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mental manipulation and transformation,"Imagine a transparent cube containing three small balls of different colors: the red ball is exactly in the center, the blue ball is directly in front of the red ball near the front wall, and the green ball is directly above the red ball near the top wall. Now, flip the entire cube forward by 90 degrees around an axis passing through the centers of its left and right faces (X-axis), and then flip it to the right by 90 degrees around an axis passing through the centers of its front and back faces (Y-axis). After the flips, from your perspective (the original front of the cube), which color ball appears to be furthest to the left?","[""Red ball"",""Blue ball"",""Green ball"",""Cannot be determined, depends on the viewing angle""]",1
mental manipulation and transformation,"Imagine a square piece of paper, folded in half once diagonally (e.g., top-left corner folded to bottom-right corner), forming a triangle. Then, fold this triangle in half along its altitude (the line from the vertex to the midpoint of the base). Finally, cut off a small corner near the right-angle vertex of this smaller, twice-folded triangle. After unfolding the paper completely, how many holes will you see in the middle?","[""1"",""2"",""3"",""4""]",0
mental manipulation and transformation,"Imagine a text description of a complex mechanical part right before your eyes: ""The main body is a rectangular block with a length-width-height ratio of about 3:1:1. Exactly in the center of its longer face, there is a semi-cylinder protruding outwards, and the axis of the cylinder is perpendicular to the long axis of the rectangular block. At the front-left corner of the rectangular block's top face, a slender cylindrical rod extends vertically upwards, with a height roughly equal to the height of the rectangular block."" If you now observe this part from directly to its right, ignoring perspective effects, which of the following 2D shape combinations are you most likely to see?","[""A narrow rectangle connected to a semi-circle next to it"",""A square with a small circle above it"",""A narrow rectangle with a small circle above its left side"",""A square and a rectangle partially overlapping""]",2
mental manipulation and transformation,"In the center of a rectangular display platform (P), a transparent glass cube (C) is placed. A small red pyramid (R) is glued to the center of the cube's bottom, pointing upwards. A small blue sphere (B) is suspended directly above the tip of the pyramid. A small green circular patch (G) is attached to the center of the inner wall of the cube facing the observer. First, the cube C is rotated 90 degrees clockwise around its vertical center axis. Then, the cube C is flipped backward 180 degrees around its left-right axis. After completing the rotations, the observer moves to directly behind the original position of the platform. After all operations and the observer's movement are complete, from the observer's new perspective, on which inner wall of the cube C is the green circular patch (G) now located?","[""Front wall (closest to the new observer position)"",""Back wall (furthest from the new observer position)"",""Left wall"",""Right wall""]",1
mental manipulation and transformation,"An instrument composed of multiple components is placed in front of you. The main body is a horizontally placed cylinder (C), whose axis is parallel to your left-right direction. The right end of cylinder C is connected to a short vertical upward rod (R), and the top of the short rod has an arrow (A) pointing forward. First, cylinder C rolls forward (towards you) by 90 degrees using its center point as the axis. Then, the entire instrument (including C, R, A) rotates 180 degrees clockwise (looking from above) around the vertical axis passing through the midpoint of the short rod R. After all operations are completed, in which direction does the arrow (A) point?","[""Pointing to your back"",""Pointing to your left"",""Pointing to your right"",""Pointing downwards""]",0
mental manipulation and transformation,"A colored cube is placed in front of you; the front wall facing you is red, the top wall is blue, and the right wall is green. First, this cube is rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise around a vertical axis passing through the centers of the top and bottom faces. Then, it is flipped forward 180 degrees around a horizontal axis (Y-axis) passing through the centers of the new front and back faces. After the rotations are complete, what color is the front wall facing you now?","[""Red"",""Blue"",""Green"",""The original left wall's color""]",1
cognitive maps and spatial language,"Rule A states: Object X must always be located to the north or east (or northeast) of Object Y. Rule B states: Object Y must always be within 3 meters of Object Z. If Object Z is at the (0,0) position, then which of the following positions is impossible for Object X to be in?","[""(3, 2)"",""(1, 3)"",""(2, -1)"",""(-4, 3)""]",3
cognitive maps and spatial language,"An ancient treasure map instructs: Start from the giant rock marked with a red X, carefully walk 100 steps facing the direction where the sun sets, and you will see a small patch of sand. Then, turn a right angle to your left-hand side, lock your eyes on the tallest dead tree in the distance and head towards it, walk forward another 50 steps, and stop. The treasure is buried just beside your left foot, a mere three steps away. According to these detailed instructions, when you finally find the treasure location and look back, in which general direction is the giant red rock you started from?","[""Southeast"",""Northeast"",""Southwest"",""Northwest""]",1
cognitive maps and spatial language,"A tour guide is leading tourists through a medieval castle and explains the route: After entering through the grand main gate, you first need to walk straight across the wide first open-air courtyard to reach the main building entrance opposite it. After entering the main building's hall, immediately turn right, walk along the corridor lined with portraits to the end, and you will find a slightly narrow, downward stone staircase leading to the cellar. Carefully walk down the stairs, then turn left into the only stone-paved passage. Walking along this passage, you will first pass the armor exhibition hall (which will be in a recess on your right-hand side wall); continue walking to the absolute end of the passage, and that is the treasure room where the castle's valuables are kept. After carefully touring the treasure room, when you decide to return to the castle's main gate via the original route, in which direction should you turn at the first intersection you encounter after leaving the treasure room?","[""Turn right"",""Turn left"",""Continue straight (no need to turn in the passage here)"",""Walk up the stairs beside it""]",0
cognitive maps and spatial language,"The following is a TV weather anchor's report: According to the latest satellite imagery and radar data, the center of the severe typhoon ""Haima"" is currently accurately located over the sea to the southeast of Location A, at a straight-line distance of about 300 kilometers. The typhoon's structure is currently stable and it is continuing to move in a west-northwest direction at a speed of 20 kilometers per hour. Our computer models predict that in about 10 hours, the typhoon center will reach the position closest to Location B. It is known that Location B is located exactly due west of Location A. Based on the information in the weather report above, in what relative direction from Location A is the typhoon center expected to generally move to after 10 hours?","[""Remain in the west-northwest direction"",""Due west"",""Southwest"",""Northwest""]",2
cognitive maps and spatial language,"You are watching a coastline video recorded by an aerial drone. The starting point of the shot is located high in the sky exactly above a white lighthouse. When the video begins, the camera steadily captures the vast sea due east. Then, the drone moves horizontally to the right (south) for a significant distance, after which the camera tilts down to a 45-degree angle, and at the same time, the drone itself rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise around its vertical axis. In the final state after the video goes through all the above camera operations, in which main area of the camera frame will that white lighthouse appear?","[""Left side of the frame"",""Right side of the frame"",""Top of the frame"",""Bottom of the frame""]",0
cognitive maps and spatial language,"You receive an opaque square box, its interior evenly divided by cross partitions into four identical small square compartments (like the shape of a window pane or a 2x2 grid). You place a small red ball in the top-left compartment, and then place a small blue ball in the bottom-right compartment. Next, using the exact center point of the box as the axis, you smoothly rotate the entire box (along with the balls inside) 90 degrees clockwise, and then flip it forward (towards yourself) 180 degrees (i.e., the original top flips to the bottom). After completing this series of rotation and flip operations, from your current perspective looking at it, in which compartment is the small red ball that was originally placed in the top-left corner now located?","[""Top-left corner"",""Top-right corner"",""Bottom-left corner"",""Bottom-right corner""]",3
"cognitive maps and spatial language, navigation and path integration","You are walking according to map instructions. The map indicates: Starting from your current position (the park entrance, facing the fountain to the north), walk straight along the central path through the fountain, turn right at the first intersection into the tree-lined avenue, walk along the tree-lined avenue past the cafe (on your left-hand side), and then turn left at the next intersection into the garden path. Your destination is on the right-hand side of the garden path. According to these instructions, what should you do next right after you have passed the cafe?","[""Continue walking straight along the tree-lined avenue"",""Turn left at the upcoming intersection into the garden path"",""Turn back to find the cafe"",""Turn right at the upcoming intersection""]",1
navigation and path integration,"You stand at the bottom of a hill (Point P, elevation 0 meters), facing due north. You walk along a steadily ascending trail to the northeast (azimuth angle 45 degrees) for 100 meters (this is the path length), reaching Point Q, where your elevation is 20 meters. At Point Q, you turn due west and walk 50 meters horizontally (elevation unchanged), reaching an observation deck (Point R). Questions:
1. What is the approximate straight-line (aerial) distance between your current location at observation deck R and your starting point at the bottom of the hill P?
2. Looking from observation deck R to the starting point P, what is the approximate horizontal azimuth angle (measured clockwise from due north as 0 degrees)?","[""About 72 meters, about 196 degrees"",""About 75 meters, about 196 degrees"",""About 72 meters, about 225 degrees"",""About 75 meters, about 225 degrees""]",1
navigation and path integration,"A map of a large theme park shows the entrance is at the center of the southernmost end. After entering from the entrance, the main avenue extends north. The first major fork allows choosing to head northwest to ""Dinosaur World"" or northeast to ""Future Tech City"". If choosing ""Future Tech City"", you will first pass the ""3D Cinema"" on the right along the way, then reach a circular plaza; north of the plaza is the ""Space Shuttle Experience Pavilion"", and east is the ""Robot Exhibition Hall"". From ""Dinosaur World"", there is also a small path going straight east connecting to the west side of the ""Space Shuttle Experience Pavilion"". A tourist wants to visit ""Dinosaur World"" first, then the ""Robot Exhibition Hall"", and finally leave the park near the ""3D Cinema"". According to this tourist's plan, which main park paths or landmarks will he use as navigation references along the shortest reasonable walking route from ""Dinosaur World"" to the ""Robot Exhibition Hall""?","[""He needs to first return south along the main avenue to the entrance, then re-select the route to 'Future Tech City', using the '3D Cinema' as a reference point."",""He will use the park path connecting 'Dinosaur World', aiming for the 'Space Shuttle Experience Pavilion' as a halfway target, then head there via the circular plaza according to the signs."",""He must first return to the first fork on the main avenue, then walk along the main avenue heading to 'Future Tech City', pass the '3D Cinema', and then reach the circular plaza."",""He can try to find a small trail directly crossing the park diagonally to the southeast from 'Dinosaur World' to shorten the distance.""]",1
navigation and path integration,"A search and rescue team receives a report that a hiker has lost contact in a mountainous area. It is known that the hiker's last communication location was at the ""Cliff Observation Deck"", which is located about 8 kilometers due west of the rescue team's camp (elevation 1500 meters), and has an elevation of 2300 meters. The rescue team decides to set off from the camp, first marching northwest for 5 kilometers along a clearly marked mountain trail to a relay point with a radio relay tower (elevation 1800 meters). At the relay point, they need to re-plan a shortest straight-line path (considering terrain fluctuations) to the ""Cliff Observation Deck"" using a map and compass. When planning the route to the ""Cliff Observation Deck"" at the relay point, what is the main navigation decision the rescue team needs to consider?","[""Since the observation deck is due west of the camp, and the relay point is northwest of the camp, they should choose a path heading southwest but slightly skewed west, and be prepared for continuous elevation gain."",""Since the observation deck is at a higher elevation, they should prioritize a route that rapidly climbs to the observation deck's elevation and then approaches it horizontally."",""They should first move due south until intersecting the straight east-west path from the camp to the observation deck, and then head west."",""They should use GPS to pinpoint the exact coordinates of the observation deck, then advance along the shortest straight-line direction indicated by the GPS, without needing to consider relative bearings on the map too much.""]",0
navigation and path integration,"A logistics company is testing an intra-city drone delivery network. A drone departs from the central dispatch center (CD) located at city grid coordinates (0,0), initially facing north. The first delivery point P1 is located 6 km east and 8 km north of CD. The second delivery point P2 is located 12 km south and 3 km west of P1. The third delivery point P3 is located 9 km east and 5 km north of P2. After completing the delivery at P3, the drone needs to plan a shortest grid-line route back to the central dispatch center CD. In the drone's shortest flight path planning to return from P3 to the central dispatch center CD, displacing in which direction should be prioritized for the navigation decision to begin the return trip?","[""Prioritize flying west to offset the total displacement in the east-west direction, and then fly south."",""Prioritize flying south to offset the total displacement in the north-south direction, and then fly west."",""Calculate the straight-line direction between P3 and CD, and fly along a combination of grid-line paths closest to that direction."",""Randomly choose to fly west or south first, because the final total distance is the same.""]",0
navigation and path integration,"An engineer needs to inspect an underground L-shaped pipeline. He descends vertically for 5 meters from ground inspection port A (set as the origin, elevation 0 meters) to reach the starting end of the pipeline. Then, he moves horizontally 12 meters due east along the pipeline to reach a clear mark labeled ""Corner B"". At Corner B, pipeline records show it extends due north. The engineer moves horizontally another 9 meters along this northbound pipeline segment, reaching the terminal inspection port C. He needs to plan a shortest straight-line path from inspection port C back to the ground inspection port A. When planning the shortest path from inspection port C back to ground inspection port A, what spatial information does the engineer need to integrate to determine the exact 3D direction and distance of the return trip?","[""Only need to consider the horizontal path from Point C back to Point B, and then from Point B back to Point A, then add the vertical ascent distance."",""Need to calculate the total displacement of Point C relative to Point A in the east-west, north-south, and vertical depth dimensions, and then use these displacements to determine the spatial vector for the return trip."",""Mainly rely on the L-shaped layout of the pipeline, first walk in reverse along the northbound pipeline, then in reverse along the eastbound pipeline, and finally ascend vertically."",""Since it is underground, he should prioritize moving vertically upwards to the ground, and then plan the route back to Point A on the ground.""]",1
spatial perception and action,"You are walking along a straight riverbank, with the river on your left. About 50 meters ahead, there is a bridge spanning the river. Suddenly, you hear a loud shout coming from behind you to your right, at roughly a 45-degree angle. If you want to see both the bridge and the direction of the sound source at the same time in the shortest amount of time, how should you turn your head and body?","[""Turn your body to the right by about 45 degrees, keep your head facing forward"",""Keep your body facing forward, turn your head to the right by more than 90 degrees"",""Turn your body slightly to the right, and also turn your head to the right by a certain angle"",""Turn your body to the right by more than 90 degrees, look to the left with your head""]",2
spatial perception and action,"You are standing in an open field with strong winds (the wind blowing directly from your front), trying to throw a lightweight paper airplane forward. What is the most likely flight trajectory of the airplane after being thrown?","[""It will fly forward in a straight line for a distance and then fall"",""It will fly upward for a distance and then be blown back behind you by the wind"",""It will immediately tumble backward and fall due to the strong wind after being thrown"",""It will fly forward slightly but quickly descend steeply due to wind resistance""]",2
spatial perception and action,"Imagine you are driving a small boat, intending to cross a fast-flowing river to reach a dock exactly on the opposite shore. The water flows from your left to your right. In order to arrive at the dock on the opposite shore in a straight line, which direction should the front of your boat point?","[""Directly at the dock on the opposite shore"",""Slightly tilted towards the left, where the water flows from"",""Slightly tilted towards the right, the direction the water flows"",""Drive along the direction of the water flow for a while and then go upstream""]",1
spatial perception and action,"You are trying to lasso a small wooden peg on the ground in the distance with a fixed-length rope. You stand still and can only try by adjusting the angle and force of throwing the rope. Assuming you can perfectly control the force, but the precision of your angle is limited. Which throwing method (a higher or a lower parabola) will give you a larger ""margin of error"" to successfully lasso the peg?","[""A higher parabola with a larger arc"",""A lower parabola with a flatter arc"",""The margin of error is similar for both methods"",""Depends on the size of the peg, not the throwing method""]",0
spatial perception and action,"You are planning the seating arrangement for a small outdoor party. You have a rectangular grassy area, 10 meters long and 5 meters wide. You plan to place a rectangular dining table in the center of the grass, the table is 3 meters long and 1 meter wide.
Now you have two types of chairs to choose from. The first is a folding chair, compact when folded, but takes up about 0.5 meters x 0.5 meters of floor space when unfolded, and requires at least a 0.5-meter gap between chairs for comfort. The second is a bench, each bench is 1.5 meters long and 0.4 meters wide, and they can be placed closely together. You want to arrange seating along the two long sides of the table.
If you only consider arranging seating along the two long sides of the table, and wish to maximize the seating capacity while ensuring reasonable access space for guests (assuming a walkway width of at least 0.75 meters is required outside the chairs or benches to reach the edge of the grassy area), which seating arrangement achieves a better balance in space utilization?","[""Only use folding chairs because they are more flexible."",""Use a combination of folding chairs and benches."",""Only use benches because they can accommodate more people and still meet the walkway requirements."",""Both methods yield similar results in space utilization and seating capacity.""]",2
spatial perception and action,"Background: You are a participant in a city exploration game, and your goal is to find a treasure hidden in the park. You receive a map and some clues. The map shows several main landmarks in the park: Entrance A at the southernmost point, Central Fountain B, a small hill C to the north, and an ancient tree D to the east.
Clue 1: ""Walk straight north from Entrance A until you see Fountain B on your left-hand side.""
Clue 2: ""Upon reaching that position, turn east, walk about 50 steps, and you will find the next hint in the shadow of ancient tree D.""
Clue 3: ""The final treasure is buried at an intersection point roughly 10 steps south of the small hill C and simultaneously 20 steps west of the ancient tree D.""
Question: According to these clues, approximately how many steps is the small hill away from Fountain B?","[""11 steps"",""22 steps"",""33 steps"",""44 steps""]",2
spatial memory and representation,"Dialogue 1: Let's describe the initial layout of this rectangular office. The main window occupies the entire north wall. Three employee seats are arranged by the window, ordered from the west (left-hand side) to the east (right-hand side) as Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang, and Xiao Li's seats. A small potted cactus is placed on Xiao Zhang's desk as a decoration. Xiao Wang's seat exactly faces the only door of the office, which is in the center of the south wall. Xiao Li's seat is near the east wall, and his seat is right next to a free-standing water dispenser.
Dialogue 2: Later, the first adjustment was made in the office. Because a new collaborative project started, Xiao Wang and Xiao Li needed to work closely together, so the two of them swapped seats. That is to say, Xiao Wang, who originally sat in the middle, moved to the position near the water dispenser on the east side, and Xiao Li, who was originally on the east side, moved to the middle position. Xiao Zhang's position and the cactus on his desk were not changed.
Dialogue 3: A few days later, another change occurred in the office. Xiao Zhang left this office due to a job transfer, so his original seat at the far west side is now empty. He did not take the potted cactus with him when he left, and the colleagues in the office decided to move this cactus to the desk that previously belonged to Xiao Li (that is, the one on the east side, near the water dispenser, where Xiao Li sat before the first seat swap).
Question 1: According to Dialogue 1, which employee's seat was the water dispenser originally close to?
Question 2: After the first adjustment, who is the employee sitting in the middle position (facing the door)?
Question 3: After all these adjustments are completed, if someone looks from the office door (center of the south wall) toward the north window, what is the most accurate description of the seating arrangement (including empty seats and current employees) from west to east, as well as the final position of the potted cactus?","[""Xiao Zhang"",""Xiao Wang"",""Xiao Li"",""Near the door"";""Xiao Zhang"",""Xiao Wang"",""Xiao Li"",""No one"";""Empty seat (formerly Xiao Zhang's), Xiao Li (now middle), Xiao Wang (now east); The potted cactus is on the desk Xiao Wang is sitting at now."",""Empty seat (formerly Xiao Zhang's), Xiao Wang (now middle), Xiao Li (now east); The potted cactus is on the desk Xiao Li is sitting at now."",""Xiao Li (now middle), Xiao Wang (now east), Empty seat (formerly Xiao Zhang's); The potted cactus was placed on the empty desk formerly belonging to Xiao Zhang."",""Empty seat (formerly Xiao Zhang's), Xiao Li (now middle), Xiao Wang (now east); The potted cactus was placed on the desk formerly belonging to Xiao Li (before the swap), which is the desk Xiao Wang is sitting at now.""]",[2;2;3]
spatial memory and representation,"Dialogue 1: A tourist decides to rent a city shared bike for a tour. He picks up the bike from a rental station located at the downtown plaza (we'll call it Point S), at which point he is facing due east. His first segment of the trip is riding east along the scenic ""Riverside Bike Path"". After riding for 3 kilometers, he reaches a famous ""Landscape Bridge"" (Point P1) spanning the river.
Dialogue 2: After briefly stopping at the landscape bridge to enjoy the view and take photos, the tourist continues to ride east along the ""Riverside Bike Path"". This time he rides forward for another 2 kilometers and reaches the west entrance of the ""Wetland Park"" (Point P2). Upon arriving at Point P2, he decides to leave the riverside path, makes a 90-degree left turn, and enters a road called ""Forest Trail"", which extends north.
Dialogue 3: The tourist rides north along the ""Forest Trail"" for 4 kilometers and eventually arrives at the ""Visitor Center"" (Point P3), which has a cafe and restrooms. After resting for half an hour at the visitor center, he plans to return to the city plaza (Point S) where he started. He decides to first return to the ""Wetland Park Entrance"" (Point P2) by the same ""Forest Trail"" he just took, and then ride back to Point S along the ""Riverside Bike Path"".
Question 1: According to Dialogue 1, when the tourist arrived at the Landscape Bridge (Point P1), what was his position relative to the starting point (Point S)?
Question 2: After the tourist turned into the ""Forest Trail"" from Point P2, his riding direction changed to which direction?
Question 3: After the tourist returns from the ""Visitor Center"" (Point P3) to the ""Wetland Park Entrance"" (Point P2), in order to return to the initial city plaza (Point S) via the shortest path, in which direction and for what distance does he need to ride along the ""Riverside Bike Path"" next?","[""3 km east of Point S"",""3 km west of Point S"",""3 km north of Point S"",""3 km south of Point S"";""East"",""West"",""South"",""North"";""Needs to ride 5 km east."",""Needs to ride 5 km west."",""Needs to first ride 4 km south, then 3 km west."",""Needs to ride 2 km west, then 4 km south.""]",[0;3;1]
spatial memory and representation,"Dialogue 1: Imagine a standard square museum exhibition hall. Visitors enter from the entrance in the center of the south wall and are expected to leave from the exit in the center of the north wall. Right in the exact center of the hall, in the most prominent position, is a huge, impressive dinosaur skeleton model. The initial exhibit layout is like this: along the east wall, from the south end near the entrance to the north end, three exhibits are displayed in sequence, which are Exhibit A, Exhibit B, and Exhibit C respectively.
Dialogue 2: On the west wall opposite the east wall, similarly from the south end to the north end, another three exhibits are displayed in sequence, which are Exhibit D, Exhibit E, and Exhibit F respectively. This initial layout is maintained for a while.
Dialogue 3: Later, to welcome a new special exhibition, the museum made several adjustments to the hall layout. First, they swapped the position of Exhibit A, originally at the southernmost end of the east wall, with Exhibit F, originally at the northernmost end of the west wall. Next, they removed Exhibit B, which was in the middle of the east wall, and placed it in the empty space on the west side of the central dinosaur skeleton model. Finally, they moved Exhibit D, which was originally at the southernmost end of the west wall, to a position slightly further north of Exhibit C's original position on the east wall, making it closer to the north wall's exit. The positions of Exhibit C and Exhibit E remained unchanged.
Question 1: According to Dialogue 1, in the initial layout, where is Exhibit C located on the east wall?
Question 2: In the initial layout, where is Exhibit E located?
Question 3: After all these layout changes, if a visitor enters from the south entrance, walks directly to the east side of the central dinosaur skeleton model, then turns to face the east wall and observes carefully from south to north, which exhibits (or empty spaces left by removed exhibits) will they see in sequence?","[""Closest to the entrance (south end)"",""Middle position"",""Closest to the exit (north end)"",""West wall"";""Middle of the east wall"",""Middle of the west wall"",""Southernmost end of the west wall"",""Northernmost end of the west wall"";""First sees Exhibit F (original A's position), then an empty space (original B's position), then Exhibit C (position unchanged)."",""First sees Exhibit F, then Exhibit B (actually moved away), finally Exhibit D (moved north of C)."",""First sees Exhibit A (actually moved away), then an empty space (original B's position), then Exhibit C."",""First sees Exhibit F, then an empty space (original B's position), then Exhibit C, and slightly further north is Exhibit D.""]",[2;1;3]
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