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Why is the speed of light what it is? | We know that matter can't exceed the speed of light. This is reasonable because as you put in more energy at this point, the matter gains mass and it ends up being this endless loop where you can't put in enough energy to make even a single proton go as fast as light... but then.... why is light stuck at that point? co... | 26 | It's also worth noting that the *speed of light* is something of an incidental misnomer, since light itself isn't fundamentally or qualitatively related to c in any way. It just happens that light was the first thing we discovered that moves at what should probably be termed the *speed of massless vacuum propagation*. ... | 34 |
CMV: We should be aiming to understand and discuss with each other more, and be outraged less. | There have been a lot of horrible things going on lately. A ton of hate and bigotry and divisiveness, the reaction to which (understandably) has been anger and outrage.
My view is that in the face of a bigoted/ignorant statement, in an ideal world, we would try and understand and discuss the ignorance and create an al... | 194 | A friend? A colleague? An acquaintance? Sure, have a discussion with them.
Everyone else? Hell no. Having a rational discussion with an irrational bigot is not only an exercise in futility, it legitimizes their bigoted views. Bigots *want* others to address their bigotry, to talk with them about it, so they can espous... | 19 |
CMV: there is nothing wrong with traffic police maximising the number of tickets they write, by placing hidden speed radars in strategic places or camping outside of clubs to check drivers for alcohol (for example). | If the police were to place hidden speed radars in strategic places they would “trap” most drivers into a situation where they could be fined for speeding. If they were to camp outside of clubs to check drivers for alcohol right after big parties, they would “trap” most drivers into a situation where they could be fine... | 92 | Re: the speed trap thing
The main argument about speed traps is that they're used in conjunction with excessively (and often unsafely) low speed limits. So when a busy road passes through a small municipality, the municipality will drop the limit from 55 to 35 even though the road conditions justify a safe speed of 5... | 94 |
How bad is psychology really? | I'm a high school student and I always thought I'd be a Software developer or a Medical Scientist or Biomedical Engineer like most of my family. But my life got thrown off course a few years ago, I had to a take a break and now I find myself unable to force myself to do something like raw Computer science or Biomedical... | 24 | If you're interested in combining psychology and computer science (with the added bonus of increased employability!), you should check out human-computer interaction, which is a mix of computer science, design, psychology, and economics.
HCI programs are usually housed in a university's Information school. It's not o... | 30 |
How is biometric authentication not practically the same as using the same password for everything? | Sure it is a good password so it can't practically be guessed, but in the event of a database leak with all our fingerprints they are no longer secure and can no longer be used, ever really. | 22 | Biometrics, although intended as an authentication method, are significantly different than passwords.
1. Biometrics can be forged - forging a password means you know it
2. #1 is because a biometric is _something you have_, while a password is _something you know_. Ideally one would use them together in a 2-factor aut... | 18 |
[GOT] What does the phrase "chaos is a ladder" mean? | 35 | The metaphor is about climbing higher in terms of power and influence.
I.e., when things are politically chaotic, a savvy person can use the unclear allegiances and fluid situation to better himself, much more rapidly than would be possible in a stable environment.
| 59 | |
ELI5: How do full blooded siblings end up with such varying results from DNA testing? | 15 | A child will inherit 50% of each parent's DNA. 50% of the mother, 50% of the father. But each child will not receive the *same* 50% from each parent. The genetic code that is passed on is random, every time.
So, let's say one parent has a small amount of African ancestry in their blood. They have a child, which inher... | 17 | |
Does a simple fire emit ultraviolet light? lf no, then how does our sun do so? Ks it a matter of thermonuclear fusion, or something else? | 18 | The light radiated by a hot object has a central maximum at a wavelength determined by its absolute temperature and intensity falls off on both sides with a characteristic shape. In principle UV will be present at any temperature but at low temperatures very little. The atoms at the sun surface are very hot and so emit... | 26 | |
[Marvel] Can Dr Strange manipulate all of the Infinity Stones in the same way he manipulates the Time Stone? | We know that Dr Strange can use the Eye of Agamotto and magic to use the time stone. Could he use magic to work the other Infinity Stones in the same way?
If he could, would he need a containment device like the Eye as a focus or is the Eye just used to stop people directly touching the stone? | 15 | If he studied them, yes.
The Eye doesn't seem to act as a focus, it appears to serve as a containment unit for the stone so he doesn't touch it and he can cast magical protections on the Eye. Thanos was able to use it in the same way without the Eye.
Given time, there's no reason why Strange - a very intelligent sor... | 17 |
[40k] You end up as a morale officer aboard an imperial naval vessel. How do you keep up morale? | Lets just say for the premise that you're **not** a commissar and your goal is to keep crew mentally fit for duty. Could be any kind of vessel, staff relative to the size of ship, and access to the same various resources afforded to an imperial naval ship whenever they resupply.
I understand this position/role ... | 26 | Well in the spirit of the 40K universe, the beatings will continue until morale improves.
More seriously probably look at ways to improve the quality of the food. There's not a ton you can about things like living quarters or providing more recreation space but having food other than soylens viridians would make a nic... | 42 |
CMV: I think "sluts" are the ethical ones, and not so-called "prudes". | Right off, let's make it clear that "slut" here applies to men, women, and all other possible configurations. The only thing you need to meet my definition of "slut" here is that you have a lot of sex with different partners.
Although it might help to draw a distinction between purely voluntary "sluts" and the psycho... | 24 | Responding to your first point, this isn't universally true. Some people feel good about waiting until they find someone they wish to marry, and then having sex with just that person the rest of their life. Some people feel good not having sex at all, either because of religious reasons they find fulfilling or because ... | 27 |
[Lord of the Rings] Was there an army of dwarves assisting in the battle at the gates of Mordor? If not, why not? | I don't recall seeing many dwarves in the historical footage of the battle at the gates of Mordor. The only dwarf I remember seeing was Gimli. Were there other dwarves there? If not, where were they? | 424 | The Dwarves couldn't have helped even if they wanted to.
Sauron's assault on Middle-earth was multi-pronged. Every major nation that stood against him - Dale, Erebor, Mirkwood, Lothlorien, Rohan and Gondor - were all attacked at the same time so that none of the nations could help each other.
A large Easterling arm... | 480 |
ELI5: Why things feel wet when they're cold? | 19 | Because our nerves can't feel "wet", our brain decides something is wet by combining the inputs it does get from tempreture and pressure.
It's why water at exactly body tempreture doesn't feel wet, we only feel the pressure.
| 25 | |
ELI5: Hubble's Law (and how he figured out the universe was expanding) | I've read articles on this, but to an astronomy layman, it's like reading greek. ELI5 how this amazing mind using a 1930's telescope was able to determine this, please. | 17 | You know how an ambulance sounds higher pitched when it's moving towards you, and lower pitched when it's moving away from you? Light does this too, but it becomes bluer when moving towards you and redder when moving away. Hubble discovered that pretty much every galaxy in the sky was redshifted - moving away from us -... | 16 |
ELI5: Why is gargling salt water known to help with sore throats, but eating chips doesn't? | If the salt in salt water can aide the sore throat, why wouldn't the salt in chips, french fries, or any other salty food also be a suggestion to help? | 24 | There's a phenomenon called 'osmosis' which plays its role here.
When two different liquids with different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane (the one that allows one-way flow only), the liquids would flow in such a way that they attain a state of equilibrium, i.e. now the concentration of both th... | 47 |
ELI5: Is it legal for Congress to pass legislation that they admit they have not read? | I frequently see articles where Senator X or Representative Y say that they have not read, or do not know the full contents of a piece of legislation that they are going to vote for and pass. Is this legal? In a corporate setting, any CEO who did this will be guilty of willful misconduct and be looking at serious pen... | 22 | Sure, it's legal. You can't compel people to read something. Have you seen some of the laws that congress passes? They're *tomes*. Regularly hundreds or thousands of pages. Congresspeople pay staffers to read the legislation, figure out the consequences, and summarize it, and then the congressman usually just votes on ... | 14 |
ELI5: How did the custom of "when riding in the cab, sit in the back" get started, and why is it still tradition? | I mean besides driver safety. | 17 | It is an extension of the era when they were horse drawn carriages. The driver would be on the roof or on a seat in the front that was on the outside of the carriage and passengers would be inside it.
It does provide protection for the driver, and it also provides privacy for the passengers and means that they do not... | 25 |
When you burn a log, the ashes will weigh less than the original log. If you captured all the gasses/smoke that escaped + the ashes, would it weigh the same as the original log? | So a burning log releases carbon (monoxide/dioxide?) among other gasses and smoke. If you could "capture" those and add the remaining ashes and weighed them together, would it weigh as much as the original log? Do you have to consider E=mc^2 for heat and light energy released or is that too small to affect it? Hopefull... | 61 | By burning the log, you have combined its components with oxygen. Therefore, if you were somehow able to capture the entire amount of products after the reaction, you would have the weight of the log plus the weight of oxygen that was used to burn that particular log, as the result.
So in short, if you could capture t... | 126 |
[DC Comics] The Lasso of Truth bypasses mind-wiping, brainwashing, and delusions to find the truth as the subject knows it. However, it can’t make the subject say things they don’t know. With that in mind, how would it work on someone with severe psychosis, or late-stage dementia? | 15 | As you said, it bypasses delusions.
It doesn't provide information, but it removes any barriers keeping them from seeing reality. That includes delusions and dementia- for as long as they are in the lasso, they can see the truth. | 17 | |
A credible SARS-NCOV vaccine manufacturer said large scale trials shows 90% efficiency. Is the vaccine ready(!)? | Apparently the requirements by EU authorities are less strict thanks to the outbreak. Is this (or any) vaccine considered "ready"?
Are there more tests to be done? Any research left, like how to effectively mass produce it? Or is the vaccine basically ready to produce? | 14,071 | No, it’s not ready for the public. The data we just received is internal Pfizer data, which is likely robust and reliable but requires peer review from independent scientists and approval by the FDA.
If all goes according to plan, the first few million vaccines will be distributed to highest priority individuals in De... | 4,881 |
ELI5: Why is the skin on bald men's heads shiny but skin everywhere else on the body is dull? | 14,178 | Your head secretes an oil called sebum and it still does so even after you lose your hair. Not washing your hair for a few days will make it oily, the same oil makes your bald head shiny without the hair. | 11,150 | |
Have we observed objects orbiting around the sun in the 'wrong direction'? | I know that the solar system originated from a spinning disk of gas and debris, and as such, all of the planets orbit in the same direction as the sun's own rotation, and with a bit of reading, it appears that the same is true for comets and asteroids.
I also have read about moons in the solar system that didn't origi... | 2,159 | None of the big stuff, but, famously, Triton is retrograde around Neptune. Also, Venus rotates backwards, and Uranus rotates at an almost 90 degree angle, both of which are extremely large deviations from the basic angular momentum story. So, as you suggest, that at least tells us that something pretty crazy and pret... | 1,291 |
ELI5: Why do older people put "the" in front of things all the time? | What I mean by this is how a lot of older people who usually don't understand something or don't want to understand something will put the word "the" in front of words that don't normally have it in there. Phrases like:
"Are you reading the Harry Potter?"
"Look for that on the Google."
etc.
Is it a cultural thing? Is... | 44 | For a certain generation of older people, many of the new inventions or fads from their youth had a "the" in front of them. "the radio," "the TV," "the Lindy," etc . . . This wasn't true of all things then, of course (a new book wouldn't necessarily be "the Great Gatsby," it could be "Revolt in the Desert") and it's ... | 63 |
[Civilization video games] Two spearmen, who have been defending our city since the Stone Age, managed to sink an attacking battleship. How did they do it? | 150 | Since the stone age? With that much combat experience, they can develop strategies we can't even dream of. They probably boarded the ship like Captain America in Winter Soldier and took out the entire crew in hand to hand combat before scuttling the ship. | 220 | |
Eli5: Why does drawing a line on the ground in front of a chicken “hypnotize” it? | [reddit post showing it in action ](https://www.reddit.com/r/AbruptChaos/comments/bhv0bg/hypnotizing_a_chicken/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=ios_app) | 22 | "Ethologists refer to this state as 'tonic immobility' i.e. a natural state of semi-paralysis that some animals enter when presented with a threat. "
Have you ever seen them do this with sharks? They rub the sharks nose and turn them upside down to put them in this state. Pretty cool. | 13 |
There have been a few recent studies coming out that have claimed/proven that medium-to-long-term periods of sitting causes serious damage to one's health. How does this happen? What sort of damage is it? Is there less damage by simply laying down instead of sitting? Is it reversible? | Thanks for your answers. | 1,910 | Lying down won't help. The benefit is associated with getting up on your feet regularly throughout the day. The study found that too much sitting (or other sedentary behavior) is associated with shortened teleomere length.
Teleomeres are DNA structures that protect our chromosomes. Each time our cells divide, our telo... | 837 |
[TERMINATOR 2] Why did the T-1000 threaten Sarah with force for her to "call John" instead of just copying her voice or turning into her? | He was currently making contact with her, and had done so earlier in the elevator when he cut her. Why not imitate her voice, or outright copy her entire body, and then terminate her as was standard protocol? | 42 | The T-1000 is composed of billions of tiny nanomachines that allow for its shapeshifting abilities. These billions of tiny nanomachines had just been frozen solid by liquid nitrogen, blown apart with a 9mm round, and reformed all in the space of a few minutes. With all of that, hardware damage is inevitable.
(Meta: ... | 48 |
How do optometrists get prescription for babies? | Just saw the cutest post on r/wholesomegifs of a baby getting glasses and being able to see clearly for the first time. I see these posts often but I always wonder how they get the eyeglass prescription right for babies?
Normally eye doctors ask you the “is 1 or 2 better” question 15 times but babies can’t answer tha... | 427 | Optometrist here. If its possible due to the baby's cooperation, then autorefraction. Its a machine that measures Rx and is often in the ballpark. Most doctors wouldn't stop there though and would also do retinoscopy, which is a technique using a hand held scope that shines a reflective light into the eye. We presc... | 355 |
Is it just me that 20 something undergrads need a lot more these days? | I'm just 33, but I'm beginning to feel like the newest crop of students needs a lot more handholding than I did when I was in school. I'm in a graduate program in counseling at a decent state institution in the midwest. We spend at least 20 minutes a class talking about how to do assignments that have fairly straightfo... | 120 | There are a lot of valid points in this thread, but you have to remember that you--currently a grad student--probably weren't a typical student in undergrad. So comparing your students to how you remember feeling isn't necessary the most accurate comparison. | 226 |
ELI5: Why are most hacking tools still built on CMD and version of UNIX? | I'm currently taking an Global informations technology course and during my studies I took some extra time to look into WiFi password cracking and vulnerability exploits for many different situations. The one thing I noticed over and over again is that most of the tools either come on an OS like Kali or Backtrack or ne... | 20 | Multiple reasons. The biggest one: GUIs are a pain in the ass to make.
Other than that - when working with CLI-tools you have text as in- and output, which you can properly parse and pipe into other tools. GUI applications could also output their data to stdout, but why go this way if all you need to do are giving som... | 19 |
[Total Annihilation] Does the Arm or Core possess star ship technology? | In the games they are shown to use Galactic gates which are presumably wormholes linking their worlds together, but do they also have spaceships?
While the two sides obviously possess incredibly advanced nano, bio and computing technologies, do they utilise spaceships aswell? I think its reasonable to assume they pos... | 22 | They do, but it's largely useless when it comes to intergalactic warfare. All of the resources are on planets at the bottom of gravity wells and galactic gates work perfectly find on the surface of a planet, so there's really no reason to launch stuff into space.
Both side's military doctrine relies on stripmining as ... | 10 |
ELI5: How do anti-bacterial hand gels/soaps kill bacterial cells but not your own cells? | EDIT: Wow, thanks for the great responses! Never knew epidermal cells were dead... kinda creepy really! | 2,004 | There are multiple kinds. The alcohol-based gels work by ruining the bacteria's cell walls; alcohol in high concentration is very lethal to nearly all bacteria. The outer layer of human skin is already dead, and a lot more resistant to being penetrated by alcohol; the 30 seconds or so that you're rubbing your hands isn... | 1,004 |
Are there any indications that there are elements beyond the 118 we have currently discovered or synthesized? If so, is there any indication that there is a finite number of elements, other than their increasingly short halflives? | As a layperson, I would assume that one could just continually add more protons and neutrons to continually make new elements, but I'm not sure about the physics or any limitations related to that. If I'm right, then I assume the only difficulty is stabilizing the samples long enough for a confirmation, as I know that ... | 39 | A neutron star is very similar to an extremely heavy atomic nucleus. Consider that neutron stars contain ~10^57-58 particles. If a neutron star grows much heavier than this it will collapse into a black hole. Therefore there is a **finite** limit to the number of possible atomic elements, but it's a very large number. ... | 37 |
COVID-19 started with one person getting infected and spread globally: doesn't that mean that as long as there's at least one person infected, there is always the risk of it spiking again? Even if only one person in America is infected, can't that person be the catalyst for another epidemic? | 16,154 | You're on the right track, but as always, it's more complicated than that.
For starters, COVID may not have necessarily started from a patient X, it could have been a group of people. Not sure if we know that for certain, but that's besides the point. You're right in thinking that as long as someone has it, they can... | 6,752 | |
[Mass Effect] What is the reactions of the wider Galaxy when Shepard returned from the Omega 4 Relay? | In this case assume the following:
* Shepard is a male mostly paragon (75%) that recorded the events of entering the relay
* He survived the suicide mission with no losses to his squad or people
* Came back with dozens of survivors from the Collector Base
* Recorded his fight with the Human Reaper
* Gave the Base ... | 35 | We see it in ME3, he gets arrested after the Omega 4 relay for working with the terrorist organization Cerberus. 99.9% of people in the galaxy don't even know that he went there. The other .1% were either in on it, or are the ones arresting him.
Then 6 months later, the Reapers attack in force. Nobody really cares abo... | 38 |
Since we use multiple telescopes on Earth to increase the resolution in interferometry, Is it possible to build a network of space telescopes around Earths orbit to make a space telescope around 2au wide? | Obviously I know the material requirements and precision would be a huge factor, but I'm looking more for scientific reasons it wouldn't be possible. | 905 | Nope, no major scientific barriers here. It's purely an engineering problem - albeit a very big one!
In addition to knowing the orientation and distance between all satellites at a very high precision, you also need to combine the data from all these telescopes at quite a high cadence. In optical and infrared astronom... | 429 |
How can I know whether I'm reading works totally by Frederick Nietzsche or works changed his sister? | 36 | You buy books published by a university press.
Generally though, the works edited by Elisabeth are 'The Will To Power ' and some sections of 'The Antichrist'. 'Towards the Genealogy of Morals' and 'Ecce Homo' should be fine as well. His earlier work, published before his sister took over should be fine too (though th... | 28 | |
[Marvel] Seriously, when Wolverine heals large chunks of his body, where does he get the extra mass from? | I've heard people mention "meat space," a dimension made of meat that he can draw from. But, that's just a joke answer, right? How do you seriously explain Wolverine's healing power? | 326 | He transmutes energy into body mass, exactly the same way that normal cellular growth does, just really, really fast. Some of that energy comes from normal metabolic sources (i.e., the sugar and fat he's already got stored in his body, just like normal), but most of it comes from the same energy-collection ability that... | 278 |
Why was Immanuel Kant so captivated by Rosseau's "Emile" that he missed his afternoon walks? | I apologize if this had already been answered.
Kant is perhaps infamous for being rigid enough for his neighbors to set their clocks to the time in which Kant took his afternoon walks. However, I read that Kant missed his afternoon walks for several days after reading Rosseau's "Emile, or On Education." I'm not espe... | 161 | It was particularly the part called 'profession de foi du vicaire savoyard' that influenced Kant. Kant took from Rousseau the idea that virtue (being good) isn't a science, that morality doesn't depend on knowledge, that being moral isn't a matter of knowing some privileged moral proposition. This lead to Kant explorin... | 98 |
ELI5: What is the difference in unleaded gas and diesel gas? Also why is it so bad to put diesel gas in a non-diesel engine? | 15 | Diesel is a non-vaporizing oil. A Diesel engine sprays atomized diesel into the sparking chamber.
Gasoline is a vaporizing oil. It goes to a gaseous state when injected into the sparking chamber.
Putting a liquid into an environment that’s expecting a gas has a whole bunch of obvious consequences. | 13 | |
[MCU] If Steve Rogers wanted to get into the military so bad why wasn’t he at least working out and learning fighting techniques before joining? | Steve is supposed to be seen as one of the most dedicated people but he’s too lazy to workout to build some muscle? He struggled all through bootcamp.
Edit: I don’t want to say the samething on every comment so to everyone talking about medical conditions it’s seems like Steve Rogers was actually delusional that he wo... | 608 | The list of medical problems he's struggled with includes not only asthma, but if you read closely, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, chronic fatigue, contact with tuberculosis, palpitations and other heart problems.
Forget about building muscle- with all these conditions in one body, considering the time he grew up in,... | 1,151 |
[Lord of the Rings] What are my other options to get into Mordor? | Obviously, the trying to take the Blake Gate seems like a mistake. I heard of a secret layer guarded by someone named Shelob but that sounds as risky as it is ominous. It seems to be surrounded by mountains on three side? Do mountains not cover all of it? And what about the mountains? Could get I get some climbing gea... | 173 | There are no good options. You could travel along either the Northern or Southern border and skirt around the mountains to approach from the East. However, that would require that you travel through enemy held territory: The Easterlings in the North and the Haradrihm in the South. Plus, Harad is a desert, so you also h... | 122 |
[harry potter] How did everyone know that it was Voldemort, himself, that killed Lily and James Potter? | And why were they so sure that Voldemort was gone? I'll admit, I haven't read the books in years, so there may be something I'm forgetting, but wasn't his body destroyed when he tried to kill Harry? It seems like a huge leap of faith to just assume he was the one, and that he was killed that night, when there wasn't a... | 15 | Well, the fact that he went missing afterwards, and a bunch of his death eaters came forward and said he had imperius'd them, but was gone now, was enough for most people.
And the reason *they* came forward and said that is because... he *was* gone. And frankly, without him, they stood very little chance against thei... | 19 |
ELI5: Why do parents in lesser developed countries tend to have more children than parents in more developed countries? | It seems like in areas such as Africa and the Middle East, it's not uncommon for parents to have 3 or more children. Is there any direct correlation for this, and if there is a correlation, would removing it help the economy of these countries immensely? | 23 | Less knowledge of family planning, and less access to birth control. Beyond that, the less developed world relies on a lot of labor, especially farming, for their livelihood. Often, large families act as the labor force. In a more morbid sense, life expectancy is much less, so more children allows the family to continu... | 30 |
ELI5: How did diseases that are only transmitted Sexually originate ? | 173 | Most infectious human diseases, not just STDs, originally came from animals. Often domestic animals, but sometimes wild animals as well. The flu, TB, etc., come from pigs, chickens, and cattle. HIV came from wild apes or monkeys, and Ebola is thought to have come from bats.
Most STD's weren't originally only transm... | 75 | |
[Star Wars] Wouldn't the Death Star's blast push it backwards in space? | When the Death Star shoots its huge beam, it doesn't look like it moves back at all, wouldn't that exert a lot of force pushing back on the Death Star just floating in space? | 42 | The death star has thrusters to move it around, it's likely that they just compensate with those.
Additionally the relative mass of the death star vs it's beam means that any impulse on the death star doesn't move it that much, possibly a negligible amount when you're "zoomed out" enough to see the whole thing.
Las... | 61 |
If eviction were easier, would that make landlords more willing to rent to less desirable tenants? | 25 | yes, their risk is lower.
Think of the choice to rent to a particular person or not as a risk assessment of expected values. If the average time to evict an undesirable tenant were 6 months, the property could be damaged significantly and the landlord likely faces opportunity cost if the undesirable tenant is not payi... | 22 | |
[The Hobbit] How were the dwarves of Erebor able to mine so much gold? How is this geologically possible? | Erebor is an extremely wealthy kingdom, and from the vast amount of gold seen in its vaults, it looks like Erebor may have managed to accumulate more gold than has ever been mined throughout all of human history and human civilization.
Estimates of all of the gold cumulatively mined through all of human history put t... | 22 | Do not make the mistake of assuming that Arda has the same amount of minerals as our Earth. It could very easily have more gold and diamonds than we're used to. That, and the dwarven mines are more vast and go deeper than any human gold mine has done. Another thing to keep in mind is that the mine in Erebor was establi... | 28 |
CMV: Trump and McConnell Must Not Be Allowed to Replace RBG |
After Mitch McConnell said that we can't replace Supreme Court nominees during election years, it would be extremely hypocritical to try and replace RBG now. If a president who was elected by big margins in both the popular vote AND the electoral college TWICE couldn't do it, then a president who lost... | 15 | The problem with treating every single election/nomination/whatever as a life-or-death situation is that, when the truly nation-threatening event actually happens, there is no room for escalation.
You clearly aren't fundamentally opposed to a Trump nominee; you yourself admit that a Trump appointee would be acceptable... | 25 |
Do Rockets harm the environment in terms of exhaust fumes? | I ask me this question when in saw Elon Musks demo of the BFR carrying passengers or cargo from Earth-to-Earth anywhere on the Earth within 90 minutes. | 81 | Everything has some environmental impact. A rocket to orbit burns about as much fuel as a jet burns to fly from the US to Japan. It just burns it a lot faster. So like, there would have to be a LOT of rocket launches to be a significant source of pollution compared to more common things.
​
​ | 81 |
ELI5: Why is the country approximately 50/50 when it comes to the political spectrum? Is it a coincidence that it's divided so evenly, or is it a statistical phenomenon? | Why is it a constant back and forth? I figured it should be like 70-30 or something, but that doesn't seem to be the case... | 57 | No, it's actually what you would expect with a two-party system. Imagine tomorrow that either societal attitudes changed or the Democrats changed their policies so that they suddenly had the firm support of 60% of the country. The Republicans, now realizing that they're now never going to win the presidency or control ... | 47 |
ELI5: Why in old films of NASA and USSR rocket launches do the NASA engines emit yellow flames and USSR 's are blue? | >I've been watching "Chasing The Moon" on PBS and in the historical films of NASA launches the US vehicle engines pour out a very yellow, smokey and less structured flame than films of Soviet rockets where there's very little smoke and the flames look almost like what you would see on a gas stove. Blue and a very ti... | 16 | It could be the fuel as almost all US rockets use liquid oxygen + kerosene which results in yellow glowing exhaust due to all the carbon left in it. Though the most used Russian launch vehicles were/are from the R-7 family that use the same fuel and generally their exhaust looks the same, Russian Proton rockets use nit... | 19 |
CMV: Fermi's Paradox means we will never become a space-faring species, or die trying. | There's a explanation for Fermi's Paradox called the great filter, which posits that one of the chances in Fermi's Equation is 0. Some disaster exists that stop space-faring intelligent life from coming to exist. Since we are still around I believe that means that the great filter still lies between us and space-faring... | 17 | So from some of your other posts it seems like you are defining space faring in such a way that it requires meeting extraterrestrial life. This seems like an odd definition to me. If extraterrestrial life was hypothetically so relatively scarce compared to space that you could travel from one end of the universe to the... | 13 |
What does 'it' in "It is raining" mean? If it doesn't refer to anything, what would be an alternative sentence which expresses the same meaning? | 171 | Have a look at Nietzsche's genealogy of morals 1.13! He argues this is a quirk of language that suggest a doer behind a deed, a subject behind events. But there is no rainer of rain, just the activity of raining. Nietzsche invites us to apply the same thinking to ourselves - there is no free subject behind your acts - ... | 223 | |
If E = MC^2 then why does a photon contain energy? | Surely 0 x C^2 wouldn't work universally, or, I guess the equation wasn't posited as a universal truth to begin with - which is what it's reputation would lead you to believe :p
So what is it really meant to demonstrate? | 3,394 | E=mc^2 is for massive stationary objects. The full equation is
E^(2)=p^(2)c^(2)+m^(2)c^(4)
where p is momentum. Note that p=mv is not a universal law either - it's only true for massive objects at low speed. Massless photons can have momentum! You can see this by setting m=0, because photons are massless, which gives... | 4,513 |
CMV: People should stop focusing on “useless degrees” and instead focus on the fact that the job market is full of meaningless, arbitrary and unfulfilling jobs | I study a classic useless Liberal Arts degree at a fancy institution and I’ve become very accustomed to the scoffs and jokes about my “unemployable” future. I know. I’ve accepted it. I used to get a lot of anxiety about this stuff, worrying about my life 5 years from now. I used to wonder if there’s something wrong wit... | 1,674 | >change management
It is easy to scoff at "process" jobs as not contributing value. But often those processes were created as a result of lessons paid for in blood. When an airplane crashes because some part of the software wasn't properly tested, we get a new or modified process, so that it is someone's job to ens... | 340 |
Why does Google kill so many services? Would it really cost them all that much just to continue hosting it? | ERROR: type should be string, got "\nhttps://killedbygoogle.com/\n\nHow much does it cost to maintain a service vs develop it? \n\nWhy does Google kill so many services? \n\nWould it really cost them all that much just to continue hosting it? \n\nIsn't the vast majority of the cost incurred in developing the service? " | 24 | Google kills the services because they create a lot of services and because they avoid abandoning a project, they kill it before.
They don't want to be associated with non successful services, they want big and useful services like Gmail and Youtube, not niches like G+.
But why do they kill them? It's just to allocat... | 30 |
ELI5: Why do so many little kids pronounce the "R" sound like a "W"? | It seems strange to me that there are so many younger kids that can't make the R sound and they just substitute it with a W sound instead. (Think "I'm going wabbit hunting")
Also there are plenty of kids who never break off this habit and it can follow them all the way into their early teen years. | 102 | Speech-Language Pathology graduate student here. Substituting /r/ with /w/ is common in kids because /w/ requires less muscular control, especially of the tongue. Motor control develops over time, and most kiddos outgrow this by age 5. | 75 |
What is the most accurate way to visualize an atom? | 76 | A nucleus made up of subatomic particles and an outer volume of space occupied by electrons.
The question is, can the electron be thought of as a negatively charged particle orbiting a positive nucleus, like a planetary orbital? To make early chemistry/physics class easy, yes. But it's actually a continuous wave of ... | 26 | |
What are we missing before we finally have a quantum theory of gravity? | I know the motivations behind string theory and other models of quantum gravity (e.g. unification of fundamental forces) but what I don't understand is what is missing from the current proposed models. Do we have all the details worked out and we're just waiting for experimental verification? Are there still theoretica... | 251 | It's not a problem anymore for string theory. String theory is a consistent UV completion of gravity. It doesn't have the incurable divergences of General Relativity, and is indeed healthy as a quantum theory. Moreover, it reduces to GR at low energies.
And it is extremely constrained, i.e. there's only one free param... | 58 |
Can there be anything higher than a pH of 14 or lower than a pH of 0? | 64 | Yes, negative pH is possible with a very strong acid, and >14 pH is possible with a very strong base. A pH of zero simply has a 1 molar concentration of H+ ions, so with 10x that many H+ ions, you get a pH of -1. | 70 | |
Eli5: why is it now code to install outlets upside down? | 35 | If a conductive object falls accidentally across the main two prongs of a "right side up" (😮) plug that isn't completely flush against the outlet, it will close the circuit. If it's your finger you get shocked. If it's metal there could be a spark. If there's a spark there could be a fire. Building codes are designed ... | 94 | |
How can E=mc^2 have a negative solution? | Paul Dirac showed that there is negative energy but how did he prove this? I don't doubt that it is true, i just don't understand it.
c ist the speed of light squared so it defenitely is positive. For this equation to be true there would have to be negative mass then, right? But negative mass sounds so unintuitive.
T... | 18 | The full equation is E^(2) = (**p**c)^(2) + (mc^(2))^(2).
If you go into the frame where the particle is at rest, **p**^(2) = 0.
So E^(2) = (mc^(2))^(2).
The solutions to this equation are E = +/- mc^(2). | 36 |
[Halo] Why can't Jackals pilot ghosts? | So, uh... Yeah, I'll admit it. I'm kind of a rookie. Joined up with the UNSC a couple years ago, but never really saw much action. I've seen the vids, though. Helmet cams, satellite imagery, reconstructed battlefield displays, etc. ONI's declassified Spartan POV footage? That's some crazy shit, man. Glad they're on our... | 22 | Your understanding of the caste system is flawed. The Jackals aren't so much on the middle but rather mercenaries/privateers. The Elites and Prophets don't trust the majority of the Jackals (they are of the belief that, given the opportunity, a Jackal would sooner "lose" heavy equipment such as Ghosts in battle and som... | 28 |
ELI5: When you burn fat is it the latest fat you stored from eating that gets burned or is it totally random? | 7,742 | In case you haven't gotten an answer to your question yet, OP, the short answer is its a mix of both.
Your body stores fat predominately in 2 ways. The first is in adipose tissue, or, specific cells designed to store fat. The second is fat circulating through your system, bound to fat transport proteins. Fat that is d... | 4,662 | |
CMV: Fat Feminism is a warped denial of medical studies | I'm a feminist, pretty much agree with most of the movements, but I cannot for the life of me understand this one. I understand not shaming people because it empirically doesn't work and can lead to mental health issues. I understand reducing social stigma, subsequently not socially excluding fat people. I understand t... | 128 | Can you give examples of feminists encouraging people to be fat? I've never seen that. Refusing to shame people for being fat is not the same as encouraging them to be fat. In a lot of cases, encouraging people to lose weight is just concern trolling, pretending to care when it's really just fat shaming by another name... | 76 |
CMV: Movie theaters should offer discounts for front row seats. | I went to see the new Star Wars film with a group of my friends last weekend. The theater was completely full, except for the front three rows, which were almost completely empty. When we went to find our seats (this was assigned seating), we discovered that someone else had taken our seats already. We showed them our ... | 46 | > **2)** Patrons who get stuck with crappy front row seats will have less incentive to take better seats from other people since they are being compensated for their suffering by getting a discount. This helps avoid conflict between guests having to kick each other out of assigned seating.
Why wouldn't they just ta... | 22 |
Does all programming turn into machine code? | I don’t know if this question makes sense but when you write code in whatever language, python, C, Java etc does it all eventually get converted into assembly and then machine code? | 35 | I don't think assembly is a requirement but yes every language gets turned into machine code. It's just a matter of WHEN. Compiled languages and turned into machine code before you run the code. So a compiled language turned into an exacutable file is fully compiled. Meanwhile, interpreted languages are always compiled... | 22 |
How does the brain calculate the passing of time independent of simple estimation? Is there a biological mechanism? | The brain must use knowledge of how long thought processes take and can estimate time passing based on tasks and such, but is there a mechanism for linking to circadian rhythms or some other biological clock. I mean on a small scale. For example, I can often predict accurate to a minute or so when 5/10/15 minutes has p... | 79 | There are circuits in our brain that line neurons end to end, making small feedback loops based on the time it takes to have the signal make a full lap. Smaller loops are integral in music, rhythm, and even rhythmic movements like walking, swimming, blinking. This very strait forward process is thought to be at work in... | 12 |
[40k] Could the universe eventually become less fucked up? Or is there really no hope at all? | I mean, like, the Imperium regaining some tech, or something. | 92 | Theorizing that one could time travel through the warp, the Ordo Chronos stepped into an Emperor class battleship equipped with radical xeno technology and vanished into the warp... they woke to find themselves trapped in the past, facing mirror images that were not of their own, and driven by their holy wrath to exter... | 124 |
[Firefly] Is River Tam actually psychic? | 85 | Yes, but she lacks control. She will pick up random thoughts from everyone. Active thoughts, passing thoughts, things long dismissed but still remembered. The constant flood is almost impossible to sort through, and gets dumped randomly in her own brain. So a thought of someone who knew about Miranda and was hush on it... | 103 | |
[Warhammer 40k] How fast do Orks reproduce and how long does it take for them to double in population size? | 31 | Fast. Greenskins reproduce asexually. When a greenskin is killed, they release a burst of spores.
These spores grow into the entire greenskin ecosystem. Some become mushrooms and fungus. Others grow into snotlings, various types of squigs, gretchin and ofcourse orks. This means that killing orks is only a temporary so... | 46 | |
When washing by hand, does washing dishes with hot water kill more germs than washing with cool water? | My mom always told me to wash the dishes with hot water because it would kill more germs. This never made sense to me because I always thought that your avg germs died at a temp at or above 140 which I believe is just to hot for human hands to wash dishes. Moreover I thought that providing a warm environment would just... | 116 | Microbiologist here. Correct, most will not die unless it is so hot it will hurt your hands (unless they are soaked in it for a long enough time). However, hot water will flush away oils much better and most soaps will dissolve best and work best in hot water. The key is really to flush the bacteria away from your d... | 178 |
[Lord of the Rings]What made the Fellowship of the Ring so unique? | I'm watching the LOTR trilogy extended edition and I'm watching these 9 individuals overcome scores of orcs and monsters. I've seen the movies before, I know the different races of the Fellowship. My question is, what does that mean? Why is one elf able to kill dozens of orcs and take down an elephant? Why is the dwarf... | 58 | The elf, human and dwarf are each paragons of their respective races, standing head and shoulders above the next best fighters.
Orcs aren't particularly weak, it's just they lack discipline and compared to Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas they may as well be a horde of drunks.
I don't really recall the hobbits killing tha... | 67 |
ELI5 What is a migraine, compared to a what one normally thinks of as a headache? | 885 | A migraine is a neurological condition. One of its most obvious and common symptoms is a headache, normally servere. However, a migraine is not a headache and migraines don't have to have a headache to be a migraine.
What causes them is not well understood. | 642 | |
If the sun disappeared, just vanished, would we be able to tell something has happened before it all goes dark? | If some weird cosmic event made the sun disappear, presumably, it would take 8 minutes before the lights went out on Earth. However, are there other effects we would notice before the lack of sunlight became apparent, for instance, how quickly would the Earth hurtle into space on a tangent to our normal orbit. | 30 | According to general relativity, gravity also propagates at the speed of light, as does any other information we could measure about the Sun. Unless we had some way of detecting the event that was about to cause the sun to disappear, we wouldn't notice it until 8 minutes later. | 39 |
[The Flash] How are non-speedster villains able to pose any sort of challenge to the Flash? | * I just find it hard to believe that anyone who wasn’t as fast as the Flash could actually manage to give him even the slightest challenge, given the fact that the Flash is able to casually run faster than the speed of light. | 396 | CW TV Show: He's dumb. That's really the only logical explanation. He constantly needs people reminding him to run.
The Comics: Flash has a sort of truce with his rogues. They don't kill people, and he doesn't go all out against them. | 492 |
[Lord of the Rings] Why did Saruman order the storming of Helm’s Deep? Wouldn’t a siege be a better (but less dramatic) choice? | Watching The Two Towers—
- It seems like there would be no strategic advantage to attacking Helm’s Deep. They say it’s a dead end, hard to storm—Saruman seems motivated more by agenda than strategy here.
- Based on what we see in the movie, a siege would almost certainly succeed, given the cramped, unsanitary conditi... | 53 | There are a few reasons why Saruman would have preferred to press the attack rather than wait out a siege. Think about it from Saruman's perspective. Here's the sequence of events from his view:
* His Uruks capture two Hobbits, and set out to bring them back to Isengard. Saruman believes one of them is likely the Ring... | 70 |
[Chronicles of Riddick] Why do slams pay to mercs to bring them prisoners? | Do slams get money for the number of prisoners they have? Do they get more money for more dangerous prisoners? Most importantly, who pays for these prisoners? More general explanations on the economic systems of the Riddick universe would be appreciated. | 24 | The government puts a bounty on the criminal. The bounty is sent to the slammer planet when the prison sends proof they incarcerated the criminal in question. The bounty hunters who brought in the criminal get a cut of the bounty and the slam gets a new slave | 13 |
[ELI5] How can television shows film illegal activity and the broadcast it without prosecution? | How can shows such as "Moonshiners" on the Discovery Channel be made. Why aren't the people in the show that are making moon shine, tracked down and arrested? Why do these people doing illegal things allow themselves to be videotaped and put on national television? | 60 | You have to be able to prove that the crime was actually being committed, which is easy for some crimes because footage of it being committed is undeniable (murder, rape, running a stop light). Other crimes, like doing illegal drugs have to be caught in the act. If you have a video of someone snorting cocaine, they can... | 33 |
What is the diference between rationalism in Descartes and rationalism in Kant? how do they utilize rationalism differently? | 30 | An important distinction would be that, for Kant, concepts without intuitions are blind, meaning that we cannot posit entities on the basis of reason that do not correspond to possible experience. This includes proofs for the existence of God, free will, and the immortality of the soul.
For Kant, we can only use reas... | 17 | |
Are the uranium rods in a nuclear reactor constantly breaking down? Every explanation of the fission in the reactor starts with molecules of uranium. Why are they breaking off of the rods? | 148 | There are others on here that actually work on nuclear fuel. The fuel in most reactors is a UO2 ceramic with a zirconium alloy cladding. The fuel itself does degrade over time due to the heating and radiation it encounters. In addition, the build up of fission products in the ceramic pellets does change its material... | 26 | |
ELI5: Humans have been on the planet for over 200,000 years, why in the last 50 years has there been a HUGE shift in technology? | We've been on the planet for 200,000 years, why has technology only really developed in the last 50-100 years, computers, radio, planes, phones, holograms...
Why didn't this happen 100,000 years ago? Why only recently?
Did extra terrestrial data fall from Earth and give us a boost in technological advances? Maybe I... | 54 | Technology does not develop on linear progression. That means that it isn't a straight line rising over time.
Technology develops at an *exponential* rate, meaning that as time moves on technology will develop faster and faster.
The reason for this is that each technology, idea, and theory builds on previous ideas. ... | 68 |
[Superman] What is Superman's relationship with Metropolis PD like? | We know Batman's relationship with the GCPD. Has an ally with Gordon most of the time. Some officers don't like him but most of them support his actions. Is it the same with Metropolis? Are they receptive when he flies down with a baddie for lockup? | 20 | It varies over time, though tends towards the positive. By the time his career is in full swing, he's gone a long way to build credibility with local authorities as a guy earnestly trying to help. Another advantage he has is Clark Kent, Ace Reporter; while Batman doesn't really have an excuse to be shoving his nose in ... | 27 |
Why can I only see certain things in my peripheral vision, and not when I look at them directly? | Ok I'm sure there is a scientific/medical explanation for this. There is a vehicle often parked across the street from my house. The vehicle has an alarm system that has a flashing light somewhere in the dash/passenger compartment. When I look directly at the vehicle, I don't see any flashing light, but when I focus my... | 26 | The distribution of rods and cones in your eyes is not even. Your peripheral vision uses mostly rods and they have better light sensitivity (but no color capacity). Thus, nightvision is better in your peripheral than at the center of focus. | 12 |
ELI5: I understand land snakes but how do sea snakes manage to maneuver themselves through water, what are they pushing away from? | 20 | The water, same as everything else that swims.
Snakes are pretty well built for swimming. Their entire body is basically one big fin. Sea snakes especially are usually flatter than their land-dwelling cousins to maximize their swimming efficiency. | 15 | |
Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star? | We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?
If some planets recei... | 16 | The "spectrum" of a star is what we call the distribution of brightness over different wavelengths. Hot blue stars have a spectrum that has more on the blue/ultraviolent end, and cool red stars lack the blue/UV but still have red/infrared.
In the "main sequence", where stars spend most of their lives, the blue stars a... | 18 |
[Game of Thrones] Do the army of the dead have a method for crossing bodies of water? Can they walk along the seabed or freeze water and walk atop its surface? | 38 | In the books, someone writes a letter ask for help against the Others. The writer mentions that there are dead things in woods, and dead things in the water. This seems to imply that the army of the dead can travel underwater. | 34 | |
Why doesn't the west coast get any hurricanes or tropical storms? | I've been living on the west coast for 18 years and had never had a problem with hurricane, but every fall the east coast always gets a storm. | 181 | We do get hurricanes, but they are farther south. If you are in Southern California, a lot of the tropical weather we get here in the late summer/early fall is the "left overs" of the hurricanes that peter out over land in Baja or the colder northern waters off the Californian coast.
Hurricanes get their energy from ... | 142 |
ELI5: Why is there no male birth control pill? Is it difficult to stop sperm production in men? | I have wondered about this for a while. It seems like this would add a layer of protection for couples in long-term relationships or who are married and want to avoid unplanned pregnancy. I realize that men can use condoms, but personally, I would much prefer a pill once a day like the ones that women can take. | 33 | Basically, female reproduction only happens at a specific time, and requires specific hormonal changes to start. Birth control pills give women a different set of hormones to stop this from happening, so they don't end up making babies. No hormone changes to stimulate ovulation, no baby.
Men... we're different. Our... | 24 |
[MCU] If Ultron managed to complete his goals, how would it affect Infinity War? | Let's say that Ultron defeated the avengers, what would change in Infinity War? Could Ultron possibly stop Thanos from collecting the stones?
Edit: Holy Fuckles, i didn't expect to have that many Upvotes | 447 | He might not have even opposed Thanos. Ultron's motivations were that in order to save the world, a large portion of its people had to be killed. He carries himself throughout the movie like he's fulfilling a greater good by dropping a giant rock on the planet. "when The earth starts to settle, God throws a rock at it.... | 430 |
Why do economists plot independent variables on the y-axis ? | Other than to annoy physicists | 18 | Do you mean with price vs quantity graphs?
Neither price nor quantity are truly "independent variables". In some models of markets such as Bertrand competition, we can think about quantity as if it were a function of the price, but other models (for example, Stackelberg competition) it's the opposite, price is a funct... | 28 |
[Fallout 4] Why did the founders of Boston-based Gwinnett Brewery name it after a Georgian founding father instead of a Massachusettsan like Samuel Adams or John Hancock? | 40 | The Gwinnett Brewing Company is actually headquartered in Georgia. The brewery and attached restaurant in Boston is actually just a small experimental attempt to expand the company. You see, Gwinnett beers had been getting quite popular further north, and the main company decided to try out opening a small brewery in t... | 35 | |
ELI5: Why is it that, when we learn about the death of a loved one, that it takes awhile for it to truly sink in and become real? | 16 | The first step of the five stages of grief is denial. Most people when faced with an emotional trauma will deny that the trauma occurred to protect themselves. Of course that doesn't work forever and that's why there are 4 more stages. | 14 | |
[The Walking Dead] Why have they never tried wearing some form of kevlar or body armor when scouting or battling the walkers? It seems every season someone dies from a lapse in judgement and bitten on the leg or arm when it could it have been prevented by simply wearing body armor on such body areas | 45 | Football pads or cardboard and duct tape would be lighter and easier to find probably.
Georgia gets steamy though. 99.9% of the time they're not being beset by walkers, so it's a sweaty inconvenience that people tire of easily. | 59 | |
ELI5: Why are house in America built so hollow with drywall and light wood, whereas homes in other countries like india, houses tend to be built with cement and brick? Which is stronger? | 29 | In states like California, the wooden homes can withstand earthquakes (and is cheaper than the other earthquake code approved material, steel reinforced concrete) because they're flexible and can bend a bit.
So what homes are made of is going to depend on where you are.
Are you on Long Island in New York? The houses... | 22 | |
[The Matrix] What have the Machines been doing since the Matrix was built and the humans essentially neutralised? | With their energy needs taken care of and the humans pretty much neutralised, I wonder what sort of goals the machines are working towards? Are they trying to colonise other planets? Building over the Earth?
In the first film Morpheus says the date is closer to 2199 in the 'real world' and you get a glimpse of the bu... | 524 | If the AI can improve on itself it can likely do so at an incremental rate. And as we know it has gone through a process of improving itself at least once, so there is no reason to assume it stopped improving itself until until it reached some sort of singularity (omniscient/omnipotent etc), or until it reaches a barri... | 354 |
CMV: It is the obligation of the teacher to make sure that he/she is understood verbally, audibly and scripturally if he/she wants to deliver content effectively to facilitate learning | All jobs have certain requirements. While it might not be absolutely necessary to possess them, it is a huge bonus. A teacher/professor needs a degree/PhD to teach something. But a lots of other skills prove useful.
A teacher must be able to clearly communicate ideas to students - whether verbally or by writing it dow... | 17 | Teachers are not psychic.
How are they supposed to know if they aren't being loud enough without someone telling them? Even if you know your handwriting is a problem and are working on it, how are you supposed to know if "working on it" has paid off or not unless someone says something about it?
Communication is a t... | 16 |
ELI5: What makes some clothing materials "warm when wet" (like wool) but others not (cotton)? | 85 | In the case of wool and cotton it is the individual strands that make the difference.
Wool is rather none porous (it's just hair) and ends up coating itself with natural oils (from your skin, or if raw, the sheep's) that help repeal water. It is a very curly/crinkly material and this creates many pockets of air that ... | 71 | |
[Star Trek] So, I'm back from cyro-stasis and I'm just wondering, what happened to carriers while I was frozen? | Back on Earth in the 21st century we had Carrier ships that carried fleets of strike craft into battle. These were so effective that they caused the obsolescence of Battle Ships. But it seems as though they didn't make the leap into space. Why not? Would a space vessel carrying a fleet of small strike craft not still b... | 20 | Sea vessel carriers work because aircraft are much faster than watercraft.
In space, larger spacecraft can mount much larger and powerful drives, both warp and impulse, and are almost always much faster than smaller craft. A warp-equipped shuttlecraft can do about Warp 2, while a full-sized *Constitution*-class stars... | 19 |
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