| --- |
| license: cc-by-4.0 |
| task_categories: |
| - text-generation |
| language: |
| - en |
| tags: |
| - space |
| - space-situational-awareness |
| - ontology |
| - rdf |
| - turtle |
| - knowledge-graph |
| - ontology-alignment |
| - neurosymbolic |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| --- |
| |
| # ssao-space-instruct |
|
|
| Instruction data teaching a language model to write **valid RDF Turtle in the |
| Space Situational Awareness Ontology** (SSAO) for real space objects, and to |
| judge proposed catalogue-to-ontology alignments using instance evidence. |
|
|
| 1,245 examples: 1,072 train, 74 validation, 99 test. Built by |
| [Tesseract Academy](https://gov.tesseract.academy). |
|
|
| ## The construction principle |
|
|
| **No example asserts anything a validator cannot check.** Every Turtle target is |
| *generated* from a real CelesTrak SATCAT record by applying a published, argued |
| SATCAT-to-SSAO alignment, so the ontology terms are correct by derivation rather |
| than by authorship. A **fail-closed vocabulary gate** refuses to emit the |
| dataset at all if any `ssao:` term in any target is missing from the ontology's |
| authoritative 554-term set. |
|
|
| That gate earned its place immediately: the first builder version invented |
| `ssao:hasOrbit` and `ssao:hasInclination`, which SSAO does not define (the real |
| names are `has_Orbit`, `has_Orbital_Inclination`). Shipping those would have |
| taught fluent hallucination in a domain whose ontology cannot reject it, which |
| is exactly the failure mode the accompanying study measures. |
|
|
| ## Task families |
|
|
| | Family | n (approx) | What it teaches | |
| |---|---:|---| |
| | T1 record to Turtle | 900 | Catalogue fields to SSAO-typed Turtle with correct prefixes | |
| | T2 term lookup | 60 | Domain question to the correct SSAO class, with SSAO's definition | |
| | T3 alignment judgement | 55 | Accept or refuse a proposed correspondence, with argument and witness counts | |
| | T4 orbit regime | 200 | Orbital elements to regime class, with the deciding threshold cited | |
| | T5 refusal | 30 | Explicit refusal where the catalogue cannot determine the answer | |
|
|
| **T3 is the unusual one.** Positive rows come from a curated crosswalk; negative |
| rows come from its asserted non-mappings plus mappings that were empirically |
| refuted by counting counter-instances in the catalogue, with the witness counts |
| quoted as the justification. For example, refusing |
| `kg:RegimeGEORegion = ssao:Geostationary_Orbit` cites 1,007 of 1,734 |
| geosynchronous-band residents whose inclination exceeds 5 degrees. We are not |
| aware of another public dataset covering alignment judgement with extensional |
| evidence. |
|
|
| ## Sources and provenance |
|
|
| - **CelesTrak SATCAT**, snapshot 2026-07-29, pinned by sha256. 70,122 objects; |
| T1 and T4 draw on a random sample. Data courtesy of T.S. Kelso. |
| - **Space Situational Awareness Ontology** by Robert J. Rovetto, in the copy |
| vendored by the NASA `mission-viz` project (351 classes, 150 properties). |
| - **The alignment and the witness counts** come from |
| [neurosymbolic-space-kg](https://github.com/fabio-rovai/neurosymbolic-space-kg), |
| which contains the builder, the validator, the vocabulary gate and the |
| measurements. Everything regenerates from source. |
|
|
| ## Format |
|
|
| Chat-formatted JSONL, one object per line, with a fixed system prompt: |
|
|
| ```json |
| {"messages": [ |
| {"role": "system", "content": "You are a space-domain knowledge engineer..."}, |
| {"role": "user", "content": "Express this catalogue record as SSAO Turtle...."}, |
| {"role": "assistant", "content": "@prefix ssao: <https://purl.org/space-ontology/> ...."} |
| ]} |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## Known limitations |
|
|
| - **Property coverage is deliberately narrow:** only the SSAO properties the |
| catalogue can populate honestly (COSPAR number, country of origin, launch |
| date, orbit, inclination, period, perigee, apogee). Most of SSAO's 150 |
| properties are untouched. |
| - **Status codes are operator-reported** and can be stale; T1 targets inherit |
| that. |
| - **Derived orbit regimes rest on stated thresholds** (2000 km for LEO, a |
| 1400 to 1500 minute geosynchronous band, 5 degrees for geostationary |
| candidacy). They are conventions, printed in the builder and adjustable; a |
| sensitivity sweep of their influence is published in the repository. |
| - **The alignment judgements are a curated position**, reviewable and arguable, |
| not ground truth. |
| - Roughly 72 percent of examples are one task family (T1), so a model trained |
| on this alone will be strongest at record-to-Turtle. |
|
|
| ## License |
|
|
| CC BY 4.0. SATCAT data courtesy of CelesTrak; SSAO by Robert J. Rovetto. Please |
| attribute both alongside this dataset. |
|
|
