines are an example. On one side is a letter asking for more office stationery. On the other is the first page of his report into Māori land ownership at Waitara in Taranaki. Controversy over this land was to eventually lead to war in 1861.
Draft letters, 23 November, 16 December 1844
Protector of Aborigines, Taranaki - Letter book
Donald McLean papers
Alexander Turnbull Library
- Donald McLean, 1820-1877
- Scope and Contents
- Arrangement and Custodial History
- Series 1 - Letters written to Donald McLean (in English)
- Series 2 - Letters written to Donald McLean (in Māori)
- Series 3 - Donald McLean's Letter Books
- Series 4 - Drafts and fragments of letters written by Donald McLean
- Series 5 - Donald McLean's diaries and notebooks
- Series 6 - Telegrams to and from Donald McLean
- Series 7 - Donald McLean's official papers
- Series 8 - Maps
- Series 9 - Letters written to Donald McLean by family members
- Series 13 - Other papers
- Transcriptions and Translations | <urn:uuid:bbc7a9e4-f2df-4ac3-98fe-a3116a33e1fb> | 2013-05-26T09:35:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Member Favorites: 23
Soho Takuan (沢庵 宗彭)A Zen Buddhist monk, specifically, representative of the Rinzai sect. In 1610, he was appointed as abbot of the main temple, Daitokuji.
Takuan is known for his brute honesty and meticulously perceptive personality, which was sought after by monks, swordsmen, and politicians alike (such as Tokugawa Iemitsu and Go-Mizunoo).
Takuan's shared correspondence with Yagyū Munenori was captured in a treatise called "The Unfettered Mind." Takuan helps capture Takezo and later renames him as Miyamoto Musashi, setting him free to travel and evolve as a person.
Voice ActorsNo voice actors have been added for this character, add an actor from our database. | <urn:uuid:df36de38-bb62-46f9-903e-2d87169c0fab> | 2013-05-26T09:42:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Shikamaru invented this technique while teaching himself to use Asuma Sarutobi's trench knives. By infusing the blades with his own chakra beforehand, they are given the effect of his shadow techniques. By using these weapons to pierce the enemies' shadows, they are paralysed in place. To pierce the shadow, it is necessary to avoid the target just barely — Shikamaru added fake explosive tags when he used them against Kakuzu and Hidan to help with that. Since it is more difficult for the enemy to notice it, this ninjutsu compensates for the weak point of the similar Shadow Imitation Technique, being its limited effective range. It is unknown for how long this jutsu can keep its targets paralysed, however it can be disrupted simply by the removal of the blade or by the disappearance of the opponent's shadow. | <urn:uuid:5ce32372-629c-46ed-904c-33985120efa6> | 2013-05-26T09:38:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A hernia occurs when a section of intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal wall. A soft bulge is seen underneath the skin where the hernia has occurred. An inguinal hernia occurs in the groin area, when a section of intestine pushes through a weak spot in the inguinal canal--a triangle-shaped opening between layers of abdominal muscle near the groin.
As a male fetus grows and matures during pregnancy, the testicles develop in the abdomen and then move down into the scrotum through the area called the inguinal canal. Shortly after the male is born, the inguinal canal closes, preventing the testicles from moving back into the abdomen. If this area does not close off completely, a loop of intestine can move into the inguinal canal through the weakened area of the lower abdominal wall, causing a hernia. Although females do not have testicles, they do have an inguinal canal and can develop hernias in this area, as well.
Obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, and straining to pass stool can all be causes of inguinal hernias.
The following are the most common symptoms of an inguinal hernia. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- Lump in the groin near the thigh
- Pressure or pain in the groin
- Partial or complete blockage of the intestine (in more severe cases) that may lead to nausea, vomiting, and poor appetite
The symptoms of an inguinal hernia may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for an inguinal hernia may include the following:
- Blood tests
- X-rays and/or CT scan--diagnostic tests which use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film; to check for blockage of the intestine.
Specific treatment for an inguinal hernia will be determined by your doctor based on:
- Your age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the condition
- Your tolerance of specific medicines, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the condition
- Your opinion or preference
The main treatment for an inguinal hernia is a surgical procedure known as herniorrhaphy. In this procedure, the opening in the muscle wall is repaired. Sometimes, in a procedure known as hernioplasty, the weak area is repaired and reinforced with steel mesh or wire. Lapraroscopic surgery can also be performed by making several small incisions in the lower abdomen and inserting an instrument called a laparoscope to carefully repair the hernia using synthetic mesh.
If the protruding intestine becomes twisted or traps stool, a bowel resection may need to be performed. In this procedure, part of the intestine, or bowel, is removed.
Click here to view the
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- may not disseminate content which is harassing, defamatory, obscene, racist, glorifying of violence, discriminatory, pornographic or threatening. Respect for other persons in general shall be nurtured and allow for cultural, philosophical, and religious differences.
- may not use the services for purposes of commercial advertising.
- may not use the service to engage in hacking or the spread of viruses. The services offered may not be modified in any way. Any interference or attempt to interfere in the Netload information system is expressly prohibited and will result in civil and criminal penalties.
- may not abuse the system resources. They must in particular refrain from anything that uses an inordinate amount of storage capacity or which could negatively impact transfer speeds or any other aspect of the services offered.
- may not use the service for downloading from dedicated servers and virtual private servers (VPS).
3. Examination of Content
Netload will conduct occasional inspections of the contents of uploaded files. Netload reserves the right to block and/or delete immediately any dubious files or those that include clear violations of law or are immoral. Netload reserves the right to refuse any submitted content without giving cause.
Should there be evidence that content violates applicable law or these terms and conditions, particularly that belonging to violators who have been warned not without cause, Netload will block the content. If legal or statutory violations are demonstrated, the block shall remain in place until settled in or out of court. Netload will promptly delete all content ordered to be removed by regulatory or court orders.
Netload has no influence on data exchange outside of its own technical infrastructure.
4. Deletion of Illegal Content
Netload does not tolerate illegal content and expressly states that all files with illegal content will be deleted immediately after that fact becomes known to Netload and technical measures will be taken to prevent an attempt at uploading the content again. Reports of illegal content (abuse reports) should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.org. In this case, please provide direct links to the files within the e-mail, for example http://netload.in/fileXXX.htm. The reports should also contain information about the name, address, and contact details. If possible, the address of the website where the links were found should be included in the message. In urgent cases, please contact our attorney listed under the site's imprint. Further claims, especially claims for damages and other redress against Netload, are excluded.
5. Exclusion from the Service
Netload reserves the right at any time and without notice, to suspend the service for users by blocking access and/or deleting the user's account if
- they use the service on a repeated basis to make content under copyright protection available to the public
- their use of the service could pose a threat to the liability of third parties or Netload
- the service as a whole or the access provided is misused, especially by allowing several users to share one account. Each account is made available solely for personal use and may not be shared with other users and or used from different IP addresses
- invoices remain unpaid
- there are doubts about the authenticity of the content or information provided
- there are other important reasons that make this action necessary. If a user is blocked from the service, the user is not entitled to payments or a reimbursement of previously accumulated points. This also applies to payment requests already submitted.
Netload distances itself from all content uploaded and downloaded via its service. The users themselves are solely responsible for the files they upload and download through the service. Netload does not assume any liability for the content. The content is the sole responsibility of those users who upload or download the files.
Netload assumes no liability for the quality of the content available on its service or that it is up-to-date, accurate, or complete, nor for any so-called consequential damages directly or indirectly caused by content.
b) The Content of Other Websites
Netload assumes liability for direct or indirect links or references to external websites for which Netload is not responsible only if Netload has knowledge of the contents and it is technically possible and reasonable to prevent the use of this site. Netload expressly declares that at the time the link was created, no illegal content was known or recognizable on the linked pages. Netload does not have any control of future design or modification of these linked pages and therefore disclaims any liability. Netload hereby explicitly distances itself from all content on sites previously linked and those to be linked in the future. This also applies to subsequent changes in content of the linked pages. The provider or other party responsibility for the content of these external pages has sole responsibility for any damages and other legal claims.
c) Accessibility of the Service
The user has no right that the service can be accessed at any time. Unrestricted access to the services is therefore not guaranteed. Netload is not liable for damages if its service cannot be used or accessed temporarily or permanently or if uploaded files are lost or damaged.
d) Other Exclusions
All liability for the actions of the authorities, labor disputes, force majeure, natural disasters or accidental damage is likewise fully disclaimed and excluded.
e) Standard of Liability
For slightly negligent breaches of duty, the liability of Netload and its agents is limited to foreseeable, typical, direct average damages. For slightly negligent breaches of non-essential duties, i.e. the contract is not be compromised, Netload and its agents assume no liability.
Netload does not use content stored on its service for its own use nor provide it directly to third parties. All potential copyright or usage rights for works remain fully with the respective rights holders. Netload itself does not violate distribution rights of any kind.
Netload observes all required data protection regulations under the applicable law and treats all data as strictly confidential. As far as private or business data must be retrieved and entered, the user expressly gives voluntary consent to disclose this information. No data will be disclosed to third parties or used for marketing purposes. Netload will not make personal data available to third parties without the person's consent, unless a clear legal obligation requires otherwise.
9. Premium Account
a) Direct Debit Authorization for Subscriptions
Paid premium accounts are limited to the period selected by the user.
b) Advantages of Premium Accounts
Users with premium accounts can download without restrictions. There is no limit to the download volume.
Users of these accounts can also upload files without restriction. There is no limit of space. Your files will not be deleted automatically. If after storing more than 500 GB on Netload, your account is inactive for more than 30 days, files will be deleted to bring your stored amount below the 500 GB limit.
Uploaded files are stored on at least two different server systems and are thus doubly secured. Mirrored files with a size of more than 100 GB are deleted if your account is inactive.
Files can be easily uploaded via FTP or FXP to Netload's servers and then converted with the links generated by Netload for the files. Interrupted uploads can be resumed.
Premium account users will be given preference and faster customer support.
For each order, you will receive two free days extra per year. Once an account has been purchased, the two extra days will be credited on a random day in the subsequent 12 months. You will be notified by email 24 hours prior to possible use. Prior notice is not possible.
10. Right of Revocation
You can revoke your contract in writing (email or letter) within one month without giving reasons. The time limit begins after receipt of this notice in written form, but not before the contract is concluded and also not before we have fulfilled our obligation to provide information under Article 246 §2 with §1(1) and (2) of the Introductory Statute of the German Civil Code as well as our duties according to §312e(1.1) of the German Code and Article 246 §3 of the Introductory Statute of the German Civil Code. The timely submission of the revocation constitutes meeting the deadline for revocation. The revocation shall be addressed to: email@example.com or netload.in, Netload GmbH, Weismüllerstrasse 28, D-60314 Frankfurt am Main. Your right to revoke the contract expires when the contract is fulfilled by both sides upon your specific request before exercising your right of revocation.
11. Changes in the Service and Terms and Conditions
Netload reserves the right to update, expand, or change its services at any time. The new services are also subject to these Terms and Conditions.
Netload can modify any provision of these terms at any time without prior notice. It is the responsibility of users to obtain information about changed provisions.
12. Applicable Law and Severability
For all legal relationships between Netload, users, and third parties, the law of the Federal Republic of Germany shall apply. This choice applies to consumers only insofar as the protection provided is not withdrawn by mandatory provisions of the laws of the country where the user is domiciled.
Should one or more provisions of these Terms and Conditions or any provision contained in any other contractual agreements be or become invalid, the validity of the remaining provisions or agreements shall not be affected. The fully or partially invalid provision or agreement is to be replaced by a provision that fulfills the business purpose of the invalid provision.
Frankfurt am Main, June 2010
Note: These Terms may not be copied or reproduced without written permission. | <urn:uuid:4c1a8a94-3335-4b0f-a6f0-d67118eb9082> | 2013-05-26T09:41:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Anything having to do with The Lord of the Rings!
Apart from that would be: Reading, Writing, Music (listening and playing piano, some LOTR pieces of course) making movies, acting
Favorite Tolkien character:
If I have to narrow it down to just one I'd have to pick Frodo Baggins.
He's one of the most self sacrificing characters of literature. After all that he has to go through to destroy the Ring he still cannot go on living peacefully in his beloved Shire. | <urn:uuid:ee0ddc25-9a95-49c0-b6dd-ab9342b77e35> | 2013-05-26T09:42:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On 1 May, 2003, voters will go to the polls to elect the members who will form the second Scottish Parliament session of the modern era.
Pressure to cut the number of MSPs (Members of the Scottish Parliament) in line with a scheduled reduction in those sent to Westminster has been resisted.
There will be 129 MSPs who will sit for a fixed four-year period.
The members will be elected in two ways.
- 73 members will represent individual constituencies and will be elected under the traditional first-past-the-post system.
These are the same as the 72 Scottish constituencies at Westminster with the exception that Orkney and Shetland is divided into two, each electing its own MSP.
- In addition, 56 members selected from "party lists" in the country's eight electoral regions.
These regions each will elect seven MSPs through the Additional Member System, a form of proportional representation.
Electors will therefore have two votes on separate ballot papers.
One is for a candidate in their constituency and the second is for a party list in their region.
Parties will be keen to dispel the common confusion over the two separate votes.
Some people mistakenly believe that they must vote for the constituency candidate belonging to the same party they supported at regional level.
Members of the Scottish Parliament
There will 129 MSPs
Elected from constituencies 73
Elected from regions 56
Others wrongly think the opposite, that the regional vote is a "second choice" and that they must therefore vote for a different party to the one they voted for in their constituency.
Both these views are wrong.
It is up to individual voters to decide whether or not they "split" their votes.
They can vote for the candidate at constituency level who represents the same party or a different party to the one they voted for at regional level.
The Additional Member System
The constituency MSPs are chosen according to the traditional system used in Westminster elections. A candidate needs simply to poll more votes than any other single rival to be elected.
The system for electing the Additional Members is more complex.
Electors will cast their second vote for a "party list".
This is a list submitted by registered parties with their candidates in order of preference.
If the party succeeds in winning one of these "top-up" seats, the person named as first on its list will be elected.
If it wins two top-up seats, then the first two will be elected, and so on.
Some think that their two votes must be for same party
Others think their two votes must be for different parties
In fact, voters can cast their two votes however they wish
It is important, therefore, for candidates to be near the top of their party's list for them to stand a realistic chance of being elected.
There are two complications to the lists.
First, a "party list" can be an individual person who is standing at the regional level rather than in a constituency.
Secondly, a candidate can stand both in a constituency and on a regional top-up list.
If they succeed in a constituency this takes priority and their name will be removed from the regional list so they cannot be elected twice.
The all-important divisor
The formula for deciding which parties win regional top-up seats is known as the d'Hondt system and is used widely across Europe.
First, party list votes are totalled from each of the constituencies making up the region.
These totals are then divided by the number of seats each party has won - plus one.
The party with the highest resulting total elects one Additional Member.
The regions for additional member seats
Highlands and Islands
Mid-Scotland and Fife
North East Scotland
South of Scotland
West of Scotland
That party's divisor is then increased by one (because of its victory) and new figures calculated. Again, the party with the highest total wins a seat.
The process is then repeated until all seven Additional Members are elected.
The aim of the system is to compensate parties which pile up votes in constituencies but fail to win many MSPs.
Under the d'Hondt system, they are much more likely to gain Additional Members. Conversely, parties which do well in constituency elections will do less well in the top-up seats. | <urn:uuid:871c6100-c293-419e-b3f0-31ca5c9cae43> | 2013-05-27T02:56:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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UN Pushes False Himalayan Glacier Scare to Set the Stage for Rio+20 Conference
The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has issued a press release this morning trumpeting the fact that its film Himalayan Meltdown just won the top prize in the Worldfest International Film Festival. The one-hour film, according to the press release, “examines the shrinking glaciers of the Himalayas and the effects they have on the lives and livelihoods of billions of people in Asia.” There is just one problem; Himalayan Mountain glaciers are barely receding at all.
A study published in February in the journal Nature reports alpine glaciers in the Himalayan Mountains have lost very little ice mass during the past decade. A more recent study, published in April in Nature Geoscience, reports glaciers in the Karakorum Range of the Himalayan Mountains, which contain approximately half the snow and ice mass of Himalayan Mountain glaciers, are growing rather than receding.
“UNDP is honored by the award and hopes the film will help stimulate a stronger international response to meeting the challenges of climate change and a stronger commitment to achieving sustainable development,” the press release explained. “The recognition the film is receiving is especially timely in the lead up to the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development in June.” | <urn:uuid:2ac54f12-e32a-475c-a300-dec9beb9ed04> | 2013-05-26T09:35:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Basically what has happened by introducing the toads is it has created really strong evolutionary pressure both on the toads themselves and on animals that interact on the toads," Shine said.
For example, Shine and his colleague Benjamin Phillips previously showed that two native Australian snake species have evolved smaller heads and are no longer able to eat the toads, which carry a lethal toxin.
Other studies have shown that some would-be toad predators have altered their diets to exclude toads, while others have evolved resistance to the cane toad toxin, Shine said.
"These studies tell us a lot about the evolutionary process," said Jonathan Losos, an evolutionary biologist at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
"Invading species are a huge problem, and cane toads are a classic example of that," he added. "But they also represent an inadvertent evolutionary experiment, the sort of experiment you couldn't [normally] conduct."
Rules and regulations prohibit scientists from purposely confronting native species in the wild with a non-native competitor or predator to see how natural selection works, he explained.
The evolutionary processes spawned by the cane toad invasion have occurred in a span of just 70 years. This adds to evidence from the past two decades that populations can adapt quickly when selection pressure is strong.
"We're taught evolution occurs over these very, very long time frames. But in systems like these, it's incredibly fast," Shine, the study co-author, said.
According to Losos, the unusual aspect of the toad leg length adaptation is the mechanism that drives it.
In most instances rapid evolution occurs when an organism enters a new environment and some variation that was previously irrelevant becomes favored. That variation is repeatedly selected until it becomes more common, he explained.
In the case of the cane toads, longer legs make the toads faster, and the fastest toads are always at the invasion front. The lead toads mate, passing their long legs to their offspring.
As long as there is no disadvantage to being the first into a new territory, this process should allow the toads to "evolve faster and faster rates of movement," Shine said.
Cane Toad Management
According to Shine, as scientists learn more about cane toad biology, they can devise strategies for eradicating local populations, such as changing the character of a breeding pond or staking out toad migration routes.
But the toads are likely to be permanent fixtures in Australia and will continue their spread, he said.
While Shine is optimistic that ecosystems will adapt, "there may be some parts of native systems that don't and, in time, will go extinct," he said.
"One message from the work," he added, "is to try to stop invasive species, you probably ought to start as soon as you get a chance. The longer you let it linger, the more formidable the adversary will be."
Free Email News Updates
Sign up for our Inside National Geographic newsletter. Every two weeks we'll send you our top stories and pictures (see sample).
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:99526aee-9313-40fd-a7bb-a1193129d6bf> | 2013-05-26T09:36:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Continuing to 'tweet' his opinion despite receiving flak, Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor [ Images ] now feels people should work rather than enjoy a holiday on Mahatma Gandhi's [ Images ] birthday.
"Gandhiji said 'Work is Workship' and we enjoy holiday on his birthday," he said in a reply to a posting on the social networking site Twitter.
To support his contention, Tharoor cited the views of visiting Vietnamese Vice President Nguyen Thi Doan.
"In V'nam (Vietnam), Ho Chi Minh's birthday is a working day and citizens are expected to put in an extra effort at work to honour him," he said quoting Nguyen whom he met at a dinner hosted by Vice President Hamid Ansari last night.
Tharoor also posted that he had attended the inter-faith prayers at Rajghat.
"Gandhiji's 140th birth anniversary. Unusually sunny and bright: metaphor for light he still shines," he said.
Tharoor's comment on his Twitter in September dubbing travel in economy class as "cattle class" had evoked strong rebuke from his party colleagues.
Image: Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor | <urn:uuid:7320b682-b24d-4a95-a427-b93dc476ca2e> | 2013-05-27T02:54:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fitness Tip/Recycling Tip
Foods aren’t good or bad. What makes a diet good or bad is how foods fit together. Balancing your choices is important.
Recycling / Energy Tip:
If your toilet was installed before 1992, reduce the amount of water used for each flush by inserting a displacement device in the tank such as a brick. | <urn:uuid:f0eede2f-2d29-4322-b3e0-948d7808dc75> | 2013-05-26T09:41:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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DAMASCUS, Dec. 7 (Xinhua) -- A car bomb went off in Syrian central city of Homs near a mosque after Friday's midday prayers, leaving 15 people wounded, the state media said.
The blast rocked the Insha'at district in central Homs, the report said, adding that some 15 people have been injured and material damage has been caused.
No news of casualties has emerged yet.
In the capital Damascus, meanwhile, a mortar shell fired by armed militias slammed a building at al-Mazzeh district and caused material damage only, according to local media reports.
Blasts have become daily routines in Syria, particularly in Damascus, where both conflicting parties are fighting their death match.
A while ago, the state media dismissed as "false" media reports that the rebels have taken control over the international airport of Damascus.
The Syrian government said the feverish media campaign against Syria aims to lift the falling morale of the "terrorists." | <urn:uuid:0e055b06-4ce8-4611-b39e-44611f09039f> | 2013-05-26T09:42:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Brandeis teacher Brigitte Deyle received the "Duden Award," which recognizes a teacher of German for outstanding efforts and achievements in providing high-quality instruction in German. This year is the 22nd year for the Duden Award. This award is presented by the "Bibliographisches Institut" and the "American Association of Teachers of German."
Brandeis teacher receives prestigious Duden Award
May 20, 2011 | <urn:uuid:cee8e182-2c23-4a0c-9e0d-7fdf798020f2> | 2013-05-27T02:54:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Second Line of Defense (SLD) Core Program installs radiation detection equipment at borders, airports, and strategic feeder ports in Russia, former Soviet Union states, and other key countries. Approximately 450 sites have been identified to receive detection equipment installations under the Core Program. The SLD Core program provides fixed and handheld radiation detection equipment, related communications tools, and training for personnel to enhance sustainability of equipment use and interdiction procedures at borders and crossing points.
Working with the Russian Customs Service, the SLD Core Program will equip all 350 Russian border crossings with radiation detection equipment by the end of 2011. Cost for this effort will be split approximately evenly between NNSA and the Federal Customs Service of Russia.
The SLD Core Program has initiated the installation of radiation detection systems and associated training in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Slovenia, Slovakia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Greece, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Estonia, and Armenia.
The SLD Core program is also involved in maintaining radiation detection equipment throughout the world to help mitigate the risk of nuclear proliferation and terrorism. The SLD Program is enhancing the sustainability of radiation detection equipment installed by the U.S. government in more than 20 countries in the Baltics, Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean through regular repair and preventative maintenance. Efforts are underway to upgrade and, where necessary, expand the detection capabilities in the many of these countries. | <urn:uuid:e6537093-a08f-4ba8-a43c-cdbd4845ebaf> | 2013-05-26T09:42:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I have Jesus, my Creator and Savior. I have a great husband and three wonderful kids. I have a love-filled life. I have the tendency to talk too much and laugh too loud. I have the terrible compulsion to blab all my faults and type them out for the whole world to read. | <urn:uuid:9c36b7ae-94ff-4baf-a946-6f5cd2771ca9> | 2013-05-26T09:35:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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