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If she can’t find whoever ordered the memorial, Madore said she would place it next to her son’s cross which the company replaced. |
“Chris was always very compassionate, and he would be OK with having her cross next to his,” Madore said. |
Madore said the experience has taught her another lesson. |
“It was an awakening to me and a reminder that I am not the only parent who lost a child. My heart goes out to her family. She’s just a little lost soul,” Madore said. |
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Climate change is no more a myth and is a harsh reality. Several pieces of literature along with scientific demonstration are proving that rising temperatures are linked to changing weather patterns. Due to rising temperatures drought, storms, wildfires & extreme weather conditions have become a routine thing. Journalists visited to discover how the locals across southern Kenya and Myanmar are coping with extreme weather. |
A recently published news story highlights the devastating lives of the herding community living in drought-stricken Kenya. The area is witnessing erratic weather patterns due to climate change. The change in the weather patterns has led to lack of vegetation and water resources. These things are eventually jeopardizing the survival of livestock and the pastoralist way of life. Sharing his experience about weather patterns, Joshua Ntaserua, a Maasai herder said that he lost roughly 15 beasts when he migrated near Tanzania. |
The report further highlights the devastating condition of mangrove forests in the Ayerwaddy Delta in the south of Myanmar. People are cutting down mangrove forests in order to plant rice and prawns. The report further suggests that mangroves are being destroyed at rates three to five times higher than global deforestation and only 16 percent of the original cover is left in the Delta Region. Win Meung, a seasoned ecologist, said that mangrove conditions are severely degraded because of the fact that villagers don’t have a permanent job so they cut trees to get money. The Mangrove forests are considered as vital to fighting against climate change and extreme weather events. They further help in mitigating carbon emissions. |
The adverse effects of Climate Change are not limited to specific areas. They are influencing the whole global community. One recently published article on climate change suggests that it is giving birth to insect-borne tropical diseases in the United States. In his article, columnist Tom Toles has said that it is not just the rising temperatures but also the associated tropical diseases like West Nile virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika are going to give sleepless nights to the citizens. The climate change is considered as an originator of extreme weather conditions like storms and cyclones which will eventually tropical diseases. |
These reports are considered as extremely important owing to the fact that these are bringing forth the harsh reality of climate change. Though global warming and climate change have been proven scientifically, yet there are people still around who consider all these things as myth. These reports are putting as pieces of evidence in order to spread awareness about the devastating effects of global warming and climate change. The drought, warming oceans, melting ice caps and rising sea levels are disturbing the ecology of the planet in one or the other. It’s time for the global community to stand and protect Mother Earth else the end would be near. |
Rockland — Maine-based nonprofit WindowDressers coordinates community volunteers to build affordable, re-usable, interior insulating window inserts that tighten up existing windows. The cost of the insert depends on the size of the window, but averages $25 for a medium-sized insert in natural pine. Twenty-two percent of the inserts built are reserved for low-income customers for a small donation. Go to windowdressers.org or call 596-3073 to sign up. |
Volunteers are needed now through December at the Lincoln Street Center, 24 Lincoln St., where lumber for the inserts is cut, drilled, and assembled before being sent out to the 27 Community Builds across the state. At the Community Builds, customers and volunteers come together in an organized, barn-raising model to construct the custom-built inserts for themselves and their neighbors. |
The production center at Lincoln St is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday, and volunteers can sign up online for morning or afternooon volunteer shifts at windowdressers.org, or call 226-3555 to speak with a volunteer coordinator. Volunteers of all skill levels are welcome and will be trained on site. |
France is in a difficult position. It has not had a sufficient spur to reform, despite the platitudes by both Sarkozy and Hollande. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a great spur to Germany, though it took it a few years to realize it. A capital strike against the periphery by both creditors in the Eurozone and international investors forced the periphery to adopt policies they would not have otherwise. |
Large pools of capital, including central banks and sovereign wealth funds continue to buy French bonds, keeping yields near German levels. The logic is not so much about fair value based on economic fundamentals. Instead, it is a political judgment. Despite the divergence between German and French economic prowess, the two remain the twin pillars of Europe. As long as one is confident that EMU remains intact, then France's credit is as good as German credit. |
That same logic, of course, can be applied to other euro area countries. On one hand, officials want investors to distinguish between different credit conditions. On the other hand, they insist they will not allow EMU to fail. As we have learned over the last couple of years, this does not preclude sovereign debt restructuring (Greece and Cyprus), and even capital controls (Cyprus). |
The peripheral premium over Germany was narrower prior to the crisis. There was even a brief shining moment that Spain traded through Germany (this is to say that yields slipped marginally below German yields). Continued easing of ECB monetary policy can see spreads compress further. However, it is unreasonable to think the spreads can return to status quo ante, as the risk of debt restructuring must be perceived as higher than before. |
Managers of large pools of capital recognize there are not sufficient bunds available. Recall that next year, the German coalition government has committed itself to a balanced budget. That means new supply is not going to be forthcoming. French bonds are seen as the next best alternative, and they offer a slightly higher yield to boot. Simply, if crudely put, French bonds are to German bunds, what Agency debt is to US Treasuries. |
Without the push of necessity, French politicians find it difficult to do the right thing. They are reluctant to declare a break from the German ordo-liberalism's drive for fiscal austerity, but refuse to embrace it. Last month, Hollande unilaterally declared no more effort to reach the EC budget targets that had already been postponed. The EC implicitly threatened to reject it, but reports suggesting that Merkel was reluctant to push France hard, possibly fearing to do to the AfD, what Cameron has done for the UKIP. |
Instead, the EC accepted some cockamamie sleight of hand. France would cut its structural deficit by 0.5% instead of 0.2% as Hollande initially proposed. This would be accomplished by 1) assuming lower debt servicing costs, 2) reducing its EU budget contribution, 3) proposing nearly a billion euro savings from a crackdown on tax evasion. Recall that Brussels had expected, and France had previously agreed to a 0.8% reduction in its structural deficit. |
Perhaps Merkel was worried about the rise of the National Front in France. Le Pen embraces the social welfare state of France. It sees the biggest threat to it, not coming from the discipline being imposed by what Thomas Friedman has called the "golden straightjacket", but by the encroachment of French sovereignty. The culprit is the German fist inside the EC glove and enshrined in the monetary union. |
Yet the leaders of France's main political parties are doing more to boost the National Front than anyone, including, arguably, Marine Le Pen. She often claims that there is significant collusion between the major parties. She says that the Socialists and the UMP are a single self-interested group. The developments in France this week provide her with the proverbial smoking gun. |
Consider this: Hollande's chief of staff Jouyet is a personal friend of the French President. He also served in the Sarkozy government. He reportedly had lunch with Sarkozy's rival in the UMP, Fillon, who was also a prime minister in Sarkozy's government. Among the things they talked about was the investigation into overspending by the Sarkozy re-election campaign in 2012. |
What are not agreed upon are the reports that suggest Fillon, threatened by Sarkozy's attempt at a political comeback, wanted the Hollande government to expedite the investigation. The idea was hit Sarkozy quickly and hard to derail his hope to be elected as the head of the UMP next month. Yet, it does seem Sarkozy himself is struggling without any help. Ever since he threw his hat in the ring, his support in the polls has deteriorated. Last month, his candidate to head the Senate lost, suggesting Sarkozy's support in the UMP is not insurmountable. |
Hollande's has the lowest support of any French president since the end of WWII. He is half-way through his five-year mandate, and he recently indicated he would not seek re-election if there were no improvement in the unemployment rate. It is an idle threat. Barring a miracle, he cannot win, and the Socialist Party may dump him. We might be witnessing the slow and painful death of the Fifth Republic. The other republics ended by war or a coup, but this one may be ending due to self-immolation. The Socialist candidate who ran against Sarkozy in 2007, S. Royal, who was once Hollande's life partner, used to talk about a Sixth Republic. |
Although Merkel is recognized as the outstanding leader in Europe, she is playing with a strong hand, the hand that holds the purse. France has a weak hand, and yet despite the lack of strong leadership, it has done remarkably well in pursuing its agenda. It has been given more time to reach the 3% deficit/GDP mandate. After years of complaining about the strong euro, in word and deed the ECB is now driving the euro lower. |
France has wanted the ECB to pursue aggressive monetary policy, which it now is. The ECB will likely increases the range of assets it is buying under its version of QE and if may include corporate bonds. Given that the French capital markets are more developments than most in the euro area, including Germany, its corporate bond market is among the largest. Almost 45% of the corporate bonds issued by Eurozone companies are accounted for by French businesses. |
After Russia occupied two areas in Georgia after the 2008 conflict, and its continuous in attempts to intimidate it neighbors, France thought it reasonable to sell Russia two ships that can be used for amphibious assaults. France has been reluctant to renege on its contract, which reportedly has penalty clauses for failure to deliver. However, within weeks of the expected delivery of the first ship, there is talk of an alternative. Reports suggest that NATO could be favorable disposed to buy the ships from France. Perhaps the logic is that it is better to own them then possibly fight against them. |
Asset managers are unlikely to declare a capital strike against France. The premium France pays over Germany for 10-year money is about 36 bp presently. In the past six months, the premium has approached 30 basis point a few times, but never penetrated. The mid-September low of 31 bp was the smallest French premium in three years. This seems to be the floor. |
The ceiling seems to be about 47 bp, which it neared three times in the past six months, most recently on October 20. Recall that, in the four years before the crisis, there were several occasions where the French yield dipped slightly below the German yield. In any event, pre-crisis, France did not pay more than a 10 bp premium. |
Neither international capital, represented by asset managers nor the EC is going to force France to enact structural reforms. In addition, there is even less of a chance that Hollande makes a clean break and announces an aggressively pro-growth fiscal initiative. This means the continuation of the charade, yet the status quo is toxic. The political elite are committing a French version of hara-kiri. What fertile terrain for the National Front. |
The Medical Center, Navicent Health (MCNH) has received the Get With The Guidelines®-AFIB Bronze Quality Achievement Award for implementing specific quality improvement measures outlined by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Rhythm Society guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. |
MCNH earned the award for meeting specific quality achievement measures at a set level for a designated period. These measures include proper use of medications and aggressive risk reduction therapies such as safe anticoagulants to prevent stroke. Also evaluated is the use of medications to stabilize the heart rate and rhythm and other medications needed to treat additional heart disease. Before they are discharged, patients also receive education on managing their condition and stroke risk, counseling if needed, and plans on follow-up care. |
“The Medical Center, Navicent Health is dedicated to improving the quality of care for our patients with atrial fibrillation, and implementing the American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-AFIB program helps us accomplish this goal by tracking and measuring our success in meeting internationally-respected clinical guidelines,” said Tom Oliver, MD, Chief Medical Officer for MCNH. |
Navicent Health was incorporated on November 17, 1994, as a nonprofit corporation whose primary purpose is to coordinate The Medical Center, Navicent Health and other affiliated entities in their mission of providing a comprehensive continuum of high quality, reasonably priced healthcare services to the region. Navicent Health has 970 beds for medical, surgical, rehabilitation and hospice purposes. The health system includes The Medical Center, Navicent Health, a nationally recognized tertiary teaching hospital; Beverly Knight Olson Children’s Hospital, Navicent Health, the region’s only dedicated pediatric hospital; Navicent Health Baldwin and Medical Center of Peach County, Navicent Health, both rural critical access hospitals; Rehabilitation Hospital, Navicent Health, the region’s oldest and most experienced rehabilitation provider; Pine Pointe, Navicent Health, which provides palliative and hospice care in homes and in its facility; Carlyle Place, Navicent Health, the area’s first continuing care retirement community; Navicent Health Foundation, the philanthropic arm of Navicent Health; as well as diagnostic and home care services. For more information, please visitwww.navicenthealth.org. |
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55 year old with POAG presents with this dark/black pigment in the inferior fornix. What do you think this is? Adrenochrome deposits from the use of epinephrine drops. This patient was allergic to all glaucoma drops and opted to use Epinephrine topical drops. She developed these deposits 2 years into the treatment. She underwent canaloplasty surgery during the 3rd year of her treatment and 4 years after discontinuation, she continues to have these deposits! Adrenochrome deposits are from oxidized metabolites in the conjunctiva, cornea and lacrimal systems and stain soft contact lens. Epinephrine is a non selective adrenergic agonist that lowers IOP by increasing both conventional and eve scleral pathways. Most develop allergies/extraocular reactions like headaches, increased blood pressure, tachycardia,arrhythmia. Ocular side effects include pupillary dilation (CI in patients with narrow/occluable angles) allergic blepheroconjunctivitis and CME (in aphakic pts). |
Battlefield V has a new cinematic trailer highlighting its single player mode. Initially teased at E3 2018, here we get to have a proper look of what sort experience it will be, sort of. |
Under No Flag: Sabotage behind enemy lines as an unlikely English soldier. |
Tirailleur: Fight for a home you’ve never seen in. |
The Last Tiger: Join the crew of a Tiger I as they question why they fight. |
The Last Tiger will be available post-launch in December. More details about the campaigns will be explained in an upcoming blog post by developers DICE. |
Battlefield V will be out on November 20th for the PS4, PC (via Origin) and Xbox One. |
This is on my 95 k1500, so i used a paper clip to find the code and its flashing a code 32. |
I checked the IAC out, it was clean, I swapped it out with another one just in case (good used from an identical, lower milage van), no change. Reply With Quote 01-05-2012 #2 EagleMark View Profile View Forum Posts EFI GearHead ! This forum helped me diagnose this after running lots of tests and wild goose chases all over the vehicle. Egr Fault Code The one pointing up is "A". |
Other vacuum leaks? Jude Donor '09-'10, '14 Member Since: Jan 2009 Location: Somewhere in Mo Posts: 72,708 Thanks: 0 Thanked 20 Times in 16 Posts I agree with the above. Join Date Feb 2011 Location North Idaho Age 56 Posts 10,477 Originally Posted by jameslleary Thats an ok idea, only problem is, the TBI EGR valves will not work solely on It expects to see no activity on this line at this time. |
Cliff Harris View Public Profile Send a private message to Cliff Harris Visit Cliff Harris's homepage! Exhaust Gas Recirculation Error Code It actually looks pretty good too!~! I have an empty connector behind the distributor, but it does not match the plug on the new part. If i get another project truck, I want to maybe get a 73-74 longbed with a 292 I6, and do something multiport to it. |
There are 3- ports on the valve. http://www.fullsizechevy.com/forum/showthread.php?434767-OBD1-SES-flashing-code-32-gt-EGR-valve Without voltage applied, it's just the opposite. Egr Error Code P0404 Changed the EGR valve. Egr Valve Error Code P0406 Sure enough it wouldn't change Idle when sucking on it. |
Our Certified shops honor these estimates.Find a ShopRepairPal certifies only the best shops in your neighborhood by verifying quality work, training, and customer satisfaction.Why Certified?Certified Shops honor fair price estimates, bringing Join Date Dec 2011 Posts 720 James, is that a P or N EGR? Reply With Quote 01-06-2012 #10 EagleMark View Profile View Forum Posts EFI GearHead ! my review here Aloha! |
So I happen to have a code 32 in my 86 Corvette. "Exhaust Gas Recirculation Circuit". Gm Code 32 Fix It's on top of the EGR pipe next to the distributor on the passenger side. Check to see if the transducer valve for vacuum output. |
Bad ECM? Page 1 of 2 1 2 > Thread Tools Search this Thread 12-04-2011, 02:04 AM #1 Cuervete Junior Member Thread Starter Member Since: Nov 2011 Posts: Another possible failure that is difficult to test for is a weak spring inside the valve allowing it to open too easily. Code 32 Obd1 Replaced EGR valve with new ACDelco from GM dealer, reconnected vacuum line and all symptoms stopped. |
EmailReport livemike Forum Newbie Posts: 16 Reg: 08-13-09 User InfoSend Private TopicView Profile 03-17-11 01:29 PM - Post#2063092 In response to livemike OK I got a fresh code 32 http://www.gearhead-efi.com/Fuel-Inj...-CEL-SES-Light Attached Images EGR.jpg (61.0 KB, 177 views) 1990 Chevy Suburban 5.7L Auto ECM 1227747 $42! 1998 Chevy Silverado 5.7L Vortec 0411 Swap to RoadRunner! -= =- Reply With Quote 01-05-2012 IF THE DEALER TRIES TO SELL YOU AN AFTERMARKET TYPE VALVE you should hit the parts house and check out a Delphi direct replacement instead. get redirected here CODE 55 Trouble Code 55 indicates that the Analog- to-Digital (A/D) converter in the ECM timed out. |
When the ECM enters EST mode, it applies +5 volts to the BYPASS line and expects to see voltage variations on the EST line. It will flash out each code three times. Neither the author nor Allpar.com / Allpar, LLC may be held responsible for the use of the information or advice, implied or otherwise, on this site. |
Jesus' Apostles ordained bishops, who in turn ordained the next generation of bishops. This continuous line of ordination, called the apostolic succession, has continued down to the present day. Thus the authority for the ordination of a new bishop today could theoretically be traced back as far as the individual Apostles -- except that accurate records were not kept in the early decades of Christianity. |
The gospel message started in a state of purity. There was a consensus on all beliefs. All of the subsequent heretical movements represented deviations from this initial state. |
The Bible describes Jerusalem as being the initial center of Christianity, with James the brother of Jesus at its head. |
The book of Acts, Paul's epistles, and others describe Paul as being the main founder and supreme authority of the Gentile churches -- that is of Pauline Christianity. Meanwhile, Jesus' disciples formed the Jewish Christian movement centered in Jerusalem, under the leadership of James, the brother of Jesus. |
Peter probably did not write any part of the Christian Scriptures (New Testaments). 1 Peter was probably not written by Peter; 2 Peter certainly was not. |
Although churches are mentioned in the Christian Scriptures (as in Revelation 1:4) they are described as independent groups who met in believers' homes. They were apparently not part of a religious organization that is centrally controlled from Rome. |
Siricius, who reigned at the end of the 4th century CE, was the first bishop of Rome to be called pope. |
Pope Leo I, who reigned from 440 to 461 CE was the first to claim that the bishop of Rome was highest ranking of the bishops of the church. |
It took many centuries before the pope could speak for the church. Before that, all decisions affecting Christendom had to be settled by all of the bishops meeting together, as at the Council of Nicea in 325 CE. |
The early Pauline congregations were informal faith communities. A formal, hierarchical organization only came much later. |
Except for the first few years after Jesus' execution, there was no consensus of belief among Christians. The movement was split into many different groups, each teaching different belief system. The main ones were Gnostic Christianity, Jewish Christianity and Pauline Christianity. Often, there were a number of Christian congregations in the larger cities with competing and conflicting messages. |
Matthew 16:18-19: "And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven." (King James Version) The Greek word "ekklesia" is translated as church in the King James Version of the Bible. Catholics typically interpret "ekklesia" as referring to a formal church organization. This passage thus assigns Peter the responsibility to begin to assemble a great monolithic religious organization with Peter as its initial head. Many Protestant theologians generally interpret the word as referring to an informal faith community, vaguely similar to today's independent house churches and cell churches. Some liberals interpret this passage as a simple pun without any deeper significance. In Jesus' language, Aramaic or Syro-Chaldaic, the word "Cephas" meant both the name "Peter," and the word "rock." Also the word translated as "this" is more accurately translated as "this very." So the 18th verse could be translated into modern English "...you are Rocky, and upon this very rock I will build my church." |
1 Corinthians 3:10-11: "According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ." (KJV) This statement by Paul appears to credit himself (and not Peter) as the master builder who has laid the foundation of the church, up on which others are to build further. It contains no reference to Peter's contribution. |
Ephesians 2:19-22: "Now therefore ye are no more strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints, and of the household of God; And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; In whom all the building fitly framed together groweth unto an holy temple in the Lord: In whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit." (KJV) This statement by Paul credits all of the Apostles (presumably including himself) and prophets as forming the symbolic foundation of the church, with Jesus Christ being the main corner stone. Peter appears to be considered as simply one Apostle among equals. |
1 Peter 2:2-6: "As newborn babes, desire the sincere milk of the word, that ye may grow thereby: If so be ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious. To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious, Ye also, as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture, Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded." (KJV) The Catholic church doubts that Peter wrote this epistle, and attributes probable authorship to a disciple of Peter, perhaps Silvanus. 5 It says that all believers form part of a "spiritual house, an holy priesthood," with Jesus as cornerstone. The contribution of Peter appears to be as one believer among many equals. |
The original 12 disciples, less Judas plus Matthias (chosen in Acts 1). |
all of the Apostles and prophets, with Jesus as cornerstone. |
all Christians, with Jesus as cornerstone. |
The lack of earlier non biblical references might have been due to those writings having been lost. Very few writings survived from that era. An alternative interpretation is that the concept of Peter founding the Christian church in Rome did not develop until after the middle of the 2nd century CE. |
211 CE: Tertullian wrote: "...remember that the Lord left the keys of it to Peter here, and through him to the Church..." ("Antidote Against the Scorpion," 10). |
Were leaders in Rome recognized as the head of the Christian religion? |
Some ancient letters have been cited as proof of a functioning Pope in Rome who controlled all of Christendom. Some date from the late 1st century to the late 2nd century CE. |
80 CE: About 15 years after the executions of Peter and Paul, Clement of Rome wrote a letter to the church at Corinth. He apparently was recommending that the Corinthians expel "a few rash and self-willed persons" who have promoted "abominable and unholy sedition." He asks the church to "Accept our counsel and you will have nothing to regret...If anyone disobey the things which have been said by him [God] through us let them know that they will involve themselves in transgression and in no small danger...You will afford us joy and gladness if being obedient to the things which we have written through the Holy Spirit, you will root out the wicked passion of jealousy" (Letter to the Corinthians 1:1, 58:2-59:1, 63:2). He is claiming to know the will of God and the Holy Spirit. He appears to be write the letter as a Christian leader, much like Paul's letters to the same group at Corinth. But, it is not clear whether he is writing as the supreme authority within Christendom, i.e. as the pope. It is worth noting that Clement seems to have written this document some 8 years before the Roman Catholic church believes that he became pope. If the Church is correct in its dates, then Clement did not write the letter as a pope. |
80 CE: Hermas wrote "Therefore shall you [Hermas] write two little books and send one to Clement and one to Grapte. Clement shall then send it to the cities abroad, because that is his duty." (The Shepherd 2:4:3). Clement is described as having the responsibilities of a type of corresponding secretary for the churches "abroad." Again, this letter appears to have been written some 8 years before the Roman Catholic church believes that he became pope. |
110 CE: Ignatius of Antioch wrote a letter "...to the church also which holds the presidency, in the location of the country of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honor, worthy of blessing, worthy of praise, worthy of success, worthy of sanctification, and, because you hold the presidency in love, named after Christ and named after the Father" (Letter to the Romans 1:1). Ignatius seems to view Christendom as being composed of a number of churches of which the one at Rome is the most important; it holds "the presidency." It makes sense that the Roman congregation would be considered the principal Christian church, early in the 2nd century. It was located at Rome, which was the economic, cultural, educational, and political center of the known world. However, Ignatius' letter says nothing about a single individual, a pope, within the Roman congregation controlling the rest of the the churches. |
From the 3rd century onwards, there is a consensus within the Roman Catholic church that each generation of bishops were ordained by previously ordained bishops. The church teaches that the original bishops were ordained by the Apostles, who in turn had been ordained by Jesus. 8 This continuous, unbroken line of ordination from Jesus to modern-day bishops is called the "Apostolic Succession." |
Circa 260 CE: Firmilian wrote: "Christ breathed upon the Apostles alone, saying to them, 'Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive any man his sins they shall be forgiven, and if you retain any man's sins they shall be retained.' The power of forgiving sins was given to the apostles and the churches which these men, sent by Christ, established and to the bishops who succeeded them by being ordained in their place." (Epistle to Cyprian, 75:16). |
Whether there were any bishops (in the modern meaning of that term) in the 1st century CE is a topic of debate among theologians. |
"Diakonoi" - which has been variously translated as deacons, helpers, aides. |
But their exact roles and levels of authority are not defined, and can only be guessed at. |
Many conservative Protestants frequently believe that Paul wrote them early in the 7th decade CE (perhaps during the years 62 to 64). |
Most liberals say that the author(s) are unknown and that the books were written much later, in the first half of the 2nd century. |
R.C. Broderick, op cit, Pages 473 to 474. |
R.C. Broderick, op cit, Page 526. |
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