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Junior Kateryna Kandyba put together a 2-1 weekend in singles action to win the consolation bracket of the Boiler Up draw. |
Lipscomb will be back on the court Oct. 11-15 when it travels to Chattanooga for the ITA Regionals. |
Don Butler has compiled an invaluable list of the man-hours required for ship repair estimates. All ships must undergo regular dry-docking for examination by a third party surveyor; this is a mandatory requirement for ships which ply their trade on either world wide or coastal area basis. This dry-docking period is usually used as a time to carry out known damage repairs, cleaning and painting, upgrades and regular machinery overhauls. The author provides estimates for all situations which may arise, enabling the repair superintendent to anticipate costs, and therefore to prepare an accurate repair specification well in advance, for issue to the repairer. |
Don Butler has gathered the information in this book over more than twenty years in the repair field. He is a holder of the DTI Combined first class Engineers Certificate of competency for steam and motor ships and a Fellow of the Institute of Marine Engineers (F.I.Mar.E). He is also a Member of the Society of Consulting Marine Engineers and Ship Surveyors (M.C.M.S). |
· Produced for technical superintendents of ship owners and ship managers; outlines the manner in which ship repair companies compile quotations. |
· Made up of man-hours rather than monetary value, to assist long-term pricing; books of 'prices only' will have no long-term relevance, whereas time in man-hours will be universally applicable and more durable. |
Drop a pin—you are here. Any city, hamlet or BFE blemish on a map is a sober city. Every metropolis needs more people like you. |
This lawsuit highlights the difficulties associated with potential collaboration in the rapidly-advancing industry of self-driving vehicles. |
Tesla brings the following claims in the lawsuit: (1) misappropriation of trade secrets in violation of the Defend Trade Secrets Act; (2) misappropriation of trade secrets in violation of the California Uniform Trade Secrets Act; (3) breach of contract due to Cao’s alleged breach of Tesla’s Non-Disclosure Agreement; and (4) breach of employee’s duty of loyalty. |
As more autonomous vehicles enter the marketplace, sharing of data inputs (but not the source code) could assist in developing common safety standards and protocols for autonomous vehicles. However, some companies may be wary of sharing their data inputs because this could decrease the competitive edge that comes from a larger and more established fleet of vehicles. |
Sarah Morrissey is an associate in Eckert Seamans’ Litigation Division. She focuses her product liability practice on the defense of product manufacturers and suppliers in product liability and personal injury matters. Sarah has experience handling these matters at various stages up to trial including pre-suit evaluation, development of defense strategies, and resolving discovery disputes. |
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Filled with museum-quality treasures, Aman Venice’s home on the Grand Canal is the 16th-century Palazzo Papadopoli, one of the city’s most significant buildings. |
Occupying a 17th-century Dutch colonial building within the ramparts of Galle’s historic fort, Amangalla is woven unmistakably into the rich tapestry of this enthralling city. |
Amanjena is a spectacular and serene resort offering an opulent haven of peace and luxury from behind its rose-hued walls. |
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Lost in Translation is my first non-fiction blast from the past. It was published in the UK shortly after I became a bookseller and was one of the first books in huge demand that I felt I must read. It’s about many things one of which is the nuance of language, a subject dear to many readers’ – and of course writers’ – hearts. |
At the age of thirteen, when most of us are beginning to forge an identity for ourselves, Eva Hoffman was uprooted from her beloved Poland to emigrate with her family to Canada. Born in 1945, her early years had been spent in Kraków, surrounded by friends, thoroughly immersed in a way of life she knew and loved. When she arrived in Vancouver, she had not only to learn a new language, but also a very different set of cultural references, a long, slow process which set her at a distance from other young people. When she won a scholarship to a university in the United States, she began to find ways of belonging in her new world without rejecting the old. Lost in Translation is an eloquent account of Hoffman’s experience of being caught between two cultures. |
I’ve tried reading several of Hoffman’s novels over the years but none have made the impression on me that her memoir left. It’s come to mind often in the last few years when thinking about the refugee crisis and the cultural dislocation so many have had to face on top of their trauma. |
This entry was posted in Blasts From the Past, Reviews and tagged Autobiography, Eva Hoffman, Language, Lost in Translation, Vintage Publishing on 12 November 2018 by Susan Osborne. |
With today’s advancement in technology, it is becoming more convenient than ever before to earn a Bachelor’s degree in a health-related field online. Some specializations, such as nutrition or public health, can be studied entirely online. Other online degrees, such as Bachelor in Dentistry or Bachelor in Physiotherapy, require additional hands-on experience and acquiring practical skills in various healthcare settings. |
A number of reputable universities offer online Master degrees in healthcare. One of the main advantages of taking a Master’s degree online is the flexibility in work and school schedules, but it can be difficult to obtain real-life experience. Therefore, online studies in a health-related field are often combined with research and on-site visits to various healthcare facilities. |
Although healthcare is a very a hands-on and practical profession, a number of online PhD programs in the health-related field are available at leading universities. Online PhD programs require a great deal of dedication and self-motivation from the students. While most coursework can usually be completed with the help of e-learning tools, short residencies may also be required. |
Taking an MD degree will open a world of professional options in the healthcare industry in a variety of areas. Fully online MD degrees are rare because a lot of practical training is required from the future medical doctors. Online MD programs are therefore combined with on-site experience to provide the practice necessary for success in the medical field. |
Online courses offer students the flexibility to attend classes from the convenience of their home, or anywhere with an Internet connection. Online courses in healthcare are perfect for you if you wish to work in the public, private, or non-profit sector to improve the quality of life of individuals and communities, but cannot attend courses on campus. |
Present-day online communication and advanced e-learning tools allow students to enroll in programs at accredited universities around the world that are out of reach for in-person learning. Distance learning programs have flexible scheduling structure and are delivered on an individual or group basis. They can be administered in a synchronous or asynchronous mode, or through a combination of both. |
Ever notice how often a product that makes a huge splash at tradeshows fizzles in the marketplace? The story goes like this: Product is introduced at show to much fanfare. News media gives Product lots of press, and consumers everywhere express interest in Product's features and capabilities. Product hits store shelves…and stays there. Some early adopters purchase Product, but it never penetrates into mass consumer markets. |
What went wrong? Market research clearly identified potential dollars in target markets just waiting to spend money on the new product. So why did it fail? |
The problem is not with the market research, which is a necessary first step to rolling out a new product. Rather, the culprit is an absence of a true understanding of the people who will ultimately use the product. Just as important as market research, design research is a necessary ingredient for creating, developing, and delivering a successful product. Marketers need solid market research to guide their decisions about product positioning, revenue potential, and target markets. Likewise, designers need solid design research to guide their decisions about the product's interaction framework, feature set, and overall appropriateness for its users. |
A design research phase consists of three main activities: stakeholder interviews, domain research, and user interviews. Some combination of all three makes for a successful phase. The length of each activity depends on the complexity of the product. More is always better, but effective design research can be gathered in a relatively short amount of time. Typically, one to three weeks is sufficient for most business and domain products, while complex enterprise systems with multiple interfaces require a longer research period. |
An intimate understanding of user research is fundamental for designers. In order to gain such an understanding of the research, designers must lead—or at least participate in—user interviews. Simply handing them a report generated by someone else is not nearly as effective. If the design team is truly immersed in the user research and models that come out of that research, it will be much easier for them to design a product that meets the needs of the users rather than themselves. |
It is vital that the people who will be designing your product have a good understanding of the company's specific goals for it. Is the product going to be positioned as a major revenue generator? What kind of development resources will be assigned to the project? Are there existing brand guidelines that will have an impact on the visual design of the product? What is the deadline for code drop and customer ship? |
Don't assume, even within your organization, that your design team understands your corporate vision. Often, the product vision is diluted as it moves up and down the corporate hierarchy. Sometimes, a product vision is not well articulated to begin with, but is rather a collection of good ideas with vague requirements. Discovering this at the beginning of an initiative can save a lot of grief later. If your company does not have a clear idea of what they want to build and sell, you will never be able to design a product that meets expectations. |
Domain research activities focus on the big picture of the product space. The design team should perform competitive research to identify existing products and services that may solve similar problems or offer complimentary features. For technical products (complex enterprise products or specialized domains, such as for medical devices or healthcare products), identify a subject matter expert (SME) whom you can use as a resource throughout the project. To immerse yourself in the basics of the product domain, spend at least an hour or two with this person before conducting user interviews. This will give the design team an overall understanding of the common terminology and vocabulary used in the industry or consumer space and provide a good forum for asking naïve questions before embarrassing yourself in front of real users. Just the other day I baffled and was baffled by a client as we both used the term “engineer” in a conversation. It turns out that he meant “sound engineer” when he used the term, and I meant “developer.” Once we cleared up the confusion, I was able to use the term appropriately and save myself and those around me a lot of confusion in the future. |
Understanding common terminology and practices not only builds credibility (try saying, “disk drive” instead of “volume” to a roomful of IT storage professionals, and see what kind of reaction you get), but it also minimizes confusion. When it comes time to design, being able to provide solutions to customers in familiar language eases the learning adjustments they have to make. |
User interviews represent the most important element in design research. An ethnographic approach in gathering user research is particularly effective. Ethnography is a social research technique based on studying people's behavior in everyday contexts, rather than under controlled conditions (such as a conference room in a focus group testing center). Ethnographic techniques focus on informal conversation and observing the subjects in their environments, instead of on questionnaires or set lists of topics. This approach will allow you to be efficient while unearthing the true attitudes and behaviors of users, as opposed to merely gathering statistics. |
These ethnographic techniques provide quick, rich results. As a designer, your goal is not to create an exhaustive research report; therefore, you will be invariably less scientific than an ethnographic anthropologist or social science researcher would be. Rather, your goal is to understand users enough to be able to step into their shoes during the design process. While your experience and expertise with interaction design will provide for a foundation of good interface concepts, it is your understanding of users that will help you make appropriate design decisions for the product at hand. Otherwise, you're just creating design based largely on what you know and like. Unless you happen to be representative of the core target markets for the product, and unless you happen to have no quirky behaviors or processes that skew your perception of the problems being solved, the product won't meet the needs and goals of the people who will actually use it. |
For example, I was on a team that recently completed a design project for an irrigation management tool aimed at golf course superintendents. We traveled to several courses around the country to talk with superintendents and their staff. It was valuable to watch each superintendent guide us through the current software tools they use to control their course's irrigation systems. More valuable, though, was the time we spent away from the computer. We rode around the course in golf carts as the superintendents performed some of their routine activities, and we were able to observe many behaviors that never would have come out of a meeting in their offices. We had heard, for example, that superintendents take a lot of notes as they travel around the course (they told us this themselves, in fact). In reality, though, the notebook mostly stayed in the back of the cart, and when a problem came up, the superintendent would either fix it on the spot or radio someone else to fix it right away. |
Later, when we were designing the interaction framework for the product, we were able to quickly make decisions about how much data capture—or in this case, how little—was needed in the interface. Without those golf cart trips, we may have spent a lot of time designing an expensive-to-build feature that would not have added much value to the design. |
Why do companies skip design research? |
I hear this statement a lot from executives, and there is no doubt that they have enormous amounts of expertise and experience with their product domain. But does a CEO of a large CRM Company really know what today's telemarketers and customer support agents want to do with the product's call-center module? Even with consumer products, it's dangerous to assume knowledge of the individuals within the target market. |
This is a common concern shared by many consumer product companies. How does one do user research for a cell phone, when anyone in the world is a potential user? |
Sure, it's not possible to quickly profile every possible type of user. That does not mean, though, that there is no point in trying to understand any users at all. Knowing some users very well is better than not knowing any of them. Remember, design research and user modeling are first and foremost design tools. As your design team is faced with making decisions about what features to include in a product, and how to present those features to users, having intimate knowledge about at least one or two types of users will help them lean one way or the other. If they don't have any design research to draw on, they will be left only to their instincts, individual experiences, and design principles. |
It's possible to target users who are representative of a large number of other users. The targets will often span multiple marketing segments. Interviewing some of these representative users and knowing them well makes it unnecessary to interview others in the groups they represent. |
Don't worry so much about knowing every kind of user before the first release. As the product matures, keep adding to your knowledge store about your customers and make adjustments accordingly. Don't eliminate the process because it seems too big to swallow whole. |
Avoid focusing on the "lowest-common-denominator" user, that is, the one who potentially represents the users with the least amount of technical skill, money, and motivation to buy your product. Focus somewhere in the middle; there is more chance that the users to the left and right of that user will also be pleased with your solution. |
The key to having designers internalize and use design research is to let them participate in or, better yet, perform the research. Splitting up the design team from the research team can easily create a conflict of interest. The goal of a dedicated research team is to create a report that will probably be used for multiple purposes. The research itself is the end goal. |
When designers perform design research, it is not the research but the product design that is the end goal. Designers constantly anticipate design questions, and as they perform research, it's always with an eye towards how it can help them create a solid design in later phases of the process. They may ignore or miss entirely some research opportunities, not because they are uninteresting or not valuable, but because they don't relate directly to the design task. This helps them remain focused and can greatly reduce the amount of time needed to do the research. Since the research itself isn't the sole objective, designers can be more selective and take more risks. |
Other advantages to having the designers participate in or lead research is that they can't help but internalize the information they discover. Seeing first-hand the raw material that is used to create the user and domain models makes it easier to apply and believe in those models during the design phases. |
While this is a legitimate concern, the research techniques discussed here yield rich, accurate results in brief periods of time. An ethnographic research approach and a small number of user interviews can provide the foundation for a quick and successful design research phase. In addition, the time you spend up front understanding users and the domain will save time during the design and development process by reducing guesswork, re-work, and exploration down blind alleys. Knowledge is power, and empowering your design team with knowledge about your business goals, your technical boundaries, and your users will provide an extra edge in ensuring that your product isn't the one gathering dust on the shelf after the tradeshow. |
You'll be able to trust in Bathroom Mirror Guys to offer the most effective products and services regarding Bathroom Mirrors in Harper, WV. You'll need the most advanced technology in the field, and our team of highly skilled contractors can provide exactly that. Our materials are always of the very best quality and we know how to save you money. We intend to help you to make decisions for the task, reply to your questions, and schedule an appointment with our workers when you call us at 800-367-9920. |
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Sæter Jørgensen is a self-taught artist, initially receiving a Bachelor’s degree in economics before moving on to editorial and commercial photography. Disillusioned with commercial projects and making images for ‘clients’, he quit in order to pursue creating art full-time. Sæter Jørgensen’s work is closely linked to his biography – either it is political activism, experiences linked to exploring his environment in new cities or seeking emotional truths. He works mainly within the medium of photography and objects linked to the photographic image. |
Sæter Jørgensen has been an artist-in-residence in Berlin (DE) and Linz (AT) and has been included in the annual National Art Exhibition at Kunstnernes Hus in Oslo. He is a member of the Norwegian Visual Artists Association and the Young Artists’ Society. |
Sadly memories in Sri Lanka are short, and I suspect few will remember the Coffee Club of International NGO personnel (not, I trust, the NGOs themselves in terms of deliberate policy) who spent much time and aid money at gatherings designed to subvert government policy. Their chosen technique in August 2008 was to draft nasty allegations which were then to be presented to the UN through Sri Lankan NGOs. The moving spirits behind the initiative however were foreigners, with a principle role in the drafting being taken by Peter Bowling of what I think was called the International Working Group on Sri Lanka. |
I have never met the man, and know nothing of the institution he represents, but I had been told by officials at our High Commission in London that Bowling was close to the Tigers. There was also some uncertainly about the sources of his funding. Others involved included Alan Keenan of Gareth Evans’ International Crisis Group, which had tried along with the infamous Mata Hari of the International Centre for Ethnic Studies to allege what they called a Responsibility to Protect situation in Sri Lanka. I was also surprised to find Yolanda Foster of Amnesty International playing a part, since I had always thought that a more respectable organization than most – though sadly I was to find later that their approaches too depended on the individuals involved, and characters of high principle like Amnesty Head Irene Khan and Peter Splinter of the Geneva Office do not always hold sway. |
Meanwhile in Colombo a dubious group of individuals seemed to be calling the shots, overwhelming the many decent individuals (such as the head of WUSC) who were simply trying to help. The most notorious of the characters out of what seemed le Carre central casting was the head of Solidar, which it transpired was the chosen agency of the European Union in its Julian Wilson days. But the petition, though it was indeed submitted, as Radhika Coomaraswamy confirmed when we met in Geneva, was not taken seriously by the UN. And so, as government stayed firm, and the full enormity of Tiger terrorism became clear, many of these shadowy characters faded away, from Sri Lanka and from clandestine interference. |
Sadly, though, the shadows seemed to spring to life again towards the end of last year, with carefully chosen barbs against the government and the many agencies, including UNHCR, that were trying to restore normalcy to the North, and indeed the country as a whole. Some seemed to think the Fonseka candidacy has undermined the government to the point at which the intrigues of the past could be revived (unless indeed, as is sometimes alleged, that candidacy was promoted by those who resented an assertion of national sovereignty that has cut deeply into their profits and their pleasures). |
So we had sneaky interviews challenging the resettlement process, for instance by someone identified as the Country Head of Oxfam, we had allegations that the mining process was inadequate, and we had efforts to activate the Security Council through allegations about abuse of children during the struggle. None of these amounted to much, and government continued to work swiftly in terms of the plans it formulated six months ago. We made it clear that we would expedite resettlement when residential areas had been demined, when basic infrastructure had begun to be put in place and when we were satisfied as to security considerations. Now that we are moving, those genuinely concerned with the welfare of our citizens, as we are, have agreed that the process is heartening. |
So, though the barking will continue as the caravan moves on, one would have thought that there was little reason to worry. However the presence of Peter Bowling in Zurich, brought there by those willing to spend vast amounts of money on what should have been a discussion to promote democratic debate in a united Sri Lanka, made me worry. I still believe that the majority of those who promoted the debate were positive in their approach. But the agendas of idealists are very easily hijacked by those with more sinister motives. I would like to think that Peter Bowling has reformed but, in the light too of the other developments noted, I think Sri Lanka needs to continue vigilant about the company he keeps and the possible impact of such interventions. Particularly now, when all Tamil parties have reason to work together with government to ensure permanent peace, we need to ensure that international influences, Sri Lankan or otherwise, do not disrupt things by bringing their own parochial agendas to bear. |
Many years ago, during Advanced Waterjet Cutting's infancy, we were awarded a long-term contract to cut near net shape parts from 1 ¼" to 1 ¾" thick titanium bars. The original method for making this part was to machine a titanium bar into shape that is only a fraction the size of the original bar. With the waterjet cutting process, we are able to cut TWO near net shape parts from the same titanium bar that previously yielded only one part. And, the two waterjet cut blanks required far less machining to complete. Hence, Advanced Waterjet yields twice as many parts from the same material and saves nearly 70% of the original CNC machine time. We cut thousands of those parts, saving the customer tremendous amounts of money - converting cost savings to profits. |
Advanced Waterjet Cutting has assisted hundreds of machine shops, fabricators, manufacturers, sheet metal shops and other industry types by expanding their capabilities with the utilization of waterjet technology. We give further assistance by supplying enormous cutting capacity (in both material size and piece part volume), and we maintain stock on a wide variety of material types and thicknesses (e.g. stainless steel, aluminum, carbon steel, rubber plastic, glass, etc.). Additionally, we can furnish secondary and turnkey operations when necessary to meet the customer's needs. |
Are you in a situation where Advanced Waterjet Cutting might assist you? Have you ever considered using the waterjet cutting process and analyzed its cost savings potential? Let us help you. We have been in the business for over 15 years and have a staff that can meet your every need, from engineering, CAD and planning, to waterjet cut blanks for machining or the finished part ready to ship. |
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Copyright © 2001 Advanced Waterjet Cutting. All Rights Reserved. |
Eliminates assemblies needed for installing drains into a line. Install anywhere a drain or purge valve is required. Hi-flow alternative for filling, draining, or venting closed-loop hydronic systems. Add a garden hose connection to any water source in lines up to 2". |
How can you tell if your horse loves your touch? Emilie would like to show you how much she likes her massage / brushing. Apologies for the fluctuating picture quality, the lighting wasn’t too great. |
Hello. My name is Emilie. I have known this guy for roughly a month. I’ve spent more than half that month in animal hospital after colic surgery. In other words, I’ve been a stressed out little draft horse. |
I’m a trusting soul but I still like to be able to see what goes on. So I wear a hairclip when I am being groomed. |
Please be careful with my belly near the surgery incision. I trust you, but I’m still going to keep an eye and ear on this. |
My mane, on the other hand, you cannot scratch it enough. I love this, I love this so much I am offering scratch-backs to the air. |
Yessss. Behind the ears too. Yeeeesss. |
I will make all the faces if you promise to never stop. |
Er. Right. I like to be groomed in my box without restraints. That way, I can move around and show you where I want you to scratch me. |
You are my grooming mate and if you scratch me, I scratch you. I use only my lips but you should probably not let me scratch bare skin anyway. |
I give the best back massages in town. |
You don’t need to worry that I will squish you or trample you. I am entirely too busy standing still and enjoying this. |
That’s it! You all need to get yourself a groom minion like mine. Emilie out. |
This Cisco GLC-FE-100FX-RGD compatible SFP transceiver provides 100Base-FX throughput up to 2km over multi-mode fiber (MMF) at a wavelength of 1310nm using a LC connector. It is also capable of withstanding rugged environments and can operate at temperatures between -40°C to +85°C. The transceiver is guaranteed to be 100% compatible with the equivalent Cisco transceiver. This easy to install, hot swappable transceiver has been programmed, uniquely serialized and data-traffic and application tested to ensure that it will initialize and perform identically. It is built to meet or exceed the specifications of Cisco, as well as to comply with multi-source agreement (MSA) standards to ensure seamless network integration. |
This page was printed on 4/22/2019 5:32:28 PM. |
Scientists say the dramatic increase in flows is likely due to the arrival of younger, hotter magma in the system. |
A week after scientists predicted significant shifts in Kīlauea’s eruption style, those changes appear to have begun. The new developments include fresher, hotter magma gushing out of fissures on the southeastern flank of the mountain on Saturday and Sunday. |
In another major shift, at least half a dozen explosions of ash and steam have burst from the volcano’s summit since Wednesday, with one blast sending ash plumes higher than 9 kilometers. Although Kīlauea is known as an effusive volcano, producing runny lava that fountains up from vents or oozes out of fissures, it does have a history of explosive activity, last observed in 1924, according to scientists with USGS’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). |
Satellite observations after the first round of explosions showed that the summit’s crater vent had nearly tripled the size of its opening from about 5 to almost 14 hectares. In addition, an indentation of about 6 hectares had developed on the east rim of the crater, reflecting a slumping of the rim toward the growing pit. |
These shifts in Kīlauea’s eruptive behavior are taking place at two widely separated sites that are linked to the same internal volcanic processes, the scientists explained. Kīlauea’s summit lies more than 30 kilometers from the lower east rift zone, where lava emerging from the ground since the first week of May has destroyed some 40 structures and forced the evacuation of more than 1,000 people. |
Scientists suspect that outflows of lava from fissures in the rift zone helped cause magma levels to drop in the vent in Halema‘uma‘u Crater at the volcano’s summit. As the magma level descended beneath the water table, water infiltrated into the vent, where it was vaporized, explained Steve Brantley, deputy scientist-in-charge of HVO. When rocks plugged the vent, the steam built up pressure until it was released in powerful blasts. |
Since the lava lake at the summit began to drain on 2 May, coinciding with subsidence of the summit, indicating that the magma reservoir beneath the volcano was emptying, conditions at Kīlauea have lined up with the pattern of activity that preceded the volcano’s 1924 explosive eruption. “This is following the script we’ve been talking about,” Brantley said late last week. |
Scientists discovered early in the nearly 3 weeks since this most recent eruption of Kīlauea began that the lava exuding from the ground in the lower east rift zone was old. It likely was emerging from underground magma-filled fractures, called dikes, where the molten rock had been lingering for decades or even longer. Having cooled with age, the lava emerged viscous and sticky—more sluggish than fresh, fast-flowing lava. |
Since that discovery, agency volcanologists suggested that once the old lava was pushed out, a fresher batch could follow. That now appears to be occurring. On Friday, the USGS announced that initial testing of a lava sample collected 1 or 2 days earlier had found that the molten rock was younger and hotter. This fresh Kīlauea lava tends to be runnier, therefore producing more voluminous, faster-moving flows. |
Not long after the results of the sample testing were known, fissure activity increased. The volume of exuded lava surged. Four fissures merged into a continuous line of lava spatter and fountaining. Some lava poured downslope, moving as quickly as 300 meters per hour. It formed two fast-moving, channelized lava flows, which joined and separated as they moved toward the ocean, eventually plunging into the water in two locations. |
“With the ocean entry, we have a new hazard,” warned USGS scientist Janet Babb. Steam generated when lava enters the ocean creates lava haze, or “laze,” a cloud containing hydrochloric acid gas mixed with volcanic glass particles that can cause skin and eye irritation as well as breathing difficulty. “Given the vigor of ocean entry and wind direction…we estimate the effects could reach as far as 15 miles [24 kilometers] downwind,” Babb said. |
Scientists reported another new development in the rift zone Sunday morning: A large hole opened in the ground beneath one of the new lava channels. “The hole opened up [across] the entire width of the channel, and all the lava that was flowing east is pouring down into the hole,” said USGS scientist Wendy Stovall. Scientists still aren’t sure why and how the openings form and where the lava goes, but similar activity was seen in a 2011 Kīlauea eruption. “The lava that poured into the ground never reappeared at the surface,” she said. |
The barrage of summit blasts that heralded the beginning of the anticipated but rare explosive phase of this Kīlauea eruption began around 6 p.m. local time on Wednesday. Subsequent explosions rocked the summit again four more times: at just past 4 a.m. Thursday, shortly before midnight Friday, around 4 p.m. Saturday, and around noon Sunday. The explosions generated large plumes of steam and ash, prompting Hawaii County Civil Defense to begin distributing masks on Thursday and to advise residents to stay indoors. Nearby communities reported ashfall. |
The largest summit blasts released energy roughly equivalent to that produced by an earthquake of about magnitude 5, according to a preliminary seismic measurement, Babb said. The explosive activity slowed on Sunday in the wake of the last of the blasts before it began increasing again, and USGS scientists cautioned more explosions could occur without warning. |
The explosion hazard prompted the staff of HVO, which is perched on Kīlauea’s summit, to relocate last week to a temporary office at the University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, nearly 50 kilometers away. Still, HVO scientists have been able to detect and monitor the explosions remotely with instruments that remained in place at the summit. “Kīlauea is one of the best-recorded volcanos in the world, so we’re able to see these explosions as they play out in very high-fidelity,” said USGS scientist Wes Thelen. |
A smaller explosion last week apparently hurled a rock roughly a half meter long several hundred meters away from Halema‘uma‘u crater, where HVO scientists spotted it prior to their relocation. Brantley said it will likely not be known if the eruptions have produced more “ballistic blocks” until it is safe for scientists to return to the summit. |
“At this point, we’re not making plans to run down to the crater floor to measure boulders,” he said. |
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