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At Intel, Nivruti Rai provides engineering and business unit leadership, driving innovation, cross-group efficiencies and execution for engineering teams delivering global products and roadmaps. She also leads engagements with national and local governments and policymakers as well as collaboration with ecosystem players to enable innovation and entrepreneurship.
Rai joined Intel in 1995 and subsequently worked in the CPU development organization in Oregon. She led the effort to conserve chip power in microprocessors by selectively using high-performance devices and pioneered the use of error-correcting codes to reduce operating voltages and memories, becoming a principal engineer in 2003. She moved to India in 2005 to manage R&D of mobile platform technologies used for handheld and laptop computers. In 2013, her team was awarded an Intel Achievement Award for contributing to the development of the Minute Intel architecture core. In her most recent role as vice president in Intel's platform engineering group, Rai led teams across the United States, Costa Rica, Israel, Malaysia and India charged with developing innovative analog and mixed-signal intellectual property (IP) blocks and IP subsystems for Intel's system-on-chip products. She also managed the emerging technologies group in India, developing machine learning and computer vision soft IP.
As the president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America and Planned Parenthood Action Fund for 12 years, Cecile Richards worked to increase affordable access to reproductive health care and to build a healthier and safer world for women and young people. In 2018, she stepped down from leadership and published the book Make Trouble.
After starting her career as a labor organizer working with women earning the minimum wage, Richards went on to start her own grassroots organizations and later served as deputy chief of staff to House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi. In 2011 and 2012, she was named one of TIME Magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World." Richards is a frequent speaker and commentator on politics and progressive issues.
Karissa Sanbonmatsu investigates how DNA allows cells in our body to remember events that take place.
Dr. Karissa Sanbonmatsu is a principal investigator at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the New Mexico Consortium, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.
As a principal investigator, Sanbonmatsu has advanced our understanding of the mechanism of the ribosome, antibiotics and riboswitches. She published some of the first structural studies of epigenetic long non-coding RNAs and is currently studying the mechanism of epigenetic effects involving chromatin architecture. She uses a combination of wetlab biochemistry, supercomputers and cryogenic electron microscopy to investigate mechanism in atomistic detail. She is on the board of Equality New Mexico and the Gender Identity Center and is an advocate for LGBT people in the sciences.
Through her nonprofit, Bodhi Tree Foundation, Ashweetha Shetty supports first-generation college students in rural India to explore their potential through education, life skills and opportunities.
As a girl in a poor orthodox community in a south Indian village, Ashweetha Shetty was constantly told that her birth was not celebrated and that she would be a liability to her family. The social norms prescribed for her identity silenced her dreams, thoughts and aspirations. But through the power of education, she became a first-generation college graduate and had a chance to rewrite the possibilities for her life. As she says: "I always wanted to add my bit to their inspiring journey."
As a high school student, Haley Stack fights for freedom of the press.
Haley Stack is 16 years old and a junior at Prosper High School in Texas. She is Assistant Editor of the school’s newspaper, Eagle Nation Online. She started journalism her freshman year and has been on staff since. She's on the UIL Academic Journalism team and has won numerous awards, including an award for Excellence in Commentary Writing at the Journalism Educators Association. She was honored at the Women's Media Center gala in November 2018, where she won the Young Journalist award.
In February 2018, Stack wrote an editorial over the removal of A Separate Peace by John Knowles from the 10th grade curriculum. The article was censored by her principal because he claimed Stack’s story was negative, used the word ‘banned’ instead of ‘removed’, and contained grammatical errors. (The errors were an extra period and a missing apostrophe.) This was one out of three articles that were censored at the paper leading to Stack, fellow student journalist Neha Madhira, and her staff speaking out with the help of the Student Press Law Center. Several news outlets covered their story, including NBC 5, The Dallas Morning News and The New York Times.
Stack continues to fight for student press rights through New Voices, a student-led legislative movement attempting to protect students from censorship and protect advisers from being pushed out. Stack hopes to continue her fight and further her journalistic education in college.
In her work, the Reverend Dr. Liz Theoharis makes a theological case for ending poverty.
The Reverend Dr. Liz Theoharis is an ordained minister with the Presbyterian Church, the director of the Kairos Center for Rights, Religions, and Social Justice at Union Theological Seminary and the co-chair of the Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival. She has spent the past two decades organizing amongst the poor and dispossessed in the United States. She has led hundreds of trainings and bible studies and recently published Always with Us?: What Jesus Really Said about the Poor.
In 2018, alongside the Reverend Dr. William J. Barber, Theoharis helped to launch the Poor People’s Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival. Over the coming years, the campaign will organize poor people across race, religion, geography, political party and other so-called lines of division to fuel a moral revolution of values in the country.
Amanda Williams blurs the distinction between art and architecture through works that employ color as a way to draw attention to the political complexities of race, place and value in cities.
The landscapes in which Amanda Williams operates are the visual residue of the invisible policies and forces that have misshapen most inner cities. Her installations, paintings, video and works on paper seek to inspire new ways of looking at the familiar -- and raise questions about the state of urban space in America in the process.
Williams has exhibited widely, including the 2018 Venice Architecture Biennale, a solo exhibition at the MCA Chicago, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Pulitzer Arts Foundation in St. Louis. She is a 2018 United States Artists Fellow, a Joan Mitchell Foundation Painters & Sculptors grantee, an Efroymson Family Arts Fellow, a Leadership Greater Chicago Fellow and a member of the multidisciplinary Museum Design team for the Obama Presidential Center. She is this year's Bill and Stephanie Sick Distinguished Visiting Professor at the School of the Art Institute Chicago and has previously served as a visiting assistant professor of architecture at Cornell University and Washington University in St. Louis. She lives and works on Chicago's south side.
Paula Stone Williams is a pastor, counselor, speaker, LGBTQ ambassador and gender equity advocate.
The Reverend Dr. Paula Stone Williams knows the truth will set you free, but only after it upends your carefully constructed narrative. Her devotion to authenticity caused her to leave her comfort zone as a nationally known religious leader and follow her heart to transition from Paul to Paula. She lost all of her jobs and most of her friends. Williams also discovered the massive differences between life as a male and as a female in America.
Williams is the pastor of preaching and worship at Left Hand Church in Longmont, Colorado, a pastoral counselor with RLT Pathways and a sought-after speaker to corporations, government agencies, universities and religious institutions on issues of gender equity and LGBTQ advocacy. She has been featured in the New York Times, the Denver Post, New Scientist, Radio New Zealand, Colorado Public Radio and The Huffington Post. Her TEDxMileHigh talk on gender equity has had more than one million views.
Jonathan Williams likes to tell stories and throw parties, so he started a church that allowed him to do both.
After teaching fifth grade in West Philadelphia for seven years, Jonathan Williams decided to join the family business and become a pastor like his father. He started a church in Brooklyn, NY, and just three months later faced a religious and personal reckoning when his father announced her transition from male to female. Williams decided that his church would become an advocate for the LGBTQ+ community, forever shifting the landscape in his personal and professional life.
Williams continues to lead Forefront Church in Brooklyn. In January 2019, he released his book, She's My Dad: A Father’s Transition and a Son's Redemption, published by Westminster John Knox Press. Williams has told his story to the New York Times, Huffington Post, Christian Standard Magazine, Faithfully Magazine and Rebel Storytellers.
Marian Wright Edelman fights for a level playing field for all children, so their chances to succeed don't have to depend on the lottery of birth.
Marian Wright Edelman, founder and president emerita of the Children's Defense Fund (CDF), has been an advocate for disadvantaged Americans for her entire professional life. Under her leadership, CDF has become the nation's strongest voice for children and families. The CDF's "Leave No Child Behind" mission is "to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start, and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities."
Edelman, a graduate of Spelman College and Yale Law School, began her career in the mid-'60s when, as the first black woman admitted to the Mississippi Bar, she directed the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund office in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1968, she moved to Washington, DC as counsel for the Poor People's Campaign that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began organizing before his death. She founded the Washington Research Project, a public interest law firm and the parent body of the CDF. For two years she served as the director of the Center for Law and Education at Harvard University and in 1973 began CDF. Edelman served on the Board of Trustees of Spelman College, which she chaired from 1976 to 1987, and was the first woman elected by alumni as a member of the Yale University Corporation, on which she served from 1971 to 1977. She has received more than 100 honorary degrees and many awards, including the Albert Schweitzer Humanitarian Prize, the Heinz Award, a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship, the Presidential Medal of Freedom -- the nation's highest civilian award -- and the Robert F. Kennedy Lifetime Achievement Award for her writings.
The cofounder of Smoke Signals Studio, phillip agnew is a nationally recognized educator, strategist, trainer, speaker and cultural critic.
phillip agnew cofounded the Dream Defenders in 2012 after the murder of Trayvon Martin and has been dubbed "one of this generation’s leading voices" and recognized by both EBONY magazine and The Root as one of the 100 most influential African Americans in the nation. He emerged as a national activist when he helped to organize students from FAMU, Florida State University and Tallahassee Community College in the creation of the Student Coalition for Justice, which was formed in response to the Martin Lee Anderson case.
agnew is the cofounder of Miami's Smoke Signals Studio -- a community based radical artistic space -- with his partner, poet Aja Monet. Smoke Signals Studio is a space where those invested in using art, sound and music as a meeting place for transformation and liberation can come to create together.
In 2018, agnew transitioned from his role as codirector of the Dream Defenders and now travels the country teaching and organizing outside of the movement bubble. He has spoken at colleges and conferences around the country and was a featured speaker at TEDWomen 2018 and SXSW in 2019. agnew is member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. and a Board Member for Planned Parenthood Action Fund.
Yvonne van Amerongen is an occupational therapist and a social worker.
Before 1983, when Yvonne van Amerongen started working for the nursing home Hogewey, she worked in a hospital for psychiatric diseases and in a rehabilitation center. In 1992 she was the care manager of the traditional nursing home Hogewey when the management team started thinking about the vision of care for people living with severe dementia. In 1993, this vision was the basis for the development of what now is the neighborhood The Hogeweyk, with 27 houses for more than 170 seniors with severe dementia. Van Amerongen was the project leader and one of the founders of the vision for excellent care, living and well-being for people with severe dementia and of neighborhood The Hogeweyk.
Van Amerongen now works as a consultant for Be, supporting and advising healthcare organizations, governments, architects and project starters around the world to improve the quality of life of people living with dementia. Be is part of the Vivium Care group (non-profit), also the owner of The Hogeweyk.
We have the professional technology and the first- rate equipment. Our products of Fan and Motor is lower noise, less vibration, long life time, good reliability and intelligence in operation.
We seek the aim of excellent quality forever. Nowadays, our products are all passed the CCC,CE,UL and CUL certification. And we are also passed the ISO9001:2000 of quality management system and the RoHS certification for material of environment.
SHENZHEN S&T MOTOR CO.,LTD. , founded in 2006, is located in Shenzhen city China. It is a manufacturer specialized in research, development and production of brushless DC Fan , AC Fan and Fan blower.The total site areal of manufacture is 11000 square meters and is located in Shangyuan industrial zone,Chashan town ,Dongguan city ,Guangdong province.
Many owners of companies are beginning to understand the advantages of using online business systems. Any corporation that is active in internet-based activities will experience a much lower operating cost than the one that functions exclusively in a specific place. There are many benefits of having an internet section added to one’s business. There is however the inclusion of punctual delivery of products or services to the consumers.
A lean supply chain is the operational technique that a corporation applies so as to ensure that the consumers are satisfied through the provision of quality products which are delivered efficiently. Businesses which use this technique in their daily operations have a high probability of satisfying their customers having in mind that modern customers require their products to be delivered as fast as possible. With higher levels of consumer satisfaction, these corporations are likely to enjoy consumer loyalty.
The fundamental plan behind a lean supply chain is to regulate all areas of the corporation methods. Thus, any frail or incompetent department of production, sale and transport of goods must be known and eliminated on a regular basis so as to ensure that there are high levels of performance. This involves getting rid of or changing areas of production which might act to underrate the final products or goods or which does not satisfy the consumers’ requirement. Businesses that use these techniques effectively understand that maintaining the supply chain lean is not just about making the customer happy but it’s about saving the businesses’ revenues as well.
Online business systems are made to improve the competence of processes that are major components of escalating the yield of a corporation. These are made to assist companies to measure the instability of consumer demand, build consumer appreciation and relations and come up with performance techniques which can be utilized during upcoming development procedures. It is important to learn about the best ways of building thriving online business systems so as to succeed in today’s corporate world.
Katie Price and her new baby return home after holidaying in Europe.
Alex Reid has tweeted a message of support for his ex-wife Katie Price.
Price gave birth to her first child with current husband Kieran Hayler eight weeks early last month.
She was rushed to hospital while holidaying in Europe, and was told her labour would be induced early as her baby was at risk of infection and had a dangerously low heart rate.
The model confirmed that she and Hayler arrived home with son Jett Riviera last week.
She tweeted on Tuesday (September 10): "It's been a week since me @kieran0322 and Jett been home haven't told people we are home as wanted to settle in! Thankyou to all tweets x"
Reid messaged her directly in reply, stating that he was happy to hear her family was safe.
Very glad to hear @kieran0322 @MissKatiePrice & baby Jet are all home safe & sound!
Alex Reid and Katie Price have not been on good terms since their split in 2011.
He recently sold his wedding ring to Now magazine to give away in a reader competition.
Katie Price recently told Digital Spy that her latest pregnancy had "been more difficult" than those before.
Welcome to another HUGE HeroesCon guest list update! We hope you can join us for 3 days of everything we love about comic books along with the people who make them at the Charlotte Convention Center June 20-22, 2014. Tickets for Heroes Convention 2014 are on sale now!
HEROESCON 2013 GUEST LIST UPDATE :: GLAPION! LEONARDI! TIERI! & MORE!
We’ve got another great guest list announcement for you today! Time is running out to purchase your discounted 3-day passes and to receive all the goodies that come along with that! We’ll see you soon!
Heroes Convention is in Charlotte, North Carolina, June 7-9 2013. Get your 3 day passes today! Our full guest list (so far) is here.
Please note: Several guests have had to cancel their appearances due to unforeseen circumstances. Cancellations are always listed at the right/bottom sidebar of the guest list page here.
Arkon’s APRM2T adapter converts any mount with a 25mm ball pattern into a mount that’s compatible with an Arkon Dual-T smartphone or tablet holder, including the Slim-Grip Ultra Universal Smartphone and Midsize Tablet Holder (SM060-2), Slim-Grip Universal Smartphone Holder (SM050-2), Slim-Grip Universal Tablet Holder (TAB001), and Mega Grip Universal Smartphone Holder (SM040-2). This package includes only the adapter (holders sold separately). Attach the adapter to any 25mm ball compatible pedestal (also sold separately), then insert the Arkon holder into the bracket and adjust accordingly.
Let’s say you have an established practice. A “suit” could literally just walk in and offer to purchase your practice. Maybe your office was recommend to Heartland by colleague. If that sale goes through, your colleague will be themselves a tidy bonus…let’s call it a finders fee – $2500 to $5000 or there about.
Heartland professes your office just becoming an “affiliate” – a term used quite loosely in the the world of corporate dentistry. But it has to be true, right? It’s everywhere! It’s all they say, they never mention owning dental clinics, just Heartland Affiliated Dental Centers.
They offer you a large sum of money to “affiliate”. A sum which is likely much more than the practice is actually worth if it were for sale.
But you’re not selling, right? You are simply becoming “affiliated” with Heartland so they can help you with your day to day operations – marketing, advertising, software, billing, etc.
For whatever reason, you decided to take their offer. and become a Heartland Dental “affiliated” dental center. What happens then?
In the employment agreement, they will agree to a not so bad salary, $120K –$150K a year, plus a percentage of profits. By profits, I mean “net” profits.
Contrary to what Heartland said, you just sold your practice and you just became their employee.
Yes, that is what is said, but it’s a lie. You are simply their employee forever more, or until you can get fired.
So you are now “affiliated” with Heartland Dental. What happens next?
You and your entire staff are whisked off to Effingham, IL for training. I say entire staff, but that might not be the staff you planned on keeping around. That staffing choice is no longer yours to decide – it’s Heartland Dental’s. There just went all that control of your practice promised!
Heartland Dental didn’t need that new $7.7 million training facility – HDC Institute. for nothing. They are going to be training you!
In fact, it’s likely any future training you get will be right there in Effingham at Heartland Dental.
While your office is closed, not producing income, and you and your staff are away at training camp, things maybe happening back at the office. A team may be invade what was once your office. This team is there to strip out your equipment and replace it with Heartlands. What was once your equipment, will be replace Heartland’s own – which could, and likely will, be of lesser quality. But hey, it’s got their software already loaded and ready to go.
Chop! Chop! Get to work!
What happens at the 1 to 2 week training sessions, other than your balance sheet taking a dive – remember, if you are in Effingham, you ain’t workin’. You and staff are learning the Heartland Way, that’s what.
Mr. Dentist, you are now to do nothing but procedures. You will do them as we are teaching you, it’s the only way you can meet the goals we are setting for your “affiliated” clinic. We might throw in some orthodontics training on a three day trip, if other revenue sources are needed, who knows.
Oh and the “partnership” plan mention in the propaganda piece, it’s really an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). While most ESOP’s are stock given to the employee at no cost, you might be asked to “contribute” a $100K to Heartland’s ESOP. Doesn’t that just sound yummy. You get $100k worth of Heartland Stock. Rick get’s money for lunch.
It’s called a PA, not Public Address System nor, Physician's Assistant, but Practice Administrator. These little jewels go through extensive training at HDC Institute and are taught how to “handle” unruly dentists, so don’t be unruly.
Continuing Education? That will be done right at HDC Institute. You will get what they are serving. No matter if you could get it locally, for 1/3 the fee, less time away from the office.
Ms. Office Manager, you are now in charge of all treatment plans, presenting said plans to patients and pricing. [Nothing like a medically untrained office staff talking tell a patient about complicated medical procedures to make said patient safe!] If you can’t handle it, Ms. Office Manager, we have someone trained to step in at any time, but under no circumstance will Mr. Dentist being doing treatment plans. He’s to produce, nothing more.
Nothing is for free, ya know.
That training Heartland demands, costs money and your clinic’s revenues is going to pay for every dime of it. Could be as much as $3k-$5k per day. A Friday, Saturday, Sunday, pep rally, well, that may be $10k.
The Heartland brand continuing education, well that will come off your “affiliated” clinic’s bottom line. too. Not only that, but you pay, what Heartland wants to charge. So what if you could get it cheaper and closer to your home. So what your office could be seeing patients those days.
If Rick Workman has to fly someone in to get you lined back out, for under production. It is going to cost ya. Every business mile driven, every night in a hotel, every meal they eat, your clinic picks up that tab. The college educated psychology grad - who is really just a company dental hygienist - sent to assess your nonproductive ways, will also be expensed out to your clinic.
Prizes and gifts for company wide employees, those are expensed out among the “affiliated” clinics too. Remember that bonus your colleague got for recommending your practice to Heartland, yeah, it will be charged to your “affiliated” clinic.
Monthly seminars to Effingham,IL, are going to cost you as well. Every night in the hotel, every chicken leg you eat, it’s coming out of your “affiliated” clinic’s account. Think you will be given a breakdown of what Heartland Headquarters has expensed to your “affiliated” clinic, think again! Those are not for your eyes.
You know the new HCD Institute will be expensed out to each Heartland Dental “affiliated” dental center as well. It has to be, everything else is.
Last but not least, your “affiliated” clinic has to pay Heartland for all the administrative services as well.
An angiographic catheter is described with a valve covering the end-hole on the distal end. The valve will allow the catheter to be passed over a guidewire but will prevent an injected fluid (e.g., a contrast medium) from being discharged from the end hole. The valved-end catheter has side-holes near the distal end that provide for lateral discharge of the fluid thereby preventing the creation of an end-hole jet and the resulting undesirable effects of the jet.
Angiographic catheters are very small but long thin-walled tubes that are inserted into the human vascular system for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. At the present time, almost all such catheters have an end-hole at the distal end so that the catheter can be passed over and guided by a wire which has been inserted into the vascular system through a hollow needle placed in a blood vessel. Also, because these catheters are open at both ends to allow passage over the guidewire, one catheter can be exchanged for another by replacing the wire and withdrawing the catheter over the wire.
When used in diagnostic procedures, the primary purpose of these catheters is to allow injection of radiopaque contrast material into the blood stream so as to produce an image of the blood vessel (an angiogram) on x-ray film. During the process of diagnostic angiography, the contrast medium is usually injected at a rapid rate using a power injector, and the contrast medium is forcefully discharged from the distal end-hole of the catheter creating a jet effect. This produces undesirable recoil of the catheter and can also produce a dangerous complication, subintimal injection of the contrast medium, in which the jet tunnels into the wall of the blood vessel sometimes resulting in acute occlusion of the vessel.
To minimize the undesirable effect of recoil and the potential complication of subintimal injection, some early catheter designs had sealed distal ends with side-holes near the distal end to allow injection of the contrast medium into the blood vessel laterally and symmetrically thereby reducing subintimal injections. Of course, with the sealed distal end, these catheters cannot be inserted into a blood vessel over a guidewire, and therefore this design is not widely used. Most catheters presently used for rapid flush angiography are configured with a circular loop or "pigtail" at the distal end. Although the end-hole is open, these pigtail type catheters are provided with side-holes through which approximately 40% of the contrast medium is discharged. Although the looped end of the catheter decreases somewhat the chance of subintimal injection, the open end-hole still allows approximately 60% of the contrast medium to exit the end-hole in a strong jet. During left ventriculography, this jet has been associated with the production of ventricular arrhythmias which can be dangerous to the patient and which can lessen the accuracy of the acquired physiologic data. To overcome the limitations of the pigtail catheter in cardiac angiography, various modifications have been attempted to the pigtail configuration, such as a multiple loop configuration or formation of a bend at an acute angle in the distal portion of the catheter. However, these modifications have not satisfactorily alleviated the problems associated with the use of any catheter which has an open end-hole.
Moreover, when catheters of this type are used during abdominal aortography, it is sometimes desirable to have the contrast medium injected in a lateral fashion to opacify the renal arteries which arise at right angles to the abdominal aorta. The pigtail catheter, including known modifications of it, tends to inject the contrast medium in a superior direction through the superiorally directed end-hole. This produces the undesirable effect of filling the blood vessels superior to the renal arteries which can obscure visualization of the anatomic structures being observed.
There is therefore a need for a catheter which can be inserted into the vascular system by passing it over a guidewire but which catheter will have the advantages of a closed-end catheter.
The catheter of the invention has formed over the end-hole at its distal end a two-way valve which opens to allow passage of a guidewire and closes upon removal of the guidewire to prevent discharge of fluid from the end-hole of the catheter. In one embodiment, the catheter is formed with side-holes for discharge of the fluid, such as a contrast medium, and the principles of the invention can be utilized in a balloon occlusion catheter because all of the fluid will be discharged proximally to the balloon through the end-holes. When used with a ballon for coronary or small vessel peripheral angioplasty, no side holes are formed in the catheter, thus creating a single lumen over-the-wire angioplasty ballon catheter. The valve at the distal end of the catheter may be formed by several slits along radial lines in a solid tubular piece of material similar to the material used in the catheter itself. However, the material must have sufficient elasticity so that the valve remains normally closed and is opened only when a guidewire is advanced in either direction against the valve.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view that illustrates the principles of the invention as applied to a balloon occlusion catheter.
The intravascular catheter of the invention has an elongated tubular wall 10 that defines a longitudinally extending lumen or passageway 12 extending throughout the length of the catheter. The catheter is constructed of any suitable material that has the required strength and flexibility which will permit the catheter to be inserted into a blood vessel for use in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications where it is necessary to inject a fluid, such as a contrast medium, into the body. There are a number of plastic materials presently available that are suitable for this use, such as various forms of soft polyurethanes, soft polyesters guidewire. When the guidewire is removed, the resiliency of the flaps 22 will once again close off the distal end 14.
The distal end 14 may be either normally straight as shown in the drawings, or distal end 14 may be shaped into a circular pigtail configuration similar to that of presently used catheters which have a closed distal end. The principles of the invention therefore can be applied to pigtail catheters which are used extensively in ventriculography.
In FIG. 4 there is illustrated a balloon occlusion catheter to which the principles of the invention have been applied by positioning valve 16 at the distal end. In this balloon occulsion catheter, there is in addition to the outer wall 10 an interior tube 24 that provides a passageway or lumen 26 which carries fluid, such as air, to an expandable wall or balloon 28 formed in the wall 10 near its distal end 14 downstream from the side-holes 18. The expandable wall or balloon 28 can therefore be inflated using lumen 26 so as to occlude flow through the blood vessel. As in the other embodiments of the invention, when the catheter is inserted into the blood vessel using a guidewire, as soon as the end of the guidewire engages the flaps 22 of valve 16, the flaps 22 will flex to permit passage of the guidewire until such time as it is withdrawn. When the guidewire is withdrawn, valve 16 will close and remain closed, thus allowing for all of the fluid flowing through passageway 12 to be discharged through side-holes 18.
The principles of the invention also can be applied to balloon catheters with no side holes, thereby allowing guidewire insertion and low density polyethylenes. The passageway 12 normally terminates in an end-hole or discharge opening at the distal end 14 of the catheter, but the invention provides a valve, indicated generally by the reference numeral 16, that covers the end-hole. Valve 16 may be formed in any suitable manner. For example, valve 16 may be formed at the outer end of a solid tubular end piece 20 of relatively short length which is fused or otherwise suitably attached at the distal end 14 of the wall 10 of the catheter.
The desired action of valve 16 may be created by a plurality of flaps 22 formed by one or more cuts, such as radially extending slits, in the outer end of end piece 20. In the alternative, a pin hole could be formed in the outer end of the end piece 20, the pin hole being just large enough to permit the passage of a guidewire. The flaps 22 are preferably formed of the same basic material as the material that forms the wall 10 of the catheter, but the material forming flaps 22 must have sufficient elasticity to perform the valve function in the manner described herein.

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